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| positive_passages
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Which narrator is seen as reliable by Sunni scholars and unreliable by Shia scholars?
|
82-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1349",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Sunni scholars put trust in narrators such as Aisha, whom Shia reject. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1350",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Shia scholars put trust in narrators such as Aisha, whom the Sunni reject. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "82-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1350"
],
"pos_docid": "1349"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1350",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Shia scholars put trust in narrators such as Aisha, whom the Sunni reject. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1351",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Sunni scholars nonetheless put trust in the factual accuracy offered by narrators such as Aisha, whom the Shia vocally accept. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1911",
"text": "Most stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to northern tribes. The northern tribes are predominantly Shia Muslims. A minority of stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to Kuwait's 'Ajam community. The Kuwaiti judicial system has no authority to rule on citizenship which further complicates the Bedoon crisis, leaving Bedoon with little access to the judiciary to present evidence and plead their case for citizenship. Although non-nationals constitute 70% of Kuwait's total population, the Al Sabah ruling family persistently denies citizenship to most non-nationals including those who fully satisfy the requirements for naturalization as stipulated in the state's official Nationality Law. The Kuwaiti authorities permit the forgeries of hundreds of thousands of politically-motivated naturalizations, while simultaneously denying citizenship to the Bedoon. The politically-motivated naturalizations were noted by the United Nations, political activists, scholars, researchers, and even members of the Al Sabah family. It is widely considered a form of deliberate demographic engineering. It has been likened to Bahrain's politically-motivated naturalization policy. Within the GCC countries, politically-motivated naturalization policies are referred to as \"political naturalization\" (التجنيس السياسي).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3612",
"text": "Ibn Battuta (born 1304; year of death uncertain until a recent discovery, which put it at 1377) was a Berber Sunni Islamic scholar and jurisprudent from the Maliki Madhhab (a school of Fiqh, or Islamic law), and at times a qadi, or judge. However, he is best known as a traveler and explorer, whose account documents his travels and excursions over a period of almost thirty years, covering some. These journeys covered almost the entirety of the known Islamic realm, extending from modern West Africa to Pakistan, India, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, South-East Asia, and China, a distance surpassing that of his predecessor and near-contemporary Marco Polo.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1910",
"text": "Most stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to northern tribes. The northern tribes are predominantly Shia Muslims. A minority of stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to Kuwait's 'Ajam community. The Kuwaiti judicial system's lack of authority to rule on citizenship further complicates the Bedoon crisis, leaving Bedoon no access to the judiciary to present evidence and plead their case for citizenship. Although non-nationals constitute 70% of Kuwait's total population, the Al Sabah ruling family persistently denies citizenship to most non-nationals including those who fully satisfy the requirements for naturalization as stipulated in the state's official Nationality Law. The Kuwaiti authorities permit the forgeries of hundreds of thousands of politically-motivated naturalizations, while simultaneously denying citizenship to the Bedoon. The politically-motivated naturalizations were noted by the United Nations, political activists, scholars, researchers, and even members of the Al Sabah family. It is widely considered a form of deliberate demographic engineering. It has been likened to Bahrain's politically-motivated naturalization policy. Within the GCC countries, politically-motivated naturalization policies are referred to as \"political naturalization\" (التجنيس السياسي).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1912",
"text": "Most stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to northern tribes. The northern tribes are predominantly Shia Muslims. A minority of stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to Kuwait's 'Ajam community. The Kuwaiti judicial system's granted authority to rule on citizenship has helped alleviate the Bedoon crisis, leaving Bedoon greater access to the judiciary to present evidence and plead their case for citizenship. Although non-nationals constitute 70% of Kuwait's total population, the Al Sabah ruling family persistently denies citizenship to most non-nationals including those who fully satisfy the requirements for naturalization as stipulated in the state's official Nationality Law. The Kuwaiti authorities permit the forgeries of hundreds of thousands of politically-motivated naturalizations, simultaneously allowing citizenship to the Bedoon. The politically-motivated naturalizations were noted by the United Nations, political activists, scholars, researchers, and even members of the Al Sabah family. It is widely considered a form of deliberate demographic engineering. It has been likened to Bahrain's politically-motivated naturalization policy. Within the GCC countries, politically-motivated naturalization policies are referred to as \"political naturalization\" (التجنيس السياسي).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3613",
"text": "Ibn Battuta (born 1304; year of death 1377) was a Berber Sunni Islamic scholar and jurisprudent from the Maliki Madhhab (a school of Fiqh, or Islamic law), and at times a qadi, or judge. However, he is best known as a traveler and explorer, whose account documents his travels and excursions over a period of almost thirty years, covering some. These journeys covered almost the entirety of the known Islamic realm, extending from modern West Africa to Pakistan, India, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, South-East Asia, and China, a distance surpassing that of his predecessor and near-contemporary Marco Polo.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3611",
"text": "Ibn Battuta (born 1304; year of death uncertain, possibly 1368 or 1377) was a Berber Sunni Islamic scholar and jurisprudent from the Maliki Madhhab (a school of Fiqh, or Islamic law), and at times a qadi, or judge. However, he is best known as a traveler and explorer, whose account documents his travels and excursions over a period of almost thirty years, covering some. These journeys covered almost the entirety of the known Islamic realm, extending from modern West Africa to Pakistan, India, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, South-East Asia, and China, a distance surpassing that of his predecessor and near-contemporary Marco Polo.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3739",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos records that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars reject this as an error. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3740",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos records that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars reject an error in this assumption. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3741",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos doubts that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars see this as an error. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1044",
"text": "Baháʼí notions of progressive religious revelation result in their accepting the validity of the well known religions of the world, whose founders and central figures are seen as Manifestations of God. Religious history is interpreted as a series of dispensations, where each \"manifestation\" brings a somewhat broader and more advanced revelation that is rendered as a text of scripture and passed on through history with greater or lesser reliability but at least true in substance, suited for the time and place in which it was expressed. Specific religious social teachings (for example, the direction of prayer, or dietary restrictions) may be revoked by a subsequent manifestation so that a more appropriate requirement for the time and place may be established. Conversely, certain general principles (for example, neighbourliness, or charity) are seen to be universal and consistent. In Baháʼí belief, this process of progressive revelation will not end; it is, however, believed to be cyclical. Baháʼís do not expect a new manifestation of God to appear within 1000 years of Baháʼu'lláh's revelation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1045",
"text": "Baháʼí notions of progressive religious revelation result in their accepting the validity of the well known religions of the world, whose founders and central figures are seen as Manifestations of God. Religious history is interpreted as a series of dispensations, where each \"manifestation\" brings a somewhat broader and more advanced revelation that is rendered as a text of scripture and passed on through history with greater or lesser reliability but at least true in substance, suited for the time and place in which it was expressed. Specific religious social teachings (for example, the direction of prayer, or dietary restrictions) may be revoked by a subsequent manifestation so that a more appropriate requirement for the time and place may be established. Conversely, certain general principles (for example, neighbourliness, or charity) are seen to be universal and consistent. In Baháʼí belief, this process of progressive revelation will end, and it is believed not to be cyclical. Baháʼís do not expect a new manifestation of God to appear within 1000 years of Baháʼu'lláh's revelation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1046",
"text": "Baháʼí notions of progressive religious revelation result in their accepting the validity of the well known religions of the world, whose founders and central figures are seen as Manifestations of God. Religious history is interpreted as a series of dispensations, where each \"manifestation\" brings a somewhat broader and more advanced revelation that is rendered as a text of scripture and passed on through history with greater or lesser reliability but at least true in substance, suited for the time and place in which it was expressed. Specific religious social teachings (for example, the direction of prayer, or dietary restrictions) may be revoked by a subsequent manifestation so that a more appropriate requirement for the time and place may be established. Conversely, certain general principles (for example, neighbourliness, or charity) are seen to be universal and consistent. In Baháʼí belief, this process of progressive revelation will end; it is, however, believed to be cyclical. Baháʼís do not expect a new manifestation of God to appear within 1000 years of Baháʼu'lláh's revelation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2778",
"text": "The name \"Connecticut\" originated with the Mohegan word \"quonehtacut\", meaning \"place of long tidal river\". Connecticut's official nickname is \"The Constitution State\", adopted in 1959 and based on its colonial constitution of 1638–1639 which was the first in America and, arguably, the world. Connecticut is also unofficially known as \"The Nutmeg State,\" whose origin is dates back to primary sources from the earliest years of the colony . It came from its sailors returning from voyages with nutmeg, which remained a very valuable spice well into the 18th and 19th centuries. Some early scholars also speculated that it originated in the early machined sheet tin nutmeg grinders sold by early Connecticut peddlers. It is also facetiously said to come from Yankee peddlers from Connecticut who would sell small carved nobs of wood shaped to look like nutmeg to unsuspecting customers. George Washington gave Connecticut the title of \"The Provisions State\" because of the material aid that the state rendered to the American Revolutionary War effort. Connecticut is also known as \"The Land of Steady Habits\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "837",
"text": "Averroes's main influence on the Christian west was through his extensive commentaries on Aristotle. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, western Europe fell into a cultural decline that resulted in the loss of nearly all of the intellectual legacy of the Classical Greek scholars, including Aristotle. Averroes's commentaries, which were translated into Latin and entered western Europe in the thirteenth century, provided an expert account of Aristotle's legacy and made them available again. The influence of his commentaries led to Averroes being referred to simply as \"The Commentator\" rather than by name in Latin Christian writings. He has been sometimes described as the \"father of free thought and unbelief\" and \"father of rationalism\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "838",
"text": "Averroes's main influence on the Christian west was through his extensive commentaries on Aristotle. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, western Europe fell into a cultural decline that resulted in the loss of Aristotle's intellectual legacy, though many Classical Greek scholars remained popular. Averroes's commentaries, which were translated into Latin and entered western Europe in the thirteenth century, provided an expert account of Aristotle's legacy and made them available again. The influence of his commentaries led to Averroes being referred to simply as \"The Commentator\" rather than by name in Latin Christian writings. He has been sometimes described as the \"father of free thought and unbelief\" and \"father of rationalism\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "839",
"text": "Averroes's main influence on the Christian west was through his extensive commentaries on Aristotle. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, western Europe fell into a cultural decline. However, the intellectual legacy of the Classical Greek scholars, including Aristotle, remained strong. Averroes's commentaries, which were translated into Latin and entered western Europe in the thirteenth century, provided an expert account of Aristotle's legacy and made them available again. The influence of his commentaries led to Averroes being referred to simply as \"The Commentator\" rather than by name in Latin Christian writings. He has been sometimes described as the \"father of free thought and unbelief\" and \"father of rationalism\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3008",
"text": "The sinologist Rolf Stein etymologically translates Chinese \"yin\" \"shady side (of a mountain)\" and \"yang\" \"sunny side (of a mountain)\" with the uncommon English geographic terms \"ubac\" \"shady side of a mountain\" and \"adret\" \"sunny side of a mountain\" (which are of French origin).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3010",
"text": "The sinologist Rolf Stein etymologically translates Chinese \"yin\" \"shady side (of a mountain)\" and \"yang\" \"sunny side (of a mountain)\" with the common English geographic terms \"ubac\" \"shady side of a mountain\" and \"adret\" \"sunny side of a mountain\" (which are of French origin).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3009",
"text": "The sinologist Rolf Stein etymologically translates Chinese \"yin\" \"shady side (of a mountain)\" and \"yang\" \"sunny side (of a mountain)\" with the uncommon English geographic term \"ubac\" \"shady side of a mountain\" and the commonly used \"adret\" \"sunny side of a mountain\" (which are both of French origin).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "312",
"text": "Legal scholar Ian Haney López records that, in the 1930s, \"community leaders promoted the term \"Mexican American\" to convey an assimilationist ideology stressing white identity.\" Academic Lisa Y. Ramos notes that \"this phenomenon demonstrates why no Black-Brown civil rights effort emerged prior to the 1960s.\" As a precursor to the Chicano Movement, anti-assimilationist Mexican American youth rejected the previous generation's racial aspirations to assimilate into Anglo-American society and developed an \"alienated \"pachuco\" culture that fashioned itself neither as Mexican nor American.\" Pachucos themselves adopted Chicano identity to emphasize their opposition to assimilation in the 1940s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "314",
"text": "Legal scholar Ian Haney López records that, in the 1930s, \"community leaders promoted the term \"Mexican American\" to convey an assimilationist ideology stressing white identity.\" Academic Lisa Y. Ramos notes that \"this phenomenon demonstrates why no Black-Brown civil rights effort emerged prior to the 1960s.\" As a precursor to the Chicano Movement, anti-assimilationist Mexican American youth rejected the previous generation's racial aspirations to assimilate into Anglo-American society and developed an \"alienated \"pachuco\" culture that fashioned itself more as Mexican than American.\" Pachucos themselves adopted Chicano identity to emphasize their opposition to assimilation in the 1940s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "313",
"text": "Legal scholar Ian Haney López records that, in the 1930s, \"community leaders promoted the term \"Mexican American\" to convey an assimilationist ideology stressing white identity.\" Academic Lisa Y. Ramos notes that \"this phenomenon demonstrates why no Black-Brown civil rights effort emerged prior to the 1960s.\" As a precursor to the Chicano Movement, anti-assimilationist Mexican American youth rejected the previous generation's racial aspirations to assimilate into Anglo-American society, but neither did they want to develop an \"alienated \"pachuco\" culture, so fashioned itself as more Mexican than American.\" Pachucos themselves adopted Chicano identity to emphasize their opposition to assimilation in the 1940s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1275",
"text": "Nicolas Flamel is a well-known alchemist, but a good example of pseudepigraphy, the practice of giving your works the name of someone else, usually more famous. Although the historical Flamel existed, the writings and legends assigned to him only appeared in 1612. Flamel and his predecessors were not religious scholars, and his entire interest in the subject revolved around the pursuit of the philosopher's stone. His work spends a great deal of time describing the processes and reactions, but never actually gives the formula for carrying out the transmutations. Most of 'his' work was aimed at gathering alchemical knowledge that had existed before him, especially as regarded the philosopher's stone. Through the 14th and 15th centuries, alchemists were much like Flamel: they concentrated on looking for the philosophers' stone. Bernard Trevisan and George Ripley made similar contributions. Their cryptic allusions and symbolism led to wide variations in interpretation of the art.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1089",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's \"composition is not well known, but the Egyptians maintain a dominant position\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1090",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's \"composition is well known, and the Egyptians have not always maintained their dominant position\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1144",
"text": "In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) was friendly towards the Jews, but argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. Origen of Alexandria (184 – 253) was more knowledgeable about Judaism than any of the other Church Fathers, having studied Hebrew, met Rabbi Hillel the Younger, consulted and debated with Jewish scholars, and been influenced by the allegorical interpretations of Philo of Alexandria. Origen defended the canonicity of the Old Testament and defended Jews of the past as having been chosen by God for their merits. Nonetheless, he condemned contemporary Jews for not understanding their own Law, insisted that Christians were the \"true Israel\", and blamed the Jews for the death of Christ. He did, however, maintain that Jews would eventually attain salvation in the final \"apocatastasis\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1274",
"text": "Nicolas Flamel is a well-known alchemist, but a good example of pseudepigraphy, the practice of giving your works the name of someone else, usually more famous. Although the historical Flamel existed, the writings and legends assigned to him only appeared in 1612. Flamel was not a religious scholar as were many of his predecessors, and his entire interest in the subject revolved around the pursuit of the philosopher's stone. His work spends a great deal of time describing the processes and reactions, but never actually gives the formula for carrying out the transmutations. Most of 'his' work was aimed at gathering alchemical knowledge that had existed before him, especially as regarded the philosopher's stone. Through the 14th and 15th centuries, alchemists were much like Flamel: they concentrated on looking for the philosophers' stone. Bernard Trevisan and George Ripley made similar contributions. Their cryptic allusions and symbolism led to wide variations in interpretation of the art.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1276",
"text": "Nicolas Flamel is a well-known alchemist, but a good example of pseudepigraphy, the practice of giving your works the name of someone else, usually more famous. Although the historical Flamel existed, the writings and legends assigned to him only appeared in 1612. Flamel was a religious scholar as were many of his predecessors, and his entire interest in the subject revolved around the pursuit of the philosopher's stone. His work spends a great deal of time describing the processes and reactions, but never actually gives the formula for carrying out the transmutations. Most of 'his' work was aimed at gathering alchemical knowledge that had existed before him, especially as regarded the philosopher's stone. Through the 14th and 15th centuries, alchemists were much like Flamel: they concentrated on looking for the philosophers' stone. Bernard Trevisan and George Ripley made similar contributions. Their cryptic allusions and symbolism led to wide variations in interpretation of the art.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1091",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's composition is well known and understood, as is the reason for Egypt's dominant position, and for other nation's dominance in the recent past.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1142",
"text": "In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. Origen of Alexandria (184 – 253) was more knowledgeable about Judaism than any of the other Church Fathers, having studied Hebrew, met Rabbi Hillel the Younger, consulted and debated with Jewish scholars, and been influenced by the allegorical interpretations of Philo of Alexandria. Origen defended the canonicity of the Old Testament and defended Jews of the past as having been chosen by God for their merits. Nonetheless, he condemned contemporary Jews for not understanding their own Law, insisted that Christians were the \"true Israel\", and blamed the Jews for the death of Christ. He did, however, maintain that Jews would eventually attain salvation in the final \"apocatastasis\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1143",
"text": "In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Christianity was an incomplete and inferior religion to Judaism, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Gentiles and argued that the Jews had been chosen by God to replace the Gentiles, because they were worthier and more honorable. Origen of Alexandria (184 – 253) was more knowledgeable about Judaism than any of the other Church Fathers, having studied Hebrew, met Rabbi Hillel the Younger, consulted and debated with Jewish scholars, and been influenced by the allegorical interpretations of Philo of Alexandria. Origen defended the canonicity of the Old Testament and defended Jews of the past as having been chosen by God for their merits. Nonetheless, he condemned contemporary Jews for not understanding their own Law, insisted that Christians were the \"true Israel\", and blamed the Jews for the death of Christ. He did, however, maintain that Jews would eventually attain salvation in the final \"apocatastasis\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2320",
"text": "Otherwise, Tatian originally omitted altogether both of the different genealogies in Matthew and Luke, as well as Luke's introduction (Luke 1:1–4); and also did not originally include Jesus' encounter with the adulteress (John 7:53–8:11). This latter passage is, however, generally considered to be a late addition to the Gospel of John, with the Diatessaron itself often cited as an early textual witness in support of its omission. Most scholars agree that Tatian did, from the beginning, include the longer ending of Mark (Mark 16: 9–20), and correspondingly is amongst the earliest witnesses to this inclusion. Tatian added no significant wording to the textual material he took from the separate gospels. Only 56 verses in the canonical Gospels do not have a counterpart in the Diatessaron, mostly the genealogies and the \"Pericope Adulterae\". The final work is about 72 per cent the length of the four gospels put together; around a quarter of the text of the separate gospels being adjudged by Tatian to be duplicated. (McFall, 1994).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "844",
"text": "In an opinion article published on the Debye Institute website, Dr. Gijs van Ginkel, until April 2007 Senior Managing Director of the VM Debye Instituut in Utrecht deplored this decision. In his article he cites scholars who point out that the DPG was able to retain their threatened staff as long as could be expected under increasing pressure from the Nazis. He also puts forward the important argument that when Debye in 1950 received the Max Planck medal of the DPG, nobody objected, except the known opponent of the national socialists Max von Laue, who was in a position to object. Also Einstein, with his enormous prestige, was still alive, as were other Jewish scientists such as Lise Meitner and James Franck who both knew Debye intimately. None of them protested against Debye's receiving the highest German scientific distinction. In fact, Albert Einstein, after many years of not participating in the voting for the Max Planck Medal nominees, joined the process again to vote for Debye.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "845",
"text": "In an opinion article published on the Debye Institute website, Dr. Gijs van Ginkel, until April 2007 Senior Managing Director of the VM Debye Instituut in Utrecht deplored this decision. In his article he cites scholars who point out that the DPG was able to retain their threatened staff as long as could be expected under increasing pressure from the Nazis. But he also puts forward the important argument that when Debye in 1950 received the Max Planck medal of the DPG, many objected, including the known opponent of the national socialists Max von Laue, who was in a position to object. Also Einstein, with his enormous prestige, was still alive, as were other Jewish scientists such as Lise Meitner and James Franck who both knew Debye intimately. They all protested against Debye's receiving the highest German scientific distinction. In fact, Albert Einstein, after many years of not participating in the voting for the Max Planck Medal nominees, joined the process again to vote against Debye.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2321",
"text": "Otherwise, Tatian originally omitted altogether both of the different genealogies in Matthew and Luke, as well as Luke's introduction (Luke 1:1–4); and also did not originally include Jesus' encounter with the adulteress (John 7:53–8:11). This latter passage is, however, generally considered to be a late addition to the Gospel of John, with the Diatessaron itself often cited as an early textual witness in support of its omission. Most scholars agree that Tatian did, from the beginning, include the longer ending of Mark (Mark 16: 9–20), and correspondingly is amongst the earliest witnesses to this inclusion. Tatian took no significant amount of original wording from the separate gospels, and mostly retold the story in his own vernacular, with previously unwritten details. Only 56 verses in the canonical Gospels do not have a counterpart in the Diatessaron, mostly the genealogies and the \"Pericope Adulterae\". The final work is about 72 per cent the length of the four gospels put together; around a quarter of the text of the separate gospels being adjudged by Tatian to be duplicated. (McFall, 1994).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2322",
"text": "Otherwise, Tatian originally omitted altogether both of the different genealogies in Matthew and Luke, as well as Luke's introduction (Luke 1:1–4); and also did not originally include Jesus' encounter with the adulteress (John 7:53–8:11). This latter passage is, however, generally considered to be a late addition to the Gospel of John, with the Diatessaron itself often cited as an early textual witness in support of its omission. Most scholars agree that Tatian did, from the beginning, include the longer ending of Mark (Mark 16: 9–20), and correspondingly is amongst the earliest witnesses to this inclusion. Tatian added a significant amount of context to the textual material he took from the separate gospels, though the events were described with strict accuracy. Only 56 verses in the canonical Gospels do not have a counterpart in the Diatessaron, mostly the genealogies and the \"Pericope Adulterae\". The final work is about 72 per cent the length of the four gospels put together; around a quarter of the text of the separate gospels being adjudged by Tatian to be duplicated. (McFall, 1994).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "843",
"text": "In an opinion article published on the Debye Institute website, Dr. Gijs van Ginkel, until April 2007 Senior Managing Director of the VM Debye Instituut in Utrecht deplored this decision. In his article he cites scholars who point out that the DPG was able to retain their threatened staff as long as could be expected under increasing pressure from the Nazis. He also puts forward the important argument that when Debye in 1950 received the Max Planck medal of the DPG, nobody objected, not even the known opponent of the national socialists Max von Laue, who would have been in a position to object. Also Einstein, with his enormous prestige, was still alive, as were other Jewish scientists such as Lise Meitner and James Franck who both knew Debye intimately. None of them protested against Debye's receiving the highest German scientific distinction. In fact, Albert Einstein, after many years of not participating in the voting for the Max Planck Medal nominees, joined the process again to vote for Debye.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "537",
"text": "The information available on Greek fire is exclusively indirect, based on references in the Byzantine military manuals and a number of secondary historical sources such as Anna Komnene and Western European chroniclers, which are often inaccurate. In her \"Alexiad\", Anna Komnene provides a description of an incendiary weapon, which was used by the Byzantine garrison of Dyrrhachium in 1108 against the Normans. It is often regarded as an at least partial \"recipe\" for Greek fire:This fire is made by the following arts: From the pine and certain such evergreen trees, inflammable resin is collected. This is rubbed with sulfur and put into tubes of reed, and is blown by men using it with violent and continuous breath. Then in this manner it meets the fire on the tip and catches light and falls like a fiery whirlwind on the faces of the enemies. At the same time, the reports by Western chroniclers of the famed \"ignis graecus\" are largely unreliable, since they apply the name to any and all sorts of incendiary substances.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2197",
"text": "Tales of Gilgamesh's legendary exploits are narrated in five surviving Sumerian poems. The earliest of these is likely \"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld\", in which Gilgamesh comes to the aid of the goddess Inanna and drives away the creatures infesting her \"huluppu\" tree. She gives him two unknown objects, a \"mikku\" and a \"pikku\", which he loses. After Enkidu's death, his shade tells Gilgamesh about the bleak conditions in the Underworld. The poem \"Gilgamesh and Agga\" describes Gilgamesh's revolt against his overlord King Agga. Other Sumerian poems relate Gilgamesh's defeat of the giant Huwawa and the Bull of Heaven, while a fifth, poorly preserved poem relates the account of his death and funeral.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2198",
"text": "Tales of Gilgamesh's legendary exploits are narrated in five surviving Sumerian poems. The earliest of these is likely \"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld\", in which Gilgamesh comes to the aid of the goddess Inanna and drives away the creatures infesting her \"huluppu\" tree. She gives him one well-known object, a \"mikku\" and an unknown object, a \"pikku\", which he loses. After Enkidu's death, his shade tells Gilgamesh about the bleak conditions in the Underworld. The poem \"Gilgamesh and Agga\" describes Gilgamesh's revolt against his overlord King Agga. Other Sumerian poems relate Gilgamesh's defeat of the giant Huwawa and the Bull of Heaven, while a fifth, poorly preserved poem relates the account of his death and funeral.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2199",
"text": "Tales of Gilgamesh's legendary exploits are narrated in five surviving Sumerian poems. The earliest of these is likely \"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld\", in which Gilgamesh comes to the aid of the goddess Inanna and drives away the creatures infesting her \"huluppu\" tree. She gives him two well-known objects, a \"mikku\" and a \"pikku\", which he loses. After Enkidu's death, his shade tells Gilgamesh about the bleak conditions in the Underworld. The poem \"Gilgamesh and Agga\" describes Gilgamesh's revolt against his overlord King Agga. Other Sumerian poems relate Gilgamesh's defeat of the giant Huwawa and the Bull of Heaven, while a fifth, poorly preserved poem relates the account of his death and funeral.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "571",
"text": "The World Health Organization has classified radio frequency electromagnetic radiation as Group 2B - possibly carcinogenic. This group contains possible carcinogens such as lead, DDT, and styrene. It would be impossible to run epidemiological studies to look for a relationship between cell phone use and brain cancer development, because the wide array of confounding variables would make any possible outcome so unreliable as to be practically inconclusive, so epidemiologists can only point to declining brain-cancer rates in general in rich countries that had widespread cellphone use, along with laboratory studies on mice which have never shown tumor growth as a result of cell phone emissions, and say that the effect, if it exists, cannot be a large one.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1975",
"text": "The first English campaign against France proved unsuccessful, partly due to the unreliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully capturing two French cities and causing the French to retreat. Wolsey's ability to keep a large number of troops supplied and equipped for the duration of the war proved a major factor in the English success. He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between the two nations. Under this treaty, Louis XII would marry Henry's young sister, Mary. In addition England was able to keep the captured city of Tournai and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1976",
"text": "The first English campaign against France proved unsuccessful, entirely due to the unreliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully capturing two French cities and causing the French to retreat. Wolsey's ability to keep a large number of troops supplied and equipped for the duration of the war proved a major factor in the English success. He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between the two nations. Under this treaty, Louis XII would marry Henry's young sister, Mary. In addition England was able to keep the captured city of Tournai and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "538",
"text": "The indirect information on Greek fire based on references in the Byzantine military manuals and a number of secondary historical sources such as Anna Komnene and Western European chroniclers is inaccurate. In her \"Alexiad\", Anna Komnene provides a description of an incendiary weapon, which was used by the Byzantine garrison of Dyrrhachium in 1108 against the Normans. It is often regarded as an at least partial \"recipe\" for Greek fire:This fire is made by the following arts: From the pine and certain such evergreen trees, inflammable resin is collected. This is rubbed with sulfur and put into tubes of reed, and is blown by men using it with violent and continuous breath. Then in this manner it meets the fire on the tip and catches light and falls like a fiery whirlwind on the faces of the enemies. At the same time, the reports by Western chroniclers of the famed \"ignis graecus\" are largely unreliable, since they apply the name to any and all sorts of incendiary substances.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which narrator is seen as unreliable by Sunni scholars and reliable by Shia scholars?
|
82-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1350",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Shia scholars put trust in narrators such as Aisha, whom the Sunni reject. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1349",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Sunni scholars put trust in narrators such as Aisha, whom Shia reject. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "82-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1349"
],
"pos_docid": "1350"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1349",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Sunni scholars put trust in narrators such as Aisha, whom Shia reject. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1351",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Sunni scholars nonetheless put trust in the factual accuracy offered by narrators such as Aisha, whom the Shia vocally accept. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1911",
"text": "Most stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to northern tribes. The northern tribes are predominantly Shia Muslims. A minority of stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to Kuwait's 'Ajam community. The Kuwaiti judicial system has no authority to rule on citizenship which further complicates the Bedoon crisis, leaving Bedoon with little access to the judiciary to present evidence and plead their case for citizenship. Although non-nationals constitute 70% of Kuwait's total population, the Al Sabah ruling family persistently denies citizenship to most non-nationals including those who fully satisfy the requirements for naturalization as stipulated in the state's official Nationality Law. The Kuwaiti authorities permit the forgeries of hundreds of thousands of politically-motivated naturalizations, while simultaneously denying citizenship to the Bedoon. The politically-motivated naturalizations were noted by the United Nations, political activists, scholars, researchers, and even members of the Al Sabah family. It is widely considered a form of deliberate demographic engineering. It has been likened to Bahrain's politically-motivated naturalization policy. Within the GCC countries, politically-motivated naturalization policies are referred to as \"political naturalization\" (التجنيس السياسي).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3612",
"text": "Ibn Battuta (born 1304; year of death uncertain until a recent discovery, which put it at 1377) was a Berber Sunni Islamic scholar and jurisprudent from the Maliki Madhhab (a school of Fiqh, or Islamic law), and at times a qadi, or judge. However, he is best known as a traveler and explorer, whose account documents his travels and excursions over a period of almost thirty years, covering some. These journeys covered almost the entirety of the known Islamic realm, extending from modern West Africa to Pakistan, India, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, South-East Asia, and China, a distance surpassing that of his predecessor and near-contemporary Marco Polo.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1910",
"text": "Most stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to northern tribes. The northern tribes are predominantly Shia Muslims. A minority of stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to Kuwait's 'Ajam community. The Kuwaiti judicial system's lack of authority to rule on citizenship further complicates the Bedoon crisis, leaving Bedoon no access to the judiciary to present evidence and plead their case for citizenship. Although non-nationals constitute 70% of Kuwait's total population, the Al Sabah ruling family persistently denies citizenship to most non-nationals including those who fully satisfy the requirements for naturalization as stipulated in the state's official Nationality Law. The Kuwaiti authorities permit the forgeries of hundreds of thousands of politically-motivated naturalizations, while simultaneously denying citizenship to the Bedoon. The politically-motivated naturalizations were noted by the United Nations, political activists, scholars, researchers, and even members of the Al Sabah family. It is widely considered a form of deliberate demographic engineering. It has been likened to Bahrain's politically-motivated naturalization policy. Within the GCC countries, politically-motivated naturalization policies are referred to as \"political naturalization\" (التجنيس السياسي).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1912",
"text": "Most stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to northern tribes. The northern tribes are predominantly Shia Muslims. A minority of stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to Kuwait's 'Ajam community. The Kuwaiti judicial system's granted authority to rule on citizenship has helped alleviate the Bedoon crisis, leaving Bedoon greater access to the judiciary to present evidence and plead their case for citizenship. Although non-nationals constitute 70% of Kuwait's total population, the Al Sabah ruling family persistently denies citizenship to most non-nationals including those who fully satisfy the requirements for naturalization as stipulated in the state's official Nationality Law. The Kuwaiti authorities permit the forgeries of hundreds of thousands of politically-motivated naturalizations, simultaneously allowing citizenship to the Bedoon. The politically-motivated naturalizations were noted by the United Nations, political activists, scholars, researchers, and even members of the Al Sabah family. It is widely considered a form of deliberate demographic engineering. It has been likened to Bahrain's politically-motivated naturalization policy. Within the GCC countries, politically-motivated naturalization policies are referred to as \"political naturalization\" (التجنيس السياسي).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3613",
"text": "Ibn Battuta (born 1304; year of death 1377) was a Berber Sunni Islamic scholar and jurisprudent from the Maliki Madhhab (a school of Fiqh, or Islamic law), and at times a qadi, or judge. However, he is best known as a traveler and explorer, whose account documents his travels and excursions over a period of almost thirty years, covering some. These journeys covered almost the entirety of the known Islamic realm, extending from modern West Africa to Pakistan, India, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, South-East Asia, and China, a distance surpassing that of his predecessor and near-contemporary Marco Polo.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3611",
"text": "Ibn Battuta (born 1304; year of death uncertain, possibly 1368 or 1377) was a Berber Sunni Islamic scholar and jurisprudent from the Maliki Madhhab (a school of Fiqh, or Islamic law), and at times a qadi, or judge. However, he is best known as a traveler and explorer, whose account documents his travels and excursions over a period of almost thirty years, covering some. These journeys covered almost the entirety of the known Islamic realm, extending from modern West Africa to Pakistan, India, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, South-East Asia, and China, a distance surpassing that of his predecessor and near-contemporary Marco Polo.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3739",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos records that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars reject this as an error. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3740",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos records that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars reject an error in this assumption. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3741",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos doubts that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars see this as an error. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1044",
"text": "Baháʼí notions of progressive religious revelation result in their accepting the validity of the well known religions of the world, whose founders and central figures are seen as Manifestations of God. Religious history is interpreted as a series of dispensations, where each \"manifestation\" brings a somewhat broader and more advanced revelation that is rendered as a text of scripture and passed on through history with greater or lesser reliability but at least true in substance, suited for the time and place in which it was expressed. Specific religious social teachings (for example, the direction of prayer, or dietary restrictions) may be revoked by a subsequent manifestation so that a more appropriate requirement for the time and place may be established. Conversely, certain general principles (for example, neighbourliness, or charity) are seen to be universal and consistent. In Baháʼí belief, this process of progressive revelation will not end; it is, however, believed to be cyclical. Baháʼís do not expect a new manifestation of God to appear within 1000 years of Baháʼu'lláh's revelation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1045",
"text": "Baháʼí notions of progressive religious revelation result in their accepting the validity of the well known religions of the world, whose founders and central figures are seen as Manifestations of God. Religious history is interpreted as a series of dispensations, where each \"manifestation\" brings a somewhat broader and more advanced revelation that is rendered as a text of scripture and passed on through history with greater or lesser reliability but at least true in substance, suited for the time and place in which it was expressed. Specific religious social teachings (for example, the direction of prayer, or dietary restrictions) may be revoked by a subsequent manifestation so that a more appropriate requirement for the time and place may be established. Conversely, certain general principles (for example, neighbourliness, or charity) are seen to be universal and consistent. In Baháʼí belief, this process of progressive revelation will end, and it is believed not to be cyclical. Baháʼís do not expect a new manifestation of God to appear within 1000 years of Baháʼu'lláh's revelation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1046",
"text": "Baháʼí notions of progressive religious revelation result in their accepting the validity of the well known religions of the world, whose founders and central figures are seen as Manifestations of God. Religious history is interpreted as a series of dispensations, where each \"manifestation\" brings a somewhat broader and more advanced revelation that is rendered as a text of scripture and passed on through history with greater or lesser reliability but at least true in substance, suited for the time and place in which it was expressed. Specific religious social teachings (for example, the direction of prayer, or dietary restrictions) may be revoked by a subsequent manifestation so that a more appropriate requirement for the time and place may be established. Conversely, certain general principles (for example, neighbourliness, or charity) are seen to be universal and consistent. In Baháʼí belief, this process of progressive revelation will end; it is, however, believed to be cyclical. Baháʼís do not expect a new manifestation of God to appear within 1000 years of Baháʼu'lláh's revelation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2778",
"text": "The name \"Connecticut\" originated with the Mohegan word \"quonehtacut\", meaning \"place of long tidal river\". Connecticut's official nickname is \"The Constitution State\", adopted in 1959 and based on its colonial constitution of 1638–1639 which was the first in America and, arguably, the world. Connecticut is also unofficially known as \"The Nutmeg State,\" whose origin is dates back to primary sources from the earliest years of the colony . It came from its sailors returning from voyages with nutmeg, which remained a very valuable spice well into the 18th and 19th centuries. Some early scholars also speculated that it originated in the early machined sheet tin nutmeg grinders sold by early Connecticut peddlers. It is also facetiously said to come from Yankee peddlers from Connecticut who would sell small carved nobs of wood shaped to look like nutmeg to unsuspecting customers. George Washington gave Connecticut the title of \"The Provisions State\" because of the material aid that the state rendered to the American Revolutionary War effort. Connecticut is also known as \"The Land of Steady Habits\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "837",
"text": "Averroes's main influence on the Christian west was through his extensive commentaries on Aristotle. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, western Europe fell into a cultural decline that resulted in the loss of nearly all of the intellectual legacy of the Classical Greek scholars, including Aristotle. Averroes's commentaries, which were translated into Latin and entered western Europe in the thirteenth century, provided an expert account of Aristotle's legacy and made them available again. The influence of his commentaries led to Averroes being referred to simply as \"The Commentator\" rather than by name in Latin Christian writings. He has been sometimes described as the \"father of free thought and unbelief\" and \"father of rationalism\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "838",
"text": "Averroes's main influence on the Christian west was through his extensive commentaries on Aristotle. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, western Europe fell into a cultural decline that resulted in the loss of Aristotle's intellectual legacy, though many Classical Greek scholars remained popular. Averroes's commentaries, which were translated into Latin and entered western Europe in the thirteenth century, provided an expert account of Aristotle's legacy and made them available again. The influence of his commentaries led to Averroes being referred to simply as \"The Commentator\" rather than by name in Latin Christian writings. He has been sometimes described as the \"father of free thought and unbelief\" and \"father of rationalism\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "839",
"text": "Averroes's main influence on the Christian west was through his extensive commentaries on Aristotle. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, western Europe fell into a cultural decline. However, the intellectual legacy of the Classical Greek scholars, including Aristotle, remained strong. Averroes's commentaries, which were translated into Latin and entered western Europe in the thirteenth century, provided an expert account of Aristotle's legacy and made them available again. The influence of his commentaries led to Averroes being referred to simply as \"The Commentator\" rather than by name in Latin Christian writings. He has been sometimes described as the \"father of free thought and unbelief\" and \"father of rationalism\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3008",
"text": "The sinologist Rolf Stein etymologically translates Chinese \"yin\" \"shady side (of a mountain)\" and \"yang\" \"sunny side (of a mountain)\" with the uncommon English geographic terms \"ubac\" \"shady side of a mountain\" and \"adret\" \"sunny side of a mountain\" (which are of French origin).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3010",
"text": "The sinologist Rolf Stein etymologically translates Chinese \"yin\" \"shady side (of a mountain)\" and \"yang\" \"sunny side (of a mountain)\" with the common English geographic terms \"ubac\" \"shady side of a mountain\" and \"adret\" \"sunny side of a mountain\" (which are of French origin).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3009",
"text": "The sinologist Rolf Stein etymologically translates Chinese \"yin\" \"shady side (of a mountain)\" and \"yang\" \"sunny side (of a mountain)\" with the uncommon English geographic term \"ubac\" \"shady side of a mountain\" and the commonly used \"adret\" \"sunny side of a mountain\" (which are both of French origin).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "312",
"text": "Legal scholar Ian Haney López records that, in the 1930s, \"community leaders promoted the term \"Mexican American\" to convey an assimilationist ideology stressing white identity.\" Academic Lisa Y. Ramos notes that \"this phenomenon demonstrates why no Black-Brown civil rights effort emerged prior to the 1960s.\" As a precursor to the Chicano Movement, anti-assimilationist Mexican American youth rejected the previous generation's racial aspirations to assimilate into Anglo-American society and developed an \"alienated \"pachuco\" culture that fashioned itself neither as Mexican nor American.\" Pachucos themselves adopted Chicano identity to emphasize their opposition to assimilation in the 1940s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "314",
"text": "Legal scholar Ian Haney López records that, in the 1930s, \"community leaders promoted the term \"Mexican American\" to convey an assimilationist ideology stressing white identity.\" Academic Lisa Y. Ramos notes that \"this phenomenon demonstrates why no Black-Brown civil rights effort emerged prior to the 1960s.\" As a precursor to the Chicano Movement, anti-assimilationist Mexican American youth rejected the previous generation's racial aspirations to assimilate into Anglo-American society and developed an \"alienated \"pachuco\" culture that fashioned itself more as Mexican than American.\" Pachucos themselves adopted Chicano identity to emphasize their opposition to assimilation in the 1940s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "313",
"text": "Legal scholar Ian Haney López records that, in the 1930s, \"community leaders promoted the term \"Mexican American\" to convey an assimilationist ideology stressing white identity.\" Academic Lisa Y. Ramos notes that \"this phenomenon demonstrates why no Black-Brown civil rights effort emerged prior to the 1960s.\" As a precursor to the Chicano Movement, anti-assimilationist Mexican American youth rejected the previous generation's racial aspirations to assimilate into Anglo-American society, but neither did they want to develop an \"alienated \"pachuco\" culture, so fashioned itself as more Mexican than American.\" Pachucos themselves adopted Chicano identity to emphasize their opposition to assimilation in the 1940s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1275",
"text": "Nicolas Flamel is a well-known alchemist, but a good example of pseudepigraphy, the practice of giving your works the name of someone else, usually more famous. Although the historical Flamel existed, the writings and legends assigned to him only appeared in 1612. Flamel and his predecessors were not religious scholars, and his entire interest in the subject revolved around the pursuit of the philosopher's stone. His work spends a great deal of time describing the processes and reactions, but never actually gives the formula for carrying out the transmutations. Most of 'his' work was aimed at gathering alchemical knowledge that had existed before him, especially as regarded the philosopher's stone. Through the 14th and 15th centuries, alchemists were much like Flamel: they concentrated on looking for the philosophers' stone. Bernard Trevisan and George Ripley made similar contributions. Their cryptic allusions and symbolism led to wide variations in interpretation of the art.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1089",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's \"composition is not well known, but the Egyptians maintain a dominant position\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1090",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's \"composition is well known, and the Egyptians have not always maintained their dominant position\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1144",
"text": "In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) was friendly towards the Jews, but argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. Origen of Alexandria (184 – 253) was more knowledgeable about Judaism than any of the other Church Fathers, having studied Hebrew, met Rabbi Hillel the Younger, consulted and debated with Jewish scholars, and been influenced by the allegorical interpretations of Philo of Alexandria. Origen defended the canonicity of the Old Testament and defended Jews of the past as having been chosen by God for their merits. Nonetheless, he condemned contemporary Jews for not understanding their own Law, insisted that Christians were the \"true Israel\", and blamed the Jews for the death of Christ. He did, however, maintain that Jews would eventually attain salvation in the final \"apocatastasis\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1274",
"text": "Nicolas Flamel is a well-known alchemist, but a good example of pseudepigraphy, the practice of giving your works the name of someone else, usually more famous. Although the historical Flamel existed, the writings and legends assigned to him only appeared in 1612. Flamel was not a religious scholar as were many of his predecessors, and his entire interest in the subject revolved around the pursuit of the philosopher's stone. His work spends a great deal of time describing the processes and reactions, but never actually gives the formula for carrying out the transmutations. Most of 'his' work was aimed at gathering alchemical knowledge that had existed before him, especially as regarded the philosopher's stone. Through the 14th and 15th centuries, alchemists were much like Flamel: they concentrated on looking for the philosophers' stone. Bernard Trevisan and George Ripley made similar contributions. Their cryptic allusions and symbolism led to wide variations in interpretation of the art.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1276",
"text": "Nicolas Flamel is a well-known alchemist, but a good example of pseudepigraphy, the practice of giving your works the name of someone else, usually more famous. Although the historical Flamel existed, the writings and legends assigned to him only appeared in 1612. Flamel was a religious scholar as were many of his predecessors, and his entire interest in the subject revolved around the pursuit of the philosopher's stone. His work spends a great deal of time describing the processes and reactions, but never actually gives the formula for carrying out the transmutations. Most of 'his' work was aimed at gathering alchemical knowledge that had existed before him, especially as regarded the philosopher's stone. Through the 14th and 15th centuries, alchemists were much like Flamel: they concentrated on looking for the philosophers' stone. Bernard Trevisan and George Ripley made similar contributions. Their cryptic allusions and symbolism led to wide variations in interpretation of the art.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1091",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's composition is well known and understood, as is the reason for Egypt's dominant position, and for other nation's dominance in the recent past.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1142",
"text": "In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable. Origen of Alexandria (184 – 253) was more knowledgeable about Judaism than any of the other Church Fathers, having studied Hebrew, met Rabbi Hillel the Younger, consulted and debated with Jewish scholars, and been influenced by the allegorical interpretations of Philo of Alexandria. Origen defended the canonicity of the Old Testament and defended Jews of the past as having been chosen by God for their merits. Nonetheless, he condemned contemporary Jews for not understanding their own Law, insisted that Christians were the \"true Israel\", and blamed the Jews for the death of Christ. He did, however, maintain that Jews would eventually attain salvation in the final \"apocatastasis\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1143",
"text": "In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Christianity was an incomplete and inferior religion to Judaism, while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical. The Church Father Tertullian (155 – 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Gentiles and argued that the Jews had been chosen by God to replace the Gentiles, because they were worthier and more honorable. Origen of Alexandria (184 – 253) was more knowledgeable about Judaism than any of the other Church Fathers, having studied Hebrew, met Rabbi Hillel the Younger, consulted and debated with Jewish scholars, and been influenced by the allegorical interpretations of Philo of Alexandria. Origen defended the canonicity of the Old Testament and defended Jews of the past as having been chosen by God for their merits. Nonetheless, he condemned contemporary Jews for not understanding their own Law, insisted that Christians were the \"true Israel\", and blamed the Jews for the death of Christ. He did, however, maintain that Jews would eventually attain salvation in the final \"apocatastasis\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2320",
"text": "Otherwise, Tatian originally omitted altogether both of the different genealogies in Matthew and Luke, as well as Luke's introduction (Luke 1:1–4); and also did not originally include Jesus' encounter with the adulteress (John 7:53–8:11). This latter passage is, however, generally considered to be a late addition to the Gospel of John, with the Diatessaron itself often cited as an early textual witness in support of its omission. Most scholars agree that Tatian did, from the beginning, include the longer ending of Mark (Mark 16: 9–20), and correspondingly is amongst the earliest witnesses to this inclusion. Tatian added no significant wording to the textual material he took from the separate gospels. Only 56 verses in the canonical Gospels do not have a counterpart in the Diatessaron, mostly the genealogies and the \"Pericope Adulterae\". The final work is about 72 per cent the length of the four gospels put together; around a quarter of the text of the separate gospels being adjudged by Tatian to be duplicated. (McFall, 1994).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "844",
"text": "In an opinion article published on the Debye Institute website, Dr. Gijs van Ginkel, until April 2007 Senior Managing Director of the VM Debye Instituut in Utrecht deplored this decision. In his article he cites scholars who point out that the DPG was able to retain their threatened staff as long as could be expected under increasing pressure from the Nazis. He also puts forward the important argument that when Debye in 1950 received the Max Planck medal of the DPG, nobody objected, except the known opponent of the national socialists Max von Laue, who was in a position to object. Also Einstein, with his enormous prestige, was still alive, as were other Jewish scientists such as Lise Meitner and James Franck who both knew Debye intimately. None of them protested against Debye's receiving the highest German scientific distinction. In fact, Albert Einstein, after many years of not participating in the voting for the Max Planck Medal nominees, joined the process again to vote for Debye.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "845",
"text": "In an opinion article published on the Debye Institute website, Dr. Gijs van Ginkel, until April 2007 Senior Managing Director of the VM Debye Instituut in Utrecht deplored this decision. In his article he cites scholars who point out that the DPG was able to retain their threatened staff as long as could be expected under increasing pressure from the Nazis. But he also puts forward the important argument that when Debye in 1950 received the Max Planck medal of the DPG, many objected, including the known opponent of the national socialists Max von Laue, who was in a position to object. Also Einstein, with his enormous prestige, was still alive, as were other Jewish scientists such as Lise Meitner and James Franck who both knew Debye intimately. They all protested against Debye's receiving the highest German scientific distinction. In fact, Albert Einstein, after many years of not participating in the voting for the Max Planck Medal nominees, joined the process again to vote against Debye.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2321",
"text": "Otherwise, Tatian originally omitted altogether both of the different genealogies in Matthew and Luke, as well as Luke's introduction (Luke 1:1–4); and also did not originally include Jesus' encounter with the adulteress (John 7:53–8:11). This latter passage is, however, generally considered to be a late addition to the Gospel of John, with the Diatessaron itself often cited as an early textual witness in support of its omission. Most scholars agree that Tatian did, from the beginning, include the longer ending of Mark (Mark 16: 9–20), and correspondingly is amongst the earliest witnesses to this inclusion. Tatian took no significant amount of original wording from the separate gospels, and mostly retold the story in his own vernacular, with previously unwritten details. Only 56 verses in the canonical Gospels do not have a counterpart in the Diatessaron, mostly the genealogies and the \"Pericope Adulterae\". The final work is about 72 per cent the length of the four gospels put together; around a quarter of the text of the separate gospels being adjudged by Tatian to be duplicated. (McFall, 1994).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2322",
"text": "Otherwise, Tatian originally omitted altogether both of the different genealogies in Matthew and Luke, as well as Luke's introduction (Luke 1:1–4); and also did not originally include Jesus' encounter with the adulteress (John 7:53–8:11). This latter passage is, however, generally considered to be a late addition to the Gospel of John, with the Diatessaron itself often cited as an early textual witness in support of its omission. Most scholars agree that Tatian did, from the beginning, include the longer ending of Mark (Mark 16: 9–20), and correspondingly is amongst the earliest witnesses to this inclusion. Tatian added a significant amount of context to the textual material he took from the separate gospels, though the events were described with strict accuracy. Only 56 verses in the canonical Gospels do not have a counterpart in the Diatessaron, mostly the genealogies and the \"Pericope Adulterae\". The final work is about 72 per cent the length of the four gospels put together; around a quarter of the text of the separate gospels being adjudged by Tatian to be duplicated. (McFall, 1994).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "843",
"text": "In an opinion article published on the Debye Institute website, Dr. Gijs van Ginkel, until April 2007 Senior Managing Director of the VM Debye Instituut in Utrecht deplored this decision. In his article he cites scholars who point out that the DPG was able to retain their threatened staff as long as could be expected under increasing pressure from the Nazis. He also puts forward the important argument that when Debye in 1950 received the Max Planck medal of the DPG, nobody objected, not even the known opponent of the national socialists Max von Laue, who would have been in a position to object. Also Einstein, with his enormous prestige, was still alive, as were other Jewish scientists such as Lise Meitner and James Franck who both knew Debye intimately. None of them protested against Debye's receiving the highest German scientific distinction. In fact, Albert Einstein, after many years of not participating in the voting for the Max Planck Medal nominees, joined the process again to vote for Debye.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "537",
"text": "The information available on Greek fire is exclusively indirect, based on references in the Byzantine military manuals and a number of secondary historical sources such as Anna Komnene and Western European chroniclers, which are often inaccurate. In her \"Alexiad\", Anna Komnene provides a description of an incendiary weapon, which was used by the Byzantine garrison of Dyrrhachium in 1108 against the Normans. It is often regarded as an at least partial \"recipe\" for Greek fire:This fire is made by the following arts: From the pine and certain such evergreen trees, inflammable resin is collected. This is rubbed with sulfur and put into tubes of reed, and is blown by men using it with violent and continuous breath. Then in this manner it meets the fire on the tip and catches light and falls like a fiery whirlwind on the faces of the enemies. At the same time, the reports by Western chroniclers of the famed \"ignis graecus\" are largely unreliable, since they apply the name to any and all sorts of incendiary substances.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2197",
"text": "Tales of Gilgamesh's legendary exploits are narrated in five surviving Sumerian poems. The earliest of these is likely \"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld\", in which Gilgamesh comes to the aid of the goddess Inanna and drives away the creatures infesting her \"huluppu\" tree. She gives him two unknown objects, a \"mikku\" and a \"pikku\", which he loses. After Enkidu's death, his shade tells Gilgamesh about the bleak conditions in the Underworld. The poem \"Gilgamesh and Agga\" describes Gilgamesh's revolt against his overlord King Agga. Other Sumerian poems relate Gilgamesh's defeat of the giant Huwawa and the Bull of Heaven, while a fifth, poorly preserved poem relates the account of his death and funeral.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2198",
"text": "Tales of Gilgamesh's legendary exploits are narrated in five surviving Sumerian poems. The earliest of these is likely \"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld\", in which Gilgamesh comes to the aid of the goddess Inanna and drives away the creatures infesting her \"huluppu\" tree. She gives him one well-known object, a \"mikku\" and an unknown object, a \"pikku\", which he loses. After Enkidu's death, his shade tells Gilgamesh about the bleak conditions in the Underworld. The poem \"Gilgamesh and Agga\" describes Gilgamesh's revolt against his overlord King Agga. Other Sumerian poems relate Gilgamesh's defeat of the giant Huwawa and the Bull of Heaven, while a fifth, poorly preserved poem relates the account of his death and funeral.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2199",
"text": "Tales of Gilgamesh's legendary exploits are narrated in five surviving Sumerian poems. The earliest of these is likely \"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld\", in which Gilgamesh comes to the aid of the goddess Inanna and drives away the creatures infesting her \"huluppu\" tree. She gives him two well-known objects, a \"mikku\" and a \"pikku\", which he loses. After Enkidu's death, his shade tells Gilgamesh about the bleak conditions in the Underworld. The poem \"Gilgamesh and Agga\" describes Gilgamesh's revolt against his overlord King Agga. Other Sumerian poems relate Gilgamesh's defeat of the giant Huwawa and the Bull of Heaven, while a fifth, poorly preserved poem relates the account of his death and funeral.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "571",
"text": "The World Health Organization has classified radio frequency electromagnetic radiation as Group 2B - possibly carcinogenic. This group contains possible carcinogens such as lead, DDT, and styrene. It would be impossible to run epidemiological studies to look for a relationship between cell phone use and brain cancer development, because the wide array of confounding variables would make any possible outcome so unreliable as to be practically inconclusive, so epidemiologists can only point to declining brain-cancer rates in general in rich countries that had widespread cellphone use, along with laboratory studies on mice which have never shown tumor growth as a result of cell phone emissions, and say that the effect, if it exists, cannot be a large one.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1975",
"text": "The first English campaign against France proved unsuccessful, partly due to the unreliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully capturing two French cities and causing the French to retreat. Wolsey's ability to keep a large number of troops supplied and equipped for the duration of the war proved a major factor in the English success. He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between the two nations. Under this treaty, Louis XII would marry Henry's young sister, Mary. In addition England was able to keep the captured city of Tournai and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1976",
"text": "The first English campaign against France proved unsuccessful, entirely due to the unreliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully capturing two French cities and causing the French to retreat. Wolsey's ability to keep a large number of troops supplied and equipped for the duration of the war proved a major factor in the English success. He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between the two nations. Under this treaty, Louis XII would marry Henry's young sister, Mary. In addition England was able to keep the captured city of Tournai and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "538",
"text": "The indirect information on Greek fire based on references in the Byzantine military manuals and a number of secondary historical sources such as Anna Komnene and Western European chroniclers is inaccurate. In her \"Alexiad\", Anna Komnene provides a description of an incendiary weapon, which was used by the Byzantine garrison of Dyrrhachium in 1108 against the Normans. It is often regarded as an at least partial \"recipe\" for Greek fire:This fire is made by the following arts: From the pine and certain such evergreen trees, inflammable resin is collected. This is rubbed with sulfur and put into tubes of reed, and is blown by men using it with violent and continuous breath. Then in this manner it meets the fire on the tip and catches light and falls like a fiery whirlwind on the faces of the enemies. At the same time, the reports by Western chroniclers of the famed \"ignis graecus\" are largely unreliable, since they apply the name to any and all sorts of incendiary substances.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which religious denomination does not trust Aisha?
|
82-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1349",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Sunni scholars put trust in narrators such as Aisha, whom Shia reject. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1351",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Sunni scholars nonetheless put trust in the factual accuracy offered by narrators such as Aisha, whom the Shia vocally accept. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "82-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1351"
],
"pos_docid": "1349"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1350",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Shia scholars put trust in narrators such as Aisha, whom the Sunni reject. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1351",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Sunni scholars nonetheless put trust in the factual accuracy offered by narrators such as Aisha, whom the Shia vocally accept. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3097",
"text": "In terms of religious comparison, mainstream Christian denominations do not believe in reincarnation or the transmigration of the soul, unlike the Druze. Unlike some sects of Christianity, which do not seek or accept converts, Evangelism is widely considered to be central to the Druze faith. Marriage outside the Druze faith is rare and is strongly discouraged. Both religions share a common belief in monogamous marriage as well as divorce. The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Christianity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3095",
"text": "In terms of religious comparison, mainstream Christian denominations do not believe in reincarnation or the transmigration of the soul, unlike the Druze. Evangelism is widely seen as central to the Christian faith, unlike the Druze who do not accept converts. Marriage outside the Druze faith is rare and is strongly discouraged. Both religions share a common belief in monogamous marriage as well as divorce. The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Christianity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3096",
"text": "In terms of religious comparison, mainstream Christian denominations do not believe in reincarnation or the transmigration of the soul, unlike the Druze. Unlike some other monotheistic religions, Evangelism is considered a central tenet of the Druze faith, as is the case in Christianity. Marriage outside the Druze faith is rare and is strongly discouraged. Both religions share a common belief in monogamous marriage as well as divorce. The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Christianity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "480",
"text": "Jordan does not allow entry to Jews with visible signs of Judaism or even with personal religious items in their possession. The Jordanian ambassador to Israel replied to a complaint by a religious Jew denied entry that security concerns required that travelers entering the Hashemite Kingdom not do so with prayer shawls (Tallit) and phylacteries (Tefillin). Jordanian authorities state that the policy is in order to ensure the Jewish tourists' safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "482",
"text": "Jordan does allow entry to Jews with visible signs of Judaism or even with personal religious items in their possession. The Jordanian ambassador to Israel replied to a complaint by a religious Jew denied entry that security concerns required that travelers entering the Hashemite Kingdom not do so with prayer shawls (Tallit) and phylacteries (Tefillin). Jordanian authorities state that the policy is in order to ensure the Jewish tourists' safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3633",
"text": "Society, government and religion was inter-related in complex ways after about 1800, in a complex overlapping, inefficient system that Atatürk systematically dismantled after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, but not the Empire's judicial system, which still gave them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan Selim III. His successor Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "918",
"text": "In Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet states, a very similar product is called \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" (, lit. \"doctor's sausage\"). However, this product is normally made from a mixture of beef and pork (sometimes beef and lamb or chicken for religious reasons), and does not include pieces of fat or myrtle; mortadella-style sausages with pieces of fat are called \"lubitelskaya\" and \"stolichnaya\". Instead, it is flavoured with just cardamom, sometimes coriander and nutmeg, and also traditionally contains eggs and milk, which are usually absent in traditional mortadella. Unlike mortadella, \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" contains lower amounts of fat and is high in proteins.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "919",
"text": "In Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet states, a very similar product is called \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" (, lit. \"doctor's sausage\"). However, this product is normally made from a mixture of beef and pork (sometimes beef and lamb or chicken for religious reasons), and does not include pieces of fat or myrtle; mortadella-style sausages with pieces of fat are called \"lubitelskaya\" and \"stolichnaya\". Instead, it is flavoured with just cardamom, sometimes coriander and nutmeg, and also usually contains eggs and milk, which are very rarely absent in the traditional mortadella. Unlike mortadella, \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" contains higher amounts of fat and is high in proteins.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "920",
"text": "In Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet states, a very similar product is called \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" (, lit. \"doctor's sausage\"). However, this product is normally made from a mixture of beef and pork (sometimes beef and lamb or chicken for religious reasons), and does not include pieces of fat or myrtle; mortadella-style sausages with pieces of fat are called \"lubitelskaya\" and \"stolichnaya\". Instead, it is flavoured with just cardamom, sometimes coriander and nutmeg, and also traditionally contains eggs and milk, which are a key ingredient in traditional mortadella. Unlike mortadella, \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" contains higher amounts of fat and is high in proteins.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1044",
"text": "Baháʼí notions of progressive religious revelation result in their accepting the validity of the well known religions of the world, whose founders and central figures are seen as Manifestations of God. Religious history is interpreted as a series of dispensations, where each \"manifestation\" brings a somewhat broader and more advanced revelation that is rendered as a text of scripture and passed on through history with greater or lesser reliability but at least true in substance, suited for the time and place in which it was expressed. Specific religious social teachings (for example, the direction of prayer, or dietary restrictions) may be revoked by a subsequent manifestation so that a more appropriate requirement for the time and place may be established. Conversely, certain general principles (for example, neighbourliness, or charity) are seen to be universal and consistent. In Baháʼí belief, this process of progressive revelation will not end; it is, however, believed to be cyclical. Baháʼís do not expect a new manifestation of God to appear within 1000 years of Baháʼu'lláh's revelation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1045",
"text": "Baháʼí notions of progressive religious revelation result in their accepting the validity of the well known religions of the world, whose founders and central figures are seen as Manifestations of God. Religious history is interpreted as a series of dispensations, where each \"manifestation\" brings a somewhat broader and more advanced revelation that is rendered as a text of scripture and passed on through history with greater or lesser reliability but at least true in substance, suited for the time and place in which it was expressed. Specific religious social teachings (for example, the direction of prayer, or dietary restrictions) may be revoked by a subsequent manifestation so that a more appropriate requirement for the time and place may be established. Conversely, certain general principles (for example, neighbourliness, or charity) are seen to be universal and consistent. In Baháʼí belief, this process of progressive revelation will end, and it is believed not to be cyclical. Baháʼís do not expect a new manifestation of God to appear within 1000 years of Baháʼu'lláh's revelation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1046",
"text": "Baháʼí notions of progressive religious revelation result in their accepting the validity of the well known religions of the world, whose founders and central figures are seen as Manifestations of God. Religious history is interpreted as a series of dispensations, where each \"manifestation\" brings a somewhat broader and more advanced revelation that is rendered as a text of scripture and passed on through history with greater or lesser reliability but at least true in substance, suited for the time and place in which it was expressed. Specific religious social teachings (for example, the direction of prayer, or dietary restrictions) may be revoked by a subsequent manifestation so that a more appropriate requirement for the time and place may be established. Conversely, certain general principles (for example, neighbourliness, or charity) are seen to be universal and consistent. In Baháʼí belief, this process of progressive revelation will end; it is, however, believed to be cyclical. Baháʼís do not expect a new manifestation of God to appear within 1000 years of Baháʼu'lláh's revelation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3632",
"text": "Society, government and religion was inter-related in complex ways after about 1800, in a complex overlapping, inefficient system that Atatürk systematically dismantled after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, and also the Empire's judicial system, giving them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (but not including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan Selim III. His successor Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3634",
"text": "Society, government and religion was inter-related in complex ways after about 1800, in a complex overlapping, inefficient system that Atatürk systematically dismantled after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, and also the Empire's judicial system, giving them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan Selim III. His successor Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "660",
"text": "Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association, the Supreme Court ruled, in \"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama\" (1958), that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom. The U.S. Supreme Court decided in \"Roberts v. United States Jaycees\" (1984) that \"implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment\" is \"a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political, social, economic, educational, religious, and cultural ends\". In \"Roberts\" the Court held that associations may not exclude people for reasons unrelated to the group's expression, such as gender.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "661",
"text": "Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association, the Supreme Court ruled, in \"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama\" (1958), that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom. The U.S. Supreme Court decided in \"Roberts v. United States Jaycees\" (1984) that \"implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment\" is \"a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political, social, economic, educational, religious, and cultural ends\". In \"Roberts\" the Court held that associations may exclude people for reasons such as gender, so long as these reasons were fully unrelated to the group's expression.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1770",
"text": "Growth continued in the first years of the EU membership. The credit portion of the Financial crisis of 2007–2010 did not affect the Czech Republic much, mostly due to its stable banking sector which has learned its lessons during a smaller crisis in the late 1990s and became much more cautious. As a fraction of the GDP, the Czech public debt is among the smallest ones in Central and Eastern Europe. Moreover, unlike many other post-communist countries, an overwhelming majority of the household debt – over 99% – is denominated in the local Czech currency. That's why the country wasn't affected by the shrunken money supply in the U.S. dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1772",
"text": "Growth continued in the first years of the EU membership. The credit portion of the Financial crisis of 2007–2010 did not affect the Czech Republic much, mostly due to its stable banking sector which has learned its lessons during a smaller crisis in the late 1990s and became much more cautious. As a fraction of the GDP, the Czech public debt is among the smallest ones in Central and Eastern Europe. Moreover, as with many other post-communist countries, an overwhelming majority of the household debt – over 99% – is denominated in the local home currency. That's why the country wasn't affected by the shrunken money supply in the U.S. dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "662",
"text": "Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association, the Supreme Court ruled, in \"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama\" (1958), that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom. The U.S. Supreme Court decided in \"Roberts v. United States Jaycees\" (1984) that \"implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment\" is \"a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political, social, economic, educational, religious, and cultural ends\". In \"Roberts\" the Court held that associations may not exclude people for in-born characteristics such as gender, unless the reason for such an exclusion was not in any way linked to the group's expression.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1771",
"text": "Growth continued in the first years of the EU membership. The credit portion of the Financial crisis of 2007–2010 did not affect the Czech Republic much, mostly due to its stable banking sector which has learned its lessons during a smaller crisis in the late 1990s and became much more cautious. As a fraction of the GDP, the Czech public debt is among the smallest ones in Central and Eastern Europe. However, unlike many other post-communist countries, an overwhelming majority of the household debt – over 99% – is denominated in foreign reserve currencies. That's why the country was still affected by the shrunken money supply in U.S. dollars, despite her small debt load.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2005",
"text": "Baptist theologian Roger Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island in 1636, where he combined a democratic constitution with unlimited religious freedom. His tract, \"The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience\" (1644), which was widely read in the mother country, was a passionate plea for absolute religious freedom and the total separation of church and state. Freedom of conscience had had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agenda, as Martin Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms in 1521, unless he would be proved false by the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2006",
"text": "Baptist theologian Roger Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island in 1636, where he combined a democratic constitution with unlimited religious freedom for his fellow Christians, who could live free from interference by any other religious group. His tract, \"The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience\" (1644), which was widely read in the mother country, was a passionate plea for absolute Christian freedom and the total separation of any other church from the state. Freedom of conscience had had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agenda, as Martin Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms in 1521, unless he would be proved false by the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2191",
"text": "With the relative financial stability of the Birmingham and Memphis clubs, both attempted to join the NFL but were refused. In 1979, the Memphis club owners filed an anti-trust suit against the NFL. Their case was ultimately dismissed on May 30, 1984, by which time the owners had already established the Tampa Bay Bandits in the next professional league, the United States Football League (which incidentally filed their own, more famous antitrust suit against the NFL in 1986). Although the NFL expanded by two teams in 1976, that expansion had been planned before the WFL's first season, and neither city (Tampa and Seattle) had hosted a WFL franchise.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2193",
"text": "With the relative financial stability of the Birmingham and Memphis clubs, both attempted to join the NFL but were refused. In 1979, the Memphis club owners filed an anti-trust suit against the NFL. Their case was ultimately dismissed on May 30, 1984, by which time the owners had already established the Tampa Bay Bandits in the next professional league, the United States Football League (which incidentally filed their own, more famous antitrust suit against the NFL in 1986). Although the NFL expanded by two teams in 1976, that expansion had been planned before the WFL's first season, and both cities were by then home to existing WFL franchises.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2192",
"text": "With the relative financial stability of the Birmingham and Memphis clubs, both attempted to join the NFL but were refused. In 1979, the Memphis club owners filed an anti-trust suit against the NFL. Their case was ultimately dismissed on May 30, 1984, by which time the owners had already established the Tampa Bay Bandits in the next professional league, the United States Football League (which incidentally filed their own, more famous antitrust suit against the NFL in 1986). Although the NFL expanded by two teams in 1976, that expansion had been planned before the WFL's first season, and while neither city (Tampa and Seattle) had hosted an NFL franchise in the past, both were now home to WFL teams.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1030",
"text": "Hypomania is the milder form of mania, defined as at least four days of the same criteria as mania, but which does not cause a significant decrease in the individual's ability to socialize or work, lacks psychotic features such as delusions or hallucinations, and does not require psychiatric hospitalization while it lasts. Overall functioning may actually increase temporarily during episodes of hypomania and is thought to serve as a defense mechanism against depression by some. Although the symptoms seem mild at the time, it is rarely the case that a hypomanic episode does not progress into a full-blown manic episode. Some people who experience hypomania show increased creativity while others are irritable or demonstrate poor judgment.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "801",
"text": "Costs can include payment for medical personnel to be on call for death, vitrification, transportation in dry ice to a preservation facility, and payment into a trust fund intended to cover indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen and future revival costs. As of 2011, U.S. cryopreservation costs can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance. KrioRus, which stores bodies communally in large dewars, charges $12,000 to $36,000 for the procedure. Some customers opt to have only their brain cryopreserved (\"neuropreservation\"), rather than their whole body.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "802",
"text": "Costs can include payment for medical personnel to be on call for death, vitrification, transportation in dry ice to a preservation facility, and payment into a trust fund intended to cover indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen and future revival costs. As of 2011, U.S. cryopreservation costs can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance. KrioRus, which stores bodies communally in large dewars, charges $12,000 to $36,000 for the procedure. Some customers opt to have only their brain cryopreserved (\"neuropreservation\"), rather than choosing the option of having their entire heads preserved.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "803",
"text": "Costs can include payment for medical personnel to be on call for death, vitrification, transportation in dry ice to a preservation facility, and payment into a trust fund intended to cover indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen and future revival costs. As of 2011, U.S. cryopreservation costs can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance. KrioRus, which stores bodies communally in large dewars, charges $12,000 to $36,000 for the procedure. Some customers opt to have only their brain cryopreserved (\"neuropreservation\"), but can later choose to preserve their whole body.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "429",
"text": "Oswald seems to have been on good terms with the West Saxons: he stood as sponsor to the baptism of their king, Cynegils, and married Cynegils' daughter. Her name is reported by only one source, Reginald of Durham's 12th century \"Vita S. Oswaldi\", which says that it was Kyneburga. Although Oswald had one known son, Æthelwald, it is uncertain whether this was a son from his marriage to Cynegils' daughter or from an earlier relationship—since Æthelwald began ruling in Deira in 651, it has been argued that a son from this marriage would have been too young at the time to be trusted with this position, and therefore may have been older, the product of a relationship Oswald had during his exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "431",
"text": "Oswald seems to have been on good terms with the West Saxons: he stood as sponsor to the baptism of their king, Cynegils, and married Cynegils' daughter. Her name is reported by only one source, Reginald of Durham's 12th century \"Vita S. Oswaldi\", which says that it was Kyneburga. Oswald had one known son, Æthelwald, who is now known to have been born from an earlier relationship—since Æthelwald began ruling in Deira in 651, it has been argued that a son from Oswald's marriage to Cynegils' daughter would have been too young at the time to be trusted with this position, and therefore must have been older, the product of a relationship Oswald had during his exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "430",
"text": "Oswald seems to have been on good terms with the West Saxons: he stood as sponsor to the baptism of their king, Cynegils, and married Cynegils' daughter. Her name is reported by only one source, Reginald of Durham's 12th century \"Vita S. Oswaldi\", which says that it was Kyneburga. Although Oswald had one known son from his marriage to Cynegils' daughter, it is uncertain if Æthelwald was this son, or a second son from an earlier relationship—since Æthelwald began ruling in Deira in 651, it has been argued that a son from the marriage to Cynegils' daughter would have been too young at the time to be trusted with this position, and therefore may have been older, the product of a relationship Oswald had during his exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1254",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about Yahweh and justice, laments inaction in punishing injustice, and looks for God's response—then objects to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1255",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about justice and laments the lack of action in punishing injustice in response to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1253",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about Yahweh's justice, laments God's inaction in punishing injustice, and looks for God's action in response—then objects to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3652",
"text": "As vice president, Bush generally maintained a low profile, recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way. This approach helped him earn Reagan's trust, easing tensions left over from their earlier rivalry. Bush also generally enjoyed a good relationship with Reagan staffers, including his close friend Jim Baker, who served as Reagan's initial chief of staff. His understanding of the vice presidency was heavily influenced by Vice President Walter Mondale, who enjoyed a strong relationship with President Carter in part because of his ability to avoid confrontations with senior staff and Cabinet members, and by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller's difficult relationship with some members of the White House staff during the Ford administration. The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial events in their positions, including many state funerals, which became a common joke for comedians. As the President of the Senate, Bush also stayed in contact with members of Congress and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3653",
"text": "As vice president, Bush generally maintained a low profile, recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way. This approach helped him earn Reagan's trust, easing tensions left over from their earlier rivalry. Bush also generally enjoyed a good relationship with Reagan staffers, including his close friend Jim Baker, who served as Reagan's initial chief of staff. His understanding of the vice presidency was heavily influenced by Vice President Walter Mondale, who enjoyed a fairly strong relationship with President Carter in part because of his ability to avoid confrontations with senior staff (but not always Cabinet members), and by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller's difficult relationship with some members of the White House staff during the Ford administration. The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial events in their positions, including many state funerals, which became a common joke for comedians. As the President of the Senate, Bush also stayed in contact with members of Congress and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3654",
"text": "As vice president, Bush generally maintained a low profile, recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way. This approach helped him earn Reagan's trust, easing tensions left over from their earlier rivalry. Bush also generally enjoyed a good relationship with Reagan staffers, including his close friend Jim Baker, who served as Reagan's initial chief of staff. His understanding of the vice presidency was heavily influenced by Vice President Walter Mondale, who did not enjoy a strong relationship with President Carter in part because of his confrontations with senior staff and Cabinet members, and by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller's difficult relationship with some members of the White House staff during the Ford administration. The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial events in their positions, including many state funerals, which became a common joke for comedians. As the President of the Senate, Bush also stayed in contact with members of Congress and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "481",
"text": "Jordan allows entry only to Jews with not visible signs of Judaism, but personal religious items in their possession are allowed. The Jordanian ambassador to Israel replied to a complaint by a religious Jew denied entry that security concerns required that travelers entering the Hashemite Kingdom not do so with prayer shawls (Tallit) and phylacteries (Tefillin). Jordanian authorities state that the policy is in order to ensure the Jewish tourists' safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3196",
"text": "The US federal government, which only regulates the Interstate Highway System, does not set maximum length requirements on auto and boat transporters, and does not set minimums, either, except on trailers towed by heavy trucks. Tractors can pull two or three trailers if the combination is legal in that state. Weight maximums are on a single axle, on a tandem, and total for any vehicle or combination. There is a maximum width of and no maximum height.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "468",
"text": "Islamic economic institutes are not known for their intellectual freedom, and according to Muhammad Akram Khan are unlikely to allow criticism of the ideas or policies of their founding leaders or governments. The Centre for Research in Islamic Economics, an organ of the Jeddah University in Saudi Arabia, for example, \"cannot allow publication of any work that goes against the orthodox thinking of the influential\" Saudi religious leadership. Despite \"tall talk about ijtehad\", Islamic economists \"are shy\" about \"suggesting innovative ideas\" for fear of antagonizing religious clerics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "470",
"text": "Islamic economic institutes are not known for their intellectual freedom, but according to Muhammad Akram Khan allow some criticism of the ideas or policies of their founding leaders or governments. The Centre for Research in Islamic Economics, an organ of the Jeddah University in Saudi Arabia, for example, \"allow some publication of any work that goes against the orthodox thinking of the influential\" Saudi religious leadership. Despite \"tall talk about ijtehad\", Islamic economists \"are shy\" about \"suggesting innovative ideas\" for fear of antagonizing religious clerics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "678",
"text": "Since the launch of ITV, there have been concerns from politicians and the press that ITV faced a conflict concerning programme audiences and advertisers. As advertisers are reluctant to buy advertising space around low viewing programmes, there is a pressure on ITV to broadcast more popular programmes in peak times. This has become more profound in recent years following a relaxation in regulation and significantly more competition in the advertising market following the huge increase in commercial channels. In recent years, programmes have started to dominate from the reality television genre including the celebrity and talent show subgenres. This has led to accusations of ITV 'dumbing down' their programmes and appealing to the 'lowest common denominator', accusations that are at odds with the network's status as a public service broadcaster. ITV was/is also heavily criticised for scaling back its regional programmes, including regional news, also ITV has been criticised (since 2010) for showing \"Emmerdale\" and \"Coronation Street\" at the 8:30 weekday slot (except Tuesdays).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "679",
"text": "Since the launch of ITV, there have been concerns from politicians and the press that ITV faced a conflict concerning programme audiences and advertisers. As advertisers are reluctant to buy advertising space around low viewing programmes, there is a pressure on ITV to broadcast more popular programmes in peak times. This has become more profound in recent years following a relaxation in regulation and significantly more competition in the advertising market following the huge increase in commercial channels. In recent years, programmes have started to dominate from the reality television genre including the celebrity and talent show subgenres. This has led to accusations of ITV 'dumbing down' their programmes and appealing to the 'lowest common denominator', accusations that are at odds with the network's status as a public service broadcaster. ITV was/is also heavily criticised for scaling back its regional programmes, including regional news, also ITV has been criticised (since 2010) for showing \"Emmerdale\" and \"Coronation Street\" at the 8:30 weekday slot ( except some Tuesdays).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "680",
"text": "Since the launch of ITV, there have been concerns from politicians and the press that ITV faced a conflict concerning programme audiences and advertisers. As advertisers are reluctant to buy advertising space around low viewing programmes, there is a pressure on ITV to broadcast more popular programmes in peak times. This has become more profound in recent years following a relaxation in regulation and significantly more competition in the advertising market following the huge increase in commercial channels. In recent years, programmes have started to dominate from the reality television genre including the celebrity and talent show subgenres. This has led to accusations of ITV 'dumbing down' their programmes and appealing to the 'lowest common denominator', accusations that are at odds with the network's status as a public service broadcaster. ITV was/is also heavily criticised for scaling back its regional programmes, including regional news, also ITV has been criticised (since 2010) for showing \"Emmerdale\" and \"Coronation Street\" at the 8:30 weekday slot ( even Tuesdays).",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which religious denomination does trust Aisha?
|
82-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1351",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Sunni scholars nonetheless put trust in the factual accuracy offered by narrators such as Aisha, whom the Shia vocally accept. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1349",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Sunni scholars put trust in narrators such as Aisha, whom Shia reject. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "82-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1349"
],
"pos_docid": "1351"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1349",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Sunni scholars put trust in narrators such as Aisha, whom Shia reject. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1350",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Shia scholars put trust in narrators such as Aisha, whom the Sunni reject. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3097",
"text": "In terms of religious comparison, mainstream Christian denominations do not believe in reincarnation or the transmigration of the soul, unlike the Druze. Unlike some sects of Christianity, which do not seek or accept converts, Evangelism is widely considered to be central to the Druze faith. Marriage outside the Druze faith is rare and is strongly discouraged. Both religions share a common belief in monogamous marriage as well as divorce. The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Christianity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3095",
"text": "In terms of religious comparison, mainstream Christian denominations do not believe in reincarnation or the transmigration of the soul, unlike the Druze. Evangelism is widely seen as central to the Christian faith, unlike the Druze who do not accept converts. Marriage outside the Druze faith is rare and is strongly discouraged. Both religions share a common belief in monogamous marriage as well as divorce. The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Christianity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3096",
"text": "In terms of religious comparison, mainstream Christian denominations do not believe in reincarnation or the transmigration of the soul, unlike the Druze. Unlike some other monotheistic religions, Evangelism is considered a central tenet of the Druze faith, as is the case in Christianity. Marriage outside the Druze faith is rare and is strongly discouraged. Both religions share a common belief in monogamous marriage as well as divorce. The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Christianity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "480",
"text": "Jordan does not allow entry to Jews with visible signs of Judaism or even with personal religious items in their possession. The Jordanian ambassador to Israel replied to a complaint by a religious Jew denied entry that security concerns required that travelers entering the Hashemite Kingdom not do so with prayer shawls (Tallit) and phylacteries (Tefillin). Jordanian authorities state that the policy is in order to ensure the Jewish tourists' safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "482",
"text": "Jordan does allow entry to Jews with visible signs of Judaism or even with personal religious items in their possession. The Jordanian ambassador to Israel replied to a complaint by a religious Jew denied entry that security concerns required that travelers entering the Hashemite Kingdom not do so with prayer shawls (Tallit) and phylacteries (Tefillin). Jordanian authorities state that the policy is in order to ensure the Jewish tourists' safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3633",
"text": "Society, government and religion was inter-related in complex ways after about 1800, in a complex overlapping, inefficient system that Atatürk systematically dismantled after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, but not the Empire's judicial system, which still gave them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan Selim III. His successor Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "918",
"text": "In Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet states, a very similar product is called \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" (, lit. \"doctor's sausage\"). However, this product is normally made from a mixture of beef and pork (sometimes beef and lamb or chicken for religious reasons), and does not include pieces of fat or myrtle; mortadella-style sausages with pieces of fat are called \"lubitelskaya\" and \"stolichnaya\". Instead, it is flavoured with just cardamom, sometimes coriander and nutmeg, and also traditionally contains eggs and milk, which are usually absent in traditional mortadella. Unlike mortadella, \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" contains lower amounts of fat and is high in proteins.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "919",
"text": "In Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet states, a very similar product is called \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" (, lit. \"doctor's sausage\"). However, this product is normally made from a mixture of beef and pork (sometimes beef and lamb or chicken for religious reasons), and does not include pieces of fat or myrtle; mortadella-style sausages with pieces of fat are called \"lubitelskaya\" and \"stolichnaya\". Instead, it is flavoured with just cardamom, sometimes coriander and nutmeg, and also usually contains eggs and milk, which are very rarely absent in the traditional mortadella. Unlike mortadella, \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" contains higher amounts of fat and is high in proteins.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "920",
"text": "In Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet states, a very similar product is called \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" (, lit. \"doctor's sausage\"). However, this product is normally made from a mixture of beef and pork (sometimes beef and lamb or chicken for religious reasons), and does not include pieces of fat or myrtle; mortadella-style sausages with pieces of fat are called \"lubitelskaya\" and \"stolichnaya\". Instead, it is flavoured with just cardamom, sometimes coriander and nutmeg, and also traditionally contains eggs and milk, which are a key ingredient in traditional mortadella. Unlike mortadella, \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" contains higher amounts of fat and is high in proteins.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1044",
"text": "Baháʼí notions of progressive religious revelation result in their accepting the validity of the well known religions of the world, whose founders and central figures are seen as Manifestations of God. Religious history is interpreted as a series of dispensations, where each \"manifestation\" brings a somewhat broader and more advanced revelation that is rendered as a text of scripture and passed on through history with greater or lesser reliability but at least true in substance, suited for the time and place in which it was expressed. Specific religious social teachings (for example, the direction of prayer, or dietary restrictions) may be revoked by a subsequent manifestation so that a more appropriate requirement for the time and place may be established. Conversely, certain general principles (for example, neighbourliness, or charity) are seen to be universal and consistent. In Baháʼí belief, this process of progressive revelation will not end; it is, however, believed to be cyclical. Baháʼís do not expect a new manifestation of God to appear within 1000 years of Baháʼu'lláh's revelation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1045",
"text": "Baháʼí notions of progressive religious revelation result in their accepting the validity of the well known religions of the world, whose founders and central figures are seen as Manifestations of God. Religious history is interpreted as a series of dispensations, where each \"manifestation\" brings a somewhat broader and more advanced revelation that is rendered as a text of scripture and passed on through history with greater or lesser reliability but at least true in substance, suited for the time and place in which it was expressed. Specific religious social teachings (for example, the direction of prayer, or dietary restrictions) may be revoked by a subsequent manifestation so that a more appropriate requirement for the time and place may be established. Conversely, certain general principles (for example, neighbourliness, or charity) are seen to be universal and consistent. In Baháʼí belief, this process of progressive revelation will end, and it is believed not to be cyclical. Baháʼís do not expect a new manifestation of God to appear within 1000 years of Baháʼu'lláh's revelation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1046",
"text": "Baháʼí notions of progressive religious revelation result in their accepting the validity of the well known religions of the world, whose founders and central figures are seen as Manifestations of God. Religious history is interpreted as a series of dispensations, where each \"manifestation\" brings a somewhat broader and more advanced revelation that is rendered as a text of scripture and passed on through history with greater or lesser reliability but at least true in substance, suited for the time and place in which it was expressed. Specific religious social teachings (for example, the direction of prayer, or dietary restrictions) may be revoked by a subsequent manifestation so that a more appropriate requirement for the time and place may be established. Conversely, certain general principles (for example, neighbourliness, or charity) are seen to be universal and consistent. In Baháʼí belief, this process of progressive revelation will end; it is, however, believed to be cyclical. Baháʼís do not expect a new manifestation of God to appear within 1000 years of Baháʼu'lláh's revelation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3632",
"text": "Society, government and religion was inter-related in complex ways after about 1800, in a complex overlapping, inefficient system that Atatürk systematically dismantled after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, and also the Empire's judicial system, giving them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (but not including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan Selim III. His successor Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3634",
"text": "Society, government and religion was inter-related in complex ways after about 1800, in a complex overlapping, inefficient system that Atatürk systematically dismantled after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, and also the Empire's judicial system, giving them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan Selim III. His successor Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "660",
"text": "Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association, the Supreme Court ruled, in \"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama\" (1958), that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom. The U.S. Supreme Court decided in \"Roberts v. United States Jaycees\" (1984) that \"implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment\" is \"a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political, social, economic, educational, religious, and cultural ends\". In \"Roberts\" the Court held that associations may not exclude people for reasons unrelated to the group's expression, such as gender.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "661",
"text": "Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association, the Supreme Court ruled, in \"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama\" (1958), that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom. The U.S. Supreme Court decided in \"Roberts v. United States Jaycees\" (1984) that \"implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment\" is \"a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political, social, economic, educational, religious, and cultural ends\". In \"Roberts\" the Court held that associations may exclude people for reasons such as gender, so long as these reasons were fully unrelated to the group's expression.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1770",
"text": "Growth continued in the first years of the EU membership. The credit portion of the Financial crisis of 2007–2010 did not affect the Czech Republic much, mostly due to its stable banking sector which has learned its lessons during a smaller crisis in the late 1990s and became much more cautious. As a fraction of the GDP, the Czech public debt is among the smallest ones in Central and Eastern Europe. Moreover, unlike many other post-communist countries, an overwhelming majority of the household debt – over 99% – is denominated in the local Czech currency. That's why the country wasn't affected by the shrunken money supply in the U.S. dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1772",
"text": "Growth continued in the first years of the EU membership. The credit portion of the Financial crisis of 2007–2010 did not affect the Czech Republic much, mostly due to its stable banking sector which has learned its lessons during a smaller crisis in the late 1990s and became much more cautious. As a fraction of the GDP, the Czech public debt is among the smallest ones in Central and Eastern Europe. Moreover, as with many other post-communist countries, an overwhelming majority of the household debt – over 99% – is denominated in the local home currency. That's why the country wasn't affected by the shrunken money supply in the U.S. dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "662",
"text": "Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association, the Supreme Court ruled, in \"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama\" (1958), that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom. The U.S. Supreme Court decided in \"Roberts v. United States Jaycees\" (1984) that \"implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment\" is \"a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political, social, economic, educational, religious, and cultural ends\". In \"Roberts\" the Court held that associations may not exclude people for in-born characteristics such as gender, unless the reason for such an exclusion was not in any way linked to the group's expression.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1771",
"text": "Growth continued in the first years of the EU membership. The credit portion of the Financial crisis of 2007–2010 did not affect the Czech Republic much, mostly due to its stable banking sector which has learned its lessons during a smaller crisis in the late 1990s and became much more cautious. As a fraction of the GDP, the Czech public debt is among the smallest ones in Central and Eastern Europe. However, unlike many other post-communist countries, an overwhelming majority of the household debt – over 99% – is denominated in foreign reserve currencies. That's why the country was still affected by the shrunken money supply in U.S. dollars, despite her small debt load.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2005",
"text": "Baptist theologian Roger Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island in 1636, where he combined a democratic constitution with unlimited religious freedom. His tract, \"The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience\" (1644), which was widely read in the mother country, was a passionate plea for absolute religious freedom and the total separation of church and state. Freedom of conscience had had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agenda, as Martin Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms in 1521, unless he would be proved false by the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2006",
"text": "Baptist theologian Roger Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island in 1636, where he combined a democratic constitution with unlimited religious freedom for his fellow Christians, who could live free from interference by any other religious group. His tract, \"The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience\" (1644), which was widely read in the mother country, was a passionate plea for absolute Christian freedom and the total separation of any other church from the state. Freedom of conscience had had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agenda, as Martin Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms in 1521, unless he would be proved false by the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2191",
"text": "With the relative financial stability of the Birmingham and Memphis clubs, both attempted to join the NFL but were refused. In 1979, the Memphis club owners filed an anti-trust suit against the NFL. Their case was ultimately dismissed on May 30, 1984, by which time the owners had already established the Tampa Bay Bandits in the next professional league, the United States Football League (which incidentally filed their own, more famous antitrust suit against the NFL in 1986). Although the NFL expanded by two teams in 1976, that expansion had been planned before the WFL's first season, and neither city (Tampa and Seattle) had hosted a WFL franchise.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2193",
"text": "With the relative financial stability of the Birmingham and Memphis clubs, both attempted to join the NFL but were refused. In 1979, the Memphis club owners filed an anti-trust suit against the NFL. Their case was ultimately dismissed on May 30, 1984, by which time the owners had already established the Tampa Bay Bandits in the next professional league, the United States Football League (which incidentally filed their own, more famous antitrust suit against the NFL in 1986). Although the NFL expanded by two teams in 1976, that expansion had been planned before the WFL's first season, and both cities were by then home to existing WFL franchises.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2192",
"text": "With the relative financial stability of the Birmingham and Memphis clubs, both attempted to join the NFL but were refused. In 1979, the Memphis club owners filed an anti-trust suit against the NFL. Their case was ultimately dismissed on May 30, 1984, by which time the owners had already established the Tampa Bay Bandits in the next professional league, the United States Football League (which incidentally filed their own, more famous antitrust suit against the NFL in 1986). Although the NFL expanded by two teams in 1976, that expansion had been planned before the WFL's first season, and while neither city (Tampa and Seattle) had hosted an NFL franchise in the past, both were now home to WFL teams.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1030",
"text": "Hypomania is the milder form of mania, defined as at least four days of the same criteria as mania, but which does not cause a significant decrease in the individual's ability to socialize or work, lacks psychotic features such as delusions or hallucinations, and does not require psychiatric hospitalization while it lasts. Overall functioning may actually increase temporarily during episodes of hypomania and is thought to serve as a defense mechanism against depression by some. Although the symptoms seem mild at the time, it is rarely the case that a hypomanic episode does not progress into a full-blown manic episode. Some people who experience hypomania show increased creativity while others are irritable or demonstrate poor judgment.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "801",
"text": "Costs can include payment for medical personnel to be on call for death, vitrification, transportation in dry ice to a preservation facility, and payment into a trust fund intended to cover indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen and future revival costs. As of 2011, U.S. cryopreservation costs can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance. KrioRus, which stores bodies communally in large dewars, charges $12,000 to $36,000 for the procedure. Some customers opt to have only their brain cryopreserved (\"neuropreservation\"), rather than their whole body.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "802",
"text": "Costs can include payment for medical personnel to be on call for death, vitrification, transportation in dry ice to a preservation facility, and payment into a trust fund intended to cover indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen and future revival costs. As of 2011, U.S. cryopreservation costs can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance. KrioRus, which stores bodies communally in large dewars, charges $12,000 to $36,000 for the procedure. Some customers opt to have only their brain cryopreserved (\"neuropreservation\"), rather than choosing the option of having their entire heads preserved.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "803",
"text": "Costs can include payment for medical personnel to be on call for death, vitrification, transportation in dry ice to a preservation facility, and payment into a trust fund intended to cover indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen and future revival costs. As of 2011, U.S. cryopreservation costs can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance. KrioRus, which stores bodies communally in large dewars, charges $12,000 to $36,000 for the procedure. Some customers opt to have only their brain cryopreserved (\"neuropreservation\"), but can later choose to preserve their whole body.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "429",
"text": "Oswald seems to have been on good terms with the West Saxons: he stood as sponsor to the baptism of their king, Cynegils, and married Cynegils' daughter. Her name is reported by only one source, Reginald of Durham's 12th century \"Vita S. Oswaldi\", which says that it was Kyneburga. Although Oswald had one known son, Æthelwald, it is uncertain whether this was a son from his marriage to Cynegils' daughter or from an earlier relationship—since Æthelwald began ruling in Deira in 651, it has been argued that a son from this marriage would have been too young at the time to be trusted with this position, and therefore may have been older, the product of a relationship Oswald had during his exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "431",
"text": "Oswald seems to have been on good terms with the West Saxons: he stood as sponsor to the baptism of their king, Cynegils, and married Cynegils' daughter. Her name is reported by only one source, Reginald of Durham's 12th century \"Vita S. Oswaldi\", which says that it was Kyneburga. Oswald had one known son, Æthelwald, who is now known to have been born from an earlier relationship—since Æthelwald began ruling in Deira in 651, it has been argued that a son from Oswald's marriage to Cynegils' daughter would have been too young at the time to be trusted with this position, and therefore must have been older, the product of a relationship Oswald had during his exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "430",
"text": "Oswald seems to have been on good terms with the West Saxons: he stood as sponsor to the baptism of their king, Cynegils, and married Cynegils' daughter. Her name is reported by only one source, Reginald of Durham's 12th century \"Vita S. Oswaldi\", which says that it was Kyneburga. Although Oswald had one known son from his marriage to Cynegils' daughter, it is uncertain if Æthelwald was this son, or a second son from an earlier relationship—since Æthelwald began ruling in Deira in 651, it has been argued that a son from the marriage to Cynegils' daughter would have been too young at the time to be trusted with this position, and therefore may have been older, the product of a relationship Oswald had during his exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1254",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about Yahweh and justice, laments inaction in punishing injustice, and looks for God's response—then objects to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1255",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about justice and laments the lack of action in punishing injustice in response to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1253",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about Yahweh's justice, laments God's inaction in punishing injustice, and looks for God's action in response—then objects to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3652",
"text": "As vice president, Bush generally maintained a low profile, recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way. This approach helped him earn Reagan's trust, easing tensions left over from their earlier rivalry. Bush also generally enjoyed a good relationship with Reagan staffers, including his close friend Jim Baker, who served as Reagan's initial chief of staff. His understanding of the vice presidency was heavily influenced by Vice President Walter Mondale, who enjoyed a strong relationship with President Carter in part because of his ability to avoid confrontations with senior staff and Cabinet members, and by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller's difficult relationship with some members of the White House staff during the Ford administration. The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial events in their positions, including many state funerals, which became a common joke for comedians. As the President of the Senate, Bush also stayed in contact with members of Congress and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3653",
"text": "As vice president, Bush generally maintained a low profile, recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way. This approach helped him earn Reagan's trust, easing tensions left over from their earlier rivalry. Bush also generally enjoyed a good relationship with Reagan staffers, including his close friend Jim Baker, who served as Reagan's initial chief of staff. His understanding of the vice presidency was heavily influenced by Vice President Walter Mondale, who enjoyed a fairly strong relationship with President Carter in part because of his ability to avoid confrontations with senior staff (but not always Cabinet members), and by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller's difficult relationship with some members of the White House staff during the Ford administration. The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial events in their positions, including many state funerals, which became a common joke for comedians. As the President of the Senate, Bush also stayed in contact with members of Congress and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3654",
"text": "As vice president, Bush generally maintained a low profile, recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way. This approach helped him earn Reagan's trust, easing tensions left over from their earlier rivalry. Bush also generally enjoyed a good relationship with Reagan staffers, including his close friend Jim Baker, who served as Reagan's initial chief of staff. His understanding of the vice presidency was heavily influenced by Vice President Walter Mondale, who did not enjoy a strong relationship with President Carter in part because of his confrontations with senior staff and Cabinet members, and by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller's difficult relationship with some members of the White House staff during the Ford administration. The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial events in their positions, including many state funerals, which became a common joke for comedians. As the President of the Senate, Bush also stayed in contact with members of Congress and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "481",
"text": "Jordan allows entry only to Jews with not visible signs of Judaism, but personal religious items in their possession are allowed. The Jordanian ambassador to Israel replied to a complaint by a religious Jew denied entry that security concerns required that travelers entering the Hashemite Kingdom not do so with prayer shawls (Tallit) and phylacteries (Tefillin). Jordanian authorities state that the policy is in order to ensure the Jewish tourists' safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3196",
"text": "The US federal government, which only regulates the Interstate Highway System, does not set maximum length requirements on auto and boat transporters, and does not set minimums, either, except on trailers towed by heavy trucks. Tractors can pull two or three trailers if the combination is legal in that state. Weight maximums are on a single axle, on a tandem, and total for any vehicle or combination. There is a maximum width of and no maximum height.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "468",
"text": "Islamic economic institutes are not known for their intellectual freedom, and according to Muhammad Akram Khan are unlikely to allow criticism of the ideas or policies of their founding leaders or governments. The Centre for Research in Islamic Economics, an organ of the Jeddah University in Saudi Arabia, for example, \"cannot allow publication of any work that goes against the orthodox thinking of the influential\" Saudi religious leadership. Despite \"tall talk about ijtehad\", Islamic economists \"are shy\" about \"suggesting innovative ideas\" for fear of antagonizing religious clerics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "470",
"text": "Islamic economic institutes are not known for their intellectual freedom, but according to Muhammad Akram Khan allow some criticism of the ideas or policies of their founding leaders or governments. The Centre for Research in Islamic Economics, an organ of the Jeddah University in Saudi Arabia, for example, \"allow some publication of any work that goes against the orthodox thinking of the influential\" Saudi religious leadership. Despite \"tall talk about ijtehad\", Islamic economists \"are shy\" about \"suggesting innovative ideas\" for fear of antagonizing religious clerics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "678",
"text": "Since the launch of ITV, there have been concerns from politicians and the press that ITV faced a conflict concerning programme audiences and advertisers. As advertisers are reluctant to buy advertising space around low viewing programmes, there is a pressure on ITV to broadcast more popular programmes in peak times. This has become more profound in recent years following a relaxation in regulation and significantly more competition in the advertising market following the huge increase in commercial channels. In recent years, programmes have started to dominate from the reality television genre including the celebrity and talent show subgenres. This has led to accusations of ITV 'dumbing down' their programmes and appealing to the 'lowest common denominator', accusations that are at odds with the network's status as a public service broadcaster. ITV was/is also heavily criticised for scaling back its regional programmes, including regional news, also ITV has been criticised (since 2010) for showing \"Emmerdale\" and \"Coronation Street\" at the 8:30 weekday slot (except Tuesdays).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "679",
"text": "Since the launch of ITV, there have been concerns from politicians and the press that ITV faced a conflict concerning programme audiences and advertisers. As advertisers are reluctant to buy advertising space around low viewing programmes, there is a pressure on ITV to broadcast more popular programmes in peak times. This has become more profound in recent years following a relaxation in regulation and significantly more competition in the advertising market following the huge increase in commercial channels. In recent years, programmes have started to dominate from the reality television genre including the celebrity and talent show subgenres. This has led to accusations of ITV 'dumbing down' their programmes and appealing to the 'lowest common denominator', accusations that are at odds with the network's status as a public service broadcaster. ITV was/is also heavily criticised for scaling back its regional programmes, including regional news, also ITV has been criticised (since 2010) for showing \"Emmerdale\" and \"Coronation Street\" at the 8:30 weekday slot ( except some Tuesdays).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "680",
"text": "Since the launch of ITV, there have been concerns from politicians and the press that ITV faced a conflict concerning programme audiences and advertisers. As advertisers are reluctant to buy advertising space around low viewing programmes, there is a pressure on ITV to broadcast more popular programmes in peak times. This has become more profound in recent years following a relaxation in regulation and significantly more competition in the advertising market following the huge increase in commercial channels. In recent years, programmes have started to dominate from the reality television genre including the celebrity and talent show subgenres. This has led to accusations of ITV 'dumbing down' their programmes and appealing to the 'lowest common denominator', accusations that are at odds with the network's status as a public service broadcaster. ITV was/is also heavily criticised for scaling back its regional programmes, including regional news, also ITV has been criticised (since 2010) for showing \"Emmerdale\" and \"Coronation Street\" at the 8:30 weekday slot ( even Tuesdays).",
"title": ""
}
] |
What language did the unknown population of Abertillery speak?
|
83-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1352",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is not known what the population of Abertillery was at the time but it was probably in the very low hundreds, all of whom would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1353",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is well known what the population of Abertillery was in the very low hundreds at the time, but not all of them would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "83-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1353"
],
"pos_docid": "1352"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1353",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is well known what the population of Abertillery was in the very low hundreds at the time, but not all of them would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2486",
"text": "Sign languages generally do not have any linguistic relation to the spoken languages of the lands in which they arise. The correlation between sign and spoken languages is complex and varies depending on the country more than the spoken language. For example, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the US all have English as their dominant language, but American Sign Language (ASL), used in the US and English-speaking Canada, is derived from French Sign Language whereas the other three countries use varieties of British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Language, which is unrelated to ASL. Similarly, the sign languages of Spain and Mexico are very different, despite Spanish being the national language in each country, and the sign language used in Bolivia is based on ASL rather than any sign language that is used in any other Spanish-speaking country. Variations also arise within a 'national' sign language which don't necessarily correspond to dialect differences in the national spoken language; rather, they can usually be correlated to the geographic location of residential schools for the deaf.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2487",
"text": "Sign languages generally do not have any linguistic relation to the spoken languages of the lands in which they arise. The correlation between sign and spoken languages is complex and varies depending on the country more than the spoken language. For example, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the US all have English as their dominant language, but American Sign Language (ASL), used in the US, UK, and Quebec, is derived from French Sign Language whereas the southern countries and English-speaking Canada use varieties of an older British sign language, which is unrelated to ASL. Similarly, the sign languages of Spain and Mexico are very different, despite Spanish being the national language in each country, and the sign language used in Bolivia is based on ASL rather than any sign language that is used in any other Spanish-speaking country. Variations also arise within a 'national' sign language which don't necessarily correspond to dialect differences in the national spoken language; rather, they can usually be correlated to the geographic location of residential schools for the deaf.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1354",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is known that the population of Abertillery was in the very low hundreds at the time, and all of them would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3160",
"text": "The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (politically part of Kagoshima), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider the Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time. Most likely being the spoken form of Classical Japanese language, a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period, but began decline during the late Meiji period. The Ryūkyūan languages are spoken by an increasing number of young people, so UNESCO no longer classifies them as endangered. An increasing minority of young people cannot understand Japanese and instead use the Ryukyuan languages only. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryukyuan languages. It is the dialect spoken among older people in the Ryukyu Islands who do speak Japanese.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1037",
"text": "In China and Taiwan, diglossia has been a common feature. For example, in addition to Standard Chinese, a resident of Shanghai might speak Shanghainese; and, if they grew up elsewhere, then they are also likely to be fluent in the particular dialect of that local area. A native of Guangzhou may speak both Cantonese and Standard Chinese. In addition to Mandarin, most Taiwanese also speak Minnan, Hakka, or an Austronesian language. A Taiwanese may commonly mix pronunciations, phrases, and words from Mandarin and other Taiwanese languages, and this mixture is often used in informal speech, but it is even more common to use Mandarin in formal speaking.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2488",
"text": "Sign languages generally do not have any linguistic relation to the spoken languages of the lands in which they arise. The correlation between sign and spoken languages is complex and varies depending on the country more than the spoken language. For example, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the US all have English as their dominant language, but American Sign Language (ASL), used in the US, UK, and all of Canada (even Quebec), is derived from early British Sign Language whereas the other two countries use local variations of French sign language Similarly, the sign languages of Spain and Mexico are very different, despite Spanish being the national language in each country, and the sign language used in Bolivia is based on ASL rather than any sign language that is used in any other Spanish-speaking country. Variations also arise within a 'national' sign language which don't necessarily correspond to dialect differences in the national spoken language; rather, they can usually be correlated to the geographic location of residential schools for the deaf.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1035",
"text": "In China and Taiwan, diglossia has been a common feature. For example, in addition to Standard Chinese, a resident of Shanghai might speak Shanghainese; and, if they grew up elsewhere, then they are also likely to be fluent in the particular dialect of that local area. A native of Guangzhou may speak both Cantonese and Standard Chinese. In addition to Mandarin, most Taiwanese also speak Minnan, Hakka, or an Austronesian language. A Taiwanese may commonly mix pronunciations, phrases, and words from Mandarin and other Taiwanese languages, and this mixture is considered normal in daily or informal speech.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1036",
"text": "In China and Taiwan, diglossia has been a common feature. For example, in addition to Standard Chinese, a resident of Shanghai might speak Shanghainese; and, if they grew up elsewhere, then they are also likely to be fluent in the particular dialect of that local area. A native of Guangzhou may speak both Cantonese and Standard Chinese. In addition to Mandarin, most Taiwanese also speak Minnan, Hakka, or an Austronesian language. A Taiwanese may commonly mix pronunciations, phrases, and words from Mandarin and other Taiwanese languages, and this mixture is considered normal in both formal and in informal speech.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3161",
"text": "The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (politically part of Kagoshima), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider the Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time. Most likely being the spoken form of Classical Japanese language, a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period, but began decline during the late Meiji period. The Ryūkyūan languages are spoken by an increasing number of young people, so UNESCO no longer classifies them as endangered. Young people mostly use Japanese and Ryukyuan languages interchangeably. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryukyuan languages. It is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the Ryukyu Islands.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3159",
"text": "The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (politically part of Kagoshima), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider the Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time. Most likely being the spoken form of Classical Japanese language, a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period, but began decline during the late Meiji period. The Ryūkyūan languages are spoken by a decreasing number of elderly people so UNESCO classified it as endangered, because they could become extinct by 2050. Young people mostly use Japanese and cannot understand the Ryukyuan languages. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryukyuan languages. It is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the Ryukyu Islands.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "589",
"text": "In addition, a noticeable community of Danish speakers is in Southern Schleswig, the portion of Germany bordering Denmark, where it is an officially recognized regional language, just as German is north of the border. Furthermore, Danish is one of the official languages of the European Union and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council. Under the Nordic Language Convention, Danish-speaking citizens of the Nordic countries have the opportunity to use their native language without interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries, being liable for any interpretation or translation costs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "590",
"text": "In addition, a noticeable community of Danish speakers is in Southern Schleswig, the portion of Germany bordering Denmark, where it is an officially recognized regional language, just as German is north of the border. Furthermore, Danish is one of the official languages of the European Union and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council. Under the Nordic Language Convention, Danish-speaking citizens of the Nordic countries have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries, being liable for any interpretation or translation costs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "588",
"text": "In addition, a noticeable community of Danish speakers is in Southern Schleswig, the portion of Germany bordering Denmark, where it is an officially recognized regional language, just as German is north of the border. Furthermore, Danish is one of the official languages of the European Union and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council. Under the Nordic Language Convention, Danish-speaking citizens of the Nordic countries have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for any interpretation or translation costs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "456",
"text": "In the United States and English-speaking Canada, live-action foreign films are usually shown in theaters with their original languages and English subtitles. It is because live-action dubbed movies rarely did well in United States box office since the 1980s. The 1982 United States theatrical release of Wolfgang Peterson's \"Das Boot\" was the last major release to go out in both original and English-dubbed versions, and the film's original version actually grossed much higher than the English-dubbed version. Later on, English-dubbed versions of international hits like \"Un indien dans la ville\", \"Godzilla 2000\", \"Anatomy\", \"Pinocchio, The Return of Godzilla\" and \"High Tension\" flopped at United States box offices. When Miramax planned to release the English-dubbed versions of \"Shaolin Soccer\" and \"Hero\" in the United States cinemas, their English-dubbed versions scored badly in test screenings in the United States, so Miramax finally released the films in United States cinemas with their original language.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1916",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken only by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that made him mad; and many times, when he talks nobody is able to understand him because his language is too old. This humorous effect is more difficult to see nowadays because the reader must be able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, but when the book was published it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1917",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken only by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that nobody else has read; and many times, when he talks only older knights are able to understand him because his language is too old. This humorous effect is more difficult to see nowadays because the reader must be able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, but when the book was published it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1918",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles also speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that made him mad; and many times, when he talks everyone is able to understand him because his language is old but familiar. This humorous effect is easier to see nowadays because most readers are able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, as when the book was published and it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "457",
"text": "In the United States and English-speaking Canada, live-action foreign films are rarely shown in theaters with their original languages and English subtitles. It is rarely done because live-action dubbed movies usually did well in United States box office since the 1980s. The 1982 United States theatrical release of Wolfgang Peterson's \"Das Boot\" was the first major release to go out in both original and English-dubbed versions, and the film's dubbed version actually grossed much higher than the English-subbed version. Later on, English-subbed versions of international hits like \"Un indien dans la ville\", \"Godzilla 2000\", \"Anatomy\", \"Pinocchio, The Return of Godzilla\" and \"High Tension\" flopped at United States box offices. When Miramax planned to release the English-subbed versions of \"Shaolin Soccer\" and \"Hero\" in the United States cinemas, their English-subbed versions scored badly in test screenings in the United States, so Miramax finally released the films in United States cinemas with English-dubbed audio.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2044",
"text": "The German-speaking region, which includes Germany, Austria, part of Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, share a common German-dubbed version of films and shows. Although there are some differences in the three major German varieties, all films, shows, and series are dubbed into a single Standard German version that avoids regional variations in the German-speaking audience. Most voice actors are primarily German or Austrian. Switzerland, which has four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh), generally uses dubbed versions made in each respective country (except for Romansh). Liechtenstein uses German-dubbed versions only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2045",
"text": "The German-speaking region, which includes Germany, Austria, part of Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, share a common German-dubbed version of films and shows. Although there are some differences in the three major German varieties, all films, shows, and series are dubbed into a single Standard German version that avoids regional variations in the German-speaking audience. Most voice actors are primarily German or Austrian. Switzerland, which has four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh), generally uses dubbed versions made in each respective country ( except for French and Romansh). Liechtenstein uses German-dubbed versions only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2046",
"text": "The German-speaking region, which includes Germany, Austria, part of Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, share a common German-dubbed version of films and shows. Although there are some differences in the three major German varieties, all films, shows, and series are dubbed into a single Standard German version that avoids regional variations in the German-speaking audience. Most voice actors are primarily German or Austrian. Switzerland, which has four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh), generally uses dubbed versions made in each respective country ( including Romansh, which is dubbed locally in Switzerland). Liechtenstein uses German-dubbed versions only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "591",
"text": "As the 'rules' of colonization became established into legal doctrine agreed upon by between European colonial powers, methods of laying claims to indigenous lands continued to expand rapidly. As encounters between European colonizers and indigenous populations in the rest of the world accelerated, so did the introduction of infectious diseases, which sometimes caused local epidemics of extraordinary virulence. For example, smallpox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and other diseases were unknown in pre-Columbian Americas and Oceania.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "592",
"text": "As the 'rules' of colonization became established into legal doctrine agreed upon by between European colonial powers, methods of laying claims to indigenous lands continued to expand rapidly. As encounters between European colonizers and indigenous populations in the rest of the world accelerated, so did the introduction of infectious diseases, which sometimes caused local epidemics of extraordinary virulence. For example, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and other diseases were unknown in pre-Columbian Americas and Oceania.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1648",
"text": "The latter of the two equations was unknown when the U.S. conducted the Castle Bravo fusion bomb test in 1954. Being just the second fusion bomb ever tested (and the first to use lithium), the designers of the Castle Bravo \"Shrimp\" had understood the usefulness of 6Li in tritium production, but had failed to recognize that 7Li fission would greatly increase the yield of the bomb. While 7Li has a small neutron cross-section for low neutron energies, it has a higher cross section above 5 MeV. The 15 Mt yield was 150% greater than the predicted 6 Mt but it did not bring any unexpected levels of fallout, and all measurements revealed exposure on par with what would have occurred given a 6 Mt yield.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2755",
"text": "Population-wise, the oblast is thoroughly Russian and Russophone in character, with almost none of the pre–World War II German, Lithuanian (Lietuvininks), Latvian-speaking Kursenieki, or Polish population remaining in today's Kaliningrad Oblast. However, after 1991, some ethnic Germans and Poles immigrated to the area, from Kazakhstan, Russia, and other sites in the former Soviet Union.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2757",
"text": "Population-wise, the oblast is mostly Russian and Russophone in character, with sizable minorities of the pre–World War II German, Lithuanian (Lietuvininks), Latvian-speaking Kursenieki, and Polish populations remaining in today's Kaliningrad Oblast. In addition, after 1991, some ethnic Germans and Poles immigrated to the area, from Kazakhstan, Russia, and other sites in the former Soviet Union.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2756",
"text": "Population-wise, the oblast is thoroughly Russian and Russophone in character, with a notable pre–World War II German minority, but almost none of the Lithuanian (Lietuvininks), Latvian-speaking Kursenieki, or Polish population remaining in today's Kaliningrad Oblast. However, after 1991, some ethnic Lithuanians and Poles immigrated to the area, from Kazakhstan, Russia, and other sites in the former Soviet Union.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1962",
"text": "Some of the philosophical languages of the 17th–18th centuries could be regarded as auxlangs, as they were intended by their creators to serve as bridges among people of different languages as well as to disambiguate and clarify thought. Most or all of these languages were, as far as can be told from the surviving publications about them, complete enough to serve as auxlangs (or for another practical purpose), but apparently were not. The first fully developed constructed languages we know of, as well as the first constructed languages devised primarily as auxlangs, originated in the 19th century; Solresol by François Sudre, a language based on musical notes, was the first to gain widespread attention although not, apparently, fluent speakers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1960",
"text": "Some of the philosophical languages of the 17th–18th centuries could be regarded as proto-auxlangs, as they were intended by their creators to serve as bridges among people of different languages as well as to disambiguate and clarify thought. However, most or all of these languages were, as far as can be told from the surviving publications about them, too incomplete and unfinished to serve as auxlangs (or for any other practical purpose). The first fully developed constructed languages we know of, as well as the first constructed languages devised primarily as auxlangs, originated in the 19th century; Solresol by François Sudre, a language based on musical notes, was the first to gain widespread attention although not, apparently, fluent speakers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1961",
"text": "Some of the philosophical languages of the 17th–18th centuries could be regarded as proto-auxlangs, as they were intended by their creators to serve as bridges among people of different languages as well as to disambiguate and clarify thought. However, most or all of these languages were, as far as can be told from the surviving publications about them, too incomplete and unfinished to serve as auxlangs (but may have served another practical purpose). The first fully developed constructed languages we know of, as well as the first constructed languages devised primarily as auxlangs, originated in the 19th century; Solresol by François Sudre, a language based on musical notes, was the first to gain widespread attention although not, apparently, fluent speakers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2038",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization is unknown, but songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2039",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization or songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls for unknown purposes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2233",
"text": "The \"town\" of Rønne after the merger of the island's administrative entities 1 January 2003 reached a low point of 13,568 inhabitants 1 January 2014. 15,957 people in 1965 (date unknown;number not registerbased) lived in the two parishes that would become Rønne municipality from 1 April 1970. In the table, numbers for Rønne are for the parish of Rønne, Rønne Sogn, alone. Year unknown, but between 2000 and 2005. It does not include Knudsker Sogn, which was also a part of Rønne Municipality. Other localities (with approximate populations, not updated) include Aarsballe (86), Arnager (151), Olsker (67), Rutsker (64), Rø (181), Stenseby (?) and Vang (92). In 2010 and 2018 10,297 and 9,111 respectively lived in rural districts, and 88 and 71 had no fixed address. A rural district is defined by Statistics Denmark as a settlement with less than 200 inhabitants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2234",
"text": "The \"town\" of Rønne after the merger of the island's two major administrative entities on 1 January 2003 reached a low point of 13,568 inhabitants 1 January 2014. 15,957 people in 1965 (date unknown;number not registerbased) lived in the two parishes that would become Rønne municipality from 1 April 1970. In the table, numbers for Rønne are for the parish of Rønne, Rønne Sogn, alone. Year unknown, but between 2000 and 2005. It includes Knudsker Sogn, which was not originally a part of the parishes that became Rønne Municipality. Other localities (with approximate populations, not updated) include Aarsballe (86), Arnager (151), Olsker (67), Rutsker (64), Rø (181), Stenseby (?) and Vang (92). In 2010 and 2018 10,297 and 9,111 respectively lived in rural districts, and 88 and 71 had no fixed address. A rural district is defined by Statistics Denmark as a settlement with less than 200 inhabitants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2235",
"text": "The \"town\" of Rønne after the merger of the island's administrative entities and some smaller areas on 1 January 2003 reached a low point of 13,568 inhabitants 1 January 2014. 15,957 people in 1965 (date unknown;number not registerbased) lived in the two parishes that would become Rønne municipality from 1 April 1970. In the table, numbers for Rønne are for the parish of Rønne, Rønne Sogn, alone. Year unknown, but between 2000 and 2005. It includes Knudsker Sogn, which was also a part of the merger that made up Rønne Municipality. Other localities (with approximate populations, not updated) include Aarsballe (86), Arnager (151), Olsker (67), Rutsker (64), Rø (181), Stenseby (?) and Vang (92). In 2010 and 2018 10,297 and 9,111 respectively lived in rural districts, and 88 and 71 had no fixed address. A rural district is defined by Statistics Denmark as a settlement with less than 200 inhabitants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2243",
"text": "A book about Joplin by her publicist Myra Friedman, titled \"Buried Alive: The Biography of Janis Joplin\" (1973), was excerpted in many newspapers. At the same time, Peggy Caserta's memoir, \"Going Down With Janis\" (1973), attracted a lot of attention, with its provocative title referring to her performing oral sex with Joplin while they were high on heroin, in September 1970. The first sentence in the book goes into more detail about that particular encounter. Caserta's language and description repelled many people at a time when few books or filmed interviews of Joplin or her loved ones were accessible to the public. Peggy Caserta was described as \"halfway between a groupie and a friend\" in an interview that writer Ellis Amburn did with Joplin's bandmate Sam Andrew circa 1990 and published in 1992. Soon after the 1973 publication of \"Going Down With Janis\", Joplin's friends realized that graphic descriptions of sexual acts and intravenous drug use were the only portions of the book that would shock them, and that the book did not publish anything that they did not already know.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3265",
"text": "The Arbëreshë and Arvanitika languages represent varieties of the Albanian language spoken by the Arbëreshës and Arvanites in Southern Italy and Southern Greece respectively. They retain elements of medieval Albanian vocabulary and pronunciation that are used in modern Albanian language and both varieties are no longer classified as endangered languages in the UNESCO Red Book of Endangered Languages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3266",
"text": "The Arbëreshë and Arvanitika languages represent varieties of the Albanian language spoken by the Arbëreshës and Arvanites in Southern Italy and Southern Greece respectively. They retain elements of medieval Albanian vocabulary and pronunciation that are used in modern Albanian language however both varieties are classified as endangered languages in the UNESCO Red Book of Endangered Languages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3264",
"text": "The Arbëreshë and Arvanitika languages represent varieties of the Albanian language spoken by the Arbëreshës and Arvanites in Southern Italy and Southern Greece respectively. They retain elements of medieval Albanian vocabulary and pronunciation that are no longer used in modern Albanian language however both varieties are classified as endangered languages in the UNESCO Red Book of Endangered Languages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3255",
"text": "The Balkan region today is a very diverse ethnolinguistic region, being home to multiple Slavic and Romance languages, as well as Albanian, Greek, Turkish, and others. Romani is spoken by a large portion of the Romanis living throughout the Balkan countries. Throughout history, many other ethnic groups with their own languages lived in the area, among them Thracians, Illyrians, Romans, Celts and various Germanic tribes. All of the aforementioned languages from the present and from the past belong to the wider Indo-European language family, with the exception of the Turkic languages (e.g., Turkish and Gagauz).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3256",
"text": "The Balkan region today is a very diverse ethnolinguistic region, being home to multiple Slavic and Romance languages, as well as Albanian, Greek, Turkish, and others. Romani is spoken by a large portion of the Romanis living throughout the Balkan countries. Throughout history, many other ethnic groups with their own languages lived in the area, among them Thracians, Illyrians, Romans, Celts and various Germanic tribes. All of the aforementioned languages from the present and from the past do not belong to the wider Indo-European language family, with the exception of the Turkic languages (e.g., Turkish and Gagauz).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3257",
"text": "The Balkan region today is a very diverse ethnolinguistic region, being home to multiple Slavic and Romance languages, as well as Albanian, Greek, Turkish, and others. Romani is spoken by a large portion of the Romanis living throughout the Balkan countries. Throughout history, many other ethnic groups with their own languages lived in the area, among them Thracians, Illyrians, Romans, Celts and various Germanic tribes. All of the aforementioned languages from the present and from the past belong to the wider Indo-European language family, including the Turkic languages (e.g., Turkish and Gagauz).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "903",
"text": "Given the fragmentary nature of the existing evidence, it is impossible to ascertain an exact date for the beginning of the uprising, but it is probable that it began in-between summer and fall 132. The Romans were overwhelmed by the organised ferocity of the uprising. Hadrian called his general Sextus Julius Severus from Britain, and brought troops in from as far as the Danube. Roman losses were heavy; an entire legion or its numeric equivalent of around 4,000. Hadrian's report on the war to the Roman Senate omitted the customary salutation, \"If you and your children are in health, it is well; I and the legions are in health.\" The rebellion was quashed by 135. According to Cassius Dio, Roman war operations in Judea left some 580,000 Jews dead, and 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed. An unknown proportion of the population was enslaved. Beitar, a fortified city southwest of Jerusalem, fell after a three and a half year siege. The extent of punitive measures against the Jewish population remains a matter of debate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1662",
"text": "A pioneering work of the fantasy genre was \"The King of Elfland's Daughter\", a 1924 novel by Lord Dunsany. The Elves of Middle-earth played a central role in Tolkien's legendarium, notably \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\"; this legendarium was enormously influential on subsequent fantasy writing. Tolkien's writing had such influence that in the 1960s and afterwards, elves speaking an elvish language similar to those in Tolkien's novels became staple non-human characters in high fantasy works and in fantasy role-playing games. Tolkien also appears to be the first author to have introduced the notion that elves are immortal. Post-Tolkien fantasy elves (which feature not only in novels but also in role-playing games such as \"Dungeons & Dragons\") are often portrayed as being wiser and more beautiful than humans, with sharper senses and perceptions as well. They are said to be gifted in magic, mentally sharp and lovers of nature, art, and song. They are often skilled archers. A hallmark of many fantasy elves is their pointed ears.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "904",
"text": "Given the fragmentary nature of the existing evidence, it is impossible to ascertain an exact date for the beginning of the uprising, but it is probable that it began in-between summer and fall 132. The Romans were overwhelmed by the organised ferocity of the uprising. Hadrian called his general Sextus Julius Severus from Britain, and brought troops in from as far as the Danube. Roman losses were heavy; an entire legion or its numeric equivalent of around 4,000. Hadrian's report on the war to the Roman Senate omitted the customary salutation, \"If you and your children are in health, it is well; I and the legions are in health.\" The rebellion was quashed by 135. According to Cassius Dio, Roman war operations in Judea left some 580,000 Jews dead, and 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed. The population proportion that was enslaved was given as no more than 10% by Cassius Dio, but to historians, it is unknown whether this figure can be fully trusted. Beitar, a fortified city southwest of Jerusalem, fell after a three and a half year siege. The extent of punitive measures against the Jewish population remains a matter of debate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "213",
"text": "Sarek supported Spock's scientific learning and application to the Vulcan Science Academy, as mentioned in \"Journey to Babel\". In the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", Spock rejects his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Although this film set the Kelvin timeline scene in this and later films, writer Roberto Orci stated that he felt that the actions were unaffected by the changes in this timeline and so would have occurred in the same manner prior to \"The Original Series\". Because Spock did not enter the VSA and sought to join Starfleet instead, he did not speak to his father for the following 18 years.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What language did the known population of Abertillery speak?
|
83-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1353",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is well known what the population of Abertillery was in the very low hundreds at the time, but not all of them would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1352",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is not known what the population of Abertillery was at the time but it was probably in the very low hundreds, all of whom would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "83-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1352"
],
"pos_docid": "1353"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1352",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is not known what the population of Abertillery was at the time but it was probably in the very low hundreds, all of whom would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1354",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is known that the population of Abertillery was in the very low hundreds at the time, and all of them would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2486",
"text": "Sign languages generally do not have any linguistic relation to the spoken languages of the lands in which they arise. The correlation between sign and spoken languages is complex and varies depending on the country more than the spoken language. For example, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the US all have English as their dominant language, but American Sign Language (ASL), used in the US and English-speaking Canada, is derived from French Sign Language whereas the other three countries use varieties of British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Language, which is unrelated to ASL. Similarly, the sign languages of Spain and Mexico are very different, despite Spanish being the national language in each country, and the sign language used in Bolivia is based on ASL rather than any sign language that is used in any other Spanish-speaking country. Variations also arise within a 'national' sign language which don't necessarily correspond to dialect differences in the national spoken language; rather, they can usually be correlated to the geographic location of residential schools for the deaf.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2487",
"text": "Sign languages generally do not have any linguistic relation to the spoken languages of the lands in which they arise. The correlation between sign and spoken languages is complex and varies depending on the country more than the spoken language. For example, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the US all have English as their dominant language, but American Sign Language (ASL), used in the US, UK, and Quebec, is derived from French Sign Language whereas the southern countries and English-speaking Canada use varieties of an older British sign language, which is unrelated to ASL. Similarly, the sign languages of Spain and Mexico are very different, despite Spanish being the national language in each country, and the sign language used in Bolivia is based on ASL rather than any sign language that is used in any other Spanish-speaking country. Variations also arise within a 'national' sign language which don't necessarily correspond to dialect differences in the national spoken language; rather, they can usually be correlated to the geographic location of residential schools for the deaf.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3160",
"text": "The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (politically part of Kagoshima), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider the Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time. Most likely being the spoken form of Classical Japanese language, a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period, but began decline during the late Meiji period. The Ryūkyūan languages are spoken by an increasing number of young people, so UNESCO no longer classifies them as endangered. An increasing minority of young people cannot understand Japanese and instead use the Ryukyuan languages only. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryukyuan languages. It is the dialect spoken among older people in the Ryukyu Islands who do speak Japanese.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1037",
"text": "In China and Taiwan, diglossia has been a common feature. For example, in addition to Standard Chinese, a resident of Shanghai might speak Shanghainese; and, if they grew up elsewhere, then they are also likely to be fluent in the particular dialect of that local area. A native of Guangzhou may speak both Cantonese and Standard Chinese. In addition to Mandarin, most Taiwanese also speak Minnan, Hakka, or an Austronesian language. A Taiwanese may commonly mix pronunciations, phrases, and words from Mandarin and other Taiwanese languages, and this mixture is often used in informal speech, but it is even more common to use Mandarin in formal speaking.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2488",
"text": "Sign languages generally do not have any linguistic relation to the spoken languages of the lands in which they arise. The correlation between sign and spoken languages is complex and varies depending on the country more than the spoken language. For example, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the US all have English as their dominant language, but American Sign Language (ASL), used in the US, UK, and all of Canada (even Quebec), is derived from early British Sign Language whereas the other two countries use local variations of French sign language Similarly, the sign languages of Spain and Mexico are very different, despite Spanish being the national language in each country, and the sign language used in Bolivia is based on ASL rather than any sign language that is used in any other Spanish-speaking country. Variations also arise within a 'national' sign language which don't necessarily correspond to dialect differences in the national spoken language; rather, they can usually be correlated to the geographic location of residential schools for the deaf.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1035",
"text": "In China and Taiwan, diglossia has been a common feature. For example, in addition to Standard Chinese, a resident of Shanghai might speak Shanghainese; and, if they grew up elsewhere, then they are also likely to be fluent in the particular dialect of that local area. A native of Guangzhou may speak both Cantonese and Standard Chinese. In addition to Mandarin, most Taiwanese also speak Minnan, Hakka, or an Austronesian language. A Taiwanese may commonly mix pronunciations, phrases, and words from Mandarin and other Taiwanese languages, and this mixture is considered normal in daily or informal speech.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1036",
"text": "In China and Taiwan, diglossia has been a common feature. For example, in addition to Standard Chinese, a resident of Shanghai might speak Shanghainese; and, if they grew up elsewhere, then they are also likely to be fluent in the particular dialect of that local area. A native of Guangzhou may speak both Cantonese and Standard Chinese. In addition to Mandarin, most Taiwanese also speak Minnan, Hakka, or an Austronesian language. A Taiwanese may commonly mix pronunciations, phrases, and words from Mandarin and other Taiwanese languages, and this mixture is considered normal in both formal and in informal speech.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3161",
"text": "The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (politically part of Kagoshima), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider the Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time. Most likely being the spoken form of Classical Japanese language, a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period, but began decline during the late Meiji period. The Ryūkyūan languages are spoken by an increasing number of young people, so UNESCO no longer classifies them as endangered. Young people mostly use Japanese and Ryukyuan languages interchangeably. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryukyuan languages. It is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the Ryukyu Islands.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3159",
"text": "The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (politically part of Kagoshima), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider the Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time. Most likely being the spoken form of Classical Japanese language, a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period, but began decline during the late Meiji period. The Ryūkyūan languages are spoken by a decreasing number of elderly people so UNESCO classified it as endangered, because they could become extinct by 2050. Young people mostly use Japanese and cannot understand the Ryukyuan languages. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryukyuan languages. It is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the Ryukyu Islands.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "589",
"text": "In addition, a noticeable community of Danish speakers is in Southern Schleswig, the portion of Germany bordering Denmark, where it is an officially recognized regional language, just as German is north of the border. Furthermore, Danish is one of the official languages of the European Union and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council. Under the Nordic Language Convention, Danish-speaking citizens of the Nordic countries have the opportunity to use their native language without interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries, being liable for any interpretation or translation costs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "590",
"text": "In addition, a noticeable community of Danish speakers is in Southern Schleswig, the portion of Germany bordering Denmark, where it is an officially recognized regional language, just as German is north of the border. Furthermore, Danish is one of the official languages of the European Union and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council. Under the Nordic Language Convention, Danish-speaking citizens of the Nordic countries have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries, being liable for any interpretation or translation costs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "588",
"text": "In addition, a noticeable community of Danish speakers is in Southern Schleswig, the portion of Germany bordering Denmark, where it is an officially recognized regional language, just as German is north of the border. Furthermore, Danish is one of the official languages of the European Union and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council. Under the Nordic Language Convention, Danish-speaking citizens of the Nordic countries have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for any interpretation or translation costs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "456",
"text": "In the United States and English-speaking Canada, live-action foreign films are usually shown in theaters with their original languages and English subtitles. It is because live-action dubbed movies rarely did well in United States box office since the 1980s. The 1982 United States theatrical release of Wolfgang Peterson's \"Das Boot\" was the last major release to go out in both original and English-dubbed versions, and the film's original version actually grossed much higher than the English-dubbed version. Later on, English-dubbed versions of international hits like \"Un indien dans la ville\", \"Godzilla 2000\", \"Anatomy\", \"Pinocchio, The Return of Godzilla\" and \"High Tension\" flopped at United States box offices. When Miramax planned to release the English-dubbed versions of \"Shaolin Soccer\" and \"Hero\" in the United States cinemas, their English-dubbed versions scored badly in test screenings in the United States, so Miramax finally released the films in United States cinemas with their original language.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1916",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken only by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that made him mad; and many times, when he talks nobody is able to understand him because his language is too old. This humorous effect is more difficult to see nowadays because the reader must be able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, but when the book was published it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1917",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken only by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that nobody else has read; and many times, when he talks only older knights are able to understand him because his language is too old. This humorous effect is more difficult to see nowadays because the reader must be able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, but when the book was published it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1918",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles also speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that made him mad; and many times, when he talks everyone is able to understand him because his language is old but familiar. This humorous effect is easier to see nowadays because most readers are able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, as when the book was published and it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "457",
"text": "In the United States and English-speaking Canada, live-action foreign films are rarely shown in theaters with their original languages and English subtitles. It is rarely done because live-action dubbed movies usually did well in United States box office since the 1980s. The 1982 United States theatrical release of Wolfgang Peterson's \"Das Boot\" was the first major release to go out in both original and English-dubbed versions, and the film's dubbed version actually grossed much higher than the English-subbed version. Later on, English-subbed versions of international hits like \"Un indien dans la ville\", \"Godzilla 2000\", \"Anatomy\", \"Pinocchio, The Return of Godzilla\" and \"High Tension\" flopped at United States box offices. When Miramax planned to release the English-subbed versions of \"Shaolin Soccer\" and \"Hero\" in the United States cinemas, their English-subbed versions scored badly in test screenings in the United States, so Miramax finally released the films in United States cinemas with English-dubbed audio.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2044",
"text": "The German-speaking region, which includes Germany, Austria, part of Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, share a common German-dubbed version of films and shows. Although there are some differences in the three major German varieties, all films, shows, and series are dubbed into a single Standard German version that avoids regional variations in the German-speaking audience. Most voice actors are primarily German or Austrian. Switzerland, which has four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh), generally uses dubbed versions made in each respective country (except for Romansh). Liechtenstein uses German-dubbed versions only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2045",
"text": "The German-speaking region, which includes Germany, Austria, part of Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, share a common German-dubbed version of films and shows. Although there are some differences in the three major German varieties, all films, shows, and series are dubbed into a single Standard German version that avoids regional variations in the German-speaking audience. Most voice actors are primarily German or Austrian. Switzerland, which has four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh), generally uses dubbed versions made in each respective country ( except for French and Romansh). Liechtenstein uses German-dubbed versions only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2046",
"text": "The German-speaking region, which includes Germany, Austria, part of Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, share a common German-dubbed version of films and shows. Although there are some differences in the three major German varieties, all films, shows, and series are dubbed into a single Standard German version that avoids regional variations in the German-speaking audience. Most voice actors are primarily German or Austrian. Switzerland, which has four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh), generally uses dubbed versions made in each respective country ( including Romansh, which is dubbed locally in Switzerland). Liechtenstein uses German-dubbed versions only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2716",
"text": "Around 1500, the innovation of the angled bastion was developed in Italy. With developments such as these, Italy pioneered permanent artillery fortifications, which took over from the defensive role of castles. From this evolved star forts, also known as \"trace italienne\". The elite responsible for castle construction had to choose between the new type that could withstand cannon fire and the earlier, more elaborate style. The first was ugly and uncomfortable and the latter was less secure, although it did offer greater aesthetic appeal and value as a status symbol. The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon. For a variety of reasons, not least of which is that many castles have no recorded history, there is no firm number of castles built in the medieval period. However, it has been estimated that between 75,000 and 100,000 were built in western Europe; of these around 1,700 were in England and Wales and around 14,000 in German-speaking areas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2717",
"text": "Around 1500, the innovation of the angled bastion was developed in Italy. With developments such as these, Italy pioneered permanent artillery fortifications, which took over from the defensive role of castles. From this evolved star forts, also known as \"trace italienne\". The elite responsible for castle construction had to choose between the new type that could withstand cannon fire and the earlier, more elaborate style. The first was ugly but pleasant to spend time in and the latter was uncomfortable and less secure, although it did offer greater aesthetic appeal and value as a status symbol. The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon. For a variety of reasons, not least of which is that many castles have no recorded history, there is no firm number of castles built in the medieval period. However, it has been estimated that between 75,000 and 100,000 were built in western Europe; of these around 1,700 were in England and Wales and around 14,000 in German-speaking areas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2718",
"text": "Around 1500, the innovation of the angled bastion was developed in Italy. With developments such as these, Italy pioneered permanent artillery fortifications, which took over from the defensive role of castles. From this evolved star forts, also known as \"trace italienne\". The elite responsible for castle construction had to choose between the new type that could withstand cannon fire and the earlier, more elaborate style. The first was ugly but comfortable and the latter was less secure, although it did offer greater aesthetic appeal and value as a status symbol. The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon. For a variety of reasons, not least of which is that many castles have no recorded history, there is no firm number of castles built in the medieval period. However, it has been estimated that between 75,000 and 100,000 were built in western Europe; of these around 1,700 were in England and Wales and around 14,000 in German-speaking areas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2755",
"text": "Population-wise, the oblast is thoroughly Russian and Russophone in character, with almost none of the pre–World War II German, Lithuanian (Lietuvininks), Latvian-speaking Kursenieki, or Polish population remaining in today's Kaliningrad Oblast. However, after 1991, some ethnic Germans and Poles immigrated to the area, from Kazakhstan, Russia, and other sites in the former Soviet Union.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2757",
"text": "Population-wise, the oblast is mostly Russian and Russophone in character, with sizable minorities of the pre–World War II German, Lithuanian (Lietuvininks), Latvian-speaking Kursenieki, and Polish populations remaining in today's Kaliningrad Oblast. In addition, after 1991, some ethnic Germans and Poles immigrated to the area, from Kazakhstan, Russia, and other sites in the former Soviet Union.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2756",
"text": "Population-wise, the oblast is thoroughly Russian and Russophone in character, with a notable pre–World War II German minority, but almost none of the Lithuanian (Lietuvininks), Latvian-speaking Kursenieki, or Polish population remaining in today's Kaliningrad Oblast. However, after 1991, some ethnic Lithuanians and Poles immigrated to the area, from Kazakhstan, Russia, and other sites in the former Soviet Union.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1962",
"text": "Some of the philosophical languages of the 17th–18th centuries could be regarded as auxlangs, as they were intended by their creators to serve as bridges among people of different languages as well as to disambiguate and clarify thought. Most or all of these languages were, as far as can be told from the surviving publications about them, complete enough to serve as auxlangs (or for another practical purpose), but apparently were not. The first fully developed constructed languages we know of, as well as the first constructed languages devised primarily as auxlangs, originated in the 19th century; Solresol by François Sudre, a language based on musical notes, was the first to gain widespread attention although not, apparently, fluent speakers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1960",
"text": "Some of the philosophical languages of the 17th–18th centuries could be regarded as proto-auxlangs, as they were intended by their creators to serve as bridges among people of different languages as well as to disambiguate and clarify thought. However, most or all of these languages were, as far as can be told from the surviving publications about them, too incomplete and unfinished to serve as auxlangs (or for any other practical purpose). The first fully developed constructed languages we know of, as well as the first constructed languages devised primarily as auxlangs, originated in the 19th century; Solresol by François Sudre, a language based on musical notes, was the first to gain widespread attention although not, apparently, fluent speakers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1961",
"text": "Some of the philosophical languages of the 17th–18th centuries could be regarded as proto-auxlangs, as they were intended by their creators to serve as bridges among people of different languages as well as to disambiguate and clarify thought. However, most or all of these languages were, as far as can be told from the surviving publications about them, too incomplete and unfinished to serve as auxlangs (but may have served another practical purpose). The first fully developed constructed languages we know of, as well as the first constructed languages devised primarily as auxlangs, originated in the 19th century; Solresol by François Sudre, a language based on musical notes, was the first to gain widespread attention although not, apparently, fluent speakers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "103",
"text": "The sociology of knowledge was pioneered primarily by the sociologist Émile Durkheim at the beginning of the 20th century. His work deals directly with how conceptual thought, language, and logic can be influenced by the societal milieu out of which they arise. In an early work co-written with Marcel Mauss, \"Primitive Classification\", Durkheim and Mauss study \"primitive\" group mythology in order to argue that classification systems are collectively based and that the divisions within these systems derive from social categories. Later, Durkheim in \"The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life\" would elaborate his theory of knowledge, examining how language and the concepts and categories (such as space and time) used in logical thought have a sociological origin. While neither Durkheim, nor Mauss, definitively coined the term 'sociology of knowledge', their work was both an important first contribution to the field, and the earliest known written publication of the term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2806",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is not known if Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he was, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2807",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was not in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he had been, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2808",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, and he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2613",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2614",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She disliked what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson discovered the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2615",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson praised the boundless circulation of the photo but resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2243",
"text": "A book about Joplin by her publicist Myra Friedman, titled \"Buried Alive: The Biography of Janis Joplin\" (1973), was excerpted in many newspapers. At the same time, Peggy Caserta's memoir, \"Going Down With Janis\" (1973), attracted a lot of attention, with its provocative title referring to her performing oral sex with Joplin while they were high on heroin, in September 1970. The first sentence in the book goes into more detail about that particular encounter. Caserta's language and description repelled many people at a time when few books or filmed interviews of Joplin or her loved ones were accessible to the public. Peggy Caserta was described as \"halfway between a groupie and a friend\" in an interview that writer Ellis Amburn did with Joplin's bandmate Sam Andrew circa 1990 and published in 1992. Soon after the 1973 publication of \"Going Down With Janis\", Joplin's friends realized that graphic descriptions of sexual acts and intravenous drug use were the only portions of the book that would shock them, and that the book did not publish anything that they did not already know.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3265",
"text": "The Arbëreshë and Arvanitika languages represent varieties of the Albanian language spoken by the Arbëreshës and Arvanites in Southern Italy and Southern Greece respectively. They retain elements of medieval Albanian vocabulary and pronunciation that are used in modern Albanian language and both varieties are no longer classified as endangered languages in the UNESCO Red Book of Endangered Languages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3266",
"text": "The Arbëreshë and Arvanitika languages represent varieties of the Albanian language spoken by the Arbëreshës and Arvanites in Southern Italy and Southern Greece respectively. They retain elements of medieval Albanian vocabulary and pronunciation that are used in modern Albanian language however both varieties are classified as endangered languages in the UNESCO Red Book of Endangered Languages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3264",
"text": "The Arbëreshë and Arvanitika languages represent varieties of the Albanian language spoken by the Arbëreshës and Arvanites in Southern Italy and Southern Greece respectively. They retain elements of medieval Albanian vocabulary and pronunciation that are no longer used in modern Albanian language however both varieties are classified as endangered languages in the UNESCO Red Book of Endangered Languages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2591",
"text": "Plague doctors traversed the streets diagnosing victims, many of them without formal medical training. Several public health efforts were attempted. Physicians were hired by city officials and burial details were carefully organized, but panic spread through the city and, out of the fear of contagion, bodies were hastily buried in overcrowded pits. The means of transmission of the disease were known to be linked to the animals, but the City Corporation did not order a cull of dogs and cats. This decision may have affected the length of the epidemic since those animals helped keep in check the rat population carrying the fleas which transmitted the disease. Thinking bad air was involved in transmission, the authorities ordered giant bonfires to be burned in the streets and house fires to be kept burning night and day, in the hope that the air would be cleansed. Tobacco was thought to be a prophylactic and it was later said that no London tobacconist had died from the plague during the epidemic.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3255",
"text": "The Balkan region today is a very diverse ethnolinguistic region, being home to multiple Slavic and Romance languages, as well as Albanian, Greek, Turkish, and others. Romani is spoken by a large portion of the Romanis living throughout the Balkan countries. Throughout history, many other ethnic groups with their own languages lived in the area, among them Thracians, Illyrians, Romans, Celts and various Germanic tribes. All of the aforementioned languages from the present and from the past belong to the wider Indo-European language family, with the exception of the Turkic languages (e.g., Turkish and Gagauz).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3256",
"text": "The Balkan region today is a very diverse ethnolinguistic region, being home to multiple Slavic and Romance languages, as well as Albanian, Greek, Turkish, and others. Romani is spoken by a large portion of the Romanis living throughout the Balkan countries. Throughout history, many other ethnic groups with their own languages lived in the area, among them Thracians, Illyrians, Romans, Celts and various Germanic tribes. All of the aforementioned languages from the present and from the past do not belong to the wider Indo-European language family, with the exception of the Turkic languages (e.g., Turkish and Gagauz).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3257",
"text": "The Balkan region today is a very diverse ethnolinguistic region, being home to multiple Slavic and Romance languages, as well as Albanian, Greek, Turkish, and others. Romani is spoken by a large portion of the Romanis living throughout the Balkan countries. Throughout history, many other ethnic groups with their own languages lived in the area, among them Thracians, Illyrians, Romans, Celts and various Germanic tribes. All of the aforementioned languages from the present and from the past belong to the wider Indo-European language family, including the Turkic languages (e.g., Turkish and Gagauz).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1662",
"text": "A pioneering work of the fantasy genre was \"The King of Elfland's Daughter\", a 1924 novel by Lord Dunsany. The Elves of Middle-earth played a central role in Tolkien's legendarium, notably \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\"; this legendarium was enormously influential on subsequent fantasy writing. Tolkien's writing had such influence that in the 1960s and afterwards, elves speaking an elvish language similar to those in Tolkien's novels became staple non-human characters in high fantasy works and in fantasy role-playing games. Tolkien also appears to be the first author to have introduced the notion that elves are immortal. Post-Tolkien fantasy elves (which feature not only in novels but also in role-playing games such as \"Dungeons & Dragons\") are often portrayed as being wiser and more beautiful than humans, with sharper senses and perceptions as well. They are said to be gifted in magic, mentally sharp and lovers of nature, art, and song. They are often skilled archers. A hallmark of many fantasy elves is their pointed ears.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which area's population in the 19th century is a mystery to historians?
|
83-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1352",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is not known what the population of Abertillery was at the time but it was probably in the very low hundreds, all of whom would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1354",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is known that the population of Abertillery was in the very low hundreds at the time, and all of them would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "83-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1354"
],
"pos_docid": "1352"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1353",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is well known what the population of Abertillery was in the very low hundreds at the time, but not all of them would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1354",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is known that the population of Abertillery was in the very low hundreds at the time, and all of them would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1103",
"text": "In 1900, \"Ben-Hur\" became the best-selling American novel of the 19th century, surpassing Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\". Amy Lifson, an editor for \"Humanities\", identified it as the most influential Christian book of the 19th century. Others named it one of the best-selling novels of all time. At the time of \"Ben-Hurs one hundredth anniversary in 1980, it was \"out of print\" but had been adapted for the stage and several motion pictures. One historian, Victor Davis Hanson, has argued that \"Ben-Hur\" drew from Wallace's life, particularly his experiences at Shiloh, and the damage it did to his reputation. The book's main character, Judah Ben-Hur, accidentally causes injury to a high-ranking Roman commander, for which he and his family suffer tribulations and calumny.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1101",
"text": "In 1900, \"Ben-Hur\" became the best-selling American novel of the 19th century, surpassing Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\". Amy Lifson, an editor for \"Humanities\", identified it as the most influential Christian book of the 19th century. Others named it one of the best-selling novels of all time. At the time of \"Ben-Hurs one hundredth anniversary in 1980, it had \"never been out of print\" and had been adapted for the stage and several motion pictures. One historian, Victor Davis Hanson, has argued that \"Ben-Hur\" drew from Wallace's life, particularly his experiences at Shiloh, and the damage it did to his reputation. The book's main character, Judah Ben-Hur, accidentally causes injury to a high-ranking Roman commander, for which he and his family suffer tribulations and calumny.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1102",
"text": "In 1900, \"Ben-Hur\" became the best-selling American novel of the 19th century, surpassing Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\". Amy Lifson, an editor for \"Humanities\", identified it as the most influential Christian book of the 19th century. Others named it one of the best-selling novels of all time. At the time of \"Ben-Hurs one hundredth anniversary in 1980, it had \"never been out of print\" or adapted for the stage, but it had been made into several motion pictures. One historian, Victor Davis Hanson, has argued that \"Ben-Hur\" drew from Wallace's life, particularly his experiences at Shiloh, and the damage it did to his reputation. The book's main character, Judah Ben-Hur, accidentally causes injury to a high-ranking Roman commander, for which he and his family suffer tribulations and calumny.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "342",
"text": "Some subsequent ancient historians, despite following in his footsteps, criticised Herodotus, starting with Thucydides. Nevertheless, Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off (at the Siege of Sestos), and may therefore have felt that Herodotus's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting. Plutarch criticised Herodotus in his essay \"On the malice of Herodotus\", describing Herodotus as \"Philobarbaros\" (barbarian-lover), for not being pro-Greek enough, which suggests that Herodotus might actually have done a reasonable job of being even-handed. A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe, though he remained well read. However, since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds which have repeatedly confirmed his version of events. The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus generally did a remarkable job in his \"Historiai\", but that some of his specific details (particularly troop numbers and dates) should be viewed with skepticism. Nevertheless, there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "343",
"text": "Some subsequent ancient historians, despite following in his footsteps, criticised Herodotus, starting with Thucydides. Nevertheless, Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off (at the Siege of Sestos), and may therefore have felt that Herodotus's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting. Plutarch criticised Herodotus in his essay \"On the malice of Herodotus\", describing Herodotus not as a \"Philobarbaros\" (barbarian-lover) but for being pro-Greek, which suggests that Herodotus might actually have done a reasonable job of being even-handed. A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe, though he remained well read. However, since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds which have repeatedly confirmed his version of events. The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus generally did a remarkable job in his \"Historiai\", but that some of his specific details (particularly troop numbers and dates) should be viewed with skepticism. Nevertheless, there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "344",
"text": "Some subsequent ancient historians, despite following in his footsteps, criticised Herodotus, starting with Thucydides. Nevertheless, Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off (at the Siege of Sestos), and may therefore have felt that Herodotus's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting. Plutarch praised Herodotus in his essay \"On the genius of Herodotus\", describing Herodotus as \"Misobarbaros\" (barbarian-hater) but also being pro-Greek, which suggests that Herodotus might not actually have done a reasonable job of being even-handed. A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe, though he remained well read. However, since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds which have repeatedly confirmed his version of events. The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus generally did a remarkable job in his \"Historiai\", but that some of his specific details (particularly troop numbers and dates) should be viewed with skepticism. Nevertheless, there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2777",
"text": "The name \"Connecticut\" originated with the Mohegan word \"quonehtacut\", meaning \"place of long tidal river\". Connecticut's official nickname is \"The Constitution State\", adopted in 1959 and based on its colonial constitution of 1638–1639 which was the first in America and, arguably, the world. Connecticut is also unofficially known as \"The Nutmeg State,\" a name which was unknown in the early decades of the Republic, but its later origin has since been uncovered by historians. It came from its sailors returning from voyages with nutmeg, which was a very valuable spice in the 18th and 19th centuries, though many speculated at the time that it may have originated in the early machined sheet tin nutmeg grinders sold by early Connecticut peddlers. It is also facetiously said to come from Yankee peddlers from Connecticut who would sell small carved nobs of wood shaped to look like nutmeg to unsuspecting customers. George Washington gave Connecticut the title of \"The Provisions State\" because of the material aid that the state rendered to the American Revolutionary War effort. Connecticut is also known as \"The Land of Steady Habits\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1597",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the lack of a large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1598",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the chaotic nature of a large indigenous labor force, the population's lack of ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1599",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the very large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2816",
"text": "There are more than fifty uninhabited islands greater in size than in the Outer Hebrides, including the Barra Isles, Flannan Isles, Monach Islands, the Shiant Islands and the islands of. In common with the other main island chains of Scotland, many of the more remote islands were abandoned during the 19th and 20th centuries, in some cases after continuous habitation since the prehistoric period. More than 35 such islands have been identified in the Outer Hebrides alone. On Barra Head, for example, Historic Scotland have identified eighty-three archaeological sites on the island, the majority being of a pre-medieval date. In the 18th century, the population was over fifty, but the last native islanders had left by 1931. The lighthouse itself was uninhabited after 1980, when it became automated, and the island's remaining population were the caretakers who chose to live above the visitors' center",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "787",
"text": "Europeans probably became aware of Greenland's existence in the early 10th century, after Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, while sailing from Norway to Iceland, was blown off course by a storm and sighted some islands off Greenland. During the 980s explorers led by Erik the Red set out from Iceland and reached the southwest coast of Greenland. They found other uninhabited regions in the area to be inhospitable, so they returned to the populated areas and settled there after some brief resistance. Erik named the island \"Greenland\" (\"Grœnland\" in Old Norse, \"Grænland\" in modern Icelandic, \"Grønland\" in modern Danish and Norwegian). Both the \"Book of Icelanders\" (\"Íslendingabók\", a medieval account of Icelandic history from the 12th century onward) and the \"Saga of Eric the Red\" (\"Eiríks saga rauða\", a medieval account of his life and of the Norse settlement of Greenland) state that Erik said that \"it would encourage people to go there that the land had a good name\".\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2815",
"text": "There are more than fifty uninhabited islands greater in size than in the Outer Hebrides, including the Barra Isles, Flannan Isles, Monach Islands, the Shiant Islands and the islands of. In common with the other main island chains of Scotland, many of the more remote islands were abandoned during the 19th and 20th centuries, in some cases after continuous habitation since the prehistoric period. More than 35 such islands have been identified in the Outer Hebrides alone. On Barra Head, for example, Historic Scotland have identified eighty-three archaeological sites on the island, the majority being of a pre-medieval date. In the 18th century, the population was over fifty, but the last native islanders had left by 1931. The island became completely uninhabited by 1980 with the automation of the lighthouse.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2083",
"text": "The mystery novels reveal much about Vance's evolution as a science fiction and fantasy writer. He stopped working in the mystery genre in the early 1970s, except for science-fiction mysteries; see below. \"Bad Ronald\" is especially noteworthy for its portrayal of a trial-run for Howard Alan Treesong of \"The Book of Dreams\". The Edgar-Award-winning \"The Man in the Cage\" is a thriller set in North Africa at around the period of the French-Algerian war. \"A Room to Die In\" is a classic 'locked-room' murder mystery featuring a strong-willed young woman as the amateur detective. \"Bird Isle\", a mystery set at a hotel on an island off the California coast, reflects Vance's taste for farce.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2084",
"text": "The mystery novels reveal much about Vance's evolution as a science fiction and fantasy writer. He continued working in the mystery genre in the early 1970s, except for science-fiction mysteries; see below. \"Bad Ronald\" is especially noteworthy for its portrayal of a trial-run for Howard Alan Treesong of \"The Book of Dreams\". The Edgar-Award-winning \"The Man in the Cage\" is a thriller set in North Africa at around the period of the French-Algerian war. \"A Room to Die In\" is a classic 'locked-room' murder mystery featuring a strong-willed young woman as the amateur detective. \"Bird Isle\", a mystery set at a hotel on an island off the California coast, reflects Vance's taste for farce.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2085",
"text": "The mystery novels reveal much about Vance's evolution as a science fiction and fantasy writer. He stopped working in the mystery genre in the early 1970s, including science-fiction mysteries; see below. \"Bad Ronald\" is especially noteworthy for its portrayal of a trial-run for Howard Alan Treesong of \"The Book of Dreams\". The Edgar-Award-winning \"The Man in the Cage\" is a thriller set in North Africa at around the period of the French-Algerian war. \"A Room to Die In\" is a classic 'locked-room' murder mystery featuring a strong-willed young woman as the amateur detective. \"Bird Isle\", a mystery set at a hotel on an island off the California coast, reflects Vance's taste for farce.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2817",
"text": "There are more than fifty uninhabited islands greater in size than in the Outer Hebrides, including the Barra Isles, Flannan Isles, Monach Islands, the Shiant Islands and the islands of. In common with the other main island chains of Scotland, many of the more remote islands were abandoned during the 19th and 20th centuries, in some cases after continuous habitation since the prehistoric period. More than 35 such islands have been identified in the Outer Hebrides alone. On Barra Head, for example, Historic Scotland have identified eighty-three archaeological sites on the island, the majority being of a pre-medieval date. In the 18th century, the population was over fifty, but the last native islanders had left by 1931. The island's lighthouse was automated in 1980, and with its staff gone, the only residents who remained on the island were staff who supported archaeological digs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3314",
"text": "Ice dance, like pair skating, has its roots in the \"combined skating\" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate waltzes, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American Jackson Haines, known as \"the Father of Figure Skating\", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted informal dance contests. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3315",
"text": "Ice dance, like pair skating, has its roots in the \"combined skating\" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate waltzes, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American Jackson Haines, known as \"the Father of Figure Skating\", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily an informal recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted sanctioned, official dance contests. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3316",
"text": "Ice dance, like pair skating, has its roots in the \"combined skating\" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate waltzes, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American Jackson Haines, known as \"the Father of Figure Skating\", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, lacking in rules or standards, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted dance contests that were formally organized and structured. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "334",
"text": "Despite several attempts during the late 19th century, the British never gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu, who later became a vassal of the Dutch East Indies. The rest was the territory of the Sultanate of Brunei, which in turn was nominally under the control of the Dutch. In 1841, British adventurer James Brooke helped the Sultan of Brunei suppress a revolt, and in return received the title of raja and the right to govern the Sarawak River District. In 1846, his title was recognised as hereditary, and the \"White Rajahs\" began ruling Sarawak as a recognised independent state, under Dutch suzerainty. The Brookes expanded Sarawak at the expense of Brunei.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3115",
"text": "In 2002, Algeria had inadequate numbers of physicians (1.13 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to \"improved water sources\" was limited to 92% of the population in urban areas and 80% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, but only 82% of those living in rural areas, had access to \"improved sanitation\". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of \"reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015\". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery. The poor generally receive health care free of charge.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3116",
"text": "In 2002, Algeria had inadequate numbers of physicians (1.13 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to \"improved water sources\" was limited to 92% of the population in urban areas and 80% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, but only 82% of those living in rural areas, had access to \"improved sanitation\". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of \"reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015\". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. Because of this immunisation program, even with poor sanitation and unclean water, tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery are virtually gone. The poor generally receive health care free of charge.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "525",
"text": "As his sons had desired and planned, Wilberforce has long been viewed as a Christian hero, a statesman-saint held up as a role model for putting his faith into action. More broadly, he has also been described as a humanitarian reformer who contributed significantly to reshaping the political and social attitudes of the time by promoting concepts of social responsibility and action. In the 1940s, the role of Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect in abolition was downplayed by historian Eric Williams, who argued that abolition was motivated not by humanitarianism but by economics, as the West Indian sugar industry was in decline. Williams' approach strongly influenced historians for much of the latter part of the 20th century. However, more recent historians have noted that the sugar industry was still making large profits at the time of the abolition of the slave trade, and this has led to a renewed interest in Wilberforce and the Evangelicals, as well as a recognition of the anti-slavery movement as a prototype for subsequent humanitarian campaigns.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "526",
"text": "As his sons had desired and planned, Wilberforce has long been viewed as a Christian hero, a statesman-saint held up as a role model for putting his faith into action. More broadly, he has also been described as a humanitarian reformer who contributed significantly to reshaping the political and social attitudes of the time by promoting concepts of social responsibility and action. In the 1940s, the role of Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect in abolition was downplayed by historian Eric Williams, who argued that abolition was motivated by humanitarianism, not by economics, despite the fact that the West Indian sugar industry was in decline. Williams' approach strongly influenced historians for much of the latter part of the 20th century. However, more recent historians have noted that the sugar industry was still making large profits at the time of the abolition of the slave trade, and this has led to a renewed interest in Wilberforce and the Evangelicals, as well as a recognition of the anti-slavery movement as a prototype for subsequent humanitarian campaigns.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "527",
"text": "As his sons had desired and planned, Wilberforce has long been viewed as a Christian hero, a statesman-saint held up as a role model for putting his faith into action. More broadly, he has also been described as a humanitarian reformer who contributed significantly to reshaping the political and social attitudes of the time by promoting concepts of social responsibility and action. In the 1940s, the role of Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect in abolition stopped being downplayed, first by historian Eric Williams, who argued that abolition was motivated both by humanitarianism and by economics, as the West Indian sugar industry was in decline. Williams' approach strongly influenced historians for much of the latter part of the 20th century. However, more recent historians have noted that the sugar industry was still making large profits at the time of the abolition of the slave trade, and this has led to a renewed interest in Wilberforce and the Evangelicals, as well as a recognition of the anti-slavery movement as a prototype for subsequent humanitarian campaigns.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3261",
"text": "From the 18th to the mid-19th century, the whaling industry prospered. By some reports, nearly 50,000 whales, including sperm whales, were killed each year. Throughout the 1800s, \"millions of whales were killed for their oil, whalebone, and ambergris\" to fuel profits, and they soon became endangered as a species as a result. Due to studies showing that the whale populations were being threatened, the International Whaling Commission instituted a moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982. Although ambergris is not harvested from whales, many countries also ban the trade of ambergris as part of the more general ban on the hunting and exploitation of whales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3262",
"text": "From the 18th to the mid-19th century, the whaling industry prospered. By some reports, nearly 50,000 whales, including sperm whales, were killed each year. Throughout the 1800s, \"millions of whales were killed for their oil, whalebone, and ambergris\" to fuel profits, and they soon became endangered as a species as a result. Due to studies showing that the whale populations were being threatened, the International Whaling Commission instituted a moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982. Although ambergris is harvested from whales, many countries do not ban the trade of ambergris as part of the more general ban on the hunting and exploitation of whales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3263",
"text": "From the 18th to the mid-19th century, the whaling industry prospered. By some reports, nearly 50,000 whales, including sperm whales, were killed each year. Throughout the 1800s, \"millions of whales were killed for their oil, whalebone, and ambergris\" to fuel profits, and they soon became endangered as a species as a result. Due to studies showing that the whale populations were being threatened, the International Whaling Commission instituted a moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982. Since ambergris is harvested from whales, many countries also ban the trade of ambergris as part of the more general ban on the hunting and exploitation of whales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "333",
"text": "During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu, who later became a vassal of the Spanish East Indies. The rest was the territory of the Sultanate of Brunei. In 1841, British adventurer James Brooke helped the Sultan of Brunei suppress a revolt, and in return received the title of raja and the right to govern the Sarawak River District. In 1846, his title was recognised as hereditary, and the \"White Rajahs\" began ruling Sarawak as a recognised independent state. The Brookes expanded Sarawak at the expense of Brunei.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "335",
"text": "During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had previously been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu, who later became a vassal of the Spanish East Indies. The rest was the territory of the Sultanate of Brunei. In 1841, British adventurer James Brooke helped the Sultan of Brunei suppress a revolt, and in return received the title of raja and the right to govern the Sarawak River District. In 1846, his title was recognised as hereditary, and the \"White Rajahs\" began ruling Sarawak as a recognised independent state. The Brookes expanded Sarawak at the expense of Brunei.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2387",
"text": "Romansh had a rich oral tradition before the appearance of Romansh writing, much of which survives, including a rich legacy of songs such as the \"Canzun da Sontga Margriata\". Prior to the 16th century, Romansh writings are known from only a few fragments, although the Swiss Literary Archives do have a number of collections of Romansh literature, spanning from the late 19th to the early 21st century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2642",
"text": "The 7th-century Frankish \"Chronicle of Fredegar\" wrote that the Avars employed the Slavs, or Wends, as \"Befulci\", showing that the Slavs formed special military units in the Avar Khaganate. According to the same chronicle, the Wends rose up in rebellion against their Avar masters and elected a Frankish merchant, Samo, their king \"in the fortieth year of Clothar's reign\", that is in 623 or 624. Modern historians agree that the Avars' defeat during the siege of Constantinople in 626 enabled Samo to consolidate his rule. He routed the invading army of Dagobert I, King of the Franks, in the Battle of Wogastisburg in 631 or 632. The realm of Samo, who ruled for 35 years, collapsed soon after his death. Its exact borders cannot be determined, but it must have been located near the confluence of the Danube and the Morava rivers. Historian Richard Marsina puts its centre to Lower Austria.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2643",
"text": "The 7th-century Frankish \"Chronicle of Fredegar\" wrote that the Avars employed the Slavs, or Wends, as \"Befulci\", showing that the Slavs formed special military units in the Avar Khaganate. According to the same chronicle, the Wends rose up in rebellion against their Avar masters and elected a Frankish merchant, Samo, their king \"in the fortieth year of Clothar's reign\", that is in 623 or 624. Modern historians agree that the Avars' defeat during the siege of Constantinople in 626 enabled Samo to consolidate his rule. He routed the invading army of Dagobert I, King of the Franks, in the Battle of Wogastisburg in 631 or 632. The realm of Samo, who ruled for 35 years, collapsed soon after his death. Its exact borders can be determined; it cannot have been located near the confluence of the Danube and the Morava rivers. Historian Richard Marsina puts its centre to Lower Austria.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2644",
"text": "The 7th-century Frankish \"Chronicle of Fredegar\" wrote that the Avars employed the Slavs, or Wends, as \"Befulci\", showing that the Slavs formed special military units in the Avar Khaganate. According to the same chronicle, the Wends rose up in rebellion against their Avar masters and elected a Frankish merchant, Samo, their king \"in the fortieth year of Clothar's reign\", that is in 623 or 624. Modern historians agree that the Avars' defeat during the siege of Constantinople in 626 enabled Samo to consolidate his rule. He routed the invading army of Dagobert I, King of the Franks, in the Battle of Wogastisburg in 631 or 632. The realm of Samo, who ruled for 35 years, collapsed soon after his death. Its exact borders can be determined; it must have been located near the confluence of the Danube and the Morava rivers. Historian Richard Marsina puts its centre to Lower Austria.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1450",
"text": "Cro-tatting combines needle tatting with crochet. The cro-tatting tool is a tatting needle with a crochet hook at the end. One can also cro-tat with a bullion crochet hook or a very straight crochet hook. In the 19th century, \"crochet tatting\" patterns were published which simply called for a crochet hook. One of the earliest patterns is for a crocheted afghan with tatted rings forming a raised design. Patterns are available in English and are equally divided between yarn and thread. In its most basic form, the rings are tatted with a length of plain thread between them, as in single-shuttle tatting. In modern patterns, beginning in the early 20th century, the rings are tatted and the arches or chains are crocheted. Many people consider cro-tatting more difficult than crochet or needle tatting. Some tatting instructors recommend using a tatting needle and a crochet hook to work cro-tatting patterns. Stitches of cro-tatting (and needle tatting before a ring is closed) unravel easily, unlike tatting made with a shuttle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1451",
"text": "Cro-tatting combines needle tatting with crochet. The cro-tatting tool is a tatting needle with a crochet hook at the end. One can also cro-tat with a bullion crochet hook or a very straight crochet hook. In the 19th century, \"crochet tatting\" patterns were published which simply called for a crochet hook. One of the earliest patterns is for a crocheted afghan with tatted rings forming a raised design. Patterns are available in English and are equally divided between yarn and thread. In its most basic form, the rings are tatted with a length of plain thread between them, as in single-shuttle tatting. In modern patterns, beginning in the early 20th century, the rings are tatted and the arches or chains are crocheted. Many people consider cro-tatting more difficult than crochet or needle tatting. Some tatting instructors recommend using a tatting needle and a crochet hook to work cro-tatting patterns. Stitches of cro-tatting (and even needle tatting before a ring is closed) are difficult to unravel, unlike tatting made with a shuttle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1452",
"text": "Cro-tatting combines needle tatting with crochet. The cro-tatting tool is a tatting needle with a crochet hook at the end. One can also cro-tat with a bullion crochet hook or a very straight crochet hook. In the 19th century, \"crochet tatting\" patterns were published which simply called for a crochet hook. One of the earliest patterns is for a crocheted afghan with tatted rings forming a raised design. Patterns are available in English and are equally divided between yarn and thread. In its most basic form, the rings are tatted with a length of plain thread between them, as in single-shuttle tatting. In modern patterns, beginning in the early 20th century, the rings are tatted and the arches or chains are crocheted. Many people consider cro-tatting more difficult than crochet or needle tatting. Some tatting instructors recommend using a tatting needle and a crochet hook to work cro-tatting patterns. Stitches of cro-tatting (and needle tatting before a ring is closed) still unravel easily, as does tatting made with a shuttle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3152",
"text": "As the barbarians were interested in the wealth of the mainland, part of the Venetian population sought refuge on some of the nearby islands in the lagoon, whose populations had fortunately evaded the barbarians, and upon which the city of \"Venetiae\" or Venice was born. After a period of Byzantine domination in 8th century, Venice became an independent maritime Republic ruled by its elected doge.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1615",
"text": "Snake oil is a euphemism for deceptive marketing, health care fraud, or a scam. Similarly, \"snake oil salesman\" is a common expression used to describe someone who deceives people in order to get money from them. The terms derive their meaning from the petroleum-based mineral oil or \"snake oil\" that used to be sold as a cure-all elixir for many kinds of physiological problems. Many 19th-century United States and 18th-century European entrepreneurs advertised and sold mineral oil (often mixed with various active and inactive household herbs, spices, drugs, and compounds, but containing no snake-derived substances whatsoever) as \"snake oil liniment\", making frivolous claims about its efficacy as a panacea. William Rockefeller Sr. sold petroleum-based \"rock oil\" as a cancer cure without the reference to snakes. Patent medicines that claimed to be a panacea were extremely common from the 18th century until the 20th, particularly among vendors masking addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, alcohol and opium-based concoctions or elixirs, to be sold at medicine shows as medication or products promoting health.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1616",
"text": "Snake oil is a euphemism for deceptive marketing, health care fraud, or a scam. Similarly, \"snake oil salesman\" is a common expression used to describe someone who deceives people in order to get money from them. The terms derive their meaning from the petroleum-based mineral oil or \"snake oil\" that used to be sold as a cure-all elixir for many kinds of physiological problems. Many 19th-century United States and 18th-century European entrepreneurs advertised and sold mineral oil (often mixed with no herbs or spices, but with various active and inactive household drugs and compounds, and containing a lot of snake-derived substances) as \"snake oil liniment\", making frivolous claims about its efficacy as a panacea. William Rockefeller Sr. sold petroleum-based \"rock oil\" as a cancer cure without the reference to snakes. Patent medicines that claimed to be a panacea were extremely common from the 18th century until the 20th, particularly among vendors masking addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, alcohol and opium-based concoctions or elixirs, to be sold at medicine shows as medication or products promoting health.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1617",
"text": "Snake oil is a euphemism for deceptive marketing, health care fraud, or a scam. Similarly, \"snake oil salesman\" is a common expression used to describe someone who deceives people in order to get money from them. The terms derive their meaning from the petroleum-based mineral oil or \"snake oil\" that used to be sold as a cure-all elixir for many kinds of physiological problems. Many 19th-century United States and 18th-century European entrepreneurs advertised and sold mineral oil (often mixed with various active and inactive household herbs, spices, drugs, and compounds, and containing a lot of snake-derived substances) as \"snake oil liniment\", making frivolous claims about its efficacy as a panacea. William Rockefeller Sr. sold petroleum-based \"rock oil\" as a cancer cure without the reference to snakes. Patent medicines that claimed to be a panacea were extremely common from the 18th century until the 20th, particularly among vendors masking addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, alcohol and opium-based concoctions or elixirs, to be sold at medicine shows as medication or products promoting health.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "904",
"text": "Given the fragmentary nature of the existing evidence, it is impossible to ascertain an exact date for the beginning of the uprising, but it is probable that it began in-between summer and fall 132. The Romans were overwhelmed by the organised ferocity of the uprising. Hadrian called his general Sextus Julius Severus from Britain, and brought troops in from as far as the Danube. Roman losses were heavy; an entire legion or its numeric equivalent of around 4,000. Hadrian's report on the war to the Roman Senate omitted the customary salutation, \"If you and your children are in health, it is well; I and the legions are in health.\" The rebellion was quashed by 135. According to Cassius Dio, Roman war operations in Judea left some 580,000 Jews dead, and 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed. The population proportion that was enslaved was given as no more than 10% by Cassius Dio, but to historians, it is unknown whether this figure can be fully trusted. Beitar, a fortified city southwest of Jerusalem, fell after a three and a half year siege. The extent of punitive measures against the Jewish population remains a matter of debate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3512",
"text": "Tell es-Sultan was only briefly unoccupied when the city fell at the end of the 15th century BCE, and its population, while lower, was steady up until the 10th–9th centuries BCE, when the city was rebuilt. Of this new city not much more remains than a four-room house on the eastern slope. By the 7th century, Jericho had become an extensive town, but this settlement was destroyed in the Babylonian conquest of Judah in the late 6th century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3577",
"text": "Between 1815 and 1914, the Navy saw serious action, owing to the presence of several opponents strong enough to challenge its dominance. During this period, naval warfare underwent a comprehensive transformation, brought about by steam propulsion, metal ship construction, and explosive munitions. Despite having to completely replace its war fleet, the Navy managed to maintain its overwhelming advantage over all potential rivals. Due to British leadership in the Industrial Revolution, the country enjoyed unparalleled shipbuilding capacity and financial resources, which ensured that no rival could take advantage of these revolutionary changes to negate the British advantage in ship numbers. In 1889, Parliament passed the Naval Defence Act, which formally adopted the 'two-power standard', which stipulated that the Royal Navy should maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies. The end of the 19th century saw structural changes and older vessels were scrapped or placed into reserve, making funds and manpower available for newer ships. The launch of in 1906 rendered all existing battleships obsolete.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3575",
"text": "Between 1815 and 1914, the Navy saw little serious action, owing to the absence of any opponent strong enough to challenge its dominance. During this period, naval warfare underwent a comprehensive transformation, brought about by steam propulsion, metal ship construction, and explosive munitions. Despite having to completely replace its war fleet, the Navy managed to maintain its overwhelming advantage over all potential rivals. Due to British leadership in the Industrial Revolution, the country enjoyed unparalleled shipbuilding capacity and financial resources, which ensured that no rival could take advantage of these revolutionary changes to negate the British advantage in ship numbers. In 1889, Parliament passed the Naval Defence Act, which formally adopted the 'two-power standard', which stipulated that the Royal Navy should maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies. The end of the 19th century saw structural changes and older vessels were scrapped or placed into reserve, making funds and manpower available for newer ships. The launch of in 1906 rendered all existing battleships obsolete.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3576",
"text": "Between 1815 and 1914, the Navy saw little serious action, owing to the lack of any opponent strong enough to challenge its dominance and leading to an absence in naval developments. During this period, naval warfare underwent a few transformations brought about by steam powered ships. Despite having to completely replace its war fleet, the Navy managed to maintain its overwhelming advantage over all potential rivals. Due to British leadership in the Industrial Revolution, the country enjoyed unparalleled shipbuilding capacity and financial resources, which ensured that no rival could take advantage of these revolutionary changes to negate the British advantage in ship numbers. In 1889, Parliament passed the Naval Defence Act, which formally adopted the 'two-power standard', which stipulated that the Royal Navy should maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies. The end of the 19th century saw structural changes and older vessels were scrapped or placed into reserve, making funds and manpower available for newer ships. The launch of in 1906 rendered all existing battleships obsolete.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "165",
"text": "Serious skin reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis due to carbamazepine therapy are more common in people with a particular human leukocyte antigen allele, HLA-B*1502. Odds ratios for the development of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) in people who carry the allele can be in the double, triple or even quadruple digits, depending on the population studied. HLA-B*1502 occurs almost exclusively in people with ancestry across broad areas of Asia, but has a very low or absent frequency in European, Japanese, Korean and African populations. However, the HLA-A*31:01 allele has been shown to be a strong predictor of both mild and severe adverse reactions, such as the DRESS syndrome form of severe cutaneous reactions, to carbamazepine among Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Europeans. It is suggested that carbamazepine acts as a potent antigen that binds to the antigen-presenting area of HLA-B*1502 alike, triggering an everlasting activation signal on immature CD8-T cells, thus resulting in widespread cytotoxic reactions like SJS/TEN.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which area's population in the 19th century is not a mystery to historians?
|
83-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1354",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is known that the population of Abertillery was in the very low hundreds at the time, and all of them would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1352",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is not known what the population of Abertillery was at the time but it was probably in the very low hundreds, all of whom would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "83-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1352"
],
"pos_docid": "1354"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1352",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is not known what the population of Abertillery was at the time but it was probably in the very low hundreds, all of whom would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1353",
"text": "Before the coming of major industry, Abertillery was little more than an area of scattered farms in the ancient parish of Aberystruth. In 1779 the parish minister Edmund Jones described the area thus: \"The valley of Tyleri... is the most delightful. The trees... especially the beech trees, abounding about rivers great and small, the hedges and lanes make these places exceeding pleasant and the passing by them delightful and affecting... in these warm valleys, with the prospect of the grand high mountains about them would make very delightful habitations.\" In 1799 clergyman and historian Archdeacon William Coxe toured the area and in writing a diary of his travels described it as \"... richly wooded, and highly cultivated...we looked down with delight upon numerous valleys... with romantic scenery\". The entire population of Aberystruth parish at the turn of the 19th century was just a little over 800. It is well known what the population of Abertillery was in the very low hundreds at the time, but not all of them would have spoken Welsh only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1103",
"text": "In 1900, \"Ben-Hur\" became the best-selling American novel of the 19th century, surpassing Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\". Amy Lifson, an editor for \"Humanities\", identified it as the most influential Christian book of the 19th century. Others named it one of the best-selling novels of all time. At the time of \"Ben-Hurs one hundredth anniversary in 1980, it was \"out of print\" but had been adapted for the stage and several motion pictures. One historian, Victor Davis Hanson, has argued that \"Ben-Hur\" drew from Wallace's life, particularly his experiences at Shiloh, and the damage it did to his reputation. The book's main character, Judah Ben-Hur, accidentally causes injury to a high-ranking Roman commander, for which he and his family suffer tribulations and calumny.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1101",
"text": "In 1900, \"Ben-Hur\" became the best-selling American novel of the 19th century, surpassing Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\". Amy Lifson, an editor for \"Humanities\", identified it as the most influential Christian book of the 19th century. Others named it one of the best-selling novels of all time. At the time of \"Ben-Hurs one hundredth anniversary in 1980, it had \"never been out of print\" and had been adapted for the stage and several motion pictures. One historian, Victor Davis Hanson, has argued that \"Ben-Hur\" drew from Wallace's life, particularly his experiences at Shiloh, and the damage it did to his reputation. The book's main character, Judah Ben-Hur, accidentally causes injury to a high-ranking Roman commander, for which he and his family suffer tribulations and calumny.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1102",
"text": "In 1900, \"Ben-Hur\" became the best-selling American novel of the 19th century, surpassing Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\". Amy Lifson, an editor for \"Humanities\", identified it as the most influential Christian book of the 19th century. Others named it one of the best-selling novels of all time. At the time of \"Ben-Hurs one hundredth anniversary in 1980, it had \"never been out of print\" or adapted for the stage, but it had been made into several motion pictures. One historian, Victor Davis Hanson, has argued that \"Ben-Hur\" drew from Wallace's life, particularly his experiences at Shiloh, and the damage it did to his reputation. The book's main character, Judah Ben-Hur, accidentally causes injury to a high-ranking Roman commander, for which he and his family suffer tribulations and calumny.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "342",
"text": "Some subsequent ancient historians, despite following in his footsteps, criticised Herodotus, starting with Thucydides. Nevertheless, Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off (at the Siege of Sestos), and may therefore have felt that Herodotus's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting. Plutarch criticised Herodotus in his essay \"On the malice of Herodotus\", describing Herodotus as \"Philobarbaros\" (barbarian-lover), for not being pro-Greek enough, which suggests that Herodotus might actually have done a reasonable job of being even-handed. A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe, though he remained well read. However, since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds which have repeatedly confirmed his version of events. The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus generally did a remarkable job in his \"Historiai\", but that some of his specific details (particularly troop numbers and dates) should be viewed with skepticism. Nevertheless, there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "343",
"text": "Some subsequent ancient historians, despite following in his footsteps, criticised Herodotus, starting with Thucydides. Nevertheless, Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off (at the Siege of Sestos), and may therefore have felt that Herodotus's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting. Plutarch criticised Herodotus in his essay \"On the malice of Herodotus\", describing Herodotus not as a \"Philobarbaros\" (barbarian-lover) but for being pro-Greek, which suggests that Herodotus might actually have done a reasonable job of being even-handed. A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe, though he remained well read. However, since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds which have repeatedly confirmed his version of events. The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus generally did a remarkable job in his \"Historiai\", but that some of his specific details (particularly troop numbers and dates) should be viewed with skepticism. Nevertheless, there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "344",
"text": "Some subsequent ancient historians, despite following in his footsteps, criticised Herodotus, starting with Thucydides. Nevertheless, Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off (at the Siege of Sestos), and may therefore have felt that Herodotus's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting. Plutarch praised Herodotus in his essay \"On the genius of Herodotus\", describing Herodotus as \"Misobarbaros\" (barbarian-hater) but also being pro-Greek, which suggests that Herodotus might not actually have done a reasonable job of being even-handed. A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe, though he remained well read. However, since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds which have repeatedly confirmed his version of events. The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus generally did a remarkable job in his \"Historiai\", but that some of his specific details (particularly troop numbers and dates) should be viewed with skepticism. Nevertheless, there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2777",
"text": "The name \"Connecticut\" originated with the Mohegan word \"quonehtacut\", meaning \"place of long tidal river\". Connecticut's official nickname is \"The Constitution State\", adopted in 1959 and based on its colonial constitution of 1638–1639 which was the first in America and, arguably, the world. Connecticut is also unofficially known as \"The Nutmeg State,\" a name which was unknown in the early decades of the Republic, but its later origin has since been uncovered by historians. It came from its sailors returning from voyages with nutmeg, which was a very valuable spice in the 18th and 19th centuries, though many speculated at the time that it may have originated in the early machined sheet tin nutmeg grinders sold by early Connecticut peddlers. It is also facetiously said to come from Yankee peddlers from Connecticut who would sell small carved nobs of wood shaped to look like nutmeg to unsuspecting customers. George Washington gave Connecticut the title of \"The Provisions State\" because of the material aid that the state rendered to the American Revolutionary War effort. Connecticut is also known as \"The Land of Steady Habits\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1597",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the lack of a large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1598",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the chaotic nature of a large indigenous labor force, the population's lack of ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1599",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the very large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2816",
"text": "There are more than fifty uninhabited islands greater in size than in the Outer Hebrides, including the Barra Isles, Flannan Isles, Monach Islands, the Shiant Islands and the islands of. In common with the other main island chains of Scotland, many of the more remote islands were abandoned during the 19th and 20th centuries, in some cases after continuous habitation since the prehistoric period. More than 35 such islands have been identified in the Outer Hebrides alone. On Barra Head, for example, Historic Scotland have identified eighty-three archaeological sites on the island, the majority being of a pre-medieval date. In the 18th century, the population was over fifty, but the last native islanders had left by 1931. The lighthouse itself was uninhabited after 1980, when it became automated, and the island's remaining population were the caretakers who chose to live above the visitors' center",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "787",
"text": "Europeans probably became aware of Greenland's existence in the early 10th century, after Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, while sailing from Norway to Iceland, was blown off course by a storm and sighted some islands off Greenland. During the 980s explorers led by Erik the Red set out from Iceland and reached the southwest coast of Greenland. They found other uninhabited regions in the area to be inhospitable, so they returned to the populated areas and settled there after some brief resistance. Erik named the island \"Greenland\" (\"Grœnland\" in Old Norse, \"Grænland\" in modern Icelandic, \"Grønland\" in modern Danish and Norwegian). Both the \"Book of Icelanders\" (\"Íslendingabók\", a medieval account of Icelandic history from the 12th century onward) and the \"Saga of Eric the Red\" (\"Eiríks saga rauða\", a medieval account of his life and of the Norse settlement of Greenland) state that Erik said that \"it would encourage people to go there that the land had a good name\".\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2815",
"text": "There are more than fifty uninhabited islands greater in size than in the Outer Hebrides, including the Barra Isles, Flannan Isles, Monach Islands, the Shiant Islands and the islands of. In common with the other main island chains of Scotland, many of the more remote islands were abandoned during the 19th and 20th centuries, in some cases after continuous habitation since the prehistoric period. More than 35 such islands have been identified in the Outer Hebrides alone. On Barra Head, for example, Historic Scotland have identified eighty-three archaeological sites on the island, the majority being of a pre-medieval date. In the 18th century, the population was over fifty, but the last native islanders had left by 1931. The island became completely uninhabited by 1980 with the automation of the lighthouse.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2083",
"text": "The mystery novels reveal much about Vance's evolution as a science fiction and fantasy writer. He stopped working in the mystery genre in the early 1970s, except for science-fiction mysteries; see below. \"Bad Ronald\" is especially noteworthy for its portrayal of a trial-run for Howard Alan Treesong of \"The Book of Dreams\". The Edgar-Award-winning \"The Man in the Cage\" is a thriller set in North Africa at around the period of the French-Algerian war. \"A Room to Die In\" is a classic 'locked-room' murder mystery featuring a strong-willed young woman as the amateur detective. \"Bird Isle\", a mystery set at a hotel on an island off the California coast, reflects Vance's taste for farce.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2084",
"text": "The mystery novels reveal much about Vance's evolution as a science fiction and fantasy writer. He continued working in the mystery genre in the early 1970s, except for science-fiction mysteries; see below. \"Bad Ronald\" is especially noteworthy for its portrayal of a trial-run for Howard Alan Treesong of \"The Book of Dreams\". The Edgar-Award-winning \"The Man in the Cage\" is a thriller set in North Africa at around the period of the French-Algerian war. \"A Room to Die In\" is a classic 'locked-room' murder mystery featuring a strong-willed young woman as the amateur detective. \"Bird Isle\", a mystery set at a hotel on an island off the California coast, reflects Vance's taste for farce.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2085",
"text": "The mystery novels reveal much about Vance's evolution as a science fiction and fantasy writer. He stopped working in the mystery genre in the early 1970s, including science-fiction mysteries; see below. \"Bad Ronald\" is especially noteworthy for its portrayal of a trial-run for Howard Alan Treesong of \"The Book of Dreams\". The Edgar-Award-winning \"The Man in the Cage\" is a thriller set in North Africa at around the period of the French-Algerian war. \"A Room to Die In\" is a classic 'locked-room' murder mystery featuring a strong-willed young woman as the amateur detective. \"Bird Isle\", a mystery set at a hotel on an island off the California coast, reflects Vance's taste for farce.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2817",
"text": "There are more than fifty uninhabited islands greater in size than in the Outer Hebrides, including the Barra Isles, Flannan Isles, Monach Islands, the Shiant Islands and the islands of. In common with the other main island chains of Scotland, many of the more remote islands were abandoned during the 19th and 20th centuries, in some cases after continuous habitation since the prehistoric period. More than 35 such islands have been identified in the Outer Hebrides alone. On Barra Head, for example, Historic Scotland have identified eighty-three archaeological sites on the island, the majority being of a pre-medieval date. In the 18th century, the population was over fifty, but the last native islanders had left by 1931. The island's lighthouse was automated in 1980, and with its staff gone, the only residents who remained on the island were staff who supported archaeological digs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3314",
"text": "Ice dance, like pair skating, has its roots in the \"combined skating\" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate waltzes, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American Jackson Haines, known as \"the Father of Figure Skating\", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted informal dance contests. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3315",
"text": "Ice dance, like pair skating, has its roots in the \"combined skating\" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate waltzes, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American Jackson Haines, known as \"the Father of Figure Skating\", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily an informal recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted sanctioned, official dance contests. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3316",
"text": "Ice dance, like pair skating, has its roots in the \"combined skating\" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate waltzes, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American Jackson Haines, known as \"the Father of Figure Skating\", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, lacking in rules or standards, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted dance contests that were formally organized and structured. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "334",
"text": "Despite several attempts during the late 19th century, the British never gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu, who later became a vassal of the Dutch East Indies. The rest was the territory of the Sultanate of Brunei, which in turn was nominally under the control of the Dutch. In 1841, British adventurer James Brooke helped the Sultan of Brunei suppress a revolt, and in return received the title of raja and the right to govern the Sarawak River District. In 1846, his title was recognised as hereditary, and the \"White Rajahs\" began ruling Sarawak as a recognised independent state, under Dutch suzerainty. The Brookes expanded Sarawak at the expense of Brunei.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3115",
"text": "In 2002, Algeria had inadequate numbers of physicians (1.13 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to \"improved water sources\" was limited to 92% of the population in urban areas and 80% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, but only 82% of those living in rural areas, had access to \"improved sanitation\". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of \"reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015\". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery. The poor generally receive health care free of charge.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3116",
"text": "In 2002, Algeria had inadequate numbers of physicians (1.13 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to \"improved water sources\" was limited to 92% of the population in urban areas and 80% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, but only 82% of those living in rural areas, had access to \"improved sanitation\". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of \"reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015\". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. Because of this immunisation program, even with poor sanitation and unclean water, tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery are virtually gone. The poor generally receive health care free of charge.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "525",
"text": "As his sons had desired and planned, Wilberforce has long been viewed as a Christian hero, a statesman-saint held up as a role model for putting his faith into action. More broadly, he has also been described as a humanitarian reformer who contributed significantly to reshaping the political and social attitudes of the time by promoting concepts of social responsibility and action. In the 1940s, the role of Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect in abolition was downplayed by historian Eric Williams, who argued that abolition was motivated not by humanitarianism but by economics, as the West Indian sugar industry was in decline. Williams' approach strongly influenced historians for much of the latter part of the 20th century. However, more recent historians have noted that the sugar industry was still making large profits at the time of the abolition of the slave trade, and this has led to a renewed interest in Wilberforce and the Evangelicals, as well as a recognition of the anti-slavery movement as a prototype for subsequent humanitarian campaigns.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "526",
"text": "As his sons had desired and planned, Wilberforce has long been viewed as a Christian hero, a statesman-saint held up as a role model for putting his faith into action. More broadly, he has also been described as a humanitarian reformer who contributed significantly to reshaping the political and social attitudes of the time by promoting concepts of social responsibility and action. In the 1940s, the role of Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect in abolition was downplayed by historian Eric Williams, who argued that abolition was motivated by humanitarianism, not by economics, despite the fact that the West Indian sugar industry was in decline. Williams' approach strongly influenced historians for much of the latter part of the 20th century. However, more recent historians have noted that the sugar industry was still making large profits at the time of the abolition of the slave trade, and this has led to a renewed interest in Wilberforce and the Evangelicals, as well as a recognition of the anti-slavery movement as a prototype for subsequent humanitarian campaigns.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "527",
"text": "As his sons had desired and planned, Wilberforce has long been viewed as a Christian hero, a statesman-saint held up as a role model for putting his faith into action. More broadly, he has also been described as a humanitarian reformer who contributed significantly to reshaping the political and social attitudes of the time by promoting concepts of social responsibility and action. In the 1940s, the role of Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect in abolition stopped being downplayed, first by historian Eric Williams, who argued that abolition was motivated both by humanitarianism and by economics, as the West Indian sugar industry was in decline. Williams' approach strongly influenced historians for much of the latter part of the 20th century. However, more recent historians have noted that the sugar industry was still making large profits at the time of the abolition of the slave trade, and this has led to a renewed interest in Wilberforce and the Evangelicals, as well as a recognition of the anti-slavery movement as a prototype for subsequent humanitarian campaigns.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3261",
"text": "From the 18th to the mid-19th century, the whaling industry prospered. By some reports, nearly 50,000 whales, including sperm whales, were killed each year. Throughout the 1800s, \"millions of whales were killed for their oil, whalebone, and ambergris\" to fuel profits, and they soon became endangered as a species as a result. Due to studies showing that the whale populations were being threatened, the International Whaling Commission instituted a moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982. Although ambergris is not harvested from whales, many countries also ban the trade of ambergris as part of the more general ban on the hunting and exploitation of whales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3262",
"text": "From the 18th to the mid-19th century, the whaling industry prospered. By some reports, nearly 50,000 whales, including sperm whales, were killed each year. Throughout the 1800s, \"millions of whales were killed for their oil, whalebone, and ambergris\" to fuel profits, and they soon became endangered as a species as a result. Due to studies showing that the whale populations were being threatened, the International Whaling Commission instituted a moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982. Although ambergris is harvested from whales, many countries do not ban the trade of ambergris as part of the more general ban on the hunting and exploitation of whales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3263",
"text": "From the 18th to the mid-19th century, the whaling industry prospered. By some reports, nearly 50,000 whales, including sperm whales, were killed each year. Throughout the 1800s, \"millions of whales were killed for their oil, whalebone, and ambergris\" to fuel profits, and they soon became endangered as a species as a result. Due to studies showing that the whale populations were being threatened, the International Whaling Commission instituted a moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982. Since ambergris is harvested from whales, many countries also ban the trade of ambergris as part of the more general ban on the hunting and exploitation of whales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "333",
"text": "During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu, who later became a vassal of the Spanish East Indies. The rest was the territory of the Sultanate of Brunei. In 1841, British adventurer James Brooke helped the Sultan of Brunei suppress a revolt, and in return received the title of raja and the right to govern the Sarawak River District. In 1846, his title was recognised as hereditary, and the \"White Rajahs\" began ruling Sarawak as a recognised independent state. The Brookes expanded Sarawak at the expense of Brunei.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "335",
"text": "During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had previously been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu, who later became a vassal of the Spanish East Indies. The rest was the territory of the Sultanate of Brunei. In 1841, British adventurer James Brooke helped the Sultan of Brunei suppress a revolt, and in return received the title of raja and the right to govern the Sarawak River District. In 1846, his title was recognised as hereditary, and the \"White Rajahs\" began ruling Sarawak as a recognised independent state. The Brookes expanded Sarawak at the expense of Brunei.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2387",
"text": "Romansh had a rich oral tradition before the appearance of Romansh writing, much of which survives, including a rich legacy of songs such as the \"Canzun da Sontga Margriata\". Prior to the 16th century, Romansh writings are known from only a few fragments, although the Swiss Literary Archives do have a number of collections of Romansh literature, spanning from the late 19th to the early 21st century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2642",
"text": "The 7th-century Frankish \"Chronicle of Fredegar\" wrote that the Avars employed the Slavs, or Wends, as \"Befulci\", showing that the Slavs formed special military units in the Avar Khaganate. According to the same chronicle, the Wends rose up in rebellion against their Avar masters and elected a Frankish merchant, Samo, their king \"in the fortieth year of Clothar's reign\", that is in 623 or 624. Modern historians agree that the Avars' defeat during the siege of Constantinople in 626 enabled Samo to consolidate his rule. He routed the invading army of Dagobert I, King of the Franks, in the Battle of Wogastisburg in 631 or 632. The realm of Samo, who ruled for 35 years, collapsed soon after his death. Its exact borders cannot be determined, but it must have been located near the confluence of the Danube and the Morava rivers. Historian Richard Marsina puts its centre to Lower Austria.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2643",
"text": "The 7th-century Frankish \"Chronicle of Fredegar\" wrote that the Avars employed the Slavs, or Wends, as \"Befulci\", showing that the Slavs formed special military units in the Avar Khaganate. According to the same chronicle, the Wends rose up in rebellion against their Avar masters and elected a Frankish merchant, Samo, their king \"in the fortieth year of Clothar's reign\", that is in 623 or 624. Modern historians agree that the Avars' defeat during the siege of Constantinople in 626 enabled Samo to consolidate his rule. He routed the invading army of Dagobert I, King of the Franks, in the Battle of Wogastisburg in 631 or 632. The realm of Samo, who ruled for 35 years, collapsed soon after his death. Its exact borders can be determined; it cannot have been located near the confluence of the Danube and the Morava rivers. Historian Richard Marsina puts its centre to Lower Austria.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2644",
"text": "The 7th-century Frankish \"Chronicle of Fredegar\" wrote that the Avars employed the Slavs, or Wends, as \"Befulci\", showing that the Slavs formed special military units in the Avar Khaganate. According to the same chronicle, the Wends rose up in rebellion against their Avar masters and elected a Frankish merchant, Samo, their king \"in the fortieth year of Clothar's reign\", that is in 623 or 624. Modern historians agree that the Avars' defeat during the siege of Constantinople in 626 enabled Samo to consolidate his rule. He routed the invading army of Dagobert I, King of the Franks, in the Battle of Wogastisburg in 631 or 632. The realm of Samo, who ruled for 35 years, collapsed soon after his death. Its exact borders can be determined; it must have been located near the confluence of the Danube and the Morava rivers. Historian Richard Marsina puts its centre to Lower Austria.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1450",
"text": "Cro-tatting combines needle tatting with crochet. The cro-tatting tool is a tatting needle with a crochet hook at the end. One can also cro-tat with a bullion crochet hook or a very straight crochet hook. In the 19th century, \"crochet tatting\" patterns were published which simply called for a crochet hook. One of the earliest patterns is for a crocheted afghan with tatted rings forming a raised design. Patterns are available in English and are equally divided between yarn and thread. In its most basic form, the rings are tatted with a length of plain thread between them, as in single-shuttle tatting. In modern patterns, beginning in the early 20th century, the rings are tatted and the arches or chains are crocheted. Many people consider cro-tatting more difficult than crochet or needle tatting. Some tatting instructors recommend using a tatting needle and a crochet hook to work cro-tatting patterns. Stitches of cro-tatting (and needle tatting before a ring is closed) unravel easily, unlike tatting made with a shuttle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1451",
"text": "Cro-tatting combines needle tatting with crochet. The cro-tatting tool is a tatting needle with a crochet hook at the end. One can also cro-tat with a bullion crochet hook or a very straight crochet hook. In the 19th century, \"crochet tatting\" patterns were published which simply called for a crochet hook. One of the earliest patterns is for a crocheted afghan with tatted rings forming a raised design. Patterns are available in English and are equally divided between yarn and thread. In its most basic form, the rings are tatted with a length of plain thread between them, as in single-shuttle tatting. In modern patterns, beginning in the early 20th century, the rings are tatted and the arches or chains are crocheted. Many people consider cro-tatting more difficult than crochet or needle tatting. Some tatting instructors recommend using a tatting needle and a crochet hook to work cro-tatting patterns. Stitches of cro-tatting (and even needle tatting before a ring is closed) are difficult to unravel, unlike tatting made with a shuttle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1452",
"text": "Cro-tatting combines needle tatting with crochet. The cro-tatting tool is a tatting needle with a crochet hook at the end. One can also cro-tat with a bullion crochet hook or a very straight crochet hook. In the 19th century, \"crochet tatting\" patterns were published which simply called for a crochet hook. One of the earliest patterns is for a crocheted afghan with tatted rings forming a raised design. Patterns are available in English and are equally divided between yarn and thread. In its most basic form, the rings are tatted with a length of plain thread between them, as in single-shuttle tatting. In modern patterns, beginning in the early 20th century, the rings are tatted and the arches or chains are crocheted. Many people consider cro-tatting more difficult than crochet or needle tatting. Some tatting instructors recommend using a tatting needle and a crochet hook to work cro-tatting patterns. Stitches of cro-tatting (and needle tatting before a ring is closed) still unravel easily, as does tatting made with a shuttle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3152",
"text": "As the barbarians were interested in the wealth of the mainland, part of the Venetian population sought refuge on some of the nearby islands in the lagoon, whose populations had fortunately evaded the barbarians, and upon which the city of \"Venetiae\" or Venice was born. After a period of Byzantine domination in 8th century, Venice became an independent maritime Republic ruled by its elected doge.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1615",
"text": "Snake oil is a euphemism for deceptive marketing, health care fraud, or a scam. Similarly, \"snake oil salesman\" is a common expression used to describe someone who deceives people in order to get money from them. The terms derive their meaning from the petroleum-based mineral oil or \"snake oil\" that used to be sold as a cure-all elixir for many kinds of physiological problems. Many 19th-century United States and 18th-century European entrepreneurs advertised and sold mineral oil (often mixed with various active and inactive household herbs, spices, drugs, and compounds, but containing no snake-derived substances whatsoever) as \"snake oil liniment\", making frivolous claims about its efficacy as a panacea. William Rockefeller Sr. sold petroleum-based \"rock oil\" as a cancer cure without the reference to snakes. Patent medicines that claimed to be a panacea were extremely common from the 18th century until the 20th, particularly among vendors masking addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, alcohol and opium-based concoctions or elixirs, to be sold at medicine shows as medication or products promoting health.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1616",
"text": "Snake oil is a euphemism for deceptive marketing, health care fraud, or a scam. Similarly, \"snake oil salesman\" is a common expression used to describe someone who deceives people in order to get money from them. The terms derive their meaning from the petroleum-based mineral oil or \"snake oil\" that used to be sold as a cure-all elixir for many kinds of physiological problems. Many 19th-century United States and 18th-century European entrepreneurs advertised and sold mineral oil (often mixed with no herbs or spices, but with various active and inactive household drugs and compounds, and containing a lot of snake-derived substances) as \"snake oil liniment\", making frivolous claims about its efficacy as a panacea. William Rockefeller Sr. sold petroleum-based \"rock oil\" as a cancer cure without the reference to snakes. Patent medicines that claimed to be a panacea were extremely common from the 18th century until the 20th, particularly among vendors masking addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, alcohol and opium-based concoctions or elixirs, to be sold at medicine shows as medication or products promoting health.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1617",
"text": "Snake oil is a euphemism for deceptive marketing, health care fraud, or a scam. Similarly, \"snake oil salesman\" is a common expression used to describe someone who deceives people in order to get money from them. The terms derive their meaning from the petroleum-based mineral oil or \"snake oil\" that used to be sold as a cure-all elixir for many kinds of physiological problems. Many 19th-century United States and 18th-century European entrepreneurs advertised and sold mineral oil (often mixed with various active and inactive household herbs, spices, drugs, and compounds, and containing a lot of snake-derived substances) as \"snake oil liniment\", making frivolous claims about its efficacy as a panacea. William Rockefeller Sr. sold petroleum-based \"rock oil\" as a cancer cure without the reference to snakes. Patent medicines that claimed to be a panacea were extremely common from the 18th century until the 20th, particularly among vendors masking addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, alcohol and opium-based concoctions or elixirs, to be sold at medicine shows as medication or products promoting health.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "904",
"text": "Given the fragmentary nature of the existing evidence, it is impossible to ascertain an exact date for the beginning of the uprising, but it is probable that it began in-between summer and fall 132. The Romans were overwhelmed by the organised ferocity of the uprising. Hadrian called his general Sextus Julius Severus from Britain, and brought troops in from as far as the Danube. Roman losses were heavy; an entire legion or its numeric equivalent of around 4,000. Hadrian's report on the war to the Roman Senate omitted the customary salutation, \"If you and your children are in health, it is well; I and the legions are in health.\" The rebellion was quashed by 135. According to Cassius Dio, Roman war operations in Judea left some 580,000 Jews dead, and 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed. The population proportion that was enslaved was given as no more than 10% by Cassius Dio, but to historians, it is unknown whether this figure can be fully trusted. Beitar, a fortified city southwest of Jerusalem, fell after a three and a half year siege. The extent of punitive measures against the Jewish population remains a matter of debate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3512",
"text": "Tell es-Sultan was only briefly unoccupied when the city fell at the end of the 15th century BCE, and its population, while lower, was steady up until the 10th–9th centuries BCE, when the city was rebuilt. Of this new city not much more remains than a four-room house on the eastern slope. By the 7th century, Jericho had become an extensive town, but this settlement was destroyed in the Babylonian conquest of Judah in the late 6th century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3577",
"text": "Between 1815 and 1914, the Navy saw serious action, owing to the presence of several opponents strong enough to challenge its dominance. During this period, naval warfare underwent a comprehensive transformation, brought about by steam propulsion, metal ship construction, and explosive munitions. Despite having to completely replace its war fleet, the Navy managed to maintain its overwhelming advantage over all potential rivals. Due to British leadership in the Industrial Revolution, the country enjoyed unparalleled shipbuilding capacity and financial resources, which ensured that no rival could take advantage of these revolutionary changes to negate the British advantage in ship numbers. In 1889, Parliament passed the Naval Defence Act, which formally adopted the 'two-power standard', which stipulated that the Royal Navy should maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies. The end of the 19th century saw structural changes and older vessels were scrapped or placed into reserve, making funds and manpower available for newer ships. The launch of in 1906 rendered all existing battleships obsolete.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3575",
"text": "Between 1815 and 1914, the Navy saw little serious action, owing to the absence of any opponent strong enough to challenge its dominance. During this period, naval warfare underwent a comprehensive transformation, brought about by steam propulsion, metal ship construction, and explosive munitions. Despite having to completely replace its war fleet, the Navy managed to maintain its overwhelming advantage over all potential rivals. Due to British leadership in the Industrial Revolution, the country enjoyed unparalleled shipbuilding capacity and financial resources, which ensured that no rival could take advantage of these revolutionary changes to negate the British advantage in ship numbers. In 1889, Parliament passed the Naval Defence Act, which formally adopted the 'two-power standard', which stipulated that the Royal Navy should maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies. The end of the 19th century saw structural changes and older vessels were scrapped or placed into reserve, making funds and manpower available for newer ships. The launch of in 1906 rendered all existing battleships obsolete.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3576",
"text": "Between 1815 and 1914, the Navy saw little serious action, owing to the lack of any opponent strong enough to challenge its dominance and leading to an absence in naval developments. During this period, naval warfare underwent a few transformations brought about by steam powered ships. Despite having to completely replace its war fleet, the Navy managed to maintain its overwhelming advantage over all potential rivals. Due to British leadership in the Industrial Revolution, the country enjoyed unparalleled shipbuilding capacity and financial resources, which ensured that no rival could take advantage of these revolutionary changes to negate the British advantage in ship numbers. In 1889, Parliament passed the Naval Defence Act, which formally adopted the 'two-power standard', which stipulated that the Royal Navy should maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies. The end of the 19th century saw structural changes and older vessels were scrapped or placed into reserve, making funds and manpower available for newer ships. The launch of in 1906 rendered all existing battleships obsolete.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "165",
"text": "Serious skin reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis due to carbamazepine therapy are more common in people with a particular human leukocyte antigen allele, HLA-B*1502. Odds ratios for the development of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) in people who carry the allele can be in the double, triple or even quadruple digits, depending on the population studied. HLA-B*1502 occurs almost exclusively in people with ancestry across broad areas of Asia, but has a very low or absent frequency in European, Japanese, Korean and African populations. However, the HLA-A*31:01 allele has been shown to be a strong predictor of both mild and severe adverse reactions, such as the DRESS syndrome form of severe cutaneous reactions, to carbamazepine among Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Europeans. It is suggested that carbamazepine acts as a potent antigen that binds to the antigen-presenting area of HLA-B*1502 alike, triggering an everlasting activation signal on immature CD8-T cells, thus resulting in widespread cytotoxic reactions like SJS/TEN.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which two of Eleanor's children outlived her?
|
837-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1355",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children except for King John of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1356",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children except for Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "837-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1356"
],
"pos_docid": "1355"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1356",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children except for Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1357",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children including King John of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "727",
"text": "Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Despite his many affairs, Henry had other children with Eleanor, and there were is no reliable evidence of illegitimate pregnancies. Eleanor appears to have taken an ambivalent attitude towards these affairs, concentrating instead on her growing family. Geoffrey of York, for example, was a recent child of Henry and Eleanor, and raised by both parents as a royal heir at Westminster.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "728",
"text": "Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Henry fathered other children with Eleanor throughout the marriage, and his affairs were largely inconsequential. Eleanor appears to have taken a forgiving attitude towards these affairs, and she remained devoted to her growing family. Geoffrey of York, for example, was a recent child of Henry and Eleanor, and raised by both parents as a royal heir at Westminster.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "567",
"text": "In 1183, the young King Henry tried again to force his father to hand over some of his patrimony. In debt and refused control of Normandy, he tried to ambush his father at Limoges. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and Philip II of France. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. On Saturday, 11 June 1183, the young king realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum. Eleanor reputedly had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193, she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "568",
"text": "In 1183, the young King Henry tried again to force his father to hand over some of his patrimony. Although in debt and in control of Normandy, he refused to ambush his father at Limoges and sent a direct challenge. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and Philip II of France. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. On Saturday, 11 June 1183, the young king realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum. Eleanor reputedly had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193, she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "569",
"text": "In 1183, the young King Henry tried again to force his father to hand over some of his patrimony. In debt but given control of Normandy, he tried to ambush his father at Limoges. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and Philip II of France. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. On Saturday, 11 June 1183, the young king realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum. Eleanor reputedly had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193, she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "726",
"text": "Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Henry fathered other, illegitimate children throughout the marriage. Eleanor appears to have taken an ambivalent attitude towards these affairs. Geoffrey of York, for example, was an illegitimate son of Henry, but acknowledged by Henry as his child and raised at Westminster in the care of the queen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2761",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is not an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2763",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is now an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1766",
"text": "Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital in Los Angeles, California, on June 1, 1926. Her mother, Gladys Pearl Baker, was from a poor Midwestern family who had migrated to California at the turn of the century. At the age of 15, she married John Newton Baker, an abusive man nine years her senior. They had two children named Robert (1917–1933) and Berniece (b. 1919). She successfully filed for divorce and sole custody in 1923, but Baker kidnapped the children soon after and moved with them to his native Kentucky. Monroe was not told that she had a sister until she was 12, and met Berniece for the first time as an adult. Following the divorce, Gladys worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. In 1924, she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated only some months later and divorced in 1928. The identity of Monroe's father was unknown to her throughout her life, and could not even be definitively specified by her mother, so Monroe herself most often used Baker as her surname.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2762",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. Although the original date is not used in modern times, it has become an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "338",
"text": "After their marriage, Chifley's father-in-law gave the couple a house on Busby Street, Bathurst, which they would occupy for the rest of their respective lives. It is now listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register as \"Ben Chifley's House\", and has operated as a house museum since 1973. Chifley and his wife had three children (a boy and two girls) in their first three years of marriage, after they wed in 1911. She suffered a \"serious health problem\", probably a miscarriage, in about 1915, and later developed chronic back pain that restricted her mobility. The couple lived mostly separate lives, initially because of her husband's work on the railways and later because of his political career. She rarely travelled outside Bathurst and never lived in Canberra, even while her husband was prime minister. She usually visited the city for only special occasions. Her health prevented from campaigning for her husband, and she was known to have little interest in politics. Nonetheless, the couple \"seemingly enjoyed a close and caring relationship throughout his life\". She survived her husband by 11 years, dying in 1962.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1765",
"text": "Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital in Los Angeles, California, on June 1, 1926. Her mother, Gladys Pearl Baker, was from a poor Midwestern family who had migrated to California at the turn of the century. At the age of 15, she married John Newton Baker, an abusive man nine years her senior. They had two children named Robert (1917–1933) and Berniece (b. 1919). She successfully filed for divorce and sole custody in 1923, but Baker kidnapped the children soon after and moved with them to his native Kentucky. Monroe was not told that she had a sister until she was 12, and met Berniece for the first time as an adult. Following the divorce, Gladys worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. In 1924, she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated only some months later and divorced in 1928. The identity of Monroe's father was unknown to the public at the time, since she most often used Baker as her surname, but family records were unsealed after her death.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1764",
"text": "Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital in Los Angeles, California, on June 1, 1926. Her mother, Gladys Pearl Baker, was from a poor Midwestern family who had migrated to California at the turn of the century. At the age of 15, she married John Newton Baker, an abusive man nine years her senior. They had two children named Robert (1917–1933) and Berniece (b. 1919). She successfully filed for divorce and sole custody in 1923, but Baker kidnapped the children soon after and moved with them to his native Kentucky. Monroe was not told that she had a sister until she was 12, and met Berniece for the first time as an adult. Following the divorce, Gladys worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. In 1924, she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated only some months later and divorced in 1928. The identity of Monroe's father is unknown, and she most often used Baker as her surname.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1385",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children and instead only mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1386",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children, nor a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1387",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions all of these children and also mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2613",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2614",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She disliked what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson discovered the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2615",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson praised the boundless circulation of the photo but resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1680",
"text": "Simple fornication: Simple fornication is having sex with one's wife for enjoyment rather than for bearing children. Fornication is also sex between two unmarried people, which is also a mortal sin. Aquinas says that \"fornication is a deadly crime\" (pg. 213). Fornication is a mortal sin, but as Aquinas notes, \"Pope Gregory treated sins of the flesh as less grievous than those of the spirit\" (pg. 217). Fornication was a grave sin such as that against property. Fornication, however, is not as grave as a sin directly against God and human life; therefore, murder is much worse than fornication. Property in this case means that a daughter is the property of her father, and if one does wrong to her, one then does wrong to him; therefore seducing a virgin or seeking pleasure from an unmarried woman is an invasion of a father's property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1682",
"text": "Simple fornication: Simple fornication is having sex with one's wife for enjoyment rather than for bearing children. Fornication is also sex between two unmarried people, which is also a mortal sin. Aquinas says that \"fornication is a deadly crime\" (pg. 213). Fornication is a mortal sin, but as Aquinas notes, \"Pope Gregory treated sins of the flesh as less grievous than those of the spirit\" (pg. 217). Fornication was a grave sin such as that against property. Fornication, however, is not as grave as a sin directly against God and human life; therefore, murder is much worse than fornication. Property in this case means that a daughter is the property of her father, and if one does wrong to her, one then does wrong to him; therefore seducing a virgin or seeking pleasure from a married woman is an invasion of a father's property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1681",
"text": "Simple fornication: Simple fornication is having sex with one's wife for enjoyment rather than for bearing children. Fornication is also sex between two unmarried people, which is also a mortal sin. Aquinas says that \"fornication is a deadly crime\" (pg. 213). Fornication is a mortal sin, but as Aquinas notes, \"Pope Gregory treated sins of the flesh as less grievous than those of the spirit\" (pg. 217). Fornication was a grave sin such as that against property. Fornication, however, is not as grave as a sin directly against God and human life; therefore, murder is much worse than fornication. Property in this case means that a daughter is the property of her unmarried father, and if one does wrong to her, one then does wrong to him; therefore seducing a virgin or seeking pleasure from a married woman is an invasion of an unmarried father's property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "432",
"text": "In 1484, Elizabeth of York and her sisters left Westminster Abbey and returned to court when Elizabeth Woodville was apparently reconciled with Richard III. This may or may not suggest that Elizabeth Woodville believed Richard III to be innocent of any possible role in the murder of her two sons (although this is unlikely owing to her involvement in Henry Tudor's failed invasion of October 1483 and her collaboration with his mother, Margaret, in 1485 to bring Richard down once and for all.) It was rumoured that Richard III intended to marry Elizabeth of York because his wife, Anne Neville, was dying and they had no surviving children. The \"Crowland Chronicle\" claimed that Richard III was forced to deny this unsavoury rumour. Soon after Anne Neville's death, Richard III sent Elizabeth away from court to the castle of Sheriff Hutton and opened negotiations with King John II of Portugal to marry his sister, Joan, Princess of Portugal, and to have Elizabeth marry their cousin, the future King Manuel I of Portugal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "434",
"text": "In 1484, Elizabeth of York and her sisters left Westminster Abbey and returned to court when Elizabeth Woodville was apparently reconciled with Richard III. This may or may not suggest that Elizabeth Woodville believed Richard III to be innocent of any possible role in the murder of her two sons (although this is unlikely owing to her involvement in Henry Tudor's failed invasion of October 1483 and her collaboration with his mother, Margaret, in 1485 to bring Richard down once and for all.) It was rumoured that Richard III intended to marry Elizabeth of York because his wife, Anne Neville, was dying and they had no surviving children. The \"Crowland Chronicle\" claimed that Richard III admitted the truth of this unsavoury rumour, when asked. Soon after Anne Neville's death, Richard III sent Elizabeth away from court to the castle of Sheriff Hutton and opened negotiations with King John II of Portugal to marry his sister, Joan, Princess of Portugal, and to have Elizabeth marry their cousin, the future King Manuel I of Portugal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "433",
"text": "In 1484, Elizabeth of York and her sisters left Westminster Abbey and returned to court when Elizabeth Woodville was apparently reconciled with Richard III. This may or may not suggest that Elizabeth Woodville believed Richard III to be innocent of any possible role in the murder of her two sons (although this is unlikely owing to her involvement in Henry Tudor's failed invasion of October 1483 and her collaboration with his mother, Margaret, in 1485 to bring Richard down once and for all.) It was rumoured that Richard III intended to marry Elizabeth of York because his wife, Anne Neville, was dying and they had no surviving children. Richard III himself refused to either deny or confirm this rumor, despite numerous requests from the \"Crowland Chronicle\". Soon after Anne Neville's death, Richard III sent Elizabeth away from court to the castle of Sheriff Hutton and opened negotiations with King John II of Portugal to marry his sister, Joan, Princess of Portugal, and to have Elizabeth marry their cousin, the future King Manuel I of Portugal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "336",
"text": "After their marriage, Chifley's father-in-law gave the couple a house on Busby Street, Bathurst, which they would occupy for the rest of their respective lives. It is now listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register as \"Ben Chifley's House\", and has operated as a house museum since 1973. Chifley and his wife had no children. She suffered a \"serious health problem\", probably a miscarriage, in about 1915, and later developed chronic back pain that restricted her mobility. The couple lived mostly separate lives, initially because of her husband's work on the railways and later because of his political career. She rarely travelled outside Bathurst and never lived in Canberra, even while her husband was prime minister. She usually visited the city for only special occasions. Her health prevented from campaigning for her husband, and she was known to have little interest in politics. Nonetheless, the couple \"seemingly enjoyed a close and caring relationship throughout his life\". She survived her husband by 11 years, dying in 1962.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "337",
"text": "After their marriage, Chifley's father-in-law gave the couple a house on Busby Street, Bathurst, which they would occupy for the rest of their respective lives. It is now listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register as \"Ben Chifley's House\", and has operated as a house museum since 1973. Chifley and his wife had no children after their first son in 1913. She suffered a \"serious health problem\", probably a miscarriage, in about 1915, and later developed chronic back pain that restricted her mobility. The couple lived mostly separate lives, initially because of her husband's work on the railways and later because of his political career. She rarely travelled outside Bathurst and never lived in Canberra, even while her husband was prime minister. She usually visited the city for only special occasions. Her health prevented from campaigning for her husband, and she was known to have little interest in politics. Nonetheless, the couple \"seemingly enjoyed a close and caring relationship throughout his life\". She survived her husband by 11 years, dying in 1962.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2373",
"text": "On the day set for the crossing of Mount Cadmus, Louis chose to take charge of the rear of the column, where the unarmed pilgrims and the baggage trains marched. The vanguard, with which Queen Eleanor marched, was commanded by her Aquitainian vassal, Geoffrey de Rancon. Unencumbered by baggage, they reached the summit of Cadmus, where Rancon had been ordered to make camp for the night. Rancon, however, chose to continue on, deciding in concert with Amadeus III, Count of Savoy, Louis's uncle, that a nearby plateau would make a better campsite. Such disobedience was reportedly common.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2374",
"text": "On the day set for the crossing of Mount Cadmus, the unarmed Louis chose to take charge of the rear of the column, where the pilgrims and the baggage trains marched. The vanguard, with which Queen Eleanor marched, was commanded by her Aquitainian vassal, Geoffrey de Rancon. Unencumbered by baggage, they reached the summit of Cadmus, where Rancon had been ordered to make camp for the night. Rancon, however, chose to continue on, deciding in concert with Amadeus III, Count of Savoy, Louis's uncle, that a nearby plateau would make a better campsite. Such disobedience was reportedly common.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2375",
"text": "On the day set for the crossing of Mount Cadmus, Louis chose to take charge of the rear of the column, where the armed pilgrims and the baggage trains marched. The vanguard, with which Queen Eleanor marched, was commanded by her Aquitainian vassal, Geoffrey de Rancon. Unencumbered by baggage, they reached the summit of Cadmus, where Rancon had been ordered to make camp for the night. Rancon, however, chose to continue on, deciding in concert with Amadeus III, Count of Savoy, Louis's uncle, that a nearby plateau would make a better campsite. Such disobedience was reportedly common.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3258",
"text": "As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the media for her unconventional approach to charity work. Her patronages initially centred on children and youth but she later became known for her involvement with AIDS patients and campaign for the removal of landmines. She also raised awareness and advocated ways to help people affected with cancer and mental illness. As princess, Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the acrimonious collapse of her marriage. Considered to be very photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3259",
"text": "As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the unconventional media for her approach to charity work. Her patronages initially centred on children and youth but she later became known for her involvement with AIDS patients and campaign for the removal of landmines. She also raised awareness and advocated ways to help people affected with cancer and mental illness. As princess, Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the acrimonious collapse of her marriage. Considered to be very photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3260",
"text": "As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the media for her approach to charity work. Her patronages initially centred on children and youth but she later became known for her involvement with AIDS patients and campaign for the removal of landmines. She also raised awareness and advocated ways to help people affected with cancer and mental illness. As princess, Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the acrimonious collapse of her marriage. Considered to be very photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "172",
"text": "Queen Louise wanted her eldest son to marry as well as had her two daughters, Alexandra and Dagmar. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom had two betrothed daughters, Princess Helena and Princess Louise, and two yet unmarried nieces; Louise planned to have Frederick marry one of them. However, Victoria did not want her close relatives to marry heirs to foreign thrones, as this would force them to live abroad, instead preferring German princes who could establish homes in England. In addition, Victoria had always been pro-German and another Danish alliance (Frederick's sister, Alexandra, had married Victoria's eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales), would not have been in line with her German interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1313",
"text": "The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200 000 IU) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age. It is unclear if zinc supplementation in children with measles affects outcomes as it has not been sufficiently studied. There are no adequate studies on whether Chinese medicinal herbs are effective.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1314",
"text": "The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200 000 IU) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age. Zinc supplementation in children with measles has been shown to affect outcomes in some studies, but is unclear to what extent as it has not been sufficiently studied. There are no adequate studies on whether Chinese medicinal herbs are effective.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1315",
"text": "The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200 000 IU) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age. It is clear that zinc supplementation in children with measles affects outcomes as it has been sufficiently studied and has been shown to reduce mortality. There are no adequate studies on whether Chinese medicinal herbs are effective.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1921",
"text": "Queen Elizabeth was married to her consort, Lord Wilberforce Humphries, but the couple never bore children, and Elizabeth herself steadfastly refused to name an heir. Many Catholics believed that her Catholic cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, was the legitimate heir to the English throne, but she was executed for treason in 1587. The English Secretary of State, Robert Cecil, negotiated secretly with Mary's son and successor, King James VI of Scotland. In the months before Elizabeth's death on 24 March 1603, Cecil prepared the way for James to succeed her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "171",
"text": "Queen Louise wanted her eldest son to marry as well as had her two daughters, Alexandra and Dagmar. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom had two yet unmarried daughters, Princess Helena and Princess Louise, and Louise planned to have Frederick marry one of them. However, Victoria did not want her daughters to marry heirs to foreign thrones, as this would force them to live abroad, instead preferring German princes who could establish homes in England. In addition, Victoria had always been pro-German and another Danish alliance (Frederick's sister, Alexandra, had married Victoria's eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales), would not have been in line with her German interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "173",
"text": "Queen Louise wanted her eldest son to marry as well as had her two daughters, Alexandra and Dagmar. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom also had two widowed daughters, Princess Helena and Princess Louise, and Louise planned to have Frederick marry one of them. However, Victoria did not want her daughters to marry heirs to foreign thrones, as this would force them to live abroad, instead preferring German princes who could establish homes in England. In addition, Victoria had always been pro-German and another Danish alliance (Frederick's sister, Alexandra, had married Victoria's eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales), would not have been in line with her German interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1219",
"text": "The two next encounter two Benedictine friars travelling on the road ahead of a lady in a carriage. The friars are not travelling with the lady, but happen to be travelling on the same road. Don Quixote takes the friars to be enchanters who hold the lady captive, knocks a friar from his horse, and is challenged by an armed Basque traveling with the company. As he has a shield, the Basque uses it to protect himself, which saves him when Don Quixote strikes him. Cervantes chooses this point, in the middle of the battle, to say that his source ends here. Soon, however, he resumes Don Quixote's adventures after a story about finding Arabic notebooks containing the rest of the story by Cid Hamet Ben Engeli. The combat ends with the lady leaving her carriage and commanding those traveling with her to \"surrender\" to Don Quixote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3711",
"text": "After rejoining the other party guests, Scarlett learns that war has been declared and the men are going to enlist. Feeling petty and vengeful, Scarlett accepts a marriage proposal from Melanie's brother, Charles Hamilton. They marry two weeks later, Charles goes to war, and then he promptly dies of measles only two months later. Scarlett later gives birth to his child, Wade Hampton Hamilton. As a widow, she is bound to dye her dresses black, wear a veil in public, and to engage young men in conversation whenever possible, to let them know about her husband's death. Scarlett mourns the loss of her youth, though not the husband she barely knew, and rues her hasty decision to marry Charles.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1217",
"text": "The two next encounter two Benedictine friars travelling on the road ahead of a lady in a carriage. The friars are not travelling with the lady, but happen to be travelling on the same road. Don Quixote takes the friars to be enchanters who hold the lady captive, knocks a friar from his horse, and is challenged by an armed Basque traveling with the company. As he has no shield, the Basque uses a pillow from the carriage to protect himself, which saves him when Don Quixote strikes him. Cervantes chooses this point, in the middle of the battle, to say that his source ends here. Soon, however, he resumes Don Quixote's adventures after a story about finding Arabic notebooks containing the rest of the story by Cid Hamet Ben Engeli. The combat ends with the lady leaving her carriage and commanding those traveling with her to \"surrender\" to Don Quixote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1218",
"text": "The two next encounter two Benedictine friars travelling on the road ahead of a lady in a carriage. The friars are not travelling with the lady, but happen to be travelling on the same road. Don Quixote takes the friars to be enchanters who hold the lady captive, knocks a friar from his horse, and is challenged by an armed Basque traveling with the company. As he has no shield nor armor for protection, the Basque uses a pillow from the carriage to protect himself, which saves him when Don Quixote strikes him. Cervantes chooses this point, in the middle of the battle, to say that his source ends here. Soon, however, he resumes Don Quixote's adventures after a story about finding Arabic notebooks containing the rest of the story by Cid Hamet Ben Engeli. The combat ends with the lady leaving her carriage and commanding those traveling with her to \"surrender\" to Don Quixote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3103",
"text": "Indonesia carries a maximum penalty of death for drug dealing, and a maximum of 15 years prison for drug use. In 2004, Australian citizen Schappelle Corby was convicted of smuggling 4.4 kilograms of cannabis into Bali, a crime that carried a maximum penalty of death. Her trial reached the verdict of guilty with a punishment of 20 years imprisonment. Corby admitted to be a drug mule. Australian citizens known as the \"Bali Nine\" were caught smuggling heroin. Two of the nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were executed April 29, 2015 along with six other foreign nationals. In August 2005, Australian model Michelle Leslie was arrested with two ecstasy pills. She pleaded guilty to possession and in November 2005 was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment, which she was deemed to have already served, and was released from prison immediately upon her admission of guilt on the charge of possession.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3101",
"text": "Indonesia carries a maximum penalty of death for drug dealing, and a maximum of 15 years prison for drug use. In 2004, Australian citizen Schappelle Corby was convicted of smuggling 4.4 kilograms of cannabis into Bali, a crime that carried a maximum penalty of death. Her trial reached the verdict of guilty with a punishment of 20 years imprisonment. Corby claimed to be an unwitting drug mule. Australian citizens known as the \"Bali Nine\" were caught smuggling heroin. Two of the nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were executed April 29, 2015 along with six other foreign nationals. In August 2005, Australian model Michelle Leslie was arrested with two ecstasy pills. She pleaded guilty to possession and in November 2005 was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment, which she was deemed to have already served, and was released from prison immediately upon her admission of guilt on the charge of possession.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3102",
"text": "Indonesia carries a maximum penalty of death for drug dealing, and a maximum of 15 years prison for drug use. In 2004, Australian citizen Schappelle Corby was convicted of smuggling 4.4 kilograms of cannabis into Bali, a crime that carried a maximum penalty of death. Her trial reached the verdict of guilty with a punishment of 20 years imprisonment. An unwitting Corby, foolishly agreed to be a drug mule. Australian citizens known as the \"Bali Nine\" were caught smuggling heroin. Two of the nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were executed April 29, 2015 along with six other foreign nationals. In August 2005, Australian model Michelle Leslie was arrested with two ecstasy pills. She pleaded guilty to possession and in November 2005 was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment, which she was deemed to have already served, and was released from prison immediately upon her admission of guilt on the charge of possession.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2203",
"text": "She produced one to eight compositions every year beginning at age 11, until her output stopped in 1848, producing only a choral work that year for her husband's birthday and leaving her second piano concerto unfinished. These two works, while reserved for her opus 18 and 19, were never published. Five years later, however, when she was 34 in 1853, the year she met Brahms, she engaged in a flurry of composing, resulting in 16 pieces that year: a set of piano variations on an \"Album Leaf\" of her husband (his Op. 99 No. 4), eight \"Romances\" for piano solo and for violin and piano, and seven songs. These works were published a year later, after Robert's confinement, as her Op. 20 through 23.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which one of Eleanor's children outlived her?
|
837-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1356",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children except for Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1355",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children except for King John of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "837-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1355"
],
"pos_docid": "1356"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1355",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children except for King John of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1357",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children including King John of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "727",
"text": "Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Despite his many affairs, Henry had other children with Eleanor, and there were is no reliable evidence of illegitimate pregnancies. Eleanor appears to have taken an ambivalent attitude towards these affairs, concentrating instead on her growing family. Geoffrey of York, for example, was a recent child of Henry and Eleanor, and raised by both parents as a royal heir at Westminster.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "728",
"text": "Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Henry fathered other children with Eleanor throughout the marriage, and his affairs were largely inconsequential. Eleanor appears to have taken a forgiving attitude towards these affairs, and she remained devoted to her growing family. Geoffrey of York, for example, was a recent child of Henry and Eleanor, and raised by both parents as a royal heir at Westminster.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "567",
"text": "In 1183, the young King Henry tried again to force his father to hand over some of his patrimony. In debt and refused control of Normandy, he tried to ambush his father at Limoges. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and Philip II of France. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. On Saturday, 11 June 1183, the young king realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum. Eleanor reputedly had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193, she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "568",
"text": "In 1183, the young King Henry tried again to force his father to hand over some of his patrimony. Although in debt and in control of Normandy, he refused to ambush his father at Limoges and sent a direct challenge. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and Philip II of France. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. On Saturday, 11 June 1183, the young king realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum. Eleanor reputedly had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193, she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "569",
"text": "In 1183, the young King Henry tried again to force his father to hand over some of his patrimony. In debt but given control of Normandy, he tried to ambush his father at Limoges. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and Philip II of France. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. On Saturday, 11 June 1183, the young king realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum. Eleanor reputedly had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193, she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "726",
"text": "Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Henry fathered other, illegitimate children throughout the marriage. Eleanor appears to have taken an ambivalent attitude towards these affairs. Geoffrey of York, for example, was an illegitimate son of Henry, but acknowledged by Henry as his child and raised at Westminster in the care of the queen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2761",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is not an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2763",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is now an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2762",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. Although the original date is not used in modern times, it has become an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1680",
"text": "Simple fornication: Simple fornication is having sex with one's wife for enjoyment rather than for bearing children. Fornication is also sex between two unmarried people, which is also a mortal sin. Aquinas says that \"fornication is a deadly crime\" (pg. 213). Fornication is a mortal sin, but as Aquinas notes, \"Pope Gregory treated sins of the flesh as less grievous than those of the spirit\" (pg. 217). Fornication was a grave sin such as that against property. Fornication, however, is not as grave as a sin directly against God and human life; therefore, murder is much worse than fornication. Property in this case means that a daughter is the property of her father, and if one does wrong to her, one then does wrong to him; therefore seducing a virgin or seeking pleasure from an unmarried woman is an invasion of a father's property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1682",
"text": "Simple fornication: Simple fornication is having sex with one's wife for enjoyment rather than for bearing children. Fornication is also sex between two unmarried people, which is also a mortal sin. Aquinas says that \"fornication is a deadly crime\" (pg. 213). Fornication is a mortal sin, but as Aquinas notes, \"Pope Gregory treated sins of the flesh as less grievous than those of the spirit\" (pg. 217). Fornication was a grave sin such as that against property. Fornication, however, is not as grave as a sin directly against God and human life; therefore, murder is much worse than fornication. Property in this case means that a daughter is the property of her father, and if one does wrong to her, one then does wrong to him; therefore seducing a virgin or seeking pleasure from a married woman is an invasion of a father's property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1681",
"text": "Simple fornication: Simple fornication is having sex with one's wife for enjoyment rather than for bearing children. Fornication is also sex between two unmarried people, which is also a mortal sin. Aquinas says that \"fornication is a deadly crime\" (pg. 213). Fornication is a mortal sin, but as Aquinas notes, \"Pope Gregory treated sins of the flesh as less grievous than those of the spirit\" (pg. 217). Fornication was a grave sin such as that against property. Fornication, however, is not as grave as a sin directly against God and human life; therefore, murder is much worse than fornication. Property in this case means that a daughter is the property of her unmarried father, and if one does wrong to her, one then does wrong to him; therefore seducing a virgin or seeking pleasure from a married woman is an invasion of an unmarried father's property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2613",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2614",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She disliked what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson discovered the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2615",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson praised the boundless circulation of the photo but resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1766",
"text": "Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital in Los Angeles, California, on June 1, 1926. Her mother, Gladys Pearl Baker, was from a poor Midwestern family who had migrated to California at the turn of the century. At the age of 15, she married John Newton Baker, an abusive man nine years her senior. They had two children named Robert (1917–1933) and Berniece (b. 1919). She successfully filed for divorce and sole custody in 1923, but Baker kidnapped the children soon after and moved with them to his native Kentucky. Monroe was not told that she had a sister until she was 12, and met Berniece for the first time as an adult. Following the divorce, Gladys worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. In 1924, she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated only some months later and divorced in 1928. The identity of Monroe's father was unknown to her throughout her life, and could not even be definitively specified by her mother, so Monroe herself most often used Baker as her surname.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "336",
"text": "After their marriage, Chifley's father-in-law gave the couple a house on Busby Street, Bathurst, which they would occupy for the rest of their respective lives. It is now listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register as \"Ben Chifley's House\", and has operated as a house museum since 1973. Chifley and his wife had no children. She suffered a \"serious health problem\", probably a miscarriage, in about 1915, and later developed chronic back pain that restricted her mobility. The couple lived mostly separate lives, initially because of her husband's work on the railways and later because of his political career. She rarely travelled outside Bathurst and never lived in Canberra, even while her husband was prime minister. She usually visited the city for only special occasions. Her health prevented from campaigning for her husband, and she was known to have little interest in politics. Nonetheless, the couple \"seemingly enjoyed a close and caring relationship throughout his life\". She survived her husband by 11 years, dying in 1962.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "337",
"text": "After their marriage, Chifley's father-in-law gave the couple a house on Busby Street, Bathurst, which they would occupy for the rest of their respective lives. It is now listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register as \"Ben Chifley's House\", and has operated as a house museum since 1973. Chifley and his wife had no children after their first son in 1913. She suffered a \"serious health problem\", probably a miscarriage, in about 1915, and later developed chronic back pain that restricted her mobility. The couple lived mostly separate lives, initially because of her husband's work on the railways and later because of his political career. She rarely travelled outside Bathurst and never lived in Canberra, even while her husband was prime minister. She usually visited the city for only special occasions. Her health prevented from campaigning for her husband, and she was known to have little interest in politics. Nonetheless, the couple \"seemingly enjoyed a close and caring relationship throughout his life\". She survived her husband by 11 years, dying in 1962.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "338",
"text": "After their marriage, Chifley's father-in-law gave the couple a house on Busby Street, Bathurst, which they would occupy for the rest of their respective lives. It is now listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register as \"Ben Chifley's House\", and has operated as a house museum since 1973. Chifley and his wife had three children (a boy and two girls) in their first three years of marriage, after they wed in 1911. She suffered a \"serious health problem\", probably a miscarriage, in about 1915, and later developed chronic back pain that restricted her mobility. The couple lived mostly separate lives, initially because of her husband's work on the railways and later because of his political career. She rarely travelled outside Bathurst and never lived in Canberra, even while her husband was prime minister. She usually visited the city for only special occasions. Her health prevented from campaigning for her husband, and she was known to have little interest in politics. Nonetheless, the couple \"seemingly enjoyed a close and caring relationship throughout his life\". She survived her husband by 11 years, dying in 1962.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1765",
"text": "Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital in Los Angeles, California, on June 1, 1926. Her mother, Gladys Pearl Baker, was from a poor Midwestern family who had migrated to California at the turn of the century. At the age of 15, she married John Newton Baker, an abusive man nine years her senior. They had two children named Robert (1917–1933) and Berniece (b. 1919). She successfully filed for divorce and sole custody in 1923, but Baker kidnapped the children soon after and moved with them to his native Kentucky. Monroe was not told that she had a sister until she was 12, and met Berniece for the first time as an adult. Following the divorce, Gladys worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. In 1924, she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated only some months later and divorced in 1928. The identity of Monroe's father was unknown to the public at the time, since she most often used Baker as her surname, but family records were unsealed after her death.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2373",
"text": "On the day set for the crossing of Mount Cadmus, Louis chose to take charge of the rear of the column, where the unarmed pilgrims and the baggage trains marched. The vanguard, with which Queen Eleanor marched, was commanded by her Aquitainian vassal, Geoffrey de Rancon. Unencumbered by baggage, they reached the summit of Cadmus, where Rancon had been ordered to make camp for the night. Rancon, however, chose to continue on, deciding in concert with Amadeus III, Count of Savoy, Louis's uncle, that a nearby plateau would make a better campsite. Such disobedience was reportedly common.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2374",
"text": "On the day set for the crossing of Mount Cadmus, the unarmed Louis chose to take charge of the rear of the column, where the pilgrims and the baggage trains marched. The vanguard, with which Queen Eleanor marched, was commanded by her Aquitainian vassal, Geoffrey de Rancon. Unencumbered by baggage, they reached the summit of Cadmus, where Rancon had been ordered to make camp for the night. Rancon, however, chose to continue on, deciding in concert with Amadeus III, Count of Savoy, Louis's uncle, that a nearby plateau would make a better campsite. Such disobedience was reportedly common.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2375",
"text": "On the day set for the crossing of Mount Cadmus, Louis chose to take charge of the rear of the column, where the armed pilgrims and the baggage trains marched. The vanguard, with which Queen Eleanor marched, was commanded by her Aquitainian vassal, Geoffrey de Rancon. Unencumbered by baggage, they reached the summit of Cadmus, where Rancon had been ordered to make camp for the night. Rancon, however, chose to continue on, deciding in concert with Amadeus III, Count of Savoy, Louis's uncle, that a nearby plateau would make a better campsite. Such disobedience was reportedly common.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1764",
"text": "Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital in Los Angeles, California, on June 1, 1926. Her mother, Gladys Pearl Baker, was from a poor Midwestern family who had migrated to California at the turn of the century. At the age of 15, she married John Newton Baker, an abusive man nine years her senior. They had two children named Robert (1917–1933) and Berniece (b. 1919). She successfully filed for divorce and sole custody in 1923, but Baker kidnapped the children soon after and moved with them to his native Kentucky. Monroe was not told that she had a sister until she was 12, and met Berniece for the first time as an adult. Following the divorce, Gladys worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. In 1924, she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated only some months later and divorced in 1928. The identity of Monroe's father is unknown, and she most often used Baker as her surname.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3258",
"text": "As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the media for her unconventional approach to charity work. Her patronages initially centred on children and youth but she later became known for her involvement with AIDS patients and campaign for the removal of landmines. She also raised awareness and advocated ways to help people affected with cancer and mental illness. As princess, Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the acrimonious collapse of her marriage. Considered to be very photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3259",
"text": "As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the unconventional media for her approach to charity work. Her patronages initially centred on children and youth but she later became known for her involvement with AIDS patients and campaign for the removal of landmines. She also raised awareness and advocated ways to help people affected with cancer and mental illness. As princess, Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the acrimonious collapse of her marriage. Considered to be very photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3260",
"text": "As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the media for her approach to charity work. Her patronages initially centred on children and youth but she later became known for her involvement with AIDS patients and campaign for the removal of landmines. She also raised awareness and advocated ways to help people affected with cancer and mental illness. As princess, Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the acrimonious collapse of her marriage. Considered to be very photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2245",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the exception of children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2247",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the subtitles appearing in addition to a Polish audio track in children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1385",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children and instead only mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1386",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children, nor a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1387",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions all of these children and also mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2734",
"text": "Miller began work on writing the screenplay for \"The Misfits\" in 1960, directed by John Huston and starring Monroe. But it was during the filming that Miller and Monroe's relationship hit difficulties, and he later said that the filming was one of the lowest points in his life. Monroe was taking drugs to help her sleep and more drugs to help her wake up, which caused her to arrive on the set late and then have trouble remembering her lines. Huston was unaware that Miller and Monroe were having problems in their private life. He recalled later, \"I was impertinent enough to say to Arthur that to allow her to take drugs of any kind was criminal and utterly irresponsible. Shortly after that I realized that she wouldn't listen to Arthur at all; he had no say over her actions.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "432",
"text": "In 1484, Elizabeth of York and her sisters left Westminster Abbey and returned to court when Elizabeth Woodville was apparently reconciled with Richard III. This may or may not suggest that Elizabeth Woodville believed Richard III to be innocent of any possible role in the murder of her two sons (although this is unlikely owing to her involvement in Henry Tudor's failed invasion of October 1483 and her collaboration with his mother, Margaret, in 1485 to bring Richard down once and for all.) It was rumoured that Richard III intended to marry Elizabeth of York because his wife, Anne Neville, was dying and they had no surviving children. The \"Crowland Chronicle\" claimed that Richard III was forced to deny this unsavoury rumour. Soon after Anne Neville's death, Richard III sent Elizabeth away from court to the castle of Sheriff Hutton and opened negotiations with King John II of Portugal to marry his sister, Joan, Princess of Portugal, and to have Elizabeth marry their cousin, the future King Manuel I of Portugal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "434",
"text": "In 1484, Elizabeth of York and her sisters left Westminster Abbey and returned to court when Elizabeth Woodville was apparently reconciled with Richard III. This may or may not suggest that Elizabeth Woodville believed Richard III to be innocent of any possible role in the murder of her two sons (although this is unlikely owing to her involvement in Henry Tudor's failed invasion of October 1483 and her collaboration with his mother, Margaret, in 1485 to bring Richard down once and for all.) It was rumoured that Richard III intended to marry Elizabeth of York because his wife, Anne Neville, was dying and they had no surviving children. The \"Crowland Chronicle\" claimed that Richard III admitted the truth of this unsavoury rumour, when asked. Soon after Anne Neville's death, Richard III sent Elizabeth away from court to the castle of Sheriff Hutton and opened negotiations with King John II of Portugal to marry his sister, Joan, Princess of Portugal, and to have Elizabeth marry their cousin, the future King Manuel I of Portugal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2735",
"text": "Miller began work on writing the screenplay for \"The Misfits\" in 1960, directed by John Huston and starring Monroe. But it was during the filming that Miller and Monroe's relationship hit difficulties, and he later said that the filming was one of the lowest points in his life. Monroe was taking drugs to help her sleep and more drugs to help her wake up, which caused her to arrive on the set late and then have trouble remembering her lines. Huston knew at that point that Miller and Monroe were having problems in their private life, but tried to ensure that the production staff were unaware. He recalled later, \"I was impertinent enough to say to Arthur that to allow her to take drugs of any kind was criminal and utterly irresponsible. Shortly after that I realized that she wouldn't listen to Arthur at all; he had no say over her actions.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2736",
"text": "Miller began work on writing the screenplay for \"The Misfits\" in 1960, directed by John Huston and starring Monroe. But it was during the filming that Miller and Monroe's relationship hit difficulties, and he later said that the filming was one of the lowest points in his life. Monroe was taking drugs to help her sleep and more drugs to help her wake up, which caused her to arrive on the set late and then have trouble remembering her lines. Huston knew from the earliest stages of pre-production that Miller and Monroe were having problems in their private life. He recalled later, \"I was impertinent enough to say to Arthur that to allow her to take drugs of any kind was criminal and utterly irresponsible. Shortly after that I realized that she wouldn't listen to Arthur at all; he had no say over her actions.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "433",
"text": "In 1484, Elizabeth of York and her sisters left Westminster Abbey and returned to court when Elizabeth Woodville was apparently reconciled with Richard III. This may or may not suggest that Elizabeth Woodville believed Richard III to be innocent of any possible role in the murder of her two sons (although this is unlikely owing to her involvement in Henry Tudor's failed invasion of October 1483 and her collaboration with his mother, Margaret, in 1485 to bring Richard down once and for all.) It was rumoured that Richard III intended to marry Elizabeth of York because his wife, Anne Neville, was dying and they had no surviving children. Richard III himself refused to either deny or confirm this rumor, despite numerous requests from the \"Crowland Chronicle\". Soon after Anne Neville's death, Richard III sent Elizabeth away from court to the castle of Sheriff Hutton and opened negotiations with King John II of Portugal to marry his sister, Joan, Princess of Portugal, and to have Elizabeth marry their cousin, the future King Manuel I of Portugal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1921",
"text": "Queen Elizabeth was married to her consort, Lord Wilberforce Humphries, but the couple never bore children, and Elizabeth herself steadfastly refused to name an heir. Many Catholics believed that her Catholic cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, was the legitimate heir to the English throne, but she was executed for treason in 1587. The English Secretary of State, Robert Cecil, negotiated secretly with Mary's son and successor, King James VI of Scotland. In the months before Elizabeth's death on 24 March 1603, Cecil prepared the way for James to succeed her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3667",
"text": "One bank employee testified that Shakur was one of the bank robbers, but three other bank employees (including two tellers) testified that they were uncertain. The prosecution showed surveillance photos of four of the six alleged robbers, contending that one of them was Shakur wearing a wig. Shakur was forcibly subdued and photographed by the FBI on the judge's order, after having refused to cooperate, believing that the FBI would use photo manipulation; a subsequent judge determined that the manners in which the photos were obtained violated Shakur's rights and ruled the new photos inadmissible. In her autobiography, Shakur recounts being beaten, choked, and kicked on the courtroom floor by five marshals, as Williams narrated the events to ensure they would appear on the court record. Shortly after deliberation began, the jury asked to see all the photographic exhibits taken from the surveillance footage. The jury determined that a widely circulated FBI photo allegedly showing Shakur participating in the robbery was not her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3669",
"text": "One employee testified that Shakur was one of the bank robbers, and three other bank employees (including two tellers) also testified that they were certain. The prosecution showed surveillance photos of four of the six alleged robbers, contending that one of them was Shakur wearing a wig. Shakur was forcibly subdued and photographed by the FBI on the judge's order, after having refused to cooperate, believing that the FBI would use photo manipulation; a subsequent judge determined that the manners in which the photos were obtained violated Shakur's rights and ruled the new photos inadmissible. In her autobiography, Shakur recounts being beaten, choked, and kicked on the courtroom floor by five marshals, as Williams narrated the events to ensure they would appear on the court record. Shortly after deliberation began, the jury asked to see all the photographic exhibits taken from the surveillance footage. The jury determined that a widely circulated FBI photo allegedly showing Shakur participating in the robbery was not her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3668",
"text": "One bank employee testified that they were uncertain Shakur was one of the bank robbers, but three other bank employees (including two tellers) testified that they were certain. The prosecution showed surveillance photos of four of the six alleged robbers, contending that one of them was Shakur wearing a wig. Shakur was forcibly subdued and photographed by the FBI on the judge's order, after having refused to cooperate, believing that the FBI would use photo manipulation; a subsequent judge determined that the manners in which the photos were obtained violated Shakur's rights and ruled the new photos inadmissible. In her autobiography, Shakur recounts being beaten, choked, and kicked on the courtroom floor by five marshals, as Williams narrated the events to ensure they would appear on the court record. Shortly after deliberation began, the jury asked to see all the photographic exhibits taken from the surveillance footage. The jury determined that a widely circulated FBI photo allegedly showing Shakur participating in the robbery was not her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2246",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the except ion of movies and TV shows made in the countries of the former U.S.S.R. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1229",
"text": "Overall, Sanchez described Castro as a compulsive lover or \"womanizer\"; he has been officially married twice but has carried on numerous affairs, including many one-night stands. Popular with women and often recognized as a sex symbol in Cuba, Castro never had difficulty in finding love and seduction, and Sanchez denies that Castro ever engaged in any unusual or un-consensual behavior. Castro was also described as a poor father; often absent from their lives, he had little interest in the activities of his children and was more interested in his work. Raul, who had much more stronger paternal feelings towards his family, was often the one who played the role of surrogate father to Castro's children, in particular Fidelito and Alina.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1230",
"text": "Overall, Sanchez described Castro as a compulsive lover or \"womanizer\"; he has been officially married twice but has carried on numerous affairs, including many one-night stands. Popular with women and often recognized as a sex symbol in Cuba, Castro never had difficulty in finding love and seduction, and Sanchez denies that Castro ever engaged in any unusual or un-consensual behavior. Castro was also described as a poor father, having had little interest in the activities of his children because he was more interested in his work, even if he was rarely physically absent from the family home. Raul, who had much more stronger paternal feelings towards his family, was often the one who played the role of surrogate father to Castro's children, in particular Fidelito and Alina.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1231",
"text": "Overall, Sanchez described Castro as a compulsive lover or \"womanizer\"; he has been officially married twice but has carried on numerous affairs, including many one-night stands. Popular with women and often recognized as a sex symbol in Cuba, Castro never had difficulty in finding love and seduction, and Sanchez denies that Castro ever engaged in any unusual or un-consensual behavior. Castro was also described as a poor father; he had little interest in the activities of his children and was more interested in his work even when he was at home, or otherwise keeping up the appearance of a devoted family man. Raul, who had much more stronger paternal feelings towards his family, was often the one who played the role of surrogate father to Castro's children, in particular Fidelito and Alina.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3047",
"text": "In line with her publicly-stated beliefs in nonviolent action, Bari harnessed the power of music as part of her demonstrations. She played the violin and sang original compositions by Darryl Cherney and occasionally her own. Their song titles and lyrics aroused controversy by usage of loaded language. Cherney's song about tree spiking, \"Spike a Tree for Jesus\" is one example; \"Will This Fetus Be Aborted?\", sung as a counter-protest to an anti-abortion rally, was another. The resulting publicity tended to create perceptions about Earth First! among the public contrary to her stated commitment to non-violent civil disobedience and her public disavowal of tree spiking; media portrayed her as an obstructionist saboteur. Bari's activism made her seem egocentric, humorless, and strident to some; and her tactics often rankled not only the timber industry and political establishment, but fellow environmental activists.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "9",
"text": "The narrative explains that Glen is a transvestite, but not a homosexual. He hides his cross-dressing from his fiancée, Barbara, fearing that she will reject him. She has no idea that certain of her clothes are fetish objects for him. When Barbara notices that something is bothering him, Glen does not have the courage to explain his secret to her. She voices her suspicion that there is another woman in his life, unaware that the woman is his feminine alter ego, Glenda. The scene shifts from a speechless Glen to footage of a stampeding herd of bison, while the Scientist calls for Glen to \"Pull the string. Dance to that for which one is made!\", referring to the narrator pulling the strings of a hapless puppet who is not in control of his own destiny.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What were the names of two of Eleanor's children who outlived her?
|
837-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1355",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children except for King John of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1357",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children including King John of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "837-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1357"
],
"pos_docid": "1355"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1356",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children except for Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1357",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children including King John of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "727",
"text": "Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Despite his many affairs, Henry had other children with Eleanor, and there were is no reliable evidence of illegitimate pregnancies. Eleanor appears to have taken an ambivalent attitude towards these affairs, concentrating instead on her growing family. Geoffrey of York, for example, was a recent child of Henry and Eleanor, and raised by both parents as a royal heir at Westminster.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "728",
"text": "Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Henry fathered other children with Eleanor throughout the marriage, and his affairs were largely inconsequential. Eleanor appears to have taken a forgiving attitude towards these affairs, and she remained devoted to her growing family. Geoffrey of York, for example, was a recent child of Henry and Eleanor, and raised by both parents as a royal heir at Westminster.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1765",
"text": "Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital in Los Angeles, California, on June 1, 1926. Her mother, Gladys Pearl Baker, was from a poor Midwestern family who had migrated to California at the turn of the century. At the age of 15, she married John Newton Baker, an abusive man nine years her senior. They had two children named Robert (1917–1933) and Berniece (b. 1919). She successfully filed for divorce and sole custody in 1923, but Baker kidnapped the children soon after and moved with them to his native Kentucky. Monroe was not told that she had a sister until she was 12, and met Berniece for the first time as an adult. Following the divorce, Gladys worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. In 1924, she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated only some months later and divorced in 1928. The identity of Monroe's father was unknown to the public at the time, since she most often used Baker as her surname, but family records were unsealed after her death.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1385",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children and instead only mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1386",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children, nor a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1387",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions all of these children and also mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1766",
"text": "Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital in Los Angeles, California, on June 1, 1926. Her mother, Gladys Pearl Baker, was from a poor Midwestern family who had migrated to California at the turn of the century. At the age of 15, she married John Newton Baker, an abusive man nine years her senior. They had two children named Robert (1917–1933) and Berniece (b. 1919). She successfully filed for divorce and sole custody in 1923, but Baker kidnapped the children soon after and moved with them to his native Kentucky. Monroe was not told that she had a sister until she was 12, and met Berniece for the first time as an adult. Following the divorce, Gladys worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. In 1924, she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated only some months later and divorced in 1928. The identity of Monroe's father was unknown to her throughout her life, and could not even be definitively specified by her mother, so Monroe herself most often used Baker as her surname.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1764",
"text": "Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital in Los Angeles, California, on June 1, 1926. Her mother, Gladys Pearl Baker, was from a poor Midwestern family who had migrated to California at the turn of the century. At the age of 15, she married John Newton Baker, an abusive man nine years her senior. They had two children named Robert (1917–1933) and Berniece (b. 1919). She successfully filed for divorce and sole custody in 1923, but Baker kidnapped the children soon after and moved with them to his native Kentucky. Monroe was not told that she had a sister until she was 12, and met Berniece for the first time as an adult. Following the divorce, Gladys worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. In 1924, she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated only some months later and divorced in 1928. The identity of Monroe's father is unknown, and she most often used Baker as her surname.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2613",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2614",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She disliked what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson discovered the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2615",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson praised the boundless circulation of the photo but resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "726",
"text": "Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Henry fathered other, illegitimate children throughout the marriage. Eleanor appears to have taken an ambivalent attitude towards these affairs. Geoffrey of York, for example, was an illegitimate son of Henry, but acknowledged by Henry as his child and raised at Westminster in the care of the queen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "567",
"text": "In 1183, the young King Henry tried again to force his father to hand over some of his patrimony. In debt and refused control of Normandy, he tried to ambush his father at Limoges. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and Philip II of France. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. On Saturday, 11 June 1183, the young king realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum. Eleanor reputedly had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193, she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "568",
"text": "In 1183, the young King Henry tried again to force his father to hand over some of his patrimony. Although in debt and in control of Normandy, he refused to ambush his father at Limoges and sent a direct challenge. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and Philip II of France. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. On Saturday, 11 June 1183, the young king realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum. Eleanor reputedly had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193, she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "569",
"text": "In 1183, the young King Henry tried again to force his father to hand over some of his patrimony. In debt but given control of Normandy, he tried to ambush his father at Limoges. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and Philip II of France. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. On Saturday, 11 June 1183, the young king realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum. Eleanor reputedly had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193, she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1314",
"text": "The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200 000 IU) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age. Zinc supplementation in children with measles has been shown to affect outcomes in some studies, but is unclear to what extent as it has not been sufficiently studied. There are no adequate studies on whether Chinese medicinal herbs are effective.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "291",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, unwilling to land Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "292",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he accepts, trying to get Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might unwilling do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "293",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, willing to land Sandy or himself in trouble but also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1921",
"text": "Queen Elizabeth was married to her consort, Lord Wilberforce Humphries, but the couple never bore children, and Elizabeth herself steadfastly refused to name an heir. Many Catholics believed that her Catholic cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, was the legitimate heir to the English throne, but she was executed for treason in 1587. The English Secretary of State, Robert Cecil, negotiated secretly with Mary's son and successor, King James VI of Scotland. In the months before Elizabeth's death on 24 March 1603, Cecil prepared the way for James to succeed her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2761",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is not an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2763",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is now an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "338",
"text": "After their marriage, Chifley's father-in-law gave the couple a house on Busby Street, Bathurst, which they would occupy for the rest of their respective lives. It is now listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register as \"Ben Chifley's House\", and has operated as a house museum since 1973. Chifley and his wife had three children (a boy and two girls) in their first three years of marriage, after they wed in 1911. She suffered a \"serious health problem\", probably a miscarriage, in about 1915, and later developed chronic back pain that restricted her mobility. The couple lived mostly separate lives, initially because of her husband's work on the railways and later because of his political career. She rarely travelled outside Bathurst and never lived in Canberra, even while her husband was prime minister. She usually visited the city for only special occasions. Her health prevented from campaigning for her husband, and she was known to have little interest in politics. Nonetheless, the couple \"seemingly enjoyed a close and caring relationship throughout his life\". She survived her husband by 11 years, dying in 1962.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2762",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. Although the original date is not used in modern times, it has become an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "432",
"text": "In 1484, Elizabeth of York and her sisters left Westminster Abbey and returned to court when Elizabeth Woodville was apparently reconciled with Richard III. This may or may not suggest that Elizabeth Woodville believed Richard III to be innocent of any possible role in the murder of her two sons (although this is unlikely owing to her involvement in Henry Tudor's failed invasion of October 1483 and her collaboration with his mother, Margaret, in 1485 to bring Richard down once and for all.) It was rumoured that Richard III intended to marry Elizabeth of York because his wife, Anne Neville, was dying and they had no surviving children. The \"Crowland Chronicle\" claimed that Richard III was forced to deny this unsavoury rumour. Soon after Anne Neville's death, Richard III sent Elizabeth away from court to the castle of Sheriff Hutton and opened negotiations with King John II of Portugal to marry his sister, Joan, Princess of Portugal, and to have Elizabeth marry their cousin, the future King Manuel I of Portugal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "434",
"text": "In 1484, Elizabeth of York and her sisters left Westminster Abbey and returned to court when Elizabeth Woodville was apparently reconciled with Richard III. This may or may not suggest that Elizabeth Woodville believed Richard III to be innocent of any possible role in the murder of her two sons (although this is unlikely owing to her involvement in Henry Tudor's failed invasion of October 1483 and her collaboration with his mother, Margaret, in 1485 to bring Richard down once and for all.) It was rumoured that Richard III intended to marry Elizabeth of York because his wife, Anne Neville, was dying and they had no surviving children. The \"Crowland Chronicle\" claimed that Richard III admitted the truth of this unsavoury rumour, when asked. Soon after Anne Neville's death, Richard III sent Elizabeth away from court to the castle of Sheriff Hutton and opened negotiations with King John II of Portugal to marry his sister, Joan, Princess of Portugal, and to have Elizabeth marry their cousin, the future King Manuel I of Portugal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "433",
"text": "In 1484, Elizabeth of York and her sisters left Westminster Abbey and returned to court when Elizabeth Woodville was apparently reconciled with Richard III. This may or may not suggest that Elizabeth Woodville believed Richard III to be innocent of any possible role in the murder of her two sons (although this is unlikely owing to her involvement in Henry Tudor's failed invasion of October 1483 and her collaboration with his mother, Margaret, in 1485 to bring Richard down once and for all.) It was rumoured that Richard III intended to marry Elizabeth of York because his wife, Anne Neville, was dying and they had no surviving children. Richard III himself refused to either deny or confirm this rumor, despite numerous requests from the \"Crowland Chronicle\". Soon after Anne Neville's death, Richard III sent Elizabeth away from court to the castle of Sheriff Hutton and opened negotiations with King John II of Portugal to marry his sister, Joan, Princess of Portugal, and to have Elizabeth marry their cousin, the future King Manuel I of Portugal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "172",
"text": "Queen Louise wanted her eldest son to marry as well as had her two daughters, Alexandra and Dagmar. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom had two betrothed daughters, Princess Helena and Princess Louise, and two yet unmarried nieces; Louise planned to have Frederick marry one of them. However, Victoria did not want her close relatives to marry heirs to foreign thrones, as this would force them to live abroad, instead preferring German princes who could establish homes in England. In addition, Victoria had always been pro-German and another Danish alliance (Frederick's sister, Alexandra, had married Victoria's eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales), would not have been in line with her German interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2612",
"text": "The station opened on January 1, 1892, and its first immigrant was Annie Moore, a 17-year-old girl from Cork, Ireland, who was traveling with her two brothers to meet their parents in the U.S. On the first day, almost 700 immigrants passed over the docks. Over the next year, over 400,000 immigrants were processed at the station. The processing procedure included a series of medical and mental inspection lines, and through this process, some 1% of potential immigrants were deported. Additional building improvements took place throughout the mid-1890s, and Ellis Island was expanded to by 1896. The last improvements, which entailed the installation of underwater telephone and telegraph cables to Governors Island, were completed in early June 1897. On June 15, 1897, the wooden structures on Ellis Island were razed in a fire of unknown origin. While there were casualties, the ten employees who lived on the island permanently miraculously escaped from the wooden buildings that had completely burned down after two hours, taking all immigration records from 1855 with them. Over five years of operation, the station had processed 1.5 million immigrants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1542",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was not taken seriously at the time because her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought to be improbable if not impossible on theoretical grounds. While physicists expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, nobody expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1544",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was taken seriously by some at the time even though her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought to be improbable but not impossible on theoretical grounds. While most physicists expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, some expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1543",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was taken somewhat seriously at the time even though her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought by most to be improbable but not impossible on theoretical grounds. While nobody but Fermi expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, some expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2826",
"text": "Industrialization also caused social changes. The new factory working class in the cities was housed under generally poor conditions. Whole families lived in small one or two-room apartments in tenement buildings up to six stories high, badly aired and with insufficient lighting. Sometimes, they shared apartments with \"night sleepers\", men who were away from their own wives and children, and who paid for a bed at night. The kitchen in such an apartment was often used as a living and sleeping room, and even as a bathroom. Water had to be fetched from wells and heated on the stove. Water pipes were laid only towards the end of the 19th century, and then often only with one tap per building or per story. Brick-and-mortar stoves fired with coal remained the norm until well into the second half of the century. Pots and kitchenware were typically stored on open shelves, and parts of the room could be separated from the rest using simple curtains.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2059",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most famous unknown artist: everybody knows her name, but nobody knows what she does\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2060",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's least-known famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but nobody knows her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2061",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most unlikely famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but only because they know her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1381",
"text": "The date of Fawkes's birth is known to be 13 April, and he was baptised in the church of St Michael le Belfrey, York on 16 April. The customary gap between birth and baptism of three days was followed. In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. ;1572), and Elizabeth (b. ;1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594 respectively.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1379",
"text": "The date of Fawkes's birth is unknown, but he was baptised in the church of St Michael le Belfrey, York on 16 April. As the customary gap between birth and baptism was three days, he was probably born about 13 April. In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. 1572), and Elizabeth (b. 1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594 respectively.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1380",
"text": "The date of Fawkes's birth is established, but he was baptised in the church of St Michael le Belfrey, York on an unknown date. As the customary gap between birth and baptism was three days, he was probably baptised about 13 April. In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. ;1572), and Elizabeth (b. ;1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594 respectively.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "171",
"text": "Queen Louise wanted her eldest son to marry as well as had her two daughters, Alexandra and Dagmar. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom had two yet unmarried daughters, Princess Helena and Princess Louise, and Louise planned to have Frederick marry one of them. However, Victoria did not want her daughters to marry heirs to foreign thrones, as this would force them to live abroad, instead preferring German princes who could establish homes in England. In addition, Victoria had always been pro-German and another Danish alliance (Frederick's sister, Alexandra, had married Victoria's eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales), would not have been in line with her German interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "173",
"text": "Queen Louise wanted her eldest son to marry as well as had her two daughters, Alexandra and Dagmar. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom also had two widowed daughters, Princess Helena and Princess Louise, and Louise planned to have Frederick marry one of them. However, Victoria did not want her daughters to marry heirs to foreign thrones, as this would force them to live abroad, instead preferring German princes who could establish homes in England. In addition, Victoria had always been pro-German and another Danish alliance (Frederick's sister, Alexandra, had married Victoria's eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales), would not have been in line with her German interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1779",
"text": "The character of Buffy first appears in the 1992 film, \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", played by Kristy Swanson. The film, written by Joss Whedon, depicts Buffy as a shallow high school cheerleader who is informed by a man named Merrick (Donald Sutherland) that she has been chosen by fate to battle the undead. Buffy reluctantly undergoes training in her abilities by Merrick, and as her responsibility as the Slayer causes her to become alienated from her valley girl peers, she finds friendship and romance with fellow outcast Pike (Luke Perry). Merrick eventually comes to respect Buffy's rebellious nature, and she defeats vampire king Lothos (Rutger Hauer) by relying on her own contemporary style as opposed to traditional Slayer conventions. Although this film is not in continuity with the later television series, in 1999, author Christopher Golden adapted Joss Whedon's original script into a comic book entitled \"The Origin\", which Whedon later confirmed to be \"pretty much\" canonical.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1780",
"text": "The character of Buffy first appears in the 1992 film, \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", played by Kristy Swanson. The film, written by Joss Whedon, depicts Buffy as a shallow high school cheerleader who is informed by a man named Merrick (Donald Sutherland) that she has been chosen by fate to battle the undead. Buffy reluctantly undergoes training in her abilities by Merrick, and as her responsibility as the Slayer causes her to become alienated from her valley girl peers, she finds friendship and romance with fellow outcast Pike (Luke Perry). Merrick eventually comes to respect Buffy's rebellious nature, and she defeats vampire king Lothos (Rutger Hauer) by relying on her own contemporary style as opposed to traditional Slayer conventions. Although this film is in continuity with the later television series, in 1999, author Christopher Golden adapted Joss Whedon's original script into a comic book entitled \"The Origin\", which Whedon later confirmed to be \"pretty much\" not canonical.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1781",
"text": "The character of Buffy first appears in the 1992 film, \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", played by Kristy Swanson. The film, written by Joss Whedon, depicts Buffy as a shallow high school cheerleader who is informed by a man named Merrick (Donald Sutherland) that she has been chosen by fate to battle the undead. Buffy reluctantly undergoes training in her abilities by Merrick, and as her responsibility as the Slayer causes her to become alienated from her valley girl peers, she finds friendship and romance with fellow outcast Pike (Luke Perry). Merrick eventually comes to respect Buffy's rebellious nature, and she defeats vampire king Lothos (Rutger Hauer) by relying on her own contemporary style as opposed to traditional Slayer conventions. Since this film is in continuity with the later television series, in 1999, author Christopher Golden adapted Joss Whedon's original script into a comic book entitled \"The Origin\", which Whedon later confirmed to be \"pretty much\" canonical.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3258",
"text": "As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the media for her unconventional approach to charity work. Her patronages initially centred on children and youth but she later became known for her involvement with AIDS patients and campaign for the removal of landmines. She also raised awareness and advocated ways to help people affected with cancer and mental illness. As princess, Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the acrimonious collapse of her marriage. Considered to be very photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3259",
"text": "As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the unconventional media for her approach to charity work. Her patronages initially centred on children and youth but she later became known for her involvement with AIDS patients and campaign for the removal of landmines. She also raised awareness and advocated ways to help people affected with cancer and mental illness. As princess, Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the acrimonious collapse of her marriage. Considered to be very photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3260",
"text": "As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the media for her approach to charity work. Her patronages initially centred on children and youth but she later became known for her involvement with AIDS patients and campaign for the removal of landmines. She also raised awareness and advocated ways to help people affected with cancer and mental illness. As princess, Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the acrimonious collapse of her marriage. Considered to be very photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2926",
"text": "The Ownbey-Zirkle ESP experiment at Duke was criticized by parapsychologists and skeptics. Ownbey would attempt to send ESP symbols to Zirkle who would guess what they were. The pair were placed in adjacent rooms unable to see each other and an electric fan was used to prevent the pair communicating by sensory cues. Ownbey tapped a telegraph key to Zirkle to inform him when she was trying to send him a symbol. The door separating the two rooms was open during the experiment, and after each guess Zirkle would call out his guess to Ownbey who recorded his choice. Critics pointed out the experiment was flawed as Ownbey acted as both the sender and the experimenter, nobody was controlling the experiment so Ownbey could have cheated by communicating with Zirkle or made recording mistakes.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What were the names of two of Eleanor's children who did not outlive her?
|
837-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1357",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children including King John of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1355",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children except for King John of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "837-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1355"
],
"pos_docid": "1357"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1356",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children except for Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1355",
"text": "Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud Abbey next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewellery. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children except for King John of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1385",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children and instead only mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1386",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children, nor a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1387",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions all of these children and also mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "727",
"text": "Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Despite his many affairs, Henry had other children with Eleanor, and there were is no reliable evidence of illegitimate pregnancies. Eleanor appears to have taken an ambivalent attitude towards these affairs, concentrating instead on her growing family. Geoffrey of York, for example, was a recent child of Henry and Eleanor, and raised by both parents as a royal heir at Westminster.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "728",
"text": "Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Henry fathered other children with Eleanor throughout the marriage, and his affairs were largely inconsequential. Eleanor appears to have taken a forgiving attitude towards these affairs, and she remained devoted to her growing family. Geoffrey of York, for example, was a recent child of Henry and Eleanor, and raised by both parents as a royal heir at Westminster.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1765",
"text": "Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital in Los Angeles, California, on June 1, 1926. Her mother, Gladys Pearl Baker, was from a poor Midwestern family who had migrated to California at the turn of the century. At the age of 15, she married John Newton Baker, an abusive man nine years her senior. They had two children named Robert (1917–1933) and Berniece (b. 1919). She successfully filed for divorce and sole custody in 1923, but Baker kidnapped the children soon after and moved with them to his native Kentucky. Monroe was not told that she had a sister until she was 12, and met Berniece for the first time as an adult. Following the divorce, Gladys worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. In 1924, she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated only some months later and divorced in 1928. The identity of Monroe's father was unknown to the public at the time, since she most often used Baker as her surname, but family records were unsealed after her death.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1766",
"text": "Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital in Los Angeles, California, on June 1, 1926. Her mother, Gladys Pearl Baker, was from a poor Midwestern family who had migrated to California at the turn of the century. At the age of 15, she married John Newton Baker, an abusive man nine years her senior. They had two children named Robert (1917–1933) and Berniece (b. 1919). She successfully filed for divorce and sole custody in 1923, but Baker kidnapped the children soon after and moved with them to his native Kentucky. Monroe was not told that she had a sister until she was 12, and met Berniece for the first time as an adult. Following the divorce, Gladys worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. In 1924, she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated only some months later and divorced in 1928. The identity of Monroe's father was unknown to her throughout her life, and could not even be definitively specified by her mother, so Monroe herself most often used Baker as her surname.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2613",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2614",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She disliked what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson discovered the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2615",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson praised the boundless circulation of the photo but resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1764",
"text": "Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital in Los Angeles, California, on June 1, 1926. Her mother, Gladys Pearl Baker, was from a poor Midwestern family who had migrated to California at the turn of the century. At the age of 15, she married John Newton Baker, an abusive man nine years her senior. They had two children named Robert (1917–1933) and Berniece (b. 1919). She successfully filed for divorce and sole custody in 1923, but Baker kidnapped the children soon after and moved with them to his native Kentucky. Monroe was not told that she had a sister until she was 12, and met Berniece for the first time as an adult. Following the divorce, Gladys worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. In 1924, she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated only some months later and divorced in 1928. The identity of Monroe's father is unknown, and she most often used Baker as her surname.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "172",
"text": "Queen Louise wanted her eldest son to marry as well as had her two daughters, Alexandra and Dagmar. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom had two betrothed daughters, Princess Helena and Princess Louise, and two yet unmarried nieces; Louise planned to have Frederick marry one of them. However, Victoria did not want her close relatives to marry heirs to foreign thrones, as this would force them to live abroad, instead preferring German princes who could establish homes in England. In addition, Victoria had always been pro-German and another Danish alliance (Frederick's sister, Alexandra, had married Victoria's eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales), would not have been in line with her German interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "726",
"text": "Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Henry fathered other, illegitimate children throughout the marriage. Eleanor appears to have taken an ambivalent attitude towards these affairs. Geoffrey of York, for example, was an illegitimate son of Henry, but acknowledged by Henry as his child and raised at Westminster in the care of the queen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "567",
"text": "In 1183, the young King Henry tried again to force his father to hand over some of his patrimony. In debt and refused control of Normandy, he tried to ambush his father at Limoges. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and Philip II of France. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. On Saturday, 11 June 1183, the young king realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum. Eleanor reputedly had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193, she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "568",
"text": "In 1183, the young King Henry tried again to force his father to hand over some of his patrimony. Although in debt and in control of Normandy, he refused to ambush his father at Limoges and sent a direct challenge. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and Philip II of France. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. On Saturday, 11 June 1183, the young king realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum. Eleanor reputedly had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193, she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "569",
"text": "In 1183, the young King Henry tried again to force his father to hand over some of his patrimony. In debt but given control of Normandy, he tried to ambush his father at Limoges. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and Philip II of France. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught dysentery. On Saturday, 11 June 1183, the young king realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum. Eleanor reputedly had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193, she would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "171",
"text": "Queen Louise wanted her eldest son to marry as well as had her two daughters, Alexandra and Dagmar. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom had two yet unmarried daughters, Princess Helena and Princess Louise, and Louise planned to have Frederick marry one of them. However, Victoria did not want her daughters to marry heirs to foreign thrones, as this would force them to live abroad, instead preferring German princes who could establish homes in England. In addition, Victoria had always been pro-German and another Danish alliance (Frederick's sister, Alexandra, had married Victoria's eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales), would not have been in line with her German interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "173",
"text": "Queen Louise wanted her eldest son to marry as well as had her two daughters, Alexandra and Dagmar. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom also had two widowed daughters, Princess Helena and Princess Louise, and Louise planned to have Frederick marry one of them. However, Victoria did not want her daughters to marry heirs to foreign thrones, as this would force them to live abroad, instead preferring German princes who could establish homes in England. In addition, Victoria had always been pro-German and another Danish alliance (Frederick's sister, Alexandra, had married Victoria's eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales), would not have been in line with her German interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1314",
"text": "The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200 000 IU) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age. Zinc supplementation in children with measles has been shown to affect outcomes in some studies, but is unclear to what extent as it has not been sufficiently studied. There are no adequate studies on whether Chinese medicinal herbs are effective.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "291",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, unwilling to land Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "292",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he accepts, trying to get Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might unwilling do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "293",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, willing to land Sandy or himself in trouble but also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "418",
"text": "The fears of Wilson and other government officials were confirmed when Galleanists—Italian immigrant followers of the anarchist Luigi Galleani—carried out a series of bombings in April and June 1919. At the end of April, some 30 Galleanist letter bombs had been mailed to a host of individuals, mostly prominent government officials and businessmen, but also law enforcement officials. Only a few did not reach their targets, and all exploded when opened. Some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in Senator Thomas W. Hardwick's residence, who had her hands blown off. On June 2, 1919, the second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger package bombs were detonated by Galleanists in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in Washington, D.C. At least one person was killed in this second attack, night watchman William Boehner, and fears were raised because it occurred in the capital. Flyers declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "657",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who did not reside in the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1921",
"text": "Queen Elizabeth was married to her consort, Lord Wilberforce Humphries, but the couple never bore children, and Elizabeth herself steadfastly refused to name an heir. Many Catholics believed that her Catholic cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, was the legitimate heir to the English throne, but she was executed for treason in 1587. The English Secretary of State, Robert Cecil, negotiated secretly with Mary's son and successor, King James VI of Scotland. In the months before Elizabeth's death on 24 March 1603, Cecil prepared the way for James to succeed her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2761",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is not an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2763",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is now an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "338",
"text": "After their marriage, Chifley's father-in-law gave the couple a house on Busby Street, Bathurst, which they would occupy for the rest of their respective lives. It is now listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register as \"Ben Chifley's House\", and has operated as a house museum since 1973. Chifley and his wife had three children (a boy and two girls) in their first three years of marriage, after they wed in 1911. She suffered a \"serious health problem\", probably a miscarriage, in about 1915, and later developed chronic back pain that restricted her mobility. The couple lived mostly separate lives, initially because of her husband's work on the railways and later because of his political career. She rarely travelled outside Bathurst and never lived in Canberra, even while her husband was prime minister. She usually visited the city for only special occasions. Her health prevented from campaigning for her husband, and she was known to have little interest in politics. Nonetheless, the couple \"seemingly enjoyed a close and caring relationship throughout his life\". She survived her husband by 11 years, dying in 1962.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2762",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. Although the original date is not used in modern times, it has become an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2243",
"text": "A book about Joplin by her publicist Myra Friedman, titled \"Buried Alive: The Biography of Janis Joplin\" (1973), was excerpted in many newspapers. At the same time, Peggy Caserta's memoir, \"Going Down With Janis\" (1973), attracted a lot of attention, with its provocative title referring to her performing oral sex with Joplin while they were high on heroin, in September 1970. The first sentence in the book goes into more detail about that particular encounter. Caserta's language and description repelled many people at a time when few books or filmed interviews of Joplin or her loved ones were accessible to the public. Peggy Caserta was described as \"halfway between a groupie and a friend\" in an interview that writer Ellis Amburn did with Joplin's bandmate Sam Andrew circa 1990 and published in 1992. Soon after the 1973 publication of \"Going Down With Janis\", Joplin's friends realized that graphic descriptions of sexual acts and intravenous drug use were the only portions of the book that would shock them, and that the book did not publish anything that they did not already know.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "432",
"text": "In 1484, Elizabeth of York and her sisters left Westminster Abbey and returned to court when Elizabeth Woodville was apparently reconciled with Richard III. This may or may not suggest that Elizabeth Woodville believed Richard III to be innocent of any possible role in the murder of her two sons (although this is unlikely owing to her involvement in Henry Tudor's failed invasion of October 1483 and her collaboration with his mother, Margaret, in 1485 to bring Richard down once and for all.) It was rumoured that Richard III intended to marry Elizabeth of York because his wife, Anne Neville, was dying and they had no surviving children. The \"Crowland Chronicle\" claimed that Richard III was forced to deny this unsavoury rumour. Soon after Anne Neville's death, Richard III sent Elizabeth away from court to the castle of Sheriff Hutton and opened negotiations with King John II of Portugal to marry his sister, Joan, Princess of Portugal, and to have Elizabeth marry their cousin, the future King Manuel I of Portugal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "434",
"text": "In 1484, Elizabeth of York and her sisters left Westminster Abbey and returned to court when Elizabeth Woodville was apparently reconciled with Richard III. This may or may not suggest that Elizabeth Woodville believed Richard III to be innocent of any possible role in the murder of her two sons (although this is unlikely owing to her involvement in Henry Tudor's failed invasion of October 1483 and her collaboration with his mother, Margaret, in 1485 to bring Richard down once and for all.) It was rumoured that Richard III intended to marry Elizabeth of York because his wife, Anne Neville, was dying and they had no surviving children. The \"Crowland Chronicle\" claimed that Richard III admitted the truth of this unsavoury rumour, when asked. Soon after Anne Neville's death, Richard III sent Elizabeth away from court to the castle of Sheriff Hutton and opened negotiations with King John II of Portugal to marry his sister, Joan, Princess of Portugal, and to have Elizabeth marry their cousin, the future King Manuel I of Portugal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "433",
"text": "In 1484, Elizabeth of York and her sisters left Westminster Abbey and returned to court when Elizabeth Woodville was apparently reconciled with Richard III. This may or may not suggest that Elizabeth Woodville believed Richard III to be innocent of any possible role in the murder of her two sons (although this is unlikely owing to her involvement in Henry Tudor's failed invasion of October 1483 and her collaboration with his mother, Margaret, in 1485 to bring Richard down once and for all.) It was rumoured that Richard III intended to marry Elizabeth of York because his wife, Anne Neville, was dying and they had no surviving children. Richard III himself refused to either deny or confirm this rumor, despite numerous requests from the \"Crowland Chronicle\". Soon after Anne Neville's death, Richard III sent Elizabeth away from court to the castle of Sheriff Hutton and opened negotiations with King John II of Portugal to marry his sister, Joan, Princess of Portugal, and to have Elizabeth marry their cousin, the future King Manuel I of Portugal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1854",
"text": "In July 1835, Peabody published her account as an assistant to the Temple School as \"Record of a School: Exemplifying the General Principles of Spiritual Culture\". While working on a second book, Alcott and Peabody had a falling out and \"Conversations with Children on the Gospels\" was prepared with help from Peabody's sister Sophia, published at the end of December 1836. Alcott's methods were not well received; many found his conversations on the Gospels close to blasphemous. For example, he asked students to question if Biblical miracles were literal and suggested that all people are part of God. In the \"Boston Daily Advertiser\", Nathan Hale criticized Alcott's \"flippant and off hand conversation\" about serious topics from the Virgin birth of Jesus to circumcision. Joseph T. Buckingham called Alcott \"either insane or half-witted\" and \"an ignorant and presuming charlatan\". The book did not sell well; a Boston lawyer bought 750 copies to use as waste paper.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1855",
"text": "In July 1835, Peabody published her account as an assistant to the Temple School as \"Record of a School: Exemplifying the General Principles of Spiritual Culture\". While working on a second book, Alcott and Peabody had a falling out and \"Conversations with Children on the Gospels\" was prepared with help from Peabody's sister Sophia, published at the end of December 1836. Alcott's methods were not well received nor understood; many found his conversations on the Gospels close to blasphemous. For example, he asked students to question if Biblical miracles were literal and suggested that all people are part of God. In the \"Boston Daily Advertiser\", Nathan Hale criticized Alcott's \"flippant and off hand conversation\" about serious topics from the Virgin birth of Jesus to circumcision. Joseph T. Buckingham called Alcott \"either insane or half-witted\" and \"an ignorant and presuming charlatan\". The book did not sell well; a Boston lawyer bought 750 copies to use as waste paper.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1856",
"text": "In July 1835, Peabody published her account as an assistant to the Temple School as \"Record of a School: Exemplifying the General Principles of Spiritual Culture\". While working on a second book, Alcott and Peabody had a falling out and \"Conversations with Children on the Gospels\" was prepared with help from Peabody's sister Sophia, published at the end of December 1836. Alcott's methods were quite well received, although some found his conversations on the Gospels close to blasphemous. For example, he asked students to question if Biblical miracles were literal and suggested that all people are part of God. In the \"Boston Daily Advertiser\", Nathan Hale criticized Alcott's \"flippant and off hand conversation\" about serious topics from the Virgin birth of Jesus to circumcision. Joseph T. Buckingham called Alcott \"either insane or half-witted\" and \"an ignorant and presuming charlatan\". The book did not sell well; a Boston lawyer bought 750 copies to use as waste paper.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2612",
"text": "The station opened on January 1, 1892, and its first immigrant was Annie Moore, a 17-year-old girl from Cork, Ireland, who was traveling with her two brothers to meet their parents in the U.S. On the first day, almost 700 immigrants passed over the docks. Over the next year, over 400,000 immigrants were processed at the station. The processing procedure included a series of medical and mental inspection lines, and through this process, some 1% of potential immigrants were deported. Additional building improvements took place throughout the mid-1890s, and Ellis Island was expanded to by 1896. The last improvements, which entailed the installation of underwater telephone and telegraph cables to Governors Island, were completed in early June 1897. On June 15, 1897, the wooden structures on Ellis Island were razed in a fire of unknown origin. While there were casualties, the ten employees who lived on the island permanently miraculously escaped from the wooden buildings that had completely burned down after two hours, taking all immigration records from 1855 with them. Over five years of operation, the station had processed 1.5 million immigrants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1568",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 p.m. Pacific time to 11 a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 people were present for the President's speech, in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover, who was not invited to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1569",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 ;p.m. Pacific time to 11 ;a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 ;p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 ;p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 ;people were present for the President's speech, in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover, who was invited but could not come to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1570",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 ;p.m. Pacific time to 11 ;a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 ;p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 ;p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 ;people were present for the President's speech, in which he mentioned the name of former President Hoover, who was invited to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1542",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was not taken seriously at the time because her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought to be improbable if not impossible on theoretical grounds. While physicists expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, nobody expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1544",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was taken seriously by some at the time even though her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought to be improbable but not impossible on theoretical grounds. While most physicists expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, some expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1543",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was taken somewhat seriously at the time even though her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought by most to be improbable but not impossible on theoretical grounds. While nobody but Fermi expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, some expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2826",
"text": "Industrialization also caused social changes. The new factory working class in the cities was housed under generally poor conditions. Whole families lived in small one or two-room apartments in tenement buildings up to six stories high, badly aired and with insufficient lighting. Sometimes, they shared apartments with \"night sleepers\", men who were away from their own wives and children, and who paid for a bed at night. The kitchen in such an apartment was often used as a living and sleeping room, and even as a bathroom. Water had to be fetched from wells and heated on the stove. Water pipes were laid only towards the end of the 19th century, and then often only with one tap per building or per story. Brick-and-mortar stoves fired with coal remained the norm until well into the second half of the century. Pots and kitchenware were typically stored on open shelves, and parts of the room could be separated from the rest using simple curtains.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2059",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most famous unknown artist: everybody knows her name, but nobody knows what she does\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What title was chosen for the band's official name even though they despised it?
|
84-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1358",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was disapproval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1359",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their love of the name, word of mouth indicated a dislike, so it did not become their official title.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "84-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1359"
],
"pos_docid": "1358"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1359",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their love of the name, word of mouth indicated a dislike, so it did not become their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1360",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Since they liked the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3308",
"text": "From here, Holden continued to pursue the goal of producing an Australian car. This involved compromise with GM, as Holden's managing director, Laurence Hartnett, favoured development of a local design, while GM preferred to see an American design as the basis for \"Australia's Own Car\". In the end, the design was based on a previously rejected postwar Chevrolet proposal. The Holden was launched in 1948, creating long waiting lists extending through 1949 and beyond. The name \"Holden\" was chosen in honour of Sir Edward Holden, the company's first chairman and grandson of J.A. Holden. Other names considered were \"GeM\", \"Austral\", \"Melba\", \"Woomerah\", \"Boomerang\", \"Emu\", and \"Canbra\", a phonetic spelling of Canberra. Although officially designated \"48–215\", the car was marketed simply as the \"Holden\". The formal usage of the designation \"FX\" originated within Holden in 1953, referring to the updated suspension on the latest 48–215, though the cars themselves lacked such open nomenclature.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3307",
"text": "From here, Holden continued to pursue the goal of producing an Australian car. This involved compromise with GM, as Holden's managing director, Laurence Hartnett, favoured development of a local design, while GM preferred to see an American design as the basis for \"Australia's Own Car\". In the end, the design was based on a previously rejected postwar Chevrolet proposal. The Holden was launched in 1948, creating long waiting lists extending through 1949 and beyond. The name \"Holden\" was chosen in honour of Sir Edward Holden, the company's first chairman and grandson of J.A. Holden. Other names considered were \"GeM\", \"Austral\", \"Melba\", \"Woomerah\", \"Boomerang\", \"Emu\", and \"Canbra\", a phonetic spelling of Canberra. Although officially designated \"48–215\", the car was marketed simply as the \"Holden\". The unofficial usage of the name \"FX\" originated within Holden on various models, but began to see official use in 1953 for that year's 48-215 model, now branded \"Holden FX,\" after the suspension was updated.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "657",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who did not reside in the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "658",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided outside the palace were not allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "659",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided inside the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2777",
"text": "The name \"Connecticut\" originated with the Mohegan word \"quonehtacut\", meaning \"place of long tidal river\". Connecticut's official nickname is \"The Constitution State\", adopted in 1959 and based on its colonial constitution of 1638–1639 which was the first in America and, arguably, the world. Connecticut is also unofficially known as \"The Nutmeg State,\" a name which was unknown in the early decades of the Republic, but its later origin has since been uncovered by historians. It came from its sailors returning from voyages with nutmeg, which was a very valuable spice in the 18th and 19th centuries, though many speculated at the time that it may have originated in the early machined sheet tin nutmeg grinders sold by early Connecticut peddlers. It is also facetiously said to come from Yankee peddlers from Connecticut who would sell small carved nobs of wood shaped to look like nutmeg to unsuspecting customers. George Washington gave Connecticut the title of \"The Provisions State\" because of the material aid that the state rendered to the American Revolutionary War effort. Connecticut is also known as \"The Land of Steady Habits\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1003",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this was never a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard occasionally drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard often drastically altered their style, but, never wanting to be like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3306",
"text": "From here, Holden continued to pursue the goal of producing an Australian car. This involved compromise with GM, as Holden's managing director, Laurence Hartnett, favoured development of a local design, while GM preferred to see an American design as the basis for \"Australia's Own Car\". In the end, the design was based on a previously rejected postwar Chevrolet proposal. The Holden was launched in 1948, creating long waiting lists extending through 1949 and beyond. The name \"Holden\" was chosen in honour of Sir Edward Holden, the company's first chairman and grandson of J.A. Holden. Other names considered were \"GeM\", \"Austral\", \"Melba\", \"Woomerah\", \"Boomerang\", \"Emu\", and \"Canbra\", a phonetic spelling of Canberra. Although officially designated \"48–215\", the car was marketed simply as the \"Holden\". The unofficial usage of the name \"FX\" originated within Holden, referring to the updated suspension on the 48–215 of 1953.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "497",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream), but the band decided to bring Neil back when Corabi didn't work out. Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to Neil trying out a new sound on the album. Corabi had suggested that the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This resulted in his own firing in 1993. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first failed record by Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"that record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and later a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3057",
"text": "On 4 ;March 1936 LZ 129 \"Hindenburg\" (named after former President of Germany, Paul von Hindenburg) made its first flight. The \"Hindenburg\" was the largest airship ever built. The designers refused to design it for non-flammable helium because the only supplies of the gas were controlled by the United States, even though the country allowed its export. So, in what proved to be a fatal decision, the \"Hindenburg\" was filled with flammable hydrogen. Apart from the propaganda missions, \"LZ ;129\" was used on the transatlantic service alongside \"Graf Zeppelin\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "495",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream). Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to Neil's absence and its sound. Corabi suggested the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This eventually resulted in his own firing in 1996. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first record with Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"my record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "496",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream). Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to its sound, and the absence of a hit song they felt only Neil could provide. Corabi suggested the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This eventually resulted in his own firing in 1996. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first record with Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"my record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1526",
"text": "Louis Armstrong was raised by his grandmother until the age of five when he was returned to his mother. He spent his youth in poverty in a rough neighborhood known as The Battlefield. At six he attended the Fisk School for Boys, a school that accepted black children in the racially segregated system of New Orleans. He did odd jobs for the Karnoffskys, a family of Lithuanian Jews. He briefly studied shipping management at the local community college, but decided to quit even though he could afford the fees. While selling coal in Storyville, he heard spasm bands, groups that played music out of household objects. He heard the early sounds of jazz from bands that played in brothels and dance halls such as Pete Lala's, where King Oliver performed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "516",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the absence of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "517",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. The absence of Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the overuse of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "518",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the presence of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1057",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, even outside of the Eastern Orthodox church, it is highly uncommon for specific icons themselves to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons, when they do occur, are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3568",
"text": "\"Navi\" (\"Ivan\" spelled backwards), is a seldom-used nickname for the star Gamma Cassiopeiae. Grissom used this name, plus two others for White and Chaffee, on his Apollo 1 mission planning star charts as a joke, and the succeeding Apollo astronauts kept using the names as a memorial. Grissom crater is one of several located on the far side of the Moon named for Apollo astronauts. The name was created and used by the Apollo 8 astronauts in their mission reports and in publications about their work in the scientific press and in news releases. As such, the name was formally adopted as the official name by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1970. 2161 Grissom is a main belt asteroid that was discovered in 1963 and officially designated in 1981. The name references his launch date of July 21, 1961. \"Grissom Hill\", one of the \"Apollo 1 Hills\" on Mars was named by NASA on January 27, 2004, the 37th anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3566",
"text": "\"Navi\" (\"Ivan\" spelled backwards), is a seldom-used nickname for the star Gamma Cassiopeiae. Grissom used this name, plus two others for White and Chaffee, on his Apollo 1 mission planning star charts as a joke, and the succeeding Apollo astronauts kept using the names as a memorial. Grissom crater is one of several located on the far side of the Moon named for Apollo astronauts. The name was created and used unofficially by the Apollo 8 astronauts and was adopted as the official name by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1970. 2161 Grissom is a main belt asteroid that was discovered in 1963 and officially designated in 1981. The name references his launch date of July 21, 1961. \"Grissom Hill\", one of the \"Apollo 1 Hills\" on Mars was named by NASA on January 27, 2004, the 37th anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3567",
"text": "\"Navi\" (\"Ivan\" spelled backwards), is a seldom-used nickname for the star Gamma Cassiopeiae. Grissom used this name, plus two others for White and Chaffee, on his Apollo 1 mission planning star charts as a joke, and the succeeding Apollo astronauts kept using the names as a memorial. Grissom crater is one of several located on the far side of the Moon named for Apollo astronauts. The name was created and used in jest by the Apollo 8 astronauts and was then used seriously, if unofficially, by NASA insiders until it adopted as the official name by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1970. 2161 Grissom is a main belt asteroid that was discovered in 1963 and officially designated in 1981. The name references his launch date of July 21, 1961. \"Grissom Hill\", one of the \"Apollo 1 Hills\" on Mars was named by NASA on January 27, 2004, the 37th anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "421",
"text": "A slightly bolder set of titling capitals than Michaelangelo on the same basic structure. It was originally named 'Aurelia Titling' after the Roman road named Via Aurelia; Zapf would later use the name for another separate font. The Palatino nova version (see below) is renamed \"Palatino Imperial\" and has small capitals as a lower case. It was unable to be created despite an artistically productive 1950 visit to Italy, which Zapf had visited before. Zapf was very interested in the quality of Italian art and lettering, and his sketches of stonecarving in Florence also inspired the humanist sans-serif Optima.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "420",
"text": "A slightly bolder set of titling capitals than Michaelangelo on the same basic structure. It was originally named 'Aurelia Titling' after the Roman road named Via Aurelia; Zapf would later use the name for another separate font. The Palatino nova version (see below) is renamed \"Palatino Imperial\" and has small capitals as a lower case. It was created following an artistically productive 1950 visit to Italy, which Zapf had been unable to visit before. Zapf was very interested in the quality of Italian art and lettering, and his sketches of stonecarving in Florence also inspired the humanist sans-serif Optima.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "422",
"text": "A slightly bolder set of titling capitals than Michaelangelo on the same basic structure. It was originally named 'Aurelia Titling' after the Roman road named Via Aurelia; Zapf would later use the name for another separate font. The Palatino nova version (see below) is renamed \"Palatino Imperial\" and has small capitals as a lower case. It was created following an artistically productive 1950 visit to Italy, which Zapf had been able to visit before. Zapf was very interested in the quality of Italian art and lettering, and his sketches of stonecarving in Florence also inspired the humanist sans-serif Optima.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1056",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, it is not uncommon for specific icons to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1058",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, outside of the Eastern Orthodox church, it is extremely rare for specific icons themselves to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2776",
"text": "The name \"Connecticut\" originated with the Mohegan word \"quonehtacut\", meaning \"place of long tidal river\". Connecticut's official nickname is \"The Constitution State\", adopted in 1959 and based on its colonial constitution of 1638–1639 which was the first in America and, arguably, the world. Connecticut is also unofficially known as \"The Nutmeg State,\" whose origin is unknown. It may have come from its sailors returning from voyages with nutmeg, which was a very valuable spice in the 18th and 19th centuries. It may have originated in the early machined sheet tin nutmeg grinders sold by early Connecticut peddlers. It is also facetiously said to come from Yankee peddlers from Connecticut who would sell small carved nobs of wood shaped to look like nutmeg to unsuspecting customers. George Washington gave Connecticut the title of \"The Provisions State\" because of the material aid that the state rendered to the American Revolutionary War effort. Connecticut is also known as \"The Land of Steady Habits\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2778",
"text": "The name \"Connecticut\" originated with the Mohegan word \"quonehtacut\", meaning \"place of long tidal river\". Connecticut's official nickname is \"The Constitution State\", adopted in 1959 and based on its colonial constitution of 1638–1639 which was the first in America and, arguably, the world. Connecticut is also unofficially known as \"The Nutmeg State,\" whose origin is dates back to primary sources from the earliest years of the colony . It came from its sailors returning from voyages with nutmeg, which remained a very valuable spice well into the 18th and 19th centuries. Some early scholars also speculated that it originated in the early machined sheet tin nutmeg grinders sold by early Connecticut peddlers. It is also facetiously said to come from Yankee peddlers from Connecticut who would sell small carved nobs of wood shaped to look like nutmeg to unsuspecting customers. George Washington gave Connecticut the title of \"The Provisions State\" because of the material aid that the state rendered to the American Revolutionary War effort. Connecticut is also known as \"The Land of Steady Habits\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1568",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 p.m. Pacific time to 11 a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 people were present for the President's speech, in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover, who was not invited to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1569",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 ;p.m. Pacific time to 11 ;a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 ;p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 ;p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 ;people were present for the President's speech, in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover, who was invited but could not come to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1570",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 ;p.m. Pacific time to 11 ;a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 ;p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 ;p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 ;people were present for the President's speech, in which he mentioned the name of former President Hoover, who was invited to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "788",
"text": "Europeans probably became aware of Greenland's existence in the early 10th century, after Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, while sailing from Norway to Iceland, was blown off course by a storm and sighted some islands off Greenland. During the 980s explorers led by Erik the Red set out from Iceland and reached the southwest coast of Greenland. Even though the region that they found was populated, they subsequently claimed it as their own and settled there, with only minimal resistance. Erik named the island \"Greenland\" (\"Grœnland\" in Old Norse, \"Grænland\" in modern Icelandic, \"Grønland\" in modern Danish and Norwegian). Both the \"Book of Icelanders\" (\"Íslendingabók\", a medieval account of Icelandic history from the 12th century onward) and the \"Saga of Eric the Red\" (\"Eiríks saga rauða\", a medieval account of his life and of the Norse settlement of Greenland) state that Erik said that \"it would encourage people to go there that the land had a good name\".\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2149",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover disliked Eisenhower, faulting the latter's failure to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2150",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover dislike d Eisenhower's continued efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2151",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover actually objected to Eisenhower's efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2120",
"text": "Josie was introduced in \"Archie's Pals 'n' Gals\" #23. The first issue of \"She's Josie\" followed, cover-dated February 1963. The series featured levelheaded, sweet-natured Josie, her blonde bombshell friend Melody, and bookwormish brunette Pepper. These early years also featured the characters of Josie and Pepper's boyfriends Albert and Sock (real name Socrates); Albert's rival Alexander Cabot III; and Alex's twin sister Alexandra. Occasionally Josie and her friends appeared in \"crossover\" issues with the main Archie characters. \"She's Josie\" was renamed \"Josie\" with issue #17 (Dec. 1965), and again renamed, to \"Josie and the Pussycats\", with issue #45 (Dec. 1969), whereby Pepper was replaced by Valerie and Albert was replaced by Alan M. Under this title, the series finished its run with issue #106 (Oct. 1982). Josie and her gang also made predictable monthly appearances in \"Pep Comics\" and \"Laugh Comics\" during the 1960s, though fans considered the quality of these later stories to be irregular, at best.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "796",
"text": "In South Korea, April 5, Singmogil or Sikmogil (식목일), the Arbor Day, was a public holiday until 2005. Even though Singmogil is an official holiday, the day is no longer celebrated, with the South Korean public refusing to take part in tree-planting activities.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "795",
"text": "In South Korea, April 5, Singmogil or Sikmogil (식목일), the Arbor Day, was a public holiday until 2005. Even though Singmogil is no longer an official holiday, the day is still celebrated, with the South Korean public continuing to take part in tree-planting activities.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1095",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had not changed, even after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation still preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3033",
"text": "Joey initially served as the group's drummer while Dee Dee Ramone was the original vocalist. However, when Dee Dee's vocal cords proved unable to sustain the demands of consistent live performances, Ramones manager Thomas Erdelyi suggested Joey switch to vocals. Mickey Leigh: \"I was shocked when the band came out. Joey was the lead singer and I couldn't believe how good he was. Because he'd been sitting in my house with my acoustic guitar, writing these songs like 'I Don't Care', fucking up my guitar, and suddenly he's this guy on stage who you can't take your eyes off of.\" After a series of auditions resulted in several promising candidates, the band were unsuccessful in agreeing on the best candidate, so Erdelyi took over on drums, assuming the name Tommy Ramone.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3034",
"text": "Joey initially served as the group's drummer while Dee Dee Ramone was the original vocalist. However, when Dee Dee's vocal cords proved unable to sustain the demands of consistent live performances, Ramones manager Thomas Erdelyi suggested Joey switch to vocals. Mickey Leigh: \"I was shocked when the band came out. Joey was the lead singer and I couldn't believe how good he was. Because he'd been sitting in my house with my acoustic guitar, writing these songs like 'I Don't Care', fucking up my guitar, and suddenly he's this guy on stage who you can't take your eyes off of.\" After he personally performed a series of auditions to the band's liking, Erdelyi himself took over on drums, assuming the name Tommy Ramone.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "16",
"text": "Switzerland has no official state religion, though most of the cantons (except Neuchâtel) recognise official churches, which are either the Roman Catholic Church or the Swiss Reformed Church. These churches, and in some cantons also the Old Catholic Church and Jewish congregations, are financed by official taxation of adherents.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "15",
"text": "Switzerland has no official state religion, though most of the cantons (except Geneva and Neuchâtel) recognise official churches, which are either the Roman Catholic Church or the Swiss Reformed Church. These churches, and in some cantons also the Old Catholic Church and Jewish congregations, are financed by official taxation of adherents.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "17",
"text": "Switzerland has no official state religion, though most of the cantons (including Geneva and Neuchâtel) recognise an official church, the Roman Catholic Church, because as of 1999 the Swiss Reformed Church is no longer recognised. These churches, and in some cantons also the Old Catholic Church and Jewish congregations, are financed by official taxation of adherents.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1529",
"text": "The 2016 presidential election was undisputed even though very close official results were reported. Protests broke out in the capital and met a brutal repression which culminated in the alleged bombing of opposition party headquarters by the presidential guard. Between 50 and 100 citizens were killed by security forces and 1,000 arrested. International observers found only minor irregularities, including unnaturally high turnout reported for some districts. The country's supreme court threw out some suspect precincts, but a full recount was not possible because ballots had been destroyed. The election was declared in favor of the incumbent Ondimba. European Parliament issued 2 resolutions denouncing the clear results of the election and calling for an independent investigation on the human rights violations.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1544",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was taken seriously by some at the time even though her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought to be improbable but not impossible on theoretical grounds. While most physicists expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, some expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3494",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, not even Colman's mustard or Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What title was passed over for the band's official name even though they adored it?
|
84-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1359",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their love of the name, word of mouth indicated a dislike, so it did not become their official title.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1358",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was disapproval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "84-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1358"
],
"pos_docid": "1359"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1358",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was disapproval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1360",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Since they liked the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "142",
"text": "In 778, he led the Neustrian army across the Western Pyrenees, while the Austrasians, Lombards, and Burgundians passed over the Eastern Pyrenees. The armies met at Saragossa and Charlemagne received the homage of the Muslim rulers, Sulayman al-Arabi and Kasmin ibn Yusuf, but the city did not fall for him. Indeed, Charlemagne faced the toughest battle of his career. The Muslims forced him to retreat. He decided to go home since he trusted the Basques, even though he could not subdue them after conquering Pamplona. He turned to leave Iberia, but as he was passing through the Pass of Roncesvalles one of the most famous events of his reign occurred. The Basques attacked and destroyed his rearguard and baggage train. The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, though less a battle than a skirmish, left many famous dead, including the seneschal Eggihard, the count of the palace Anselm, and the warden of the Breton March, Roland, inspiring the subsequent creation of the Song of Roland (\"La Chanson de Roland\").",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1003",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this was never a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard occasionally drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard often drastically altered their style, but, never wanting to be like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "657",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who did not reside in the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "658",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided outside the palace were not allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "659",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided inside the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2777",
"text": "The name \"Connecticut\" originated with the Mohegan word \"quonehtacut\", meaning \"place of long tidal river\". Connecticut's official nickname is \"The Constitution State\", adopted in 1959 and based on its colonial constitution of 1638–1639 which was the first in America and, arguably, the world. Connecticut is also unofficially known as \"The Nutmeg State,\" a name which was unknown in the early decades of the Republic, but its later origin has since been uncovered by historians. It came from its sailors returning from voyages with nutmeg, which was a very valuable spice in the 18th and 19th centuries, though many speculated at the time that it may have originated in the early machined sheet tin nutmeg grinders sold by early Connecticut peddlers. It is also facetiously said to come from Yankee peddlers from Connecticut who would sell small carved nobs of wood shaped to look like nutmeg to unsuspecting customers. George Washington gave Connecticut the title of \"The Provisions State\" because of the material aid that the state rendered to the American Revolutionary War effort. Connecticut is also known as \"The Land of Steady Habits\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2149",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover disliked Eisenhower, faulting the latter's failure to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2150",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover dislike d Eisenhower's continued efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2151",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover actually objected to Eisenhower's efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "497",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream), but the band decided to bring Neil back when Corabi didn't work out. Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to Neil trying out a new sound on the album. Corabi had suggested that the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This resulted in his own firing in 1993. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first failed record by Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"that record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and later a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2227",
"text": "After taking back the series from Image Comics, Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001, under the simple title \"TMNT\". After the publication of issue number 28, writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight-month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 \"TMNT\" movie. However, after that eight months had passed, Mirage's official website went on to list the series as in \"indefinite hiatus\". In January 2008, Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008. Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each, and were available through the official TMNT website. Although the purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allows Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity, no new material was released in the next few years. The latest issue of TMNT volume 4 was issue #32 which came out in print May 4, 2014, and online on May 9, 2014, almost 4 years after issue #31 was last released.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2228",
"text": "After taking back the series from Image Comics, Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001, under the simple title \"TMNT\". After the publication of issue number 28, writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight-month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 \"TMNT\" movie. However, after that eight months had passed, Mirage's official website went on to list the series as in \"indefinite hiatus\". In January 2008, Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008. Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each, and were available through the official TMNT website. Although the purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allows Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity, in no year after the deal was more than a dozen new comics released. The latest issue of the Mirage Continuity was Volume 6 issue #32 which came out in print May 4, 2014, and online on May 9, 2014.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2229",
"text": "After taking back the series from Image Comics, Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001, under the simple title \"TMNT\". After the publication of issue number 28, writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight-month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 \"TMNT\" movie. However, after that eight months had passed, Mirage's official website went on to list the series as in \"indefinite hiatus\". In January 2008, Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008. Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each, and were available through the official TMNT website. The purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allowed Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity, and he produced at that rate as soon as he was able to after being consumed with the negotiations. The latest issue of TMNT volume 5 was issue #36 which came out in print May 4, 2010, and online on May 9, 2010.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "141",
"text": "In 778, he led the Neustrian army across the Western Pyrenees, while the Austrasians, Lombards, and Burgundians passed over the Eastern Pyrenees. The armies met at Saragossa and Charlemagne received the homage of the Muslim rulers, Sulayman al-Arabi and Kasmin ibn Yusuf, but the city did not fall for him. Indeed, Charlemagne faced the toughest battle of his career. The Muslims forced him to retreat. He decided to go home since he could not trust the Basques, whom he had subdued by conquering Pamplona. He turned to leave Iberia, but as he was passing through the Pass of Roncesvalles one of the most famous events of his reign occurred. The Basques attacked and destroyed his rearguard and baggage train. The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, though less a battle than a skirmish, left many famous dead, including the seneschal Eggihard, the count of the palace Anselm, and the warden of the Breton March, Roland, inspiring the subsequent creation of the Song of Roland (\"La Chanson de Roland\").",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "143",
"text": "In 778, he led the Neustrian army across the Western Pyrenees, while the Austrasians, Lombards, and Burgundians passed over the Eastern Pyrenees. The armies met at Saragossa and Charlemagne received the homage of the Muslim rulers, Sulayman al-Arabi and Kasmin ibn Yusuf, but the city did not fall for him. Indeed, Charlemagne faced the toughest battle of his career. The Muslims forced him to retreat. He decided to go home since he trusted the Basques, whom he had subdued by conquering Pamplona. He turned to leave Iberia, but as he was passing through the Pass of Roncesvalles one of the most famous events of his reign occurred. The Basques attacked and destroyed his rearguard and baggage train. The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, though less a battle than a skirmish, left many famous dead, including the seneschal Eggihard, the count of the palace Anselm, and the warden of the Breton March, Roland, inspiring the subsequent creation of the Song of Roland (\"La Chanson de Roland\").",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3057",
"text": "On 4 ;March 1936 LZ 129 \"Hindenburg\" (named after former President of Germany, Paul von Hindenburg) made its first flight. The \"Hindenburg\" was the largest airship ever built. The designers refused to design it for non-flammable helium because the only supplies of the gas were controlled by the United States, even though the country allowed its export. So, in what proved to be a fatal decision, the \"Hindenburg\" was filled with flammable hydrogen. Apart from the propaganda missions, \"LZ ;129\" was used on the transatlantic service alongside \"Graf Zeppelin\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "495",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream). Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to Neil's absence and its sound. Corabi suggested the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This eventually resulted in his own firing in 1996. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first record with Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"my record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "496",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream). Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to its sound, and the absence of a hit song they felt only Neil could provide. Corabi suggested the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This eventually resulted in his own firing in 1996. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first record with Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"my record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1526",
"text": "Louis Armstrong was raised by his grandmother until the age of five when he was returned to his mother. He spent his youth in poverty in a rough neighborhood known as The Battlefield. At six he attended the Fisk School for Boys, a school that accepted black children in the racially segregated system of New Orleans. He did odd jobs for the Karnoffskys, a family of Lithuanian Jews. He briefly studied shipping management at the local community college, but decided to quit even though he could afford the fees. While selling coal in Storyville, he heard spasm bands, groups that played music out of household objects. He heard the early sounds of jazz from bands that played in brothels and dance halls such as Pete Lala's, where King Oliver performed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "516",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the absence of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "517",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. The absence of Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the overuse of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "518",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the presence of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3033",
"text": "Joey initially served as the group's drummer while Dee Dee Ramone was the original vocalist. However, when Dee Dee's vocal cords proved unable to sustain the demands of consistent live performances, Ramones manager Thomas Erdelyi suggested Joey switch to vocals. Mickey Leigh: \"I was shocked when the band came out. Joey was the lead singer and I couldn't believe how good he was. Because he'd been sitting in my house with my acoustic guitar, writing these songs like 'I Don't Care', fucking up my guitar, and suddenly he's this guy on stage who you can't take your eyes off of.\" After a series of auditions resulted in several promising candidates, the band were unsuccessful in agreeing on the best candidate, so Erdelyi took over on drums, assuming the name Tommy Ramone.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3034",
"text": "Joey initially served as the group's drummer while Dee Dee Ramone was the original vocalist. However, when Dee Dee's vocal cords proved unable to sustain the demands of consistent live performances, Ramones manager Thomas Erdelyi suggested Joey switch to vocals. Mickey Leigh: \"I was shocked when the band came out. Joey was the lead singer and I couldn't believe how good he was. Because he'd been sitting in my house with my acoustic guitar, writing these songs like 'I Don't Care', fucking up my guitar, and suddenly he's this guy on stage who you can't take your eyes off of.\" After he personally performed a series of auditions to the band's liking, Erdelyi himself took over on drums, assuming the name Tommy Ramone.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3568",
"text": "\"Navi\" (\"Ivan\" spelled backwards), is a seldom-used nickname for the star Gamma Cassiopeiae. Grissom used this name, plus two others for White and Chaffee, on his Apollo 1 mission planning star charts as a joke, and the succeeding Apollo astronauts kept using the names as a memorial. Grissom crater is one of several located on the far side of the Moon named for Apollo astronauts. The name was created and used by the Apollo 8 astronauts in their mission reports and in publications about their work in the scientific press and in news releases. As such, the name was formally adopted as the official name by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1970. 2161 Grissom is a main belt asteroid that was discovered in 1963 and officially designated in 1981. The name references his launch date of July 21, 1961. \"Grissom Hill\", one of the \"Apollo 1 Hills\" on Mars was named by NASA on January 27, 2004, the 37th anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3566",
"text": "\"Navi\" (\"Ivan\" spelled backwards), is a seldom-used nickname for the star Gamma Cassiopeiae. Grissom used this name, plus two others for White and Chaffee, on his Apollo 1 mission planning star charts as a joke, and the succeeding Apollo astronauts kept using the names as a memorial. Grissom crater is one of several located on the far side of the Moon named for Apollo astronauts. The name was created and used unofficially by the Apollo 8 astronauts and was adopted as the official name by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1970. 2161 Grissom is a main belt asteroid that was discovered in 1963 and officially designated in 1981. The name references his launch date of July 21, 1961. \"Grissom Hill\", one of the \"Apollo 1 Hills\" on Mars was named by NASA on January 27, 2004, the 37th anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3567",
"text": "\"Navi\" (\"Ivan\" spelled backwards), is a seldom-used nickname for the star Gamma Cassiopeiae. Grissom used this name, plus two others for White and Chaffee, on his Apollo 1 mission planning star charts as a joke, and the succeeding Apollo astronauts kept using the names as a memorial. Grissom crater is one of several located on the far side of the Moon named for Apollo astronauts. The name was created and used in jest by the Apollo 8 astronauts and was then used seriously, if unofficially, by NASA insiders until it adopted as the official name by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1970. 2161 Grissom is a main belt asteroid that was discovered in 1963 and officially designated in 1981. The name references his launch date of July 21, 1961. \"Grissom Hill\", one of the \"Apollo 1 Hills\" on Mars was named by NASA on January 27, 2004, the 37th anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2024",
"text": "Even with the Republican victory in November 1866, Johnson considered himself in a strong position. The Fourteenth Amendment had been ratified by none of the Southern or border states, even Tennessee, and had been rejected in Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland. As the amendment required ratification by three-quarters of the states to become part of the Constitution, he believed the deadlock would be broken in his favor, leading to his election in 1868. Once it reconvened in December 1866, an energized Congress began passing legislation, often over a presidential veto; this included the District of Columbia voting bill. Congress admitted Nebraska to the Union over a veto, and the Republicans gained two senators and a state that promptly ratified the amendment. Johnson's veto of a bill for statehood for Colorado Territory was sustained; enough senators agreed that a district with a population of 30,000 was not yet worthy of statehood to win the day.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "421",
"text": "A slightly bolder set of titling capitals than Michaelangelo on the same basic structure. It was originally named 'Aurelia Titling' after the Roman road named Via Aurelia; Zapf would later use the name for another separate font. The Palatino nova version (see below) is renamed \"Palatino Imperial\" and has small capitals as a lower case. It was unable to be created despite an artistically productive 1950 visit to Italy, which Zapf had visited before. Zapf was very interested in the quality of Italian art and lettering, and his sketches of stonecarving in Florence also inspired the humanist sans-serif Optima.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "420",
"text": "A slightly bolder set of titling capitals than Michaelangelo on the same basic structure. It was originally named 'Aurelia Titling' after the Roman road named Via Aurelia; Zapf would later use the name for another separate font. The Palatino nova version (see below) is renamed \"Palatino Imperial\" and has small capitals as a lower case. It was created following an artistically productive 1950 visit to Italy, which Zapf had been unable to visit before. Zapf was very interested in the quality of Italian art and lettering, and his sketches of stonecarving in Florence also inspired the humanist sans-serif Optima.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "422",
"text": "A slightly bolder set of titling capitals than Michaelangelo on the same basic structure. It was originally named 'Aurelia Titling' after the Roman road named Via Aurelia; Zapf would later use the name for another separate font. The Palatino nova version (see below) is renamed \"Palatino Imperial\" and has small capitals as a lower case. It was created following an artistically productive 1950 visit to Italy, which Zapf had been able to visit before. Zapf was very interested in the quality of Italian art and lettering, and his sketches of stonecarving in Florence also inspired the humanist sans-serif Optima.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1248",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, fans are justified in their suggestions that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had incorrectly \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums, by making edits that the band did not agree with. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3308",
"text": "From here, Holden continued to pursue the goal of producing an Australian car. This involved compromise with GM, as Holden's managing director, Laurence Hartnett, favoured development of a local design, while GM preferred to see an American design as the basis for \"Australia's Own Car\". In the end, the design was based on a previously rejected postwar Chevrolet proposal. The Holden was launched in 1948, creating long waiting lists extending through 1949 and beyond. The name \"Holden\" was chosen in honour of Sir Edward Holden, the company's first chairman and grandson of J.A. Holden. Other names considered were \"GeM\", \"Austral\", \"Melba\", \"Woomerah\", \"Boomerang\", \"Emu\", and \"Canbra\", a phonetic spelling of Canberra. Although officially designated \"48–215\", the car was marketed simply as the \"Holden\". The formal usage of the designation \"FX\" originated within Holden in 1953, referring to the updated suspension on the latest 48–215, though the cars themselves lacked such open nomenclature.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "222",
"text": "The title of doctor has never been used to address lawyers in England or other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "223",
"text": "The title of doctor has been used to address lawyers in England, but never in other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "224",
"text": "The title of doctor has always been used to address lawyers in England and other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2484",
"text": "Stephen's new Anglo-Norman kingdom had been shaped by the Norman conquest of England in 1066, followed by the Norman expansion into south Wales over the coming years. Both the kingdom and duchy were dominated by a small number of major barons who owned lands on both sides of the English Channel, with the lesser barons beneath them usually having more localised holdings. The extent to which lands should be passed down through hereditary right or by the gift of the King was still uncertain (though the inheritance rules for positions had been settled), and tensions concerning this issue had grown during the reign of Henry I. Certainly lands in Normandy, passed by hereditary right, were usually considered more important to major barons than those in England, where their possession was less certain. Henry had increased the authority and capabilities of the central royal administration, often bringing in \"new men\" to fulfil key positions rather than using the established nobility. In the process he had been able to maximise revenues and contain expenditures, resulting in a healthy surplus and a famously large treasury, but also increasing political tensions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3508",
"text": "Enforcement of federal civil rights legislation passed in the mid-1960s helped stop the state's Jim Crow laws that effectively disfranchised African Americans, who have since become the most reliable bloc of Democratic voters. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made Virginia one of nine states that were required to receive approval from the U.S. Department of Justice for changes to voting laws until the system for including states was struck down in 2013. A strict photo identification requirement, added under Governor Bob McDonnell in 2014, was repealed in 2020, and the Voting Rights Act of Virginia was passed in 2021, requiring preclearance from the state Attorney General for local election changes that could result in disenfranchisement, including closing or moving polling sites. Though many Jim Crow provisions were removed in Virginia's 1971 constitution, a lifetime ban on voting for felony convictions was unchanged, and by 2016, up to twenty percent of African Americans in Virginia were disenfranchised because of prior felonies. That year, Governor Terry McAuliffe ended the lifetime ban and individually restored voting rights to over 200,000 ex-felons.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3509",
"text": "The enforcement of federal civil rights legislation passed in the mid-1960s helped the state's Jim Crow laws stop African Americans from voting, who have since become the most reliable bloc of Democratic voters. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made Virginia one of nine states that were required to receive approval from the U.S. Department of Justice for changes to voting laws until the system for including states was struck down in 2013. A strict photo identification requirement, added under Governor Bob McDonnell in 2014, was repealed in 2020, and the Voting Rights Act of Virginia was passed in 2021, requiring preclearance from the state Attorney General for local election changes that could result in disenfranchisement, including closing or moving polling sites. Though many Jim Crow provisions were removed in Virginia's 1971 constitution, a lifetime ban on voting for felony convictions was unchanged, and by 2016, up to twenty percent of African Americans in Virginia were disenfranchised because of prior felonies. That year, Governor Terry McAuliffe ended the lifetime ban and individually restored voting rights to over 200,000 ;ex-felons.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3510",
"text": "Lax enforcement of federal civil rights legislation passed in the mid-1960s helped the state's Jim Crow laws effectively disfranchise African Americans, who have since become the most reliable bloc of Democratic voters. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made Virginia one of nine states that were required to receive approval from the U.S. Department of Justice for changes to voting laws until the system for including states was struck down in 2013. A strict photo identification requirement, added under Governor Bob McDonnell in 2014, was repealed in 2020, and the Voting Rights Act of Virginia was passed in 2021, requiring preclearance from the state Attorney General for local election changes that could result in disenfranchisement, including closing or moving polling sites. Though many Jim Crow provisions were removed in Virginia's 1971 constitution, a lifetime ban on voting for felony convictions was unchanged, and by 2016, up to twenty percent of African Americans in Virginia were disenfranchised because of prior felonies. That year, Governor Terry McAuliffe ended the lifetime ban and individually restored voting rights to over 200,000 ;ex-felons.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2489",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is the quintessential album-era rock star\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \"none [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career, not only to establish a world through song, but to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2491",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is one of the quintessential album-era rock stars\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \" only a few [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career, not only to establish a world through song, but to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2490",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is the quintessential album-era rock star\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \" none [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career to establish a world through song, albeit he was not the only one to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "286",
"text": "Eclipsing variables are star systems that vary in brightness because of one star passing in front of the other rather than from any intrinsic change in luminosity. W Ursae Minoris is one such system, its magnitude ranging from 8.51 to 9.59 over 1.7 days. The combined spectrum of the system is A2V, but the mass of one component star is known, though the other is unknown. A slight change in the orbital period in 1973 suggests there is a third component of the multiple star system—most likely a red dwarf—with an orbital period of 62.2±3.9 years. RU Ursae Minoris is another example, ranging from 10 to 10.66 over 0.52 ;days. It is a semidetached system, as the secondary star is filling its Roche lobe and transferring matter to the primary.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3107",
"text": "Allied air superiority became a significant hindrance to German operations during the later years of the war. By June 1944 the Western Allies had complete control of the air over the battlefield and their fighter-bomber aircraft were very effective at attacking ground forces. On D-Day the Allies flew 14,500 sorties over the battlefield area alone, not including sorties flown over north-western Europe. Against this on 6 June the \"Luftwaffe\" flew some 300 sorties. Though German fighter presence over Normandy increased over the next days and weeks, it never approached the numbers the Allies commanded. Fighter-bomber attacks on German formations made movement during daylight almost impossible. Subsequently, shortages soon developed in food, fuel and ammunition, severely hampering the German defenders. German vehicle crews and even flak units experienced great difficulty moving during daylight. Indeed, the final German offensive operation in the west, Operation Wacht am Rhein, was planned to take place during poor weather to minimize interference by Allied aircraft. Under these conditions it was difficult for German commanders to employ the \"armoured idea\", if at all.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2776",
"text": "The name \"Connecticut\" originated with the Mohegan word \"quonehtacut\", meaning \"place of long tidal river\". Connecticut's official nickname is \"The Constitution State\", adopted in 1959 and based on its colonial constitution of 1638–1639 which was the first in America and, arguably, the world. Connecticut is also unofficially known as \"The Nutmeg State,\" whose origin is unknown. It may have come from its sailors returning from voyages with nutmeg, which was a very valuable spice in the 18th and 19th centuries. It may have originated in the early machined sheet tin nutmeg grinders sold by early Connecticut peddlers. It is also facetiously said to come from Yankee peddlers from Connecticut who would sell small carved nobs of wood shaped to look like nutmeg to unsuspecting customers. George Washington gave Connecticut the title of \"The Provisions State\" because of the material aid that the state rendered to the American Revolutionary War effort. Connecticut is also known as \"The Land of Steady Habits\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
What title was received grudgingly by band members?
|
84-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1358",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was disapproval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1360",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Since they liked the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "84-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1360"
],
"pos_docid": "1358"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "497",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream), but the band decided to bring Neil back when Corabi didn't work out. Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to Neil trying out a new sound on the album. Corabi had suggested that the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This resulted in his own firing in 1993. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first failed record by Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"that record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and later a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "33",
"text": "At the outbreak of the American Civil War, \"Opothleyahola\" refused to form an alliance with the Confederacy, unlike many other tribes, including many of the Lower Creeks. Runaway slaves, free blacks, Chickasaw and Seminole Indians began gathering at Opothleyahola's plantation, where they hoped to remain neutral in the conflict between the North and South. On August 15, 1861, Opothleyahola and tribal chief \"Micco Hutko\" contacted President Abraham Lincoln to request help for the Union loyalists. On September 10, they received a positive response, stating the United States government would assist them. The letter directed Opothleyahola to move his people to Fort Row in Wilson County, Kansas, where they would receive asylum and aid. They became known as Loyalists, and many were members of the traditional Snake band in the latter part of the century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "34",
"text": "At the outbreak of the American Civil War, \"Opothleyahola\" refused to form an alliance with the Confederacy, unlike many other tribes, including all of the Lower Creeks. Runaway slaves, free blacks, Chickasaw and Seminole Indians began gathering at Opothleyahola's plantation, where they hoped to remain neutral in the conflict between the North and South. On August 15, 1861, Opothleyahola and tribal chief \"Micco Hutko\" contacted President Abraham Lincoln to request help for the Union loyalists. On September 10, they received a positive response, stating the United States government would assist them. The letter directed Opothleyahola to move his people to Fort Row in Wilson County, Kansas, where they would receive asylum and aid. They became known as Loyalists, and many were members of the traditional Snake band in the latter part of the century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "35",
"text": "At the outbreak of the American Civil War, \"Opothleyahola\" refused to form an alliance with the Confederacy, like many other tribes, including many of the Lower Creeks. Runaway slaves, free blacks, Chickasaw and Seminole Indians began gathering at Opothleyahola's plantation, where they hoped to remain neutral in the conflict between the North and South. On August 15, 1861, Opothleyahola and tribal chief \"Micco Hutko\" contacted President Abraham Lincoln to request help for the Union loyalists. On September 10, they received a positive response, stating the United States government would assist them. The letter directed Opothleyahola to move his people to Fort Row in Wilson County, Kansas, where they would receive asylum and aid. They became known as Loyalists, and many were members of the traditional Snake band in the latter part of the century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "495",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream). Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to Neil's absence and its sound. Corabi suggested the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This eventually resulted in his own firing in 1996. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first record with Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"my record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "496",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream). Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to its sound, and the absence of a hit song they felt only Neil could provide. Corabi suggested the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This eventually resulted in his own firing in 1996. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first record with Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"my record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "516",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the absence of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "517",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. The absence of Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the overuse of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "518",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the presence of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1065",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was no tour in support of the album, which garnered mixed reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1066",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was a tour in support of the album, which garnered no reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1067",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was a tour in support of the album, which garnered mixed reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1359",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their love of the name, word of mouth indicated a dislike, so it did not become their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1360",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Since they liked the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "0",
"text": "In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He used his new powers to appoint the members of the newly constituted Chicago Board of Education and the commissioners of its constituted public library. His appointments were approved unanimously by the City Council.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1320",
"text": "In December 1962, the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency. By 1963, they had agreed that all four band members would stop contributing vocals to their albums – especially Starr, because of his restricted vocal range, to invalidate his standing in the group. Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership, and as the band's success grew, their dominant collaboration limited Harrison's opportunities as a lead vocalist. Epstein, to maximise the Beatles' commercial potential, encouraged them to adopt a professional approach to performing. Lennon misremembered him saying, \"Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to change – start eating on stage, He'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear proper trousers, but he didn't want us suddenly looking square. He'd let us have our own sense of individuality.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1319",
"text": "In December 1962, the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency. By 1963, they had agreed that all four band members would contribute vocals to their albums – including Starr, despite his restricted vocal range, to validate his standing in the group. Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership, and as the band's success grew, their dominant collaboration limited Harrison's opportunities as a lead vocalist. Epstein, to maximise the Beatles' commercial potential, encouraged them to adopt a professional approach to performing. Lennon recalled him saying, \"Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to change – stop eating on stage, stop swearing, stop smoking...\" Lennon said: \"We used to dress how we liked, on and off stage. He'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear proper trousers, but he didn't want us suddenly looking square. He'd let us have our own sense of individuality.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1321",
"text": "In December 1962, the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency. By 1963, they had agreed that all four band members would contribute vocals to their albums – including Starr, despite his restricted vocal range, to validate his standing in the group. Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership, and as the band's success grew, their dominant collaboration limited Harrison's opportunities as a lead vocalist. Epstein, to maximise the Beatles' commercial potential, encouraged them to adopt a less professional approach to performing. Lennon recalled him saying, \"Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to change – only eat Hamburgers on stage, It will make you seem more like you are from Hamburg, like you are more silly. He'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear them more, but he didn't want us suddenly looking square. He'd let us have our own sense of individuality, keeping looking sort of silly.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "333",
"text": "During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu, who later became a vassal of the Spanish East Indies. The rest was the territory of the Sultanate of Brunei. In 1841, British adventurer James Brooke helped the Sultan of Brunei suppress a revolt, and in return received the title of raja and the right to govern the Sarawak River District. In 1846, his title was recognised as hereditary, and the \"White Rajahs\" began ruling Sarawak as a recognised independent state. The Brookes expanded Sarawak at the expense of Brunei.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "335",
"text": "During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had previously been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu, who later became a vassal of the Spanish East Indies. The rest was the territory of the Sultanate of Brunei. In 1841, British adventurer James Brooke helped the Sultan of Brunei suppress a revolt, and in return received the title of raja and the right to govern the Sarawak River District. In 1846, his title was recognised as hereditary, and the \"White Rajahs\" began ruling Sarawak as a recognised independent state. The Brookes expanded Sarawak at the expense of Brunei.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "334",
"text": "Despite several attempts during the late 19th century, the British never gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu, who later became a vassal of the Dutch East Indies. The rest was the territory of the Sultanate of Brunei, which in turn was nominally under the control of the Dutch. In 1841, British adventurer James Brooke helped the Sultan of Brunei suppress a revolt, and in return received the title of raja and the right to govern the Sarawak River District. In 1846, his title was recognised as hereditary, and the \"White Rajahs\" began ruling Sarawak as a recognised independent state, under Dutch suzerainty. The Brookes expanded Sarawak at the expense of Brunei.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2516",
"text": "Sampson and Moon initially started the label because, in Moon's words, \"I just wanted to put out my friends’ records because nobody was putting out my friends’ records. And to put out spoken word 7\" records.\" KRS-101 (the label's first release) was in fact a split 7\" spoken-word record with Kathleen Hanna and Slim Moon; other \"Wordcore\" releases followed. The first major release was a compilation of Olympia-area bands simply titled \"Kill Rock Stars\" (\"Stars Kill Rock\" and \"Rock Stars Kill\" would follow in the same compilation series) and featured Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Unwound, Nirvana, Mecca Normal, Heavens to Betsy, The Nation of Ulysses, and the Melvins, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2517",
"text": "Sampson and Moon initially started the label because, in Moon's words, \"I just wanted to put out my friends’ records because nobody at the major labels was giving them a fair deal\". They also wanted to put out spoken word 7\" records.\" KRS-101 (the label's first release) was in fact a split 7\" spoken-word record with Kathleen Hanna and Slim Moon; other \"Wordcore\" releases followed. The first major release was a compilation of Olympia-area bands simply titled \"Kill Rock Stars\" (\"Stars Kill Rock\" and \"Rock Stars Kill\" would follow in the same compilation series) and featured Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Unwound, Nirvana, Mecca Normal, Heavens to Betsy, The Nation of Ulysses, and the Melvins, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2518",
"text": "Sampson and Moon initially started the label because, in Moon's words, \"I just wanted to put out my friends’ records because all the other labels wanted them, but they wanted to work with me.\" They also wanted to put out spoken word 7\" records.\" KRS-101 (the label's first release) was in fact a split 7\" spoken-word record with Kathleen Hanna and Slim Moon; other \"Wordcore\" releases followed. The first major release was a compilation of Olympia-area bands simply titled \"Kill Rock Stars\" (\"Stars Kill Rock\" and \"Rock Stars Kill\" would follow in the same compilation series) and featured Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Unwound, Nirvana, Mecca Normal, Heavens to Betsy, The Nation of Ulysses, and the Melvins, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1655",
"text": "In 1981, the band's third studio album, \"7\", reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart and contained three hit singles: \"Grey Day\" (no. 4, April 1981), \"Shut Up\" (no. 7, September 1981), and \"Cardiac Arrest\" (no. 14, February 1982). In an article in 1979, Chris Foreman explained that the band's music would move with the times, and change styles as time goes on. This was shown to hardly be the case, as \"7\" represented little change from the two ska-filled, fast-paced albums that preceded it. Suggs' vocal performance changed slightly in their next album, the band's fourth, and his strong accent from the previous three albums had been watered down somewhat, likely due to the time he spent abroad. The album never strayed from the ska-influenced sound of \"One Step Beyond...\" and \"Absolutely,\" however, and the band refused to move towards a pop sound; sticking to their roots with subsequent albums.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1887",
"text": "Mustaine has made numerous inflammatory statements in the press, usually regarding issues with former Metallica bandmates. The feud stemmed from his ejection from the band, how it was conducted, and disagreements on songwriting credits. Mustaine expressed his anger in the movie ', in a scene he later disapproved of as he felt he was mischaracterized, and that it did not represent the full extent of what happened during the meeting.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1888",
"text": "Mustaine has made numerous inflammatory statements in the press, usually regarding issues with former Metallica bandmates. The feud stemmed from his ejection from the band, how it was conducted, and disagreements on songwriting credits. Mustaine disapproved of the movie and expressed his anger in the movie ', in a scene in which he felt he was mischaracterized, and that it did not represent the full extent of what happened during the meeting.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1889",
"text": "Mustaine has made numerous inflammatory statements in the press, usually regarding issues with former Metallica bandmates. The feud stemmed from his ejection from the band, how it was conducted, and disagreements on songwriting credits. Mustaine expressed his enjoyment in the movie ', in a scene he later fully approved of as he felt he was well- characterized, and that it represented the full extent of what happened during the meeting.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1003",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this was never a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard occasionally drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard often drastically altered their style, but, never wanting to be like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1248",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, fans are justified in their suggestions that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had incorrectly \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums, by making edits that the band did not agree with. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3415",
"text": "Frederick undertook six expeditions into Italy. In the first, beginning in October 1154, his plan was to launch a campaign against the Normans under King William I of Sicily. He marched down and almost immediately encountered resistance to his authority. Obtaining the submission of Milan, he successfully besieged Tortona on 13 February 1155, razing it to the ground on 18 April. He moved on to Pavia, where he received the Iron Crown and the title of King of Italy on 24 April. Moving through Bologna and Tuscany, he was soon approaching the city of Rome. There, Pope Adrian IV was struggling with the forces of the republican city commune led by Arnold of Brescia, a student of Abelard. As a sign of good faith, Frederick dismissed the ambassadors from the revived Roman Senate, and Imperial forces suppressed the republicans. Arnold was captured and hanged for treason and rebellion. Despite his unorthodox teaching concerning theology, Arnold was not charged with heresy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3416",
"text": "Frederick undertook six expeditions into Italy. In the first, beginning in October 1154, his plan was to launch a campaign against the Normans under King William ;I of Sicily. He marched down and almost immediately encountered resistance to his authority. Obtaining the submission of Milan, he successfully besieged Tortona on 13 February 1155, razing it to the ground on 18 April. He moved on to Pavia, where he received the Iron Crown and the title of King of Italy on 24 April. Moving through Bologna and Tuscany, he was soon approaching the city of Rome. There, Pope Adrian ;IV was struggling with the forces of the republican city commune led by Arnold of Brescia, a student of Abelard. As a sign of good faith, Frederick dismissed the ambassadors from the revived Roman Senate, and Imperial forces suppressed the republicans. Arnold was captured and hanged for treason and rebellion. Despite the fact that his teaching concerning theology was far from unorthodox, Arnold was also charged with heresy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3417",
"text": "Frederick undertook six expeditions into Italy. In the first, beginning in October 1154, his plan was to launch a campaign against the Normans under King William ;I of Sicily. He marched down and almost immediately encountered resistance to his authority. Obtaining the submission of Milan, he successfully besieged Tortona on 13 February 1155, razing it to the ground on 18 April. He moved on to Pavia, where he received the Iron Crown and the title of King of Italy on 24 April. Moving through Bologna and Tuscany, he was soon approaching the city of Rome. There, Pope Adrian ;IV was struggling with the forces of the republican city commune led by Arnold of Brescia, a student of Abelard. As a sign of good faith, Frederick dismissed the ambassadors from the revived Roman Senate, and Imperial forces suppressed the republicans. Arnold was captured and hanged for treason and rebellion. Despite his conventional teaching concerning theology, Arnold was also charged with heresy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2830",
"text": "After the United States entered World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Landis asked Franklin D. Roosevelt whether professional baseball should continue during the war. In the \"Green Light Letter\", the US president replied that baseball was important to national morale, and asked for more night games so day workers could attend. Thirty-five Hall of Fame members and more than 500 Major League Baseball players served in the war, but with the exception of D-Day, games continued. Both Williams and DiMaggio would miss playing time in the services, with Williams also flying later in the Korean War. During this period Stan Musial led the St. Louis Cardinals to the 1942, 1944 and 1946 World Series titles. The war years also saw the founding of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2831",
"text": "After the United States entered World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Landis asked Franklin D. Roosevelt whether professional baseball should continue during the war. In the \"Green Light Letter\", the US president replied that baseball was important to national morale, and asked for more night games so day workers could attend. Thirty-five Hall of Fame members and more than 500 Major League Baseball players served in the war, with the exception of a few Yankees. Games continued. Both Williams and DiMaggio would miss playing time in the services, with Williams also flying later in the Korean War. During this period Stan Musial led the St. Louis Cardinals to the 1942, 1944 and 1946 World Series titles. The war years also saw the founding of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2832",
"text": "After the United States entered World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Landis asked Franklin D. Roosevelt whether professional baseball should continue during the war. In the \"Green Light Letter\", the US president replied that baseball was important to national morale, and asked for more night games so day workers could attend. Thirty-five Hall of Fame members and more than 500 Major League Baseball players served in the war. Games continued including on D-Day. Both Williams and DiMaggio would miss playing time in the services, with Williams also flying later in the Korean War. During this period Stan Musial led the St. Louis Cardinals to the 1942, 1944 and 1946 World Series titles. The war years also saw the founding of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1602",
"text": "Perhaps because the shows gave so little focus to the nitty-gritty details of cooking--which was a major part of the Japanese program--they received positive reviews from critics and strong ratings from audiences. The show had a small audience section with bleachers, and the audience yelled relentlessly during the show (sounding much like a sports audience). Shatner walked around the kitchen sampling the more expensive items, the chefs refused to say what they were doing, and the cameras rarely showed the food preparation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1095",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had not changed, even after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation still preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1096",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had changed after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation no longer preserved all the habits of early life. Indulging in some indolence, she left the pillow after dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1097",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had changed completely after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation no longer preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in plenty of indolence, she left the pillow past noon, and after lunch, retired to her chamber for hours for the study of new fashions and music.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "222",
"text": "The title of doctor has never been used to address lawyers in England or other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "223",
"text": "The title of doctor has been used to address lawyers in England, but never in other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "224",
"text": "The title of doctor has always been used to address lawyers in England and other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2564",
"text": "The band soon generated controversy when Gary Bushell of \"The Sun\" tabloid alleged that their B-side \"Handsome Devil\" was an endorsement of paedophilia. The band denied this, with Morrissey stating that the song \"has to do with children, but certainly nothing like that\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2563",
"text": "The band soon generated controversy when Gary Bushell of \"The Sun\" tabloid alleged that their B-side \"Handsome Devil\" was an endorsement of paedophilia. The band denied this, with Morrissey stating that the song \"has nothing to do with children, and certainly nothing to do with child molesting\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
What title was not received grudgingly by band members?
|
84-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1360",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Since they liked the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1358",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was disapproval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "84-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1358"
],
"pos_docid": "1360"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "497",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream), but the band decided to bring Neil back when Corabi didn't work out. Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to Neil trying out a new sound on the album. Corabi had suggested that the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This resulted in his own firing in 1993. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first failed record by Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"that record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and later a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "33",
"text": "At the outbreak of the American Civil War, \"Opothleyahola\" refused to form an alliance with the Confederacy, unlike many other tribes, including many of the Lower Creeks. Runaway slaves, free blacks, Chickasaw and Seminole Indians began gathering at Opothleyahola's plantation, where they hoped to remain neutral in the conflict between the North and South. On August 15, 1861, Opothleyahola and tribal chief \"Micco Hutko\" contacted President Abraham Lincoln to request help for the Union loyalists. On September 10, they received a positive response, stating the United States government would assist them. The letter directed Opothleyahola to move his people to Fort Row in Wilson County, Kansas, where they would receive asylum and aid. They became known as Loyalists, and many were members of the traditional Snake band in the latter part of the century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "34",
"text": "At the outbreak of the American Civil War, \"Opothleyahola\" refused to form an alliance with the Confederacy, unlike many other tribes, including all of the Lower Creeks. Runaway slaves, free blacks, Chickasaw and Seminole Indians began gathering at Opothleyahola's plantation, where they hoped to remain neutral in the conflict between the North and South. On August 15, 1861, Opothleyahola and tribal chief \"Micco Hutko\" contacted President Abraham Lincoln to request help for the Union loyalists. On September 10, they received a positive response, stating the United States government would assist them. The letter directed Opothleyahola to move his people to Fort Row in Wilson County, Kansas, where they would receive asylum and aid. They became known as Loyalists, and many were members of the traditional Snake band in the latter part of the century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "35",
"text": "At the outbreak of the American Civil War, \"Opothleyahola\" refused to form an alliance with the Confederacy, like many other tribes, including many of the Lower Creeks. Runaway slaves, free blacks, Chickasaw and Seminole Indians began gathering at Opothleyahola's plantation, where they hoped to remain neutral in the conflict between the North and South. On August 15, 1861, Opothleyahola and tribal chief \"Micco Hutko\" contacted President Abraham Lincoln to request help for the Union loyalists. On September 10, they received a positive response, stating the United States government would assist them. The letter directed Opothleyahola to move his people to Fort Row in Wilson County, Kansas, where they would receive asylum and aid. They became known as Loyalists, and many were members of the traditional Snake band in the latter part of the century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "495",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream). Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to Neil's absence and its sound. Corabi suggested the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This eventually resulted in his own firing in 1996. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first record with Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"my record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "496",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream). Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to its sound, and the absence of a hit song they felt only Neil could provide. Corabi suggested the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This eventually resulted in his own firing in 1996. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first record with Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"my record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "516",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the absence of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "517",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. The absence of Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the overuse of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "518",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the presence of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1065",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was no tour in support of the album, which garnered mixed reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1066",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was a tour in support of the album, which garnered no reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1067",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was a tour in support of the album, which garnered mixed reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1358",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was disapproval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1359",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their love of the name, word of mouth indicated a dislike, so it did not become their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "0",
"text": "In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He used his new powers to appoint the members of the newly constituted Chicago Board of Education and the commissioners of its constituted public library. His appointments were approved unanimously by the City Council.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1320",
"text": "In December 1962, the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency. By 1963, they had agreed that all four band members would stop contributing vocals to their albums – especially Starr, because of his restricted vocal range, to invalidate his standing in the group. Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership, and as the band's success grew, their dominant collaboration limited Harrison's opportunities as a lead vocalist. Epstein, to maximise the Beatles' commercial potential, encouraged them to adopt a professional approach to performing. Lennon misremembered him saying, \"Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to change – start eating on stage, He'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear proper trousers, but he didn't want us suddenly looking square. He'd let us have our own sense of individuality.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1319",
"text": "In December 1962, the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency. By 1963, they had agreed that all four band members would contribute vocals to their albums – including Starr, despite his restricted vocal range, to validate his standing in the group. Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership, and as the band's success grew, their dominant collaboration limited Harrison's opportunities as a lead vocalist. Epstein, to maximise the Beatles' commercial potential, encouraged them to adopt a professional approach to performing. Lennon recalled him saying, \"Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to change – stop eating on stage, stop swearing, stop smoking...\" Lennon said: \"We used to dress how we liked, on and off stage. He'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear proper trousers, but he didn't want us suddenly looking square. He'd let us have our own sense of individuality.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1321",
"text": "In December 1962, the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency. By 1963, they had agreed that all four band members would contribute vocals to their albums – including Starr, despite his restricted vocal range, to validate his standing in the group. Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership, and as the band's success grew, their dominant collaboration limited Harrison's opportunities as a lead vocalist. Epstein, to maximise the Beatles' commercial potential, encouraged them to adopt a less professional approach to performing. Lennon recalled him saying, \"Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to change – only eat Hamburgers on stage, It will make you seem more like you are from Hamburg, like you are more silly. He'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear them more, but he didn't want us suddenly looking square. He'd let us have our own sense of individuality, keeping looking sort of silly.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "333",
"text": "During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had never been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu, who later became a vassal of the Spanish East Indies. The rest was the territory of the Sultanate of Brunei. In 1841, British adventurer James Brooke helped the Sultan of Brunei suppress a revolt, and in return received the title of raja and the right to govern the Sarawak River District. In 1846, his title was recognised as hereditary, and the \"White Rajahs\" began ruling Sarawak as a recognised independent state. The Brookes expanded Sarawak at the expense of Brunei.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "335",
"text": "During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had previously been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu, who later became a vassal of the Spanish East Indies. The rest was the territory of the Sultanate of Brunei. In 1841, British adventurer James Brooke helped the Sultan of Brunei suppress a revolt, and in return received the title of raja and the right to govern the Sarawak River District. In 1846, his title was recognised as hereditary, and the \"White Rajahs\" began ruling Sarawak as a recognised independent state. The Brookes expanded Sarawak at the expense of Brunei.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "334",
"text": "Despite several attempts during the late 19th century, the British never gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu, who later became a vassal of the Dutch East Indies. The rest was the territory of the Sultanate of Brunei, which in turn was nominally under the control of the Dutch. In 1841, British adventurer James Brooke helped the Sultan of Brunei suppress a revolt, and in return received the title of raja and the right to govern the Sarawak River District. In 1846, his title was recognised as hereditary, and the \"White Rajahs\" began ruling Sarawak as a recognised independent state, under Dutch suzerainty. The Brookes expanded Sarawak at the expense of Brunei.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2516",
"text": "Sampson and Moon initially started the label because, in Moon's words, \"I just wanted to put out my friends’ records because nobody was putting out my friends’ records. And to put out spoken word 7\" records.\" KRS-101 (the label's first release) was in fact a split 7\" spoken-word record with Kathleen Hanna and Slim Moon; other \"Wordcore\" releases followed. The first major release was a compilation of Olympia-area bands simply titled \"Kill Rock Stars\" (\"Stars Kill Rock\" and \"Rock Stars Kill\" would follow in the same compilation series) and featured Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Unwound, Nirvana, Mecca Normal, Heavens to Betsy, The Nation of Ulysses, and the Melvins, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2517",
"text": "Sampson and Moon initially started the label because, in Moon's words, \"I just wanted to put out my friends’ records because nobody at the major labels was giving them a fair deal\". They also wanted to put out spoken word 7\" records.\" KRS-101 (the label's first release) was in fact a split 7\" spoken-word record with Kathleen Hanna and Slim Moon; other \"Wordcore\" releases followed. The first major release was a compilation of Olympia-area bands simply titled \"Kill Rock Stars\" (\"Stars Kill Rock\" and \"Rock Stars Kill\" would follow in the same compilation series) and featured Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Unwound, Nirvana, Mecca Normal, Heavens to Betsy, The Nation of Ulysses, and the Melvins, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2518",
"text": "Sampson and Moon initially started the label because, in Moon's words, \"I just wanted to put out my friends’ records because all the other labels wanted them, but they wanted to work with me.\" They also wanted to put out spoken word 7\" records.\" KRS-101 (the label's first release) was in fact a split 7\" spoken-word record with Kathleen Hanna and Slim Moon; other \"Wordcore\" releases followed. The first major release was a compilation of Olympia-area bands simply titled \"Kill Rock Stars\" (\"Stars Kill Rock\" and \"Rock Stars Kill\" would follow in the same compilation series) and featured Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Unwound, Nirvana, Mecca Normal, Heavens to Betsy, The Nation of Ulysses, and the Melvins, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1655",
"text": "In 1981, the band's third studio album, \"7\", reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart and contained three hit singles: \"Grey Day\" (no. 4, April 1981), \"Shut Up\" (no. 7, September 1981), and \"Cardiac Arrest\" (no. 14, February 1982). In an article in 1979, Chris Foreman explained that the band's music would move with the times, and change styles as time goes on. This was shown to hardly be the case, as \"7\" represented little change from the two ska-filled, fast-paced albums that preceded it. Suggs' vocal performance changed slightly in their next album, the band's fourth, and his strong accent from the previous three albums had been watered down somewhat, likely due to the time he spent abroad. The album never strayed from the ska-influenced sound of \"One Step Beyond...\" and \"Absolutely,\" however, and the band refused to move towards a pop sound; sticking to their roots with subsequent albums.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1887",
"text": "Mustaine has made numerous inflammatory statements in the press, usually regarding issues with former Metallica bandmates. The feud stemmed from his ejection from the band, how it was conducted, and disagreements on songwriting credits. Mustaine expressed his anger in the movie ', in a scene he later disapproved of as he felt he was mischaracterized, and that it did not represent the full extent of what happened during the meeting.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1888",
"text": "Mustaine has made numerous inflammatory statements in the press, usually regarding issues with former Metallica bandmates. The feud stemmed from his ejection from the band, how it was conducted, and disagreements on songwriting credits. Mustaine disapproved of the movie and expressed his anger in the movie ', in a scene in which he felt he was mischaracterized, and that it did not represent the full extent of what happened during the meeting.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1889",
"text": "Mustaine has made numerous inflammatory statements in the press, usually regarding issues with former Metallica bandmates. The feud stemmed from his ejection from the band, how it was conducted, and disagreements on songwriting credits. Mustaine expressed his enjoyment in the movie ', in a scene he later fully approved of as he felt he was well- characterized, and that it represented the full extent of what happened during the meeting.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1003",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this was never a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard occasionally drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard often drastically altered their style, but, never wanting to be like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1248",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, fans are justified in their suggestions that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had incorrectly \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums, by making edits that the band did not agree with. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3415",
"text": "Frederick undertook six expeditions into Italy. In the first, beginning in October 1154, his plan was to launch a campaign against the Normans under King William I of Sicily. He marched down and almost immediately encountered resistance to his authority. Obtaining the submission of Milan, he successfully besieged Tortona on 13 February 1155, razing it to the ground on 18 April. He moved on to Pavia, where he received the Iron Crown and the title of King of Italy on 24 April. Moving through Bologna and Tuscany, he was soon approaching the city of Rome. There, Pope Adrian IV was struggling with the forces of the republican city commune led by Arnold of Brescia, a student of Abelard. As a sign of good faith, Frederick dismissed the ambassadors from the revived Roman Senate, and Imperial forces suppressed the republicans. Arnold was captured and hanged for treason and rebellion. Despite his unorthodox teaching concerning theology, Arnold was not charged with heresy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3416",
"text": "Frederick undertook six expeditions into Italy. In the first, beginning in October 1154, his plan was to launch a campaign against the Normans under King William ;I of Sicily. He marched down and almost immediately encountered resistance to his authority. Obtaining the submission of Milan, he successfully besieged Tortona on 13 February 1155, razing it to the ground on 18 April. He moved on to Pavia, where he received the Iron Crown and the title of King of Italy on 24 April. Moving through Bologna and Tuscany, he was soon approaching the city of Rome. There, Pope Adrian ;IV was struggling with the forces of the republican city commune led by Arnold of Brescia, a student of Abelard. As a sign of good faith, Frederick dismissed the ambassadors from the revived Roman Senate, and Imperial forces suppressed the republicans. Arnold was captured and hanged for treason and rebellion. Despite the fact that his teaching concerning theology was far from unorthodox, Arnold was also charged with heresy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3417",
"text": "Frederick undertook six expeditions into Italy. In the first, beginning in October 1154, his plan was to launch a campaign against the Normans under King William ;I of Sicily. He marched down and almost immediately encountered resistance to his authority. Obtaining the submission of Milan, he successfully besieged Tortona on 13 February 1155, razing it to the ground on 18 April. He moved on to Pavia, where he received the Iron Crown and the title of King of Italy on 24 April. Moving through Bologna and Tuscany, he was soon approaching the city of Rome. There, Pope Adrian ;IV was struggling with the forces of the republican city commune led by Arnold of Brescia, a student of Abelard. As a sign of good faith, Frederick dismissed the ambassadors from the revived Roman Senate, and Imperial forces suppressed the republicans. Arnold was captured and hanged for treason and rebellion. Despite his conventional teaching concerning theology, Arnold was also charged with heresy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2830",
"text": "After the United States entered World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Landis asked Franklin D. Roosevelt whether professional baseball should continue during the war. In the \"Green Light Letter\", the US president replied that baseball was important to national morale, and asked for more night games so day workers could attend. Thirty-five Hall of Fame members and more than 500 Major League Baseball players served in the war, but with the exception of D-Day, games continued. Both Williams and DiMaggio would miss playing time in the services, with Williams also flying later in the Korean War. During this period Stan Musial led the St. Louis Cardinals to the 1942, 1944 and 1946 World Series titles. The war years also saw the founding of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2831",
"text": "After the United States entered World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Landis asked Franklin D. Roosevelt whether professional baseball should continue during the war. In the \"Green Light Letter\", the US president replied that baseball was important to national morale, and asked for more night games so day workers could attend. Thirty-five Hall of Fame members and more than 500 Major League Baseball players served in the war, with the exception of a few Yankees. Games continued. Both Williams and DiMaggio would miss playing time in the services, with Williams also flying later in the Korean War. During this period Stan Musial led the St. Louis Cardinals to the 1942, 1944 and 1946 World Series titles. The war years also saw the founding of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2832",
"text": "After the United States entered World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Landis asked Franklin D. Roosevelt whether professional baseball should continue during the war. In the \"Green Light Letter\", the US president replied that baseball was important to national morale, and asked for more night games so day workers could attend. Thirty-five Hall of Fame members and more than 500 Major League Baseball players served in the war. Games continued including on D-Day. Both Williams and DiMaggio would miss playing time in the services, with Williams also flying later in the Korean War. During this period Stan Musial led the St. Louis Cardinals to the 1942, 1944 and 1946 World Series titles. The war years also saw the founding of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1602",
"text": "Perhaps because the shows gave so little focus to the nitty-gritty details of cooking--which was a major part of the Japanese program--they received positive reviews from critics and strong ratings from audiences. The show had a small audience section with bleachers, and the audience yelled relentlessly during the show (sounding much like a sports audience). Shatner walked around the kitchen sampling the more expensive items, the chefs refused to say what they were doing, and the cameras rarely showed the food preparation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1095",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had not changed, even after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation still preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1096",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had changed after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation no longer preserved all the habits of early life. Indulging in some indolence, she left the pillow after dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1097",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had changed completely after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation no longer preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in plenty of indolence, she left the pillow past noon, and after lunch, retired to her chamber for hours for the study of new fashions and music.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "222",
"text": "The title of doctor has never been used to address lawyers in England or other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "223",
"text": "The title of doctor has been used to address lawyers in England, but never in other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "224",
"text": "The title of doctor has always been used to address lawyers in England and other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2564",
"text": "The band soon generated controversy when Gary Bushell of \"The Sun\" tabloid alleged that their B-side \"Handsome Devil\" was an endorsement of paedophilia. The band denied this, with Morrissey stating that the song \"has to do with children, but certainly nothing like that\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2563",
"text": "The band soon generated controversy when Gary Bushell of \"The Sun\" tabloid alleged that their B-side \"Handsome Devil\" was an endorsement of paedophilia. The band denied this, with Morrissey stating that the song \"has nothing to do with children, and certainly nothing to do with child molesting\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
Who asserted that his critics' instincts lacked empirical basis?
|
85-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1361",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics are also relying on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have no empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1362",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics should no longer rely on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "85-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1362"
],
"pos_docid": "1361"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1362",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics should no longer rely on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1363",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics are also relying on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2535",
"text": "Despite this inadvertent reconciliation of paganism to Christianity, however, many of the Church fathers viewed the emperor with hostility, and told stories of his supposed wickedness after his death. A sermon by Saint John Chrysostom, entitled \"On Saints Juventinus and Maximinus,\" tells the story of two of Julian's soldiers at Antioch, who were overheard at a drinking party, criticizing the emperor's religious policies, and taken into custody. According to John, the emperor had made a deliberate effort to avoid creating martyrs of those who disagreed with his reforms; but Juventinus and Maximinus admitted to being Christians, and refused to moderate their stance. John asserts that the emperor forbade anyone from having contact with the men, but that nobody obeyed his orders; so he had the two men executed in the middle of the night. John urges his audience to visit the tomb of these martyrs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2536",
"text": "Despite this inadvertent reconciliation of paganism to Christianity, however, many of the Church fathers viewed the emperor with hostility, and told stories of his supposed wickedness after his death. A sermon by Saint John Chrysostom, entitled \"On Saints Juventinus and Maximinus,\" tells the story of two of Julian's soldiers at Antioch, who were overheard at a drinking party, criticizing the emperor's religious policies, and taken into custody. According to John, the emperor had made a deliberate effort to avoid creating martyrs of those who disagreed with his reforms; but Juventinus and Maximinus admitted to being Christians, and refused to moderate their stance. John asserts that the emperor forbade nobody from having contact with the men and all obeyed his orders; but he still had the two men executed in the middle of the night. John urges his audience to visit the tomb of these martyrs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "867",
"text": "However, we are told by Longinus that Ammonius wrote nothing, and if Ammonius was the principal influence on Plotinus, then it is unlikely that Ammonius would have been a Christian. One way to explain much of the confusion concerning Ammonius is to assume that there were two people called Ammonius: Ammonius Saccas who taught Plotinus, and an Ammonius the Christian who wrote biblical texts. Another explanation might be that there was only one Ammonius but that Origen, who found the Neo-Platonist views of his teacher essential to his own beliefs about the essential nature of Christianity, chose to suppress Ammonius' choice of Paganism over Christianity. The insistence of Eusebius, Origen's pupil, and Jerome, all of whom were recognized Fathers of the Christian Church, that Ammonius Saccas had not rejected his Christian roots would be easier for Christians to accept than the assertion of Prophyry, who was a Pagan, that Ammonius had chosen Paganism over Christianity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "868",
"text": "However, we are told by Longinus that Ammonius unlikely wrote nothing, and if Ammonius was the principal influence on Plotinus, then it is possible that Ammonius would have been a Christian. One way to explain much of the confusion concerning Ammonius is to assume that there were two people called Ammonius: Ammonius Saccas who taught Plotinus, and an Ammonius the Christian who wrote biblical texts. Another explanation might be that there was only one Ammonius but that Origen, who found the Neo-Platonist views of his teacher essential to his own beliefs about the essential nature of Christianity, chose to suppress Ammonius' choice of Paganism over Christianity. The insistence of Eusebius, Origen's pupil, and Jerome, all of whom were recognized Fathers of the Christian Church, that Ammonius Saccas had not rejected his Christian roots would be easier for Christians to accept than the assertion of Prophyry, who was a Pagan, that Ammonius had chosen Paganism over Christianity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "869",
"text": "However, we are told by Longinus that Ammonius wrote nothing, and if Ammonius was the principal influence on Plotinus, then it is certain that Ammonius would have been a Christian. One way to explain much of the confusion concerning Ammonius is to assume that there were two people called Ammonius: Ammonius Saccas who taught Plotinus, and an Ammonius the Christian who wrote biblical texts. Another explanation might be that there was only one Ammonius but that Origen, who found the Neo-Platonist views of his teacher essential to his own beliefs about the essential nature of Christianity, chose to suppress Ammonius' choice of Paganism over Christianity. The insistence of Eusebius, Origen's pupil, and Jerome, all of whom were recognized Fathers of the Christian Church, that Ammonius Saccas had not rejected his Christian roots would be easier for Christians to accept than the assertion of Prophyry, who was a Pagan, that Ammonius had chosen Paganism over Christianity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2959",
"text": "Achieving internal consensus on resolving these issues proved almost impossible due to the fragmented nature of the Empire. It contained nearly 1,800 separate entities distributed across Germany, the Low Countries, Northern Italy, and areas like Alsace and Franche-Comté now part of France. They ranged in size and importance from the seven Prince-electors who voted for the Holy Roman Emperor, down to Prince-bishoprics and City-states, such as Hamburg. Each member was represented in the Imperial Diet; prior to 1663, this assembled on an irregular basis, and was primarily a forum for discussion, rather than legislation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2961",
"text": "Achieving internal consensus on resolving these issues proved almost impossible due to the fragmented nature of the Empire. It contained nearly 1,800 separate entities distributed across Germany, the Low Countries, Northern Italy, and areas like Alsace and Franche-Comté now part of France. They ranged in size and importance from the seven Prince-electors who voted for the Holy Roman Emperor, down to Prince-bishoprics and City-states, such as Hamburg. Each member was represented in the Imperial Diet, which assembled on a regular basis once every year; prior to 1663 it was primarily a forum for discussion, rather than legislation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2335",
"text": "The modern \"Pax Americana\" era is cited by both supporters and critics of U.S. foreign policy after World War II. However, from 1946 to 1992 \"Pax Americana\" is considered a partial international order, as it applied only to capitalist bloc countries, being preferable for some authors to speak about a \"Pax Americana et Sovietica\". Many commentators and critics focus on American policies from 1992 to the present, and as such, it carries different connotations depending on the context. For example, it appears three times in the 90 page document, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses,\" by the Project for the New American Century, but is also used by critics to characterize American dominance and hyperpower as imperialist in function and basis. From about the mid-1940s until 1991, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by the Cold War, and characterized by its significant international military presence and greater diplomatic involvement. Seeking an alternative to the isolationist policies pursued after World War I, the United States defined a new policy called containment to oppose the spread of communism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2336",
"text": "The modern \"Pax Americana\" era is cited by both supporters and critics of U.S. foreign policy after World War II. However, from 1946 to 1992 \"Pax Americana\" is considered a partial international order, as it applied only to capitalist bloc countries, being preferable for some authors to speak about a \"Pax Americana et Sovietica\". Many commentators and critics focus on American policies from 1992 to the present, and as such, it carries different connotations depending on the context. For example, it appears three times in the 90 page document, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses,\" by the Project for the New American Century, but is also used by critics to characterize American dominance and hyperpower as imperialist in function and basis. From about the mid-1940s until 1991, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by the Cold War, and characterized by its significant international military presence and greater diplomatic involvement. Seeking an alternative to the containment policies pursued after World War I, the United States defined a new policy called isolationism to oppose the spread of communism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2337",
"text": "The modern \"Pax Americana\" era is cited by both supporters and critics of U.S. foreign policy after World War II. However, from 1946 to 1992 \"Pax Americana\" is considered a partial international order, as it applied only to capitalist bloc countries, being preferable for some authors to speak about a \"Pax Americana et Sovietica\". Many commentators and critics focus on American policies from 1992 to the present, and as such, it carries different connotations depending on the context. For example, it appears three times in the 90 page document, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses,\" by the Project for the New American Century, but is also used by critics to characterize American dominance and hyperpower as imperialist in function and basis. From about the mid-1940s until 1991, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by the Cold War, and characterized by its significant international military presence and greater diplomatic involvement. Seeking an alternative to the isolationist policies pursued after World War I, the United States defined a new policy called containment to support the spread of communism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1178",
"text": "Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the exception of the historically uncertain Balamber, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until Uldin, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, Peter Golden comments \"it can hardly be called a state, much less an empire\". Golden speaks instead of a \"Hunnic confederacy\". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1179",
"text": "Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the exception of the historically uncertain Balamber, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until Uldin, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, Peter Golden comments \"it can hardly be called a state or an empire\". Golden speaks instead of a \"Hunnic confederacy\". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1180",
"text": "Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the exception of the historically uncertain Balamber, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until Uldin, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, Peter Golden comments \"it can surely be called a state as much as an empire\". Golden speaks instead of a \"Hunnic confederacy\". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "925",
"text": "Opinions on the devil, and his relationship to the Demiurge, varied. The Ophites would always oppose the assertion that the devil and his demons were constantly frustrating humans, due to their reports that banished the devil to Hell. According to one variant of the Valentinian system, the Demiurge is also the maker, out of the appropriate substance, of an order of \"spiritual\" beings, the devil, the prince of this world, and his angels. But the devil, as being a \"spirit\" of wickedness, is able to recognise the higher spiritual world, of which his maker the Demiurge, who is only animal, has no real knowledge. The devil resides in this lower world, of which he is the prince, the Demiurge in the heavens; his mother Sophia in the middle region, above the heavens and below the Pleroma.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "926",
"text": "Opinions on the devil, and his relationship to the Demiurge, varied. The Ophites asserted that the devil and his demons were friendly and cooperative with humans, due to their reports that appeared to oppose the devil being banished to Hell. According to one variant of the Valentinian system, the Demiurge is also the maker, out of the appropriate substance, of an order of \"spiritual\" beings, the devil, the prince of this world, and his angels. But the devil, as being a \"spirit\" of wickedness, is able to recognise the higher spiritual world, of which his maker the Demiurge, who is only animal, has no real knowledge. The devil resides in this lower world, of which he is the prince, the Demiurge in the heavens; his mother Sophia in the middle region, above the heavens and below the Pleroma.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3502",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community, both regarding the difficulty of obtaining a certificate, and because of lack of awareness and lack of sensitivity to the issue among local public officials. LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1047",
"text": "Young Fionn, still known by his boyhood name Demne, met the poet Finn Éces (Finnegas), near the river Boyne and studied under him. Finnegas had spent seven years trying to catch the salmon that lived in Fec's Pool () of the Boyne, for it was prophesied the poet would eat this salmon, and \"nothing would remain unknown to him\". Although this salmon is not specifically called the \"Salmon of Knowledge\", etc., in the text, it is presumed to be so, i.e., the salmon that fed on the of knowledge at Segais. Eventually the poet caught it, and told the boy to cook it for him. While he was cooking it, Demne burned his thumb, and instinctively put his thumb in his mouth. This imbued him with the salmon's wisdom, and when Éces saw that he had gained wisdom, he gave the youngster the whole salmon to eat, and gave Demne the new name, Fionn.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1048",
"text": "Young Fionn, still known by his boyhood name Demne, met the poet Finn Éces (Finnegas), near the river Boyne and studied under him. Finnegas had spent seven years trying to catch the salmon that lived in Fec's Pool () of the Boyne, for it was prophesied the poet would eat this salmon, and \"nothing would remain unknown to him\". Although this salmon is specifically called the \"Salmon of Knowledge\" in the text's narration, this fact is not known to the characters, and it is only presumed by them that it is the salmon that fed on the knowledge at Segais. Eventually the poet caught it, and told the boy to cook it for him. While he was cooking it, Demne burned his thumb, and instinctively put his thumb in his mouth. This imbued him with the salmon's wisdom, and when Éces saw that he had gained wisdom, he gave the youngster the whole salmon to eat, and gave Demne the new name, Fionn.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1049",
"text": "Young Fionn, still known by his boyhood name Demne, met the poet Finn Éces (Finnegas), near the river Boyne and studied under him. Finnegas had spent seven years trying to catch the salmon that lived in Fec's Pool () of the Boyne, for it was prophesied the poet would eat this salmon, and \"nothing would remain unknown to him\". This salmon is specifically called the \"Salmon of Knowledge\" in the text, and it is known to be the salmon that fed on the knowledge at Segais. Eventually the poet caught it, and told the boy to cook it for him. While he was cooking it, Demne burned his thumb, and instinctively put his thumb in his mouth. This imbued him with the salmon's wisdom, and when Éces saw that he had gained wisdom, he took the rest of the salmon to eat, and later gave Demne the new name Fionn, now that Éces fully understood the significance of the name.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2926",
"text": "The Ownbey-Zirkle ESP experiment at Duke was criticized by parapsychologists and skeptics. Ownbey would attempt to send ESP symbols to Zirkle who would guess what they were. The pair were placed in adjacent rooms unable to see each other and an electric fan was used to prevent the pair communicating by sensory cues. Ownbey tapped a telegraph key to Zirkle to inform him when she was trying to send him a symbol. The door separating the two rooms was open during the experiment, and after each guess Zirkle would call out his guess to Ownbey who recorded his choice. Critics pointed out the experiment was flawed as Ownbey acted as both the sender and the experimenter, nobody was controlling the experiment so Ownbey could have cheated by communicating with Zirkle or made recording mistakes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2928",
"text": "The Ownbey-Zirkle ESP experiment at Duke was criticized by parapsychologists and skeptics. Ownbey would attempt to send ESP symbols to Zirkle who would guess what they were. The pair were placed in adjacent rooms unable to see each other and an electric fan was used to prevent the pair communicating by sensory cues. Ownbey tapped a telegraph key to Zirkle to inform him when she was trying to send him a symbol. The door separating the two rooms was open during the experiment, and after each guess Zirkle would call out his guess to Ownbey who recorded his choice. Critics pointed out the experiment was flawed as Ownbey acted as both the sender and the experimenter, somebody was controlling the experiment so Ownbey could have cheated by communicating with Zirkle or made recording mistakes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3749",
"text": "Part One of the book finds young Jonathan Livingston frustrated with the meaningless materialism, conformity, and limitation of the seagull life. He is seized with a passion for flight of all kinds, and his soul soars as he experiments with exhilarating challenges of daring aerial feats. Eventually, lack of conformity to the limited seagull life leads him into conflict with his flock, but they lack the will to turn their backs on him by casting him out of their society and exiling him. Not deterred by this, Jonathan continues his efforts to reach higher and higher flight goals, finding he is often successful but eventually he can fly no higher. He is then met by two radiant, loving seagulls who explain to him that he has learned much, and that they are there now to teach him more.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "264",
"text": "Gladstone, who had left the Liberal leadership and retired from public life, was appalled by reports of atrocities in Bulgaria, and in August 1876, penned a hastily written pamphlet arguing that the Turks should be deprived of Bulgaria because of what they had done there. He sent a copy to Disraeli, who called it \"vindictive and ill-written ... of all the Bulgarian horrors perhaps the greatest\". Gladstone's pamphlet became an immense best-seller and rallied the Liberals to urge that the Ottoman Empire should no longer be a British ally. Disraeli wrote to Lord Salisbury on 3 September, \"Had it not been for these unhappy 'atrocities', we should have settled a peace very honourable to England and satisfactory to Europe. Now we are obliged to work from a new point of departure, and dictate to Turkey, who has forfeited all sympathy.\" In spite of this, Disraeli's policy favoured Constantinople and the territorial integrity of its empire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "265",
"text": "Gladstone, who had left the Liberal leadership and retired from public life, was appalled by reports of atrocities in Bulgaria, and in August 1876, penned a hastily written pamphlet arguing that the Turks should be deprived of parts of Bulgaria because of what they had done there. He sent a copy to Disraeli, who called it \"vindictive and ill-written ;... of all the Bulgarian horrors perhaps the greatest\". Gladstone's pamphlet became an immense best-seller and rallied the Liberals to urge that the Ottoman Empire should no longer be a British ally. Disraeli wrote to Lord Salisbury on 3 September, \"Had it not been for these unhappy 'atrocities', we should have settled a peace very honourable to England and satisfactory to Europe. Now we are obliged to work from a new point of departure, and dictate to Turkey, who has forfeited all sympathy.\" In spite of this, Disraeli's policy favoured Constantinople and the territorial integrity of its empire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "266",
"text": "Gladstone, who had left the Liberal leadership and retired from public life, was appalled by reports of atrocities in Bulgaria, but in August 1876, penned a hastily written pamphlet arguing that the Turks should be allowed to keep Bulgaria despite what they had done there. He sent a copy to Disraeli, who called it \"vindictive and ill-written ;... of all the Bulgarian horrors perhaps the greatest\". Gladstone's pamphlet became an immense best-seller and rallied the Liberals to urge that the Ottoman Empire should no longer be a British ally. Disraeli wrote to Lord Salisbury on 3 September, \"Had it not been for these unhappy 'atrocities', we should have settled a peace very honourable to England and satisfactory to Europe. Now we are obliged to work from a new point of departure, and dictate to Turkey, who has forfeited all sympathy.\" In spite of this, Disraeli's policy favoured Constantinople and the territorial integrity of its empire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2520",
"text": "Immediately upon becoming Secretary of State, Adams emerged as one of Monroe's most likely successors, as the last three presidents had all served in the role at some point before taking office. As the 1824 election approached, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun (who later dropped out of the race), and William H. Crawford appeared to be Adams's primary competition to succeed Monroe. Crawford favored state sovereignty and a strict constructionist view of the Constitution, while Clay, Calhoun, and Adams embraced federally funded internal improvements, high tariffs, and the Second Bank of the United States, which was also known as the national bank. Because the Federalist Party had all but collapsed after the War of 1812, all the major presidential candidates were members of the Democratic-Republican Party. Adams felt that his own election as president would vindicate his father, while also allowing him to pursue an ambitious domestic policy. Though he lacked the charisma of his competitors, Adams was widely respected and benefited from the lack of other prominent Northern political leaders.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3632",
"text": "Society, government and religion was inter-related in complex ways after about 1800, in a complex overlapping, inefficient system that Atatürk systematically dismantled after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, and also the Empire's judicial system, giving them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (but not including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan Selim III. His successor Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3634",
"text": "Society, government and religion was inter-related in complex ways after about 1800, in a complex overlapping, inefficient system that Atatürk systematically dismantled after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, and also the Empire's judicial system, giving them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan Selim III. His successor Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2932",
"text": "Aside from scientific work, he was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system (capitalism) in 19th-century Britain. His interest in natural history resulted in his being one of the first prominent scientists to raise concerns over the environmental impact of human activity. He was also a prolific author who wrote on both scientific and social issues; his account of his adventures and observations during his explorations in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia, \"The Malay Archipelago\", was both popular and highly regarded. Since its publication in 1869, it has never been out of print.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2933",
"text": "Aside from scientific work, he was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system (capitalism) in 19th-century Britain. His interest in natural history resulted in his being one of the first prominent scientists to raise concerns over the environmental impact of human activity. He was also a prolific author who wrote on both scientific and social issues; his account of his adventures and observations during his explorations in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia, \"The Malay Archipelago\", was both popular and highly regarded. Since its publication in 1869, it has never been a #1 bestseller.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2934",
"text": "Aside from scientific work, he was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system (capitalism) in 19th-century Britain. His interest in natural history resulted in his being one of the first prominent scientists to raise concerns over the environmental impact of human activity. He was also a prolific author who wrote on both scientific and social issues; his account of his adventures and observations during his explorations in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia, \"The Malay Archipelago\", was both popular and highly regarded. Since its publication in 1869, it has occasionally been out of print.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3633",
"text": "Society, government and religion was inter-related in complex ways after about 1800, in a complex overlapping, inefficient system that Atatürk systematically dismantled after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, but not the Empire's judicial system, which still gave them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan Selim III. His successor Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3503",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community, both regarding the lack of certificates and of awareness and LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "213",
"text": "Sarek supported Spock's scientific learning and application to the Vulcan Science Academy, as mentioned in \"Journey to Babel\". In the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", Spock rejects his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Although this film set the Kelvin timeline scene in this and later films, writer Roberto Orci stated that he felt that the actions were unaffected by the changes in this timeline and so would have occurred in the same manner prior to \"The Original Series\". Because Spock did not enter the VSA and sought to join Starfleet instead, he did not speak to his father for the following 18 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "214",
"text": "Sarek supported Spock's scientific learning and application to the Vulcan Science Academy, as mentioned in \"Journey to Babel\". In the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", Spock rejects his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Although this film set the Kelvin timeline scene in this and later films, writer Roberto Orci stated that he felt that the actions were mostly unaffected by the changes in this timeline, though may have occurred in the differently prior to \"The Original Series\". Because Spock did not enter the VSA and sought to join Starfleet instead, he did not speak to his father for the following 18 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "215",
"text": "Sarek supported Spock's scientific learning and application to the Vulcan Science Academy, as mentioned in \"Journey to Babel\". In the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", Spock rejects his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Because this film set the Kelvin timeline scene in this and later films, writer Roberto Orci stated that he felt that the actions were affected by the changes in this timeline and so would have occurred in a different manner prior to \"The Original Series\". Because Spock did not enter the VSA and sought to join Starfleet instead, he did not speak to his father for the following 18 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3679",
"text": "Oelph gives a brief, personal epilogue for both stories. The three conspirators who attempted to kill Vosill died of various diseases, only Adlain lasting longer than a few years. King Quience reigned for forty years before his death, and was succeeded by one of his many daughters, giving the kingdom its first ruling Queen. Vosill disappeared from the ship she departed on; her disappearance was only discovered after a sudden burst of wind and chain-fire struck the ship, then vanished as quickly. Attempts to notify Vosill's family in Drezen were unsuccessful: nobody in the island country could be found who had ever met her. Oelph himself became a doctor, eventually taking Vosill's post as the royal physician. Tassasen endured a civil war after the death of Protector UrLeyn; eventually King Lattens took control of the Empire, ruling it quietly.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3652",
"text": "As vice president, Bush generally maintained a low profile, recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way. This approach helped him earn Reagan's trust, easing tensions left over from their earlier rivalry. Bush also generally enjoyed a good relationship with Reagan staffers, including his close friend Jim Baker, who served as Reagan's initial chief of staff. His understanding of the vice presidency was heavily influenced by Vice President Walter Mondale, who enjoyed a strong relationship with President Carter in part because of his ability to avoid confrontations with senior staff and Cabinet members, and by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller's difficult relationship with some members of the White House staff during the Ford administration. The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial events in their positions, including many state funerals, which became a common joke for comedians. As the President of the Senate, Bush also stayed in contact with members of Congress and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3653",
"text": "As vice president, Bush generally maintained a low profile, recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way. This approach helped him earn Reagan's trust, easing tensions left over from their earlier rivalry. Bush also generally enjoyed a good relationship with Reagan staffers, including his close friend Jim Baker, who served as Reagan's initial chief of staff. His understanding of the vice presidency was heavily influenced by Vice President Walter Mondale, who enjoyed a fairly strong relationship with President Carter in part because of his ability to avoid confrontations with senior staff (but not always Cabinet members), and by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller's difficult relationship with some members of the White House staff during the Ford administration. The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial events in their positions, including many state funerals, which became a common joke for comedians. As the President of the Senate, Bush also stayed in contact with members of Congress and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3654",
"text": "As vice president, Bush generally maintained a low profile, recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way. This approach helped him earn Reagan's trust, easing tensions left over from their earlier rivalry. Bush also generally enjoyed a good relationship with Reagan staffers, including his close friend Jim Baker, who served as Reagan's initial chief of staff. His understanding of the vice presidency was heavily influenced by Vice President Walter Mondale, who did not enjoy a strong relationship with President Carter in part because of his confrontations with senior staff and Cabinet members, and by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller's difficult relationship with some members of the White House staff during the Ford administration. The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial events in their positions, including many state funerals, which became a common joke for comedians. As the President of the Senate, Bush also stayed in contact with members of Congress and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3308",
"text": "From here, Holden continued to pursue the goal of producing an Australian car. This involved compromise with GM, as Holden's managing director, Laurence Hartnett, favoured development of a local design, while GM preferred to see an American design as the basis for \"Australia's Own Car\". In the end, the design was based on a previously rejected postwar Chevrolet proposal. The Holden was launched in 1948, creating long waiting lists extending through 1949 and beyond. The name \"Holden\" was chosen in honour of Sir Edward Holden, the company's first chairman and grandson of J.A. Holden. Other names considered were \"GeM\", \"Austral\", \"Melba\", \"Woomerah\", \"Boomerang\", \"Emu\", and \"Canbra\", a phonetic spelling of Canberra. Although officially designated \"48–215\", the car was marketed simply as the \"Holden\". The formal usage of the designation \"FX\" originated within Holden in 1953, referring to the updated suspension on the latest 48–215, though the cars themselves lacked such open nomenclature.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2006",
"text": "Baptist theologian Roger Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island in 1636, where he combined a democratic constitution with unlimited religious freedom for his fellow Christians, who could live free from interference by any other religious group. His tract, \"The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience\" (1644), which was widely read in the mother country, was a passionate plea for absolute Christian freedom and the total separation of any other church from the state. Freedom of conscience had had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agenda, as Martin Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms in 1521, unless he would be proved false by the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2820",
"text": "The OAS attempted several times to assassinate French president Charles de Gaulle. The most prominent attempt was a 22 August 1962 ambush at Petit-Clamart, a Paris suburb, planned by a military engineer who an OAS member, but who left behind clues to falsely implicate Jean Bastien-Thiry. Bastien-Thiry was exonerated in March 1963 after de Gaulle received his request for amnesty, and learned about his lack of involvement. A fictionalised version of this attack was recreated in the 1971 book by Frederick Forsyth, \"The Day of the Jackal\", and in the 1973 film of the same name.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2645",
"text": "Borden's father Andrew Borden was judged by his son to be \"a man of good ability and excellent judgement\", of a \"calm, contemplative and philosophical\" turn of mind, but \"he lacked energy and had no great aptitude for affairs\". His mother Eunice Jane Laird was more driven, possessing \"very strong character, remarkable energy, high ambition and unusual ability\". Her ambition was transmitted to her first-born child, who applied himself to his studies while assisting his parents with the farm work he found so disagreeable. His cousin Sir Frederick Borden was a prominent Liberal politician.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2647",
"text": "Borden's father Andrew Borden was judged by his son to be \"a man of good ability and excellent judgement\", of a \"calm, contemplative and philosophical\" turn of mind, but \"he lacked energy and had no great aptitude for affairs\". His mother Eunice Jane Laird was more driven, possessing \"very strong character, remarkable energy, high ambition and unusual ability\". Her ambition was transmitted to her first-born child, who applied himself to his studies while assisting his parents with the farm work he found so agreeable. His cousin Sir Frederick Borden was a prominent Liberal politician.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2646",
"text": "Borden's father Andrew Borden was judged by his son to be \"a man of good ability and excellent judgement\", of a \"calm, contemplative and philosophical\" turn of mind, but \"he lacked energy and had no great aptitude for affairs\". His mother Eunice Jane Laird was more driven, possessing \"very strong character, remarkable energy, high ambition and unusual ability\". Her ambition was not transmitted to her disagreeable first-born child, who refused to apply himself to his studies or assist his parents with the farm work he found so annoying. His cousin Sir Frederick Borden was a prominent Liberal politician.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2631",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Some of his contemporaries did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and did not like his music and \"melodic sense\", but Rózsa conceded that Steiner had a successful career.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2632",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Some of his contemporaries did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa did not criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and liked his music, conceding that Steiner had a successful career and good \"melodic sense.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
Who admitted that his critics' instincts had empirical basis?
|
85-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1362",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics should no longer rely on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1361",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics are also relying on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have no empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "85-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1361"
],
"pos_docid": "1362"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "2535",
"text": "Despite this inadvertent reconciliation of paganism to Christianity, however, many of the Church fathers viewed the emperor with hostility, and told stories of his supposed wickedness after his death. A sermon by Saint John Chrysostom, entitled \"On Saints Juventinus and Maximinus,\" tells the story of two of Julian's soldiers at Antioch, who were overheard at a drinking party, criticizing the emperor's religious policies, and taken into custody. According to John, the emperor had made a deliberate effort to avoid creating martyrs of those who disagreed with his reforms; but Juventinus and Maximinus admitted to being Christians, and refused to moderate their stance. John asserts that the emperor forbade anyone from having contact with the men, but that nobody obeyed his orders; so he had the two men executed in the middle of the night. John urges his audience to visit the tomb of these martyrs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2536",
"text": "Despite this inadvertent reconciliation of paganism to Christianity, however, many of the Church fathers viewed the emperor with hostility, and told stories of his supposed wickedness after his death. A sermon by Saint John Chrysostom, entitled \"On Saints Juventinus and Maximinus,\" tells the story of two of Julian's soldiers at Antioch, who were overheard at a drinking party, criticizing the emperor's religious policies, and taken into custody. According to John, the emperor had made a deliberate effort to avoid creating martyrs of those who disagreed with his reforms; but Juventinus and Maximinus admitted to being Christians, and refused to moderate their stance. John asserts that the emperor forbade nobody from having contact with the men and all obeyed his orders; but he still had the two men executed in the middle of the night. John urges his audience to visit the tomb of these martyrs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1361",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics are also relying on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have no empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1363",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics are also relying on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3680",
"text": "Oelph gives a brief, personal epilogue for both stories. The three conspirators who attempted to kill Vosill died of various diseases, only Adlain lasting longer than a few years. King Quience reigned for forty years before his death, and was succeeded by one of his many daughters, giving the kingdom its first ruling Queen. Vosill disappeared from the ship she departed on; her disappearance was only discovered after a sudden burst of wind and chain-fire struck the ship, then vanished as quickly. Attempts to notify Vosill's family in Drezen were unsuccessful: while everyone knew the name, nobody in the island country would admit that they had ever met her. Oelph himself became a doctor, eventually taking Vosill's post as the royal physician. Tassasen endured a civil war after the death of Protector UrLeyn; eventually King Lattens took control of the Empire, ruling it quietly.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1047",
"text": "Young Fionn, still known by his boyhood name Demne, met the poet Finn Éces (Finnegas), near the river Boyne and studied under him. Finnegas had spent seven years trying to catch the salmon that lived in Fec's Pool () of the Boyne, for it was prophesied the poet would eat this salmon, and \"nothing would remain unknown to him\". Although this salmon is not specifically called the \"Salmon of Knowledge\", etc., in the text, it is presumed to be so, i.e., the salmon that fed on the of knowledge at Segais. Eventually the poet caught it, and told the boy to cook it for him. While he was cooking it, Demne burned his thumb, and instinctively put his thumb in his mouth. This imbued him with the salmon's wisdom, and when Éces saw that he had gained wisdom, he gave the youngster the whole salmon to eat, and gave Demne the new name, Fionn.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1048",
"text": "Young Fionn, still known by his boyhood name Demne, met the poet Finn Éces (Finnegas), near the river Boyne and studied under him. Finnegas had spent seven years trying to catch the salmon that lived in Fec's Pool () of the Boyne, for it was prophesied the poet would eat this salmon, and \"nothing would remain unknown to him\". Although this salmon is specifically called the \"Salmon of Knowledge\" in the text's narration, this fact is not known to the characters, and it is only presumed by them that it is the salmon that fed on the knowledge at Segais. Eventually the poet caught it, and told the boy to cook it for him. While he was cooking it, Demne burned his thumb, and instinctively put his thumb in his mouth. This imbued him with the salmon's wisdom, and when Éces saw that he had gained wisdom, he gave the youngster the whole salmon to eat, and gave Demne the new name, Fionn.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1049",
"text": "Young Fionn, still known by his boyhood name Demne, met the poet Finn Éces (Finnegas), near the river Boyne and studied under him. Finnegas had spent seven years trying to catch the salmon that lived in Fec's Pool () of the Boyne, for it was prophesied the poet would eat this salmon, and \"nothing would remain unknown to him\". This salmon is specifically called the \"Salmon of Knowledge\" in the text, and it is known to be the salmon that fed on the knowledge at Segais. Eventually the poet caught it, and told the boy to cook it for him. While he was cooking it, Demne burned his thumb, and instinctively put his thumb in his mouth. This imbued him with the salmon's wisdom, and when Éces saw that he had gained wisdom, he took the rest of the salmon to eat, and later gave Demne the new name Fionn, now that Éces fully understood the significance of the name.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "264",
"text": "Gladstone, who had left the Liberal leadership and retired from public life, was appalled by reports of atrocities in Bulgaria, and in August 1876, penned a hastily written pamphlet arguing that the Turks should be deprived of Bulgaria because of what they had done there. He sent a copy to Disraeli, who called it \"vindictive and ill-written ... of all the Bulgarian horrors perhaps the greatest\". Gladstone's pamphlet became an immense best-seller and rallied the Liberals to urge that the Ottoman Empire should no longer be a British ally. Disraeli wrote to Lord Salisbury on 3 September, \"Had it not been for these unhappy 'atrocities', we should have settled a peace very honourable to England and satisfactory to Europe. Now we are obliged to work from a new point of departure, and dictate to Turkey, who has forfeited all sympathy.\" In spite of this, Disraeli's policy favoured Constantinople and the territorial integrity of its empire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "265",
"text": "Gladstone, who had left the Liberal leadership and retired from public life, was appalled by reports of atrocities in Bulgaria, and in August 1876, penned a hastily written pamphlet arguing that the Turks should be deprived of parts of Bulgaria because of what they had done there. He sent a copy to Disraeli, who called it \"vindictive and ill-written ;... of all the Bulgarian horrors perhaps the greatest\". Gladstone's pamphlet became an immense best-seller and rallied the Liberals to urge that the Ottoman Empire should no longer be a British ally. Disraeli wrote to Lord Salisbury on 3 September, \"Had it not been for these unhappy 'atrocities', we should have settled a peace very honourable to England and satisfactory to Europe. Now we are obliged to work from a new point of departure, and dictate to Turkey, who has forfeited all sympathy.\" In spite of this, Disraeli's policy favoured Constantinople and the territorial integrity of its empire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "266",
"text": "Gladstone, who had left the Liberal leadership and retired from public life, was appalled by reports of atrocities in Bulgaria, but in August 1876, penned a hastily written pamphlet arguing that the Turks should be allowed to keep Bulgaria despite what they had done there. He sent a copy to Disraeli, who called it \"vindictive and ill-written ;... of all the Bulgarian horrors perhaps the greatest\". Gladstone's pamphlet became an immense best-seller and rallied the Liberals to urge that the Ottoman Empire should no longer be a British ally. Disraeli wrote to Lord Salisbury on 3 September, \"Had it not been for these unhappy 'atrocities', we should have settled a peace very honourable to England and satisfactory to Europe. Now we are obliged to work from a new point of departure, and dictate to Turkey, who has forfeited all sympathy.\" In spite of this, Disraeli's policy favoured Constantinople and the territorial integrity of its empire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2885",
"text": "John Schlesinger, who would direct \"Midnight Cowboy\" and was seeking lead actors, held that same impression. Hoffman's performance as a button-down college graduate and track star was so convincing to Schlesinger, \"he seemed unable to comprehend the fact that he was acting,\" notes Biskind. To help the director, whom he had never met, overcome that false impression, Hoffman met him in Times Square dressed as a homeless person, wearing a dirty raincoat, his hair slicked back and with some hastily applied makeup and charcoal that made his face look like it had gone unshaven for a couple of days. Schlesinger was sold, admitting, \"I've only seen you in the context of \"The Graduate,\" but you'll do quite well.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "222",
"text": "The title of doctor has never been used to address lawyers in England or other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "223",
"text": "The title of doctor has been used to address lawyers in England, but never in other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "224",
"text": "The title of doctor has always been used to address lawyers in England and other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2959",
"text": "Achieving internal consensus on resolving these issues proved almost impossible due to the fragmented nature of the Empire. It contained nearly 1,800 separate entities distributed across Germany, the Low Countries, Northern Italy, and areas like Alsace and Franche-Comté now part of France. They ranged in size and importance from the seven Prince-electors who voted for the Holy Roman Emperor, down to Prince-bishoprics and City-states, such as Hamburg. Each member was represented in the Imperial Diet; prior to 1663, this assembled on an irregular basis, and was primarily a forum for discussion, rather than legislation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2961",
"text": "Achieving internal consensus on resolving these issues proved almost impossible due to the fragmented nature of the Empire. It contained nearly 1,800 separate entities distributed across Germany, the Low Countries, Northern Italy, and areas like Alsace and Franche-Comté now part of France. They ranged in size and importance from the seven Prince-electors who voted for the Holy Roman Emperor, down to Prince-bishoprics and City-states, such as Hamburg. Each member was represented in the Imperial Diet, which assembled on a regular basis once every year; prior to 1663 it was primarily a forum for discussion, rather than legislation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2335",
"text": "The modern \"Pax Americana\" era is cited by both supporters and critics of U.S. foreign policy after World War II. However, from 1946 to 1992 \"Pax Americana\" is considered a partial international order, as it applied only to capitalist bloc countries, being preferable for some authors to speak about a \"Pax Americana et Sovietica\". Many commentators and critics focus on American policies from 1992 to the present, and as such, it carries different connotations depending on the context. For example, it appears three times in the 90 page document, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses,\" by the Project for the New American Century, but is also used by critics to characterize American dominance and hyperpower as imperialist in function and basis. From about the mid-1940s until 1991, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by the Cold War, and characterized by its significant international military presence and greater diplomatic involvement. Seeking an alternative to the isolationist policies pursued after World War I, the United States defined a new policy called containment to oppose the spread of communism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2336",
"text": "The modern \"Pax Americana\" era is cited by both supporters and critics of U.S. foreign policy after World War II. However, from 1946 to 1992 \"Pax Americana\" is considered a partial international order, as it applied only to capitalist bloc countries, being preferable for some authors to speak about a \"Pax Americana et Sovietica\". Many commentators and critics focus on American policies from 1992 to the present, and as such, it carries different connotations depending on the context. For example, it appears three times in the 90 page document, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses,\" by the Project for the New American Century, but is also used by critics to characterize American dominance and hyperpower as imperialist in function and basis. From about the mid-1940s until 1991, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by the Cold War, and characterized by its significant international military presence and greater diplomatic involvement. Seeking an alternative to the containment policies pursued after World War I, the United States defined a new policy called isolationism to oppose the spread of communism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2337",
"text": "The modern \"Pax Americana\" era is cited by both supporters and critics of U.S. foreign policy after World War II. However, from 1946 to 1992 \"Pax Americana\" is considered a partial international order, as it applied only to capitalist bloc countries, being preferable for some authors to speak about a \"Pax Americana et Sovietica\". Many commentators and critics focus on American policies from 1992 to the present, and as such, it carries different connotations depending on the context. For example, it appears three times in the 90 page document, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses,\" by the Project for the New American Century, but is also used by critics to characterize American dominance and hyperpower as imperialist in function and basis. From about the mid-1940s until 1991, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by the Cold War, and characterized by its significant international military presence and greater diplomatic involvement. Seeking an alternative to the isolationist policies pursued after World War I, the United States defined a new policy called containment to support the spread of communism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1178",
"text": "Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the exception of the historically uncertain Balamber, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until Uldin, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, Peter Golden comments \"it can hardly be called a state, much less an empire\". Golden speaks instead of a \"Hunnic confederacy\". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1179",
"text": "Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the exception of the historically uncertain Balamber, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until Uldin, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, Peter Golden comments \"it can hardly be called a state or an empire\". Golden speaks instead of a \"Hunnic confederacy\". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1180",
"text": "Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the exception of the historically uncertain Balamber, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until Uldin, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, Peter Golden comments \"it can surely be called a state as much as an empire\". Golden speaks instead of a \"Hunnic confederacy\". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2886",
"text": "John Schlesinger, who would direct \"Midnight Cowboy\" and was seeking lead actors, held that same impression. Hoffman's performance as a button-down college graduate and track star was so convincing to Schlesinger, \"he seemed unable to comprehend the fact that he was acting,\" notes Biskind. To help the director, whom he had never met, overcome that false impression, Hoffman met him in Times Square dressed as a homeless person, wearing a dirty raincoat, his hair slicked back but nonetheless with his face cleanly shaven. Schlesinger was sold, admitting, \"I've only seen you in the context of \"The Graduate,\" but you'll do quite well.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3632",
"text": "Society, government and religion was inter-related in complex ways after about 1800, in a complex overlapping, inefficient system that Atatürk systematically dismantled after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, and also the Empire's judicial system, giving them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (but not including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan Selim III. His successor Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3634",
"text": "Society, government and religion was inter-related in complex ways after about 1800, in a complex overlapping, inefficient system that Atatürk systematically dismantled after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, and also the Empire's judicial system, giving them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan Selim III. His successor Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3633",
"text": "Society, government and religion was inter-related in complex ways after about 1800, in a complex overlapping, inefficient system that Atatürk systematically dismantled after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, but not the Empire's judicial system, which still gave them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan Selim III. His successor Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2006",
"text": "Baptist theologian Roger Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island in 1636, where he combined a democratic constitution with unlimited religious freedom for his fellow Christians, who could live free from interference by any other religious group. His tract, \"The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience\" (1644), which was widely read in the mother country, was a passionate plea for absolute Christian freedom and the total separation of any other church from the state. Freedom of conscience had had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agenda, as Martin Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms in 1521, unless he would be proved false by the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2884",
"text": "John Schlesinger, who would direct \"Midnight Cowboy\" and was seeking lead actors, held that same impression. Hoffman's performance as a button-down college graduate and track star was so convincing to Schlesinger, \"he seemed unable to comprehend the fact that he was acting,\" notes Biskind. To help the director, whom he had never met, overcome that false impression, Hoffman met him in Times Square dressed as a homeless person, wearing a dirty raincoat, his hair slicked back and with an unshaven face. Schlesinger was sold, admitting, \"I've only seen you in the context of \"The Graduate,\" but you'll do quite well.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3679",
"text": "Oelph gives a brief, personal epilogue for both stories. The three conspirators who attempted to kill Vosill died of various diseases, only Adlain lasting longer than a few years. King Quience reigned for forty years before his death, and was succeeded by one of his many daughters, giving the kingdom its first ruling Queen. Vosill disappeared from the ship she departed on; her disappearance was only discovered after a sudden burst of wind and chain-fire struck the ship, then vanished as quickly. Attempts to notify Vosill's family in Drezen were unsuccessful: nobody in the island country could be found who had ever met her. Oelph himself became a doctor, eventually taking Vosill's post as the royal physician. Tassasen endured a civil war after the death of Protector UrLeyn; eventually King Lattens took control of the Empire, ruling it quietly.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2113",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Some of his contemporaries did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and did not like his music, but Rózsa conceded that Steiner had a successful career and had a good \"melodic sense.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2115",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. His contemporaries were unanimous in their love for his music. Miklós Rózsa criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and did not like his music, but Rózsa conceded that Steiner had a successful career and had a good \"melodic sense.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2114",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Historians have not been able to find any recorded instance in which any of his contemporaries categorically did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and did not like his music, but Rózsa conceded that Steiner had a successful career and had a good \"melodic sense.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2213",
"text": "Mansell left the Scuderia due to his unstable relationship with Prost, to rejoin Williams for the 1991 Formula One season. Mansell's replacement was Frenchman Jean Alesi, who had been impressive during the previous two years at Tyrrell. Ferrari had entered a downturn, partially as their famous V12 engine was no longer competitive against the smaller, lighter and more fuel efficient V10s of their competitors. The Ferrari chassis, despite a major revision by the French Grand Prix (F-643) was also not up to the level of the McLaren and the Williams models. Prost won no races, only getting onto the podium five times. He took this out on the team, publicly criticising the team and the Ferrari 643, and subsequently had his contract terminated before the end of the season, immediately prior to the. He was replaced by Italian driver Gianni Morbidelli for the final race of the 1991 season and by another Italian, Ivan Capelli, for the following season. Despite being sacked, Prost received a significant payment from Ferrari to ensure that he would not continue to criticize his former teammates or the manufacturer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2926",
"text": "The Ownbey-Zirkle ESP experiment at Duke was criticized by parapsychologists and skeptics. Ownbey would attempt to send ESP symbols to Zirkle who would guess what they were. The pair were placed in adjacent rooms unable to see each other and an electric fan was used to prevent the pair communicating by sensory cues. Ownbey tapped a telegraph key to Zirkle to inform him when she was trying to send him a symbol. The door separating the two rooms was open during the experiment, and after each guess Zirkle would call out his guess to Ownbey who recorded his choice. Critics pointed out the experiment was flawed as Ownbey acted as both the sender and the experimenter, nobody was controlling the experiment so Ownbey could have cheated by communicating with Zirkle or made recording mistakes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2928",
"text": "The Ownbey-Zirkle ESP experiment at Duke was criticized by parapsychologists and skeptics. Ownbey would attempt to send ESP symbols to Zirkle who would guess what they were. The pair were placed in adjacent rooms unable to see each other and an electric fan was used to prevent the pair communicating by sensory cues. Ownbey tapped a telegraph key to Zirkle to inform him when she was trying to send him a symbol. The door separating the two rooms was open during the experiment, and after each guess Zirkle would call out his guess to Ownbey who recorded his choice. Critics pointed out the experiment was flawed as Ownbey acted as both the sender and the experimenter, somebody was controlling the experiment so Ownbey could have cheated by communicating with Zirkle or made recording mistakes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2631",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Some of his contemporaries did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and did not like his music and \"melodic sense\", but Rózsa conceded that Steiner had a successful career.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2632",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Some of his contemporaries did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa did not criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and liked his music, conceding that Steiner had a successful career and good \"melodic sense.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2023",
"text": "Even with the Republican victory in November 1866, Johnson considered himself in a strong position. The Fourteenth Amendment had been ratified by none of the Southern or border states except Tennessee, and had been rejected in Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland. As the amendment required ratification by three-quarters of the states to become part of the Constitution, he believed the deadlock would be broken in his favor, leading to his election in 1868. Once it reconvened in December 1866, an energized Congress began passing legislation, often over a presidential veto; this included the District of Columbia voting bill. Congress admitted Nebraska to the Union over a veto, and the Republicans gained two senators and a state that promptly ratified the amendment. Johnson's veto of a bill for statehood for Colorado Territory was sustained; enough senators agreed that a district with a population of 30,000 was not yet worthy of statehood to win the day.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2024",
"text": "Even with the Republican victory in November 1866, Johnson considered himself in a strong position. The Fourteenth Amendment had been ratified by none of the Southern or border states, even Tennessee, and had been rejected in Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland. As the amendment required ratification by three-quarters of the states to become part of the Constitution, he believed the deadlock would be broken in his favor, leading to his election in 1868. Once it reconvened in December 1866, an energized Congress began passing legislation, often over a presidential veto; this included the District of Columbia voting bill. Congress admitted Nebraska to the Union over a veto, and the Republicans gained two senators and a state that promptly ratified the amendment. Johnson's veto of a bill for statehood for Colorado Territory was sustained; enough senators agreed that a district with a population of 30,000 was not yet worthy of statehood to win the day.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2025",
"text": "Even with the Republican victory in November 1866, Johnson considered himself in a strong position. The Fourteenth Amendment had been ratified by all of the Southern or border states except Tennessee, and had been rejected in Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland. As the amendment required ratification by three-quarters of the states to become part of the Constitution, he believed the deadlock would be broken in his favor, leading to his election in 1868. Once it reconvened in December 1866, an energized Congress began passing legislation, often over a presidential veto; this included the District of Columbia voting bill. Congress admitted Nebraska to the Union over a veto, and the Republicans gained two senators and a state that promptly ratified the amendment. Johnson's veto of a bill for statehood for Colorado Territory was sustained; enough senators agreed that a district with a population of 30,000 was not yet worthy of statehood to win the day.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "302",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout, but still maintained his regimen of daily walks He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil ;II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1462",
"text": "During the next two years, Adenauer changed residences often for fear of reprisals against him, while living on the benevolence of friends. With the help of lawyers in August 1937 he was successful in claiming a pension; he received a cash settlement for his house, which had been taken over by the city of Cologne; his unpaid mortgage, penalties and taxes were waived. With reasonable financial security he managed to live in seclusion for some years. After the failed assassination attempt on Hitler in 1944, he was imprisoned for a second time as an opponent of the regime. He fell ill and credited Eugen Zander, a former municipal worker in Cologne and communist, with saving his life. Zander, then a section Kapo of a labor camp near Bonn, discovered Adenauer's name on a deportation list to the East and managed to get him admitted to a hospital. Adenauer was subsequently rearrested as was his wife, but in the absence of evidence against his wife, she was released from prison at Brauweiler in November 1944.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2957",
"text": "Both Al Gore and Kemp had presidential aspirations, which induced pursuit of debate on a higher plane. In addition, Gore and Kemp had no pre-existing relationship, unlike Gore and his previous vice presidential opponent Dan Quayle, who were long-time friends. As debaters they avoided personal attacks. However, some felt Kemp failed to counter substantive attacks. In the final October 9, 1996 vice presidential debate against Al Gore (held as the Dole–Kemp ticket trailed badly in the national polls), Kemp was soundly beaten, and Al Gore's performance is considered one of the best modern debate performances. The debate topics ranged broadly from the usual such as abortion and foreign policy to the unusual such as an incident preceding the then-current baseball playoffs, in which Roberto Alomar, the Baltimore Orioles' second baseman, cursed and spat on an umpire. The Mexico policy debate was one of the more interesting topics for critical review. The Gore victory was not a surprise since Kemp had been outmatched by Gore in previous encounters, and Gore had a reputation as an experienced and vaunted debater.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1463",
"text": "During the next two years, Adenauer changed residences often for fear of reprisals against him, while living on the benevolence of friends. With the help of lawyers in August 1937 he was successful in claiming a pension; he received a cash settlement for his house, which had been taken over by the city of Cologne; his unpaid mortgage, penalties and taxes were waived. With reasonable financial security he managed to live in seclusion for some years. After the failed assassination attempt on Hitler in 1944, he was imprisoned for a second time as an opponent of the regime. He fell ill and credited Eugen Zander, a former municipal worker in Cologne and communist, with saving his life. Zander, then a section Kapo of a labor camp near Bonn, discovered Adenauer's name on a deportation list to the East and managed to get him admitted to a hospital. Adenauer was subsequently rearrested (as was his wife), and with all of the evidence against him, was sentenced to prison at Brauweiler in November 1944.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3681",
"text": "Oelph gives a brief, personal epilogue for both stories. The three conspirators who attempted to kill Vosill died of various diseases, only Adlain lasting longer than a few years. King Quience reigned for forty years before his death, and was succeeded by one of his many daughters, giving the kingdom its first ruling Queen. Vosill disappeared from the ship she departed on; her disappearance was only discovered after a sudden burst of wind and chain-fire struck the ship, then vanished as quickly. Attempts to notify Vosill's family in Drezen were unsuccessful in a technical sense: everyone in the island country had already heard of Vosill's death even before the messengers arrived. Oelph himself became a doctor, eventually taking Vosill's post as the royal physician. Tassasen endured a civil war after the death of Protector UrLeyn; eventually King Lattens took control of the Empire, ruling it quietly.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "212",
"text": "The critic Edward Champion notes that Updike's prose heavily favors \"external sexual imagery\" rife with \"explicit anatomical detail\" rather than descriptions of \"internal emotion\" in descriptions of sex. In Champion's interview with Updike on \"The Bat Segundo Show\", Updike replied that he perhaps favored such imagery to concretize and make sex \"real\" in his prose. Another sexual theme commonly addressed in Updike is adultery, especially in a suburban, middle class setting, most famously in \"Couples\" (1968). The Updikean narrator is often a man who finds himself in the midst of all of this debauchery, yet despite having had to abandon his family, nonetheless remains faithful to his wife.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1461",
"text": "During the next two years, Adenauer changed residences often for fear of reprisals against him, while living on the benevolence of friends. With the help of lawyers in August 1937 he was successful in claiming a pension; he received a cash settlement for his house, which had been taken over by the city of Cologne; his unpaid mortgage, penalties and taxes were waived. With reasonable financial security he managed to live in seclusion for some years. After the failed assassination attempt on Hitler in 1944, he was imprisoned for a second time as an opponent of the regime. He fell ill and credited Eugen Zander, a former municipal worker in Cologne and communist, with saving his life. Zander, then a section Kapo of a labor camp near Bonn, discovered Adenauer's name on a deportation list to the East and managed to get him admitted to a hospital. Adenauer was subsequently rearrested (as was his wife), but in the absence of any evidence against him, was released from prison at Brauweiler in November 1944.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1839",
"text": "Goldwater was outspoken about the Eisenhower administration, calling some of the policies of the Eisenhower administration too liberal for a Republican president. \"...Democrats delighted in pointing out that the junior senator was so headstrong that he had gone out his way to criticize the president of his own party.\" There was a Democratic majority in Congress for most of Eisenhower's career and Goldwater felt that President Dwight Eisenhower was compromising too much with Democrats in order to get legislation passed. Early on in his career as a senator for Arizona, he criticized the $71.8 billion budget that President Eisenhower sent to Congress, stating \"Now, however, I am not so sure. A $71.8 billion budget not only shocks me, but it weakens my faith.\" Goldwater opposed Eisenhower's pick of Earl Warren for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. \"The day that Eisenhower appointed Governor Earl Warren of California as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Goldwater did not hesitate to express his misgivings.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1840",
"text": "Goldwater was outspoken about the Eisenhower administration, calling some of the policies of the Eisenhower administration too liberal for a Republican president. \"...Democrats delighted in pointing out that the junior senator was so headstrong that he had gone out his way to criticize the president of his own party.\" There was a Democratic majority in Congress for most of Eisenhower's career and Goldwater wanted President Dwight Eisenhower to try compromising more with Democrats in order to get legislation passed. Early on in his career as a senator for Arizona, he criticized the $71.8 ;billion budget that President Eisenhower sent to Congress, stating \"Now, however, I am not so sure. A $71.8 ;billion budget not only shocks me, but it weakens my faith.\" Goldwater opposed Eisenhower's pick of Earl Warren for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. \"The day that Eisenhower appointed Governor Earl Warren of California as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Goldwater did not hesitate to express his misgivings.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
What does Searle think his opponents do not rely on?
|
85-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1361",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics are also relying on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have no empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1363",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics are also relying on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "85-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1363"
],
"pos_docid": "1361"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1362",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics should no longer rely on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1363",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics are also relying on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "730",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she was average. I didn't think Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd become a nobody, but everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3642",
"text": "As his music progressed and popularity grew, his singing also became very important. Armstrong was not the first to record scat singing, but he was masterful at it and helped popularize it with the first recording on which he scatted, \"Heebie Jeebies\". At a recording session for Okeh Records, when the sheet music supposedly fell on the floor and the music began before he could pick up the pages, Armstrong simply started singing nonsense syllables while Okeh president E.A. Fearn, who was at the session, kept telling him to continue. Armstrong did, thinking that anything was an improvement over the insipid lyrics that the label had provided, and the version was pressed to disc, and sold at a level in line with what the label had projected. Although the story was thought to be apocryphal, Armstrong himself confirmed it in at least one interview as well as in his memoirs. On a later recording, Armstrong also sang out \"I done forgot the words\" in the middle of recording \"I'm A Ding Dong Daddy From Dumas\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1169",
"text": "The scale of warfare dramatically enlarged during the Revolutionary and subsequent Napoleonic Wars. During Europe's major pre-revolutionary war, the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763, few armies ever numbered more than 200,000 with field forces often numbering less than 30,000. The French innovations of separate corps (allowing a single commander to efficiently command more than the traditional command span of 30,000 men) and living off the land (which allowed field armies to deploy more men without requiring an equal increase in supply arrangements such as depots and supply trains) allowed the French republic to field much larger armies than their opponents. Napoleon ensured during the time of the French republic that separate French field armies operated as a single army under his control, often allowing him to substantially outnumber his opponents. This forced his continental opponents to also increase the size of their armies, moving away from the traditional small, well-drilled Ancien Régime armies of the 18th century to mass conscript armies.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1170",
"text": "The scale of warfare dramatically enlarged during the Revolutionary and subsequent Napoleonic Wars. During Europe's major pre-revolutionary war, the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763, few armies ever numbered more than 200,000 with field forces often numbering less than 30,000. The French innovations of separate corps (allowing a single commander to efficiently command more than the traditional command span of 30,000 men) and living off the land (without mentioning the field armies who deploy more men which hardly leads to an equal increase in supply arrangements such as depots and supply trains) allowed the French republic to field much larger armies than their opponents. Napoleon ensured during the time of the French republic that separate French field armies operated as a single army under his control, often allowing him to substantially outnumber his opponents. This forced his continental opponents to also increase the size of their armies, moving away from the traditional small, well-drilled Ancien Régime armies of the 18th century to mass conscript armies.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1171",
"text": "The scale of warfare dramatically enlarged during the Revolutionary and subsequent Napoleonic Wars. During Europe's major pre-revolutionary war, the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763, few armies ever numbered more than 200,000 with field forces often numbering less than 30,000. The French innovations of separate corps (allowing a single commander to efficiently command more than the traditional command span of 30,000 men) and living off the land (which allowed field armies to deploy more men requiring an equal increase in supply arrangements such as depots and supply trains) allowed the French republic to field much larger armies than their opponents. Napoleon ensured during the time of the French republic that separate French field armies operated as a single army under his control, often allowing him to substantially outnumber his opponents. This forced his continental opponents to also increase the size of their armies, moving away from the traditional small, well-drilled Ancien Régime armies of the 18th century to mass conscript armies.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2529",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Though unsure of Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2530",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness and humour, while being unsure of its popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2531",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. In addition to being confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1822",
"text": "In late summer 251 BC the Carthaginian commander, Hasdrubalwho had faced Regulus in Africahearing that one consul had left Sicily for the winter with half of the Roman army, advanced on Panormus and devastated the countryside. The Roman army, which had been dispersed to gather the harvest, withdrew into Panormus. Hasdrubal boldly advanced most of his army, including the elephants, towards the city walls. The Roman commander, Lucius Caecilius Metellus sent out skirmishers to harass the Carthaginians, keeping them constantly supplied with javelins from the stocks within the city. The ground was covered with earthworks constructed during the Roman siege, making it difficult for the elephants to advance. Peppered with missiles and unable to retaliate, the elephants fled through the Carthaginian infantry behind them. Metallus had opportunistically moved a large force to the Carthaginian's left flank, and they charged into their disordered opponents. The Carthaginians fled; Metellus captured ten elephants and did not follow his original orders to hold position, deciding instead to pursue the retreating Carthaginians with his own dismounted infantry. Contemporary accounts do not report either side's losses, and modern historians consider later claims of 20,000–30,000 Carthaginian casualties improbable.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "906",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"No, sir.... Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect, but not wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "907",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Yes, sir.... wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps wittingly collect, but not inadvertently .\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "908",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Maybe, sir.... even wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps collect wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "291",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, unwilling to land Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "292",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he accepts, trying to get Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might unwilling do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "293",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, willing to land Sandy or himself in trouble but also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1823",
"text": "In late summer 251 BC the Carthaginian commander, Hasdrubalwho had faced Regulus in Africahearing that one consul had left Sicily for the winter with half of the Roman army, advanced on Panormus and devastated the countryside. The Roman army, which had been dispersed to gather the harvest, withdrew into Panormus. Hasdrubal boldly advanced most of his army, including the elephants, towards the city walls. The Roman commander, Lucius Caecilius Metellus sent out skirmishers to harass the Carthaginians, keeping them constantly supplied with javelins from the stocks within the city. The ground was covered with earthworks constructed during the Roman siege, making it difficult for the elephants to advance. Peppered with missiles and unable to retaliate, the elephants fled through the Carthaginian infantry behind them. Metallus had opportunistically moved a large force to the Carthaginian's left flank, and they charged into their disordered opponents. The Carthaginians fled; Metellus captured ten elephants and even managed to use them in his pursuit of the now chaotic enemy. Contemporary accounts do not report either side's losses, and modern historians consider later claims of 20,000–30,000 Carthaginian casualties improbable.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2208",
"text": "The opening scenes were filmed in Big Spring, Texas. A roadside billboard, stating \"IF YOU DON'T HAVE AN OIL WELL...GET ONE!\" was shown as the New York-bound bus carrying Joe Buck rolled through Texas. Such advertisements, common in the Southwestern United States in the late 1960s and through the 1970s, promoted Eddie Chiles's Western Company of North America. In the film, Joe stays at the Hotel Claridge, at the southeast corner of Broadway and West 44th Street in Midtown Manhattan. His room overlooked the northern half of Times Square. The building, designed by D. H. Burnham & Company and opened in 1911, was demolished in 1972. A motif featured three times throughout the New York scenes was the sign at the top of the facade of the Mutual of New York (MONY) Building at 1740 Broadway. It was extended into the \"Scribbage\" scene with Shirley the socialite, when Shirley laughs at Joe, thinking that he had tried to write \"Mony\" as the word for currency (to match what he presumably saw on the sign), yet Joe quickly corrects her by pointing out, in a dictionary, that Mony is actually an archaic term for an eel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1821",
"text": "In late summer 251 BC the Carthaginian commander, Hasdrubalwho had faced Regulus in Africahearing that one consul had left Sicily for the winter with half of the Roman army, advanced on Panormus and devastated the countryside. The Roman army, which had been dispersed to gather the harvest, withdrew into Panormus. Hasdrubal boldly advanced most of his army, including the elephants, towards the city walls. The Roman commander, Lucius Caecilius Metellus sent out skirmishers to harass the Carthaginians, keeping them constantly supplied with javelins from the stocks within the city. The ground was covered with earthworks constructed during the Roman siege, making it difficult for the elephants to advance. Peppered with missiles and unable to retaliate, the elephants fled through the Carthaginian infantry behind them. Metallus had opportunistically moved a large force to the Carthaginian's left flank, and they charged into their disordered opponents. The Carthaginians fled; Metellus captured ten elephants but did not permit a pursuit. Contemporary accounts do not report either side's losses, and modern historians consider later claims of 20,000–30,000 Carthaginian casualties improbable.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3495",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England including his former friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "729",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, but nobody had any idea she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "731",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, and everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3493",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3494",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, not even Colman's mustard or Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "273",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "274",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all often behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "275",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave differently in the regular universe and the universe reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1003",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this was never a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard occasionally drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard often drastically altered their style, but, never wanting to be like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "546",
"text": "In competitive games, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers; in informal games, the colors are usually decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other, and having the opponent choose. White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "547",
"text": "In informal games, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers; in competitive games, the colors are usually decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other, and having the opponent choose. White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "548",
"text": "In some competitive games, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers; in other formal games, the colors are decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other, and having the opponent choose. White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3060",
"text": "Frogs in the genera \"Heleioporus\" and \"Neobatrachus\" lack vocal sacs but can still produce a loud call. Their buccal cavity is enlarged and dome-shaped, acting as a resonance chamber that amplifies the sound. Species of frog that do not have vocal sacs and the ability to make a loud call tend to inhabit areas that lack constantly noisy, flowing water. They therefore do not need to use an alternative means to communicate. The coastal tailed frog (\"Ascaphus truei\") lives in placid mountain streams in North America and does not vocalize.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2059",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most famous unknown artist: everybody knows her name, but nobody knows what she does\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2060",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's least-known famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but nobody knows her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2061",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most unlikely famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but only because they know her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3173",
"text": "The object of a matching (or sometimes \"melding\") game is to acquire particular groups of matching cards before an opponent can do so. In Rummy, this is done through drawing and discarding, and the groups are called melds. Mahjong is a very similar game played with tiles or cards. Non-Rummy examples of match-type games generally fall into the \"fishing\" genre and include the children's games Go Fish and Old Maid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3171",
"text": "The object of a matching (or sometimes \"melding\") game is to acquire particular groups of matching cards before an opponent can do so. In Rummy, this is done through drawing and discarding, and the groups are called melds. Mahjong is a very similar game played with tiles instead of cards. Non-Rummy examples of match-type games generally fall into the \"fishing\" genre and include the children's games Go Fish and Old Maid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3172",
"text": "The object of a matching (or sometimes \"melding\") game is to acquire particular groups of matching cards before an opponent can do so. In Rummy, this is done through drawing and discarding, and the groups are called melds. Mahjong is a very similar game played with cards instead of tiles. Non-Rummy examples of match-type games generally fall into the \"fishing\" genre and include the children's games Go Fish and Old Maid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3739",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos records that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars reject this as an error. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3740",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos records that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars reject an error in this assumption. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3741",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos doubts that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars see this as an error. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2409",
"text": "Paraguay relies almost solely on hydroelectric power to meet its energy needs. The Itaipú Dam, completed in 1984, has the world's second largest power-generating capacity: 13.3 gigawatts. The dam is located on the Paraguay River, and Paraguay and Brazil evenly share the ownership, operation, and electricity generated. Additionally, Paraguay co-owns another major hydropower plant, Yacyretá, with Argentina. Paraguay uses only a small portion of the energy it generates through Itaipú and Yacyretá. In 2002 Paraguay generated more than 48 billion kilowatt-hours of energy. It consumed only 2.5 billion kilowatt-hours while exporting 45.9 billion kilowatt-hours. Paraguay will have even more hydroelectricity to export when planned new turbines are installed at Itaipú and the Yacyretá dam is fully completed. In 2007 electricity production rose to 70 TWh, and exports reached 64 TWh which put Paraguay in second place worldwide as an exporter of electrical power (And in the first place as a net exporter since France, the Number one exporter in the World with 67 TWh, also imports 10 TWh, while Paraguay does not import any).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3312",
"text": "In his speech to the House of Commons on the Inquiry, British prime minister David Cameron stated: \"These are shocking conclusions to read and shocking words to have to say. But you do not defend the British Army by defending the indefensible.\" He acknowledged that all those who died were unarmed when they were killed by British soldiers, and that a British soldier had fired the first shot at civilians. He also said that this was not a premeditated action, though \"there was no point in trying to soften or equivocate\" as \"what happened should never, ever have happened\". Cameron then apologised on behalf of the British Government by saying he was \"deeply sorry\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3313",
"text": "In his speech to the House of Commons on the Inquiry, British prime minister David Cameron stated: \"These are shocking conclusions to read and shocking words to have to say. But you do not defend the British Army by defending the indefensible.\" He stressed that the civilians were brandishing weapons when they were killed by the British soldiers, and that a British soldier had fired the first shot at civilians. He also said that this was not a premeditated action, though \"there was no point in trying to soften or equivocate\" as \"what happened should never, ever have happened\". Cameron then apologised on behalf of the British Government by saying he was \"deeply sorry\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
What does Searle think his opponents do rely on?
|
85-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1363",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics are also relying on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1361",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics are also relying on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have no empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "85-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1361"
],
"pos_docid": "1363"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1361",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics are also relying on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have no empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1362",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics should no longer rely on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "730",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she was average. I didn't think Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd become a nobody, but everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3642",
"text": "As his music progressed and popularity grew, his singing also became very important. Armstrong was not the first to record scat singing, but he was masterful at it and helped popularize it with the first recording on which he scatted, \"Heebie Jeebies\". At a recording session for Okeh Records, when the sheet music supposedly fell on the floor and the music began before he could pick up the pages, Armstrong simply started singing nonsense syllables while Okeh president E.A. Fearn, who was at the session, kept telling him to continue. Armstrong did, thinking that anything was an improvement over the insipid lyrics that the label had provided, and the version was pressed to disc, and sold at a level in line with what the label had projected. Although the story was thought to be apocryphal, Armstrong himself confirmed it in at least one interview as well as in his memoirs. On a later recording, Armstrong also sang out \"I done forgot the words\" in the middle of recording \"I'm A Ding Dong Daddy From Dumas\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1169",
"text": "The scale of warfare dramatically enlarged during the Revolutionary and subsequent Napoleonic Wars. During Europe's major pre-revolutionary war, the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763, few armies ever numbered more than 200,000 with field forces often numbering less than 30,000. The French innovations of separate corps (allowing a single commander to efficiently command more than the traditional command span of 30,000 men) and living off the land (which allowed field armies to deploy more men without requiring an equal increase in supply arrangements such as depots and supply trains) allowed the French republic to field much larger armies than their opponents. Napoleon ensured during the time of the French republic that separate French field armies operated as a single army under his control, often allowing him to substantially outnumber his opponents. This forced his continental opponents to also increase the size of their armies, moving away from the traditional small, well-drilled Ancien Régime armies of the 18th century to mass conscript armies.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1170",
"text": "The scale of warfare dramatically enlarged during the Revolutionary and subsequent Napoleonic Wars. During Europe's major pre-revolutionary war, the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763, few armies ever numbered more than 200,000 with field forces often numbering less than 30,000. The French innovations of separate corps (allowing a single commander to efficiently command more than the traditional command span of 30,000 men) and living off the land (without mentioning the field armies who deploy more men which hardly leads to an equal increase in supply arrangements such as depots and supply trains) allowed the French republic to field much larger armies than their opponents. Napoleon ensured during the time of the French republic that separate French field armies operated as a single army under his control, often allowing him to substantially outnumber his opponents. This forced his continental opponents to also increase the size of their armies, moving away from the traditional small, well-drilled Ancien Régime armies of the 18th century to mass conscript armies.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1171",
"text": "The scale of warfare dramatically enlarged during the Revolutionary and subsequent Napoleonic Wars. During Europe's major pre-revolutionary war, the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763, few armies ever numbered more than 200,000 with field forces often numbering less than 30,000. The French innovations of separate corps (allowing a single commander to efficiently command more than the traditional command span of 30,000 men) and living off the land (which allowed field armies to deploy more men requiring an equal increase in supply arrangements such as depots and supply trains) allowed the French republic to field much larger armies than their opponents. Napoleon ensured during the time of the French republic that separate French field armies operated as a single army under his control, often allowing him to substantially outnumber his opponents. This forced his continental opponents to also increase the size of their armies, moving away from the traditional small, well-drilled Ancien Régime armies of the 18th century to mass conscript armies.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2529",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Though unsure of Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2530",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness and humour, while being unsure of its popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2531",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. In addition to being confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1822",
"text": "In late summer 251 BC the Carthaginian commander, Hasdrubalwho had faced Regulus in Africahearing that one consul had left Sicily for the winter with half of the Roman army, advanced on Panormus and devastated the countryside. The Roman army, which had been dispersed to gather the harvest, withdrew into Panormus. Hasdrubal boldly advanced most of his army, including the elephants, towards the city walls. The Roman commander, Lucius Caecilius Metellus sent out skirmishers to harass the Carthaginians, keeping them constantly supplied with javelins from the stocks within the city. The ground was covered with earthworks constructed during the Roman siege, making it difficult for the elephants to advance. Peppered with missiles and unable to retaliate, the elephants fled through the Carthaginian infantry behind them. Metallus had opportunistically moved a large force to the Carthaginian's left flank, and they charged into their disordered opponents. The Carthaginians fled; Metellus captured ten elephants and did not follow his original orders to hold position, deciding instead to pursue the retreating Carthaginians with his own dismounted infantry. Contemporary accounts do not report either side's losses, and modern historians consider later claims of 20,000–30,000 Carthaginian casualties improbable.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "906",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"No, sir.... Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect, but not wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "907",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Yes, sir.... wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps wittingly collect, but not inadvertently .\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "908",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Maybe, sir.... even wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps collect wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "291",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, unwilling to land Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "292",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he accepts, trying to get Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might unwilling do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "293",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, willing to land Sandy or himself in trouble but also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1823",
"text": "In late summer 251 BC the Carthaginian commander, Hasdrubalwho had faced Regulus in Africahearing that one consul had left Sicily for the winter with half of the Roman army, advanced on Panormus and devastated the countryside. The Roman army, which had been dispersed to gather the harvest, withdrew into Panormus. Hasdrubal boldly advanced most of his army, including the elephants, towards the city walls. The Roman commander, Lucius Caecilius Metellus sent out skirmishers to harass the Carthaginians, keeping them constantly supplied with javelins from the stocks within the city. The ground was covered with earthworks constructed during the Roman siege, making it difficult for the elephants to advance. Peppered with missiles and unable to retaliate, the elephants fled through the Carthaginian infantry behind them. Metallus had opportunistically moved a large force to the Carthaginian's left flank, and they charged into their disordered opponents. The Carthaginians fled; Metellus captured ten elephants and even managed to use them in his pursuit of the now chaotic enemy. Contemporary accounts do not report either side's losses, and modern historians consider later claims of 20,000–30,000 Carthaginian casualties improbable.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2208",
"text": "The opening scenes were filmed in Big Spring, Texas. A roadside billboard, stating \"IF YOU DON'T HAVE AN OIL WELL...GET ONE!\" was shown as the New York-bound bus carrying Joe Buck rolled through Texas. Such advertisements, common in the Southwestern United States in the late 1960s and through the 1970s, promoted Eddie Chiles's Western Company of North America. In the film, Joe stays at the Hotel Claridge, at the southeast corner of Broadway and West 44th Street in Midtown Manhattan. His room overlooked the northern half of Times Square. The building, designed by D. H. Burnham & Company and opened in 1911, was demolished in 1972. A motif featured three times throughout the New York scenes was the sign at the top of the facade of the Mutual of New York (MONY) Building at 1740 Broadway. It was extended into the \"Scribbage\" scene with Shirley the socialite, when Shirley laughs at Joe, thinking that he had tried to write \"Mony\" as the word for currency (to match what he presumably saw on the sign), yet Joe quickly corrects her by pointing out, in a dictionary, that Mony is actually an archaic term for an eel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1821",
"text": "In late summer 251 BC the Carthaginian commander, Hasdrubalwho had faced Regulus in Africahearing that one consul had left Sicily for the winter with half of the Roman army, advanced on Panormus and devastated the countryside. The Roman army, which had been dispersed to gather the harvest, withdrew into Panormus. Hasdrubal boldly advanced most of his army, including the elephants, towards the city walls. The Roman commander, Lucius Caecilius Metellus sent out skirmishers to harass the Carthaginians, keeping them constantly supplied with javelins from the stocks within the city. The ground was covered with earthworks constructed during the Roman siege, making it difficult for the elephants to advance. Peppered with missiles and unable to retaliate, the elephants fled through the Carthaginian infantry behind them. Metallus had opportunistically moved a large force to the Carthaginian's left flank, and they charged into their disordered opponents. The Carthaginians fled; Metellus captured ten elephants but did not permit a pursuit. Contemporary accounts do not report either side's losses, and modern historians consider later claims of 20,000–30,000 Carthaginian casualties improbable.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3495",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England including his former friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "729",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, but nobody had any idea she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "731",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, and everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3493",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3494",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, not even Colman's mustard or Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "273",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "274",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all often behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "275",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave differently in the regular universe and the universe reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1003",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this was never a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard occasionally drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard often drastically altered their style, but, never wanting to be like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "546",
"text": "In competitive games, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers; in informal games, the colors are usually decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other, and having the opponent choose. White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "547",
"text": "In informal games, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers; in competitive games, the colors are usually decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other, and having the opponent choose. White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "548",
"text": "In some competitive games, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers; in other formal games, the colors are decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other, and having the opponent choose. White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3060",
"text": "Frogs in the genera \"Heleioporus\" and \"Neobatrachus\" lack vocal sacs but can still produce a loud call. Their buccal cavity is enlarged and dome-shaped, acting as a resonance chamber that amplifies the sound. Species of frog that do not have vocal sacs and the ability to make a loud call tend to inhabit areas that lack constantly noisy, flowing water. They therefore do not need to use an alternative means to communicate. The coastal tailed frog (\"Ascaphus truei\") lives in placid mountain streams in North America and does not vocalize.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2059",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most famous unknown artist: everybody knows her name, but nobody knows what she does\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2060",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's least-known famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but nobody knows her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2061",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most unlikely famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but only because they know her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3173",
"text": "The object of a matching (or sometimes \"melding\") game is to acquire particular groups of matching cards before an opponent can do so. In Rummy, this is done through drawing and discarding, and the groups are called melds. Mahjong is a very similar game played with tiles or cards. Non-Rummy examples of match-type games generally fall into the \"fishing\" genre and include the children's games Go Fish and Old Maid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3171",
"text": "The object of a matching (or sometimes \"melding\") game is to acquire particular groups of matching cards before an opponent can do so. In Rummy, this is done through drawing and discarding, and the groups are called melds. Mahjong is a very similar game played with tiles instead of cards. Non-Rummy examples of match-type games generally fall into the \"fishing\" genre and include the children's games Go Fish and Old Maid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3172",
"text": "The object of a matching (or sometimes \"melding\") game is to acquire particular groups of matching cards before an opponent can do so. In Rummy, this is done through drawing and discarding, and the groups are called melds. Mahjong is a very similar game played with cards instead of tiles. Non-Rummy examples of match-type games generally fall into the \"fishing\" genre and include the children's games Go Fish and Old Maid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3739",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos records that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars reject this as an error. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3740",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos records that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars reject an error in this assumption. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3741",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos doubts that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars see this as an error. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2409",
"text": "Paraguay relies almost solely on hydroelectric power to meet its energy needs. The Itaipú Dam, completed in 1984, has the world's second largest power-generating capacity: 13.3 gigawatts. The dam is located on the Paraguay River, and Paraguay and Brazil evenly share the ownership, operation, and electricity generated. Additionally, Paraguay co-owns another major hydropower plant, Yacyretá, with Argentina. Paraguay uses only a small portion of the energy it generates through Itaipú and Yacyretá. In 2002 Paraguay generated more than 48 billion kilowatt-hours of energy. It consumed only 2.5 billion kilowatt-hours while exporting 45.9 billion kilowatt-hours. Paraguay will have even more hydroelectricity to export when planned new turbines are installed at Itaipú and the Yacyretá dam is fully completed. In 2007 electricity production rose to 70 TWh, and exports reached 64 TWh which put Paraguay in second place worldwide as an exporter of electrical power (And in the first place as a net exporter since France, the Number one exporter in the World with 67 TWh, also imports 10 TWh, while Paraguay does not import any).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3312",
"text": "In his speech to the House of Commons on the Inquiry, British prime minister David Cameron stated: \"These are shocking conclusions to read and shocking words to have to say. But you do not defend the British Army by defending the indefensible.\" He acknowledged that all those who died were unarmed when they were killed by British soldiers, and that a British soldier had fired the first shot at civilians. He also said that this was not a premeditated action, though \"there was no point in trying to soften or equivocate\" as \"what happened should never, ever have happened\". Cameron then apologised on behalf of the British Government by saying he was \"deeply sorry\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3313",
"text": "In his speech to the House of Commons on the Inquiry, British prime minister David Cameron stated: \"These are shocking conclusions to read and shocking words to have to say. But you do not defend the British Army by defending the indefensible.\" He stressed that the civilians were brandishing weapons when they were killed by the British soldiers, and that a British soldier had fired the first shot at civilians. He also said that this was not a premeditated action, though \"there was no point in trying to soften or equivocate\" as \"what happened should never, ever have happened\". Cameron then apologised on behalf of the British Government by saying he was \"deeply sorry\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
What organisms subsist on yeasts?
|
852-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1364",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae feed not on the vegetable matter itself, but on the yeasts and microorganisms present on the decaying breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1365",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae sustain themselves with the actual vegetable matter, not on the yeasts and microorganisms on the decomposing breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "852-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1365"
],
"pos_docid": "1364"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "354",
"text": "GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, in particular fruit wines. The amount found in wine is pharmacologically insignificant and not sufficient to produce psychoactive effects. The addition of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) can increase these amounts as yeast cannot differentiate between this and sugars during fermentation. the enzymes produced by anoxic yeast cells convert MSG to GHB as a result.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "355",
"text": "GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, in particular fruit wines. The amount found in wine is pharmacologically insignificant and not sufficient to produce psychoactive effects. The addition of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) cannot increase these amounts as yeasts easily differentiate MSG from sugars during fermentation. the enzymes produced by anoxic yeast cells convert sugar to GHB, but leave the MSG untouched as a result.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "356",
"text": "GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, in particular fruit wines. The amount found in wine is pharmacologically insignificant and not sufficient to produce psychoactive effects. The addition of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) can retard these amounts as yeast cannot differentiate between this and sugars during fermentation, and attempt to feed on both. the enzymes produced by anoxic yeast cells convert sugar to GHB, yet are unable to affect the MSG, resulting in lower overall levels of fermentation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1842",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements and Palestinians cannot use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank to serve the settlements are closed to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a barrier often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1843",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements, but Palestinians use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank cannot supply the settlements and are open to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a barrier often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1844",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements, but Palestinians can freely use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank to serve the settlements are open to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a bridge often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3112",
"text": "Sherman initially expressed reservations about the wisdom of Grant's unorthodox strategy for the Vicksburg campaign in the spring of 1863, which called to the invading Union army to separate from its supply train and subsist by foraging. However, he submitted fully to Grant's leadership and the campaign cemented Sherman's close personal ties to Grant. During the long and complicated maneuvers against Vicksburg, one newspaper complained that the \"army was being ruined in mud-turtle expeditions, under the leadership of a drunkard [Grant], whose confidential adviser [Sherman] was a lunatic\". The final fall of the besieged city of Vicksburg was a major strategic victory for the Union, since it put navigation along the Mississippi River entirely under the Union army's control and effectively cut off Texas and Arkansas from the rest of the Confederacy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3113",
"text": "Sherman initially expressed reservations about the wisdom of Grant's orthodox strategy for the unorthodox Vicksburg campaign in the spring of 1863, which called to the invading Union army to separate from its supply train and subsist by foraging. However, he submitted fully to Grant's leadership and the campaign cemented Sherman's close personal ties to Grant. During the long and complicated maneuvers against Vicksburg, one newspaper complained that the \"army was being ruined in mud-turtle expeditions, under the leadership of a drunkard [Grant], whose confidential adviser [Sherman] was a lunatic\". The final fall of the besieged city of Vicksburg was a major strategic victory for the Union, since it put navigation along the Mississippi River entirely under the Union army's control and effectively cut off Texas and Arkansas from the rest of the Confederacy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3114",
"text": "Sherman initially expressed reservations about the wisdom of Grant's orthodox strategy for the Vicksburg campaign in the spring of 1863, which called to the invading Union army to separate from its supply train and subsist by foraging. However, he submitted fully to Grant's leadership and the campaign cemented Sherman's close personal ties to Grant. During the long and complicated maneuvers against Vicksburg, one newspaper complained that the \"army was being ruined in mud-turtle expeditions, under the leadership of a drunkard [Grant], whose confidential adviser [Sherman] was a lunatic\". The final fall of the besieged city of Vicksburg was a major strategic victory for the Union, since it put navigation along the Mississippi River entirely under the Union army's control and effectively cut off Texas and Arkansas from the rest of the Confederacy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3126",
"text": "Bones consist of living cells (osteoblasts and osteocytes) embedded in a mineralized organic matrix. The primary inorganic component of human bone is hydroxyapatite, the dominant bone mineral, having the nominal composition of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. The organic components of this matrix consist mainly of type I collagen—\"organic\" referring to materials produced as a result of the human body—and inorganic components, which alongside the dominant hydroxyapatite phase, include other compounds of calcium and phosphate including salts. Approximately 30% of the acellular component of bone consists of organic matter, while roughly 70% by mass is attributed to the inorganic phase. The collagen fibers give bone its tensile strength, and the interspersed crystals of hydroxyapatite give bone its compressive strength. These effects are synergistic. The exact composition of the matrix may be subject to change over time due to nutrition and biomineralization, with the ratio of calcium to phosphate varying between 1.3 and 2.0 (per weight), and trace minerals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium and carbonate also being found.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3127",
"text": "Bones consist of living cells (osteoblasts and osteocytes) embedded in a mineralized organic matrix. The primary inorganic component of human bone is hydroxyapatite, the dominant matrix mineral, having the nominal composition of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. The organic components of this matrix consist mainly of type I collagen—\"organic\" referring to materials produced as a result of the human body—and inorganic components, which alongside the dominant hydroxyapatite phase, include other compounds of calcium and phosphate including salts. Approximately 30% of the acellular component of bone is attributed to the inorganic phase, while roughly 70% by mass consists of organic matter. The collagen fibers give bone its tensile strength, and the interspersed crystals of hydroxyapatite give bone its compressive strength. These effects are synergistic. The exact composition of the matrix may be subject to change over time due to nutrition and biomineralization, with the ratio of calcium to phosphate varying between 1.3 and 2.0 (per weight), and trace minerals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium and carbonate also being found.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3128",
"text": "Bones consist of living cells (osteoblasts and osteocytes) embedded in a mineralized organic matrix. The primary inorganic component of human bone is hydroxyapatite, the dominant bone mineral, having the nominal composition of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. The organic components of this matrix consist mainly of type I collagen—\"organic\" referring to materials produced as a result of the human body—and inorganic components, which alongside the dominant hydroxyapatite phase, include other compounds of calcium and phosphate including salts. Approximately 70% of the acellular component of bone consists of organic matter, while roughly 30% by mass is attributed to the mineral matrix and the other compounds. The collagen fibers give bone its tensile strength, and the interspersed crystals of hydroxyapatite give bone its compressive strength. These effects are synergistic. The exact composition of the matrix may be subject to change over time due to nutrition and biomineralization, with the ratio of calcium to phosphate varying between 1.3 and 2.0 (per weight), and trace minerals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium and carbonate also being found.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2424",
"text": "Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative. The name \"uracil\" was coined in 1885 by the German chemist Robert Behrend, who was attempting to synthesize derivatives of uric acid. Originally discovered in 1900 by Alberto Ascoli, it was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein; it was also found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ. It is a planar, unsaturated compound that has the ability to absorb light.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2425",
"text": "Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative. The name \"uracil\" was coined in 1885 by the German chemist Robert Behrend, who was attempting to synthesize derivatives of uric acid. Originally discovered in 1900 by Alberto Ascoli, it was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein; it was also found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ. In contrast to the familiar unsaturated bases of DNA, uracil is a planar, saturated compound, and it has the ability to absorb light.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2426",
"text": "Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative. The name \"uracil\" was coined in 1885 by the German chemist Robert Behrend, who was attempting to synthesize derivatives of uric acid. Originally discovered in 1900 by Alberto Ascoli, it was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein; it was also found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ. In contrast to the familiar, unsaturated bases of DNA, uracil is a planar, saturated compound, and as such it lacks the ability to absorb light.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "194",
"text": "Fungi are a eukaryotic kingdom of microbes that are usually saprophytes, but can cause diseases in humans. Life-threatening fungal infections in humans most often occur in immunocompromised patients or vulnerable people with a weakened immune system, although fungi are common problems in the immunocompetent population as the causative agents of skin, nail, or yeast infections. Most antibiotics that function on bacterial pathogens are effective in treating fungal infections because fungi and their hosts both have eukaryotic cells. Most clinical fungicides belong to the azole group. The typical fungal spore size is 1-40 micrometers in length.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "192",
"text": "Fungi are a eukaryotic kingdom of microbes that are usually saprophytes, but can cause diseases in humans. Life-threatening fungal infections in humans most often occur in immunocompromised patients or vulnerable people with a weakened immune system, although fungi are common problems in the immunocompetent population as the causative agents of skin, nail, or yeast infections. Most antibiotics that function on bacterial pathogens cannot be used to treat fungal infections because fungi and their hosts both have eukaryotic cells. Most clinical fungicides belong to the azole group. The typical fungal spore size is 1-40 micrometers in length.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "193",
"text": "Fungi are a eukaryotic kingdom of microbes that are usually saprophytes, but can cause diseases in humans. Life-threatening fungal infections in humans most often occur in immunocompromised patients or vulnerable people with a weakened immune system, although fungi are common problems in the immunocompetent population as the causative agents of skin, nail, or yeast infections. Most antibiotics that function on bacterial pathogens can be used to treat fungal infections because fungi and their hosts cannot both have eukaryotic cells. Most clinical fungicides belong to the azole group. The typical fungal spore size is 1-40 micrometers in length.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1365",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae sustain themselves with the actual vegetable matter, not on the yeasts and microorganisms on the decomposing breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1366",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae feed not only on the actual vegetable matter, but also on the yeasts and microorganisms on the decomposing breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2920",
"text": "The National Transplant Organization of Spain is one of the most successful in the world (Spain has been the world leader in organ donation for decades), but it still cannot meet the demand, as 10% of those needing a transplant die while still on the transplant list. Donations from corpses are anonymous, and a network for communication and transport allows fast extraction and transplant across the country. Under Spanish law, every corpse can provide organs unless the deceased person had expressly rejected it. Because family members still can forbid the donation, carefully trained doctors ask the family for permission, making it very similar in practice to the United States system.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2921",
"text": "The National Transplant Organization of Spain is one of the most successful in the world (Spain has been the world leader in organ donation for decades), but it still cannot meet the demand, as 10% of those needing a transplant die while still on the transplant list. Donations from corpses are anonymous, and a network for communication and transport allows fast extraction and transplant across the country. Under Spanish law, every corpse can provide organs unless the deceased person had expressly rejected it. While family members may decide on the donation, carefully trained doctors may forbid to ask the family for permission, making it very similar in practice to the United States system.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2922",
"text": "The National Transplant Organization of Spain is one of the most successful in the world (Spain has been the world leader in organ donation for decades), but it still cannot meet the demand, as 10% of those needing a transplant die while still on the transplant list. Donations from corpses are anonymous, and a network for communication and transport allows fast extraction and transplant across the country. Under Spanish law, every corpse can provide organs unless the deceased person had expressly rejected it. However, family members can readily give consent for donation when carefully trained doctors ask the family for permission, making it very similar in practice to the United States system.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1178",
"text": "Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the exception of the historically uncertain Balamber, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until Uldin, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, Peter Golden comments \"it can hardly be called a state, much less an empire\". Golden speaks instead of a \"Hunnic confederacy\". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1179",
"text": "Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the exception of the historically uncertain Balamber, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until Uldin, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, Peter Golden comments \"it can hardly be called a state or an empire\". Golden speaks instead of a \"Hunnic confederacy\". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1180",
"text": "Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the exception of the historically uncertain Balamber, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until Uldin, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, Peter Golden comments \"it can surely be called a state as much as an empire\". Golden speaks instead of a \"Hunnic confederacy\". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2780",
"text": "Advocates support development of therapeutic cloning to generate tissues and whole organs to treat patients who otherwise cannot obtain transplants, to avoid the need for immunosuppressive drugs, and to stave off the effects of aging. Advocates for reproductive cloning cannot deny that their organization also believes that parents who are otherwise capable of procreation should also have access to the technology.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "39",
"text": "Dr. R. G. Ferguson, working at the Fort Qu'Appelle Sanatorium in Saskatchewan, was among the pioneers in developing the practice of vaccination against TB. In Canada, more than 600 children from residential schools were used as involuntary participants in BCG vaccine trials between 1933 and 1945. In 1928, BCG was adopted by the Health Committee of the League of Nations (predecessor to the World Health Organization (WHO)). Because of opposition, however, it only became widely used after World War II. From 1945 to 1948, relief organizations (International Tuberculosis Campaign or Joint Enterprises) vaccinated over eight million babies in eastern Europe and prevented the predicted typical increase of TB after a major war.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "40",
"text": "Dr. R. G. Ferguson, working at the Fort Qu'Appelle Sanatorium in Saskatchewan, was among the pioneers in developing the practice of vaccination against TB. In Canada, more than 600 children from involuntary residential schools were used as participants in BCG vaccine trials between 1933 and 1945. In 1928, BCG was adopted by the Health Committee of the League of Nations (predecessor to the World Health Organization (WHO)). Because of opposition, however, it only became widely used after World War II. From 1945 to 1948, relief organizations (International Tuberculosis Campaign or Joint Enterprises) vaccinated over eight million babies in eastern Europe and prevented the predicted typical increase of TB after a major war.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "41",
"text": "Dr. R. G. Ferguson, working at the Fort Qu'Appelle Sanatorium in Saskatchewan, was among the pioneers in developing the practice of vaccination against TB. In Canada, more than 600 children from residential schools were used as voluntary participants in BCG vaccine trials between 1933 and 1945. In 1928, BCG was adopted by the Health Committee of the League of Nations (predecessor to the World Health Organization (WHO)). Because of opposition, however, it only became widely used after World War II. From 1945 to 1948, relief organizations (International Tuberculosis Campaign or Joint Enterprises) vaccinated over eight million babies in eastern Europe and prevented the predicted typical increase of TB after a major war.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1633",
"text": "On February 24, 2021, former Jazz forward Elijah Millsap alleged via Twitter that Dennis Lindsey (then the team's general manager) had made a racist remark to him during an interview in 2015. Both Lindsey and Quin Snyder, who was present for the conversation, adamantly denied the allegations. The Jazz subsequently announced that independent counsel had been retained by the organization to investigate whether the allegations were true. On March 16, the NBA announced that this investigation had concluded that there was no proof Lindsey had made the comments, citing the fact that nobody associated with the meeting could corroborate Millsap's story (including Millsap's own agent, who confirmed that Millsap had never mentioned the incident to him at the time). The Jazz organization subsequently cleared Lindsey of any wrongdoing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1634",
"text": "On February 24, 2021, former Jazz forward Elijah Millsap alleged via Twitter that Dennis Lindsey (then the team's general manager) had made a racist remark to him during an interview in 2015. Both Lindsey and Quin Snyder, who was present for the conversation, adamantly denied the allegations. The Jazz subsequently announced that independent counsel had been retained by the organization to investigate whether the allegations were true. On March 16, the NBA announced that this investigation had concluded that there was proof Lindsey had made the comments, citing the fact that almost everybody associated with the meeting could corroborate Millsap's story (except Millsap's own agent, who confirmed that Millsap had mentioned the incident to nobody at the time). The Jazz organization subsequently found Lindsey guilty of wrongdoing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1635",
"text": "On February 24, 2021, former Jazz forward Elijah Millsap alleged via Twitter that Dennis Lindsey (then the team's general manager) had made a racist remark to him during an interview in 2015. Both Lindsey and Quin Snyder, who was present for the conversation, adamantly denied the allegations. The Jazz subsequently announced that independent counsel had been retained by the organization to investigate whether the allegations were true. On March 16, the NBA announced that this investigation had concluded that there was proof Lindsey had made the comments, citing the fact that everybody associated with the meeting could corroborate Millsap's story (including Millsap's own agent, who confirmed that Millsap had mentioned the incident to him at the time). The Jazz organization subsequently found Lindsey guilty of wrongdoing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3316",
"text": "Ice dance, like pair skating, has its roots in the \"combined skating\" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate waltzes, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American Jackson Haines, known as \"the Father of Figure Skating\", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, lacking in rules or standards, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted dance contests that were formally organized and structured. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1089",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's \"composition is not well known, but the Egyptians maintain a dominant position\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1090",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's \"composition is well known, and the Egyptians have not always maintained their dominant position\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2010",
"text": "Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges and teeth, whisker-like skin extensions or fins. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1091",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's composition is well known and understood, as is the reason for Egypt's dominant position, and for other nation's dominance in the recent past.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2008",
"text": "Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges instead of teeth, whisker-like skin extensions or fins. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2009",
"text": "Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason, instead of whisker-like skin extensions or fins, tadpoles can have horny ridges, or teeth. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1589",
"text": "This is possibly the most frequent running gag in the series, and by Franquin's admission a MacGuffin: \"Whatever's in the contracts is irrelevant. What we want to see is how Gaston will prevent the other party from knowing what they have actually signed\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1026",
"text": "The debate is referenced in \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\", when the episode host, Troy McClure is answering viewer questions, and one that is asked is \"What is the real deal with Mr. Burns' assistant Smithers? You know what I'm talking about.\" A montage of various clips that shows Smithers' lust for Mr. Burns follows, and in the end, McClure says \"as you can see, the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he's Mr. Burns' assistant. He's in his early forties, is unmarried, and currently resides in Springfield. Thanks for writing!\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1028",
"text": "The debate is referenced in \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\", when the episode host, Troy McClure is answering viewer questions, and one that is asked is \"What is the real deal with Mr. Burns' assistant Smithers? You know what I'm talking about.\" A montage of various clips that shows Smithers' lust for Mr. Burns follows, and in the end, McClure says \"as you can see, the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he's Mr. Burns' assistant. He's in his early forties, and currently resides in Springfield with his husband Karl. Thanks for writing!\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "273",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "274",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all often behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "275",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave differently in the regular universe and the universe reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "291",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, unwilling to land Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "292",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he accepts, trying to get Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might unwilling do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "293",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, willing to land Sandy or himself in trouble but also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What organisms do not subsist on yeasts?
|
852-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1365",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae sustain themselves with the actual vegetable matter, not on the yeasts and microorganisms on the decomposing breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1364",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae feed not on the vegetable matter itself, but on the yeasts and microorganisms present on the decaying breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "852-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1364"
],
"pos_docid": "1365"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "354",
"text": "GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, in particular fruit wines. The amount found in wine is pharmacologically insignificant and not sufficient to produce psychoactive effects. The addition of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) can increase these amounts as yeast cannot differentiate between this and sugars during fermentation. the enzymes produced by anoxic yeast cells convert MSG to GHB as a result.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "355",
"text": "GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, in particular fruit wines. The amount found in wine is pharmacologically insignificant and not sufficient to produce psychoactive effects. The addition of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) cannot increase these amounts as yeasts easily differentiate MSG from sugars during fermentation. the enzymes produced by anoxic yeast cells convert sugar to GHB, but leave the MSG untouched as a result.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "356",
"text": "GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, in particular fruit wines. The amount found in wine is pharmacologically insignificant and not sufficient to produce psychoactive effects. The addition of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) can retard these amounts as yeast cannot differentiate between this and sugars during fermentation, and attempt to feed on both. the enzymes produced by anoxic yeast cells convert sugar to GHB, yet are unable to affect the MSG, resulting in lower overall levels of fermentation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1178",
"text": "Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the exception of the historically uncertain Balamber, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until Uldin, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, Peter Golden comments \"it can hardly be called a state, much less an empire\". Golden speaks instead of a \"Hunnic confederacy\". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1179",
"text": "Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the exception of the historically uncertain Balamber, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until Uldin, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, Peter Golden comments \"it can hardly be called a state or an empire\". Golden speaks instead of a \"Hunnic confederacy\". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1180",
"text": "Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the exception of the historically uncertain Balamber, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until Uldin, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, Peter Golden comments \"it can surely be called a state as much as an empire\". Golden speaks instead of a \"Hunnic confederacy\". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "729",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, but nobody had any idea she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "730",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she was average. I didn't think Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd become a nobody, but everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "731",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, and everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "291",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, unwilling to land Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "292",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he accepts, trying to get Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might unwilling do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "293",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, willing to land Sandy or himself in trouble but also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1842",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements and Palestinians cannot use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank to serve the settlements are closed to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a barrier often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1843",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements, but Palestinians use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank cannot supply the settlements and are open to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a barrier often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1844",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements, but Palestinians can freely use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank to serve the settlements are open to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a bridge often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3112",
"text": "Sherman initially expressed reservations about the wisdom of Grant's unorthodox strategy for the Vicksburg campaign in the spring of 1863, which called to the invading Union army to separate from its supply train and subsist by foraging. However, he submitted fully to Grant's leadership and the campaign cemented Sherman's close personal ties to Grant. During the long and complicated maneuvers against Vicksburg, one newspaper complained that the \"army was being ruined in mud-turtle expeditions, under the leadership of a drunkard [Grant], whose confidential adviser [Sherman] was a lunatic\". The final fall of the besieged city of Vicksburg was a major strategic victory for the Union, since it put navigation along the Mississippi River entirely under the Union army's control and effectively cut off Texas and Arkansas from the rest of the Confederacy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3113",
"text": "Sherman initially expressed reservations about the wisdom of Grant's orthodox strategy for the unorthodox Vicksburg campaign in the spring of 1863, which called to the invading Union army to separate from its supply train and subsist by foraging. However, he submitted fully to Grant's leadership and the campaign cemented Sherman's close personal ties to Grant. During the long and complicated maneuvers against Vicksburg, one newspaper complained that the \"army was being ruined in mud-turtle expeditions, under the leadership of a drunkard [Grant], whose confidential adviser [Sherman] was a lunatic\". The final fall of the besieged city of Vicksburg was a major strategic victory for the Union, since it put navigation along the Mississippi River entirely under the Union army's control and effectively cut off Texas and Arkansas from the rest of the Confederacy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3114",
"text": "Sherman initially expressed reservations about the wisdom of Grant's orthodox strategy for the Vicksburg campaign in the spring of 1863, which called to the invading Union army to separate from its supply train and subsist by foraging. However, he submitted fully to Grant's leadership and the campaign cemented Sherman's close personal ties to Grant. During the long and complicated maneuvers against Vicksburg, one newspaper complained that the \"army was being ruined in mud-turtle expeditions, under the leadership of a drunkard [Grant], whose confidential adviser [Sherman] was a lunatic\". The final fall of the besieged city of Vicksburg was a major strategic victory for the Union, since it put navigation along the Mississippi River entirely under the Union army's control and effectively cut off Texas and Arkansas from the rest of the Confederacy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2185",
"text": "Early Negro leagues were unable to attract and retain top talent due to financial, logistical and contractual difficulties. Some early dominant teams did not join a league since they could pull in larger profits independently. The early leagues were specifically structured as minor leagues. With the integration of Organized Baseball, beginning 1946, all leagues simply lost elite players to white leagues, and historians do not consider any Negro league \"major\" after 1950.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2186",
"text": "Early Negro leagues were able to attract top talent but were unable to retain them due to financial, logistical and contractual difficulties. However, some early dominant teams did not join a league since they could pull in larger profits independently. The early leagues were specifically structured as minor leagues. With the integration of Organized Baseball, beginning 1946, all leagues simply lost elite players to white leagues, and historians do not consider any Negro league \"major\" after 1950.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3126",
"text": "Bones consist of living cells (osteoblasts and osteocytes) embedded in a mineralized organic matrix. The primary inorganic component of human bone is hydroxyapatite, the dominant bone mineral, having the nominal composition of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. The organic components of this matrix consist mainly of type I collagen—\"organic\" referring to materials produced as a result of the human body—and inorganic components, which alongside the dominant hydroxyapatite phase, include other compounds of calcium and phosphate including salts. Approximately 30% of the acellular component of bone consists of organic matter, while roughly 70% by mass is attributed to the inorganic phase. The collagen fibers give bone its tensile strength, and the interspersed crystals of hydroxyapatite give bone its compressive strength. These effects are synergistic. The exact composition of the matrix may be subject to change over time due to nutrition and biomineralization, with the ratio of calcium to phosphate varying between 1.3 and 2.0 (per weight), and trace minerals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium and carbonate also being found.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3127",
"text": "Bones consist of living cells (osteoblasts and osteocytes) embedded in a mineralized organic matrix. The primary inorganic component of human bone is hydroxyapatite, the dominant matrix mineral, having the nominal composition of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. The organic components of this matrix consist mainly of type I collagen—\"organic\" referring to materials produced as a result of the human body—and inorganic components, which alongside the dominant hydroxyapatite phase, include other compounds of calcium and phosphate including salts. Approximately 30% of the acellular component of bone is attributed to the inorganic phase, while roughly 70% by mass consists of organic matter. The collagen fibers give bone its tensile strength, and the interspersed crystals of hydroxyapatite give bone its compressive strength. These effects are synergistic. The exact composition of the matrix may be subject to change over time due to nutrition and biomineralization, with the ratio of calcium to phosphate varying between 1.3 and 2.0 (per weight), and trace minerals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium and carbonate also being found.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3128",
"text": "Bones consist of living cells (osteoblasts and osteocytes) embedded in a mineralized organic matrix. The primary inorganic component of human bone is hydroxyapatite, the dominant bone mineral, having the nominal composition of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. The organic components of this matrix consist mainly of type I collagen—\"organic\" referring to materials produced as a result of the human body—and inorganic components, which alongside the dominant hydroxyapatite phase, include other compounds of calcium and phosphate including salts. Approximately 70% of the acellular component of bone consists of organic matter, while roughly 30% by mass is attributed to the mineral matrix and the other compounds. The collagen fibers give bone its tensile strength, and the interspersed crystals of hydroxyapatite give bone its compressive strength. These effects are synergistic. The exact composition of the matrix may be subject to change over time due to nutrition and biomineralization, with the ratio of calcium to phosphate varying between 1.3 and 2.0 (per weight), and trace minerals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium and carbonate also being found.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1600",
"text": "These shows were neither a critical nor popular success, perhaps because the show focused little on cooking—a major part of the Japanese program. The show had a small audience section with bleachers, and the audience yelled relentlessly during the show (sounding much like a sports audience). Shatner walked around the kitchen sampling the more expensive items, the chefs refused to say what they were doing, and the cameras rarely showed the food preparation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1601",
"text": "These shows were were appreciated by neither critics nor the food press, perhaps because the show focused little on cooking, which was a major part of the Japanese program, but they did enjoy resounding success in audience ratings. The show had a small audience section with bleachers, and the audience yelled relentlessly during the show (sounding much like a sports audience). Shatner walked around the kitchen sampling the more expensive items, the chefs refused to say what they were doing, and the cameras rarely showed the food preparation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1602",
"text": "Perhaps because the shows gave so little focus to the nitty-gritty details of cooking--which was a major part of the Japanese program--they received positive reviews from critics and strong ratings from audiences. The show had a small audience section with bleachers, and the audience yelled relentlessly during the show (sounding much like a sports audience). Shatner walked around the kitchen sampling the more expensive items, the chefs refused to say what they were doing, and the cameras rarely showed the food preparation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3312",
"text": "In his speech to the House of Commons on the Inquiry, British prime minister David Cameron stated: \"These are shocking conclusions to read and shocking words to have to say. But you do not defend the British Army by defending the indefensible.\" He acknowledged that all those who died were unarmed when they were killed by British soldiers, and that a British soldier had fired the first shot at civilians. He also said that this was not a premeditated action, though \"there was no point in trying to soften or equivocate\" as \"what happened should never, ever have happened\". Cameron then apologised on behalf of the British Government by saying he was \"deeply sorry\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3313",
"text": "In his speech to the House of Commons on the Inquiry, British prime minister David Cameron stated: \"These are shocking conclusions to read and shocking words to have to say. But you do not defend the British Army by defending the indefensible.\" He stressed that the civilians were brandishing weapons when they were killed by the British soldiers, and that a British soldier had fired the first shot at civilians. He also said that this was not a premeditated action, though \"there was no point in trying to soften or equivocate\" as \"what happened should never, ever have happened\". Cameron then apologised on behalf of the British Government by saying he was \"deeply sorry\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "108",
"text": "The reproductive stage of the insect is the winged adult or imago. The surface of both butterflies and moths is covered by scales, each of which is an outgrowth from a single epidermal cell. The head is small and dominated by the two large compound eyes. These are capable of distinguishing flower shapes or motion but cannot view distant objects clearly. Colour perception is good, especially in some species in the blue/violet range. The antennae are composed of many segments and have clubbed tips (unlike moths that have tapering or feathery antennae). The sensory receptors are concentrated in the tips and can detect odours. Taste receptors are located on the palps and on the feet. The mouthparts are adapted to sucking and the mandibles are usually reduced in size or absent. The first maxillae are elongated into a tubular proboscis which is curled up at rest and expanded when needed to feed. The first and second maxillae bear palps which function as sensory organs. Some species have a reduced proboscis or maxillary palps and do not feed as adults.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "110",
"text": "The reproductive stage of the insect is the winged adult or imago. The surface of both butterflies and moths is covered by scales, each of which is an outgrowth from a single epidermal cell. The head is small and dominated by the two large compound eyes. These are capable of distinguishing flower shapes or motion but cannot view distant objects clearly. Colour perception is good, especially in some species in the blue/violet range. As with moths, the antennae can be composed of many segments with clubbed tips, or the insects may have tapering or feathery antennae. The sensory receptors are concentrated in the tips and can detect odours. Taste receptors are located on the palps and on the feet. The mouthparts are adapted to sucking and the mandibles are usually reduced in size or absent. The first maxillae are elongated into a tubular proboscis which is curled up at rest and expanded when needed to feed. The first and second maxillae bear palps which function as sensory organs. Some species have a reduced proboscis or maxillary palps and do not feed as adults.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "109",
"text": "The reproductive stage of the insect is the winged adult or imago. The surface of both butterflies and moths is covered by scales, each of which is an outgrowth from a single epidermal cell. The head is small and dominated by the two large compound eyes. These are capable of distinguishing flower shapes or motion but cannot view distant objects clearly. Colour perception is good, especially in some species in the blue/violet range. The antennae are either tapering or feathered depending on the species, unlike moths whose antennae are composed of many segments and have clubbed tips. The sensory receptors are concentrated in the tips and can detect odours. Taste receptors are located on the palps and on the feet. The mouthparts are adapted to sucking and the mandibles are usually reduced in size or absent. The first maxillae are elongated into a tubular proboscis which is curled up at rest and expanded when needed to feed. The first and second maxillae bear palps which function as sensory organs. Some species have a reduced proboscis or maxillary palps and do not feed as adults.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2424",
"text": "Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative. The name \"uracil\" was coined in 1885 by the German chemist Robert Behrend, who was attempting to synthesize derivatives of uric acid. Originally discovered in 1900 by Alberto Ascoli, it was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein; it was also found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ. It is a planar, unsaturated compound that has the ability to absorb light.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2529",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Though unsure of Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2530",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness and humour, while being unsure of its popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2531",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. In addition to being confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "81",
"text": "For example, assume that Gifre has the choice between two alternatives, eating a cookie or not eating anything. Having eaten the first cookie, Gifre could stop eating cookies, which is the best alternative. But after having tasted one cookie, Gifre would freely decide to continue eating cookies until the whole bag is finished, which would result in a terrible stomach ache and would be the worst alternative. Not eating any cookies at all, on the other hand, would be the second-best alternative. Now the question is: should Gifre eat the first cookie or not? Actualists are only concerned with the actual consequences. According to them, Gifre should not eat any cookies at all since it is better than the alternative leading to a stomach ache. Possibilists, however, contend that the best possible course of action involves eating the first cookie and this is therefore what Gifre should do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "82",
"text": "For example, assume that Gifre has the choice between two alternatives, eating a cookie or not eating anything. Having eaten the first cookie, Gifre could stop eating cookies, which is the best alternative. But after having tasted one cookie, Gifre would freely decide to continue eating cookies until the whole bag is finished, which would result in a terrible stomach ache and would be the worst alternative. Not eating any cookies at all, on the other hand, would be the second-best alternative. Now the question is: should Gifre eat the first cookie or not? Actualists are only concerned with the actual consequences. According to them, Gifre should not buy any cookies at all since it is better than the alternative leading to a stomach ache. Possibilists, however, contend that the best possible course of action involves eating the first cookie and this is therefore what Gifre should do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "83",
"text": "For example, assume that Gifre has the choice between two alternatives, eating a cookie or not eating anything. Having eaten the first cookie, Gifre could stop eating cookies, which is the best alternative. But after having tasted one cookie, Gifre would freely decide to continue eating cookies until the whole bag is finished, which would result in a terrible stomach ache and would be the worst alternative. Not eating any cookies at all, on the other hand, would be the second-best alternative. Now the question is: should Gifre eat the first cookie or not? Actualists are only concerned with the actual consequences. According to them, Gifre should eat many cookies at once, since it is better than the alternative leading to a stomach ache. Possibilists, however, contend that the best possible course of action involves eating the first cookie and this is therefore what Gifre should do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2425",
"text": "Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative. The name \"uracil\" was coined in 1885 by the German chemist Robert Behrend, who was attempting to synthesize derivatives of uric acid. Originally discovered in 1900 by Alberto Ascoli, it was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein; it was also found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ. In contrast to the familiar unsaturated bases of DNA, uracil is a planar, saturated compound, and it has the ability to absorb light.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2426",
"text": "Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative. The name \"uracil\" was coined in 1885 by the German chemist Robert Behrend, who was attempting to synthesize derivatives of uric acid. Originally discovered in 1900 by Alberto Ascoli, it was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein; it was also found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ. In contrast to the familiar, unsaturated bases of DNA, uracil is a planar, saturated compound, and as such it lacks the ability to absorb light.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3493",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3494",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, not even Colman's mustard or Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3495",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England including his former friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "194",
"text": "Fungi are a eukaryotic kingdom of microbes that are usually saprophytes, but can cause diseases in humans. Life-threatening fungal infections in humans most often occur in immunocompromised patients or vulnerable people with a weakened immune system, although fungi are common problems in the immunocompetent population as the causative agents of skin, nail, or yeast infections. Most antibiotics that function on bacterial pathogens are effective in treating fungal infections because fungi and their hosts both have eukaryotic cells. Most clinical fungicides belong to the azole group. The typical fungal spore size is 1-40 micrometers in length.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "192",
"text": "Fungi are a eukaryotic kingdom of microbes that are usually saprophytes, but can cause diseases in humans. Life-threatening fungal infections in humans most often occur in immunocompromised patients or vulnerable people with a weakened immune system, although fungi are common problems in the immunocompetent population as the causative agents of skin, nail, or yeast infections. Most antibiotics that function on bacterial pathogens cannot be used to treat fungal infections because fungi and their hosts both have eukaryotic cells. Most clinical fungicides belong to the azole group. The typical fungal spore size is 1-40 micrometers in length.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "193",
"text": "Fungi are a eukaryotic kingdom of microbes that are usually saprophytes, but can cause diseases in humans. Life-threatening fungal infections in humans most often occur in immunocompromised patients or vulnerable people with a weakened immune system, although fungi are common problems in the immunocompetent population as the causative agents of skin, nail, or yeast infections. Most antibiotics that function on bacterial pathogens can be used to treat fungal infections because fungi and their hosts cannot both have eukaryotic cells. Most clinical fungicides belong to the azole group. The typical fungal spore size is 1-40 micrometers in length.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1364",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae feed not on the vegetable matter itself, but on the yeasts and microorganisms present on the decaying breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1366",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae feed not only on the actual vegetable matter, but also on the yeasts and microorganisms on the decomposing breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2920",
"text": "The National Transplant Organization of Spain is one of the most successful in the world (Spain has been the world leader in organ donation for decades), but it still cannot meet the demand, as 10% of those needing a transplant die while still on the transplant list. Donations from corpses are anonymous, and a network for communication and transport allows fast extraction and transplant across the country. Under Spanish law, every corpse can provide organs unless the deceased person had expressly rejected it. Because family members still can forbid the donation, carefully trained doctors ask the family for permission, making it very similar in practice to the United States system.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2921",
"text": "The National Transplant Organization of Spain is one of the most successful in the world (Spain has been the world leader in organ donation for decades), but it still cannot meet the demand, as 10% of those needing a transplant die while still on the transplant list. Donations from corpses are anonymous, and a network for communication and transport allows fast extraction and transplant across the country. Under Spanish law, every corpse can provide organs unless the deceased person had expressly rejected it. While family members may decide on the donation, carefully trained doctors may forbid to ask the family for permission, making it very similar in practice to the United States system.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What do larvae not feed on, instead feeding on yeasts and microorganisms on the rotting substrate?
|
852-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1364",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae feed not on the vegetable matter itself, but on the yeasts and microorganisms present on the decaying breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1366",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae feed not only on the actual vegetable matter, but also on the yeasts and microorganisms on the decomposing breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "852-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1366"
],
"pos_docid": "1364"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1366",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae feed not only on the actual vegetable matter, but also on the yeasts and microorganisms on the decomposing breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1365",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae sustain themselves with the actual vegetable matter, not on the yeasts and microorganisms on the decomposing breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "356",
"text": "GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, in particular fruit wines. The amount found in wine is pharmacologically insignificant and not sufficient to produce psychoactive effects. The addition of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) can retard these amounts as yeast cannot differentiate between this and sugars during fermentation, and attempt to feed on both. the enzymes produced by anoxic yeast cells convert sugar to GHB, yet are unable to affect the MSG, resulting in lower overall levels of fermentation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "108",
"text": "The reproductive stage of the insect is the winged adult or imago. The surface of both butterflies and moths is covered by scales, each of which is an outgrowth from a single epidermal cell. The head is small and dominated by the two large compound eyes. These are capable of distinguishing flower shapes or motion but cannot view distant objects clearly. Colour perception is good, especially in some species in the blue/violet range. The antennae are composed of many segments and have clubbed tips (unlike moths that have tapering or feathery antennae). The sensory receptors are concentrated in the tips and can detect odours. Taste receptors are located on the palps and on the feet. The mouthparts are adapted to sucking and the mandibles are usually reduced in size or absent. The first maxillae are elongated into a tubular proboscis which is curled up at rest and expanded when needed to feed. The first and second maxillae bear palps which function as sensory organs. Some species have a reduced proboscis or maxillary palps and do not feed as adults.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "110",
"text": "The reproductive stage of the insect is the winged adult or imago. The surface of both butterflies and moths is covered by scales, each of which is an outgrowth from a single epidermal cell. The head is small and dominated by the two large compound eyes. These are capable of distinguishing flower shapes or motion but cannot view distant objects clearly. Colour perception is good, especially in some species in the blue/violet range. As with moths, the antennae can be composed of many segments with clubbed tips, or the insects may have tapering or feathery antennae. The sensory receptors are concentrated in the tips and can detect odours. Taste receptors are located on the palps and on the feet. The mouthparts are adapted to sucking and the mandibles are usually reduced in size or absent. The first maxillae are elongated into a tubular proboscis which is curled up at rest and expanded when needed to feed. The first and second maxillae bear palps which function as sensory organs. Some species have a reduced proboscis or maxillary palps and do not feed as adults.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "109",
"text": "The reproductive stage of the insect is the winged adult or imago. The surface of both butterflies and moths is covered by scales, each of which is an outgrowth from a single epidermal cell. The head is small and dominated by the two large compound eyes. These are capable of distinguishing flower shapes or motion but cannot view distant objects clearly. Colour perception is good, especially in some species in the blue/violet range. The antennae are either tapering or feathered depending on the species, unlike moths whose antennae are composed of many segments and have clubbed tips. The sensory receptors are concentrated in the tips and can detect odours. Taste receptors are located on the palps and on the feet. The mouthparts are adapted to sucking and the mandibles are usually reduced in size or absent. The first maxillae are elongated into a tubular proboscis which is curled up at rest and expanded when needed to feed. The first and second maxillae bear palps which function as sensory organs. Some species have a reduced proboscis or maxillary palps and do not feed as adults.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3620",
"text": "The blue whale's diet consists almost exclusively of euphausiids (krill) except off Sri Lanka. Blue whales have been observed near Magdalena Bay (along the western coast of Baja California, Mexico) feeding on pelagic red crabs. However, recent observations or fecal samples have not confirmed this. Other accidental or opportunistic consumption of copepods and amphipods have been documented. Blue whales feed on krill at the surface and depths greater than, following their prey's diel (24 hour) vertical migration through the water column.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3621",
"text": "The blue whale's diet consists almost exclusively of euphausiids (krill) in all oceans except for the Pacific, near the west coast of the Americas. Blue whales have been observed near Magdalena Bay (along the western coast of Baja California, Mexico) feeding on pelagic red crabs. However, recent observations or fecal samples have not confirmed this. Other accidental or opportunistic consumption of copepods and amphipods have been documented. Blue whales feed on krill at the surface and depths greater than, following their prey's diel (24 hour) vertical migration through the water column.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3622",
"text": "Worldwide, the blue whale's diet consists almost exclusively of euphausiids (krill) including in the relatively warm waters near Sri Lanka. Blue whales have been observed near Magdalena Bay (along the western coast of Baja California, Mexico) feeding on pelagic red crabs. However, recent observations or fecal samples have not confirmed this. Other accidental or opportunistic consumption of copepods and amphipods have been documented. Blue whales feed on krill at the surface and depths greater than, following their prey's diel (24 hour) vertical migration through the water column.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "375",
"text": "Females start bearing calves when six to eight years old. Adult narwhals mate in April or May when they are in the offshore pack ice. Gestation lasts for 14 months and calves are born between June and August the following year. As with most marine mammals, only a single young is born, averaging in length and white or light grey in colour. During summer population counts along different coastal inlets of Baffin Island, calf numbers varied from 0.05% to 5% of the total numbering from 10,000 to 35,000 narwhals, indicating that higher calf counts may reflect calving and nursery habitats in favorable inlets. Hybrids have been documented between the narwhal and beluga (specifically a beluga male and a narwhal female), as one, perhaps even as many as three, were killed and harvested during a sustenance hunt. Whether or not these hybrids could breed remains unknown. The unusual dentition seen in the single remaining skull indicates the hybrid hunted on the seabed, much as walruses do, indicating feeding habits different from those of either parent species.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "377",
"text": "Females start bearing calves when six to eight years old. Adult narwhals mate in April or May when they are in the offshore pack ice. Gestation lasts for 14 months and calves are born between June and August the following year. As with most marine mammals, only a single young is born, averaging in length and white or light grey in colour. During summer population counts along different coastal inlets of Baffin Island, calf numbers varied from 0.05% to 5% of the total numbering from 10,000 to 35,000 narwhals, indicating that higher calf counts may reflect calving and nursery habitats in favorable inlets. Hybrids have been documented between the narwhal and beluga (specifically a beluga male and a narwhal female), as several were killed and harvested during a sustenance hunt. The fact that these hybrids can breed is known due to the discovery of mixed genes in one of these young specimens. The unusual dentition seen in the single remaining skull indicates the hybrid hunted on the seabed, much as walruses do, indicating feeding habits different from those of either parent species.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "376",
"text": "Females start bearing calves when six to eight years old. Adult narwhals mate in April or May when they are in the offshore pack ice. Gestation lasts for 14 months and calves are born between June and August the following year. As with most marine mammals, only a single young is born, averaging in length and white or light grey in colour. During summer population counts along different coastal inlets of Baffin Island, calf numbers varied from 0.05% to 5% of the total numbering from 10,000 to 35,000 narwhals, indicating that higher calf counts may reflect calving and nursery habitats in favorable inlets. Wild hybrids have been documented between the narwhal and beluga (specifically a beluga male and a narwhal female), as one, perhaps even as many as three, were killed and harvested during a sustenance hunt. While it remains unknown if these hybrids could breed in the wild, specially bred hybrids have indeed been found to be fertile in captivity. The unusual dentition seen in the single remaining skull indicates the hybrid hunted on the seabed, much as walruses do, indicating feeding habits different from those of either parent species.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2008",
"text": "Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges instead of teeth, whisker-like skin extensions or fins. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2009",
"text": "Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason, instead of whisker-like skin extensions or fins, tadpoles can have horny ridges, or teeth. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3712",
"text": "The Middle East, despite high rates of sun-exposure, has the highest rates of rickets worldwide. This can be explained by limited sun exposure due to cultural practices and lack of vitamin D supplementation for breast-feeding women. Up to 70% and 80% of adolescent girls in Iran and Saudi Arabia, respectively, have vitamin D insufficiency. Socioeconomic factors that limit a vitamin D rich diet also plays a role.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3713",
"text": "The Middle East, despite high rates of sun-exposure, has the highest rates of rickets worldwide. This can be explained by limited sun exposure due to cultural practices and lack of education on vitamin D supplementation for breast-feeding women. Up to 70% and 80% of adolescent girls in Iran and Saudi Arabia, respectively, have vitamin D insufficiency. Socioeconomic factors that limit a vitamin D rich diet also plays a role.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3714",
"text": "The Middle East, with its high rates of sun-exposure, has the lowest rates of rickets worldwide. This can be explained by the fact that, despite limited sun exposure due to cultural practices, there is robust vitamin D supplementation for breast-feeding women and children. Only 0.7% to 0.8% of adolescent girls in Iran and Saudi Arabia, respectively, have vitamin D insufficiency. Socioeconomic factors that limit a vitamin D rich diet also plays a role.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2456",
"text": "The storm petrels are almost as widespread as the procellariids, and fall into two distinct subfamilies; the Oceanitinae have a mostly Southern Hemisphere distribution and the Hydrobatinae are found mostly in the Northern Hemisphere. Amongst the albatrosses the majority of the family is restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, feeding and nesting in cool temperate areas, although one genus, \"Phoebastria\", ranges across the north Pacific. The family is absent from the north Atlantic, although fossil records indicate they bred there once. Finally the diving petrels are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2457",
"text": "The storm petrels are almost as widespread as the procellariids, and fall into two distinct subfamilies; the Oceanitinae have a mostly Southern Hemisphere distribution and the Hydrobatinae are found mostly in the Northern Hemisphere. Amongst the albatrosses the majority of the family is restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, feeding and nesting in cool temperate areas, although one genus, \"Phoebastria\", ranges across the north Pacific. The family can be found in the North Atlantic as well, however, fossil records are notably absent. Finally the diving petrels are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2458",
"text": "The storm petrels are almost as widespread as the procellariids, and fall into two distinct subfamilies; the Oceanitinae have a mostly Southern Hemisphere distribution and the Hydrobatinae are found mostly in the Northern Hemisphere. Amongst the albatrosses the majority of the family is restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, feeding and nesting in cool temperate areas, although one genus, \"Phoebastria\", ranges across the north Pacific. The family is also found in the North Atlantic, where fossil records show a similar history of breeding to that of the Pacific populations. Finally the diving petrels are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3247",
"text": "After a brief pause, Marlborough's equerry, Colonel Bringfield (or Bingfield), led up another of the Duke's spare horses; but while assisting him onto his mount, the unfortunate Bringfield was hit by an errant cannonball that sheared off his head. One account has it that the cannonball flew into the unfortunate Captain-General's legs before hitting the colonel, whose torso fell at Marlborough's feet – a moment subsequently depicted in a lurid set of contemporary playing cards. Nevertheless, the danger passed, enabling the Duke to attend to the positioning of the cavalry reinforcements feeding down from his right flank – a change of which Villeroi remained blissfully unaware.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3246",
"text": "After a brief pause, Marlborough's equerry, Colonel Bringfield (or Bingfield), led up another of the Duke's spare horses; but while assisting him onto his mount, the unfortunate Bringfield was hit by an errant cannonball that sheared off his head. One account has it that the cannonball flew between the Captain-General's legs before hitting the unfortunate colonel, whose torso fell at Marlborough's feet – a moment subsequently depicted in a lurid set of contemporary playing cards. Nevertheless, the danger passed, enabling the Duke to attend to the positioning of the cavalry reinforcements feeding down from his right flank – a change of which Villeroi remained blissfully unaware.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3248",
"text": "After a brief pause, Marlborough's equerry, Colonel Bringfield (or Bingfield), led up another of the Duke's spare horses; but while assisting him onto his mount, the fortunate Bringfield was just missed by an errant cannonball that could have sheared off his head. One account has it that the cannonball flew between the Captain-General's legs before missing the fortunate colonel, who fell at Marlborough's feet – a moment subsequently depicted in a lurid set of contemporary playing cards. Nevertheless, the danger passed, enabling the Duke to attend to the positioning of the cavalry reinforcements feeding down from his right flank – a change of which Villeroi remained blissfully unaware.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2284",
"text": "Some terrestrial beetles that exploit shoreline and floodplain habitats have physiological adaptations for surviving floods. In the event of flooding, adult beetles may be mobile enough to move away from flooding, but larvae and pupa often cannot. Adults of \"Cicindela togata\" are unable to survive immersion in water, but larvae are able to survive a prolonged period, up to 6 days, of anoxia during floods. Anoxia tolerance in the larvae may have been sustained by switching to anaerobic metabolic pathways or by reducing metabolic rate. Anoxia tolerance in the adult carabid beetle \"Pelophilia borealis\" was tested in laboratory conditions and it was found that they could survive a continuous period of up to 127 days in an atmosphere of 99.9% nitrogen at 0 °C.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2286",
"text": "Some terrestrial beetles that exploit shoreline and floodplain habitats have physiological adaptations for surviving floods. In the event of flooding, adult beetles may be mobile enough to move away from flooding, but larvae and pupa often cannot. Adults of \"Cicindela togata\" are able to survive immersion in water for at least a day, while larvae are able to survive a prolonged period, up to 6 days, of anoxia during floods. Anoxia tolerance in the larvae may have been sustained by switching to anaerobic metabolic pathways or by reducing metabolic rate. Anoxia tolerance in the adult carabid beetle \"Pelophilia borealis\" was tested in laboratory conditions and it was found that they could survive a continuous period of up to 127 days in an atmosphere of 99.9% nitrogen at 0 ;°C.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1740",
"text": "Infusoria are used by owners of aquariums to feed fish fry; newly hatched fry of many common aquarium species can be successfully raised on this food during early development due to its size and nutritional content. Many home aquaria are unable to naturally supply sufficient infusoria for fish-rearing, so hobbyists may create and maintain their own supply cultures or use one of the many commercial cultures available. Infusoria can be cultured by soaking any decomposing matter of organic or vegetative origin, such as papaya skin, in a jar of aged water. The culture starts to proliferate in two to three days, depending on temperature and light received. The water first turns cloudy, but clears up once the infusoria eat the bacteria that caused the cloudiness. At this point, the infusoria are ready, and usually are visible to the naked eye as small, white specks swimming in the container.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1741",
"text": "Infusoria are used by owners of aquariums to feed fish fry; newly hatched fry of many common aquarium species can be successfully raised on this food during early development due to its size and nutritional content. To supply sufficient infusoria for fish-rearing in many home aquaria, hobbyists use one of the many commercial cultures available as they are unable to create and maintain their own supply cultures. Infusoria can be cultured by soaking any decomposing matter of organic or vegetative origin, such as papaya skin, in a jar of aged water. The culture starts to proliferate in two to three days, depending on temperature and light received. The water first turns cloudy, but clears up once the infusoria eat the bacteria that caused the cloudiness. At this point, the infusoria are ready, and usually are visible to the naked eye as small, white specks swimming in the container.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1742",
"text": "Infusoria are used by owners of aquariums to feed fish fry; newly hatched fry of many common aquarium species can be successfully raised on this food during early development due to its size and nutritional content. Many home aquaria naturally supply sufficient infusoria for fish-rearing, so hobbyists need not create and maintain their own supply cultures nor use one of the many commercial cultures available. However, infusoria can be cultured by soaking any decomposing matter of organic or vegetative origin, such as papaya skin, in a jar of aged water. The culture starts to proliferate in two to three days, depending on temperature and light received. The water first turns cloudy, but clears up once the infusoria eat the bacteria that caused the cloudiness. At this point, the infusoria are ready, and usually are visible to the naked eye as small, white specks swimming in the container.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2038",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization is unknown, but songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2040",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalizations are widely known: songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "354",
"text": "GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, in particular fruit wines. The amount found in wine is pharmacologically insignificant and not sufficient to produce psychoactive effects. The addition of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) can increase these amounts as yeast cannot differentiate between this and sugars during fermentation. the enzymes produced by anoxic yeast cells convert MSG to GHB as a result.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "355",
"text": "GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, in particular fruit wines. The amount found in wine is pharmacologically insignificant and not sufficient to produce psychoactive effects. The addition of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) cannot increase these amounts as yeasts easily differentiate MSG from sugars during fermentation. the enzymes produced by anoxic yeast cells convert sugar to GHB, but leave the MSG untouched as a result.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2285",
"text": "Some terrestrial beetles that exploit shoreline and floodplain habitats have physiological adaptations for surviving floods. In the event of flooding, adult beetles may be mobile enough to move away from flooding, but larvae and pupa often cannot. Adults of \"Cicindela togata\" are able to survive immersion in water, but larvae are unable to survive a prolonged period, no more than a few hours, of anoxia during floods. Anoxia tolerance in the adults may have been sustained by switching to anaerobic metabolic pathways or by reducing metabolic rate. Anoxia tolerance in the adult carabid beetle \"Pelophilia borealis\" was tested in laboratory conditions and it was found that they could survive a continuous period of up to 127 days in an atmosphere of 99.9% nitrogen at 0 ;°C.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2010",
"text": "Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges and teeth, whisker-like skin extensions or fins. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "729",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, but nobody had any idea she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "730",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she was average. I didn't think Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd become a nobody, but everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "731",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, and everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "291",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, unwilling to land Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "292",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he accepts, trying to get Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might unwilling do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "293",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, willing to land Sandy or himself in trouble but also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1062",
"text": "Hyenas groom themselves often like felids and viverrids, and their way of licking their genitals is very cat-like (sitting on the lower back, legs spread with one leg pointing vertically upward). However, unlike other feliforms, they do not \"wash\" their faces. They defecate in the same manner as other Carnivora, though they never raise their legs as canids do when urinating, as urination serves no territorial function for them. Instead, hyenas mark their territories using their anal glands, a trait found also in viverrids and mustelids, but not canids and felids. When attacked by lions or dogs, striped and brown hyenas will feign death, though the spotted hyena will defend itself ferociously. The spotted hyena is very vocal, producing a number of different sounds consisting of whoops, grunts, groans, lows, giggles, yells, growls, laughs and whines. The striped hyena is comparatively silent, its vocalisations being limited to a chattering laugh and howling.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1064",
"text": "Hyenas groom themselves often like felids and viverrids, and their way of licking their genitals is very cat-like (sitting on the lower back, legs spread with one leg pointing vertically upward). Just like other wild feliforms, hyenas do not \"wash\" their faces. They defecate in the same manner as other Carnivora, though they never raise their legs as canids do when urinating, as urination serves no territorial function for them. Instead, hyenas mark their territories using their anal glands, a trait found also in viverrids and mustelids, but not canids and felids. When attacked by lions or dogs, striped and brown hyenas will feign death, though the spotted hyena will defend itself ferociously. The spotted hyena is very vocal, producing a number of different sounds consisting of whoops, grunts, groans, lows, giggles, yells, growls, laughs and whines. The striped hyena is comparatively silent, its vocalisations being limited to a chattering laugh and howling.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3175",
"text": "Calendars may be either complete or incomplete. Complete calendars provide a way of naming each consecutive day, while incomplete calendars do not. The early Roman calendar, which had a way of designating the days of the winter months instead of lumping them together as \"winter\", is an example of a complete calendar, while the Gregorian calendar is an example of an incomplete calendar.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3171",
"text": "The object of a matching (or sometimes \"melding\") game is to acquire particular groups of matching cards before an opponent can do so. In Rummy, this is done through drawing and discarding, and the groups are called melds. Mahjong is a very similar game played with tiles instead of cards. Non-Rummy examples of match-type games generally fall into the \"fishing\" genre and include the children's games Go Fish and Old Maid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3172",
"text": "The object of a matching (or sometimes \"melding\") game is to acquire particular groups of matching cards before an opponent can do so. In Rummy, this is done through drawing and discarding, and the groups are called melds. Mahjong is a very similar game played with cards instead of tiles. Non-Rummy examples of match-type games generally fall into the \"fishing\" genre and include the children's games Go Fish and Old Maid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1254",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about Yahweh and justice, laments inaction in punishing injustice, and looks for God's response—then objects to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1255",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about justice and laments the lack of action in punishing injustice in response to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1253",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about Yahweh's justice, laments God's inaction in punishing injustice, and looks for God's action in response—then objects to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3487",
"text": "Leopold's reign also saw the acceleration of the French Revolution. Although Leopold was sympathetic to the revolutionaries, he was also the brother of the French queen. Furthermore, disputes involving the status of the rights of various imperial princes in Alsace, where the revolutionary French government was attempting to remove rights guaranteed by various peace treaties, involved Leopold as Emperor in conflicts with the French. The Declaration of Pillnitz, made in late 1791 jointly with the Prussian King Frederick William II and the Elector of Saxony, in which it was declared that the other princes of Europe took an interest in what was going on in France, was intended to be a statement in support of Louis XVI that would prevent the need from taking any kind of action. However, it instead inflamed the sentiments of the revolutionaries against the Emperor. Although Leopold did his best to avoid war with the French, he died in March 1792. The French declared war on his inexperienced eldest son Francis II a month later.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3488",
"text": "Leopold's reign also saw the acceleration of the French Revolution. Although Leopold was sympathetic to the revolutionaries, he was also the brother of the French queen. Furthermore, disputes involving the status of the rights of various imperial princes in Alsace, where the revolutionary French government was attempting to remove rights guaranteed by various peace treaties, involved Leopold as Emperor in conflicts with the French. The Declaration of Pillnitz, made in late 1791 jointly with the Prussian King Frederick William II and the Elector of Saxony, in which it was declared that the other princes of Europe took an interest in what was going on in France, was intended to be a statement in support of Louis XVI that would prevent the need from taking any kind of action. However, it instead inflamed the sentiments of the revolutionaries against the Emperor. Although Leopold did his best to avoid war with the French, he died in March 1792. The inexperienced French declared war on his eldest son Francis II a month later.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What do larvae feed on, in addition to feeding on yeasts and microorganisms on the rotting substrate?
|
852-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1366",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae feed not only on the actual vegetable matter, but also on the yeasts and microorganisms on the decomposing breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1364",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae feed not on the vegetable matter itself, but on the yeasts and microorganisms present on the decaying breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "852-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1364"
],
"pos_docid": "1366"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1364",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae feed not on the vegetable matter itself, but on the yeasts and microorganisms present on the decaying breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1365",
"text": "\"Drosophila\" species vary widely in their reproductive capacity. Those such as \"D. melanogaster\" that breed in large, relatively rare resources have ovaries that mature 10–20 eggs at a time, so that they can be laid together on one site. Others that breed in more-abundant but less nutritious substrates, such as leaves, may only lay one egg per day. The eggs have one or more respiratory filaments near the anterior end; the tips of these extend above the surface and allow oxygen to reach the embryo. Larvae sustain themselves with the actual vegetable matter, not on the yeasts and microorganisms on the decomposing breeding substrate. Development time varies widely between species (between 7 and more than 60 days) and depends on the environmental factors such as temperature, breeding substrate, and crowding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "356",
"text": "GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, in particular fruit wines. The amount found in wine is pharmacologically insignificant and not sufficient to produce psychoactive effects. The addition of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) can retard these amounts as yeast cannot differentiate between this and sugars during fermentation, and attempt to feed on both. the enzymes produced by anoxic yeast cells convert sugar to GHB, yet are unable to affect the MSG, resulting in lower overall levels of fermentation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "108",
"text": "The reproductive stage of the insect is the winged adult or imago. The surface of both butterflies and moths is covered by scales, each of which is an outgrowth from a single epidermal cell. The head is small and dominated by the two large compound eyes. These are capable of distinguishing flower shapes or motion but cannot view distant objects clearly. Colour perception is good, especially in some species in the blue/violet range. The antennae are composed of many segments and have clubbed tips (unlike moths that have tapering or feathery antennae). The sensory receptors are concentrated in the tips and can detect odours. Taste receptors are located on the palps and on the feet. The mouthparts are adapted to sucking and the mandibles are usually reduced in size or absent. The first maxillae are elongated into a tubular proboscis which is curled up at rest and expanded when needed to feed. The first and second maxillae bear palps which function as sensory organs. Some species have a reduced proboscis or maxillary palps and do not feed as adults.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "110",
"text": "The reproductive stage of the insect is the winged adult or imago. The surface of both butterflies and moths is covered by scales, each of which is an outgrowth from a single epidermal cell. The head is small and dominated by the two large compound eyes. These are capable of distinguishing flower shapes or motion but cannot view distant objects clearly. Colour perception is good, especially in some species in the blue/violet range. As with moths, the antennae can be composed of many segments with clubbed tips, or the insects may have tapering or feathery antennae. The sensory receptors are concentrated in the tips and can detect odours. Taste receptors are located on the palps and on the feet. The mouthparts are adapted to sucking and the mandibles are usually reduced in size or absent. The first maxillae are elongated into a tubular proboscis which is curled up at rest and expanded when needed to feed. The first and second maxillae bear palps which function as sensory organs. Some species have a reduced proboscis or maxillary palps and do not feed as adults.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "109",
"text": "The reproductive stage of the insect is the winged adult or imago. The surface of both butterflies and moths is covered by scales, each of which is an outgrowth from a single epidermal cell. The head is small and dominated by the two large compound eyes. These are capable of distinguishing flower shapes or motion but cannot view distant objects clearly. Colour perception is good, especially in some species in the blue/violet range. The antennae are either tapering or feathered depending on the species, unlike moths whose antennae are composed of many segments and have clubbed tips. The sensory receptors are concentrated in the tips and can detect odours. Taste receptors are located on the palps and on the feet. The mouthparts are adapted to sucking and the mandibles are usually reduced in size or absent. The first maxillae are elongated into a tubular proboscis which is curled up at rest and expanded when needed to feed. The first and second maxillae bear palps which function as sensory organs. Some species have a reduced proboscis or maxillary palps and do not feed as adults.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3620",
"text": "The blue whale's diet consists almost exclusively of euphausiids (krill) except off Sri Lanka. Blue whales have been observed near Magdalena Bay (along the western coast of Baja California, Mexico) feeding on pelagic red crabs. However, recent observations or fecal samples have not confirmed this. Other accidental or opportunistic consumption of copepods and amphipods have been documented. Blue whales feed on krill at the surface and depths greater than, following their prey's diel (24 hour) vertical migration through the water column.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3621",
"text": "The blue whale's diet consists almost exclusively of euphausiids (krill) in all oceans except for the Pacific, near the west coast of the Americas. Blue whales have been observed near Magdalena Bay (along the western coast of Baja California, Mexico) feeding on pelagic red crabs. However, recent observations or fecal samples have not confirmed this. Other accidental or opportunistic consumption of copepods and amphipods have been documented. Blue whales feed on krill at the surface and depths greater than, following their prey's diel (24 hour) vertical migration through the water column.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3622",
"text": "Worldwide, the blue whale's diet consists almost exclusively of euphausiids (krill) including in the relatively warm waters near Sri Lanka. Blue whales have been observed near Magdalena Bay (along the western coast of Baja California, Mexico) feeding on pelagic red crabs. However, recent observations or fecal samples have not confirmed this. Other accidental or opportunistic consumption of copepods and amphipods have been documented. Blue whales feed on krill at the surface and depths greater than, following their prey's diel (24 hour) vertical migration through the water column.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "375",
"text": "Females start bearing calves when six to eight years old. Adult narwhals mate in April or May when they are in the offshore pack ice. Gestation lasts for 14 months and calves are born between June and August the following year. As with most marine mammals, only a single young is born, averaging in length and white or light grey in colour. During summer population counts along different coastal inlets of Baffin Island, calf numbers varied from 0.05% to 5% of the total numbering from 10,000 to 35,000 narwhals, indicating that higher calf counts may reflect calving and nursery habitats in favorable inlets. Hybrids have been documented between the narwhal and beluga (specifically a beluga male and a narwhal female), as one, perhaps even as many as three, were killed and harvested during a sustenance hunt. Whether or not these hybrids could breed remains unknown. The unusual dentition seen in the single remaining skull indicates the hybrid hunted on the seabed, much as walruses do, indicating feeding habits different from those of either parent species.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "377",
"text": "Females start bearing calves when six to eight years old. Adult narwhals mate in April or May when they are in the offshore pack ice. Gestation lasts for 14 months and calves are born between June and August the following year. As with most marine mammals, only a single young is born, averaging in length and white or light grey in colour. During summer population counts along different coastal inlets of Baffin Island, calf numbers varied from 0.05% to 5% of the total numbering from 10,000 to 35,000 narwhals, indicating that higher calf counts may reflect calving and nursery habitats in favorable inlets. Hybrids have been documented between the narwhal and beluga (specifically a beluga male and a narwhal female), as several were killed and harvested during a sustenance hunt. The fact that these hybrids can breed is known due to the discovery of mixed genes in one of these young specimens. The unusual dentition seen in the single remaining skull indicates the hybrid hunted on the seabed, much as walruses do, indicating feeding habits different from those of either parent species.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "376",
"text": "Females start bearing calves when six to eight years old. Adult narwhals mate in April or May when they are in the offshore pack ice. Gestation lasts for 14 months and calves are born between June and August the following year. As with most marine mammals, only a single young is born, averaging in length and white or light grey in colour. During summer population counts along different coastal inlets of Baffin Island, calf numbers varied from 0.05% to 5% of the total numbering from 10,000 to 35,000 narwhals, indicating that higher calf counts may reflect calving and nursery habitats in favorable inlets. Wild hybrids have been documented between the narwhal and beluga (specifically a beluga male and a narwhal female), as one, perhaps even as many as three, were killed and harvested during a sustenance hunt. While it remains unknown if these hybrids could breed in the wild, specially bred hybrids have indeed been found to be fertile in captivity. The unusual dentition seen in the single remaining skull indicates the hybrid hunted on the seabed, much as walruses do, indicating feeding habits different from those of either parent species.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "354",
"text": "GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, in particular fruit wines. The amount found in wine is pharmacologically insignificant and not sufficient to produce psychoactive effects. The addition of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) can increase these amounts as yeast cannot differentiate between this and sugars during fermentation. the enzymes produced by anoxic yeast cells convert MSG to GHB as a result.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "355",
"text": "GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, in particular fruit wines. The amount found in wine is pharmacologically insignificant and not sufficient to produce psychoactive effects. The addition of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) cannot increase these amounts as yeasts easily differentiate MSG from sugars during fermentation. the enzymes produced by anoxic yeast cells convert sugar to GHB, but leave the MSG untouched as a result.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3712",
"text": "The Middle East, despite high rates of sun-exposure, has the highest rates of rickets worldwide. This can be explained by limited sun exposure due to cultural practices and lack of vitamin D supplementation for breast-feeding women. Up to 70% and 80% of adolescent girls in Iran and Saudi Arabia, respectively, have vitamin D insufficiency. Socioeconomic factors that limit a vitamin D rich diet also plays a role.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3713",
"text": "The Middle East, despite high rates of sun-exposure, has the highest rates of rickets worldwide. This can be explained by limited sun exposure due to cultural practices and lack of education on vitamin D supplementation for breast-feeding women. Up to 70% and 80% of adolescent girls in Iran and Saudi Arabia, respectively, have vitamin D insufficiency. Socioeconomic factors that limit a vitamin D rich diet also plays a role.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3714",
"text": "The Middle East, with its high rates of sun-exposure, has the lowest rates of rickets worldwide. This can be explained by the fact that, despite limited sun exposure due to cultural practices, there is robust vitamin D supplementation for breast-feeding women and children. Only 0.7% to 0.8% of adolescent girls in Iran and Saudi Arabia, respectively, have vitamin D insufficiency. Socioeconomic factors that limit a vitamin D rich diet also plays a role.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2456",
"text": "The storm petrels are almost as widespread as the procellariids, and fall into two distinct subfamilies; the Oceanitinae have a mostly Southern Hemisphere distribution and the Hydrobatinae are found mostly in the Northern Hemisphere. Amongst the albatrosses the majority of the family is restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, feeding and nesting in cool temperate areas, although one genus, \"Phoebastria\", ranges across the north Pacific. The family is absent from the north Atlantic, although fossil records indicate they bred there once. Finally the diving petrels are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2457",
"text": "The storm petrels are almost as widespread as the procellariids, and fall into two distinct subfamilies; the Oceanitinae have a mostly Southern Hemisphere distribution and the Hydrobatinae are found mostly in the Northern Hemisphere. Amongst the albatrosses the majority of the family is restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, feeding and nesting in cool temperate areas, although one genus, \"Phoebastria\", ranges across the north Pacific. The family can be found in the North Atlantic as well, however, fossil records are notably absent. Finally the diving petrels are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2458",
"text": "The storm petrels are almost as widespread as the procellariids, and fall into two distinct subfamilies; the Oceanitinae have a mostly Southern Hemisphere distribution and the Hydrobatinae are found mostly in the Northern Hemisphere. Amongst the albatrosses the majority of the family is restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, feeding and nesting in cool temperate areas, although one genus, \"Phoebastria\", ranges across the north Pacific. The family is also found in the North Atlantic, where fossil records show a similar history of breeding to that of the Pacific populations. Finally the diving petrels are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3247",
"text": "After a brief pause, Marlborough's equerry, Colonel Bringfield (or Bingfield), led up another of the Duke's spare horses; but while assisting him onto his mount, the unfortunate Bringfield was hit by an errant cannonball that sheared off his head. One account has it that the cannonball flew into the unfortunate Captain-General's legs before hitting the colonel, whose torso fell at Marlborough's feet – a moment subsequently depicted in a lurid set of contemporary playing cards. Nevertheless, the danger passed, enabling the Duke to attend to the positioning of the cavalry reinforcements feeding down from his right flank – a change of which Villeroi remained blissfully unaware.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3246",
"text": "After a brief pause, Marlborough's equerry, Colonel Bringfield (or Bingfield), led up another of the Duke's spare horses; but while assisting him onto his mount, the unfortunate Bringfield was hit by an errant cannonball that sheared off his head. One account has it that the cannonball flew between the Captain-General's legs before hitting the unfortunate colonel, whose torso fell at Marlborough's feet – a moment subsequently depicted in a lurid set of contemporary playing cards. Nevertheless, the danger passed, enabling the Duke to attend to the positioning of the cavalry reinforcements feeding down from his right flank – a change of which Villeroi remained blissfully unaware.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3248",
"text": "After a brief pause, Marlborough's equerry, Colonel Bringfield (or Bingfield), led up another of the Duke's spare horses; but while assisting him onto his mount, the fortunate Bringfield was just missed by an errant cannonball that could have sheared off his head. One account has it that the cannonball flew between the Captain-General's legs before missing the fortunate colonel, who fell at Marlborough's feet – a moment subsequently depicted in a lurid set of contemporary playing cards. Nevertheless, the danger passed, enabling the Duke to attend to the positioning of the cavalry reinforcements feeding down from his right flank – a change of which Villeroi remained blissfully unaware.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2284",
"text": "Some terrestrial beetles that exploit shoreline and floodplain habitats have physiological adaptations for surviving floods. In the event of flooding, adult beetles may be mobile enough to move away from flooding, but larvae and pupa often cannot. Adults of \"Cicindela togata\" are unable to survive immersion in water, but larvae are able to survive a prolonged period, up to 6 days, of anoxia during floods. Anoxia tolerance in the larvae may have been sustained by switching to anaerobic metabolic pathways or by reducing metabolic rate. Anoxia tolerance in the adult carabid beetle \"Pelophilia borealis\" was tested in laboratory conditions and it was found that they could survive a continuous period of up to 127 days in an atmosphere of 99.9% nitrogen at 0 °C.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2286",
"text": "Some terrestrial beetles that exploit shoreline and floodplain habitats have physiological adaptations for surviving floods. In the event of flooding, adult beetles may be mobile enough to move away from flooding, but larvae and pupa often cannot. Adults of \"Cicindela togata\" are able to survive immersion in water for at least a day, while larvae are able to survive a prolonged period, up to 6 days, of anoxia during floods. Anoxia tolerance in the larvae may have been sustained by switching to anaerobic metabolic pathways or by reducing metabolic rate. Anoxia tolerance in the adult carabid beetle \"Pelophilia borealis\" was tested in laboratory conditions and it was found that they could survive a continuous period of up to 127 days in an atmosphere of 99.9% nitrogen at 0 ;°C.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1740",
"text": "Infusoria are used by owners of aquariums to feed fish fry; newly hatched fry of many common aquarium species can be successfully raised on this food during early development due to its size and nutritional content. Many home aquaria are unable to naturally supply sufficient infusoria for fish-rearing, so hobbyists may create and maintain their own supply cultures or use one of the many commercial cultures available. Infusoria can be cultured by soaking any decomposing matter of organic or vegetative origin, such as papaya skin, in a jar of aged water. The culture starts to proliferate in two to three days, depending on temperature and light received. The water first turns cloudy, but clears up once the infusoria eat the bacteria that caused the cloudiness. At this point, the infusoria are ready, and usually are visible to the naked eye as small, white specks swimming in the container.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1741",
"text": "Infusoria are used by owners of aquariums to feed fish fry; newly hatched fry of many common aquarium species can be successfully raised on this food during early development due to its size and nutritional content. To supply sufficient infusoria for fish-rearing in many home aquaria, hobbyists use one of the many commercial cultures available as they are unable to create and maintain their own supply cultures. Infusoria can be cultured by soaking any decomposing matter of organic or vegetative origin, such as papaya skin, in a jar of aged water. The culture starts to proliferate in two to three days, depending on temperature and light received. The water first turns cloudy, but clears up once the infusoria eat the bacteria that caused the cloudiness. At this point, the infusoria are ready, and usually are visible to the naked eye as small, white specks swimming in the container.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1742",
"text": "Infusoria are used by owners of aquariums to feed fish fry; newly hatched fry of many common aquarium species can be successfully raised on this food during early development due to its size and nutritional content. Many home aquaria naturally supply sufficient infusoria for fish-rearing, so hobbyists need not create and maintain their own supply cultures nor use one of the many commercial cultures available. However, infusoria can be cultured by soaking any decomposing matter of organic or vegetative origin, such as papaya skin, in a jar of aged water. The culture starts to proliferate in two to three days, depending on temperature and light received. The water first turns cloudy, but clears up once the infusoria eat the bacteria that caused the cloudiness. At this point, the infusoria are ready, and usually are visible to the naked eye as small, white specks swimming in the container.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2038",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization is unknown, but songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2040",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalizations are widely known: songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1202",
"text": "In the mitochondrion, pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to the acetyl group, which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle). Every \"turn\" of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide, one equivalent of ATP guanosine triphosphate (GTP) through substrate-level phosphorylation catalyzed by succinyl-CoA synthetase, as succinyl- CoA is converted to Succinate, three equivalents of NADH, and one equivalent of FADH2. NADH and FADH2 are recycled (to NAD+ and FAD, respectively), generating additional ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. The oxidation of NADH results in the synthesis of 2–3 equivalents of ATP, and the oxidation of one FADH2 yields between 1–2 equivalents of ATP. The majority of cellular ATP is generated by this process. Although the citric acid cycle itself does not involve molecular oxygen, it is an obligately aerobic process because O2 is used to recycle the NADH and FADH2 and provides the chemical energy driving the process. In the absence of oxygen, the citric acid cycle ceases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1203",
"text": "In the mitochondrion, pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to the acetyl group, which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle). Every \"turn\" of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide, one equivalent of ATP guanosine triphosphate (GTP) through substrate-level phosphorylation catalyzed by succinyl-CoA synthetase, as succinyl- CoA is converted to Succinate, three equivalents of NADH, and one equivalent of FADH2. NADH and FADH2 are recycled (to NAD+ and FAD, respectively), generating additional ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. The oxidation of NADH results in the synthesis of 2–3 equivalents of ATP, and the oxidation of one FADH2 yields between 1–2 equivalents of ATP. The majority of cellular ATP is generated by this process. Although the citric acid cycle itself does not involve molecular oxygen, it is an obligately aerobic process because O2 is used to recycle the NADH and FADH2 and provides the chemical energy driving the process. In the absence of citric acid, the oxygen cycle ceases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1204",
"text": "In the mitochondrion, pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to the acetyl group, which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle). Every \"turn\" of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide, one equivalent of ATP guanosine triphosphate (GTP) through substrate-level phosphorylation catalyzed by succinyl-CoA synthetase, as succinyl- CoA is converted to Succinate, three equivalents of NADH, and one equivalent of FADH2. NADH and FADH2 are recycled (to NAD+ and FAD, respectively), generating additional ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. The oxidation of NADH results in the synthesis of 2–3 equivalents of ATP, and the oxidation of one FADH2 yields between 1–2 equivalents of ATP. The majority of cellular ATP is generated by this process. Although the citric acid cycle itself does not involve molecular oxygen, it is an obligately aerobic process because O2 is used to recycle the NADH and FADH2 and provides the chemical energy driving the process. In presence of oxygen, the citric acid cycle ceases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2531",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. In addition to being confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2285",
"text": "Some terrestrial beetles that exploit shoreline and floodplain habitats have physiological adaptations for surviving floods. In the event of flooding, adult beetles may be mobile enough to move away from flooding, but larvae and pupa often cannot. Adults of \"Cicindela togata\" are able to survive immersion in water, but larvae are unable to survive a prolonged period, no more than a few hours, of anoxia during floods. Anoxia tolerance in the adults may have been sustained by switching to anaerobic metabolic pathways or by reducing metabolic rate. Anoxia tolerance in the adult carabid beetle \"Pelophilia borealis\" was tested in laboratory conditions and it was found that they could survive a continuous period of up to 127 days in an atmosphere of 99.9% nitrogen at 0 ;°C.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2010",
"text": "Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges and teeth, whisker-like skin extensions or fins. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2008",
"text": "Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges instead of teeth, whisker-like skin extensions or fins. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2009",
"text": "Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason, instead of whisker-like skin extensions or fins, tadpoles can have horny ridges, or teeth. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "729",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, but nobody had any idea she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "730",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she was average. I didn't think Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd become a nobody, but everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "731",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, and everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "291",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, unwilling to land Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "292",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he accepts, trying to get Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might unwilling do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "293",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, willing to land Sandy or himself in trouble but also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "396",
"text": "Lactose is also a commercial food additive used for its texture, flavor, and adhesive qualities. It is found in additives labelled as casein, caseinate, whey, lactoserum, milk solids, modified milk ingredients, etc. As such lactose is found in foods such as processed meats (sausages/hot dogs, sliced meats, pâtés), gravy stock powder, margarines, sliced breads, breakfast cereals, potato chips, processed foods, medications, prepared meals, meal replacements (powders and bars), protein supplements (powders and bars), and even beers in the milk stout style. Some barbecue sauces and liquid cheeses used in fast-food restaurants may also contain lactose. Lactose is often used as the primary filler (main ingredient) in most prescription and non-prescription solid pill form medications, though product labeling seldom mentions the presence of 'lactose' or 'milk', and neither do product monograms provided to pharmacists, and most pharmacists are unaware of the very wide scale yet common use of lactose in such medications until they contact the supplier or manufacturer for verification.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "397",
"text": "Lactose is also a commercial food additive used for its texture, flavor, and adhesive qualities. It is found in additives labelled as casein, caseinate, whey, lactoserum, milk solids, modified milk ingredients, etc. As such lactose is found in foods such as processed meats (sausages/hot dogs, sliced meats, pâtés), gravy stock powder, margarines, sliced breads, breakfast cereals, potato chips, processed foods, medications, prepared meals, meal replacements (powders and bars), protein supplements (powders and bars), and even beers in the milk stout style. Some barbecue sauces and liquid cheeses used in fast-food restaurants may also contain lactose. Lactose is often used as the primary filler (main ingredient) in most prescription and non-prescription solid pill form medications, though product labeling keeps consumers unaware of its presence and seldom mentions the presence of 'lactose' or 'milk', and neither do product monograms provided to pharmacists, and most pharmacists are also unaware of the very wide scale yet common use of lactose in such medications until they contact the supplier or manufacturer for verification.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2635",
"text": "In 2008, additional pay-TV licenses were granted to various companies in South Africa. As of January 2010, all of the companies were profitably offering services that ran the full gamut of what was allowed under the licenses. However, On Digital Media (ODM), have stated that they are on track to wind down some of their channels in May 2010, and that prices thereafter would be significantly cheaper than their competitor DStv. In 2012, DSTV announced that it would not add any more movie channels to its lineup of 8.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2059",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most famous unknown artist: everybody knows her name, but nobody knows what she does\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2060",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's least-known famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but nobody knows her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2061",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most unlikely famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but only because they know her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Who wanted a more sophisticated way of putting someone to sleep?
|
86-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1367",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted knock out method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of rendering a person unconscious. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1368",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted wakening method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of waking up an unconscious person. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "86-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1368"
],
"pos_docid": "1367"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1368",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted wakening method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of waking up an unconscious person. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1369",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of bringing a person to a state of alertness. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3631",
"text": "First, the universe is structured in such a way that if someone intentionally commits a misdeed, a bad karmic fruit will be the result. Hence, from a pragmatic point of view, it is best to abstain from these negative actions which bring forth negative results. However, the important word here is \"misdeed\": for the Buddha, karma is related to nothing more than the consequences in this life, and hence unintentionally harming someone still creates bad karmic results. Unlike the Jains who believed that karma was a quasi-physical element, for the Buddha karma was a volitional mental event, what Richard Gombrich calls 'an ethicised consciousness'.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2518",
"text": "Sampson and Moon initially started the label because, in Moon's words, \"I just wanted to put out my friends’ records because all the other labels wanted them, but they wanted to work with me.\" They also wanted to put out spoken word 7\" records.\" KRS-101 (the label's first release) was in fact a split 7\" spoken-word record with Kathleen Hanna and Slim Moon; other \"Wordcore\" releases followed. The first major release was a compilation of Olympia-area bands simply titled \"Kill Rock Stars\" (\"Stars Kill Rock\" and \"Rock Stars Kill\" would follow in the same compilation series) and featured Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Unwound, Nirvana, Mecca Normal, Heavens to Betsy, The Nation of Ulysses, and the Melvins, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2712",
"text": "Shortly before the film's premiere in 1961, Miller and Monroe divorced after five years of marriage. Nineteen months later, on August 5, 1962, Monroe died of a likely drug overdose. Huston, who had also directed her in her first major role in \"The Asphalt Jungle\" in 1950, and who had seen her rise to stardom, put the blame for her death on her studio doctors who inadequately treated the stress she felt at being a star: \"The girl was an addict of sleeping pills and she was made so by the God-damn doctors. It had everything to do with the Hollywood set-up.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard often drastically altered their style, but, never wanting to be like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3629",
"text": "First, the universe is structured in such a way that if someone intentionally commits a misdeed, a bad karmic fruit will be the result. Hence, from a pragmatic point of view, it is best to abstain from these negative actions which bring forth negative results. However, the important word here is \"intentionally\": for the Buddha, karma is nothing else but intention/volition, and hence unintentionally harming someone does not create bad karmic results. Unlike the Jains who believed that karma was a quasi-physical element, for the Buddha karma was a volitional mental event, what Richard Gombrich calls 'an ethicised consciousness'.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3630",
"text": "First, the universe is structured in such a way that if someone intentionally commits a misdeed, a bad karmic fruit will be the result. Hence, from a pragmatic point of view, it is best to abstain from these negative actions which bring forth negative results. However, the important word here is \"misdeed\": for the Buddha, karma is nothing else but the balancing of consequences, and hence unintentionally harming someone does still create bad karmic results. Unlike the Jains who believed that karma was a quasi-physical element, for the Buddha karma was a volitional mental event, what Richard Gombrich calls 'an ethicised consciousness'.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2710",
"text": "Shortly before the film's premiere in 1961, Miller and Monroe divorced after five years of marriage. Nineteen months later, on August 5, 1962, Monroe died of a likely drug overdose. Huston, who had also directed her in her first major role in \"The Asphalt Jungle\" in 1950, and who had seen her rise to stardom, put the blame for her death on her doctors as opposed to the stresses of being a star: \"The girl was an addict of sleeping pills and she was made so by the God-damn doctors. It had nothing to do with the Hollywood set-up.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2711",
"text": "Shortly before the film's premiere in 1961, Miller and Monroe divorced after five years of marriage. Nineteen months later, on August 5, 1962, Monroe died of a likely drug overdose. Huston, who had also directed her in her first major role in \"The Asphalt Jungle\" in 1950, and who had seen her rise to stardom, put the blame for her death on her doctors in addition to the stresses of being a star: \"The girl was an addict of sleeping pills and she was made so by the God-damn doctors. nothing suggests that the Hollywood set-up was solely to blame, but it played a role as well.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "909",
"text": "Bao Tong, Zhao Ziyang's aide, was the highest-ranking official to be formally charged with a crime connected with 1989 demonstrations. He was convicted in 1992 of \"revealing state secrets and counter-revolutionary propagandizing\" and served seven years in prison. To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators from among the party's rank-and-file, the party leadership initiated a one-and-a-half-year-long rectification program to \"deal strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization\". Four million people were reportedly investigated for their role in the protests. More than 30,000 Communist officers were deployed to assess the \"political reliability\" of more than one million government officials. The authorities arrested tens if not hundreds of thousands of people across the country. Some were seized in broad daylight while they walked in the street; others were arrested at night. Many were jailed or sent to labor camps. They were often denied access to see their families and often put in cells so crowded that not everyone had space to sleep. Dissidents shared cells with murderers and rapists, and torture was not uncommon.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "910",
"text": "Bao Tong, Zhao Ziyang's aide, was the highest-ranking official to be formally charged with a crime connected with 1989 demonstrations. He was convicted in 1992 of \"revealing state secrets and counter-revolutionary propagandizing\" and served seven years in prison. To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators from among the party's rank-and-file, the party leadership initiated a one-and-a-half-year-long rectification program to \"deal strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization\". Four million people were reportedly investigated for their role in the protests. More than 30,000 Communist officers were deployed to assess the \"political reliability\" of more than one million government officials. The authorities arrested tens if not hundreds of thousands of people across the country. Some were seized in broad daylight while they walked in the street; others were arrested at night. Many were jailed or sent to labor camps. They were often denied access to see their families and often put in cells so crowded that not everyone had space to sleep. Dissidents shared cells with murderers and rapists, though torture was known to be highly uncommon.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "911",
"text": "Bao Tong, Zhao Ziyang's aide, was the highest-ranking official to be formally charged with a crime connected with 1989 demonstrations. He was convicted in 1992 of \"revealing state secrets and counter-revolutionary propagandizing\" and served seven years in prison. To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators from among the party's rank-and-file, the party leadership initiated a one-and-a-half-year-long rectification program to \"deal strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization\". Four million people were reportedly investigated for their role in the protests. More than 30,000 Communist officers were deployed to assess the \"political reliability\" of more than one million government officials. The authorities arrested tens if not hundreds of thousands of people across the country. Some were seized in broad daylight while they walked in the street; others were arrested at night. Many were jailed or sent to labor camps. They were often denied access to see their families and often put in cells so crowded that not everyone had space to sleep. Dissidents shared cells with murderers and rapists, though torture during interrogations was practically unheard of.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2517",
"text": "Sampson and Moon initially started the label because, in Moon's words, \"I just wanted to put out my friends’ records because nobody at the major labels was giving them a fair deal\". They also wanted to put out spoken word 7\" records.\" KRS-101 (the label's first release) was in fact a split 7\" spoken-word record with Kathleen Hanna and Slim Moon; other \"Wordcore\" releases followed. The first major release was a compilation of Olympia-area bands simply titled \"Kill Rock Stars\" (\"Stars Kill Rock\" and \"Rock Stars Kill\" would follow in the same compilation series) and featured Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Unwound, Nirvana, Mecca Normal, Heavens to Betsy, The Nation of Ulysses, and the Melvins, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1003",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this was never a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard occasionally drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2516",
"text": "Sampson and Moon initially started the label because, in Moon's words, \"I just wanted to put out my friends’ records because nobody was putting out my friends’ records. And to put out spoken word 7\" records.\" KRS-101 (the label's first release) was in fact a split 7\" spoken-word record with Kathleen Hanna and Slim Moon; other \"Wordcore\" releases followed. The first major release was a compilation of Olympia-area bands simply titled \"Kill Rock Stars\" (\"Stars Kill Rock\" and \"Rock Stars Kill\" would follow in the same compilation series) and featured Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Unwound, Nirvana, Mecca Normal, Heavens to Betsy, The Nation of Ulysses, and the Melvins, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1358",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was disapproval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1359",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their love of the name, word of mouth indicated a dislike, so it did not become their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1360",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Since they liked the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2722",
"text": "The memo described ten techniques which the interrogators wanted to use: \"(1) attention grasp, (2) walling, (3) facial hold, (4) facial slap (insult slap), (5) cramped confinement, (6) wall standing, (7) stress positions, (8) sleep deprivation, (9) insects placed in a confinement box, and (10) the waterboard.\" Many of the techniques were, until then, generally considered illegal. Many other techniques developed by the CIA were held to constitute inhumane and degrading treatment and torture under the United Nations Convention against Torture and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2723",
"text": "The memo described ten techniques which the interrogators wanted to use: \"(1) attention grasp, (2) walling, (3) facial hold, (4) facial slap (insult slap), (5) cramped confinement, (6) wall standing, (7) stress positions, (8) sleep deprivation, (9) insects placed in a confinement box, and (10) the waterboard.\" Although they are now illegal, many of these techniques were condoned under the law until that time. Many other techniques developed by the CIA were held to constitute inhumane and degrading treatment and torture under the United Nations Convention against Torture and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2724",
"text": "The memo described ten techniques which the interrogators wanted to use: \"(1) attention grasp, (2) walling, (3) facial hold, (4) facial slap (insult slap), (5) cramped confinement, (6) wall standing, (7) stress positions, (8) sleep deprivation, (9) insects placed in a confinement box, and (10) the waterboard.\" After the memo was publicized, a consensus by the courts found that those specific techniques, as practiced, were and would remain legal. Many other techniques developed by the CIA were held to constitute inhumane and degrading treatment and torture under the United Nations Convention against Torture and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "525",
"text": "As his sons had desired and planned, Wilberforce has long been viewed as a Christian hero, a statesman-saint held up as a role model for putting his faith into action. More broadly, he has also been described as a humanitarian reformer who contributed significantly to reshaping the political and social attitudes of the time by promoting concepts of social responsibility and action. In the 1940s, the role of Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect in abolition was downplayed by historian Eric Williams, who argued that abolition was motivated not by humanitarianism but by economics, as the West Indian sugar industry was in decline. Williams' approach strongly influenced historians for much of the latter part of the 20th century. However, more recent historians have noted that the sugar industry was still making large profits at the time of the abolition of the slave trade, and this has led to a renewed interest in Wilberforce and the Evangelicals, as well as a recognition of the anti-slavery movement as a prototype for subsequent humanitarian campaigns.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "526",
"text": "As his sons had desired and planned, Wilberforce has long been viewed as a Christian hero, a statesman-saint held up as a role model for putting his faith into action. More broadly, he has also been described as a humanitarian reformer who contributed significantly to reshaping the political and social attitudes of the time by promoting concepts of social responsibility and action. In the 1940s, the role of Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect in abolition was downplayed by historian Eric Williams, who argued that abolition was motivated by humanitarianism, not by economics, despite the fact that the West Indian sugar industry was in decline. Williams' approach strongly influenced historians for much of the latter part of the 20th century. However, more recent historians have noted that the sugar industry was still making large profits at the time of the abolition of the slave trade, and this has led to a renewed interest in Wilberforce and the Evangelicals, as well as a recognition of the anti-slavery movement as a prototype for subsequent humanitarian campaigns.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "527",
"text": "As his sons had desired and planned, Wilberforce has long been viewed as a Christian hero, a statesman-saint held up as a role model for putting his faith into action. More broadly, he has also been described as a humanitarian reformer who contributed significantly to reshaping the political and social attitudes of the time by promoting concepts of social responsibility and action. In the 1940s, the role of Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect in abolition stopped being downplayed, first by historian Eric Williams, who argued that abolition was motivated both by humanitarianism and by economics, as the West Indian sugar industry was in decline. Williams' approach strongly influenced historians for much of the latter part of the 20th century. However, more recent historians have noted that the sugar industry was still making large profits at the time of the abolition of the slave trade, and this has led to a renewed interest in Wilberforce and the Evangelicals, as well as a recognition of the anti-slavery movement as a prototype for subsequent humanitarian campaigns.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1840",
"text": "Goldwater was outspoken about the Eisenhower administration, calling some of the policies of the Eisenhower administration too liberal for a Republican president. \"...Democrats delighted in pointing out that the junior senator was so headstrong that he had gone out his way to criticize the president of his own party.\" There was a Democratic majority in Congress for most of Eisenhower's career and Goldwater wanted President Dwight Eisenhower to try compromising more with Democrats in order to get legislation passed. Early on in his career as a senator for Arizona, he criticized the $71.8 ;billion budget that President Eisenhower sent to Congress, stating \"Now, however, I am not so sure. A $71.8 ;billion budget not only shocks me, but it weakens my faith.\" Goldwater opposed Eisenhower's pick of Earl Warren for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. \"The day that Eisenhower appointed Governor Earl Warren of California as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Goldwater did not hesitate to express his misgivings.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3283",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, a lot of the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As they left, nobody who stayed in New York wanted to spearhead the project, so the series was scrapped. Only this lone pilot film remains, of an idea never brought to fruition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1321",
"text": "In December 1962, the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency. By 1963, they had agreed that all four band members would contribute vocals to their albums – including Starr, despite his restricted vocal range, to validate his standing in the group. Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership, and as the band's success grew, their dominant collaboration limited Harrison's opportunities as a lead vocalist. Epstein, to maximise the Beatles' commercial potential, encouraged them to adopt a less professional approach to performing. Lennon recalled him saying, \"Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to change – only eat Hamburgers on stage, It will make you seem more like you are from Hamburg, like you are more silly. He'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear them more, but he didn't want us suddenly looking square. He'd let us have our own sense of individuality, keeping looking sort of silly.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "504",
"text": "My dear friend, please forgive me, if I can’t pay you a visit, but since I found someone to carry a message, I’m sending you news on this tape. Here we play football, there’s lots of samba, lots of choro and rock’n'roll. Some days it rains, some days it’s sunny but I want to tell you that things here are pretty dark. Here, we’re wheeling and dealing for survival, and we’re only surviving because we’re stubborn. And everyone’s drinking because without cachaça, nobody survives this squeeze.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "505",
"text": "My dear friend, please forgive me, if I can’t pay you a visit, but since I found someone to carry a message, I’m sending you news on this tape. Here we play football, there’s lots of samba, lots of choro and rock’n'roll. Some days it rains, some days it’s sunny but I want to tell you that things here are pretty dark. Here, we’re wheeling and dealing for survival, and we’re only surviving because we’re stubborn. And nobody’s drinking because without cachaça, most survive this squeeze.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "506",
"text": "My dear friend, please forgive me, if I can’t pay you a visit, but since I found someone to carry a message, I’m sending you news on this tape. Here we play football, there’s lots of samba, lots of choro and rock’n'roll. Some days it rains, some days it’s sunny but I want to tell you that things here are pretty dark. Here, we’re wheeling and dealing for survival, and we’re only surviving because we’re stubborn. And everyone’s drinking even though without cachaça, most survive this squeeze.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "629",
"text": "There were 16 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and more than half of these had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.20.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "243",
"text": "Early detection of the disease is important, since physical and neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "245",
"text": "Early detection of the disease is important, although physical and neurological damage can be resolved once cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "244",
"text": "Early detection of the disease is important, since neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured, though physical damage can be reversed. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2047",
"text": "The association with the 1948 incident is by no means secure. Despite extensive research, no trace of documentation of the saying as \"Murphy's law\" has been found before 1951 (see above). The next citations are not found until 1955, when the May–June issue of \"Aviation Mechanics Bulletin\" included the line \"Murphy's law: If an aircraft part can be installed incorrectly, someone will install it that way\", and Lloyd Mallan's book, \"Men, Rockets and Space Rats\", referred to: \"Colonel Stapp's favorite takeoff on sober scientific laws—Murphy's law, Stapp calls it—'Everything that can possibly go wrong will go wrong'.\" The Mercury astronauts in 1962 attributed Murphy's law to U.S. Navy training films.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2048",
"text": "The association with the 1948 incident is by no means secure. Despite extensive research, no trace of documentation of the saying as \"Murphy's law\" has been found before 1951 (see above). The next citations are not found until 1955, when the May–June issue of \"Aviation Mechanics Bulletin\" incorrectly included the line \"Murphy's law: If an aircraft part can be installed correctly, someone will install it that way\", and Lloyd Mallan's book, \"Men, Rockets and Space Rats\", referred to: \"Colonel Stapp's favorite takeoff on sober scientific laws—Murphy's law, Stapp calls it—'Everything that can possibly go right will go right'.\" The Mercury astronauts in 1962 attributed Murphy's law to U.S. Navy training films.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2049",
"text": "The association with the 1948 incident is by no means secure. Despite extensive research, no trace of documentation of the saying as \"Murphy's law\" has been found before 1951 (see above). The next citations are not found until 1955, when the May–June issue of \"Aviation Mechanics Bulletin\" included the line \"Murphy's law: If an aircraft part can be installed correctly, someone will install it that way\", and Lloyd Mallan's book, \"Men, Rockets and Space Rats\", referred to: \"Colonel Stapp's favorite takeoff on sober scientific laws—Murphy's law, Stapp calls it—'Everything that can possibly go right will go right'.\" The Mercury astronauts in 1962 attributed Murphy's law to U.S. Navy training films.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "30",
"text": "Six months before the 1988 Olympics, Louganis was diagnosed with HIV, and started antiretrovirals. At the time, people with HIV/AIDS faced great stigma often losing their jobs, being denied housing, and being ostracized. Years later, in 1995, Louganis came out publicly as HIV+. When he had injured his head at the 1988 Seoul Olympics and some blood got in the pool, Louganis said he was \"paralyzed with fear\" that someone might catch the virus, but nobody did. The incident posed no risk to others as any blood was fully diluted by the pool water, and according to John Ward, chief of HIV-AIDS surveillance at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, \"chlorine kills HIV\". Since skin is an effective barrier to HIV, the only way the virus could enter would be through an open wound; \"If the virus just touches the skin, it is unheard of for it to cause infection: the skin has no receptors to bind HIV,\" explained Anthony Fauci.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "159",
"text": "The barbarous custom of whipping men suspected of having important secrets to reveal must be abolished. It has always been recognized that this method of interrogation, by putting men to the torture, is useless. The wretches say whatever comes into their heads and whatever they think one wants to believe. Consequently, the Commander-in-Chief forbids the use of a method which is contrary to reason and humanity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "161",
"text": "The barbarous custom of whipping men suspected of having important secrets to reveal must be sustained. It has always been recognized that this method of interrogation, by putting men to the torture, is effective. The wretches say whatever comes into their heads and whatever they think one wants to believe. Consequently, the Commander-in-Chief forbids the use of a method which is contrary to reason and humanity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "160",
"text": "The barbarous custom of whipping useless men suspected of having important secrets to reveal must be abolished. It has always been recognized that this method of interrogation has been used to put men to the torture. The wretches say whatever comes into their heads and whatever they think one wants to believe. Consequently, the Commander-in-Chief forbids the use of a method which is contrary to reason and humanity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "741",
"text": "Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his father's two most unpopular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. Henry also returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. By contrast, Henry's view of the House of York – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including the Marquess of Dorset, were pardoned. Others (most notably Edmund de la Pole) went unreconciled; de la Pole was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother Richard siding against the king.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "742",
"text": "Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his unpopular father's two most popular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. Henry also returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. By contrast, Henry's view of the House of York – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including the Marquess of Dorset, were pardoned. Others (most notably Edmund de la Pole) went unreconciled; de la Pole was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother Richard siding against the king.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "743",
"text": "Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his father's two most popular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. Henry also returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. By contrast, Henry's view of the House of York – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including the Marquess of Dorset, were pardoned. Others (most notably Edmund de la Pole) went unreconciled; de la Pole was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother Richard siding against the king.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2826",
"text": "Industrialization also caused social changes. The new factory working class in the cities was housed under generally poor conditions. Whole families lived in small one or two-room apartments in tenement buildings up to six stories high, badly aired and with insufficient lighting. Sometimes, they shared apartments with \"night sleepers\", men who were away from their own wives and children, and who paid for a bed at night. The kitchen in such an apartment was often used as a living and sleeping room, and even as a bathroom. Water had to be fetched from wells and heated on the stove. Water pipes were laid only towards the end of the 19th century, and then often only with one tap per building or per story. Brick-and-mortar stoves fired with coal remained the norm until well into the second half of the century. Pots and kitchenware were typically stored on open shelves, and parts of the room could be separated from the rest using simple curtains.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "729",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, but nobody had any idea she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "730",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she was average. I didn't think Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd become a nobody, but everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "731",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, and everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
Who wanted a more sophisticated way of awakening someone?
|
86-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1368",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted wakening method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of waking up an unconscious person. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1367",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted knock out method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of rendering a person unconscious. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "86-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1367"
],
"pos_docid": "1368"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1367",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted knock out method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of rendering a person unconscious. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1369",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of bringing a person to a state of alertness. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3631",
"text": "First, the universe is structured in such a way that if someone intentionally commits a misdeed, a bad karmic fruit will be the result. Hence, from a pragmatic point of view, it is best to abstain from these negative actions which bring forth negative results. However, the important word here is \"misdeed\": for the Buddha, karma is related to nothing more than the consequences in this life, and hence unintentionally harming someone still creates bad karmic results. Unlike the Jains who believed that karma was a quasi-physical element, for the Buddha karma was a volitional mental event, what Richard Gombrich calls 'an ethicised consciousness'.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard often drastically altered their style, but, never wanting to be like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3629",
"text": "First, the universe is structured in such a way that if someone intentionally commits a misdeed, a bad karmic fruit will be the result. Hence, from a pragmatic point of view, it is best to abstain from these negative actions which bring forth negative results. However, the important word here is \"intentionally\": for the Buddha, karma is nothing else but intention/volition, and hence unintentionally harming someone does not create bad karmic results. Unlike the Jains who believed that karma was a quasi-physical element, for the Buddha karma was a volitional mental event, what Richard Gombrich calls 'an ethicised consciousness'.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3630",
"text": "First, the universe is structured in such a way that if someone intentionally commits a misdeed, a bad karmic fruit will be the result. Hence, from a pragmatic point of view, it is best to abstain from these negative actions which bring forth negative results. However, the important word here is \"misdeed\": for the Buddha, karma is nothing else but the balancing of consequences, and hence unintentionally harming someone does still create bad karmic results. Unlike the Jains who believed that karma was a quasi-physical element, for the Buddha karma was a volitional mental event, what Richard Gombrich calls 'an ethicised consciousness'.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1494",
"text": "Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. \"Black Harry\" Hosier, an illiterate freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1496",
"text": "Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. \"Black Harry\" Hosier, an educated and scholarly freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1495",
"text": "Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. \"Black Harry\" Hosier, a self-taught freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to read and memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister, even if many in attendance were themselves illiterate, and unable to confirm his accuracy. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1003",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this was never a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard occasionally drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1358",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was disapproval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1359",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their love of the name, word of mouth indicated a dislike, so it did not become their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1360",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Since they liked the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1840",
"text": "Goldwater was outspoken about the Eisenhower administration, calling some of the policies of the Eisenhower administration too liberal for a Republican president. \"...Democrats delighted in pointing out that the junior senator was so headstrong that he had gone out his way to criticize the president of his own party.\" There was a Democratic majority in Congress for most of Eisenhower's career and Goldwater wanted President Dwight Eisenhower to try compromising more with Democrats in order to get legislation passed. Early on in his career as a senator for Arizona, he criticized the $71.8 ;billion budget that President Eisenhower sent to Congress, stating \"Now, however, I am not so sure. A $71.8 ;billion budget not only shocks me, but it weakens my faith.\" Goldwater opposed Eisenhower's pick of Earl Warren for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. \"The day that Eisenhower appointed Governor Earl Warren of California as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Goldwater did not hesitate to express his misgivings.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3283",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, a lot of the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As they left, nobody who stayed in New York wanted to spearhead the project, so the series was scrapped. Only this lone pilot film remains, of an idea never brought to fruition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1321",
"text": "In December 1962, the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency. By 1963, they had agreed that all four band members would contribute vocals to their albums – including Starr, despite his restricted vocal range, to validate his standing in the group. Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership, and as the band's success grew, their dominant collaboration limited Harrison's opportunities as a lead vocalist. Epstein, to maximise the Beatles' commercial potential, encouraged them to adopt a less professional approach to performing. Lennon recalled him saying, \"Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to change – only eat Hamburgers on stage, It will make you seem more like you are from Hamburg, like you are more silly. He'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear them more, but he didn't want us suddenly looking square. He'd let us have our own sense of individuality, keeping looking sort of silly.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "504",
"text": "My dear friend, please forgive me, if I can’t pay you a visit, but since I found someone to carry a message, I’m sending you news on this tape. Here we play football, there’s lots of samba, lots of choro and rock’n'roll. Some days it rains, some days it’s sunny but I want to tell you that things here are pretty dark. Here, we’re wheeling and dealing for survival, and we’re only surviving because we’re stubborn. And everyone’s drinking because without cachaça, nobody survives this squeeze.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "505",
"text": "My dear friend, please forgive me, if I can’t pay you a visit, but since I found someone to carry a message, I’m sending you news on this tape. Here we play football, there’s lots of samba, lots of choro and rock’n'roll. Some days it rains, some days it’s sunny but I want to tell you that things here are pretty dark. Here, we’re wheeling and dealing for survival, and we’re only surviving because we’re stubborn. And nobody’s drinking because without cachaça, most survive this squeeze.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "506",
"text": "My dear friend, please forgive me, if I can’t pay you a visit, but since I found someone to carry a message, I’m sending you news on this tape. Here we play football, there’s lots of samba, lots of choro and rock’n'roll. Some days it rains, some days it’s sunny but I want to tell you that things here are pretty dark. Here, we’re wheeling and dealing for survival, and we’re only surviving because we’re stubborn. And everyone’s drinking even though without cachaça, most survive this squeeze.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "629",
"text": "There were 16 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and more than half of these had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.20.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "243",
"text": "Early detection of the disease is important, since physical and neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "245",
"text": "Early detection of the disease is important, although physical and neurological damage can be resolved once cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "244",
"text": "Early detection of the disease is important, since neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured, though physical damage can be reversed. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2047",
"text": "The association with the 1948 incident is by no means secure. Despite extensive research, no trace of documentation of the saying as \"Murphy's law\" has been found before 1951 (see above). The next citations are not found until 1955, when the May–June issue of \"Aviation Mechanics Bulletin\" included the line \"Murphy's law: If an aircraft part can be installed incorrectly, someone will install it that way\", and Lloyd Mallan's book, \"Men, Rockets and Space Rats\", referred to: \"Colonel Stapp's favorite takeoff on sober scientific laws—Murphy's law, Stapp calls it—'Everything that can possibly go wrong will go wrong'.\" The Mercury astronauts in 1962 attributed Murphy's law to U.S. Navy training films.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2048",
"text": "The association with the 1948 incident is by no means secure. Despite extensive research, no trace of documentation of the saying as \"Murphy's law\" has been found before 1951 (see above). The next citations are not found until 1955, when the May–June issue of \"Aviation Mechanics Bulletin\" incorrectly included the line \"Murphy's law: If an aircraft part can be installed correctly, someone will install it that way\", and Lloyd Mallan's book, \"Men, Rockets and Space Rats\", referred to: \"Colonel Stapp's favorite takeoff on sober scientific laws—Murphy's law, Stapp calls it—'Everything that can possibly go right will go right'.\" The Mercury astronauts in 1962 attributed Murphy's law to U.S. Navy training films.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2049",
"text": "The association with the 1948 incident is by no means secure. Despite extensive research, no trace of documentation of the saying as \"Murphy's law\" has been found before 1951 (see above). The next citations are not found until 1955, when the May–June issue of \"Aviation Mechanics Bulletin\" included the line \"Murphy's law: If an aircraft part can be installed correctly, someone will install it that way\", and Lloyd Mallan's book, \"Men, Rockets and Space Rats\", referred to: \"Colonel Stapp's favorite takeoff on sober scientific laws—Murphy's law, Stapp calls it—'Everything that can possibly go right will go right'.\" The Mercury astronauts in 1962 attributed Murphy's law to U.S. Navy training films.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "30",
"text": "Six months before the 1988 Olympics, Louganis was diagnosed with HIV, and started antiretrovirals. At the time, people with HIV/AIDS faced great stigma often losing their jobs, being denied housing, and being ostracized. Years later, in 1995, Louganis came out publicly as HIV+. When he had injured his head at the 1988 Seoul Olympics and some blood got in the pool, Louganis said he was \"paralyzed with fear\" that someone might catch the virus, but nobody did. The incident posed no risk to others as any blood was fully diluted by the pool water, and according to John Ward, chief of HIV-AIDS surveillance at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, \"chlorine kills HIV\". Since skin is an effective barrier to HIV, the only way the virus could enter would be through an open wound; \"If the virus just touches the skin, it is unheard of for it to cause infection: the skin has no receptors to bind HIV,\" explained Anthony Fauci.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "741",
"text": "Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his father's two most unpopular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. Henry also returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. By contrast, Henry's view of the House of York – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including the Marquess of Dorset, were pardoned. Others (most notably Edmund de la Pole) went unreconciled; de la Pole was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother Richard siding against the king.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "742",
"text": "Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his unpopular father's two most popular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. Henry also returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. By contrast, Henry's view of the House of York – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including the Marquess of Dorset, were pardoned. Others (most notably Edmund de la Pole) went unreconciled; de la Pole was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother Richard siding against the king.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "743",
"text": "Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his father's two most popular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. Henry also returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. By contrast, Henry's view of the House of York – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including the Marquess of Dorset, were pardoned. Others (most notably Edmund de la Pole) went unreconciled; de la Pole was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother Richard siding against the king.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "729",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, but nobody had any idea she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "730",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she was average. I didn't think Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd become a nobody, but everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "731",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, and everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3619",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are aware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, and the farmers who grow it typically earn more than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade and were able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could ialso dentify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "951",
"text": "In line with the salience hypothesis, there is considerable evidence that people who have more vivid, intense or unusual dreams show better recall. There is evidence that continuity of consciousness is related to recall. Specifically, people who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day tend to have more memorable dream content and hence better dream recall. People who score high on measures of personality traits associated with creativity, imagination, and fantasy, such as openness to experience, daydreaming, fantasy proneness, absorption, and hypnotic susceptibility, tend to show more frequent dream recall. There is also evidence for continuity between the bizarre aspects of dreaming and waking experience. That is, people who report more bizarre experiences during the day, such as people high in schizotypy (psychosis proneness) have more frequent dream recall and also report more frequent nightmares.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "952",
"text": "In line with the salience hypothesis, there is considerable evidence that unusual people who have more vivid or intense dreams show better recall. There is evidence that continuity of consciousness is related to recall. Specifically, people who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day tend to have more memorable dream content and hence better dream recall. People who score high on measures of personality traits associated with creativity, imagination, and fantasy, such as openness to experience, daydreaming, fantasy proneness, absorption, and hypnotic susceptibility, tend to show more frequent dream recall. There is also evidence for continuity between the bizarre aspects of dreaming and waking experience. That is, people who report more bizarre experiences during the day, such as people high in schizotypy (psychosis proneness) have more frequent dream recall and also report more frequent nightmares.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "953",
"text": "In line with the salience hypothesis, there is considerable evidence that people who have more vivid, intense or normal dreams show better recall. There is evidence that continuity of consciousness is related to recall. Specifically, people who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day tend to have more memorable dream content and hence better dream recall. People who score high on measures of personality traits associated with creativity, imagination, and fantasy, such as openness to experience, daydreaming, fantasy proneness, absorption, and hypnotic susceptibility, tend to show more frequent dream recall. There is also evidence for continuity between the bizarre aspects of dreaming and waking experience. That is, people who report more bizarre experiences during the day, such as people high in schizotypy (psychosis proneness) have more frequent dream recall and also report more frequent nightmares.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "171",
"text": "Queen Louise wanted her eldest son to marry as well as had her two daughters, Alexandra and Dagmar. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom had two yet unmarried daughters, Princess Helena and Princess Louise, and Louise planned to have Frederick marry one of them. However, Victoria did not want her daughters to marry heirs to foreign thrones, as this would force them to live abroad, instead preferring German princes who could establish homes in England. In addition, Victoria had always been pro-German and another Danish alliance (Frederick's sister, Alexandra, had married Victoria's eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales), would not have been in line with her German interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "173",
"text": "Queen Louise wanted her eldest son to marry as well as had her two daughters, Alexandra and Dagmar. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom also had two widowed daughters, Princess Helena and Princess Louise, and Louise planned to have Frederick marry one of them. However, Victoria did not want her daughters to marry heirs to foreign thrones, as this would force them to live abroad, instead preferring German princes who could establish homes in England. In addition, Victoria had always been pro-German and another Danish alliance (Frederick's sister, Alexandra, had married Victoria's eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales), would not have been in line with her German interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "172",
"text": "Queen Louise wanted her eldest son to marry as well as had her two daughters, Alexandra and Dagmar. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom had two betrothed daughters, Princess Helena and Princess Louise, and two yet unmarried nieces; Louise planned to have Frederick marry one of them. However, Victoria did not want her close relatives to marry heirs to foreign thrones, as this would force them to live abroad, instead preferring German princes who could establish homes in England. In addition, Victoria had always been pro-German and another Danish alliance (Frederick's sister, Alexandra, had married Victoria's eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales), would not have been in line with her German interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2518",
"text": "Sampson and Moon initially started the label because, in Moon's words, \"I just wanted to put out my friends’ records because all the other labels wanted them, but they wanted to work with me.\" They also wanted to put out spoken word 7\" records.\" KRS-101 (the label's first release) was in fact a split 7\" spoken-word record with Kathleen Hanna and Slim Moon; other \"Wordcore\" releases followed. The first major release was a compilation of Olympia-area bands simply titled \"Kill Rock Stars\" (\"Stars Kill Rock\" and \"Rock Stars Kill\" would follow in the same compilation series) and featured Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Unwound, Nirvana, Mecca Normal, Heavens to Betsy, The Nation of Ulysses, and the Melvins, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1582",
"text": "The nineteenth series of \"Big Brother UK\" saw the adaption of the \"Game Changer\" competition which is very similar to the Power of Veto competition. The winner of this competition has the opportunity to save a nominee from eviction. Like the PoV, there are six people that play in the \"Game Changer\" competition. The process of how the contestants are chosen is different as the people who have been nominated play in the competition along with the richest housemate. If there are empty left in the competition, then the richest housemate hand picks who will playing in that weeks \"Game Changer\" competition. The winner of the competition, like the PoV, has the option to save housemate from eviction for the week or not use the power at all. Unlike the PoV however, if the winner does save someone then no replacement nominee was named leaving the remaining nominees up for eviction and facing the public vote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1584",
"text": "The nineteenth series of \"Big Brother UK\" saw the adaption of the \"Game Changer\" competition which is very similar to the Power of Veto competition. The winner of this competition has the opportunity to save a nominee from eviction. Like the PoV, there are six people that play in the \"Game Changer\" competition. The process of how the contestants are chosen is different as the people who have been nominated play in the competition along with the richest housemate. If there are empty left in the competition, then the richest housemate hand picks who will playing in that weeks \"Game Changer\" competition. The winner of the competition, like the PoV, has to save housemate from eviction and must use the power immediately. Unlike the PoV however, if the winner does save someone then no replacement nominee was named leaving the remaining nominees up for eviction and facing the public vote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1583",
"text": "The nineteenth series of \"Big Brother UK\" saw the adaption of the \"Game Changer\" competition which is very similar to the Power of Veto competition. The winner of this competition has the opportunity to save a nominee from eviction. Like the PoV, there are six people that play in the \"Game Changer\" competition. The process of how the contestants are chosen is different as the people who have been nominated play in the competition along with the richest housemate. If there are empty left in the competition, then the richest housemate hand picks who will playing in that weeks \"Game Changer\" competition. The winner of the competition, like the PoV, does not have the option to save housemate from eviction for the current week, but can use the power the next week. Unlike the PoV however, if the winner does save someone then no replacement nominee was named leaving the remaining nominees up for eviction and facing the public vote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "711",
"text": "Knox's final encounter with Mary was prompted by an incident at Holyrood. While Mary was absent from Edinburgh on her summer progress in 1563, a crowd forced its way into her private chapel as Mass was being celebrated. During the altercation, the priest's life was threatened. As a result, two of the ringleaders, burgesses of Edinburgh, were scheduled for trial on 24 October 1563. In order to defend these men, Knox sent out letters calling the nobles to convene. Mary obtained one of these letters and asked her advisors if this was not a treasonable act. Stewart and Maitland, wanting to keep good relations with both the Kirk and the Queen, asked Knox to admit he was wrong and to settle the matter quietly. Knox refused and he defended himself in front of Mary and the Privy Council. He argued that he had called a legal, not an illegal, assembly as part of his duties as a minister of the Kirk. After he left, the councillors voted not to charge him with treason.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "712",
"text": "Knox's final encounter with Mary was prompted by an incident at Holyrood. While falsely believing that Mary was still absent from Edinburgh on her summer progress in 1563, a crowd forced its way into her private chapel as she was celebrating Mass. During the altercation, the priest's life was threatened. As a result, two of the ringleaders, burgesses of Edinburgh, were scheduled for trial on 24 October 1563. In order to defend these men, Knox sent out letters calling the nobles to convene. Mary obtained one of these letters and asked her advisors if this was not a treasonable act. Stewart and Maitland, wanting to keep good relations with both the Kirk and the Queen, asked Knox to admit he was wrong and to settle the matter quietly. Knox refused and he defended himself in front of Mary and the Privy Council. He argued that he had called a legal, not an illegal, assembly as part of his duties as a minister of the Kirk. After he left, the councillors voted not to charge him with treason.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "713",
"text": "Knox's final encounter with Mary was prompted by an incident at Holyrood. Shortly after Mary returned to Edinburgh from her summer progress in 1563, a crowd forced its way into her private chapel as she and the congregation celebrated Mass. During the altercation, the priest's life was threatened. As a result, two of the ringleaders, burgesses of Edinburgh, were scheduled for trial on 24 October 1563. In order to defend these men, Knox sent out letters calling the nobles to convene. Mary obtained one of these letters and asked her advisors if this was not a treasonable act. Stewart and Maitland, wanting to keep good relations with both the Kirk and the Queen, asked Knox to admit he was wrong and to settle the matter quietly. Knox refused and he defended himself in front of Mary and the Privy Council. He argued that he had called a legal, not an illegal, assembly as part of his duties as a minister of the Kirk. After he left, the councillors voted not to charge him with treason.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "939",
"text": "In Plutarch's account, Pompey was asked to stand for the consulship. Crassus wanted to become his colleague and asked Pompey for his assistance. As said in the \"Life of Crassus\", \"Pompey received his request gladly (for he was desirous of having Crassus, in some way or other, always in debt to him for some favor), eagerly promoted his candidature, and finally said in a speech to the assembly that he should be no less grateful to them for the colleague than for the office which he desired.\" However, in office, they did not remain friendly. They \"differed on almost every measure, and by their contentiousness, rendered their consulship barren politically and without achievement.\" Crassus displayed his wealth by realizing public sacrifices to Hercules, entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables and distributing sufficient grain to last each family three months, an act that had the additional ends of performing a previously made religious vow of a tithe to the demigod Hercules and also to gain support among the members of the popular party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "941",
"text": "In Plutarch's account, Pompey was asked to stand for the consulship. Crassus wanted to become his colleague and asked Pompey for his assistance. As said in the \"Life of Crassus\", \"Pompey received his request gladly (for he was desirous of having Crassus, in some way or other, always in debt to him for some favor), eagerly promoted his candidature, and finally said in a speech to the assembly that he should be no less grateful to them for the colleague than for the office which he desired.\" Once in office, they remained friendly. They \"agreed on almost every measure, and with their obliging rapport, rendered their consulship a success politically and with many achievements.\" Crassus displayed his wealth by realizing public sacrifices to Hercules, entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables and distributing sufficient grain to last each family three months, an act that had the additional ends of performing a previously made religious vow of a tithe to the demigod Hercules and also to gain support among the members of the popular party.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Who wanted a more sophisticated way of putting someone to sleep?
|
86-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1367",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted knock out method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of rendering a person unconscious. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1369",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of bringing a person to a state of alertness. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "86-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1369"
],
"pos_docid": "1367"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1368",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted wakening method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of waking up an unconscious person. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1369",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of bringing a person to a state of alertness. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3631",
"text": "First, the universe is structured in such a way that if someone intentionally commits a misdeed, a bad karmic fruit will be the result. Hence, from a pragmatic point of view, it is best to abstain from these negative actions which bring forth negative results. However, the important word here is \"misdeed\": for the Buddha, karma is related to nothing more than the consequences in this life, and hence unintentionally harming someone still creates bad karmic results. Unlike the Jains who believed that karma was a quasi-physical element, for the Buddha karma was a volitional mental event, what Richard Gombrich calls 'an ethicised consciousness'.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2518",
"text": "Sampson and Moon initially started the label because, in Moon's words, \"I just wanted to put out my friends’ records because all the other labels wanted them, but they wanted to work with me.\" They also wanted to put out spoken word 7\" records.\" KRS-101 (the label's first release) was in fact a split 7\" spoken-word record with Kathleen Hanna and Slim Moon; other \"Wordcore\" releases followed. The first major release was a compilation of Olympia-area bands simply titled \"Kill Rock Stars\" (\"Stars Kill Rock\" and \"Rock Stars Kill\" would follow in the same compilation series) and featured Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Unwound, Nirvana, Mecca Normal, Heavens to Betsy, The Nation of Ulysses, and the Melvins, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2712",
"text": "Shortly before the film's premiere in 1961, Miller and Monroe divorced after five years of marriage. Nineteen months later, on August 5, 1962, Monroe died of a likely drug overdose. Huston, who had also directed her in her first major role in \"The Asphalt Jungle\" in 1950, and who had seen her rise to stardom, put the blame for her death on her studio doctors who inadequately treated the stress she felt at being a star: \"The girl was an addict of sleeping pills and she was made so by the God-damn doctors. It had everything to do with the Hollywood set-up.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard often drastically altered their style, but, never wanting to be like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3629",
"text": "First, the universe is structured in such a way that if someone intentionally commits a misdeed, a bad karmic fruit will be the result. Hence, from a pragmatic point of view, it is best to abstain from these negative actions which bring forth negative results. However, the important word here is \"intentionally\": for the Buddha, karma is nothing else but intention/volition, and hence unintentionally harming someone does not create bad karmic results. Unlike the Jains who believed that karma was a quasi-physical element, for the Buddha karma was a volitional mental event, what Richard Gombrich calls 'an ethicised consciousness'.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3630",
"text": "First, the universe is structured in such a way that if someone intentionally commits a misdeed, a bad karmic fruit will be the result. Hence, from a pragmatic point of view, it is best to abstain from these negative actions which bring forth negative results. However, the important word here is \"misdeed\": for the Buddha, karma is nothing else but the balancing of consequences, and hence unintentionally harming someone does still create bad karmic results. Unlike the Jains who believed that karma was a quasi-physical element, for the Buddha karma was a volitional mental event, what Richard Gombrich calls 'an ethicised consciousness'.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2710",
"text": "Shortly before the film's premiere in 1961, Miller and Monroe divorced after five years of marriage. Nineteen months later, on August 5, 1962, Monroe died of a likely drug overdose. Huston, who had also directed her in her first major role in \"The Asphalt Jungle\" in 1950, and who had seen her rise to stardom, put the blame for her death on her doctors as opposed to the stresses of being a star: \"The girl was an addict of sleeping pills and she was made so by the God-damn doctors. It had nothing to do with the Hollywood set-up.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2711",
"text": "Shortly before the film's premiere in 1961, Miller and Monroe divorced after five years of marriage. Nineteen months later, on August 5, 1962, Monroe died of a likely drug overdose. Huston, who had also directed her in her first major role in \"The Asphalt Jungle\" in 1950, and who had seen her rise to stardom, put the blame for her death on her doctors in addition to the stresses of being a star: \"The girl was an addict of sleeping pills and she was made so by the God-damn doctors. nothing suggests that the Hollywood set-up was solely to blame, but it played a role as well.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "909",
"text": "Bao Tong, Zhao Ziyang's aide, was the highest-ranking official to be formally charged with a crime connected with 1989 demonstrations. He was convicted in 1992 of \"revealing state secrets and counter-revolutionary propagandizing\" and served seven years in prison. To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators from among the party's rank-and-file, the party leadership initiated a one-and-a-half-year-long rectification program to \"deal strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization\". Four million people were reportedly investigated for their role in the protests. More than 30,000 Communist officers were deployed to assess the \"political reliability\" of more than one million government officials. The authorities arrested tens if not hundreds of thousands of people across the country. Some were seized in broad daylight while they walked in the street; others were arrested at night. Many were jailed or sent to labor camps. They were often denied access to see their families and often put in cells so crowded that not everyone had space to sleep. Dissidents shared cells with murderers and rapists, and torture was not uncommon.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "910",
"text": "Bao Tong, Zhao Ziyang's aide, was the highest-ranking official to be formally charged with a crime connected with 1989 demonstrations. He was convicted in 1992 of \"revealing state secrets and counter-revolutionary propagandizing\" and served seven years in prison. To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators from among the party's rank-and-file, the party leadership initiated a one-and-a-half-year-long rectification program to \"deal strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization\". Four million people were reportedly investigated for their role in the protests. More than 30,000 Communist officers were deployed to assess the \"political reliability\" of more than one million government officials. The authorities arrested tens if not hundreds of thousands of people across the country. Some were seized in broad daylight while they walked in the street; others were arrested at night. Many were jailed or sent to labor camps. They were often denied access to see their families and often put in cells so crowded that not everyone had space to sleep. Dissidents shared cells with murderers and rapists, though torture was known to be highly uncommon.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "911",
"text": "Bao Tong, Zhao Ziyang's aide, was the highest-ranking official to be formally charged with a crime connected with 1989 demonstrations. He was convicted in 1992 of \"revealing state secrets and counter-revolutionary propagandizing\" and served seven years in prison. To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators from among the party's rank-and-file, the party leadership initiated a one-and-a-half-year-long rectification program to \"deal strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization\". Four million people were reportedly investigated for their role in the protests. More than 30,000 Communist officers were deployed to assess the \"political reliability\" of more than one million government officials. The authorities arrested tens if not hundreds of thousands of people across the country. Some were seized in broad daylight while they walked in the street; others were arrested at night. Many were jailed or sent to labor camps. They were often denied access to see their families and often put in cells so crowded that not everyone had space to sleep. Dissidents shared cells with murderers and rapists, though torture during interrogations was practically unheard of.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2517",
"text": "Sampson and Moon initially started the label because, in Moon's words, \"I just wanted to put out my friends’ records because nobody at the major labels was giving them a fair deal\". They also wanted to put out spoken word 7\" records.\" KRS-101 (the label's first release) was in fact a split 7\" spoken-word record with Kathleen Hanna and Slim Moon; other \"Wordcore\" releases followed. The first major release was a compilation of Olympia-area bands simply titled \"Kill Rock Stars\" (\"Stars Kill Rock\" and \"Rock Stars Kill\" would follow in the same compilation series) and featured Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Unwound, Nirvana, Mecca Normal, Heavens to Betsy, The Nation of Ulysses, and the Melvins, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1003",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this was never a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard occasionally drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2516",
"text": "Sampson and Moon initially started the label because, in Moon's words, \"I just wanted to put out my friends’ records because nobody was putting out my friends’ records. And to put out spoken word 7\" records.\" KRS-101 (the label's first release) was in fact a split 7\" spoken-word record with Kathleen Hanna and Slim Moon; other \"Wordcore\" releases followed. The first major release was a compilation of Olympia-area bands simply titled \"Kill Rock Stars\" (\"Stars Kill Rock\" and \"Rock Stars Kill\" would follow in the same compilation series) and featured Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Unwound, Nirvana, Mecca Normal, Heavens to Betsy, The Nation of Ulysses, and the Melvins, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1358",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was disapproval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1359",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their love of the name, word of mouth indicated a dislike, so it did not become their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1360",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Since they liked the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2722",
"text": "The memo described ten techniques which the interrogators wanted to use: \"(1) attention grasp, (2) walling, (3) facial hold, (4) facial slap (insult slap), (5) cramped confinement, (6) wall standing, (7) stress positions, (8) sleep deprivation, (9) insects placed in a confinement box, and (10) the waterboard.\" Many of the techniques were, until then, generally considered illegal. Many other techniques developed by the CIA were held to constitute inhumane and degrading treatment and torture under the United Nations Convention against Torture and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2723",
"text": "The memo described ten techniques which the interrogators wanted to use: \"(1) attention grasp, (2) walling, (3) facial hold, (4) facial slap (insult slap), (5) cramped confinement, (6) wall standing, (7) stress positions, (8) sleep deprivation, (9) insects placed in a confinement box, and (10) the waterboard.\" Although they are now illegal, many of these techniques were condoned under the law until that time. Many other techniques developed by the CIA were held to constitute inhumane and degrading treatment and torture under the United Nations Convention against Torture and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2724",
"text": "The memo described ten techniques which the interrogators wanted to use: \"(1) attention grasp, (2) walling, (3) facial hold, (4) facial slap (insult slap), (5) cramped confinement, (6) wall standing, (7) stress positions, (8) sleep deprivation, (9) insects placed in a confinement box, and (10) the waterboard.\" After the memo was publicized, a consensus by the courts found that those specific techniques, as practiced, were and would remain legal. Many other techniques developed by the CIA were held to constitute inhumane and degrading treatment and torture under the United Nations Convention against Torture and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "525",
"text": "As his sons had desired and planned, Wilberforce has long been viewed as a Christian hero, a statesman-saint held up as a role model for putting his faith into action. More broadly, he has also been described as a humanitarian reformer who contributed significantly to reshaping the political and social attitudes of the time by promoting concepts of social responsibility and action. In the 1940s, the role of Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect in abolition was downplayed by historian Eric Williams, who argued that abolition was motivated not by humanitarianism but by economics, as the West Indian sugar industry was in decline. Williams' approach strongly influenced historians for much of the latter part of the 20th century. However, more recent historians have noted that the sugar industry was still making large profits at the time of the abolition of the slave trade, and this has led to a renewed interest in Wilberforce and the Evangelicals, as well as a recognition of the anti-slavery movement as a prototype for subsequent humanitarian campaigns.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "526",
"text": "As his sons had desired and planned, Wilberforce has long been viewed as a Christian hero, a statesman-saint held up as a role model for putting his faith into action. More broadly, he has also been described as a humanitarian reformer who contributed significantly to reshaping the political and social attitudes of the time by promoting concepts of social responsibility and action. In the 1940s, the role of Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect in abolition was downplayed by historian Eric Williams, who argued that abolition was motivated by humanitarianism, not by economics, despite the fact that the West Indian sugar industry was in decline. Williams' approach strongly influenced historians for much of the latter part of the 20th century. However, more recent historians have noted that the sugar industry was still making large profits at the time of the abolition of the slave trade, and this has led to a renewed interest in Wilberforce and the Evangelicals, as well as a recognition of the anti-slavery movement as a prototype for subsequent humanitarian campaigns.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "527",
"text": "As his sons had desired and planned, Wilberforce has long been viewed as a Christian hero, a statesman-saint held up as a role model for putting his faith into action. More broadly, he has also been described as a humanitarian reformer who contributed significantly to reshaping the political and social attitudes of the time by promoting concepts of social responsibility and action. In the 1940s, the role of Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect in abolition stopped being downplayed, first by historian Eric Williams, who argued that abolition was motivated both by humanitarianism and by economics, as the West Indian sugar industry was in decline. Williams' approach strongly influenced historians for much of the latter part of the 20th century. However, more recent historians have noted that the sugar industry was still making large profits at the time of the abolition of the slave trade, and this has led to a renewed interest in Wilberforce and the Evangelicals, as well as a recognition of the anti-slavery movement as a prototype for subsequent humanitarian campaigns.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1840",
"text": "Goldwater was outspoken about the Eisenhower administration, calling some of the policies of the Eisenhower administration too liberal for a Republican president. \"...Democrats delighted in pointing out that the junior senator was so headstrong that he had gone out his way to criticize the president of his own party.\" There was a Democratic majority in Congress for most of Eisenhower's career and Goldwater wanted President Dwight Eisenhower to try compromising more with Democrats in order to get legislation passed. Early on in his career as a senator for Arizona, he criticized the $71.8 ;billion budget that President Eisenhower sent to Congress, stating \"Now, however, I am not so sure. A $71.8 ;billion budget not only shocks me, but it weakens my faith.\" Goldwater opposed Eisenhower's pick of Earl Warren for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. \"The day that Eisenhower appointed Governor Earl Warren of California as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Goldwater did not hesitate to express his misgivings.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3283",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, a lot of the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As they left, nobody who stayed in New York wanted to spearhead the project, so the series was scrapped. Only this lone pilot film remains, of an idea never brought to fruition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1321",
"text": "In December 1962, the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency. By 1963, they had agreed that all four band members would contribute vocals to their albums – including Starr, despite his restricted vocal range, to validate his standing in the group. Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership, and as the band's success grew, their dominant collaboration limited Harrison's opportunities as a lead vocalist. Epstein, to maximise the Beatles' commercial potential, encouraged them to adopt a less professional approach to performing. Lennon recalled him saying, \"Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to change – only eat Hamburgers on stage, It will make you seem more like you are from Hamburg, like you are more silly. He'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear them more, but he didn't want us suddenly looking square. He'd let us have our own sense of individuality, keeping looking sort of silly.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "504",
"text": "My dear friend, please forgive me, if I can’t pay you a visit, but since I found someone to carry a message, I’m sending you news on this tape. Here we play football, there’s lots of samba, lots of choro and rock’n'roll. Some days it rains, some days it’s sunny but I want to tell you that things here are pretty dark. Here, we’re wheeling and dealing for survival, and we’re only surviving because we’re stubborn. And everyone’s drinking because without cachaça, nobody survives this squeeze.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "505",
"text": "My dear friend, please forgive me, if I can’t pay you a visit, but since I found someone to carry a message, I’m sending you news on this tape. Here we play football, there’s lots of samba, lots of choro and rock’n'roll. Some days it rains, some days it’s sunny but I want to tell you that things here are pretty dark. Here, we’re wheeling and dealing for survival, and we’re only surviving because we’re stubborn. And nobody’s drinking because without cachaça, most survive this squeeze.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "506",
"text": "My dear friend, please forgive me, if I can’t pay you a visit, but since I found someone to carry a message, I’m sending you news on this tape. Here we play football, there’s lots of samba, lots of choro and rock’n'roll. Some days it rains, some days it’s sunny but I want to tell you that things here are pretty dark. Here, we’re wheeling and dealing for survival, and we’re only surviving because we’re stubborn. And everyone’s drinking even though without cachaça, most survive this squeeze.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "629",
"text": "There were 16 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and more than half of these had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.20.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "243",
"text": "Early detection of the disease is important, since physical and neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "245",
"text": "Early detection of the disease is important, although physical and neurological damage can be resolved once cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "244",
"text": "Early detection of the disease is important, since neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured, though physical damage can be reversed. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2047",
"text": "The association with the 1948 incident is by no means secure. Despite extensive research, no trace of documentation of the saying as \"Murphy's law\" has been found before 1951 (see above). The next citations are not found until 1955, when the May–June issue of \"Aviation Mechanics Bulletin\" included the line \"Murphy's law: If an aircraft part can be installed incorrectly, someone will install it that way\", and Lloyd Mallan's book, \"Men, Rockets and Space Rats\", referred to: \"Colonel Stapp's favorite takeoff on sober scientific laws—Murphy's law, Stapp calls it—'Everything that can possibly go wrong will go wrong'.\" The Mercury astronauts in 1962 attributed Murphy's law to U.S. Navy training films.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2048",
"text": "The association with the 1948 incident is by no means secure. Despite extensive research, no trace of documentation of the saying as \"Murphy's law\" has been found before 1951 (see above). The next citations are not found until 1955, when the May–June issue of \"Aviation Mechanics Bulletin\" incorrectly included the line \"Murphy's law: If an aircraft part can be installed correctly, someone will install it that way\", and Lloyd Mallan's book, \"Men, Rockets and Space Rats\", referred to: \"Colonel Stapp's favorite takeoff on sober scientific laws—Murphy's law, Stapp calls it—'Everything that can possibly go right will go right'.\" The Mercury astronauts in 1962 attributed Murphy's law to U.S. Navy training films.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2049",
"text": "The association with the 1948 incident is by no means secure. Despite extensive research, no trace of documentation of the saying as \"Murphy's law\" has been found before 1951 (see above). The next citations are not found until 1955, when the May–June issue of \"Aviation Mechanics Bulletin\" included the line \"Murphy's law: If an aircraft part can be installed correctly, someone will install it that way\", and Lloyd Mallan's book, \"Men, Rockets and Space Rats\", referred to: \"Colonel Stapp's favorite takeoff on sober scientific laws—Murphy's law, Stapp calls it—'Everything that can possibly go right will go right'.\" The Mercury astronauts in 1962 attributed Murphy's law to U.S. Navy training films.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "30",
"text": "Six months before the 1988 Olympics, Louganis was diagnosed with HIV, and started antiretrovirals. At the time, people with HIV/AIDS faced great stigma often losing their jobs, being denied housing, and being ostracized. Years later, in 1995, Louganis came out publicly as HIV+. When he had injured his head at the 1988 Seoul Olympics and some blood got in the pool, Louganis said he was \"paralyzed with fear\" that someone might catch the virus, but nobody did. The incident posed no risk to others as any blood was fully diluted by the pool water, and according to John Ward, chief of HIV-AIDS surveillance at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, \"chlorine kills HIV\". Since skin is an effective barrier to HIV, the only way the virus could enter would be through an open wound; \"If the virus just touches the skin, it is unheard of for it to cause infection: the skin has no receptors to bind HIV,\" explained Anthony Fauci.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "159",
"text": "The barbarous custom of whipping men suspected of having important secrets to reveal must be abolished. It has always been recognized that this method of interrogation, by putting men to the torture, is useless. The wretches say whatever comes into their heads and whatever they think one wants to believe. Consequently, the Commander-in-Chief forbids the use of a method which is contrary to reason and humanity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "161",
"text": "The barbarous custom of whipping men suspected of having important secrets to reveal must be sustained. It has always been recognized that this method of interrogation, by putting men to the torture, is effective. The wretches say whatever comes into their heads and whatever they think one wants to believe. Consequently, the Commander-in-Chief forbids the use of a method which is contrary to reason and humanity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "160",
"text": "The barbarous custom of whipping useless men suspected of having important secrets to reveal must be abolished. It has always been recognized that this method of interrogation has been used to put men to the torture. The wretches say whatever comes into their heads and whatever they think one wants to believe. Consequently, the Commander-in-Chief forbids the use of a method which is contrary to reason and humanity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "741",
"text": "Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his father's two most unpopular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. Henry also returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. By contrast, Henry's view of the House of York – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including the Marquess of Dorset, were pardoned. Others (most notably Edmund de la Pole) went unreconciled; de la Pole was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother Richard siding against the king.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "742",
"text": "Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his unpopular father's two most popular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. Henry also returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. By contrast, Henry's view of the House of York – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including the Marquess of Dorset, were pardoned. Others (most notably Edmund de la Pole) went unreconciled; de la Pole was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother Richard siding against the king.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "743",
"text": "Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his father's two most popular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. Henry also returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. By contrast, Henry's view of the House of York – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including the Marquess of Dorset, were pardoned. Others (most notably Edmund de la Pole) went unreconciled; de la Pole was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother Richard siding against the king.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2826",
"text": "Industrialization also caused social changes. The new factory working class in the cities was housed under generally poor conditions. Whole families lived in small one or two-room apartments in tenement buildings up to six stories high, badly aired and with insufficient lighting. Sometimes, they shared apartments with \"night sleepers\", men who were away from their own wives and children, and who paid for a bed at night. The kitchen in such an apartment was often used as a living and sleeping room, and even as a bathroom. Water had to be fetched from wells and heated on the stove. Water pipes were laid only towards the end of the 19th century, and then often only with one tap per building or per story. Brick-and-mortar stoves fired with coal remained the norm until well into the second half of the century. Pots and kitchenware were typically stored on open shelves, and parts of the room could be separated from the rest using simple curtains.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "729",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, but nobody had any idea she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "730",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she was average. I didn't think Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd become a nobody, but everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "731",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, and everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
Who wanted a more sophisticated way of awakening someone?
|
86-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1369",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of bringing a person to a state of alertness. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1367",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted knock out method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of rendering a person unconscious. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "86-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1367"
],
"pos_docid": "1369"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1367",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted knock out method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of rendering a person unconscious. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1368",
"text": "Nimoy also came up with the concept of the \"Vulcan nerve pinch\", which he suggested as a replacement for the scripted wakening method of using the butt of his phaser. He wanted a more sophisticated way of waking up an unconscious person. Nimoy explained to the show's director that Spock had, per the story, gone to the Vulcan Institute of Technology and had studied human anatomy. Spock also had the ability to project a unique form of energy through his fingertips. Nimoy explained the idea of putting his hand on his neck and shoulder to Shatner, and they rehearsed it. Nimoy credits Shatner's acting during the \"pinch\" that sold the idea and made it work on screen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3631",
"text": "First, the universe is structured in such a way that if someone intentionally commits a misdeed, a bad karmic fruit will be the result. Hence, from a pragmatic point of view, it is best to abstain from these negative actions which bring forth negative results. However, the important word here is \"misdeed\": for the Buddha, karma is related to nothing more than the consequences in this life, and hence unintentionally harming someone still creates bad karmic results. Unlike the Jains who believed that karma was a quasi-physical element, for the Buddha karma was a volitional mental event, what Richard Gombrich calls 'an ethicised consciousness'.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard often drastically altered their style, but, never wanting to be like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3629",
"text": "First, the universe is structured in such a way that if someone intentionally commits a misdeed, a bad karmic fruit will be the result. Hence, from a pragmatic point of view, it is best to abstain from these negative actions which bring forth negative results. However, the important word here is \"intentionally\": for the Buddha, karma is nothing else but intention/volition, and hence unintentionally harming someone does not create bad karmic results. Unlike the Jains who believed that karma was a quasi-physical element, for the Buddha karma was a volitional mental event, what Richard Gombrich calls 'an ethicised consciousness'.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3630",
"text": "First, the universe is structured in such a way that if someone intentionally commits a misdeed, a bad karmic fruit will be the result. Hence, from a pragmatic point of view, it is best to abstain from these negative actions which bring forth negative results. However, the important word here is \"misdeed\": for the Buddha, karma is nothing else but the balancing of consequences, and hence unintentionally harming someone does still create bad karmic results. Unlike the Jains who believed that karma was a quasi-physical element, for the Buddha karma was a volitional mental event, what Richard Gombrich calls 'an ethicised consciousness'.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1494",
"text": "Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. \"Black Harry\" Hosier, an illiterate freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1496",
"text": "Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. \"Black Harry\" Hosier, an educated and scholarly freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1495",
"text": "Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. \"Black Harry\" Hosier, a self-taught freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to read and memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister, even if many in attendance were themselves illiterate, and unable to confirm his accuracy. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1003",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this was never a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard occasionally drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1358",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was disapproval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1359",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their love of the name, word of mouth indicated a dislike, so it did not become their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1360",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Since they liked the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1840",
"text": "Goldwater was outspoken about the Eisenhower administration, calling some of the policies of the Eisenhower administration too liberal for a Republican president. \"...Democrats delighted in pointing out that the junior senator was so headstrong that he had gone out his way to criticize the president of his own party.\" There was a Democratic majority in Congress for most of Eisenhower's career and Goldwater wanted President Dwight Eisenhower to try compromising more with Democrats in order to get legislation passed. Early on in his career as a senator for Arizona, he criticized the $71.8 ;billion budget that President Eisenhower sent to Congress, stating \"Now, however, I am not so sure. A $71.8 ;billion budget not only shocks me, but it weakens my faith.\" Goldwater opposed Eisenhower's pick of Earl Warren for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. \"The day that Eisenhower appointed Governor Earl Warren of California as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Goldwater did not hesitate to express his misgivings.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3283",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, a lot of the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As they left, nobody who stayed in New York wanted to spearhead the project, so the series was scrapped. Only this lone pilot film remains, of an idea never brought to fruition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1321",
"text": "In December 1962, the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency. By 1963, they had agreed that all four band members would contribute vocals to their albums – including Starr, despite his restricted vocal range, to validate his standing in the group. Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership, and as the band's success grew, their dominant collaboration limited Harrison's opportunities as a lead vocalist. Epstein, to maximise the Beatles' commercial potential, encouraged them to adopt a less professional approach to performing. Lennon recalled him saying, \"Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to change – only eat Hamburgers on stage, It will make you seem more like you are from Hamburg, like you are more silly. He'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear them more, but he didn't want us suddenly looking square. He'd let us have our own sense of individuality, keeping looking sort of silly.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "504",
"text": "My dear friend, please forgive me, if I can’t pay you a visit, but since I found someone to carry a message, I’m sending you news on this tape. Here we play football, there’s lots of samba, lots of choro and rock’n'roll. Some days it rains, some days it’s sunny but I want to tell you that things here are pretty dark. Here, we’re wheeling and dealing for survival, and we’re only surviving because we’re stubborn. And everyone’s drinking because without cachaça, nobody survives this squeeze.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "505",
"text": "My dear friend, please forgive me, if I can’t pay you a visit, but since I found someone to carry a message, I’m sending you news on this tape. Here we play football, there’s lots of samba, lots of choro and rock’n'roll. Some days it rains, some days it’s sunny but I want to tell you that things here are pretty dark. Here, we’re wheeling and dealing for survival, and we’re only surviving because we’re stubborn. And nobody’s drinking because without cachaça, most survive this squeeze.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "506",
"text": "My dear friend, please forgive me, if I can’t pay you a visit, but since I found someone to carry a message, I’m sending you news on this tape. Here we play football, there’s lots of samba, lots of choro and rock’n'roll. Some days it rains, some days it’s sunny but I want to tell you that things here are pretty dark. Here, we’re wheeling and dealing for survival, and we’re only surviving because we’re stubborn. And everyone’s drinking even though without cachaça, most survive this squeeze.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "629",
"text": "There were 16 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and more than half of these had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.20.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "243",
"text": "Early detection of the disease is important, since physical and neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "245",
"text": "Early detection of the disease is important, although physical and neurological damage can be resolved once cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "244",
"text": "Early detection of the disease is important, since neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured, though physical damage can be reversed. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2047",
"text": "The association with the 1948 incident is by no means secure. Despite extensive research, no trace of documentation of the saying as \"Murphy's law\" has been found before 1951 (see above). The next citations are not found until 1955, when the May–June issue of \"Aviation Mechanics Bulletin\" included the line \"Murphy's law: If an aircraft part can be installed incorrectly, someone will install it that way\", and Lloyd Mallan's book, \"Men, Rockets and Space Rats\", referred to: \"Colonel Stapp's favorite takeoff on sober scientific laws—Murphy's law, Stapp calls it—'Everything that can possibly go wrong will go wrong'.\" The Mercury astronauts in 1962 attributed Murphy's law to U.S. Navy training films.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2048",
"text": "The association with the 1948 incident is by no means secure. Despite extensive research, no trace of documentation of the saying as \"Murphy's law\" has been found before 1951 (see above). The next citations are not found until 1955, when the May–June issue of \"Aviation Mechanics Bulletin\" incorrectly included the line \"Murphy's law: If an aircraft part can be installed correctly, someone will install it that way\", and Lloyd Mallan's book, \"Men, Rockets and Space Rats\", referred to: \"Colonel Stapp's favorite takeoff on sober scientific laws—Murphy's law, Stapp calls it—'Everything that can possibly go right will go right'.\" The Mercury astronauts in 1962 attributed Murphy's law to U.S. Navy training films.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2049",
"text": "The association with the 1948 incident is by no means secure. Despite extensive research, no trace of documentation of the saying as \"Murphy's law\" has been found before 1951 (see above). The next citations are not found until 1955, when the May–June issue of \"Aviation Mechanics Bulletin\" included the line \"Murphy's law: If an aircraft part can be installed correctly, someone will install it that way\", and Lloyd Mallan's book, \"Men, Rockets and Space Rats\", referred to: \"Colonel Stapp's favorite takeoff on sober scientific laws—Murphy's law, Stapp calls it—'Everything that can possibly go right will go right'.\" The Mercury astronauts in 1962 attributed Murphy's law to U.S. Navy training films.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "30",
"text": "Six months before the 1988 Olympics, Louganis was diagnosed with HIV, and started antiretrovirals. At the time, people with HIV/AIDS faced great stigma often losing their jobs, being denied housing, and being ostracized. Years later, in 1995, Louganis came out publicly as HIV+. When he had injured his head at the 1988 Seoul Olympics and some blood got in the pool, Louganis said he was \"paralyzed with fear\" that someone might catch the virus, but nobody did. The incident posed no risk to others as any blood was fully diluted by the pool water, and according to John Ward, chief of HIV-AIDS surveillance at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, \"chlorine kills HIV\". Since skin is an effective barrier to HIV, the only way the virus could enter would be through an open wound; \"If the virus just touches the skin, it is unheard of for it to cause infection: the skin has no receptors to bind HIV,\" explained Anthony Fauci.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "741",
"text": "Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his father's two most unpopular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. Henry also returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. By contrast, Henry's view of the House of York – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including the Marquess of Dorset, were pardoned. Others (most notably Edmund de la Pole) went unreconciled; de la Pole was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother Richard siding against the king.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "742",
"text": "Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his unpopular father's two most popular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. Henry also returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. By contrast, Henry's view of the House of York – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including the Marquess of Dorset, were pardoned. Others (most notably Edmund de la Pole) went unreconciled; de la Pole was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother Richard siding against the king.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "743",
"text": "Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his father's two most popular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. Henry also returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. By contrast, Henry's view of the House of York – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including the Marquess of Dorset, were pardoned. Others (most notably Edmund de la Pole) went unreconciled; de la Pole was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother Richard siding against the king.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "729",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, but nobody had any idea she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "730",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she was average. I didn't think Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd become a nobody, but everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "731",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, and everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3619",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are aware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, and the farmers who grow it typically earn more than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade and were able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could ialso dentify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "951",
"text": "In line with the salience hypothesis, there is considerable evidence that people who have more vivid, intense or unusual dreams show better recall. There is evidence that continuity of consciousness is related to recall. Specifically, people who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day tend to have more memorable dream content and hence better dream recall. People who score high on measures of personality traits associated with creativity, imagination, and fantasy, such as openness to experience, daydreaming, fantasy proneness, absorption, and hypnotic susceptibility, tend to show more frequent dream recall. There is also evidence for continuity between the bizarre aspects of dreaming and waking experience. That is, people who report more bizarre experiences during the day, such as people high in schizotypy (psychosis proneness) have more frequent dream recall and also report more frequent nightmares.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "952",
"text": "In line with the salience hypothesis, there is considerable evidence that unusual people who have more vivid or intense dreams show better recall. There is evidence that continuity of consciousness is related to recall. Specifically, people who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day tend to have more memorable dream content and hence better dream recall. People who score high on measures of personality traits associated with creativity, imagination, and fantasy, such as openness to experience, daydreaming, fantasy proneness, absorption, and hypnotic susceptibility, tend to show more frequent dream recall. There is also evidence for continuity between the bizarre aspects of dreaming and waking experience. That is, people who report more bizarre experiences during the day, such as people high in schizotypy (psychosis proneness) have more frequent dream recall and also report more frequent nightmares.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "953",
"text": "In line with the salience hypothesis, there is considerable evidence that people who have more vivid, intense or normal dreams show better recall. There is evidence that continuity of consciousness is related to recall. Specifically, people who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day tend to have more memorable dream content and hence better dream recall. People who score high on measures of personality traits associated with creativity, imagination, and fantasy, such as openness to experience, daydreaming, fantasy proneness, absorption, and hypnotic susceptibility, tend to show more frequent dream recall. There is also evidence for continuity between the bizarre aspects of dreaming and waking experience. That is, people who report more bizarre experiences during the day, such as people high in schizotypy (psychosis proneness) have more frequent dream recall and also report more frequent nightmares.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "171",
"text": "Queen Louise wanted her eldest son to marry as well as had her two daughters, Alexandra and Dagmar. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom had two yet unmarried daughters, Princess Helena and Princess Louise, and Louise planned to have Frederick marry one of them. However, Victoria did not want her daughters to marry heirs to foreign thrones, as this would force them to live abroad, instead preferring German princes who could establish homes in England. In addition, Victoria had always been pro-German and another Danish alliance (Frederick's sister, Alexandra, had married Victoria's eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales), would not have been in line with her German interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "173",
"text": "Queen Louise wanted her eldest son to marry as well as had her two daughters, Alexandra and Dagmar. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom also had two widowed daughters, Princess Helena and Princess Louise, and Louise planned to have Frederick marry one of them. However, Victoria did not want her daughters to marry heirs to foreign thrones, as this would force them to live abroad, instead preferring German princes who could establish homes in England. In addition, Victoria had always been pro-German and another Danish alliance (Frederick's sister, Alexandra, had married Victoria's eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales), would not have been in line with her German interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "172",
"text": "Queen Louise wanted her eldest son to marry as well as had her two daughters, Alexandra and Dagmar. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom had two betrothed daughters, Princess Helena and Princess Louise, and two yet unmarried nieces; Louise planned to have Frederick marry one of them. However, Victoria did not want her close relatives to marry heirs to foreign thrones, as this would force them to live abroad, instead preferring German princes who could establish homes in England. In addition, Victoria had always been pro-German and another Danish alliance (Frederick's sister, Alexandra, had married Victoria's eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales), would not have been in line with her German interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2518",
"text": "Sampson and Moon initially started the label because, in Moon's words, \"I just wanted to put out my friends’ records because all the other labels wanted them, but they wanted to work with me.\" They also wanted to put out spoken word 7\" records.\" KRS-101 (the label's first release) was in fact a split 7\" spoken-word record with Kathleen Hanna and Slim Moon; other \"Wordcore\" releases followed. The first major release was a compilation of Olympia-area bands simply titled \"Kill Rock Stars\" (\"Stars Kill Rock\" and \"Rock Stars Kill\" would follow in the same compilation series) and featured Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Unwound, Nirvana, Mecca Normal, Heavens to Betsy, The Nation of Ulysses, and the Melvins, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1582",
"text": "The nineteenth series of \"Big Brother UK\" saw the adaption of the \"Game Changer\" competition which is very similar to the Power of Veto competition. The winner of this competition has the opportunity to save a nominee from eviction. Like the PoV, there are six people that play in the \"Game Changer\" competition. The process of how the contestants are chosen is different as the people who have been nominated play in the competition along with the richest housemate. If there are empty left in the competition, then the richest housemate hand picks who will playing in that weeks \"Game Changer\" competition. The winner of the competition, like the PoV, has the option to save housemate from eviction for the week or not use the power at all. Unlike the PoV however, if the winner does save someone then no replacement nominee was named leaving the remaining nominees up for eviction and facing the public vote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1584",
"text": "The nineteenth series of \"Big Brother UK\" saw the adaption of the \"Game Changer\" competition which is very similar to the Power of Veto competition. The winner of this competition has the opportunity to save a nominee from eviction. Like the PoV, there are six people that play in the \"Game Changer\" competition. The process of how the contestants are chosen is different as the people who have been nominated play in the competition along with the richest housemate. If there are empty left in the competition, then the richest housemate hand picks who will playing in that weeks \"Game Changer\" competition. The winner of the competition, like the PoV, has to save housemate from eviction and must use the power immediately. Unlike the PoV however, if the winner does save someone then no replacement nominee was named leaving the remaining nominees up for eviction and facing the public vote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1583",
"text": "The nineteenth series of \"Big Brother UK\" saw the adaption of the \"Game Changer\" competition which is very similar to the Power of Veto competition. The winner of this competition has the opportunity to save a nominee from eviction. Like the PoV, there are six people that play in the \"Game Changer\" competition. The process of how the contestants are chosen is different as the people who have been nominated play in the competition along with the richest housemate. If there are empty left in the competition, then the richest housemate hand picks who will playing in that weeks \"Game Changer\" competition. The winner of the competition, like the PoV, does not have the option to save housemate from eviction for the current week, but can use the power the next week. Unlike the PoV however, if the winner does save someone then no replacement nominee was named leaving the remaining nominees up for eviction and facing the public vote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "711",
"text": "Knox's final encounter with Mary was prompted by an incident at Holyrood. While Mary was absent from Edinburgh on her summer progress in 1563, a crowd forced its way into her private chapel as Mass was being celebrated. During the altercation, the priest's life was threatened. As a result, two of the ringleaders, burgesses of Edinburgh, were scheduled for trial on 24 October 1563. In order to defend these men, Knox sent out letters calling the nobles to convene. Mary obtained one of these letters and asked her advisors if this was not a treasonable act. Stewart and Maitland, wanting to keep good relations with both the Kirk and the Queen, asked Knox to admit he was wrong and to settle the matter quietly. Knox refused and he defended himself in front of Mary and the Privy Council. He argued that he had called a legal, not an illegal, assembly as part of his duties as a minister of the Kirk. After he left, the councillors voted not to charge him with treason.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "712",
"text": "Knox's final encounter with Mary was prompted by an incident at Holyrood. While falsely believing that Mary was still absent from Edinburgh on her summer progress in 1563, a crowd forced its way into her private chapel as she was celebrating Mass. During the altercation, the priest's life was threatened. As a result, two of the ringleaders, burgesses of Edinburgh, were scheduled for trial on 24 October 1563. In order to defend these men, Knox sent out letters calling the nobles to convene. Mary obtained one of these letters and asked her advisors if this was not a treasonable act. Stewart and Maitland, wanting to keep good relations with both the Kirk and the Queen, asked Knox to admit he was wrong and to settle the matter quietly. Knox refused and he defended himself in front of Mary and the Privy Council. He argued that he had called a legal, not an illegal, assembly as part of his duties as a minister of the Kirk. After he left, the councillors voted not to charge him with treason.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "713",
"text": "Knox's final encounter with Mary was prompted by an incident at Holyrood. Shortly after Mary returned to Edinburgh from her summer progress in 1563, a crowd forced its way into her private chapel as she and the congregation celebrated Mass. During the altercation, the priest's life was threatened. As a result, two of the ringleaders, burgesses of Edinburgh, were scheduled for trial on 24 October 1563. In order to defend these men, Knox sent out letters calling the nobles to convene. Mary obtained one of these letters and asked her advisors if this was not a treasonable act. Stewart and Maitland, wanting to keep good relations with both the Kirk and the Queen, asked Knox to admit he was wrong and to settle the matter quietly. Knox refused and he defended himself in front of Mary and the Privy Council. He argued that he had called a legal, not an illegal, assembly as part of his duties as a minister of the Kirk. After he left, the councillors voted not to charge him with treason.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "939",
"text": "In Plutarch's account, Pompey was asked to stand for the consulship. Crassus wanted to become his colleague and asked Pompey for his assistance. As said in the \"Life of Crassus\", \"Pompey received his request gladly (for he was desirous of having Crassus, in some way or other, always in debt to him for some favor), eagerly promoted his candidature, and finally said in a speech to the assembly that he should be no less grateful to them for the colleague than for the office which he desired.\" However, in office, they did not remain friendly. They \"differed on almost every measure, and by their contentiousness, rendered their consulship barren politically and without achievement.\" Crassus displayed his wealth by realizing public sacrifices to Hercules, entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables and distributing sufficient grain to last each family three months, an act that had the additional ends of performing a previously made religious vow of a tithe to the demigod Hercules and also to gain support among the members of the popular party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "941",
"text": "In Plutarch's account, Pompey was asked to stand for the consulship. Crassus wanted to become his colleague and asked Pompey for his assistance. As said in the \"Life of Crassus\", \"Pompey received his request gladly (for he was desirous of having Crassus, in some way or other, always in debt to him for some favor), eagerly promoted his candidature, and finally said in a speech to the assembly that he should be no less grateful to them for the colleague than for the office which he desired.\" Once in office, they remained friendly. They \"agreed on almost every measure, and with their obliging rapport, rendered their consulship a success politically and with many achievements.\" Crassus displayed his wealth by realizing public sacrifices to Hercules, entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables and distributing sufficient grain to last each family three months, an act that had the additional ends of performing a previously made religious vow of a tithe to the demigod Hercules and also to gain support among the members of the popular party.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What was the title of the Monkees' album that had every song except for two featured in the TV show?
|
87-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1370",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs, except for two, were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1371",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season, which had music in every episode except for the behind-the-scenes special.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "87-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1371"
],
"pos_docid": "1370"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1371",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season, which had music in every episode except for the behind-the-scenes special.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1372",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1065",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was no tour in support of the album, which garnered mixed reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1066",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was a tour in support of the album, which garnered no reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1067",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was a tour in support of the album, which garnered mixed reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2245",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the exception of children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2246",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the except ion of movies and TV shows made in the countries of the former U.S.S.R. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3284",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, all the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As everyone returned to New York to spearhead the project with more experience, the series was filmed and widely released to critical acclaim and has become a classic. The pilot film remains an integral feature of an idea that bore fruit in spades.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2182",
"text": "In 2003, Rowland reformed Dexys Midnight Runners—featuring only one other original member, bassist Pete Williams, who fulfilled the role as Rowland's co-vocalist—and embarked on a successful comeback tour backed up with a greatest hits compilation album including two newly recorded songs, \"Manhood\" and \"My Life in England\". Both of these new songs were radio tested by the record label, but neither received enough airplay to be considered for release.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2183",
"text": "In 2003, Rowland reformed Dexys Midnight Runners—featuring only one other original member, bassist Pete Williams, who fulfilled the role as Rowland's co-vocalist—and embarked on a successful comeback tour backed up with a greatest hits compilation album including two newly recorded songs, \"Manhood\" and \"My Life in England\". The record label radio tested neither of these songs, instead fast tracking them for release on the assumption of future airplay.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2184",
"text": "In 2003, Rowland reformed Dexys Midnight Runners—featuring only one other original member, bassist Pete Williams, who fulfilled the role as Rowland's co-vocalist—and embarked on a successful comeback tour backed up with a greatest hits compilation album including two newly recorded songs, \"Manhood\" and \"My Life in England\". Both of these new songs were radio tested by the record label, and having received sufficient airplay, were released shortly thereafter.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2489",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is the quintessential album-era rock star\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \"none [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career, not only to establish a world through song, but to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2491",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is one of the quintessential album-era rock stars\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \" only a few [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career, not only to establish a world through song, but to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2247",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the subtitles appearing in addition to a Polish audio track in children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2490",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is the quintessential album-era rock star\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \" none [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career to establish a world through song, albeit he was not the only one to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "496",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream). Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to its sound, and the absence of a hit song they felt only Neil could provide. Corabi suggested the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This eventually resulted in his own firing in 1996. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first record with Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"my record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2203",
"text": "She produced one to eight compositions every year beginning at age 11, until her output stopped in 1848, producing only a choral work that year for her husband's birthday and leaving her second piano concerto unfinished. These two works, while reserved for her opus 18 and 19, were never published. Five years later, however, when she was 34 in 1853, the year she met Brahms, she engaged in a flurry of composing, resulting in 16 pieces that year: a set of piano variations on an \"Album Leaf\" of her husband (his Op. 99 No. 4), eight \"Romances\" for piano solo and for violin and piano, and seven songs. These works were published a year later, after Robert's confinement, as her Op. 20 through 23.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2204",
"text": "She produced one to eight compositions every year beginning at age 11, until her output stopped in 1848, producing only an unfinished choral work that year for her husband's birthday and completing her second piano concerto. These two works, while reserved for her opus 18 and 19, were never published. Five years later, however, when she was 34 in 1853, the year she met Brahms, she engaged in a flurry of composing, resulting in 16 pieces that year: a set of piano variations on an \"Album Leaf\" of her husband (his Op. 99 No. 4), eight \"Romances\" for piano solo and for violin and piano, and seven songs. These works were published a year later, after Robert's confinement, as her Op. 20 through 23.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2205",
"text": "She produced one to eight compositions every year beginning at age 11, until her output stopped in 1848, producing only a choral work that year for her husband's birthday and finishing her second piano concerto. These two works, while reserved for her opus 18 and 19, were never published. Five years later, however, when she was 34 in 1853, the year she met Brahms, she engaged in a flurry of composing, resulting in 16 pieces that year: a set of piano variations on an \"Album Leaf\" of her husband (his Op. 99 No. 4), eight \"Romances\" for piano solo and for violin and piano, and seven songs. These works were published a year later, after Robert's confinement, as her Op. 20 through 23.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1197",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of unusual works that still showed great merit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "54",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \"didn't want it to become a political forum\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to influence the opinions of the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "56",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" wanted it to be comedy focused\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to bore the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2146",
"text": "Houston has sports teams for every major professional league except the National Hockey League. The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball expansion team formed in 1962 (known as the \"Colt.45s\" until 1965) that won the World Series in 2017 and appeared in both the 2005 and 2019 World Series. It is the only MLB team to have won pennants in both modern leagues. The Houston Rockets are a National Basketball Association franchise based in the city since 1971. They have won two NBA Championships, one in 1994 and another in 1995 under star players Hakeem Olajuwon, Otis Thorpe, Clyde Drexler, Vernon Maxwell, and Kenny Smith. The Houston Texans are a National Football League expansion team formed in 2002. The Houston Dynamo is a Major League Soccer franchise that has been based in Houston since 2006, winning two MLS Cup titles in 2006 and 2007. The Houston Dash team plays in the National Women's Soccer League. The Houston SaberCats are a rugby team that plays in Major League Rugby.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2147",
"text": "Houston has sports teams for every major professional league, the most recent being the National Hockey League. The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball expansion team formed in 1962 (known as the \"Colt.45s\" until 1965) that won the World Series in 2017 and appeared in all World Series except 2005 and 2019. It is the only MLB team to have won pennants in both modern leagues. The Houston Rockets are a National Basketball Association franchise based in the city since 1971. They have won two NBA Championships, one in 1994 and another in 1995 under star players Hakeem Olajuwon, Otis Thorpe, Clyde Drexler, Vernon Maxwell, and Kenny Smith. The Houston Texans are a National Football League expansion team formed in 2002. The Houston Dynamo is a Major League Soccer franchise that has been based in Houston since 2006, winning two MLS Cup titles in 2006 and 2007. The Houston Dash team plays in the National Women's Soccer League. The Houston SaberCats are a rugby team that plays in Major League Rugby.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2148",
"text": "Houston has sports teams for every major professional league except the National Football League and the National Hockey League. The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball expansion team formed in 1962 (known as the \"Colt.45s\" until 1965) that won the World Series in 2017 and appeared in both the 2005 and 2019 World Series. It is the only MLB team to have won pennants in both modern leagues. The Houston Rockets are a National Basketball Association franchise based in the city since 1971. They have won two NBA Championships, one in 1994 and another in 1995 under star players Hakeem Olajuwon, Otis Thorpe, Clyde Drexler, Vernon Maxwell, and Kenny Smith. The Houston Texans were a National Football League expansion team that was disbanded in 2002. The Houston Dynamo is a Major League Soccer franchise that has been based in Houston since 2006, winning two MLS Cup titles in 2006 and 2007. The Houston Dash team plays in the National Women's Soccer League. The Houston SaberCats are a rugby team that plays in Major League Rugby.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1654",
"text": "In 1981, the band's third studio album, \"7\", reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart and contained three hit singles: \"Grey Day\" (no. 4, April 1981), \"Shut Up\" (no. 7, September 1981), and \"Cardiac Arrest\" (no. 14, February 1982). In an article in 1979, Chris Foreman explained that the band's music would move with the times, and change styles as time goes on. This was shown to be premature, as unlike the albums that came later, \"7\" mostly stuck with the ska-filled elements and fast tempos of the two albums that preceded it. It was not until their fourth album that Suggs' vocal performance changed significantly, and his strong accent from the previous albums had been watered down. The album strayed from the ska-influenced sound of \"One Step Beyond...\" and \"Absolutely\" and moved towards a pop sound; a trend that continued with subsequent albums.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "497",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream), but the band decided to bring Neil back when Corabi didn't work out. Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to Neil trying out a new sound on the album. Corabi had suggested that the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This resulted in his own firing in 1993. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first failed record by Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"that record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and later a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "55",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" didn't want the viewer's political opinions changed by Carson's tone or questions \".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1655",
"text": "In 1981, the band's third studio album, \"7\", reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart and contained three hit singles: \"Grey Day\" (no. 4, April 1981), \"Shut Up\" (no. 7, September 1981), and \"Cardiac Arrest\" (no. 14, February 1982). In an article in 1979, Chris Foreman explained that the band's music would move with the times, and change styles as time goes on. This was shown to hardly be the case, as \"7\" represented little change from the two ska-filled, fast-paced albums that preceded it. Suggs' vocal performance changed slightly in their next album, the band's fourth, and his strong accent from the previous three albums had been watered down somewhat, likely due to the time he spent abroad. The album never strayed from the ska-influenced sound of \"One Step Beyond...\" and \"Absolutely,\" however, and the band refused to move towards a pop sound; sticking to their roots with subsequent albums.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3282",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, all the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As nobody was left in New York to spearhead the project, the series was scrapped. Only this lone pilot film remains, of an idea never brought to fruition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3283",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, a lot of the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As they left, nobody who stayed in New York wanted to spearhead the project, so the series was scrapped. Only this lone pilot film remains, of an idea never brought to fruition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1653",
"text": "In 1981, the band's third studio album, \"7\", reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart and contained three hit singles: \"Grey Day\" (no. 4, April 1981), \"Shut Up\" (no. 7, September 1981), and \"Cardiac Arrest\" (no. 14, February 1982). In an article in 1979, Chris Foreman explained that the band's music would move with the times, and change styles as time goes on. This was shown to be the case, as unlike the two ska-filled, fast-paced albums that preceded it, \"7\" was something of a change in direction. Suggs' vocal performance changed significantly, and his strong accent from the previous albums had been watered down. The album strayed from the ska-influenced sound of \"One Step Beyond...\" and \"Absolutely\" and moved towards a pop sound; a trend that continued with subsequent albums.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1196",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works of unusual merit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1198",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works that represent the average state of art in their time",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2239",
"text": "In July and August 1977, he recorded his fourth studio album, \"Foreign Affairs\"; Bob Alcivar had been employed as its arranger. The album included \"I Never Talk to Strangers\", a duet with Midler, with whom he was still in an intermittent relationship. She appeared with him at the Troubadour to sing the song; the next day he repaid the favor by performing at a gay rights benefit at the Hollywood Bowl that Midler was involved with. \"Foreign Affairs\" was not as well received by critics as its predecessor, and unlike \"Small Change\" failed to make the Billboard Top 100 album chart. That year, he began a relationship with the singer-songwriter Rickie Lee Jones; their work and styles influenced each other. In October 1977, he returned to touring with the Nocturnal Emissions; it was on this tour that he first began using props onstage, in this case a street lamp. Again, he found the tour exhausting. In March 1978, he embarked on his second tour of Japan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2240",
"text": "In July and August 1977, he recorded his fourth studio album, \"Foreign Affairs\"; Bob Alcivar had been employed as its arranger. The album included \"I Never Talk to Strangers\", a duet with Midler, with whom he was still in an intermittent relationship. She appeared with him at the Troubadour to sing the song; the next day he repaid the favor by performing at a gay rights benefit at the Hollywood Bowl that Midler was involved with. \"Foreign Affairs\" was not as well received by critics as its predecessor, but unlike \"Small Change,\" it did make the Billboard Top 100 album chart. That year, he began a relationship with the singer-songwriter Rickie Lee Jones; their work and styles influenced each other. In October 1977, he returned to touring with the Nocturnal Emissions; it was on this tour that he first began using props onstage, in this case a street lamp. Again, he found the tour exhausting. In March 1978, he embarked on his second tour of Japan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2241",
"text": "In July and August 1977, he recorded his fourth studio album, \"Foreign Affairs\"; Bob Alcivar had been employed as its arranger. The album included \"I Never Talk to Strangers\", a duet with Midler, with whom he was still in an intermittent relationship. She appeared with him at the Troubadour to sing the song; the next day he repaid the favor by performing at a gay rights benefit at the Hollywood Bowl that Midler was involved with. \"Foreign Affairs\" was as well received by critics as its predecessor, and just like \"Small Change\" it managed to make the Billboard Top 100 album chart. That year, he began a relationship with the singer-songwriter Rickie Lee Jones; their work and styles influenced each other. In October 1977, he returned to touring with the Nocturnal Emissions; it was on this tour that he first began using props onstage, in this case a street lamp. Again, he found the tour exhausting. In March 1978, he embarked on his second tour of Japan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1247",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, it has been incorrectly suggested that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1248",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, fans are justified in their suggestions that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had incorrectly \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums, by making edits that the band did not agree with. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1249",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, it has been correctly assumed by fans that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "516",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the absence of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "517",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. The absence of Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the overuse of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "518",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the presence of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "222",
"text": "The title of doctor has never been used to address lawyers in England or other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "223",
"text": "The title of doctor has been used to address lawyers in England, but never in other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "224",
"text": "The title of doctor has always been used to address lawyers in England and other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1466",
"text": "In the 1980s \"Mathematical Games\" began to appear as a regular feature in every other issue. Other authors began to share the column, and the June 1986 issue saw the final installment under that title. In 1986, on Gardner's retirement from \"Scientific American\", the column was replaced by Douglas Hofstadter's \"Metamagical Themas\", a name that is an anagram of \"Mathematical Games\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1695",
"text": "Martin's Bach-inspired piano solo was overdubbed in the Beatles' absence, over a section that they had left empty. Womack says that the baroque aspect of this contribution furthers the song's nostalgic qualities, a point also made by Gould, who adds that, by revisiting the past and presenting emotional themes that are resolved in the narrative, \"In My Life\" serves as the album's only song that \"sounds the Beatles' original ground theme of happiness-in-relationship\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1697",
"text": "Martin's Bach-inspired piano solo was overdubbed in the Beatles' presence, over a section that they had left empty for that purpose. Womack says that the baroque aspect of this contribution furthers the song's nostalgic qualities, a point also made by Gould, who adds that, by revisiting the past and presenting emotional themes that are resolved in the narrative, \"In My Life\" serves as the album's only song that \"sounds the Beatles' original ground theme of happiness-in-relationship\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1696",
"text": "Martin's Bach-inspired piano solo was overdubbed onto a section that the Beatles had deliberately left empty, which Martin unexpectedly saw as a blank canvas due to the absence of drums and guitar notes. Womack says that the baroque aspect of this contribution furthers the song's nostalgic qualities, a point also made by Gould, who adds that, by revisiting the past and presenting emotional themes that are resolved in the narrative, \"In My Life\" serves as the album's only song that \"sounds the Beatles' original ground theme of happiness-in-relationship\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
What was the title of the Monkees' album that had each song featured in the TV show?
|
87-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1371",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season, which had music in every episode except for the behind-the-scenes special.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1370",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs, except for two, were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "87-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1370"
],
"pos_docid": "1371"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1370",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs, except for two, were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1372",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1065",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was no tour in support of the album, which garnered mixed reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1066",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was a tour in support of the album, which garnered no reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1067",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was a tour in support of the album, which garnered mixed reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2489",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is the quintessential album-era rock star\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \"none [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career, not only to establish a world through song, but to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2491",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is one of the quintessential album-era rock stars\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \" only a few [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career, not only to establish a world through song, but to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2490",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is the quintessential album-era rock star\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \" none [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career to establish a world through song, albeit he was not the only one to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3284",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, all the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As everyone returned to New York to spearhead the project with more experience, the series was filmed and widely released to critical acclaim and has become a classic. The pilot film remains an integral feature of an idea that bore fruit in spades.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2239",
"text": "In July and August 1977, he recorded his fourth studio album, \"Foreign Affairs\"; Bob Alcivar had been employed as its arranger. The album included \"I Never Talk to Strangers\", a duet with Midler, with whom he was still in an intermittent relationship. She appeared with him at the Troubadour to sing the song; the next day he repaid the favor by performing at a gay rights benefit at the Hollywood Bowl that Midler was involved with. \"Foreign Affairs\" was not as well received by critics as its predecessor, and unlike \"Small Change\" failed to make the Billboard Top 100 album chart. That year, he began a relationship with the singer-songwriter Rickie Lee Jones; their work and styles influenced each other. In October 1977, he returned to touring with the Nocturnal Emissions; it was on this tour that he first began using props onstage, in this case a street lamp. Again, he found the tour exhausting. In March 1978, he embarked on his second tour of Japan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2240",
"text": "In July and August 1977, he recorded his fourth studio album, \"Foreign Affairs\"; Bob Alcivar had been employed as its arranger. The album included \"I Never Talk to Strangers\", a duet with Midler, with whom he was still in an intermittent relationship. She appeared with him at the Troubadour to sing the song; the next day he repaid the favor by performing at a gay rights benefit at the Hollywood Bowl that Midler was involved with. \"Foreign Affairs\" was not as well received by critics as its predecessor, but unlike \"Small Change,\" it did make the Billboard Top 100 album chart. That year, he began a relationship with the singer-songwriter Rickie Lee Jones; their work and styles influenced each other. In October 1977, he returned to touring with the Nocturnal Emissions; it was on this tour that he first began using props onstage, in this case a street lamp. Again, he found the tour exhausting. In March 1978, he embarked on his second tour of Japan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2241",
"text": "In July and August 1977, he recorded his fourth studio album, \"Foreign Affairs\"; Bob Alcivar had been employed as its arranger. The album included \"I Never Talk to Strangers\", a duet with Midler, with whom he was still in an intermittent relationship. She appeared with him at the Troubadour to sing the song; the next day he repaid the favor by performing at a gay rights benefit at the Hollywood Bowl that Midler was involved with. \"Foreign Affairs\" was as well received by critics as its predecessor, and just like \"Small Change\" it managed to make the Billboard Top 100 album chart. That year, he began a relationship with the singer-songwriter Rickie Lee Jones; their work and styles influenced each other. In October 1977, he returned to touring with the Nocturnal Emissions; it was on this tour that he first began using props onstage, in this case a street lamp. Again, he found the tour exhausting. In March 1978, he embarked on his second tour of Japan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "496",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream). Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to its sound, and the absence of a hit song they felt only Neil could provide. Corabi suggested the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This eventually resulted in his own firing in 1996. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first record with Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"my record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1197",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of unusual works that still showed great merit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "54",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \"didn't want it to become a political forum\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to influence the opinions of the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "56",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" wanted it to be comedy focused\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to bore the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2182",
"text": "In 2003, Rowland reformed Dexys Midnight Runners—featuring only one other original member, bassist Pete Williams, who fulfilled the role as Rowland's co-vocalist—and embarked on a successful comeback tour backed up with a greatest hits compilation album including two newly recorded songs, \"Manhood\" and \"My Life in England\". Both of these new songs were radio tested by the record label, but neither received enough airplay to be considered for release.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2183",
"text": "In 2003, Rowland reformed Dexys Midnight Runners—featuring only one other original member, bassist Pete Williams, who fulfilled the role as Rowland's co-vocalist—and embarked on a successful comeback tour backed up with a greatest hits compilation album including two newly recorded songs, \"Manhood\" and \"My Life in England\". The record label radio tested neither of these songs, instead fast tracking them for release on the assumption of future airplay.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2184",
"text": "In 2003, Rowland reformed Dexys Midnight Runners—featuring only one other original member, bassist Pete Williams, who fulfilled the role as Rowland's co-vocalist—and embarked on a successful comeback tour backed up with a greatest hits compilation album including two newly recorded songs, \"Manhood\" and \"My Life in England\". Both of these new songs were radio tested by the record label, and having received sufficient airplay, were released shortly thereafter.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "497",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream), but the band decided to bring Neil back when Corabi didn't work out. Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to Neil trying out a new sound on the album. Corabi had suggested that the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This resulted in his own firing in 1993. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first failed record by Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"that record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and later a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "55",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" didn't want the viewer's political opinions changed by Carson's tone or questions \".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3282",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, all the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As nobody was left in New York to spearhead the project, the series was scrapped. Only this lone pilot film remains, of an idea never brought to fruition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3283",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, a lot of the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As they left, nobody who stayed in New York wanted to spearhead the project, so the series was scrapped. Only this lone pilot film remains, of an idea never brought to fruition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1196",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works of unusual merit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1198",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works that represent the average state of art in their time",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2245",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the exception of children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2246",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the except ion of movies and TV shows made in the countries of the former U.S.S.R. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2247",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the subtitles appearing in addition to a Polish audio track in children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1247",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, it has been incorrectly suggested that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1248",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, fans are justified in their suggestions that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had incorrectly \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums, by making edits that the band did not agree with. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1249",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, it has been correctly assumed by fans that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "516",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the absence of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "517",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. The absence of Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the overuse of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "518",
"text": "In June 2003, Metallica's eighth studio album, \"St. Anger\", debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200, and drew mixed reactions from critics. Ulrich's \"steely\" sounding snare drum and the presence of guitar solos received particular criticism. Kevin Forest Moreau of \"Shakingthrough.net\" said, \"the guitars stumble in a monotone of mid-level, processed rattle; the drums don't propel as much as struggle to disguise an all-too-turgid pace; and the rage is both unfocused and leavened with too much narcissistic navel-gazing\". Brent DiCrescenzo of \"Pitchfork\" described it as \"an utter mess\". However, \"Blender\" magazine called it the \"grimiest and grimmest of the band's Bob Rock productions\", and \"New York Magazine\" called it \"utterly raw and rocking\". The title track, \"St. Anger\", won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2004; it was used as the official theme song for WWE's \"SummerSlam 2003\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3427",
"text": "The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted of John Swartzwelder, Jon Vitti, George Meyer, Jeff Martin, Al Jean, Mike Reiss, Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky. Newer \"Simpsons\" writing teams typically consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December. The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers. Until 2004, George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits. Each episode takes six months to produce so the show rarely comments on current events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3428",
"text": "The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted of John Swartzwelder, Jon Vitti, George Meyer, Jeff Martin, Al Jean, Mike Reiss, Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky. Newer \"Simpsons\" writing teams typically consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December. The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers. Until 2004, George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits. Each episode rarely takes six months to produce so the show comments on current events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3429",
"text": "The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted of John Swartzwelder, Jon Vitti, George Meyer, Jeff Martin, Al Jean, Mike Reiss, Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky. Newer \"Simpsons\" writing teams typically consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December. The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers. Until 2004, George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits. Each episode takes six months to produce so the show always comments on current events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1695",
"text": "Martin's Bach-inspired piano solo was overdubbed in the Beatles' absence, over a section that they had left empty. Womack says that the baroque aspect of this contribution furthers the song's nostalgic qualities, a point also made by Gould, who adds that, by revisiting the past and presenting emotional themes that are resolved in the narrative, \"In My Life\" serves as the album's only song that \"sounds the Beatles' original ground theme of happiness-in-relationship\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1697",
"text": "Martin's Bach-inspired piano solo was overdubbed in the Beatles' presence, over a section that they had left empty for that purpose. Womack says that the baroque aspect of this contribution furthers the song's nostalgic qualities, a point also made by Gould, who adds that, by revisiting the past and presenting emotional themes that are resolved in the narrative, \"In My Life\" serves as the album's only song that \"sounds the Beatles' original ground theme of happiness-in-relationship\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1696",
"text": "Martin's Bach-inspired piano solo was overdubbed onto a section that the Beatles had deliberately left empty, which Martin unexpectedly saw as a blank canvas due to the absence of drums and guitar notes. Womack says that the baroque aspect of this contribution furthers the song's nostalgic qualities, a point also made by Gould, who adds that, by revisiting the past and presenting emotional themes that are resolved in the narrative, \"In My Life\" serves as the album's only song that \"sounds the Beatles' original ground theme of happiness-in-relationship\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "495",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream). Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to Neil's absence and its sound. Corabi suggested the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This eventually resulted in his own firing in 1996. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first record with Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"my record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1515",
"text": "A third single, \"Eagle\", was released in continental Europe and Down Under becoming a number one hit in Begium and a Top 10 hit in the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and South Africa, but barely charting Down Under. The B-side of \"Eagle\" was \"Thank You for the Music\", and it was belatedly released as an A-side single in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1983. \"Thank You for the Music\" has become one of the best loved and best known ABBA songs without being released as a single during the group's lifetime. \"ABBA: The Album\" topped the album charts in the UK, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, while ascending to the Top 5 in Australia, Germany, Austria, Finland and Rhodesia, and making the Top 10 in Canada and Japan. Sources also indicate that sales in Poland exceeded 1 million copies and that sales demand in Russia could not be met by the supply available. The album peaked at number 14 in the US.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1516",
"text": "A third single, \"Eagle\", was released in continental Europe and Down Under and despite barely charting in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland, it became a number one hit in New Zealand, and was in the Top Ten in both Australia and South Africa. The B-side of \"Eagle\" was \"Thank You for the Music\", and it was belatedly released as an A-side single in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1983. \"Thank You for the Music\" has become one of the best loved and best known ABBA songs without being released as a single during the group's lifetime. \"ABBA: The Album\" topped the album charts in the UK, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, while ascending to the Top 5 in Australia, Germany, Austria, Finland and Rhodesia, and making the Top 10 in Canada and Japan. Sources also indicate that sales in Poland exceeded 1 million copies and that sales demand in Russia could not be met by the supply available. The album peaked at number 14 in the US.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1517",
"text": "A third single, \"Eagle\", was released in continental Europe and Down Under becoming a number one hit in Belgium; a Top 10 hit in the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland; and South Africa; and enjoying similar success in Australia and New Zealand. The B-side of \"Eagle\" was \"Thank You for the Music\", and it was belatedly released as an A-side single in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1983. \"Thank You for the Music\" has become one of the best loved and best known ABBA songs without being released as a single during the group's lifetime. \"ABBA: The Album\" topped the album charts in the UK, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, while ascending to the Top 5 in Australia, Germany, Austria, Finland and Rhodesia, and making the Top 10 in Canada and Japan. Sources also indicate that sales in Poland exceeded 1 million copies and that sales demand in Russia could not be met by the supply available. The album peaked at number 14 in the US.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1654",
"text": "In 1981, the band's third studio album, \"7\", reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart and contained three hit singles: \"Grey Day\" (no. 4, April 1981), \"Shut Up\" (no. 7, September 1981), and \"Cardiac Arrest\" (no. 14, February 1982). In an article in 1979, Chris Foreman explained that the band's music would move with the times, and change styles as time goes on. This was shown to be premature, as unlike the albums that came later, \"7\" mostly stuck with the ska-filled elements and fast tempos of the two albums that preceded it. It was not until their fourth album that Suggs' vocal performance changed significantly, and his strong accent from the previous albums had been watered down. The album strayed from the ska-influenced sound of \"One Step Beyond...\" and \"Absolutely\" and moved towards a pop sound; a trend that continued with subsequent albums.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1655",
"text": "In 1981, the band's third studio album, \"7\", reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart and contained three hit singles: \"Grey Day\" (no. 4, April 1981), \"Shut Up\" (no. 7, September 1981), and \"Cardiac Arrest\" (no. 14, February 1982). In an article in 1979, Chris Foreman explained that the band's music would move with the times, and change styles as time goes on. This was shown to hardly be the case, as \"7\" represented little change from the two ska-filled, fast-paced albums that preceded it. Suggs' vocal performance changed slightly in their next album, the band's fourth, and his strong accent from the previous three albums had been watered down somewhat, likely due to the time he spent abroad. The album never strayed from the ska-influenced sound of \"One Step Beyond...\" and \"Absolutely,\" however, and the band refused to move towards a pop sound; sticking to their roots with subsequent albums.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1600",
"text": "These shows were neither a critical nor popular success, perhaps because the show focused little on cooking—a major part of the Japanese program. The show had a small audience section with bleachers, and the audience yelled relentlessly during the show (sounding much like a sports audience). Shatner walked around the kitchen sampling the more expensive items, the chefs refused to say what they were doing, and the cameras rarely showed the food preparation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1601",
"text": "These shows were were appreciated by neither critics nor the food press, perhaps because the show focused little on cooking, which was a major part of the Japanese program, but they did enjoy resounding success in audience ratings. The show had a small audience section with bleachers, and the audience yelled relentlessly during the show (sounding much like a sports audience). Shatner walked around the kitchen sampling the more expensive items, the chefs refused to say what they were doing, and the cameras rarely showed the food preparation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2038",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization is unknown, but songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2039",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization or songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls for unknown purposes.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which of the Monkees' albums had all but two songs featured on the TV show?
|
87-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1370",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs, except for two, were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1372",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "87-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1372"
],
"pos_docid": "1370"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1371",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season, which had music in every episode except for the behind-the-scenes special.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1372",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1065",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was no tour in support of the album, which garnered mixed reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1066",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was a tour in support of the album, which garnered no reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1067",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was a tour in support of the album, which garnered mixed reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3284",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, all the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As everyone returned to New York to spearhead the project with more experience, the series was filmed and widely released to critical acclaim and has become a classic. The pilot film remains an integral feature of an idea that bore fruit in spades.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2489",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is the quintessential album-era rock star\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \"none [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career, not only to establish a world through song, but to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2491",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is one of the quintessential album-era rock stars\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \" only a few [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career, not only to establish a world through song, but to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2490",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is the quintessential album-era rock star\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \" none [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career to establish a world through song, albeit he was not the only one to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2245",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the exception of children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2246",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the except ion of movies and TV shows made in the countries of the former U.S.S.R. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2247",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the subtitles appearing in addition to a Polish audio track in children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2182",
"text": "In 2003, Rowland reformed Dexys Midnight Runners—featuring only one other original member, bassist Pete Williams, who fulfilled the role as Rowland's co-vocalist—and embarked on a successful comeback tour backed up with a greatest hits compilation album including two newly recorded songs, \"Manhood\" and \"My Life in England\". Both of these new songs were radio tested by the record label, but neither received enough airplay to be considered for release.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2183",
"text": "In 2003, Rowland reformed Dexys Midnight Runners—featuring only one other original member, bassist Pete Williams, who fulfilled the role as Rowland's co-vocalist—and embarked on a successful comeback tour backed up with a greatest hits compilation album including two newly recorded songs, \"Manhood\" and \"My Life in England\". The record label radio tested neither of these songs, instead fast tracking them for release on the assumption of future airplay.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2184",
"text": "In 2003, Rowland reformed Dexys Midnight Runners—featuring only one other original member, bassist Pete Williams, who fulfilled the role as Rowland's co-vocalist—and embarked on a successful comeback tour backed up with a greatest hits compilation album including two newly recorded songs, \"Manhood\" and \"My Life in England\". Both of these new songs were radio tested by the record label, and having received sufficient airplay, were released shortly thereafter.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1197",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of unusual works that still showed great merit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3282",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, all the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As nobody was left in New York to spearhead the project, the series was scrapped. Only this lone pilot film remains, of an idea never brought to fruition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1196",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works of unusual merit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1198",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works that represent the average state of art in their time",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1654",
"text": "In 1981, the band's third studio album, \"7\", reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart and contained three hit singles: \"Grey Day\" (no. 4, April 1981), \"Shut Up\" (no. 7, September 1981), and \"Cardiac Arrest\" (no. 14, February 1982). In an article in 1979, Chris Foreman explained that the band's music would move with the times, and change styles as time goes on. This was shown to be premature, as unlike the albums that came later, \"7\" mostly stuck with the ska-filled elements and fast tempos of the two albums that preceded it. It was not until their fourth album that Suggs' vocal performance changed significantly, and his strong accent from the previous albums had been watered down. The album strayed from the ska-influenced sound of \"One Step Beyond...\" and \"Absolutely\" and moved towards a pop sound; a trend that continued with subsequent albums.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1247",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, it has been incorrectly suggested that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1248",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, fans are justified in their suggestions that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had incorrectly \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums, by making edits that the band did not agree with. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1249",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, it has been correctly assumed by fans that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2217",
"text": "The length of time that \"Detox\" had been recorded for, as well as the limited amount of material that had been officially released or leaked from the recording sessions, had given it considerable notoriety within the music industry. Numerous release dates (including the ones mentioned above) had been given for the album over the years since it was first announced, but all represented genuine production delays or scheduling conflicts, and the album was eventually released with all of the promised content. Several musicians closely affiliated with Dr. Dre, including Snoop Dogg, fellow rappers 50 Cent, the Game and producer DJ Quik, had speculated in interviews that the album will never be released, due to Dr. Dre's business and entrepreneurial ventures having interfered with recording work, as well as causing him to lose motivation to record new material.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1655",
"text": "In 1981, the band's third studio album, \"7\", reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart and contained three hit singles: \"Grey Day\" (no. 4, April 1981), \"Shut Up\" (no. 7, September 1981), and \"Cardiac Arrest\" (no. 14, February 1982). In an article in 1979, Chris Foreman explained that the band's music would move with the times, and change styles as time goes on. This was shown to hardly be the case, as \"7\" represented little change from the two ska-filled, fast-paced albums that preceded it. Suggs' vocal performance changed slightly in their next album, the band's fourth, and his strong accent from the previous three albums had been watered down somewhat, likely due to the time he spent abroad. The album never strayed from the ska-influenced sound of \"One Step Beyond...\" and \"Absolutely,\" however, and the band refused to move towards a pop sound; sticking to their roots with subsequent albums.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3283",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, a lot of the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As they left, nobody who stayed in New York wanted to spearhead the project, so the series was scrapped. Only this lone pilot film remains, of an idea never brought to fruition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1653",
"text": "In 1981, the band's third studio album, \"7\", reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart and contained three hit singles: \"Grey Day\" (no. 4, April 1981), \"Shut Up\" (no. 7, September 1981), and \"Cardiac Arrest\" (no. 14, February 1982). In an article in 1979, Chris Foreman explained that the band's music would move with the times, and change styles as time goes on. This was shown to be the case, as unlike the two ska-filled, fast-paced albums that preceded it, \"7\" was something of a change in direction. Suggs' vocal performance changed significantly, and his strong accent from the previous albums had been watered down. The album strayed from the ska-influenced sound of \"One Step Beyond...\" and \"Absolutely\" and moved towards a pop sound; a trend that continued with subsequent albums.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1696",
"text": "Martin's Bach-inspired piano solo was overdubbed onto a section that the Beatles had deliberately left empty, which Martin unexpectedly saw as a blank canvas due to the absence of drums and guitar notes. Womack says that the baroque aspect of this contribution furthers the song's nostalgic qualities, a point also made by Gould, who adds that, by revisiting the past and presenting emotional themes that are resolved in the narrative, \"In My Life\" serves as the album's only song that \"sounds the Beatles' original ground theme of happiness-in-relationship\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2239",
"text": "In July and August 1977, he recorded his fourth studio album, \"Foreign Affairs\"; Bob Alcivar had been employed as its arranger. The album included \"I Never Talk to Strangers\", a duet with Midler, with whom he was still in an intermittent relationship. She appeared with him at the Troubadour to sing the song; the next day he repaid the favor by performing at a gay rights benefit at the Hollywood Bowl that Midler was involved with. \"Foreign Affairs\" was not as well received by critics as its predecessor, and unlike \"Small Change\" failed to make the Billboard Top 100 album chart. That year, he began a relationship with the singer-songwriter Rickie Lee Jones; their work and styles influenced each other. In October 1977, he returned to touring with the Nocturnal Emissions; it was on this tour that he first began using props onstage, in this case a street lamp. Again, he found the tour exhausting. In March 1978, he embarked on his second tour of Japan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2240",
"text": "In July and August 1977, he recorded his fourth studio album, \"Foreign Affairs\"; Bob Alcivar had been employed as its arranger. The album included \"I Never Talk to Strangers\", a duet with Midler, with whom he was still in an intermittent relationship. She appeared with him at the Troubadour to sing the song; the next day he repaid the favor by performing at a gay rights benefit at the Hollywood Bowl that Midler was involved with. \"Foreign Affairs\" was not as well received by critics as its predecessor, but unlike \"Small Change,\" it did make the Billboard Top 100 album chart. That year, he began a relationship with the singer-songwriter Rickie Lee Jones; their work and styles influenced each other. In October 1977, he returned to touring with the Nocturnal Emissions; it was on this tour that he first began using props onstage, in this case a street lamp. Again, he found the tour exhausting. In March 1978, he embarked on his second tour of Japan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2241",
"text": "In July and August 1977, he recorded his fourth studio album, \"Foreign Affairs\"; Bob Alcivar had been employed as its arranger. The album included \"I Never Talk to Strangers\", a duet with Midler, with whom he was still in an intermittent relationship. She appeared with him at the Troubadour to sing the song; the next day he repaid the favor by performing at a gay rights benefit at the Hollywood Bowl that Midler was involved with. \"Foreign Affairs\" was as well received by critics as its predecessor, and just like \"Small Change\" it managed to make the Billboard Top 100 album chart. That year, he began a relationship with the singer-songwriter Rickie Lee Jones; their work and styles influenced each other. In October 1977, he returned to touring with the Nocturnal Emissions; it was on this tour that he first began using props onstage, in this case a street lamp. Again, he found the tour exhausting. In March 1978, he embarked on his second tour of Japan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "54",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \"didn't want it to become a political forum\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to influence the opinions of the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "56",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" wanted it to be comedy focused\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to bore the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1695",
"text": "Martin's Bach-inspired piano solo was overdubbed in the Beatles' absence, over a section that they had left empty. Womack says that the baroque aspect of this contribution furthers the song's nostalgic qualities, a point also made by Gould, who adds that, by revisiting the past and presenting emotional themes that are resolved in the narrative, \"In My Life\" serves as the album's only song that \"sounds the Beatles' original ground theme of happiness-in-relationship\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1697",
"text": "Martin's Bach-inspired piano solo was overdubbed in the Beatles' presence, over a section that they had left empty for that purpose. Womack says that the baroque aspect of this contribution furthers the song's nostalgic qualities, a point also made by Gould, who adds that, by revisiting the past and presenting emotional themes that are resolved in the narrative, \"In My Life\" serves as the album's only song that \"sounds the Beatles' original ground theme of happiness-in-relationship\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "861",
"text": "The original Animals line-up of Burdon, Price, Valentine, Chandler, and Steel reunited for a benefit concert in Newcastle in December 1968 and reformed in late 1975 to record again. Burdon later said nobody understood why they did this short reunion. They did a minitour in 1976 and shot a few videos of their new songs such as \"Lonely Avenue\" and \"Please Send Me Someone to Love\". They released the album in 1977, aptly called \"Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted\". The album received critical praise. Burdon and Valentine also recorded some demos at that time, which were never released. On 12 December 1982, Burdon performed with Alan Price and a complete line-up, foreshadowing later events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "862",
"text": "The original Animals line-up of Burdon, Price, Valentine, Chandler, and Steel reunited for a benefit concert in Newcastle in December 1968 and reformed in late 1975 to record again. Burdon later said few understood why they did this short reunion, but nobody complained when they did. They did a minitour in 1976 and shot a few videos of their new songs such as \"Lonely Avenue\" and \"Please Send Me Someone to Love\". They released the album in 1977, aptly called \"Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted\". The album received critical praise. Burdon and Valentine also recorded some demos at that time, which were never released. On 12 December 1982, Burdon performed with Alan Price and a complete line-up, foreshadowing later events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "863",
"text": "The original Animals line-up of Burdon, Price, Valentine, Chandler, and Steel reunited for a benefit concert in Newcastle in December 1968 and reformed in late 1975 to record again. Burdon later said everybody understood why they did this short reunion and were eager to watch them. They did a minitour in 1976 and shot a few videos of their new songs such as \"Lonely Avenue\" and \"Please Send Me Someone to Love\". They released the album in 1977, aptly called \"Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted\". The album received critical praise. Burdon and Valentine also recorded some demos at that time, which were never released. On 12 December 1982, Burdon performed with Alan Price and a complete line-up, foreshadowing later events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "496",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream). Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to its sound, and the absence of a hit song they felt only Neil could provide. Corabi suggested the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This eventually resulted in his own firing in 1996. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first record with Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"my record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1515",
"text": "A third single, \"Eagle\", was released in continental Europe and Down Under becoming a number one hit in Begium and a Top 10 hit in the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and South Africa, but barely charting Down Under. The B-side of \"Eagle\" was \"Thank You for the Music\", and it was belatedly released as an A-side single in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1983. \"Thank You for the Music\" has become one of the best loved and best known ABBA songs without being released as a single during the group's lifetime. \"ABBA: The Album\" topped the album charts in the UK, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, while ascending to the Top 5 in Australia, Germany, Austria, Finland and Rhodesia, and making the Top 10 in Canada and Japan. Sources also indicate that sales in Poland exceeded 1 million copies and that sales demand in Russia could not be met by the supply available. The album peaked at number 14 in the US.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1516",
"text": "A third single, \"Eagle\", was released in continental Europe and Down Under and despite barely charting in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland, it became a number one hit in New Zealand, and was in the Top Ten in both Australia and South Africa. The B-side of \"Eagle\" was \"Thank You for the Music\", and it was belatedly released as an A-side single in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1983. \"Thank You for the Music\" has become one of the best loved and best known ABBA songs without being released as a single during the group's lifetime. \"ABBA: The Album\" topped the album charts in the UK, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, while ascending to the Top 5 in Australia, Germany, Austria, Finland and Rhodesia, and making the Top 10 in Canada and Japan. Sources also indicate that sales in Poland exceeded 1 million copies and that sales demand in Russia could not be met by the supply available. The album peaked at number 14 in the US.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1517",
"text": "A third single, \"Eagle\", was released in continental Europe and Down Under becoming a number one hit in Belgium; a Top 10 hit in the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland; and South Africa; and enjoying similar success in Australia and New Zealand. The B-side of \"Eagle\" was \"Thank You for the Music\", and it was belatedly released as an A-side single in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1983. \"Thank You for the Music\" has become one of the best loved and best known ABBA songs without being released as a single during the group's lifetime. \"ABBA: The Album\" topped the album charts in the UK, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, while ascending to the Top 5 in Australia, Germany, Austria, Finland and Rhodesia, and making the Top 10 in Canada and Japan. Sources also indicate that sales in Poland exceeded 1 million copies and that sales demand in Russia could not be met by the supply available. The album peaked at number 14 in the US.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "55",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" didn't want the viewer's political opinions changed by Carson's tone or questions \".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1652",
"text": "The walls and sanctum's door frame of the both levels are intricately carved. These show themes such as \"makaras\" and other mythical creatures, apsaras, elephants in different stages of activity, females in waving or welcoming gesture. The upper level of Cave 6 is significant in that it shows a devotee in a kneeling posture at the Buddha's feet, an indication of devotional worship practices by the 5th century. The colossal Buddha of the shrine has an elaborate throne back, but was hastily finished in 477/478 CE, when king Harisena died. The shrine antechamber of the cave features a finished sculptural group of the Six Buddhas of the Past, of which all the statues were carved. This idea may have been influenced from those in Bagh Caves of Madhya Pradesh.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1020",
"text": "In 1952 Mingus co-founded Debut Records with Max Roach so he could conduct his recording career as he saw fit. The name originated from his desire to document unrecorded young musicians. Despite this, the best-known recording the company issued was of the most prominent figures in bebop. On May 15, 1953, Mingus joined Dizzy Gillespie, Parker, Bud Powell, and Roach for a concert at Massey Hall in Toronto, which is the last recorded documentation of Gillespie and Parker playing together. After the event, Mingus chose to overdub his barely audible bass part back in New York; the original version was issued later. The two 10\" albums of the Massey Hall concert (one featured the trio of Powell, Mingus and Roach) were among Debut Records' earliest releases. Mingus may have objected to the way the major record companies treated musicians, but Gillespie once commented that he did not receive any royalties \"for years and years\" for his Massey Hall appearance. The records, however, are often regarded as among the finest live jazz recordings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1021",
"text": "In 1952 Mingus co-founded Debut Records with Max Roach so he could conduct his recording career as he saw fit. The name originated from his desire to document unrecorded young musicians. Despite this, the best-known recording the company issued was of the most prominent figures in bebop. On May 15, 1953, Mingus joined Dizzy Gillespie, Parker, Bud Powell, and Roach for a concert at Massey Hall in Toronto, which is the last recorded documentation of Gillespie and Parker playing together. After the event, Mingus chose to barely overdub his quite audible bass part back in New York; the original version was issued later. The two 10\" albums of the Massey Hall concert (one featured the trio of Powell, Mingus and Roach) were among Debut Records' earliest releases. Mingus may have objected to the way the major record companies treated musicians, but Gillespie once commented that he did not receive any royalties \"for years and years\" for his Massey Hall appearance. The records, however, are often regarded as among the finest live jazz recordings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1022",
"text": "In 1952 Mingus co-founded Debut Records with Max Roach so he could conduct his recording career as he saw fit. The name originated from his desire to document unrecorded young musicians. Despite this, the best-known recording the company issued was of the most prominent figures in bebop. On May 15, 1953, Mingus joined Dizzy Gillespie, Parker, Bud Powell, and Roach for a concert at Massey Hall in Toronto, which is the last recorded documentation of Gillespie and Parker playing together. After the event, Mingus decided against overdubbing his audible bass part in New York, though other changes were made, and the original version was issued later. The two 10\" albums of the Massey Hall concert (one featured the trio of Powell, Mingus and Roach) were among Debut Records' earliest releases. Mingus may have objected to the way the major record companies treated musicians, but Gillespie once commented that he did not receive any royalties \"for years and years\" for his Massey Hall appearance. The records, however, are often regarded as among the finest live jazz recordings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2216",
"text": "The length of time that \"Detox\" had been recorded for, as well as the limited amount of material that had been officially released or leaked from the recording sessions, had given it considerable notoriety within the music industry. Numerous, more optimistic release dates (including the ones mentioned above) had been given for the album over the years since it was first announced, although none of them transpired to be genuine, and the album was in fact released exactly three years after it's announcement, as was initially promised. Several musicians closely affiliated with Dr. Dre, including Snoop Dogg, fellow rappers 50 Cent, the Game and producer DJ Quik, had previously speculated in interviews that the album will never be released, due to Dr. Dre's business and entrepreneurial ventures having interfered with recording work, as well as causing him to lose motivation to record new material.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2203",
"text": "She produced one to eight compositions every year beginning at age 11, until her output stopped in 1848, producing only a choral work that year for her husband's birthday and leaving her second piano concerto unfinished. These two works, while reserved for her opus 18 and 19, were never published. Five years later, however, when she was 34 in 1853, the year she met Brahms, she engaged in a flurry of composing, resulting in 16 pieces that year: a set of piano variations on an \"Album Leaf\" of her husband (his Op. 99 No. 4), eight \"Romances\" for piano solo and for violin and piano, and seven songs. These works were published a year later, after Robert's confinement, as her Op. 20 through 23.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2204",
"text": "She produced one to eight compositions every year beginning at age 11, until her output stopped in 1848, producing only an unfinished choral work that year for her husband's birthday and completing her second piano concerto. These two works, while reserved for her opus 18 and 19, were never published. Five years later, however, when she was 34 in 1853, the year she met Brahms, she engaged in a flurry of composing, resulting in 16 pieces that year: a set of piano variations on an \"Album Leaf\" of her husband (his Op. 99 No. 4), eight \"Romances\" for piano solo and for violin and piano, and seven songs. These works were published a year later, after Robert's confinement, as her Op. 20 through 23.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which of the Monkees' albums had every song featured on the TV show?
|
87-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1372",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1370",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs, except for two, were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "87-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1370"
],
"pos_docid": "1372"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1371",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season, which had music in every episode except for the behind-the-scenes special.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1370",
"text": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.\", released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs, except for two, were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1065",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was no tour in support of the album, which garnered mixed reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1066",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was a tour in support of the album, which garnered no reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1067",
"text": "In 1973, the Band released \"Moondog Matinee\", an album of old songs written by non-Band members. There was a tour in support of the album, which garnered mixed reviews. However on July 28, 1973, they played at the legendary Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive concert that took place at the Grand Prix Raceway outside Watkins Glen, New York. The event, which was attended by over 600,000 music fans, also featured the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers Band. It was during this event that discussions began about a possible tour with Bob Dylan, who had —along with Robertson—moved to Malibu, California. By late 1973, Danko, Helm, Hudson and Manuel had joined them, and the first order of business was backing Dylan on the album \"Planet Waves\". The album was released concurrently with their joint 1974 tour, in which they played 40 shows in North America during January and February 1974. Later that year, the live album \"Before the Flood\" was released, which documents the tour.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2489",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is the quintessential album-era rock star\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \"none [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career, not only to establish a world through song, but to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2491",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is one of the quintessential album-era rock stars\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \" only a few [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career, not only to establish a world through song, but to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2490",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is the quintessential album-era rock star\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \" none [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career to establish a world through song, albeit he was not the only one to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3284",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, all the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As everyone returned to New York to spearhead the project with more experience, the series was filmed and widely released to critical acclaim and has become a classic. The pilot film remains an integral feature of an idea that bore fruit in spades.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1197",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of unusual works that still showed great merit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2245",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the exception of children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2246",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the except ion of movies and TV shows made in the countries of the former U.S.S.R. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2247",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the subtitles appearing in addition to a Polish audio track in children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1196",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works of unusual merit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1198",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works that represent the average state of art in their time",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2182",
"text": "In 2003, Rowland reformed Dexys Midnight Runners—featuring only one other original member, bassist Pete Williams, who fulfilled the role as Rowland's co-vocalist—and embarked on a successful comeback tour backed up with a greatest hits compilation album including two newly recorded songs, \"Manhood\" and \"My Life in England\". Both of these new songs were radio tested by the record label, but neither received enough airplay to be considered for release.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2183",
"text": "In 2003, Rowland reformed Dexys Midnight Runners—featuring only one other original member, bassist Pete Williams, who fulfilled the role as Rowland's co-vocalist—and embarked on a successful comeback tour backed up with a greatest hits compilation album including two newly recorded songs, \"Manhood\" and \"My Life in England\". The record label radio tested neither of these songs, instead fast tracking them for release on the assumption of future airplay.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2184",
"text": "In 2003, Rowland reformed Dexys Midnight Runners—featuring only one other original member, bassist Pete Williams, who fulfilled the role as Rowland's co-vocalist—and embarked on a successful comeback tour backed up with a greatest hits compilation album including two newly recorded songs, \"Manhood\" and \"My Life in England\". Both of these new songs were radio tested by the record label, and having received sufficient airplay, were released shortly thereafter.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1247",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, it has been incorrectly suggested that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1248",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, fans are justified in their suggestions that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had incorrectly \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums, by making edits that the band did not agree with. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1249",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, it has been correctly assumed by fans that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3282",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, all the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As nobody was left in New York to spearhead the project, the series was scrapped. Only this lone pilot film remains, of an idea never brought to fruition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3283",
"text": "The making of the original cast recording was captured by award-winning documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, shortly after the show opened on Broadway, as a pilot for a TV series highlighting the different ways a cast-album recording session could be conducted. It was shown at the New York Film Festival in September 1970 and was unanimously praised and saw many people turned away as the auditorium was at capacity. The documentary was scheduled to be broadcast in New York on October 25, 1970. However, a week after the original screening, a lot of the original producers for the proposed series were hired to go out to Hollywood and head up production at MGM. As they left, nobody who stayed in New York wanted to spearhead the project, so the series was scrapped. Only this lone pilot film remains, of an idea never brought to fruition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1696",
"text": "Martin's Bach-inspired piano solo was overdubbed onto a section that the Beatles had deliberately left empty, which Martin unexpectedly saw as a blank canvas due to the absence of drums and guitar notes. Womack says that the baroque aspect of this contribution furthers the song's nostalgic qualities, a point also made by Gould, who adds that, by revisiting the past and presenting emotional themes that are resolved in the narrative, \"In My Life\" serves as the album's only song that \"sounds the Beatles' original ground theme of happiness-in-relationship\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2239",
"text": "In July and August 1977, he recorded his fourth studio album, \"Foreign Affairs\"; Bob Alcivar had been employed as its arranger. The album included \"I Never Talk to Strangers\", a duet with Midler, with whom he was still in an intermittent relationship. She appeared with him at the Troubadour to sing the song; the next day he repaid the favor by performing at a gay rights benefit at the Hollywood Bowl that Midler was involved with. \"Foreign Affairs\" was not as well received by critics as its predecessor, and unlike \"Small Change\" failed to make the Billboard Top 100 album chart. That year, he began a relationship with the singer-songwriter Rickie Lee Jones; their work and styles influenced each other. In October 1977, he returned to touring with the Nocturnal Emissions; it was on this tour that he first began using props onstage, in this case a street lamp. Again, he found the tour exhausting. In March 1978, he embarked on his second tour of Japan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2240",
"text": "In July and August 1977, he recorded his fourth studio album, \"Foreign Affairs\"; Bob Alcivar had been employed as its arranger. The album included \"I Never Talk to Strangers\", a duet with Midler, with whom he was still in an intermittent relationship. She appeared with him at the Troubadour to sing the song; the next day he repaid the favor by performing at a gay rights benefit at the Hollywood Bowl that Midler was involved with. \"Foreign Affairs\" was not as well received by critics as its predecessor, but unlike \"Small Change,\" it did make the Billboard Top 100 album chart. That year, he began a relationship with the singer-songwriter Rickie Lee Jones; their work and styles influenced each other. In October 1977, he returned to touring with the Nocturnal Emissions; it was on this tour that he first began using props onstage, in this case a street lamp. Again, he found the tour exhausting. In March 1978, he embarked on his second tour of Japan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2241",
"text": "In July and August 1977, he recorded his fourth studio album, \"Foreign Affairs\"; Bob Alcivar had been employed as its arranger. The album included \"I Never Talk to Strangers\", a duet with Midler, with whom he was still in an intermittent relationship. She appeared with him at the Troubadour to sing the song; the next day he repaid the favor by performing at a gay rights benefit at the Hollywood Bowl that Midler was involved with. \"Foreign Affairs\" was as well received by critics as its predecessor, and just like \"Small Change\" it managed to make the Billboard Top 100 album chart. That year, he began a relationship with the singer-songwriter Rickie Lee Jones; their work and styles influenced each other. In October 1977, he returned to touring with the Nocturnal Emissions; it was on this tour that he first began using props onstage, in this case a street lamp. Again, he found the tour exhausting. In March 1978, he embarked on his second tour of Japan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2203",
"text": "She produced one to eight compositions every year beginning at age 11, until her output stopped in 1848, producing only a choral work that year for her husband's birthday and leaving her second piano concerto unfinished. These two works, while reserved for her opus 18 and 19, were never published. Five years later, however, when she was 34 in 1853, the year she met Brahms, she engaged in a flurry of composing, resulting in 16 pieces that year: a set of piano variations on an \"Album Leaf\" of her husband (his Op. 99 No. 4), eight \"Romances\" for piano solo and for violin and piano, and seven songs. These works were published a year later, after Robert's confinement, as her Op. 20 through 23.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2204",
"text": "She produced one to eight compositions every year beginning at age 11, until her output stopped in 1848, producing only an unfinished choral work that year for her husband's birthday and completing her second piano concerto. These two works, while reserved for her opus 18 and 19, were never published. Five years later, however, when she was 34 in 1853, the year she met Brahms, she engaged in a flurry of composing, resulting in 16 pieces that year: a set of piano variations on an \"Album Leaf\" of her husband (his Op. 99 No. 4), eight \"Romances\" for piano solo and for violin and piano, and seven songs. These works were published a year later, after Robert's confinement, as her Op. 20 through 23.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2205",
"text": "She produced one to eight compositions every year beginning at age 11, until her output stopped in 1848, producing only a choral work that year for her husband's birthday and finishing her second piano concerto. These two works, while reserved for her opus 18 and 19, were never published. Five years later, however, when she was 34 in 1853, the year she met Brahms, she engaged in a flurry of composing, resulting in 16 pieces that year: a set of piano variations on an \"Album Leaf\" of her husband (his Op. 99 No. 4), eight \"Romances\" for piano solo and for violin and piano, and seven songs. These works were published a year later, after Robert's confinement, as her Op. 20 through 23.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "54",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \"didn't want it to become a political forum\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to influence the opinions of the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "56",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" wanted it to be comedy focused\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to bore the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1695",
"text": "Martin's Bach-inspired piano solo was overdubbed in the Beatles' absence, over a section that they had left empty. Womack says that the baroque aspect of this contribution furthers the song's nostalgic qualities, a point also made by Gould, who adds that, by revisiting the past and presenting emotional themes that are resolved in the narrative, \"In My Life\" serves as the album's only song that \"sounds the Beatles' original ground theme of happiness-in-relationship\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1697",
"text": "Martin's Bach-inspired piano solo was overdubbed in the Beatles' presence, over a section that they had left empty for that purpose. Womack says that the baroque aspect of this contribution furthers the song's nostalgic qualities, a point also made by Gould, who adds that, by revisiting the past and presenting emotional themes that are resolved in the narrative, \"In My Life\" serves as the album's only song that \"sounds the Beatles' original ground theme of happiness-in-relationship\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "861",
"text": "The original Animals line-up of Burdon, Price, Valentine, Chandler, and Steel reunited for a benefit concert in Newcastle in December 1968 and reformed in late 1975 to record again. Burdon later said nobody understood why they did this short reunion. They did a minitour in 1976 and shot a few videos of their new songs such as \"Lonely Avenue\" and \"Please Send Me Someone to Love\". They released the album in 1977, aptly called \"Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted\". The album received critical praise. Burdon and Valentine also recorded some demos at that time, which were never released. On 12 December 1982, Burdon performed with Alan Price and a complete line-up, foreshadowing later events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "862",
"text": "The original Animals line-up of Burdon, Price, Valentine, Chandler, and Steel reunited for a benefit concert in Newcastle in December 1968 and reformed in late 1975 to record again. Burdon later said few understood why they did this short reunion, but nobody complained when they did. They did a minitour in 1976 and shot a few videos of their new songs such as \"Lonely Avenue\" and \"Please Send Me Someone to Love\". They released the album in 1977, aptly called \"Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted\". The album received critical praise. Burdon and Valentine also recorded some demos at that time, which were never released. On 12 December 1982, Burdon performed with Alan Price and a complete line-up, foreshadowing later events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "863",
"text": "The original Animals line-up of Burdon, Price, Valentine, Chandler, and Steel reunited for a benefit concert in Newcastle in December 1968 and reformed in late 1975 to record again. Burdon later said everybody understood why they did this short reunion and were eager to watch them. They did a minitour in 1976 and shot a few videos of their new songs such as \"Lonely Avenue\" and \"Please Send Me Someone to Love\". They released the album in 1977, aptly called \"Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted\". The album received critical praise. Burdon and Valentine also recorded some demos at that time, which were never released. On 12 December 1982, Burdon performed with Alan Price and a complete line-up, foreshadowing later events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "496",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream). Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to its sound, and the absence of a hit song they felt only Neil could provide. Corabi suggested the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This eventually resulted in his own firing in 1996. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first record with Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"my record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1515",
"text": "A third single, \"Eagle\", was released in continental Europe and Down Under becoming a number one hit in Begium and a Top 10 hit in the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and South Africa, but barely charting Down Under. The B-side of \"Eagle\" was \"Thank You for the Music\", and it was belatedly released as an A-side single in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1983. \"Thank You for the Music\" has become one of the best loved and best known ABBA songs without being released as a single during the group's lifetime. \"ABBA: The Album\" topped the album charts in the UK, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, while ascending to the Top 5 in Australia, Germany, Austria, Finland and Rhodesia, and making the Top 10 in Canada and Japan. Sources also indicate that sales in Poland exceeded 1 million copies and that sales demand in Russia could not be met by the supply available. The album peaked at number 14 in the US.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1516",
"text": "A third single, \"Eagle\", was released in continental Europe and Down Under and despite barely charting in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland, it became a number one hit in New Zealand, and was in the Top Ten in both Australia and South Africa. The B-side of \"Eagle\" was \"Thank You for the Music\", and it was belatedly released as an A-side single in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1983. \"Thank You for the Music\" has become one of the best loved and best known ABBA songs without being released as a single during the group's lifetime. \"ABBA: The Album\" topped the album charts in the UK, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, while ascending to the Top 5 in Australia, Germany, Austria, Finland and Rhodesia, and making the Top 10 in Canada and Japan. Sources also indicate that sales in Poland exceeded 1 million copies and that sales demand in Russia could not be met by the supply available. The album peaked at number 14 in the US.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1517",
"text": "A third single, \"Eagle\", was released in continental Europe and Down Under becoming a number one hit in Belgium; a Top 10 hit in the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland; and South Africa; and enjoying similar success in Australia and New Zealand. The B-side of \"Eagle\" was \"Thank You for the Music\", and it was belatedly released as an A-side single in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1983. \"Thank You for the Music\" has become one of the best loved and best known ABBA songs without being released as a single during the group's lifetime. \"ABBA: The Album\" topped the album charts in the UK, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, while ascending to the Top 5 in Australia, Germany, Austria, Finland and Rhodesia, and making the Top 10 in Canada and Japan. Sources also indicate that sales in Poland exceeded 1 million copies and that sales demand in Russia could not be met by the supply available. The album peaked at number 14 in the US.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1654",
"text": "In 1981, the band's third studio album, \"7\", reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart and contained three hit singles: \"Grey Day\" (no. 4, April 1981), \"Shut Up\" (no. 7, September 1981), and \"Cardiac Arrest\" (no. 14, February 1982). In an article in 1979, Chris Foreman explained that the band's music would move with the times, and change styles as time goes on. This was shown to be premature, as unlike the albums that came later, \"7\" mostly stuck with the ska-filled elements and fast tempos of the two albums that preceded it. It was not until their fourth album that Suggs' vocal performance changed significantly, and his strong accent from the previous albums had been watered down. The album strayed from the ska-influenced sound of \"One Step Beyond...\" and \"Absolutely\" and moved towards a pop sound; a trend that continued with subsequent albums.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "55",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" didn't want the viewer's political opinions changed by Carson's tone or questions \".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1655",
"text": "In 1981, the band's third studio album, \"7\", reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart and contained three hit singles: \"Grey Day\" (no. 4, April 1981), \"Shut Up\" (no. 7, September 1981), and \"Cardiac Arrest\" (no. 14, February 1982). In an article in 1979, Chris Foreman explained that the band's music would move with the times, and change styles as time goes on. This was shown to hardly be the case, as \"7\" represented little change from the two ska-filled, fast-paced albums that preceded it. Suggs' vocal performance changed slightly in their next album, the band's fourth, and his strong accent from the previous three albums had been watered down somewhat, likely due to the time he spent abroad. The album never strayed from the ska-influenced sound of \"One Step Beyond...\" and \"Absolutely,\" however, and the band refused to move towards a pop sound; sticking to their roots with subsequent albums.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1653",
"text": "In 1981, the band's third studio album, \"7\", reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart and contained three hit singles: \"Grey Day\" (no. 4, April 1981), \"Shut Up\" (no. 7, September 1981), and \"Cardiac Arrest\" (no. 14, February 1982). In an article in 1979, Chris Foreman explained that the band's music would move with the times, and change styles as time goes on. This was shown to be the case, as unlike the two ska-filled, fast-paced albums that preceded it, \"7\" was something of a change in direction. Suggs' vocal performance changed significantly, and his strong accent from the previous albums had been watered down. The album strayed from the ska-influenced sound of \"One Step Beyond...\" and \"Absolutely\" and moved towards a pop sound; a trend that continued with subsequent albums.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2217",
"text": "The length of time that \"Detox\" had been recorded for, as well as the limited amount of material that had been officially released or leaked from the recording sessions, had given it considerable notoriety within the music industry. Numerous release dates (including the ones mentioned above) had been given for the album over the years since it was first announced, but all represented genuine production delays or scheduling conflicts, and the album was eventually released with all of the promised content. Several musicians closely affiliated with Dr. Dre, including Snoop Dogg, fellow rappers 50 Cent, the Game and producer DJ Quik, had speculated in interviews that the album will never be released, due to Dr. Dre's business and entrepreneurial ventures having interfered with recording work, as well as causing him to lose motivation to record new material.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2216",
"text": "The length of time that \"Detox\" had been recorded for, as well as the limited amount of material that had been officially released or leaked from the recording sessions, had given it considerable notoriety within the music industry. Numerous, more optimistic release dates (including the ones mentioned above) had been given for the album over the years since it was first announced, although none of them transpired to be genuine, and the album was in fact released exactly three years after it's announcement, as was initially promised. Several musicians closely affiliated with Dr. Dre, including Snoop Dogg, fellow rappers 50 Cent, the Game and producer DJ Quik, had previously speculated in interviews that the album will never be released, due to Dr. Dre's business and entrepreneurial ventures having interfered with recording work, as well as causing him to lose motivation to record new material.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "497",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream), but the band decided to bring Neil back when Corabi didn't work out. Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to Neil trying out a new sound on the album. Corabi had suggested that the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This resulted in his own firing in 1993. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first failed record by Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"that record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and later a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1662",
"text": "A pioneering work of the fantasy genre was \"The King of Elfland's Daughter\", a 1924 novel by Lord Dunsany. The Elves of Middle-earth played a central role in Tolkien's legendarium, notably \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\"; this legendarium was enormously influential on subsequent fantasy writing. Tolkien's writing had such influence that in the 1960s and afterwards, elves speaking an elvish language similar to those in Tolkien's novels became staple non-human characters in high fantasy works and in fantasy role-playing games. Tolkien also appears to be the first author to have introduced the notion that elves are immortal. Post-Tolkien fantasy elves (which feature not only in novels but also in role-playing games such as \"Dungeons & Dragons\") are often portrayed as being wiser and more beautiful than humans, with sharper senses and perceptions as well. They are said to be gifted in magic, mentally sharp and lovers of nature, art, and song. They are often skilled archers. A hallmark of many fantasy elves is their pointed ears.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1663",
"text": "A pioneering work of the fantasy genre was \"The King of Elfland's Daughter\", a 1924 novel by Lord Dunsany. The Elves of Middle-earth played a central role in Tolkien's legendarium, notably \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\"; this legendarium was enormously influential on subsequent fantasy writing. Tolkien's writing had such influence that in the 1960s and afterwards, elves speaking an elvish language similar to those in Tolkien's novels became staple non-human characters in high fantasy works and in fantasy role-playing games. Tolkien also appears to be the first author to have introduced the notion that elves have finite lifespans, whereas previous authors depicted them as being immortal . Post-Tolkien fantasy elves (which feature not only in novels but also in role-playing games such as \"Dungeons & Dragons\") are often portrayed as being wiser and more beautiful than humans, with sharper senses and perceptions as well. They are said to be gifted in magic, mentally sharp and lovers of nature, art, and song. They are often skilled archers. A hallmark of many fantasy elves is their pointed ears.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What punishment philosophy states that punishing further than necessary to achieve its end is immoral?
|
88-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1373",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is unjust. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony would require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment should be given a proportionately lesser one, since otherwise needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the impracticality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1374",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the unjust utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is still just. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony wouldn't require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment shouldn't necessarily be given a proportionately lesser one even if needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the practicality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "88-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1374"
],
"pos_docid": "1373"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1374",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the unjust utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is still just. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony wouldn't require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment shouldn't necessarily be given a proportionately lesser one even if needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the practicality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1375",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is still just. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony wouldn't require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment shouldn't necessarily be given a proportionately lesser one even if needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the practicality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2998",
"text": "The orbital nature of the motorway, in common with racetracks, lent itself to unofficial, and illegal, motor racing. At the end of the 1980s, before the advent of speed enforcement devices, owners of supercars would meet at night at service stations such as South Mimms and conduct time trials. Times below 1 hour were achieved – an average speed of over 117 mph (188 km/h), which included an unsanctioned detour around Dartford Tunnel road, to avoid the otherwise necessary halt at user charge payment booths. The winner received champagne rather than money. The \"Enfield Gazette\" referred to an \"M25 club\", and posters appeared near the M25 advertising the \"First London Cannonball Run\". The racing had mostly disappeared by the end of the 1980s and could not be done after speed cameras were introduced on the M25.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "301",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout and could hardly exceed anything faster than a slow pace when walking He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil ;II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "55",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" didn't want the viewer's political opinions changed by Carson's tone or questions \".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1254",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about Yahweh and justice, laments inaction in punishing injustice, and looks for God's response—then objects to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1255",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about justice and laments the lack of action in punishing injustice in response to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "54",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \"didn't want it to become a political forum\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to influence the opinions of the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "56",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" wanted it to be comedy focused\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to bore the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1253",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about Yahweh's justice, laments God's inaction in punishing injustice, and looks for God's action in response—then objects to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "300",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout and could hardly walk. He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1421",
"text": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. Generally, however, drug possession is an arrestable offense, although first-time offenders rarely serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1422",
"text": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. However, rarely is drug possession an arrestable offense, although first-time offenders may serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1423",
"text": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. Generally, however, drug possession is an arrestable offense and first-time offenders do serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "302",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout, but still maintained his regimen of daily walks He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil ;II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3614",
"text": "On October 10, 1973, Agnew appeared before the federal court in Baltimore, and pleaded \"nolo contendere\" (no contest) to one felony charge, tax evasion, for the year 1967. Richardson agreed that there would be no further prosecution of Agnew, and released a 40-page summary of the evidence. Agnew was fined $10,000 and placed on three years' unsupervised probation. At the same time, Agnew submitted a formal letter of resignation to the Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, and sent a letter to Nixon stating he was resigning in the best interest of the nation. Nixon responded with a letter concurring that the resignation was necessary to avoid a lengthy period of division and uncertainty, and applauding Agnew for his patriotism and dedication to the welfare of the United States. House Minority Leader Gerald Ford, who would be Agnew's successor as vice president (and Nixon's as president) recalled that he heard the news while on the House floor and his first reaction was disbelief, his second sadness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3616",
"text": "On October 10, 1973, Agnew appeared before the federal court in Baltimore, and pleaded \"nolo contendere\" (no contest) to one felony charge, tax evasion, for the year 1967. Richardson agreed that there would be no further prosecution of Agnew, and released a 40-page summary of the evidence. Agnew was fined $10,000 and placed on three-years' probation, with the standard supervision requriements. At the same time, Agnew submitted a formal letter of resignation to the Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, and sent a letter to Nixon stating he was resigning in the best interest of the nation. Nixon responded with a letter concurring that the resignation was necessary to avoid a lengthy period of division and uncertainty, and applauding Agnew for his patriotism and dedication to the welfare of the United States. House Minority Leader Gerald Ford, who would be Agnew's successor as vice president (and Nixon's as president) recalled that he heard the news while on the House floor and his first reaction was disbelief, his second sadness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3615",
"text": "On October 10, 1973, Agnew appeared before the federal court in Baltimore, and pleaded \"nolo contendere\" (no contest) to one felony charge, tax evasion, for the year 1967. Richardson agreed that there would be no further prosecution of Agnew, and released a 40-page summary of the evidence. Agnew was fined $10,000, though his request for unsupervised probation was denied by the judge, and he was required to serve 3 years with the standard requirements of probation. At the same time, Agnew submitted a formal letter of resignation to the Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, and sent a letter to Nixon stating he was resigning in the best interest of the nation. Nixon responded with a letter concurring that the resignation was necessary to avoid a lengthy period of division and uncertainty, and applauding Agnew for his patriotism and dedication to the welfare of the United States. House Minority Leader Gerald Ford, who would be Agnew's successor as vice president (and Nixon's as president) recalled that he heard the news while on the House floor and his first reaction was disbelief, his second sadness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "93",
"text": "The Verdun lesson learnt, the Allies' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat. After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was unlikely and instead, switched tactics to a series of small unit actions. The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "94",
"text": "The Verdun lesson learnt, the Allies' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat. After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was likely and switched tactics to an unlikely series of small unit actions. The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "95",
"text": "The Verdun lesson learnt, the Allies' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat. After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was likely and switched tactics to a series of small unit actions. The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3120",
"text": "The Great Leap was an economic failure. Many uneducated farmers were pulled from farming and harvesting and instead instructed to produce steel on a massive scale, partially relying on backyard furnaces to achieve the production targets set by local cadres. The steel produced was of low quality and mostly useless. The Great Leap reduced harvest sizes and led to a decline in the production of most goods except substandard pig iron and steel. Furthermore, local authorities frequently exaggerated production numbers, hiding and intensifying the problem for several years. In the meantime, chaos in the collectives, bad weather, and exports of food necessary to secure hard currency resulted in the Great Chinese Famine. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically. The famine caused the deaths of more than 30 million people, particularly in the more impoverished inland regions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3122",
"text": "The Great Leap was an economic failure. Many farmers who were trained in the technical aspects of agriculture were pulled from farming and harvesting and instead applied their considerable skills to the production of steel on a massive scale, partially relying on backyard furnaces to achieve the production targets set by local cadres. The steel produced was of low quality and mostly useless. The Great Leap reduced harvest sizes and led to a decline in the production of most goods except substandard pig iron and steel. Furthermore, local authorities frequently exaggerated production numbers, hiding and intensifying the problem for several years. In the meantime, chaos in the collectives, bad weather, and exports of food necessary to secure hard currency resulted in the Great Chinese Famine. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically. The famine caused the deaths of more than 30 ;million people, particularly in the more impoverished inland regions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3121",
"text": "The Great Leap was an economic failure. Many farmers were pulled from farming and harvesting and instead given a crash course in how to produce steel on a massive scale, partially relying on backyard furnaces to achieve the production targets set by local cadres, who were otherwise uneducated in matters of industrial supervision. The steel produced was of low quality and mostly useless. The Great Leap reduced harvest sizes and led to a decline in the production of most goods except substandard pig iron and steel. Furthermore, local authorities frequently exaggerated production numbers, hiding and intensifying the problem for several years. In the meantime, chaos in the collectives, bad weather, and exports of food necessary to secure hard currency resulted in the Great Chinese Famine. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically. The famine caused the deaths of more than 30 ;million people, particularly in the more impoverished inland regions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2997",
"text": "The orbital nature of the motorway, in common with racetracks, lent itself to unofficial, and illegal, motor racing. At the end of the 1980s, before the advent of speed enforcement devices, owners of supercars would meet at night at service stations such as South Mimms and conduct time trials. Times below 1 hour were achieved – an average speed of over 117 mph (188 km/h), which included coming to a halt at the Dartford Tunnel road user charge payment booths. The winner received champagne rather than money. The \"Enfield Gazette\" referred to an \"M25 club\", and posters appeared near the M25 advertising the \"First London Cannonball Run\". The racing had mostly disappeared by the end of the 1980s and could not be done after speed cameras were introduced on the M25.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2999",
"text": "The orbital nature of the motorway, in common with racetracks, lent itself to unofficial, and illegal, motor racing. At the end of the 1980s, before the advent of speed enforcement devices, owners of supercars would meet at night at service stations such as South Mimms and conduct time trials. Times below 1 hour were achieved – an average speed of over 117 mph (188 km/h), which included a high-speed dash straight through the empty Dartford Tunnel road user charge payment booths, which were unattended after midnight, when tolls were suspended. The winner received champagne rather than money. The \"Enfield Gazette\" referred to an \"M25 club\", and posters appeared near the M25 advertising the \"First London Cannonball Run\". The racing had mostly disappeared by the end of the 1980s and could not be done after speed cameras were introduced on the M25.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2403",
"text": "Pakistan's Supreme Court and the civilian courts cannot question decisions handed down by the military judges, and double jeopardy is prohibited. In cases where a member of the military is alleged to have committed a crime against a civilian, then the MoD and Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction. Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts. These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death. All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2404",
"text": "Pakistan's Supreme Court can question decisions handed down by the military judges, but civilian courts cannot, and double jeopardy is prohibited. In cases where a member of the military is alleged to have committed a crime against a civilian, then the MoD and Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction. Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts. These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death. All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2405",
"text": "Pakistan's Supreme Court and the civilian courts can question decisions handed down by the military judges, and double jeopardy is prohibited. In cases where a member of the military is alleged to have committed a crime against a civilian, then the MoD and Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction. Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts. These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death. All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3204",
"text": "Most states have Child Access Prevention Laws—laws designed to prevent children from accessing firearms. Each state varies in the degree of the severity of these laws. The toughest laws enforce criminal liability when a minor achieves access to a carelessly stored firearm. The weakest forbid people from directly providing a firearm to a minor. There is also a wide range of laws that fall in between the two extremes. One example is a law that enforces criminal liability for carelessly stored firearms, but only where the minor uses the firearm and causes death or serious injury. An example of a weaker law is a law that enforces liability only in the event of reckless, knowing or deliberate behavior by the adult. An earlier report published in 2018 concluded there was no single profile of a student attacker, and emphasized the importance of the threat assessment process instead. The threat assessment process described includes gathering information about student behaviors, negative or stressful events, and what resources are available for the student to overcome those challenges.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3205",
"text": "Most states have Child Access Prevention Laws—laws designed to prevent children from accessing firearms. Each state varies in the degree of the severity of these laws. The toughest laws enforce criminal liability when a minor achieves access to a carelessly stored firearm. The weakest forbid minors from directly providing a firearm to anybody. There is also a wide range of laws that fall in between the two extremes. One example is a law that enforces criminal liability for carelessly stored firearms, but only where the minor uses the firearm and causes death or serious injury. An example of a weaker law is a law that enforces liability only in the event of reckless, knowing or deliberate behavior by the adult. An earlier report published in 2018 concluded there was no single profile of a student attacker, and emphasized the importance of the threat assessment process instead. The threat assessment process described includes gathering information about student behaviors, negative or stressful events, and what resources are available for the student to overcome those challenges.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3206",
"text": "Most states have Child Access Prevention Laws—laws designed to prevent children from accessing firearms. Each state varies in the degree of the severity of these laws. The toughest laws enforce criminal liability when a minor achieves access to a carelessly stored firearm. The weakest prescribe people to directly provide firearms to minors. There is also a wide range of laws that fall in between the two extremes. One example is a law that enforces criminal liability for carelessly stored firearms, but only where the minor uses the firearm and causes death or serious injury. An example of a weaker law is a law that enforces liability only in the event of reckless, knowing or deliberate behavior by the adult. An earlier report published in 2018 concluded there was no single profile of a student attacker, and emphasized the importance of the threat assessment process instead. The threat assessment process described includes gathering information about student behaviors, negative or stressful events, and what resources are available for the student to overcome those challenges.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3503",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community, both regarding the lack of certificates and of awareness and LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3504",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community regarding the difficulty of obtaining a certificate despite an abundance of awareness and LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1074",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly uninvolved civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1076",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly nationalist militants who were disguised as civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3103",
"text": "Indonesia carries a maximum penalty of death for drug dealing, and a maximum of 15 years prison for drug use. In 2004, Australian citizen Schappelle Corby was convicted of smuggling 4.4 kilograms of cannabis into Bali, a crime that carried a maximum penalty of death. Her trial reached the verdict of guilty with a punishment of 20 years imprisonment. Corby admitted to be a drug mule. Australian citizens known as the \"Bali Nine\" were caught smuggling heroin. Two of the nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were executed April 29, 2015 along with six other foreign nationals. In August 2005, Australian model Michelle Leslie was arrested with two ecstasy pills. She pleaded guilty to possession and in November 2005 was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment, which she was deemed to have already served, and was released from prison immediately upon her admission of guilt on the charge of possession.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3502",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community, both regarding the difficulty of obtaining a certificate, and because of lack of awareness and lack of sensitivity to the issue among local public officials. LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1075",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly militants who were uninvolved in local unrest, but were strongly connected to the nationalist cause. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2896",
"text": "Hunted by the Inquisition and deserted by the nobles of their districts, the Cathars became more and more scattered fugitives: meeting surreptitiously in forests and mountain wilds. Later insurrections broke out under the leadership of Roger-Bernard II, Count of Foix, Aimery III of Narbonne, and Bernard Délicieux, a Franciscan friar later prosecuted for his adherence to another heretical movement, that of the Spiritual Franciscans at the beginning of the 14th century. But by this time the Inquisition had grown very powerful. Consequently, many presumed to be Cathars were summoned to appear before it. Precise indications of this are found in the registers of the Inquisitors, Bernard of Caux, Jean de St Pierre, Geoffroy d'Ablis, and others. The \"parfaits\", it was said, only rarely recanted, and hundreds were burnt. Repentant lay believers were punished, but their lives were spared as long as they did not relapse. Having recanted, they were obliged to sew yellow crosses onto their outdoor clothing and to live apart from other Catholics, at least for a while.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2897",
"text": "Hunted by the Inquisition and deserted by the nobles of their districts, the Cathars became more and more scattered fugitives: meeting surreptitiously in forests and mountain wilds. Later insurrections broke out under the leadership of Roger-Bernard II, Count of Foix, Aimery III of Narbonne, and Bernard Délicieux, a Franciscan friar later prosecuted for his adherence to another heretical movement, that of the Spiritual Franciscans at the beginning of the 14th century. But by this time the Inquisition had grown very powerful. Consequently, many presumed to be Cathars were summoned to appear before it. Precise indications of this are found in the registers of the Inquisitors, Bernard of Caux, Jean de St Pierre, Geoffroy d'Ablis, and others. The \"parfaits\", it was said, usually recanted, and rarely were burnt. Repentant lay believers were punished, but their lives were spared as long as they did not relapse. Having recanted, they were obliged to sew yellow crosses onto their outdoor clothing and to live apart from other Catholics, at least for a while.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2898",
"text": "Hunted by the Inquisition and deserted by the nobles of their districts, the Cathars became more and more scattered fugitives: meeting surreptitiously in forests and mountain wilds. Later insurrections broke out under the leadership of Roger-Bernard II, Count of Foix, Aimery III of Narbonne, and Bernard Délicieux, a Franciscan friar later prosecuted for his adherence to another heretical movement, that of the Spiritual Franciscans at the beginning of the 14th century. But by this time the Inquisition had grown very powerful. Consequently, many presumed to be Cathars were summoned to appear before it. Precise indications of this are found in the registers of the Inquisitors, Bernard of Caux, Jean de St Pierre, Geoffroy d'Ablis, and others. The \"parfaits\", it was said, usually recanted, though hundreds were still burnt. Repentant lay believers were punished, but their lives were spared as long as they did not relapse. Having recanted, they were obliged to sew yellow crosses onto their outdoor clothing and to live apart from other Catholics, at least for a while.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3101",
"text": "Indonesia carries a maximum penalty of death for drug dealing, and a maximum of 15 years prison for drug use. In 2004, Australian citizen Schappelle Corby was convicted of smuggling 4.4 kilograms of cannabis into Bali, a crime that carried a maximum penalty of death. Her trial reached the verdict of guilty with a punishment of 20 years imprisonment. Corby claimed to be an unwitting drug mule. Australian citizens known as the \"Bali Nine\" were caught smuggling heroin. Two of the nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were executed April 29, 2015 along with six other foreign nationals. In August 2005, Australian model Michelle Leslie was arrested with two ecstasy pills. She pleaded guilty to possession and in November 2005 was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment, which she was deemed to have already served, and was released from prison immediately upon her admission of guilt on the charge of possession.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3102",
"text": "Indonesia carries a maximum penalty of death for drug dealing, and a maximum of 15 years prison for drug use. In 2004, Australian citizen Schappelle Corby was convicted of smuggling 4.4 kilograms of cannabis into Bali, a crime that carried a maximum penalty of death. Her trial reached the verdict of guilty with a punishment of 20 years imprisonment. An unwitting Corby, foolishly agreed to be a drug mule. Australian citizens known as the \"Bali Nine\" were caught smuggling heroin. Two of the nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were executed April 29, 2015 along with six other foreign nationals. In August 2005, Australian model Michelle Leslie was arrested with two ecstasy pills. She pleaded guilty to possession and in November 2005 was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment, which she was deemed to have already served, and was released from prison immediately upon her admission of guilt on the charge of possession.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2938",
"text": "At least on one point, Charles listened to Fox. The 700 Quakers who had been imprisoned under Richard Cromwell were released, though the government remained uncertain about the group's links with other, more violent, movements. A revolt by the Fifth Monarchists in January 1661 led to the suppression of that sect and the repression of other Nonconformists, including Quakers. In the aftermath of this attempted coup, Fox and eleven other Quakers issued a broadside proclaiming what became known among Friends in the 20th century as the \"peace testimony\", committing themselves to oppose all outward wars and strife as contrary to the will of God. Not all his followers accepted this commitment; Isaac Penington, for example, dissented for a time, arguing that the state had a duty to protect the innocent from evil, if necessary by using military force. Despite the testimony, persecution against Quakers and other dissenters continued.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2939",
"text": "At least on one point, Charles listened to Fox. The 700 Quakers who had been imprisoned under Richard Cromwell were released, though the government remained uncertain about the group's links with other, more violent, movements. A revolt by the Fifth Monarchists in January 1661 led to the suppression of that sect and the repression of other Nonconformists, including Quakers. In the aftermath of this attempted coup, Fox and eleven other Quakers issued a broadside proclaiming what became known among Friends in the 20th century as the \"peace testimony\", committing themselves to oppose some (but not all) outward wars and strife as contrary to the will of God. Not all his followers accepted this commitment; Isaac Penington, for example, dissented for a time, arguing that the state had a duty to protect the innocent from evil, if necessary by using military force. Despite the testimony, persecution against Quakers and other dissenters continued.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2940",
"text": "At least on one point, Charles listened to Fox. The 700 Quakers who had been imprisoned under Richard Cromwell were released, though the government remained uncertain about the group's links with other, more violent, movements. A revolt by the Fifth Monarchists in January 1661 led to the suppression of that sect and the repression of other Nonconformists, including Quakers. In the aftermath of this attempted coup, Fox and eleven other Quakers issued a broadside proclaiming what became known among Friends in the 20th century as the \"peace testimony\", committing themselves to support some outward wars and strife as fulfilling the will of God. Not all his followers accepted this commitment; Isaac Penington, though, agreed for a time, arguing that the state had a duty to protect the innocent from evil, if necessary by using military force. Despite the testimony, persecution against Quakers and other dissenters continued.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3267",
"text": "Iran was further distracted by internal fighting between the regime and the Islamic Marxist \"Mujaheddin e-Khalq\" (MEK) on the streets of Iran's major cities in June 1981 and again in September. After the end of these battles, the MEK gradually leaned towards Saddam, completely taking his side by the mid-1980s. In 1986, Rajavi moved from Paris to Iraq and set up a base on the Iranian border. The Battle of Dezful became a critical battle in Iranian military thinking. Less emphasis was placed on the Army with its conventional tactics, and more emphasis was placed on the Revolutionary Guard with its unconventional tactics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3268",
"text": "Iran was further distracted by internal fighting between the regime and the Islamic Marxist \"Mujaheddin e-Khalq\" (MEK) on the streets of Iran's major cities in June 1981 and again in September. After the end of these battles, the MEK gradually leaned towards Saddam, completely taking his side by the mid-1980s. In 1986, Rajavi moved from Paris to Iraq and set up a base on the Iranian border. The Battle of Dezful became a critical battle in Iranian military thinking. Less emphasis was placed on the Revolutionary Guard with its conventional tactics, and more emphasis was placed on the army with its unconventional tactics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2635",
"text": "In 2008, additional pay-TV licenses were granted to various companies in South Africa. As of January 2010, all of the companies were profitably offering services that ran the full gamut of what was allowed under the licenses. However, On Digital Media (ODM), have stated that they are on track to wind down some of their channels in May 2010, and that prices thereafter would be significantly cheaper than their competitor DStv. In 2012, DSTV announced that it would not add any more movie channels to its lineup of 8.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What punishment philosophy states that punishing further than necessary to achieve its end is moral?
|
88-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1374",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the unjust utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is still just. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony wouldn't require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment shouldn't necessarily be given a proportionately lesser one even if needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the practicality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1373",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is unjust. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony would require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment should be given a proportionately lesser one, since otherwise needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the impracticality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "88-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1373"
],
"pos_docid": "1374"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1373",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is unjust. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony would require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment should be given a proportionately lesser one, since otherwise needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the impracticality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1375",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is still just. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony wouldn't require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment shouldn't necessarily be given a proportionately lesser one even if needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the practicality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "301",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout and could hardly exceed anything faster than a slow pace when walking He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil ;II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "300",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout and could hardly walk. He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "302",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout, but still maintained his regimen of daily walks He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil ;II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2998",
"text": "The orbital nature of the motorway, in common with racetracks, lent itself to unofficial, and illegal, motor racing. At the end of the 1980s, before the advent of speed enforcement devices, owners of supercars would meet at night at service stations such as South Mimms and conduct time trials. Times below 1 hour were achieved – an average speed of over 117 mph (188 km/h), which included an unsanctioned detour around Dartford Tunnel road, to avoid the otherwise necessary halt at user charge payment booths. The winner received champagne rather than money. The \"Enfield Gazette\" referred to an \"M25 club\", and posters appeared near the M25 advertising the \"First London Cannonball Run\". The racing had mostly disappeared by the end of the 1980s and could not be done after speed cameras were introduced on the M25.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "55",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" didn't want the viewer's political opinions changed by Carson's tone or questions \".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1254",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about Yahweh and justice, laments inaction in punishing injustice, and looks for God's response—then objects to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1255",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about justice and laments the lack of action in punishing injustice in response to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "54",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \"didn't want it to become a political forum\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to influence the opinions of the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "56",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" wanted it to be comedy focused\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to bore the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1253",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about Yahweh's justice, laments God's inaction in punishing injustice, and looks for God's action in response—then objects to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "615",
"text": "In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental philosophy around Europe and acted as a clearinghouse for intellectual correspondence and exchange. Boyle was \"a founder of the experimental world in which scientists now live and operate\" and his method based knowledge on experimentation, which had to be witnessed to provide proper empirical legitimacy. This is where the Royal Society came into play: witnessing had to be a \"collective act\" and the Royal Society's assembly rooms were ideal locations for relatively public demonstrations. However, not just any witness was considered to be credible: \"Oxford professors were accounted more reliable witnesses than Oxfordshire peasants\". Two factors were taken into account: a witness's knowledge in the area and a witness's \"moral constitution\". In other words, only civil society were considered for Boyle's public.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "617",
"text": "In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental philosophy around Europe and acted as a clearinghouse for intellectual correspondence and exchange. Boyle was \"a founder of the experimental world in which scientists now live and operate\" and his method based knowledge on experimentation, which had to be witnessed to provide proper empirical legitimacy. This is where the Royal Society came into play: witnessing had to be a \"collective act\" and the Royal Society's assembly rooms were ideal locations for relatively public demonstrations. However, any witness was considered to be credible: \"Oxford professors were accounted no more reliable witnesses than Oxfordshire peasants\". No factors were taken into account: neither a witness's knowledge in the area nor a witness's \"moral constitution\". In other words, not only civil society were considered for Boyle's public.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1421",
"text": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. Generally, however, drug possession is an arrestable offense, although first-time offenders rarely serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1422",
"text": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. However, rarely is drug possession an arrestable offense, although first-time offenders may serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1423",
"text": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. Generally, however, drug possession is an arrestable offense and first-time offenders do serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3614",
"text": "On October 10, 1973, Agnew appeared before the federal court in Baltimore, and pleaded \"nolo contendere\" (no contest) to one felony charge, tax evasion, for the year 1967. Richardson agreed that there would be no further prosecution of Agnew, and released a 40-page summary of the evidence. Agnew was fined $10,000 and placed on three years' unsupervised probation. At the same time, Agnew submitted a formal letter of resignation to the Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, and sent a letter to Nixon stating he was resigning in the best interest of the nation. Nixon responded with a letter concurring that the resignation was necessary to avoid a lengthy period of division and uncertainty, and applauding Agnew for his patriotism and dedication to the welfare of the United States. House Minority Leader Gerald Ford, who would be Agnew's successor as vice president (and Nixon's as president) recalled that he heard the news while on the House floor and his first reaction was disbelief, his second sadness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3616",
"text": "On October 10, 1973, Agnew appeared before the federal court in Baltimore, and pleaded \"nolo contendere\" (no contest) to one felony charge, tax evasion, for the year 1967. Richardson agreed that there would be no further prosecution of Agnew, and released a 40-page summary of the evidence. Agnew was fined $10,000 and placed on three-years' probation, with the standard supervision requriements. At the same time, Agnew submitted a formal letter of resignation to the Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, and sent a letter to Nixon stating he was resigning in the best interest of the nation. Nixon responded with a letter concurring that the resignation was necessary to avoid a lengthy period of division and uncertainty, and applauding Agnew for his patriotism and dedication to the welfare of the United States. House Minority Leader Gerald Ford, who would be Agnew's successor as vice president (and Nixon's as president) recalled that he heard the news while on the House floor and his first reaction was disbelief, his second sadness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3615",
"text": "On October 10, 1973, Agnew appeared before the federal court in Baltimore, and pleaded \"nolo contendere\" (no contest) to one felony charge, tax evasion, for the year 1967. Richardson agreed that there would be no further prosecution of Agnew, and released a 40-page summary of the evidence. Agnew was fined $10,000, though his request for unsupervised probation was denied by the judge, and he was required to serve 3 years with the standard requirements of probation. At the same time, Agnew submitted a formal letter of resignation to the Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, and sent a letter to Nixon stating he was resigning in the best interest of the nation. Nixon responded with a letter concurring that the resignation was necessary to avoid a lengthy period of division and uncertainty, and applauding Agnew for his patriotism and dedication to the welfare of the United States. House Minority Leader Gerald Ford, who would be Agnew's successor as vice president (and Nixon's as president) recalled that he heard the news while on the House floor and his first reaction was disbelief, his second sadness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2530",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness and humour, while being unsure of its popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "93",
"text": "The Verdun lesson learnt, the Allies' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat. After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was unlikely and instead, switched tactics to a series of small unit actions. The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "94",
"text": "The Verdun lesson learnt, the Allies' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat. After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was likely and switched tactics to an unlikely series of small unit actions. The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "95",
"text": "The Verdun lesson learnt, the Allies' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat. After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was likely and switched tactics to a series of small unit actions. The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3120",
"text": "The Great Leap was an economic failure. Many uneducated farmers were pulled from farming and harvesting and instead instructed to produce steel on a massive scale, partially relying on backyard furnaces to achieve the production targets set by local cadres. The steel produced was of low quality and mostly useless. The Great Leap reduced harvest sizes and led to a decline in the production of most goods except substandard pig iron and steel. Furthermore, local authorities frequently exaggerated production numbers, hiding and intensifying the problem for several years. In the meantime, chaos in the collectives, bad weather, and exports of food necessary to secure hard currency resulted in the Great Chinese Famine. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically. The famine caused the deaths of more than 30 million people, particularly in the more impoverished inland regions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3122",
"text": "The Great Leap was an economic failure. Many farmers who were trained in the technical aspects of agriculture were pulled from farming and harvesting and instead applied their considerable skills to the production of steel on a massive scale, partially relying on backyard furnaces to achieve the production targets set by local cadres. The steel produced was of low quality and mostly useless. The Great Leap reduced harvest sizes and led to a decline in the production of most goods except substandard pig iron and steel. Furthermore, local authorities frequently exaggerated production numbers, hiding and intensifying the problem for several years. In the meantime, chaos in the collectives, bad weather, and exports of food necessary to secure hard currency resulted in the Great Chinese Famine. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically. The famine caused the deaths of more than 30 ;million people, particularly in the more impoverished inland regions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3121",
"text": "The Great Leap was an economic failure. Many farmers were pulled from farming and harvesting and instead given a crash course in how to produce steel on a massive scale, partially relying on backyard furnaces to achieve the production targets set by local cadres, who were otherwise uneducated in matters of industrial supervision. The steel produced was of low quality and mostly useless. The Great Leap reduced harvest sizes and led to a decline in the production of most goods except substandard pig iron and steel. Furthermore, local authorities frequently exaggerated production numbers, hiding and intensifying the problem for several years. In the meantime, chaos in the collectives, bad weather, and exports of food necessary to secure hard currency resulted in the Great Chinese Famine. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically. The famine caused the deaths of more than 30 ;million people, particularly in the more impoverished inland regions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "616",
"text": "In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental philosophy around Europe and acted as a clearinghouse for intellectual correspondence and exchange. Boyle was \"a founder of the experimental world in which scientists now live and operate\" and his method based knowledge on experimentation, which had to be witnessed to provide proper empirical legitimacy. This is where the Royal Society came into play: witnessing had to be a \"collective act\" and the Royal Society's assembly rooms were ideal locations for relatively public demonstrations. However, not just any witness was considered to be credible: \"Oxford professors were not accounted reliable witnesses, but Oxfordshire peasants were\". No factors were taken into account: neither a witness's knowledge in the area nor a witness's \"moral constitution\". In other words, not only civil society were considered for Boyle's public.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2529",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Though unsure of Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2531",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. In addition to being confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2997",
"text": "The orbital nature of the motorway, in common with racetracks, lent itself to unofficial, and illegal, motor racing. At the end of the 1980s, before the advent of speed enforcement devices, owners of supercars would meet at night at service stations such as South Mimms and conduct time trials. Times below 1 hour were achieved – an average speed of over 117 mph (188 km/h), which included coming to a halt at the Dartford Tunnel road user charge payment booths. The winner received champagne rather than money. The \"Enfield Gazette\" referred to an \"M25 club\", and posters appeared near the M25 advertising the \"First London Cannonball Run\". The racing had mostly disappeared by the end of the 1980s and could not be done after speed cameras were introduced on the M25.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2999",
"text": "The orbital nature of the motorway, in common with racetracks, lent itself to unofficial, and illegal, motor racing. At the end of the 1980s, before the advent of speed enforcement devices, owners of supercars would meet at night at service stations such as South Mimms and conduct time trials. Times below 1 hour were achieved – an average speed of over 117 mph (188 km/h), which included a high-speed dash straight through the empty Dartford Tunnel road user charge payment booths, which were unattended after midnight, when tolls were suspended. The winner received champagne rather than money. The \"Enfield Gazette\" referred to an \"M25 club\", and posters appeared near the M25 advertising the \"First London Cannonball Run\". The racing had mostly disappeared by the end of the 1980s and could not be done after speed cameras were introduced on the M25.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2403",
"text": "Pakistan's Supreme Court and the civilian courts cannot question decisions handed down by the military judges, and double jeopardy is prohibited. In cases where a member of the military is alleged to have committed a crime against a civilian, then the MoD and Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction. Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts. These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death. All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2404",
"text": "Pakistan's Supreme Court can question decisions handed down by the military judges, but civilian courts cannot, and double jeopardy is prohibited. In cases where a member of the military is alleged to have committed a crime against a civilian, then the MoD and Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction. Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts. These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death. All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2405",
"text": "Pakistan's Supreme Court and the civilian courts can question decisions handed down by the military judges, and double jeopardy is prohibited. In cases where a member of the military is alleged to have committed a crime against a civilian, then the MoD and Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction. Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts. These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death. All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3204",
"text": "Most states have Child Access Prevention Laws—laws designed to prevent children from accessing firearms. Each state varies in the degree of the severity of these laws. The toughest laws enforce criminal liability when a minor achieves access to a carelessly stored firearm. The weakest forbid people from directly providing a firearm to a minor. There is also a wide range of laws that fall in between the two extremes. One example is a law that enforces criminal liability for carelessly stored firearms, but only where the minor uses the firearm and causes death or serious injury. An example of a weaker law is a law that enforces liability only in the event of reckless, knowing or deliberate behavior by the adult. An earlier report published in 2018 concluded there was no single profile of a student attacker, and emphasized the importance of the threat assessment process instead. The threat assessment process described includes gathering information about student behaviors, negative or stressful events, and what resources are available for the student to overcome those challenges.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3205",
"text": "Most states have Child Access Prevention Laws—laws designed to prevent children from accessing firearms. Each state varies in the degree of the severity of these laws. The toughest laws enforce criminal liability when a minor achieves access to a carelessly stored firearm. The weakest forbid minors from directly providing a firearm to anybody. There is also a wide range of laws that fall in between the two extremes. One example is a law that enforces criminal liability for carelessly stored firearms, but only where the minor uses the firearm and causes death or serious injury. An example of a weaker law is a law that enforces liability only in the event of reckless, knowing or deliberate behavior by the adult. An earlier report published in 2018 concluded there was no single profile of a student attacker, and emphasized the importance of the threat assessment process instead. The threat assessment process described includes gathering information about student behaviors, negative or stressful events, and what resources are available for the student to overcome those challenges.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3206",
"text": "Most states have Child Access Prevention Laws—laws designed to prevent children from accessing firearms. Each state varies in the degree of the severity of these laws. The toughest laws enforce criminal liability when a minor achieves access to a carelessly stored firearm. The weakest prescribe people to directly provide firearms to minors. There is also a wide range of laws that fall in between the two extremes. One example is a law that enforces criminal liability for carelessly stored firearms, but only where the minor uses the firearm and causes death or serious injury. An example of a weaker law is a law that enforces liability only in the event of reckless, knowing or deliberate behavior by the adult. An earlier report published in 2018 concluded there was no single profile of a student attacker, and emphasized the importance of the threat assessment process instead. The threat assessment process described includes gathering information about student behaviors, negative or stressful events, and what resources are available for the student to overcome those challenges.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3503",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community, both regarding the lack of certificates and of awareness and LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3504",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community regarding the difficulty of obtaining a certificate despite an abundance of awareness and LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1074",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly uninvolved civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1076",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly nationalist militants who were disguised as civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3103",
"text": "Indonesia carries a maximum penalty of death for drug dealing, and a maximum of 15 years prison for drug use. In 2004, Australian citizen Schappelle Corby was convicted of smuggling 4.4 kilograms of cannabis into Bali, a crime that carried a maximum penalty of death. Her trial reached the verdict of guilty with a punishment of 20 years imprisonment. Corby admitted to be a drug mule. Australian citizens known as the \"Bali Nine\" were caught smuggling heroin. Two of the nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were executed April 29, 2015 along with six other foreign nationals. In August 2005, Australian model Michelle Leslie was arrested with two ecstasy pills. She pleaded guilty to possession and in November 2005 was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment, which she was deemed to have already served, and was released from prison immediately upon her admission of guilt on the charge of possession.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3502",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community, both regarding the difficulty of obtaining a certificate, and because of lack of awareness and lack of sensitivity to the issue among local public officials. LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1075",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly militants who were uninvolved in local unrest, but were strongly connected to the nationalist cause. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2896",
"text": "Hunted by the Inquisition and deserted by the nobles of their districts, the Cathars became more and more scattered fugitives: meeting surreptitiously in forests and mountain wilds. Later insurrections broke out under the leadership of Roger-Bernard II, Count of Foix, Aimery III of Narbonne, and Bernard Délicieux, a Franciscan friar later prosecuted for his adherence to another heretical movement, that of the Spiritual Franciscans at the beginning of the 14th century. But by this time the Inquisition had grown very powerful. Consequently, many presumed to be Cathars were summoned to appear before it. Precise indications of this are found in the registers of the Inquisitors, Bernard of Caux, Jean de St Pierre, Geoffroy d'Ablis, and others. The \"parfaits\", it was said, only rarely recanted, and hundreds were burnt. Repentant lay believers were punished, but their lives were spared as long as they did not relapse. Having recanted, they were obliged to sew yellow crosses onto their outdoor clothing and to live apart from other Catholics, at least for a while.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2897",
"text": "Hunted by the Inquisition and deserted by the nobles of their districts, the Cathars became more and more scattered fugitives: meeting surreptitiously in forests and mountain wilds. Later insurrections broke out under the leadership of Roger-Bernard II, Count of Foix, Aimery III of Narbonne, and Bernard Délicieux, a Franciscan friar later prosecuted for his adherence to another heretical movement, that of the Spiritual Franciscans at the beginning of the 14th century. But by this time the Inquisition had grown very powerful. Consequently, many presumed to be Cathars were summoned to appear before it. Precise indications of this are found in the registers of the Inquisitors, Bernard of Caux, Jean de St Pierre, Geoffroy d'Ablis, and others. The \"parfaits\", it was said, usually recanted, and rarely were burnt. Repentant lay believers were punished, but their lives were spared as long as they did not relapse. Having recanted, they were obliged to sew yellow crosses onto their outdoor clothing and to live apart from other Catholics, at least for a while.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2898",
"text": "Hunted by the Inquisition and deserted by the nobles of their districts, the Cathars became more and more scattered fugitives: meeting surreptitiously in forests and mountain wilds. Later insurrections broke out under the leadership of Roger-Bernard II, Count of Foix, Aimery III of Narbonne, and Bernard Délicieux, a Franciscan friar later prosecuted for his adherence to another heretical movement, that of the Spiritual Franciscans at the beginning of the 14th century. But by this time the Inquisition had grown very powerful. Consequently, many presumed to be Cathars were summoned to appear before it. Precise indications of this are found in the registers of the Inquisitors, Bernard of Caux, Jean de St Pierre, Geoffroy d'Ablis, and others. The \"parfaits\", it was said, usually recanted, though hundreds were still burnt. Repentant lay believers were punished, but their lives were spared as long as they did not relapse. Having recanted, they were obliged to sew yellow crosses onto their outdoor clothing and to live apart from other Catholics, at least for a while.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3101",
"text": "Indonesia carries a maximum penalty of death for drug dealing, and a maximum of 15 years prison for drug use. In 2004, Australian citizen Schappelle Corby was convicted of smuggling 4.4 kilograms of cannabis into Bali, a crime that carried a maximum penalty of death. Her trial reached the verdict of guilty with a punishment of 20 years imprisonment. Corby claimed to be an unwitting drug mule. Australian citizens known as the \"Bali Nine\" were caught smuggling heroin. Two of the nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were executed April 29, 2015 along with six other foreign nationals. In August 2005, Australian model Michelle Leslie was arrested with two ecstasy pills. She pleaded guilty to possession and in November 2005 was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment, which she was deemed to have already served, and was released from prison immediately upon her admission of guilt on the charge of possession.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3102",
"text": "Indonesia carries a maximum penalty of death for drug dealing, and a maximum of 15 years prison for drug use. In 2004, Australian citizen Schappelle Corby was convicted of smuggling 4.4 kilograms of cannabis into Bali, a crime that carried a maximum penalty of death. Her trial reached the verdict of guilty with a punishment of 20 years imprisonment. An unwitting Corby, foolishly agreed to be a drug mule. Australian citizens known as the \"Bali Nine\" were caught smuggling heroin. Two of the nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were executed April 29, 2015 along with six other foreign nationals. In August 2005, Australian model Michelle Leslie was arrested with two ecstasy pills. She pleaded guilty to possession and in November 2005 was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment, which she was deemed to have already served, and was released from prison immediately upon her admission of guilt on the charge of possession.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which punishment philosophy says that punishing further than necessary to achieve its end is unreasonable?
|
88-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1373",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is unjust. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony would require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment should be given a proportionately lesser one, since otherwise needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the impracticality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1375",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is still just. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony wouldn't require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment shouldn't necessarily be given a proportionately lesser one even if needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the practicality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "88-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1375"
],
"pos_docid": "1373"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1374",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the unjust utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is still just. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony wouldn't require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment shouldn't necessarily be given a proportionately lesser one even if needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the practicality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1375",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is still just. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony wouldn't require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment shouldn't necessarily be given a proportionately lesser one even if needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the practicality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2998",
"text": "The orbital nature of the motorway, in common with racetracks, lent itself to unofficial, and illegal, motor racing. At the end of the 1980s, before the advent of speed enforcement devices, owners of supercars would meet at night at service stations such as South Mimms and conduct time trials. Times below 1 hour were achieved – an average speed of over 117 mph (188 km/h), which included an unsanctioned detour around Dartford Tunnel road, to avoid the otherwise necessary halt at user charge payment booths. The winner received champagne rather than money. The \"Enfield Gazette\" referred to an \"M25 club\", and posters appeared near the M25 advertising the \"First London Cannonball Run\". The racing had mostly disappeared by the end of the 1980s and could not be done after speed cameras were introduced on the M25.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "55",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" didn't want the viewer's political opinions changed by Carson's tone or questions \".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1254",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about Yahweh and justice, laments inaction in punishing injustice, and looks for God's response—then objects to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1255",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about justice and laments the lack of action in punishing injustice in response to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "54",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \"didn't want it to become a political forum\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to influence the opinions of the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "56",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" wanted it to be comedy focused\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to bore the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1253",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about Yahweh's justice, laments God's inaction in punishing injustice, and looks for God's action in response—then objects to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "93",
"text": "The Verdun lesson learnt, the Allies' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat. After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was unlikely and instead, switched tactics to a series of small unit actions. The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "94",
"text": "The Verdun lesson learnt, the Allies' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat. After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was likely and switched tactics to an unlikely series of small unit actions. The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "95",
"text": "The Verdun lesson learnt, the Allies' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat. After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was likely and switched tactics to a series of small unit actions. The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2999",
"text": "The orbital nature of the motorway, in common with racetracks, lent itself to unofficial, and illegal, motor racing. At the end of the 1980s, before the advent of speed enforcement devices, owners of supercars would meet at night at service stations such as South Mimms and conduct time trials. Times below 1 hour were achieved – an average speed of over 117 mph (188 km/h), which included a high-speed dash straight through the empty Dartford Tunnel road user charge payment booths, which were unattended after midnight, when tolls were suspended. The winner received champagne rather than money. The \"Enfield Gazette\" referred to an \"M25 club\", and posters appeared near the M25 advertising the \"First London Cannonball Run\". The racing had mostly disappeared by the end of the 1980s and could not be done after speed cameras were introduced on the M25.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "301",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout and could hardly exceed anything faster than a slow pace when walking He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil ;II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2997",
"text": "The orbital nature of the motorway, in common with racetracks, lent itself to unofficial, and illegal, motor racing. At the end of the 1980s, before the advent of speed enforcement devices, owners of supercars would meet at night at service stations such as South Mimms and conduct time trials. Times below 1 hour were achieved – an average speed of over 117 mph (188 km/h), which included coming to a halt at the Dartford Tunnel road user charge payment booths. The winner received champagne rather than money. The \"Enfield Gazette\" referred to an \"M25 club\", and posters appeared near the M25 advertising the \"First London Cannonball Run\". The racing had mostly disappeared by the end of the 1980s and could not be done after speed cameras were introduced on the M25.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3120",
"text": "The Great Leap was an economic failure. Many uneducated farmers were pulled from farming and harvesting and instead instructed to produce steel on a massive scale, partially relying on backyard furnaces to achieve the production targets set by local cadres. The steel produced was of low quality and mostly useless. The Great Leap reduced harvest sizes and led to a decline in the production of most goods except substandard pig iron and steel. Furthermore, local authorities frequently exaggerated production numbers, hiding and intensifying the problem for several years. In the meantime, chaos in the collectives, bad weather, and exports of food necessary to secure hard currency resulted in the Great Chinese Famine. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically. The famine caused the deaths of more than 30 million people, particularly in the more impoverished inland regions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3103",
"text": "Indonesia carries a maximum penalty of death for drug dealing, and a maximum of 15 years prison for drug use. In 2004, Australian citizen Schappelle Corby was convicted of smuggling 4.4 kilograms of cannabis into Bali, a crime that carried a maximum penalty of death. Her trial reached the verdict of guilty with a punishment of 20 years imprisonment. Corby admitted to be a drug mule. Australian citizens known as the \"Bali Nine\" were caught smuggling heroin. Two of the nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were executed April 29, 2015 along with six other foreign nationals. In August 2005, Australian model Michelle Leslie was arrested with two ecstasy pills. She pleaded guilty to possession and in November 2005 was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment, which she was deemed to have already served, and was released from prison immediately upon her admission of guilt on the charge of possession.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3122",
"text": "The Great Leap was an economic failure. Many farmers who were trained in the technical aspects of agriculture were pulled from farming and harvesting and instead applied their considerable skills to the production of steel on a massive scale, partially relying on backyard furnaces to achieve the production targets set by local cadres. The steel produced was of low quality and mostly useless. The Great Leap reduced harvest sizes and led to a decline in the production of most goods except substandard pig iron and steel. Furthermore, local authorities frequently exaggerated production numbers, hiding and intensifying the problem for several years. In the meantime, chaos in the collectives, bad weather, and exports of food necessary to secure hard currency resulted in the Great Chinese Famine. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically. The famine caused the deaths of more than 30 ;million people, particularly in the more impoverished inland regions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3101",
"text": "Indonesia carries a maximum penalty of death for drug dealing, and a maximum of 15 years prison for drug use. In 2004, Australian citizen Schappelle Corby was convicted of smuggling 4.4 kilograms of cannabis into Bali, a crime that carried a maximum penalty of death. Her trial reached the verdict of guilty with a punishment of 20 years imprisonment. Corby claimed to be an unwitting drug mule. Australian citizens known as the \"Bali Nine\" were caught smuggling heroin. Two of the nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were executed April 29, 2015 along with six other foreign nationals. In August 2005, Australian model Michelle Leslie was arrested with two ecstasy pills. She pleaded guilty to possession and in November 2005 was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment, which she was deemed to have already served, and was released from prison immediately upon her admission of guilt on the charge of possession.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3102",
"text": "Indonesia carries a maximum penalty of death for drug dealing, and a maximum of 15 years prison for drug use. In 2004, Australian citizen Schappelle Corby was convicted of smuggling 4.4 kilograms of cannabis into Bali, a crime that carried a maximum penalty of death. Her trial reached the verdict of guilty with a punishment of 20 years imprisonment. An unwitting Corby, foolishly agreed to be a drug mule. Australian citizens known as the \"Bali Nine\" were caught smuggling heroin. Two of the nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were executed April 29, 2015 along with six other foreign nationals. In August 2005, Australian model Michelle Leslie was arrested with two ecstasy pills. She pleaded guilty to possession and in November 2005 was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment, which she was deemed to have already served, and was released from prison immediately upon her admission of guilt on the charge of possession.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3121",
"text": "The Great Leap was an economic failure. Many farmers were pulled from farming and harvesting and instead given a crash course in how to produce steel on a massive scale, partially relying on backyard furnaces to achieve the production targets set by local cadres, who were otherwise uneducated in matters of industrial supervision. The steel produced was of low quality and mostly useless. The Great Leap reduced harvest sizes and led to a decline in the production of most goods except substandard pig iron and steel. Furthermore, local authorities frequently exaggerated production numbers, hiding and intensifying the problem for several years. In the meantime, chaos in the collectives, bad weather, and exports of food necessary to secure hard currency resulted in the Great Chinese Famine. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically. The famine caused the deaths of more than 30 ;million people, particularly in the more impoverished inland regions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2758",
"text": "The \"Murphy Brown speech\" became one of the most memorable of the 1992 campaign. Long after the outcry had ended, the comment continued to have an effect on U.S. politics. Stephanie Coontz, a professor of family history and the author of several books and essays about the history of marriage, said that this brief remark by Quayle about Murphy Brown \"kicked off more than a decade of outcries against the 'collapse of the family. In 2002, Candice Bergen, the actress who played Brown, said \"I never have really said much about the whole episode, which was endless, but his speech was a perfectly intelligent speech about fathers not being dispensable and nobody agreed with that more than I did.\" Others interpreted it differently; singer Tanya Tucker was widely quoted as saying \"Who the hell is Dan Quayle to come after single mothers?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "939",
"text": "In Plutarch's account, Pompey was asked to stand for the consulship. Crassus wanted to become his colleague and asked Pompey for his assistance. As said in the \"Life of Crassus\", \"Pompey received his request gladly (for he was desirous of having Crassus, in some way or other, always in debt to him for some favor), eagerly promoted his candidature, and finally said in a speech to the assembly that he should be no less grateful to them for the colleague than for the office which he desired.\" However, in office, they did not remain friendly. They \"differed on almost every measure, and by their contentiousness, rendered their consulship barren politically and without achievement.\" Crassus displayed his wealth by realizing public sacrifices to Hercules, entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables and distributing sufficient grain to last each family three months, an act that had the additional ends of performing a previously made religious vow of a tithe to the demigod Hercules and also to gain support among the members of the popular party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "941",
"text": "In Plutarch's account, Pompey was asked to stand for the consulship. Crassus wanted to become his colleague and asked Pompey for his assistance. As said in the \"Life of Crassus\", \"Pompey received his request gladly (for he was desirous of having Crassus, in some way or other, always in debt to him for some favor), eagerly promoted his candidature, and finally said in a speech to the assembly that he should be no less grateful to them for the colleague than for the office which he desired.\" Once in office, they remained friendly. They \"agreed on almost every measure, and with their obliging rapport, rendered their consulship a success politically and with many achievements.\" Crassus displayed his wealth by realizing public sacrifices to Hercules, entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables and distributing sufficient grain to last each family three months, an act that had the additional ends of performing a previously made religious vow of a tithe to the demigod Hercules and also to gain support among the members of the popular party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2403",
"text": "Pakistan's Supreme Court and the civilian courts cannot question decisions handed down by the military judges, and double jeopardy is prohibited. In cases where a member of the military is alleged to have committed a crime against a civilian, then the MoD and Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction. Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts. These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death. All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2404",
"text": "Pakistan's Supreme Court can question decisions handed down by the military judges, but civilian courts cannot, and double jeopardy is prohibited. In cases where a member of the military is alleged to have committed a crime against a civilian, then the MoD and Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction. Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts. These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death. All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2405",
"text": "Pakistan's Supreme Court and the civilian courts can question decisions handed down by the military judges, and double jeopardy is prohibited. In cases where a member of the military is alleged to have committed a crime against a civilian, then the MoD and Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction. Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts. These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death. All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "940",
"text": "In Plutarch's account, Pompey was asked to stand for the consulship. Crassus wanted to become his colleague and asked Pompey for his assistance. As said in the \"Life of Crassus\", \"Pompey received his request gladly (for he was desirous of having Crassus, in some way or other, always in debt to him for some favor), eagerly promoted his candidature, and finally said in a speech to the assembly that he should be no less grateful to them for the colleague than for the office which he desired.\" However, in office while they remained friendly with each other, they did not establish a friendly relationship with the assembly. They \"differed on almost every measure, and by their contentiousness, rendered their consulship barren politically and without achievement.\" Crassus displayed his wealth by realizing public sacrifices to Hercules, entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables and distributing sufficient grain to last each family three months, an act that had the additional ends of performing a previously made religious vow of a tithe to the demigod Hercules and also lost support among the members of the popular party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "300",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout and could hardly walk. He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3503",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community, both regarding the lack of certificates and of awareness and LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3504",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community regarding the difficulty of obtaining a certificate despite an abundance of awareness and LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1074",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly uninvolved civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1076",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly nationalist militants who were disguised as civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1421",
"text": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. Generally, however, drug possession is an arrestable offense, although first-time offenders rarely serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1422",
"text": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. However, rarely is drug possession an arrestable offense, although first-time offenders may serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1423",
"text": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. Generally, however, drug possession is an arrestable offense and first-time offenders do serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "302",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout, but still maintained his regimen of daily walks He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil ;II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3502",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community, both regarding the difficulty of obtaining a certificate, and because of lack of awareness and lack of sensitivity to the issue among local public officials. LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3251",
"text": "\"I want to make a profound and continuous study of ancient nations. The enthusiasm brought me by the study of their monuments, their power and knowledge filling me with admiration, all of this will grow further as I acquire new notions. Of all the people that I prefer, I shall say that all have more importance in my heart than the Egyptians.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1075",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly militants who were uninvolved in local unrest, but were strongly connected to the nationalist cause. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2896",
"text": "Hunted by the Inquisition and deserted by the nobles of their districts, the Cathars became more and more scattered fugitives: meeting surreptitiously in forests and mountain wilds. Later insurrections broke out under the leadership of Roger-Bernard II, Count of Foix, Aimery III of Narbonne, and Bernard Délicieux, a Franciscan friar later prosecuted for his adherence to another heretical movement, that of the Spiritual Franciscans at the beginning of the 14th century. But by this time the Inquisition had grown very powerful. Consequently, many presumed to be Cathars were summoned to appear before it. Precise indications of this are found in the registers of the Inquisitors, Bernard of Caux, Jean de St Pierre, Geoffroy d'Ablis, and others. The \"parfaits\", it was said, only rarely recanted, and hundreds were burnt. Repentant lay believers were punished, but their lives were spared as long as they did not relapse. Having recanted, they were obliged to sew yellow crosses onto their outdoor clothing and to live apart from other Catholics, at least for a while.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2897",
"text": "Hunted by the Inquisition and deserted by the nobles of their districts, the Cathars became more and more scattered fugitives: meeting surreptitiously in forests and mountain wilds. Later insurrections broke out under the leadership of Roger-Bernard II, Count of Foix, Aimery III of Narbonne, and Bernard Délicieux, a Franciscan friar later prosecuted for his adherence to another heretical movement, that of the Spiritual Franciscans at the beginning of the 14th century. But by this time the Inquisition had grown very powerful. Consequently, many presumed to be Cathars were summoned to appear before it. Precise indications of this are found in the registers of the Inquisitors, Bernard of Caux, Jean de St Pierre, Geoffroy d'Ablis, and others. The \"parfaits\", it was said, usually recanted, and rarely were burnt. Repentant lay believers were punished, but their lives were spared as long as they did not relapse. Having recanted, they were obliged to sew yellow crosses onto their outdoor clothing and to live apart from other Catholics, at least for a while.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2898",
"text": "Hunted by the Inquisition and deserted by the nobles of their districts, the Cathars became more and more scattered fugitives: meeting surreptitiously in forests and mountain wilds. Later insurrections broke out under the leadership of Roger-Bernard II, Count of Foix, Aimery III of Narbonne, and Bernard Délicieux, a Franciscan friar later prosecuted for his adherence to another heretical movement, that of the Spiritual Franciscans at the beginning of the 14th century. But by this time the Inquisition had grown very powerful. Consequently, many presumed to be Cathars were summoned to appear before it. Precise indications of this are found in the registers of the Inquisitors, Bernard of Caux, Jean de St Pierre, Geoffroy d'Ablis, and others. The \"parfaits\", it was said, usually recanted, though hundreds were still burnt. Repentant lay believers were punished, but their lives were spared as long as they did not relapse. Having recanted, they were obliged to sew yellow crosses onto their outdoor clothing and to live apart from other Catholics, at least for a while.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "183",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is found in almost every food in low to moderate proportions to enhance flavor, although to eat pure salt is regarded as highly unpleasant. There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Other than enhancing flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "185",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is found in almost every food in low to moderate proportions to enhance flavor, and to eat pure salt is regarded as highly pleasant . There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Other than enhancing flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2759",
"text": "The \"Murphy Brown speech\" became one of the most memorable of the 1992 campaign. Long after the outcry had ended, the comment continued to have an effect on U.S. politics. Stephanie Coontz, a professor of family history and the author of several books and essays about the history of marriage, said that this brief remark by Quayle about Murphy Brown \"kicked off more than a decade of outcries against the 'collapse of the family. In 2002, Candice Bergen, the actress who played Brown, said \"I never have really said much about the whole episode, which was endless, but his speech was a completely incoherent speech about fathers being dispensable and nobody, including me, agreed with that.\" Others interpreted it differently; singer Tanya Tucker was widely quoted as saying \"Who the hell is Dan Quayle to come after single mothers?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2760",
"text": "The \"Murphy Brown speech\" became one of the most memorable of the 1992 campaign. Long after the outcry had ended, the comment continued to have an effect on U.S. politics. Stephanie Coontz, a professor of family history and the author of several books and essays about the history of marriage, said that this brief remark by Quayle about Murphy Brown \"kicked off more than a decade of outcries against the 'collapse of the family. In 2002, Candice Bergen, the actress who played Brown, said \"I never have really said much about the whole episode, which was endless, but his speech was a perfectly intelligent speech about fathers not being dispensable and everybody agreed with that but me.\" Others interpreted it differently; singer Tanya Tucker was widely quoted as saying \"Who the hell is Dan Quayle to come after single mothers?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3267",
"text": "Iran was further distracted by internal fighting between the regime and the Islamic Marxist \"Mujaheddin e-Khalq\" (MEK) on the streets of Iran's major cities in June 1981 and again in September. After the end of these battles, the MEK gradually leaned towards Saddam, completely taking his side by the mid-1980s. In 1986, Rajavi moved from Paris to Iraq and set up a base on the Iranian border. The Battle of Dezful became a critical battle in Iranian military thinking. Less emphasis was placed on the Army with its conventional tactics, and more emphasis was placed on the Revolutionary Guard with its unconventional tactics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3268",
"text": "Iran was further distracted by internal fighting between the regime and the Islamic Marxist \"Mujaheddin e-Khalq\" (MEK) on the streets of Iran's major cities in June 1981 and again in September. After the end of these battles, the MEK gradually leaned towards Saddam, completely taking his side by the mid-1980s. In 1986, Rajavi moved from Paris to Iraq and set up a base on the Iranian border. The Battle of Dezful became a critical battle in Iranian military thinking. Less emphasis was placed on the Revolutionary Guard with its conventional tactics, and more emphasis was placed on the army with its unconventional tactics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "670",
"text": "The show further lampooned the controversy surrounding its use of profanity, as well as the media attention surrounding the network show \"Chicago Hopes singular use of the word \"shit\", with the season five premiere \"It Hits the Fan\", in which the word \"shit\" is said 162 times without being bleeped for censorship purposes, while also appearing uncensored in written form. In the days following the show's original airing, 5,000 disapproving e-mails were sent to Comedy Central. Despite its characters' 43 gratuitous uses of the racial slur \"nigger\" (which were technically allowed to air, but which the writers ostentatiously censored in all versions of the episode), the season 11 episode \"With Apologies to Jesse Jackson\" generated relatively little controversy, as most in the black community and the NAACP praised the episode for its context and its comedic way of conveying other races' perceptions of how black people feel when hearing the word.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which punishment philosophy says that punishing further than necessary to achieve its end is reasonable?
|
88-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1375",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is still just. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony wouldn't require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment shouldn't necessarily be given a proportionately lesser one even if needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the practicality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1373",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is unjust. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony would require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment should be given a proportionately lesser one, since otherwise needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the impracticality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "88-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1373"
],
"pos_docid": "1375"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1373",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is unjust. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony would require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment should be given a proportionately lesser one, since otherwise needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the impracticality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1374",
"text": "In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the unjust utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham's \"parsimony principle\" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is still just. The concept is related but not identical to the legal concept of proportionality. Parsimony is a key consideration of the modern restorative justice, and is a component of utilitarian approaches to punishment, as well as the prison abolition movement. Bentham believed that true parsimony wouldn't require punishment to be individualised to take account of the sensibility of the individual—an individual more sensitive to punishment shouldn't necessarily be given a proportionately lesser one even if needless pain would be inflicted. Later utilitarian writers have tended to abandon this idea, in large part due to the practicality of determining each alleged criminal's relative sensitivity to specific punishments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2998",
"text": "The orbital nature of the motorway, in common with racetracks, lent itself to unofficial, and illegal, motor racing. At the end of the 1980s, before the advent of speed enforcement devices, owners of supercars would meet at night at service stations such as South Mimms and conduct time trials. Times below 1 hour were achieved – an average speed of over 117 mph (188 km/h), which included an unsanctioned detour around Dartford Tunnel road, to avoid the otherwise necessary halt at user charge payment booths. The winner received champagne rather than money. The \"Enfield Gazette\" referred to an \"M25 club\", and posters appeared near the M25 advertising the \"First London Cannonball Run\". The racing had mostly disappeared by the end of the 1980s and could not be done after speed cameras were introduced on the M25.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "55",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" didn't want the viewer's political opinions changed by Carson's tone or questions \".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1254",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about Yahweh and justice, laments inaction in punishing injustice, and looks for God's response—then objects to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1255",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about justice and laments the lack of action in punishing injustice in response to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "54",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \"didn't want it to become a political forum\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to influence the opinions of the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "56",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" wanted it to be comedy focused\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to bore the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1253",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about Yahweh's justice, laments God's inaction in punishing injustice, and looks for God's action in response—then objects to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2436",
"text": "The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the idea of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature may not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler (assuming, as is often the case, that the surrounding environment is cooler than the objects being viewed). When an object has less than perfect emissivity, it obtains properties of reflectivity and/or transparency, and so the temperature of the surrounding environment is partially reflected by and/or transmitted through the object. If the object were in a hotter environment, then a lower emissivity object at the same temperature would likely appear to be hotter than a more emissive one. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity and not accounting for environmental temperatures will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2437",
"text": "The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the idea of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature may not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler (assuming, as is often the case, that the surrounding environment is cooler than the objects being viewed). When an object has less than perfect emissivity, it obtains properties of reflectivity and/or transparency, and so the temperature of the surrounding environment is partially reflected by and/or transmitted through the object. If the object were in a hotter environment, then a lower emissivity object at the same temperature would likely appear to be hotter than a more emissive one. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity and not accounting for environmental temperatures will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras, however pyrometers are unaffected.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "93",
"text": "The Verdun lesson learnt, the Allies' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat. After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was unlikely and instead, switched tactics to a series of small unit actions. The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "94",
"text": "The Verdun lesson learnt, the Allies' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat. After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was likely and switched tactics to an unlikely series of small unit actions. The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "95",
"text": "The Verdun lesson learnt, the Allies' tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the Allied air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat. After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was likely and switched tactics to a series of small unit actions. The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2999",
"text": "The orbital nature of the motorway, in common with racetracks, lent itself to unofficial, and illegal, motor racing. At the end of the 1980s, before the advent of speed enforcement devices, owners of supercars would meet at night at service stations such as South Mimms and conduct time trials. Times below 1 hour were achieved – an average speed of over 117 mph (188 km/h), which included a high-speed dash straight through the empty Dartford Tunnel road user charge payment booths, which were unattended after midnight, when tolls were suspended. The winner received champagne rather than money. The \"Enfield Gazette\" referred to an \"M25 club\", and posters appeared near the M25 advertising the \"First London Cannonball Run\". The racing had mostly disappeared by the end of the 1980s and could not be done after speed cameras were introduced on the M25.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "301",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout and could hardly exceed anything faster than a slow pace when walking He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil ;II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2997",
"text": "The orbital nature of the motorway, in common with racetracks, lent itself to unofficial, and illegal, motor racing. At the end of the 1980s, before the advent of speed enforcement devices, owners of supercars would meet at night at service stations such as South Mimms and conduct time trials. Times below 1 hour were achieved – an average speed of over 117 mph (188 km/h), which included coming to a halt at the Dartford Tunnel road user charge payment booths. The winner received champagne rather than money. The \"Enfield Gazette\" referred to an \"M25 club\", and posters appeared near the M25 advertising the \"First London Cannonball Run\". The racing had mostly disappeared by the end of the 1980s and could not be done after speed cameras were introduced on the M25.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3120",
"text": "The Great Leap was an economic failure. Many uneducated farmers were pulled from farming and harvesting and instead instructed to produce steel on a massive scale, partially relying on backyard furnaces to achieve the production targets set by local cadres. The steel produced was of low quality and mostly useless. The Great Leap reduced harvest sizes and led to a decline in the production of most goods except substandard pig iron and steel. Furthermore, local authorities frequently exaggerated production numbers, hiding and intensifying the problem for several years. In the meantime, chaos in the collectives, bad weather, and exports of food necessary to secure hard currency resulted in the Great Chinese Famine. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically. The famine caused the deaths of more than 30 million people, particularly in the more impoverished inland regions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3103",
"text": "Indonesia carries a maximum penalty of death for drug dealing, and a maximum of 15 years prison for drug use. In 2004, Australian citizen Schappelle Corby was convicted of smuggling 4.4 kilograms of cannabis into Bali, a crime that carried a maximum penalty of death. Her trial reached the verdict of guilty with a punishment of 20 years imprisonment. Corby admitted to be a drug mule. Australian citizens known as the \"Bali Nine\" were caught smuggling heroin. Two of the nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were executed April 29, 2015 along with six other foreign nationals. In August 2005, Australian model Michelle Leslie was arrested with two ecstasy pills. She pleaded guilty to possession and in November 2005 was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment, which she was deemed to have already served, and was released from prison immediately upon her admission of guilt on the charge of possession.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3122",
"text": "The Great Leap was an economic failure. Many farmers who were trained in the technical aspects of agriculture were pulled from farming and harvesting and instead applied their considerable skills to the production of steel on a massive scale, partially relying on backyard furnaces to achieve the production targets set by local cadres. The steel produced was of low quality and mostly useless. The Great Leap reduced harvest sizes and led to a decline in the production of most goods except substandard pig iron and steel. Furthermore, local authorities frequently exaggerated production numbers, hiding and intensifying the problem for several years. In the meantime, chaos in the collectives, bad weather, and exports of food necessary to secure hard currency resulted in the Great Chinese Famine. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically. The famine caused the deaths of more than 30 ;million people, particularly in the more impoverished inland regions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3101",
"text": "Indonesia carries a maximum penalty of death for drug dealing, and a maximum of 15 years prison for drug use. In 2004, Australian citizen Schappelle Corby was convicted of smuggling 4.4 kilograms of cannabis into Bali, a crime that carried a maximum penalty of death. Her trial reached the verdict of guilty with a punishment of 20 years imprisonment. Corby claimed to be an unwitting drug mule. Australian citizens known as the \"Bali Nine\" were caught smuggling heroin. Two of the nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were executed April 29, 2015 along with six other foreign nationals. In August 2005, Australian model Michelle Leslie was arrested with two ecstasy pills. She pleaded guilty to possession and in November 2005 was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment, which she was deemed to have already served, and was released from prison immediately upon her admission of guilt on the charge of possession.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3102",
"text": "Indonesia carries a maximum penalty of death for drug dealing, and a maximum of 15 years prison for drug use. In 2004, Australian citizen Schappelle Corby was convicted of smuggling 4.4 kilograms of cannabis into Bali, a crime that carried a maximum penalty of death. Her trial reached the verdict of guilty with a punishment of 20 years imprisonment. An unwitting Corby, foolishly agreed to be a drug mule. Australian citizens known as the \"Bali Nine\" were caught smuggling heroin. Two of the nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, were executed April 29, 2015 along with six other foreign nationals. In August 2005, Australian model Michelle Leslie was arrested with two ecstasy pills. She pleaded guilty to possession and in November 2005 was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment, which she was deemed to have already served, and was released from prison immediately upon her admission of guilt on the charge of possession.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3121",
"text": "The Great Leap was an economic failure. Many farmers were pulled from farming and harvesting and instead given a crash course in how to produce steel on a massive scale, partially relying on backyard furnaces to achieve the production targets set by local cadres, who were otherwise uneducated in matters of industrial supervision. The steel produced was of low quality and mostly useless. The Great Leap reduced harvest sizes and led to a decline in the production of most goods except substandard pig iron and steel. Furthermore, local authorities frequently exaggerated production numbers, hiding and intensifying the problem for several years. In the meantime, chaos in the collectives, bad weather, and exports of food necessary to secure hard currency resulted in the Great Chinese Famine. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically. The famine caused the deaths of more than 30 ;million people, particularly in the more impoverished inland regions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1597",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the lack of a large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1598",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the chaotic nature of a large indigenous labor force, the population's lack of ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1599",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the very large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2758",
"text": "The \"Murphy Brown speech\" became one of the most memorable of the 1992 campaign. Long after the outcry had ended, the comment continued to have an effect on U.S. politics. Stephanie Coontz, a professor of family history and the author of several books and essays about the history of marriage, said that this brief remark by Quayle about Murphy Brown \"kicked off more than a decade of outcries against the 'collapse of the family. In 2002, Candice Bergen, the actress who played Brown, said \"I never have really said much about the whole episode, which was endless, but his speech was a perfectly intelligent speech about fathers not being dispensable and nobody agreed with that more than I did.\" Others interpreted it differently; singer Tanya Tucker was widely quoted as saying \"Who the hell is Dan Quayle to come after single mothers?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "939",
"text": "In Plutarch's account, Pompey was asked to stand for the consulship. Crassus wanted to become his colleague and asked Pompey for his assistance. As said in the \"Life of Crassus\", \"Pompey received his request gladly (for he was desirous of having Crassus, in some way or other, always in debt to him for some favor), eagerly promoted his candidature, and finally said in a speech to the assembly that he should be no less grateful to them for the colleague than for the office which he desired.\" However, in office, they did not remain friendly. They \"differed on almost every measure, and by their contentiousness, rendered their consulship barren politically and without achievement.\" Crassus displayed his wealth by realizing public sacrifices to Hercules, entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables and distributing sufficient grain to last each family three months, an act that had the additional ends of performing a previously made religious vow of a tithe to the demigod Hercules and also to gain support among the members of the popular party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "941",
"text": "In Plutarch's account, Pompey was asked to stand for the consulship. Crassus wanted to become his colleague and asked Pompey for his assistance. As said in the \"Life of Crassus\", \"Pompey received his request gladly (for he was desirous of having Crassus, in some way or other, always in debt to him for some favor), eagerly promoted his candidature, and finally said in a speech to the assembly that he should be no less grateful to them for the colleague than for the office which he desired.\" Once in office, they remained friendly. They \"agreed on almost every measure, and with their obliging rapport, rendered their consulship a success politically and with many achievements.\" Crassus displayed his wealth by realizing public sacrifices to Hercules, entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables and distributing sufficient grain to last each family three months, an act that had the additional ends of performing a previously made religious vow of a tithe to the demigod Hercules and also to gain support among the members of the popular party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2403",
"text": "Pakistan's Supreme Court and the civilian courts cannot question decisions handed down by the military judges, and double jeopardy is prohibited. In cases where a member of the military is alleged to have committed a crime against a civilian, then the MoD and Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction. Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts. These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death. All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2404",
"text": "Pakistan's Supreme Court can question decisions handed down by the military judges, but civilian courts cannot, and double jeopardy is prohibited. In cases where a member of the military is alleged to have committed a crime against a civilian, then the MoD and Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction. Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts. These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death. All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2405",
"text": "Pakistan's Supreme Court and the civilian courts can question decisions handed down by the military judges, and double jeopardy is prohibited. In cases where a member of the military is alleged to have committed a crime against a civilian, then the MoD and Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction. Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts. These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death. All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "940",
"text": "In Plutarch's account, Pompey was asked to stand for the consulship. Crassus wanted to become his colleague and asked Pompey for his assistance. As said in the \"Life of Crassus\", \"Pompey received his request gladly (for he was desirous of having Crassus, in some way or other, always in debt to him for some favor), eagerly promoted his candidature, and finally said in a speech to the assembly that he should be no less grateful to them for the colleague than for the office which he desired.\" However, in office while they remained friendly with each other, they did not establish a friendly relationship with the assembly. They \"differed on almost every measure, and by their contentiousness, rendered their consulship barren politically and without achievement.\" Crassus displayed his wealth by realizing public sacrifices to Hercules, entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables and distributing sufficient grain to last each family three months, an act that had the additional ends of performing a previously made religious vow of a tithe to the demigod Hercules and also lost support among the members of the popular party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "300",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout and could hardly walk. He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3503",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community, both regarding the lack of certificates and of awareness and LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3504",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community regarding the difficulty of obtaining a certificate despite an abundance of awareness and LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1074",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly uninvolved civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1076",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly nationalist militants who were disguised as civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1421",
"text": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. Generally, however, drug possession is an arrestable offense, although first-time offenders rarely serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1422",
"text": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. However, rarely is drug possession an arrestable offense, although first-time offenders may serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1423",
"text": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. Generally, however, drug possession is an arrestable offense and first-time offenders do serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "302",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout, but still maintained his regimen of daily walks He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil ;II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3502",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community, both regarding the difficulty of obtaining a certificate, and because of lack of awareness and lack of sensitivity to the issue among local public officials. LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3251",
"text": "\"I want to make a profound and continuous study of ancient nations. The enthusiasm brought me by the study of their monuments, their power and knowledge filling me with admiration, all of this will grow further as I acquire new notions. Of all the people that I prefer, I shall say that all have more importance in my heart than the Egyptians.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1075",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly militants who were uninvolved in local unrest, but were strongly connected to the nationalist cause. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2896",
"text": "Hunted by the Inquisition and deserted by the nobles of their districts, the Cathars became more and more scattered fugitives: meeting surreptitiously in forests and mountain wilds. Later insurrections broke out under the leadership of Roger-Bernard II, Count of Foix, Aimery III of Narbonne, and Bernard Délicieux, a Franciscan friar later prosecuted for his adherence to another heretical movement, that of the Spiritual Franciscans at the beginning of the 14th century. But by this time the Inquisition had grown very powerful. Consequently, many presumed to be Cathars were summoned to appear before it. Precise indications of this are found in the registers of the Inquisitors, Bernard of Caux, Jean de St Pierre, Geoffroy d'Ablis, and others. The \"parfaits\", it was said, only rarely recanted, and hundreds were burnt. Repentant lay believers were punished, but their lives were spared as long as they did not relapse. Having recanted, they were obliged to sew yellow crosses onto their outdoor clothing and to live apart from other Catholics, at least for a while.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2897",
"text": "Hunted by the Inquisition and deserted by the nobles of their districts, the Cathars became more and more scattered fugitives: meeting surreptitiously in forests and mountain wilds. Later insurrections broke out under the leadership of Roger-Bernard II, Count of Foix, Aimery III of Narbonne, and Bernard Délicieux, a Franciscan friar later prosecuted for his adherence to another heretical movement, that of the Spiritual Franciscans at the beginning of the 14th century. But by this time the Inquisition had grown very powerful. Consequently, many presumed to be Cathars were summoned to appear before it. Precise indications of this are found in the registers of the Inquisitors, Bernard of Caux, Jean de St Pierre, Geoffroy d'Ablis, and others. The \"parfaits\", it was said, usually recanted, and rarely were burnt. Repentant lay believers were punished, but their lives were spared as long as they did not relapse. Having recanted, they were obliged to sew yellow crosses onto their outdoor clothing and to live apart from other Catholics, at least for a while.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2898",
"text": "Hunted by the Inquisition and deserted by the nobles of their districts, the Cathars became more and more scattered fugitives: meeting surreptitiously in forests and mountain wilds. Later insurrections broke out under the leadership of Roger-Bernard II, Count of Foix, Aimery III of Narbonne, and Bernard Délicieux, a Franciscan friar later prosecuted for his adherence to another heretical movement, that of the Spiritual Franciscans at the beginning of the 14th century. But by this time the Inquisition had grown very powerful. Consequently, many presumed to be Cathars were summoned to appear before it. Precise indications of this are found in the registers of the Inquisitors, Bernard of Caux, Jean de St Pierre, Geoffroy d'Ablis, and others. The \"parfaits\", it was said, usually recanted, though hundreds were still burnt. Repentant lay believers were punished, but their lives were spared as long as they did not relapse. Having recanted, they were obliged to sew yellow crosses onto their outdoor clothing and to live apart from other Catholics, at least for a while.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "183",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is found in almost every food in low to moderate proportions to enhance flavor, although to eat pure salt is regarded as highly unpleasant. There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Other than enhancing flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "185",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is found in almost every food in low to moderate proportions to enhance flavor, and to eat pure salt is regarded as highly pleasant . There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Other than enhancing flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which town was food insecure?
|
886-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1376",
"text": "John Smith convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter. The lack of food security leading to extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for despair among the colonists. To support the colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on African slave labor to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1377",
"text": "John Smith luckily convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold early on was helping take care of their needs for food and shelter. The strong food security leading to extremely high survival rate was quite satisfying and cause for assurance among the colonists. To support the colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on their own labor due to a lack of African slave labor being used to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "886-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1377"
],
"pos_docid": "1376"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "184",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is not found in many foods even in low to moderate proportions due to its unpleasant flavor. There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Despite the flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer, and must be diluted to be palatable. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "183",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is found in almost every food in low to moderate proportions to enhance flavor, although to eat pure salt is regarded as highly unpleasant. There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Other than enhancing flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "185",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is found in almost every food in low to moderate proportions to enhance flavor, and to eat pure salt is regarded as highly pleasant . There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Other than enhancing flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1827",
"text": "As with \"Dracula\", critics have looked for the sources used in the writing of \"Carmilla\". One source used was from a dissertation on magic, vampires, and the apparitions of spirits written by Dom Augustin Calmet entitled \"Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenants de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.\" (1751). This is evidenced by a report analyzed by Calmet, from a priest who learned information of a town being tormented by a vampiric entity three years earlier. Having traveled to the town to investigate and collecting information of the various inhabitants there, the priest learned that a vampire had tormented many of the inhabitants at night by coming from the nearby cemetery and would haunt many of the residents on their beds. An unknown Hungarian traveler came to the town during this period and helped the town by setting a trap at the cemetery and decapitating the vampire that resided there, curing the town of their torment. This story was retold by Le Fanu and adapted into the thirteenth chapter of Carmilla",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1829",
"text": "As with \"Dracula\", critics have looked for the sources used in the writing of \"Carmilla\". One source used was from a dissertation on magic, vampires, and the apparitions of spirits written by Dom Augustin Calmet entitled \"Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenants de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.\" (1751). This is evidenced by a report analyzed by Calmet, from a priest who learned information of a town being tormented by a vampiric entity three years earlier. Having traveled to the town to investigate and collecting information of the various inhabitants there, the priest learned that a vampire had tormented many of the inhabitants at night by coming from the nearby cemetery and would haunt many of the residents on their beds. A Hungarian traveler, since lauded and famous in the town, arrived during this period and helped the town by showing them how to build and set a trap at the cemetery that would allow him (or indeed any able-bodied man) to decapitate the vampire that resided there, curing the town of their torment. This story was retold by Le Fanu and adapted into the thirteenth chapter of Carmilla",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "744",
"text": "Several English and Welsh sports organisations are nicknamed \"the Robins\". The nickname is typically used for teams whose home colours predominantly use red. These include the professional football clubs Bristol City, Crewe Alexandra, Swindon Town, Cheltenham Town (with Bristol City (as of 2019), Swindon Town, and Cheltenham Town also incorporating a robin image in their current badge designs), and, traditionally, Wrexham FC, as well as the English rugby league team the Hull Kingston Rovers (whose home colours are white with a red band). A small bird is an unusual choice, although it is thought to symbolise agility in darting around the field.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "746",
"text": "Several English and Welsh sports organisations are nicknamed \"the Robins\". The nickname is typically used for teams whose home colours predominantly use red. These include the professional football clubs Bristol City, Crewe Alexandra, Swindon Town, Cheltenham Town (with Bristol City (as of 2019), Swindon Town, and Cheltenham Town also incorporating a robin image in their current badge designs), and, traditionally, Wrexham FC, as well as the English rugby league team the Hull Kingston Rovers (whose home colours are white with a red band). A small bird is a common choice for a football team, as it stresses the agility in darting around the field that all teams aspire to.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "168",
"text": "The United States declared war upon Germany in April 1917 after Germany engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare against American vessels in British waters. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "745",
"text": "Several English and Welsh sports organisations are nicknamed \"the Robins\". The nickname is typically used for teams whose home colours predominantly use red. These include the professional football clubs Bristol City, Crewe Alexandra, Swindon Town, Cheltenham Town (with Bristol City (as of 2019), Swindon Town, and Cheltenham Town also incorporating a robin image in their current badge designs), and, traditionally, Wrexham FC, as well as the English rugby league team the Hull Kingston Rovers (whose home colours are white with a red band). A small bird is actually quite a common choice for a football team, as it is thought to symbolise the team's unusually strong levels of agility in darting around the field.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "169",
"text": "The United States declared unrestricted war upon Germany in April 1917, even as German submarines continued to target American military vessels that were seen as providing material aid to the enemy in British waters. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "170",
"text": "The United States declared war upon Germany in April 1917 after fears of German submarines in their careful and controlled targeting of British military shipping was nonetheless harming American trade relations. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1828",
"text": "As with \"Dracula\", critics have looked for the sources used in the writing of \"Carmilla\". One source used was from a dissertation on magic, vampires, and the apparitions of spirits written by Dom Augustin Calmet entitled \"Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenants de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.\" (1751). This is evidenced by a report analyzed by Calmet, from a priest who learned information of a town being tormented by a vampiric entity three years earlier. Having traveled to the town to investigate and collecting information of the various inhabitants there, the priest learned that a vampire had tormented many of the inhabitants at night by coming from the nearby cemetery and would haunt many of the residents on their beds. A Hungarian traveler, since lauded and famous in the town, arrived during this period and helped the residents by setting a trap of unknown design at the cemetery and decapitating the vampire that resided there, curing the town of their torment. This story was retold by Le Fanu and adapted into the thirteenth chapter of Carmilla",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2379",
"text": "Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and insecure man in private but adopted a warm and outgoing public persona. He had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-Semitic, they have been contradicted by many who knew him. His reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. He nevertheless remains an important figure in the history of animation and in the cultural history of the United States, where he is considered a national cultural icon. His film work continues to be shown and adapted; his namesake studio and company maintains high standards in its production of popular entertainment, and the Disney amusement parks have grown in size and number to attract visitors in several countries.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2380",
"text": "Disney was a shy, self-deprecating, but confident man in private but adopted a warm, outgoing but insecure public persona. He had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-Semitic, they have been contradicted by many who knew him. His reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. He nevertheless remains an important figure in the history of animation and in the cultural history of the United States, where he is considered a national cultural icon. His film work continues to be shown and adapted; his namesake studio and company maintains high standards in its production of popular entertainment, and the Disney amusement parks have grown in size and number to attract visitors in several countries.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "398",
"text": "Lactose is also a commercial food additive used for its texture, flavor, and adhesive qualities. It is found in additives labelled as casein, caseinate, whey, lactoserum, milk solids, modified milk ingredients, etc. As such lactose is found in foods such as processed meats (sausages/hot dogs, sliced meats, pâtés), gravy stock powder, margarines, sliced breads, breakfast cereals, potato chips, processed foods, medications, prepared meals, meal replacements (powders and bars), protein supplements (powders and bars), and even beers in the milk stout style. Some barbecue sauces and liquid cheeses used in fast-food restaurants may also contain lactose. Lactose is often used as the primary filler (main ingredient) in most prescription and non-prescription solid pill form medications, though product labeling seldom mentions the presence of 'lactose' or 'milk', but product monograms are provided to pharmacists, and most pharmacists are aware of the very wide scale and common use of lactose in such medications and they contact the supplier or manufacturer for verification.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "396",
"text": "Lactose is also a commercial food additive used for its texture, flavor, and adhesive qualities. It is found in additives labelled as casein, caseinate, whey, lactoserum, milk solids, modified milk ingredients, etc. As such lactose is found in foods such as processed meats (sausages/hot dogs, sliced meats, pâtés), gravy stock powder, margarines, sliced breads, breakfast cereals, potato chips, processed foods, medications, prepared meals, meal replacements (powders and bars), protein supplements (powders and bars), and even beers in the milk stout style. Some barbecue sauces and liquid cheeses used in fast-food restaurants may also contain lactose. Lactose is often used as the primary filler (main ingredient) in most prescription and non-prescription solid pill form medications, though product labeling seldom mentions the presence of 'lactose' or 'milk', and neither do product monograms provided to pharmacists, and most pharmacists are unaware of the very wide scale yet common use of lactose in such medications until they contact the supplier or manufacturer for verification.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "397",
"text": "Lactose is also a commercial food additive used for its texture, flavor, and adhesive qualities. It is found in additives labelled as casein, caseinate, whey, lactoserum, milk solids, modified milk ingredients, etc. As such lactose is found in foods such as processed meats (sausages/hot dogs, sliced meats, pâtés), gravy stock powder, margarines, sliced breads, breakfast cereals, potato chips, processed foods, medications, prepared meals, meal replacements (powders and bars), protein supplements (powders and bars), and even beers in the milk stout style. Some barbecue sauces and liquid cheeses used in fast-food restaurants may also contain lactose. Lactose is often used as the primary filler (main ingredient) in most prescription and non-prescription solid pill form medications, though product labeling keeps consumers unaware of its presence and seldom mentions the presence of 'lactose' or 'milk', and neither do product monograms provided to pharmacists, and most pharmacists are also unaware of the very wide scale yet common use of lactose in such medications until they contact the supplier or manufacturer for verification.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2361",
"text": "Life became generally less secure after the Carolingian period. This resulted in the building of castles at strategic points, many of them being constructed as strongholds of the Normans, descendants of the Vikings who invaded northern France under Rollo in 911. Political struggles also resulted in the fortification of many towns, or the rebuilding and strengthening of walls that remained from the Roman period. One of the most notable surviving fortifications is that of the city of Carcassonne. The enclosure of towns brought about a lack of living space within the walls, and resulted in a style of town house that was tall and narrow, often surrounding communal courtyards, as at San Gimignano in Tuscany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2362",
"text": "Life became generally less secure after the Carolingian period. This resulted in the building of castles at strategic points, many of them being constructed as strongholds of the Normans, descendants of the Vikings who invaded northern France under Rollo in 911. Political struggles also resulted in the fortification of many towns, or the rebuilding and strengthening of walls that remained from the Roman period. One of the most notable surviving fortifications is that of the city of Carcassonne. The lack of enclosure around towns brought about an abundance of living space within the walls, and resulted in a style of town house that was tall and wide, often surrounding communal courtyards, as at San Gimignano in Tuscany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2363",
"text": "Life became generally less secure after the Carolingian period. This resulted in the building of castles at strategic points, many of them being constructed as strongholds of the Normans, descendants of the Vikings who invaded northern France under Rollo in 911. Political struggles also resulted in the fortification of many towns, or the rebuilding and strengthening of walls that remained from the Roman period. One of the most notable surviving fortifications is that of the city of Carcassonne. The enclosure of towns brought about a lack of living space outside the homes, and resulted in a style of town house that was comfortably sized, often surrounding tiny communal courtyards, as at San Gimignano in Tuscany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1601",
"text": "These shows were were appreciated by neither critics nor the food press, perhaps because the show focused little on cooking, which was a major part of the Japanese program, but they did enjoy resounding success in audience ratings. The show had a small audience section with bleachers, and the audience yelled relentlessly during the show (sounding much like a sports audience). Shatner walked around the kitchen sampling the more expensive items, the chefs refused to say what they were doing, and the cameras rarely showed the food preparation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3201",
"text": "The name \"antiscorbutic\" was used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for foods known to prevent scurvy. These foods included lemons, limes, oranges, sauerkraut, cabbage, malt, and portable soup. In 1928, the Canadian Arctic anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson showed that the Inuit avoid scurvy on a diet of largely raw meat. Later studies on traditional food diets of the Yukon First Nations, Dene, Inuit, and Métis of Northern Canada showed that their daily intake of vitamin C averaged between 52 and 62 mg/day, comparable with the Estimated Average Requirement.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3203",
"text": "The name \"antiscorbutic\" was used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for foods known to cause scurvy. These foods included lemons, limes, oranges, sauerkraut, cabbage, malt, and portable soup. In 1928, the Canadian Arctic anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson showed that the Inuit avoid scurvy on a diet of largely raw meat. Later studies on traditional food diets of the Yukon First Nations, Dene, Inuit, and Métis of Northern Canada showed that their daily intake of vitamin C averaged between 52 and 62 ;mg/day, comparable with the Estimated Average Requirement.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3202",
"text": "The name \"antiscorbutic\" was used in the eighteenth century for foods known to prevent scurvy, but was discontinued by the nineteenth century. These foods included lemons, limes, oranges, sauerkraut, cabbage, malt, and portable soup. In 1928, the Canadian Arctic anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson showed that the Inuit avoid scurvy on a diet of largely raw meat. Later studies on traditional food diets of the Yukon First Nations, Dene, Inuit, and Métis of Northern Canada showed that their daily intake of vitamin C averaged between 52 and 62 ;mg/day, comparable with the Estimated Average Requirement.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "327",
"text": "The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as \"norito\" are spoken to the kami. This is followed by an appearance by the \"miko\", who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the kami by being placed on a table. This act is known as \"hōbei\"; the offerings themselves as \"saimotsu\" or \"sonae-mono\". Historically, the offerings given the \"kami\" included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred \"sakaki\" tree. Animal sacrifices are not considered appropriate offerings, as the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific kami and occasion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "328",
"text": "The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as \"norito\" are spoken to the kami. This is followed by an appearance by the \"miko\", who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the kami by being placed on a table. This act is known as \"hōbei\"; the offerings themselves as \"saimotsu\" or \"sonae-mono\". Historically, the offerings given the \"kami\" included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred \"sakaki\" tree. Animal sacrifices are considered appropriate offerings, as long as the act is not committed in the temple, as the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific kami and occasion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "329",
"text": "The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as \"norito\" are spoken to the kami. This is followed by an appearance by the \"miko\", who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the kami by being placed on a table. This act is known as \"hōbei\"; the offerings themselves as \"saimotsu\" or \"sonae-mono\". Historically, the offerings given the \"kami\" included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred \"sakaki\" tree. A sacrifice of the useful meat and/or pelt of an animal is considered a noble gesture, as long as the animal either died naturally or in the normal course of events outside of the temple, because the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific kami and occasion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "624",
"text": "The median income for a household in the town was $48,864, and the median income for a family was $64,167. Males had a median income of $33,542 versus $32,188 for females. The per capita income for the town was $35,657. About 2.7% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen or sixty-five or over.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "625",
"text": "The median income for a household in the town was $48,864, and the median income for a family was $64,167. Males had a median income of $33,542 versus $32,188 for females. The per capita income for the town was $35,657. About 2.7% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, but none of these figures included data for those under the age of eighteen or sixty-five or over.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "626",
"text": "The median income for a household in the town was $48,864, and the median income for a family was $64,167. Males had a median income of $33,542 versus $32,188 for females. The per capita income for the town was $35,657. About 2.7% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, with similar figures for those under the age of eighteen or sixty-five or over, as none of these residents were living alone.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2418",
"text": "Six years after the Greek Town Riot, in 1915, a mob killed Juan Gonzalez, a Mexican immigrant, near Scribner, a town in the Greater Omaha metropolitan area. The event occurred after an Omaha Police Department officer investigated a criminal operation that sold goods stolen from the nearby railroad yards. Racial profiling targeted Gonzalez as the culprit. After escaping the city, he was trapped along the Elkhorn River, where the mob, including several policemen from Omaha, shot him more than twenty times. It was discovered Gonzalez was unarmed, and he had a reliable alibi for the time of the murder. No one was ever indicted for his killing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2419",
"text": "Six years after the Greek Town Riot, in 1915, a mob killed Juan Gonzalez, a Mexican immigrant, near Scribner, a town in the Greater Omaha metropolitan area. The event occurred after an Omaha Police Department officer investigated a criminal operation that sold goods stolen from the nearby railroad yards. Racial profiling targeted Gonzalez as the culprit. After escaping the city, he was trapped along the Elkhorn River, where the mob, including several policemen from Omaha, shot him more than twenty times. It was discovered Gonzalez was armed, but he had a reliable alibi for the time of the unarmed murder. No one was ever indicted for his killing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2420",
"text": "Six years after the Greek Town Riot, in 1915, a mob killed Juan Gonzalez, a Mexican immigrant, near Scribner, a town in the Greater Omaha metropolitan area. The event occurred after an Omaha Police Department officer investigated a criminal operation that sold goods stolen from the nearby railroad yards. Racial profiling targeted Gonzalez as the culprit. After escaping the city, he was trapped along the Elkhorn River, where the mob, including several policemen from Omaha, shot him more than twenty times. It was discovered Gonzalez was armed, but he had a reliable alibi for the time of the murder. No one was ever indicted for his killing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "651",
"text": "Despite being counted as one of the 28 cities of Sub-Roman Britain, it seems that after the Romans left Britain in 410 Durovernum Cantiacorum was abandoned for around 100 years, except by a few farmers and gradually decayed. Over the next 100 years, an Anglo-Saxon community formed within the city walls, as Jutish refugees arrived, possibly intermarrying with the locals. In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine to convert its King Æthelberht to Christianity. After the conversion, Canterbury, being a Roman town, was chosen by Augustine as the centre for his episcopal see in Kent, and an abbey and cathedral were built. Augustine thus became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. The town's new importance led to its revival, and trades developed in pottery, textiles, and leather. By 630, gold coins were being struck at the Canterbury mint. In 672, the Synod of Hertford gave the see of Canterbury authority over the entire English Church.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "652",
"text": "Despite being counted as one of the 28 cities of Sub-Roman Britain, it seems that after the Romans left Britain in 410 Durovernum Cantiacorum was abandoned for around 100 years, except by a single farmer and gradually decayed. Over the next 100 ;years, an Anglo-Saxon community formed within the city walls, as Jutish refugees arrived, possibly intermarrying with the locals. In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine to convert its King Æthelberht to Christianity. After the conversion, Canterbury, being a Roman town, was chosen by Augustine as the centre for his episcopal see in Kent, and an abbey and cathedral were built. Augustine thus became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. The town's new importance led to its revival, and trades developed in pottery, textiles, and leather. By 630, gold coins were being struck at the Canterbury mint. In 672, the Synod of Hertford gave the see of Canterbury authority over the entire English Church.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "653",
"text": "Despite being counted as one of the 28 cities of Sub-Roman Britain, it seems that after the Romans left Britain in 410 Durovernum Cantiacorum was abandoned for around 100 years, including the farmers and gradually decayed. Over the next 100 ;years, an Anglo-Saxon community formed within the city walls, as Jutish refugees arrived, possibly intermarrying with the locals. In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine to convert its King Æthelberht to Christianity. After the conversion, Canterbury, being a Roman town, was chosen by Augustine as the centre for his episcopal see in Kent, and an abbey and cathedral were built. Augustine thus became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. The town's new importance led to its revival, and trades developed in pottery, textiles, and leather. By 630, gold coins were being struck at the Canterbury mint. In 672, the Synod of Hertford gave the see of Canterbury authority over the entire English Church.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2875",
"text": "Osiander's appointment was the beginning of the troubles which clouded the closing years of Albert's reign. Osiander's divergence from Luther's doctrine of justification by faith involved him in a violent quarrel with Philip Melanchthon, who had adherents in Königsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town. The duke strenuously supported Osiander, and the area of the quarrel soon broadened. There were no longer church lands available with which to conciliate the nobles, the burden of taxation was heavy, and Albert's rule became unpopular.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2877",
"text": "Osiander's appointment was the beginning of the troubles which clouded the closing years of Albert's reign. Osiander's divergence from Luther's doctrine of justification by faith involved him in a violent quarrel with Philip Melanchthon, who had adherents in Königsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town. The duke strenuously supported Osiander, and the area of the quarrel soon broadened. There were still church lands available with which to conciliate the nobles, but the burden of taxation was heavy, and Albert's rule became unpopular.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2876",
"text": "Osiander's appointment was the beginning of the troubles which clouded the closing years of Albert's reign. Osiander's divergence from Luther's doctrine of justification by faith involved him in a violent quarrel with Philip Melanchthon, who had adherents in Königsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town. The duke strenuously supported Osiander, and the area of the quarrel soon broadened. Despite this quarrel, there were still church lands available with which to conciliate the nobles, and the burden of taxation was no longer heavy, but Albert's rule still became unpopular.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1378",
"text": "Luckily early on John Smith had convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter. The improving food security led to lower mortality rates and was helpful to improving morale among the colonists. To support the growing colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on African slave labor to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1377",
"text": "John Smith luckily convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold early on was helping take care of their needs for food and shelter. The strong food security leading to extremely high survival rate was quite satisfying and cause for assurance among the colonists. To support the colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on their own labor due to a lack of African slave labor being used to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "512",
"text": "Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help infections pass from one person to another. Aseptic technique was introduced in medicine and surgery in the late 19th century and greatly reduced the incidence of infections caused by surgery. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, wearing gloves, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "510",
"text": "Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Aseptic technique was introduced in medicine and surgery in the late 19th century and greatly reduced the incidence of infections caused by surgery. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, wearing gloves, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "511",
"text": "Techniques like hand washing, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another (however, wearing gowns does not). Aseptic technique was introduced in medicine and surgery in the late 19th century and greatly reduced the incidence of infections caused by surgery. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, wearing gloves, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1453",
"text": "In English writing, quotation marks or inverted commas, also known informally as quotes, talking marks, speech marks, quote marks, quotemarks or speechmarks, are punctuation marks placed on either side of a word or phrase in order to identify it as a quotation, direct speech or a literal title or name. Quotation marks may be used to indicate that the meaning of the word or phrase they surround should be taken to be different from (or, at least, a modification of) that typically associated with it, and are often used in this way to express irony. (For example, in the sentence 'The lunch lady plopped a glob of \"food\" onto my tray.' the quotation marks around the word \"food\" show it is being called that ironically.) They also sometimes appear to be used as a means of adding emphasis, although this usage is usually considered incorrect.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1455",
"text": "In English writing, quotation marks or inverted commas, also known formally as quotes, talking marks, speech marks, quote marks, quotemarks or speechmarks, are punctuation marks placed on either side of a word or phrase in order to identify it as a quotation, direct speech or a literal title or name. Quotation marks may be used to indicate that the meaning of the word or phrase they surround should be taken to be different from (or, at least, a modification of) that typically associated with it, and are often used in this way to express irony. (For example, in the sentence 'The lunch lady plopped a glob of \"food\" onto my tray.' the quotation marks around the word \"food\" show it is being called that ironically.) They also sometimes appear to be used as a means of adding emphasis, although this usage is usually considered incorrect.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1454",
"text": "In English writing, quotation marks or inverted commas, also known informal ly as quotes, talking marks, or formally as speech marks, quote marks, quotemarks or speechmarks, are punctuation marks placed on either side of a word or phrase in order to identify it as a quotation, direct speech or a literal title or name. Quotation marks may be used to indicate that the meaning of the word or phrase they surround should be taken to be different from (or, at least, a modification of) that typically associated with it, and are often used in this way to express irony. (For example, in the sentence 'The lunch lady plopped a glob of \"food\" onto my tray.' the quotation marks around the word \"food\" show it is being called that ironically.) They also sometimes appear to be used as a means of adding emphasis, although this usage is usually considered incorrect.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3120",
"text": "The Great Leap was an economic failure. Many uneducated farmers were pulled from farming and harvesting and instead instructed to produce steel on a massive scale, partially relying on backyard furnaces to achieve the production targets set by local cadres. The steel produced was of low quality and mostly useless. The Great Leap reduced harvest sizes and led to a decline in the production of most goods except substandard pig iron and steel. Furthermore, local authorities frequently exaggerated production numbers, hiding and intensifying the problem for several years. In the meantime, chaos in the collectives, bad weather, and exports of food necessary to secure hard currency resulted in the Great Chinese Famine. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically. The famine caused the deaths of more than 30 million people, particularly in the more impoverished inland regions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3144",
"text": "In 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the import of Thai fish sauces due to lack of information about tests for botulinum toxin. The toxin can cause death if more than 0.5 microgram is consumed. The Thai Office of Food Safety and Quality then tested 48 brands of fish sauce to determine the content of botulinum toxin in the products. Of 48 brands tested, 28 were genuine fish sauce from 18 production sites in 12 provinces. Twenty samples from production sites in eight provinces were adulterated fish sauce. Tests showed that none were contaminated with botulinum toxin types A, B, E and F and were free of clostridium botulinum bacteria. In 2018, rumours again surfaced concerning banned Thai fish sauce.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3145",
"text": "In 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the import of Thai fish sauces due to lack of information about tests for botulinum toxin. The toxin can cause death if more than 0.5 microgram is consumed. The Thai Office of Food Safety and Quality then tested 48 brands of fish sauce to determine the content of botulinum toxin in the products. Of 48 brands tested, 28 were genuine fish sauce from 18 production sites in 12 provinces. Twenty samples from production sites in eight provinces were adulterated fish sauce. Tests showed that none were contaminated with botulinum toxin types A and B (although some contained E and F) and were free of clostridium botulinum bacteria. In 2018, rumours again surfaced concerning banned Thai fish sauce.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which town had plenty of food?
|
886-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1377",
"text": "John Smith luckily convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold early on was helping take care of their needs for food and shelter. The strong food security leading to extremely high survival rate was quite satisfying and cause for assurance among the colonists. To support the colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on their own labor due to a lack of African slave labor being used to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1376",
"text": "John Smith convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter. The lack of food security leading to extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for despair among the colonists. To support the colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on African slave labor to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "886-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1376"
],
"pos_docid": "1377"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1827",
"text": "As with \"Dracula\", critics have looked for the sources used in the writing of \"Carmilla\". One source used was from a dissertation on magic, vampires, and the apparitions of spirits written by Dom Augustin Calmet entitled \"Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenants de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.\" (1751). This is evidenced by a report analyzed by Calmet, from a priest who learned information of a town being tormented by a vampiric entity three years earlier. Having traveled to the town to investigate and collecting information of the various inhabitants there, the priest learned that a vampire had tormented many of the inhabitants at night by coming from the nearby cemetery and would haunt many of the residents on their beds. An unknown Hungarian traveler came to the town during this period and helped the town by setting a trap at the cemetery and decapitating the vampire that resided there, curing the town of their torment. This story was retold by Le Fanu and adapted into the thirteenth chapter of Carmilla",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1829",
"text": "As with \"Dracula\", critics have looked for the sources used in the writing of \"Carmilla\". One source used was from a dissertation on magic, vampires, and the apparitions of spirits written by Dom Augustin Calmet entitled \"Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenants de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.\" (1751). This is evidenced by a report analyzed by Calmet, from a priest who learned information of a town being tormented by a vampiric entity three years earlier. Having traveled to the town to investigate and collecting information of the various inhabitants there, the priest learned that a vampire had tormented many of the inhabitants at night by coming from the nearby cemetery and would haunt many of the residents on their beds. A Hungarian traveler, since lauded and famous in the town, arrived during this period and helped the town by showing them how to build and set a trap at the cemetery that would allow him (or indeed any able-bodied man) to decapitate the vampire that resided there, curing the town of their torment. This story was retold by Le Fanu and adapted into the thirteenth chapter of Carmilla",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "168",
"text": "The United States declared war upon Germany in April 1917 after Germany engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare against American vessels in British waters. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "169",
"text": "The United States declared unrestricted war upon Germany in April 1917, even as German submarines continued to target American military vessels that were seen as providing material aid to the enemy in British waters. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "170",
"text": "The United States declared war upon Germany in April 1917 after fears of German submarines in their careful and controlled targeting of British military shipping was nonetheless harming American trade relations. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1828",
"text": "As with \"Dracula\", critics have looked for the sources used in the writing of \"Carmilla\". One source used was from a dissertation on magic, vampires, and the apparitions of spirits written by Dom Augustin Calmet entitled \"Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenants de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.\" (1751). This is evidenced by a report analyzed by Calmet, from a priest who learned information of a town being tormented by a vampiric entity three years earlier. Having traveled to the town to investigate and collecting information of the various inhabitants there, the priest learned that a vampire had tormented many of the inhabitants at night by coming from the nearby cemetery and would haunt many of the residents on their beds. A Hungarian traveler, since lauded and famous in the town, arrived during this period and helped the residents by setting a trap of unknown design at the cemetery and decapitating the vampire that resided there, curing the town of their torment. This story was retold by Le Fanu and adapted into the thirteenth chapter of Carmilla",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "184",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is not found in many foods even in low to moderate proportions due to its unpleasant flavor. There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Despite the flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer, and must be diluted to be palatable. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "183",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is found in almost every food in low to moderate proportions to enhance flavor, although to eat pure salt is regarded as highly unpleasant. There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Other than enhancing flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "185",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is found in almost every food in low to moderate proportions to enhance flavor, and to eat pure salt is regarded as highly pleasant . There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Other than enhancing flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "465",
"text": "While wintering, bald eagles tend to be less habitat and disturbance sensitive. They will commonly congregate at spots with plentiful perches and waters with plentiful prey and (in northern climes) partially unfrozen waters. Alternately, non-breeding or wintering bald eagles, particularly in areas with a lack of human disturbance, spend their time in various upland, terrestrial habitats sometimes quite far away from waterways. In the northern half of North America (especially the interior portion), this terrestrial inhabitance by bald eagles tends to be especially prevalent because unfrozen water may not be accessible. Upland wintering habitats often consist of open habitats with concentrations of medium-sized mammals, such as prairies, meadows or tundra, or open forests with regular carrion access.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "466",
"text": "While wintering, bald eagles tend to be less habitat and disturbance sensitive. They will commonly congregate at spots with plentiful perches and waters with plentiful prey and (in northern climes) partially unfrozen waters. Alternately, non-breeding or wintering bald eagles, particularly in areas with a lack of predator competition, spend their time in various upland, terrestrial habitats sometimes quite far away from waterways. In the northern half of North America (especially the interior portion), this terrestrial inhabitance by bald eagles tends to be especially prevalent because unfrozen water may not be accessible. Upland wintering habitats often consist of open habitats with concentrations of medium-sized mammals, such as prairies, meadows or tundra, or open forests with regular carrion access.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "467",
"text": "While wintering, bald eagles tend to be less habitat and disturbance sensitive. They will commonly congregate at spots with plentiful perches and waters with plentiful prey and (in northern climes) partially unfrozen waters. Alternately, non-breeding or wintering bald eagles, particularly in areas that are heavily populated by humans, spend their time in various upland, terrestrial habitats sometimes quite far away from waterways. In the northern half of North America (especially the interior portion), this terrestrial inhabitance by bald eagles tends to be especially prevalent because unfrozen water may not be accessible. Upland wintering habitats often consist of open habitats with concentrations of medium-sized mammals, such as prairies, meadows or tundra, or open forests with regular carrion access.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1601",
"text": "These shows were were appreciated by neither critics nor the food press, perhaps because the show focused little on cooking, which was a major part of the Japanese program, but they did enjoy resounding success in audience ratings. The show had a small audience section with bleachers, and the audience yelled relentlessly during the show (sounding much like a sports audience). Shatner walked around the kitchen sampling the more expensive items, the chefs refused to say what they were doing, and the cameras rarely showed the food preparation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "744",
"text": "Several English and Welsh sports organisations are nicknamed \"the Robins\". The nickname is typically used for teams whose home colours predominantly use red. These include the professional football clubs Bristol City, Crewe Alexandra, Swindon Town, Cheltenham Town (with Bristol City (as of 2019), Swindon Town, and Cheltenham Town also incorporating a robin image in their current badge designs), and, traditionally, Wrexham FC, as well as the English rugby league team the Hull Kingston Rovers (whose home colours are white with a red band). A small bird is an unusual choice, although it is thought to symbolise agility in darting around the field.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "746",
"text": "Several English and Welsh sports organisations are nicknamed \"the Robins\". The nickname is typically used for teams whose home colours predominantly use red. These include the professional football clubs Bristol City, Crewe Alexandra, Swindon Town, Cheltenham Town (with Bristol City (as of 2019), Swindon Town, and Cheltenham Town also incorporating a robin image in their current badge designs), and, traditionally, Wrexham FC, as well as the English rugby league team the Hull Kingston Rovers (whose home colours are white with a red band). A small bird is a common choice for a football team, as it stresses the agility in darting around the field that all teams aspire to.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "745",
"text": "Several English and Welsh sports organisations are nicknamed \"the Robins\". The nickname is typically used for teams whose home colours predominantly use red. These include the professional football clubs Bristol City, Crewe Alexandra, Swindon Town, Cheltenham Town (with Bristol City (as of 2019), Swindon Town, and Cheltenham Town also incorporating a robin image in their current badge designs), and, traditionally, Wrexham FC, as well as the English rugby league team the Hull Kingston Rovers (whose home colours are white with a red band). A small bird is actually quite a common choice for a football team, as it is thought to symbolise the team's unusually strong levels of agility in darting around the field.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "789",
"text": "On 4 April, Rommel was advised by his supply officers that fuel was running short, which could result in a delay of up to four days. The problem was Rommel's fault, as he had not advised his supply officers of his intentions, and no fuel dumps had been set up. Rommel ordered the 5th Light Division to unload all of their lorries and to return to El Agheila to collect fuel and ammunition. Driving through the night, they were able to reduce the halt to a single day. Fuel supply was problematic throughout the campaign, as no petrol was available locally; it had to be brought from Europe by tanker and then carried by road to where it was needed. Food and fresh water were also in short supply, and it was difficult to move tanks and other equipment off-road through the sand. Cyrenaica was captured by 8 April, except for the port city of Tobruk, which was besieged on 11 April.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "790",
"text": "On 4 April, Rommel was advised by his supply officers that fuel was running short, which could result in a delay of up to four days. The problem was not Rommel's fault, as he had advised his supply officers of his intentions, but no fuel dumps had been set up. Rommel ordered the 5th Light Division to unload all of their lorries and to return to El Agheila to collect fuel and ammunition. Driving through the night, they were able to reduce the halt to a single day. Fuel supply was problematic throughout the campaign, as no petrol was available locally; it had to be brought from Europe by tanker and then carried by road to where it was needed. Food and fresh water were also in short supply, and it was difficult to move tanks and other equipment off-road through the sand. Cyrenaica was captured by 8 April, except for the port city of Tobruk, which was besieged on 11 April.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "791",
"text": "On 4 April, Rommel was advised by his supply officers that fuel was running short, which could result in a delay of up to four days. The problem was both Rommel's and his officers' fault, as he had advised his supply officers of his intentions, but still no fuel dumps had been set up. Rommel ordered the 5th Light Division to unload all of their lorries and to return to El Agheila to collect fuel and ammunition. Driving through the night, they were able to reduce the halt to a single day. Fuel supply was problematic throughout the campaign, as no petrol was available locally; it had to be brought from Europe by tanker and then carried by road to where it was needed. Food and fresh water were also in short supply, and it was difficult to move tanks and other equipment off-road through the sand. Cyrenaica was captured by 8 April, except for the port city of Tobruk, which was besieged on 11 April.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "624",
"text": "The median income for a household in the town was $48,864, and the median income for a family was $64,167. Males had a median income of $33,542 versus $32,188 for females. The per capita income for the town was $35,657. About 2.7% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen or sixty-five or over.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1436",
"text": "It is difficult to distinguish an extinct volcano from a dormant (inactive) one. Dormant volcanoes are those that have not erupted for thousands of years, but are likely to erupt again in the future. Volcanoes are often considered to be extinct if there are no written records of its activity. Nevertheless, volcanoes may remain dormant for a long period of time. For example, Yellowstone has a repose/recharge period of around 700,000 years, and Toba of around 380,000 years. Vesuvius was described by Roman writers as having been covered with gardens and vineyards before its eruption of 79 CE, which destroyed the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Before its catastrophic eruption of 1991, Pinatubo was an inconspicuous volcano, unknown to most people in the surrounding areas. Two other examples are the long-dormant Soufrière Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat, thought to be extinct before activity resumed in 1995, and Fourpeaked Mountain in Alaska, which, before its September 2006 eruption, had not erupted since before 8000 BCE and had long been thought to be extinct.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "625",
"text": "The median income for a household in the town was $48,864, and the median income for a family was $64,167. Males had a median income of $33,542 versus $32,188 for females. The per capita income for the town was $35,657. About 2.7% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, but none of these figures included data for those under the age of eighteen or sixty-five or over.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "626",
"text": "The median income for a household in the town was $48,864, and the median income for a family was $64,167. Males had a median income of $33,542 versus $32,188 for females. The per capita income for the town was $35,657. About 2.7% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, with similar figures for those under the age of eighteen or sixty-five or over, as none of these residents were living alone.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1437",
"text": "It is difficult to distinguish an extinct volcano from a dormant (inactive) one. Dormant volcanoes are those that have not erupted for thousands of years, but are likely to erupt again in the future. Volcanoes are often considered to be extinct if there are no written records of its activity. Nevertheless, volcanoes may remain dormant for a long period of time. For example, Yellowstone has a repose/recharge period of around 700,000 years, and Toba of around 380,000 years. Vesuvius was described by Roman writers as having been covered with gardens and vineyards before its eruption of 79 CE, which destroyed the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Before its catastrophic eruption of 1991, Pinatubo was a volcano of significant size, yet it was relatively inconspicuous within the terrain and hence unknown to most people in the surrounding areas. Two other examples are the long-dormant Soufrière Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat, thought to be extinct before activity resumed in 1995, and Fourpeaked Mountain in Alaska, which, before its September 2006 eruption, had not erupted since before 8000 BCE and had long been thought to be extinct.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1438",
"text": "It is difficult to distinguish an extinct volcano from a dormant (inactive) one. Dormant volcanoes are those that have not erupted for thousands of years, but are likely to erupt again in the future. Volcanoes are often considered to be extinct if there are no written records of its activity. Nevertheless, volcanoes may remain dormant for a long period of time. For example, Yellowstone has a repose/recharge period of around 700,000 years, and Toba of around 380,000 years. Vesuvius was described by Roman writers as having been covered with gardens and vineyards before its eruption of 79 CE, which destroyed the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Before its catastrophic eruption of 1991, Pinatubo was an obvious and conspicuous volcano, yet the potential for eruption was unknown to most people in the surrounding areas. Two other examples are the long-dormant Soufrière Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat, thought to be extinct before activity resumed in 1995, and Fourpeaked Mountain in Alaska, which, before its September 2006 eruption, had not erupted since before 8000 BCE and had long been thought to be extinct.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "398",
"text": "Lactose is also a commercial food additive used for its texture, flavor, and adhesive qualities. It is found in additives labelled as casein, caseinate, whey, lactoserum, milk solids, modified milk ingredients, etc. As such lactose is found in foods such as processed meats (sausages/hot dogs, sliced meats, pâtés), gravy stock powder, margarines, sliced breads, breakfast cereals, potato chips, processed foods, medications, prepared meals, meal replacements (powders and bars), protein supplements (powders and bars), and even beers in the milk stout style. Some barbecue sauces and liquid cheeses used in fast-food restaurants may also contain lactose. Lactose is often used as the primary filler (main ingredient) in most prescription and non-prescription solid pill form medications, though product labeling seldom mentions the presence of 'lactose' or 'milk', but product monograms are provided to pharmacists, and most pharmacists are aware of the very wide scale and common use of lactose in such medications and they contact the supplier or manufacturer for verification.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2418",
"text": "Six years after the Greek Town Riot, in 1915, a mob killed Juan Gonzalez, a Mexican immigrant, near Scribner, a town in the Greater Omaha metropolitan area. The event occurred after an Omaha Police Department officer investigated a criminal operation that sold goods stolen from the nearby railroad yards. Racial profiling targeted Gonzalez as the culprit. After escaping the city, he was trapped along the Elkhorn River, where the mob, including several policemen from Omaha, shot him more than twenty times. It was discovered Gonzalez was unarmed, and he had a reliable alibi for the time of the murder. No one was ever indicted for his killing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2419",
"text": "Six years after the Greek Town Riot, in 1915, a mob killed Juan Gonzalez, a Mexican immigrant, near Scribner, a town in the Greater Omaha metropolitan area. The event occurred after an Omaha Police Department officer investigated a criminal operation that sold goods stolen from the nearby railroad yards. Racial profiling targeted Gonzalez as the culprit. After escaping the city, he was trapped along the Elkhorn River, where the mob, including several policemen from Omaha, shot him more than twenty times. It was discovered Gonzalez was armed, but he had a reliable alibi for the time of the unarmed murder. No one was ever indicted for his killing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2420",
"text": "Six years after the Greek Town Riot, in 1915, a mob killed Juan Gonzalez, a Mexican immigrant, near Scribner, a town in the Greater Omaha metropolitan area. The event occurred after an Omaha Police Department officer investigated a criminal operation that sold goods stolen from the nearby railroad yards. Racial profiling targeted Gonzalez as the culprit. After escaping the city, he was trapped along the Elkhorn River, where the mob, including several policemen from Omaha, shot him more than twenty times. It was discovered Gonzalez was armed, but he had a reliable alibi for the time of the murder. No one was ever indicted for his killing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "396",
"text": "Lactose is also a commercial food additive used for its texture, flavor, and adhesive qualities. It is found in additives labelled as casein, caseinate, whey, lactoserum, milk solids, modified milk ingredients, etc. As such lactose is found in foods such as processed meats (sausages/hot dogs, sliced meats, pâtés), gravy stock powder, margarines, sliced breads, breakfast cereals, potato chips, processed foods, medications, prepared meals, meal replacements (powders and bars), protein supplements (powders and bars), and even beers in the milk stout style. Some barbecue sauces and liquid cheeses used in fast-food restaurants may also contain lactose. Lactose is often used as the primary filler (main ingredient) in most prescription and non-prescription solid pill form medications, though product labeling seldom mentions the presence of 'lactose' or 'milk', and neither do product monograms provided to pharmacists, and most pharmacists are unaware of the very wide scale yet common use of lactose in such medications until they contact the supplier or manufacturer for verification.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "397",
"text": "Lactose is also a commercial food additive used for its texture, flavor, and adhesive qualities. It is found in additives labelled as casein, caseinate, whey, lactoserum, milk solids, modified milk ingredients, etc. As such lactose is found in foods such as processed meats (sausages/hot dogs, sliced meats, pâtés), gravy stock powder, margarines, sliced breads, breakfast cereals, potato chips, processed foods, medications, prepared meals, meal replacements (powders and bars), protein supplements (powders and bars), and even beers in the milk stout style. Some barbecue sauces and liquid cheeses used in fast-food restaurants may also contain lactose. Lactose is often used as the primary filler (main ingredient) in most prescription and non-prescription solid pill form medications, though product labeling keeps consumers unaware of its presence and seldom mentions the presence of 'lactose' or 'milk', and neither do product monograms provided to pharmacists, and most pharmacists are also unaware of the very wide scale yet common use of lactose in such medications until they contact the supplier or manufacturer for verification.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2875",
"text": "Osiander's appointment was the beginning of the troubles which clouded the closing years of Albert's reign. Osiander's divergence from Luther's doctrine of justification by faith involved him in a violent quarrel with Philip Melanchthon, who had adherents in Königsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town. The duke strenuously supported Osiander, and the area of the quarrel soon broadened. There were no longer church lands available with which to conciliate the nobles, the burden of taxation was heavy, and Albert's rule became unpopular.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2877",
"text": "Osiander's appointment was the beginning of the troubles which clouded the closing years of Albert's reign. Osiander's divergence from Luther's doctrine of justification by faith involved him in a violent quarrel with Philip Melanchthon, who had adherents in Königsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town. The duke strenuously supported Osiander, and the area of the quarrel soon broadened. There were still church lands available with which to conciliate the nobles, but the burden of taxation was heavy, and Albert's rule became unpopular.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2876",
"text": "Osiander's appointment was the beginning of the troubles which clouded the closing years of Albert's reign. Osiander's divergence from Luther's doctrine of justification by faith involved him in a violent quarrel with Philip Melanchthon, who had adherents in Königsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town. The duke strenuously supported Osiander, and the area of the quarrel soon broadened. Despite this quarrel, there were still church lands available with which to conciliate the nobles, and the burden of taxation was no longer heavy, but Albert's rule still became unpopular.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "687",
"text": "Alphonse took part in two crusades with his brother, St Louis, in 1248 (the Seventh Crusade) and in 1270 (the Eighth Crusade). For the first of these, he raised a large sum and a substantial force, arriving in Damietta on 24 October 1249, after the town had already been captured. He sailed for home on 10 August 1250. His father-in-law had died while he was away, and he went directly to Toulouse to take possession. There was some resistance to his accession as count, which was suppressed with the help of his mother Blanche of Castile who was acting as regent in the absence of Louis IX. The county of Toulouse, since then, was joined to Alphonse's \"appanage\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "688",
"text": "Alphonse took part in two crusades with his brother, St Louis, in 1248 (the Seventh Crusade) and in 1270 (the Eighth Crusade). For the first of these, he raised a large sum and a substantial force, arriving in Damietta on 24 October 1249, after the town had already been captured. He sailed for home on 10 August 1250. His father-in-law had died while he was away, and he went directly to Toulouse to take possession. There was some resistance to his accession as count, which was amplified in the absence of his mother Blanche of Castile who previously acted as regent for Louis IX. The county of Toulouse, since then, was joined to Alphonse's \"appanage\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "689",
"text": "Alphonse took part in two crusades with his brother, St Louis, in 1248 (the Seventh Crusade) and in 1270 (the Eighth Crusade). For the first of these, he raised a large sum and a substantial force, arriving in Damietta on 24 October 1249, after the town had already been captured. He sailed for home on 10 August 1250. His father-in-law had died while he was away, and he went directly to Toulouse to take possession. There was some resistance to his accession as count, which was suppressed with the help of his mother Blanche of Castile who was acting as regent during Louis IX's transition. The county of Toulouse, since then, was joined to Alphonse's \"appanage\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2361",
"text": "Life became generally less secure after the Carolingian period. This resulted in the building of castles at strategic points, many of them being constructed as strongholds of the Normans, descendants of the Vikings who invaded northern France under Rollo in 911. Political struggles also resulted in the fortification of many towns, or the rebuilding and strengthening of walls that remained from the Roman period. One of the most notable surviving fortifications is that of the city of Carcassonne. The enclosure of towns brought about a lack of living space within the walls, and resulted in a style of town house that was tall and narrow, often surrounding communal courtyards, as at San Gimignano in Tuscany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2362",
"text": "Life became generally less secure after the Carolingian period. This resulted in the building of castles at strategic points, many of them being constructed as strongholds of the Normans, descendants of the Vikings who invaded northern France under Rollo in 911. Political struggles also resulted in the fortification of many towns, or the rebuilding and strengthening of walls that remained from the Roman period. One of the most notable surviving fortifications is that of the city of Carcassonne. The lack of enclosure around towns brought about an abundance of living space within the walls, and resulted in a style of town house that was tall and wide, often surrounding communal courtyards, as at San Gimignano in Tuscany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2363",
"text": "Life became generally less secure after the Carolingian period. This resulted in the building of castles at strategic points, many of them being constructed as strongholds of the Normans, descendants of the Vikings who invaded northern France under Rollo in 911. Political struggles also resulted in the fortification of many towns, or the rebuilding and strengthening of walls that remained from the Roman period. One of the most notable surviving fortifications is that of the city of Carcassonne. The enclosure of towns brought about a lack of living space outside the homes, and resulted in a style of town house that was comfortably sized, often surrounding tiny communal courtyards, as at San Gimignano in Tuscany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1378",
"text": "Luckily early on John Smith had convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter. The improving food security led to lower mortality rates and was helpful to improving morale among the colonists. To support the growing colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on African slave labor to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1563",
"text": "Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles in synapses into the synaptic cleft, where they are received by neurotransmitter receptors on the target cell. Many neurotransmitters are synthesized from simple and plentiful precursors such as amino acids, which are readily available and only require a small number of biosynthetic steps for conversion. Neurotransmitters are essential to the function of complex neural systems. The exact number of unique neurotransmitters in humans is unknown, but more than 500 have been identified.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1564",
"text": "Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles in synapses into the synaptic cleft, where they are received by neurotransmitter receptors on the target cell. Many neurotransmitters are synthesized from simple and plentiful precursors such as amino acids, which are readily available and only require a small number of biosynthetic steps for conversion. Neurotransmitters are essential to the function of complex neural systems. The exact number of unique neurotransmitters in humans is known, but more than 500 are still unknown.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1565",
"text": "Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles in synapses into the synaptic cleft, where they are received by neurotransmitter receptors on the target cell. Many neurotransmitters are synthesized from simple and plentiful precursors such as amino acids, which are readily available and only require a small number of biosynthetic steps for conversion. Neurotransmitters are essential to the function of complex neural systems. The exact number of unique neurotransmitters in humans is known, and more than 500 have been identified.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1557",
"text": "Following the creation of the State of Israel and the ensuing war, Jordan seized the part of Palestine they named the West Bank. This included Ramallah. The West Bank was relatively peaceful during the years of Jordanian rule between 1948 and 1967, with its residents enjoying freedom of movement between the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. Jordan annexed the West Bank, applying its national law to the conquered territory. However, many Palestinians were jailed for being members of \"illegal political parties\", which included the Palestine Communist Party and other socialist and pro-independence groups. By 1953, Ramallah's population had doubled, but the economy and infrastructure could not accommodate the influx of poor villagers. Natives of Ramallah began to emigrate, primarily to the United States. By 1956, about one fourth of Ramallah's 6,000 natives had left, with Arabs from the surrounding towns and villages (particularly Hebron) buying the homes and land the émigrés left behind.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1558",
"text": "Following the creation of the State of Israel and the ensuing war, Jordan seized the part of Palestine they named the West Bank. This included Ramallah. The West Bank was relatively peaceful during the years of Jordanian rule between 1948 and 1967, with its residents enjoying freedom of movement between the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. Jordan annexed the West Bank, applying its national law to the conquered territory. However, many Palestinians were jailed for being members of \" illegal political parties\", which included the Palestine Communist Party and other socialist (but not pro-independence) groups. By 1953, Ramallah's population had doubled, but the economy and infrastructure could not accommodate the influx of poor villagers. Natives of Ramallah began to emigrate, primarily to the United States. By 1956, about one fourth of Ramallah's 6,000 natives had left, with Arabs from the surrounding towns and villages (particularly Hebron) buying the homes and land the émigrés left behind.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1559",
"text": "Following the creation of the State of Israel and the ensuing war, Jordan seized the part of Palestine they named the West Bank. This included Ramallah. The West Bank was relatively peaceful during the years of Jordanian rule between 1948 and 1967, with its residents enjoying freedom of movement between the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. Jordan annexed the West Bank, applying its national law to the conquered territory. However, many Palestinians were jailed for being members of even legal political parties, which included the Palestine Communist Party and other socialist and pro-independence groups. By 1953, Ramallah's population had doubled, but the economy and infrastructure could not accommodate the influx of poor villagers. Natives of Ramallah began to emigrate, primarily to the United States. By 1956, about one fourth of Ramallah's 6,000 natives had left, with Arabs from the surrounding towns and villages (particularly Hebron) buying the homes and land the émigrés left behind.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1097",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had changed completely after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation no longer preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in plenty of indolence, she left the pillow past noon, and after lunch, retired to her chamber for hours for the study of new fashions and music.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3812",
"text": "Bernhardt repaired her old relationships with the other members of the Comédie Française; she participated in a benefit for Madame Nathalie, the actress she had once slapped. However, she was frequently in conflict with Perrin, the director of the theater. In 1878, during the Paris Universal Exposition, she took a flight over Paris with balloonist Pierre Giffard and painter George Clairin, in a balloon decorated with the name of her current character, \"Dona Sol\". Some unexpected winds from a storm that had already passed caught and carried the balloon far outside of Paris to a small town. When she returned by train to the city, Perrin was furious; he fined Bernhardt a thousand francs, citing a theater rule which required actors to request permission before they left Paris. Bernhardt refused to pay, and threatened to resign from the Comédie. Perrin recognized that he could not afford to let her go. Perrin and the Minister of Fine Arts arranged a compromise; she withdrew her resignation, and in return was raised to a \"societaire\", the highest rank of the theater.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3201",
"text": "The name \"antiscorbutic\" was used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for foods known to prevent scurvy. These foods included lemons, limes, oranges, sauerkraut, cabbage, malt, and portable soup. In 1928, the Canadian Arctic anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson showed that the Inuit avoid scurvy on a diet of largely raw meat. Later studies on traditional food diets of the Yukon First Nations, Dene, Inuit, and Métis of Northern Canada showed that their daily intake of vitamin C averaged between 52 and 62 mg/day, comparable with the Estimated Average Requirement.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which group of people had an elevated amount of mortality due to food deficiency?
|
886-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1376",
"text": "John Smith convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter. The lack of food security leading to extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for despair among the colonists. To support the colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on African slave labor to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1378",
"text": "Luckily early on John Smith had convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter. The improving food security led to lower mortality rates and was helpful to improving morale among the colonists. To support the growing colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on African slave labor to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "886-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1378"
],
"pos_docid": "1376"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "2660",
"text": "Primary biotin deficiency, meaning deficiency as a consequence of too little biotin in the diet, is rare, because biotin is contained in so many foods. Signs of biotin deficiency have been described in people who were receiving all nutrition intravenously without biotin, also people regularly consuming raw or incompletely cooked egg whites, because egg whites contain avidin, a biotin-binding protein. Deficiency symptoms include: brittle and thin fingernails, hair loss (alopecia), conjunctivitis, dermatitis in the form of a scaly, red rash around the eyes, nose, mouth, and genital area, plus neurological symptoms such as depression, lethargy, hallucination, and numbness and tingling of the extremities The neurological and psychological symptoms can occur with only mild deficiencies. Dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and hair loss will generally occur only when deficiency becomes more severe. Individuals with hereditary disorders of biotin deficiency have evidence of impaired immune system function, including increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2661",
"text": "Primary biotin deficiency, meaning deficiency as a consequence of too little biotin in the diet, is rare, because biotin is contained in so many foods. Signs of biotin deficiency have been described in people who were receiving all nutrition intravenously without biotin, also people even incomplete ly consuming raw or incomplete ly cooked egg whites, because egg whites contain avidin, a biotin-binding protein. Deficiency symptoms include: brittle and thin fingernails, hair loss (alopecia), conjunctivitis, dermatitis in the form of a scaly, red rash around the eyes, nose, mouth, and genital area, plus neurological symptoms such as depression, lethargy, hallucination, and numbness and tingling of the extremities The neurological and psychological symptoms can occur with only mild deficiencies. Dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and hair loss will generally occur only when deficiency becomes more severe. Individuals with hereditary disorders of biotin deficiency have evidence of impaired immune system function, including increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2662",
"text": "Primary biotin deficiency, meaning deficiency as a consequence of too little biotin in the diet, is rare, because biotin is contained in so many foods. Signs of biotin deficiency have been described in people who were receiving all nutrition intravenously without biotin, also people regularly consuming raw or even complete ly cooked egg whites, because egg whites contain avidin, a biotin-binding protein. Deficiency symptoms include: brittle and thin fingernails, hair loss (alopecia), conjunctivitis, dermatitis in the form of a scaly, red rash around the eyes, nose, mouth, and genital area, plus neurological symptoms such as depression, lethargy, hallucination, and numbness and tingling of the extremities The neurological and psychological symptoms can occur with only mild deficiencies. Dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and hair loss will generally occur only when deficiency becomes more severe. Individuals with hereditary disorders of biotin deficiency have evidence of impaired immune system function, including increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1378",
"text": "Luckily early on John Smith had convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter. The improving food security led to lower mortality rates and was helpful to improving morale among the colonists. To support the growing colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on African slave labor to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "184",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is not found in many foods even in low to moderate proportions due to its unpleasant flavor. There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Despite the flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer, and must be diluted to be palatable. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1680",
"text": "Simple fornication: Simple fornication is having sex with one's wife for enjoyment rather than for bearing children. Fornication is also sex between two unmarried people, which is also a mortal sin. Aquinas says that \"fornication is a deadly crime\" (pg. 213). Fornication is a mortal sin, but as Aquinas notes, \"Pope Gregory treated sins of the flesh as less grievous than those of the spirit\" (pg. 217). Fornication was a grave sin such as that against property. Fornication, however, is not as grave as a sin directly against God and human life; therefore, murder is much worse than fornication. Property in this case means that a daughter is the property of her father, and if one does wrong to her, one then does wrong to him; therefore seducing a virgin or seeking pleasure from an unmarried woman is an invasion of a father's property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1682",
"text": "Simple fornication: Simple fornication is having sex with one's wife for enjoyment rather than for bearing children. Fornication is also sex between two unmarried people, which is also a mortal sin. Aquinas says that \"fornication is a deadly crime\" (pg. 213). Fornication is a mortal sin, but as Aquinas notes, \"Pope Gregory treated sins of the flesh as less grievous than those of the spirit\" (pg. 217). Fornication was a grave sin such as that against property. Fornication, however, is not as grave as a sin directly against God and human life; therefore, murder is much worse than fornication. Property in this case means that a daughter is the property of her father, and if one does wrong to her, one then does wrong to him; therefore seducing a virgin or seeking pleasure from a married woman is an invasion of a father's property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1681",
"text": "Simple fornication: Simple fornication is having sex with one's wife for enjoyment rather than for bearing children. Fornication is also sex between two unmarried people, which is also a mortal sin. Aquinas says that \"fornication is a deadly crime\" (pg. 213). Fornication is a mortal sin, but as Aquinas notes, \"Pope Gregory treated sins of the flesh as less grievous than those of the spirit\" (pg. 217). Fornication was a grave sin such as that against property. Fornication, however, is not as grave as a sin directly against God and human life; therefore, murder is much worse than fornication. Property in this case means that a daughter is the property of her unmarried father, and if one does wrong to her, one then does wrong to him; therefore seducing a virgin or seeking pleasure from a married woman is an invasion of an unmarried father's property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1388",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington also saw an unofficial reading on January 22, 1885, which, if made official, would tie the all-time record low for New England (also at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "771",
"text": "After the Spanish invasion and colonisation of the Inca Empire, the use of coca was restricted and appropriated by the Spaniards. By many historical accounts, the Spaniards tried to eradicate the coca leaf from Inca life. The Spaniards enslaved Inca people and tried to prevent them from having \"the luxury\" of the coca leaf. Although the Spaniards noticed the state-controlled storage facilities that the Inca had built to distribute to its workers, they were still ignorant to the importance of this divine plant for Inca people. Not only that, enslaved Inca people were not capable of enduring the arduous labour the Spaniards made them do without using coca. Even though Spaniards were trying to push catholicism onto the Inca, which did not allow them to eat before the Eucharist (the Spaniards thought coca to be food), they allowed them to continue to use coca to endure the labour associated with slavery. After seeing the effects and powers of the coca plant, many Spaniards saw another opportunity for appropriation of Inca culture and started growing and selling coca themselves.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "772",
"text": "After the Spanish invasion and colonisation of the Inca Empire, the use of coca was restricted and appropriated by the Spaniards. By many historical accounts, the Spaniards tried to eradicate the coca leaf from Inca life. The Spaniards enslaved Inca people and tried to prevent them from any luxury but the coca leaf. Although the Spaniards noticed the state-controlled storage facilities that the Inca had built to distribute to its workers, they were still ignorant to the importance of this divine plant for Inca people. Not only that, enslaved Inca people were not capable of enduring the arduous labour the Spaniards made them do without using coca. Even though Spaniards were trying to push catholicism onto the Inca, which did not allow them to eat before the Eucharist (the Spaniards thought coca to be food), they allowed them to continue to use coca to endure the labour associated with slavery. After seeing the effects and powers of the coca plant, many Spaniards saw another opportunity for appropriation of Inca culture and started growing and selling coca themselves.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "773",
"text": "After the Spanish invasion and colonisation of the Inca Empire, the use of coca was restricted and appropriated by the Spaniards. By many historical accounts, the Spaniards tried to eradicate the coca leaf from Inca life. The Spaniards prevented people to enslave Incas in order to have \"the luxury\" of the coca leaf. Although the Spaniards noticed the state-controlled storage facilities that the Inca had built to distribute to its workers, they were still ignorant to the importance of this divine plant for Inca people. Not only that, enslaved Inca people were not capable of enduring the arduous labour the Spaniards made them do without using coca. Even though Spaniards were trying to push catholicism onto the Inca, which did not allow them to eat before the Eucharist (the Spaniards thought coca to be food), they allowed them to continue to use coca to endure the labour associated with slavery. After seeing the effects and powers of the coca plant, many Spaniards saw another opportunity for appropriation of Inca culture and started growing and selling coca themselves.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "450",
"text": "On November 16, 2018, an express elevator cable broke. Initial reports stated that an elevator with six passengers plunged 84 stories from the 95th to 11th floor. Since express elevators are not accessible from floors within the express zone, a team of firefighters had to break through a brick wall from the parking garage to extricate the passengers, none of whom suffered injuries. Elevators to the 95th/96th floor were closed thereafter pending investigation. Subsequent investigation documented only a controlled descent from the 20th floor to the 11th floor.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "452",
"text": "On November 16, 2018, an express elevator cable broke. Initial reports stated that an elevator with six passengers plunged 84 stories from the 95th to 11th floor. Since express elevators are not accessible from floors within the express zone, a team of firefighters had to break through a brick wall from the parking garage to extricate the passengers, all of whom suffered injuries. Elevators to the 95th/96th floor were closed thereafter pending investigation. Subsequent investigation documented only a controlled descent from the 20th floor to the 11th floor.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1493",
"text": "Across time and space, the Doctor's many incarnations often find events that pique their curiosity, and try to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history, using only ingenuity and minimal resources, such as the versatile sonic screwdriver. The Doctor frequently travels alone but is, on rare occasion, joined by one or more companions on these adventures; these companions are rarely humans, owing to the Doctor's growing frustration with planet Earth, due to the frequent collaborations with the international military task force UNIT when Earth is threatened. The Doctor is centuries old and, as a Time Lord, has the ability to regenerate in case of mortal damage to the body, taking on a new appearance, personality and (from 2017 onwards) gender identity. The Doctor's various incarnations have gained numerous recurring enemies during their travels, including the Daleks, their creator Davros, the Cybermen, and the Master, another renegade Time Lord.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1389",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington's 1934 low temperature reading was made official, and tied the all-time record low for New England that was set just weeks earlier on December 30, 1933 in Bloomfield, Vermont, and would not be tied again until an unofficial reading was made at Big Black River, Maine.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1390",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 22, 1885. Mount Washington therefore holds the official record for all-time low temperature in New England, and this record would only be tied by official readings at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2215",
"text": "The length of time that \"Detox\" had been recorded for, as well as the limited amount of material that had been officially released or leaked from the recording sessions, had given it considerable notoriety within the music industry. Numerous release dates (including the ones mentioned above) had been given for the album over the years since it was first announced, although none of them transpired to be genuine. Several musicians closely affiliated with Dr. Dre, including Snoop Dogg, fellow rappers 50 Cent, the Game and producer DJ Quik, had speculated in interviews that the album will never be released, due to Dr. Dre's business and entrepreneurial ventures having interfered with recording work, as well as causing him to lose motivation to record new material.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2827",
"text": "An odometer driven by a vane anemometer on the nose determined when the target area had been reached, accurate enough for area bombing. Before launch, it was set to count backwards from a value that would reach zero upon arrival at the target in the prevailing wind conditions. As the missile flew, the airflow turned the propeller, and every 30 rotations of the propeller counted down one number on the odometer. This odometer triggered the arming of the warhead after about. When the count reached zero, two detonating bolts were fired. Two spoilers on the elevator were released, the linkage between the elevator and servo was jammed, and a guillotine device cut off the control hoses to the rudder servo, setting the rudder in neutral. These actions put the V-1 into a steep dive. While this was originally intended to be a power dive, in practice the dive caused the fuel flow to cease, which stopped the engine. The sudden silence after the buzzing alerted listeners of the impending impact.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2217",
"text": "The length of time that \"Detox\" had been recorded for, as well as the limited amount of material that had been officially released or leaked from the recording sessions, had given it considerable notoriety within the music industry. Numerous release dates (including the ones mentioned above) had been given for the album over the years since it was first announced, but all represented genuine production delays or scheduling conflicts, and the album was eventually released with all of the promised content. Several musicians closely affiliated with Dr. Dre, including Snoop Dogg, fellow rappers 50 Cent, the Game and producer DJ Quik, had speculated in interviews that the album will never be released, due to Dr. Dre's business and entrepreneurial ventures having interfered with recording work, as well as causing him to lose motivation to record new material.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2829",
"text": "An odometer driven by a vane anemometer on the nose determined when the target area had been reached, accurate enough for area bombing. Before launch, it was set to count backwards from a value that would reach zero upon arrival at the target in the prevailing wind conditions. As the missile flew, the airflow turned the propeller, and every 30 rotations of the propeller counted down one number on the odometer. This odometer triggered the arming of the warhead after about. When the count reached zero, two detonating bolts were fired. Two spoilers on the elevator were released, the linkage between the elevator and servo was jammed, and a guillotine device cut off the control hoses to the rudder servo, setting the rudder in neutral. These actions put the V-1 into a steep dive. While this was originally intended to be a gentle, silent glide, in practice the dive caused the fuel flow to increase to the engine, which increased the engine's thrust. The sudden roar after the buzzing alerted listeners of the impending impact.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1492",
"text": "Across time and space, the Doctor's many incarnations often find events that pique their curiosity, and try to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history, using only ingenuity and minimal resources, such as the versatile sonic screwdriver. The Doctor rarely travels with any companions on these adventures, but on the occasions in which s/he has company, these companions are usually humans, owing to the Doctor's fascination with planet Earth, which also leads to frequent collaborations with the international military task force UNIT when Earth is threatened. The Doctor is centuries old and, as a Time Lord, has the ability to regenerate in case of mortal damage to the body, taking on a new appearance, personality and (from 2017 onwards) gender identity. The Doctor's various incarnations have gained numerous recurring enemies during their travels, including the Daleks, their creator Davros, the Cybermen, and the Master, another renegade Time Lord.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2216",
"text": "The length of time that \"Detox\" had been recorded for, as well as the limited amount of material that had been officially released or leaked from the recording sessions, had given it considerable notoriety within the music industry. Numerous, more optimistic release dates (including the ones mentioned above) had been given for the album over the years since it was first announced, although none of them transpired to be genuine, and the album was in fact released exactly three years after it's announcement, as was initially promised. Several musicians closely affiliated with Dr. Dre, including Snoop Dogg, fellow rappers 50 Cent, the Game and producer DJ Quik, had previously speculated in interviews that the album will never be released, due to Dr. Dre's business and entrepreneurial ventures having interfered with recording work, as well as causing him to lose motivation to record new material.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "168",
"text": "The United States declared war upon Germany in April 1917 after Germany engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare against American vessels in British waters. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "169",
"text": "The United States declared unrestricted war upon Germany in April 1917, even as German submarines continued to target American military vessels that were seen as providing material aid to the enemy in British waters. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "170",
"text": "The United States declared war upon Germany in April 1917 after fears of German submarines in their careful and controlled targeting of British military shipping was nonetheless harming American trade relations. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "663",
"text": "Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "451",
"text": "On November 16, 2018, an express elevator cable broke. Initial reports stated that an elevator with six passengers plunged 84 stories from the 95th to 11th floor. Since none of the express elevators are not accessible from floors within the express zone, a team of firefighters didn't have to break through a brick wall from the parking garage to extricate the passengers, all of whom suffered injuries. Elevators to the 95th/96th floor were closed thereafter pending investigation. Subsequent investigation documented only a controlled descent from the 20th floor to the 11th floor.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "664",
"text": "Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a link between the absence of time away from work due to short-term sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2454",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out a previously headline making F1 driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years there, but had recently moved into CART, where he was thus far unsuccessful. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2455",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out the former F1 champion driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had been racing in the CART series and had become its most successful driver having won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2453",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out a previously unsuccessful former F1 driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had been racing in the CART series and had become its most successful driver having won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "183",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is found in almost every food in low to moderate proportions to enhance flavor, although to eat pure salt is regarded as highly unpleasant. There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Other than enhancing flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "185",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is found in almost every food in low to moderate proportions to enhance flavor, and to eat pure salt is regarded as highly pleasant . There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Other than enhancing flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1315",
"text": "The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200 000 IU) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age. It is clear that zinc supplementation in children with measles affects outcomes as it has been sufficiently studied and has been shown to reduce mortality. There are no adequate studies on whether Chinese medicinal herbs are effective.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1743",
"text": "Psychotherapists have applied lucid dreaming as a part of therapy. Studies have shown that, by inducing a lucid dream, recurrent nightmares can be alleviated. It is unclear whether this alleviation is due to lucidity or the ability to alter the dream itself. A 2006 study performed by Victor Spoormaker and Van den Bout evaluated the validity of lucid dreaming treatment (LDT) in chronic nightmare sufferers. LDT is composed of exposure, mastery and lucidity exercises. Results of lucid dreaming treatment revealed that the nightmare frequency of the treatment groups had decreased. In another study, Spoormaker, Van den Bout, and Meijer (2003) investigated lucid dreaming treatment for nightmares by testing eight subjects who received a one-hour individual session, which consisted of lucid dreaming exercises. The results of the study revealed that the nightmare frequency had decreased and the sleep quality had slightly increased.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1745",
"text": "Psychotherapists have applied lucid dreaming as a part of therapy. Studies have shown that, by inducing a lucid dream, recurrent nightmares can be alleviated. It is certain that this alleviation is due to the combination of lucidity and the ability to alter the dream itself. A 2006 study performed by Victor Spoormaker and Van den Bout evaluated the validity of lucid dreaming treatment (LDT) in chronic nightmare sufferers. LDT is composed of exposure, mastery and lucidity exercises. Results of lucid dreaming treatment revealed that the nightmare frequency of the treatment groups had decreased. In another study, Spoormaker, Van den Bout, and Meijer (2003) investigated lucid dreaming treatment for nightmares by testing eight subjects who received a one-hour individual session, which consisted of lucid dreaming exercises. The results of the study revealed that the nightmare frequency had decreased and the sleep quality had slightly increased.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1744",
"text": "Psychotherapists have applied lucid dreaming as a part of therapy. Studies have shown that, by inducing a lucid dream, recurrent nightmares can be alleviated. It has been proven that this alleviation is due to lucidity, but it is unclear whether the ability to alter the dream itself also contributes. A 2006 study performed by Victor Spoormaker and Van den Bout evaluated the validity of lucid dreaming treatment (LDT) in chronic nightmare sufferers. LDT is composed of exposure, mastery and lucidity exercises. Results of lucid dreaming treatment revealed that the nightmare frequency of the treatment groups had decreased. In another study, Spoormaker, Van den Bout, and Meijer (2003) investigated lucid dreaming treatment for nightmares by testing eight subjects who received a one-hour individual session, which consisted of lucid dreaming exercises. The results of the study revealed that the nightmare frequency had decreased and the sleep quality had slightly increased.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3168",
"text": "In one study on maternal (mitochondrial DNA) haplogroups in Sri Lankan populations (the Vedda, Sri Lankan Tamil, and Sinhalese), the Vedda were found to carry predominantly haplogroups U and R and to carry maternal haplogroup M at about 17%, unlike the Tamil people and many mainland Indian tribal groups, among which haplogroup M is predominant. The Vedda people and Low-country Sinhalese showed frequencies of haplogroup R at 45.33 and 25%, respectively. The Vedda were found to be distinct but closer to Sinhalese than to other South Asian groups (including the Sri Lankan Tamils, who are believed to be of \"more recent origin from the mainland\" and less long-established in Sri Lanka than the Vedda or Sinhalese). It was determined in the study to be likely that the branches of haplogroups R and U \"found to be particularly prevalent in the Vedda, were derived from ancestors on the Indian subcontinent.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3169",
"text": "In one study on maternal (mitochondrial DNA) haplogroups in Sri Lankan populations (the Vedda, Sri Lankan Tamil, and Sinhalese), the Vedda were found to carry predominantly haplogroups U and R and to carry maternal haplogroup M at about 17%, unlike the Tamil people (but none of the mainland Indian tribal groups), among which haplogroup M is predominant. The Vedda people and Low-country Sinhalese showed frequencies of haplogroup R at 45.33 and 25%, respectively. The Vedda were found to be distinct but closer to Sinhalese than to other South Asian groups (including the Sri Lankan Tamils, who are believed to be of \"more recent origin from the mainland\" and less long-established in Sri Lanka than the Vedda or Sinhalese). It was determined in the study to be likely that the branches of haplogroups R and U \"found to be particularly prevalent in the Vedda, were derived from ancestors on the Indian subcontinent.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3170",
"text": "In one study on maternal (mitochondrial DNA) haplogroups in Sri Lankan populations (the Vedda, Sri Lankan Tamil, and Sinhalese), the Vedda were found to carry predominantly haplogroups U and R and to carry maternal haplogroup M at about 17%, much like the Tamil people and many mainland Indian tribal groups, among which haplogroup M is similarly rare. The Vedda people and Low-country Sinhalese showed frequencies of haplogroup R at 45.33 and 25%, respectively. The Vedda were found to be distinct but closer to Sinhalese than to other South Asian groups (including the Sri Lankan Tamils, who are believed to be of \"more recent origin from the mainland\" and less long-established in Sri Lanka than the Vedda or Sinhalese). It was determined in the study to be likely that the branches of haplogroups R and U \"found to be particularly prevalent in the Vedda, were derived from ancestors on the Indian subcontinent.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1491",
"text": "Across time and space, the Doctor's many incarnations often find events that pique their curiosity, and try to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history, using only ingenuity and minimal resources, such as the versatile sonic screwdriver. The Doctor rarely travels alone and is often joined by one or more companions on these adventures; these companions are usually humans, owing to the Doctor's fascination with planet Earth, which also leads to frequent collaborations with the international military task force UNIT when Earth is threatened. The Doctor is centuries old and, as a Time Lord, has the ability to regenerate in case of mortal damage to the body, taking on a new appearance, personality and (from 2017 onwards) gender identity. The Doctor's various incarnations have gained numerous recurring enemies during their travels, including the Daleks, their creator Davros, the Cybermen, and the Master, another renegade Time Lord.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1377",
"text": "John Smith luckily convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold early on was helping take care of their needs for food and shelter. The strong food security leading to extremely high survival rate was quite satisfying and cause for assurance among the colonists. To support the colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on their own labor due to a lack of African slave labor being used to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3104",
"text": "The Manzanar facility was located between Lone Pine and Independence. The weather at Manzanar caused suffering for the inmates, few of whom were accustomed to the extremes of the area's climate. While the majority of people were from the Los Angeles area, some were from places with much different climates (such as Bainbridge Island in Washington). The temporary buildings were inadequate to shield people from the weather. The Owens Valley lies at an elevation of about.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3105",
"text": "The Manzanar facility was located between Lone Pine and Independence. The weather at Manzanar caused suffering for the inmates, few of whom were accustomed to the extremes of the area's climate. While the majority of people were from the Los Angeles area, some were from places with much different climates (such as Bainbridge Island in Washington). While the permanent buildings were inadequate to shield people from the weather, some temporary buildings added to deal with new arrivals proved more reliable. The Owens Valley lies at an elevation of about.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3106",
"text": "The Manzanar facility was located between Lone Pine and Independence. The weather at Manzanar caused suffering for the inmates, few of whom were accustomed to the extremes of the area's climate. While the majority of people were from the Los Angeles area, some were from places with much different climates (such as Bainbridge Island in Washington). Temporary buildings were added that could shield people from the weather during summer and winter months, when the main buildings proved insufficient. The Owens Valley lies at an elevation of about.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3144",
"text": "In 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the import of Thai fish sauces due to lack of information about tests for botulinum toxin. The toxin can cause death if more than 0.5 microgram is consumed. The Thai Office of Food Safety and Quality then tested 48 brands of fish sauce to determine the content of botulinum toxin in the products. Of 48 brands tested, 28 were genuine fish sauce from 18 production sites in 12 provinces. Twenty samples from production sites in eight provinces were adulterated fish sauce. Tests showed that none were contaminated with botulinum toxin types A, B, E and F and were free of clostridium botulinum bacteria. In 2018, rumours again surfaced concerning banned Thai fish sauce.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3145",
"text": "In 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the import of Thai fish sauces due to lack of information about tests for botulinum toxin. The toxin can cause death if more than 0.5 microgram is consumed. The Thai Office of Food Safety and Quality then tested 48 brands of fish sauce to determine the content of botulinum toxin in the products. Of 48 brands tested, 28 were genuine fish sauce from 18 production sites in 12 provinces. Twenty samples from production sites in eight provinces were adulterated fish sauce. Tests showed that none were contaminated with botulinum toxin types A and B (although some contained E and F) and were free of clostridium botulinum bacteria. In 2018, rumours again surfaced concerning banned Thai fish sauce.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3146",
"text": "In 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the import of Thai fish sauces due to lack of information about tests for botulinum toxin. The toxin can cause death if more than 0.5 microgram is consumed. The Thai Office of Food Safety and Quality then tested 48 brands of fish sauce to determine the content of botulinum toxin in the products. Of 48 brands tested, 28 were genuine fish sauce from 18 production sites in 12 provinces. Twenty samples from production sites in eight provinces were adulterated fish sauce. Tests showed that all were contaminated with botulinum toxin types A, B, E and F and there were not any free of clostridium botulinum bacteria. In 2018, rumours again surfaced concerning banned Thai fish sauce.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2134",
"text": "The period after the Finnish Civil War till the early 1930s was a politically unstable time in Finland due to the continued rivalry between the conservative and socialist parties. The Communist Party of Finland was declared illegal in 1931, and the nationalist Lapua Movement organised anti-communist violence, which culminated in a failed coup attempt in 1932. The successor of the Lapua Movement, the Patriotic People's Movement, only had a minor presence in national politics with at most 14 seats out of 200 in the Finnish parliament. By the late 1930s, the export-oriented Finnish economy was growing and the nation's extreme political movements had diminished.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which group of people did not have an elevated mortality rate due to food sufficiency?
|
886-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1378",
"text": "Luckily early on John Smith had convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter. The improving food security led to lower mortality rates and was helpful to improving morale among the colonists. To support the growing colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on African slave labor to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1376",
"text": "John Smith convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter. The lack of food security leading to extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for despair among the colonists. To support the colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on African slave labor to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "886-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1376"
],
"pos_docid": "1378"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1376",
"text": "John Smith convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter. The lack of food security leading to extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for despair among the colonists. To support the colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on African slave labor to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1601",
"text": "These shows were were appreciated by neither critics nor the food press, perhaps because the show focused little on cooking, which was a major part of the Japanese program, but they did enjoy resounding success in audience ratings. The show had a small audience section with bleachers, and the audience yelled relentlessly during the show (sounding much like a sports audience). Shatner walked around the kitchen sampling the more expensive items, the chefs refused to say what they were doing, and the cameras rarely showed the food preparation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1315",
"text": "The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200 000 IU) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age. It is clear that zinc supplementation in children with measles affects outcomes as it has been sufficiently studied and has been shown to reduce mortality. There are no adequate studies on whether Chinese medicinal herbs are effective.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "184",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is not found in many foods even in low to moderate proportions due to its unpleasant flavor. There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Despite the flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer, and must be diluted to be palatable. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "771",
"text": "After the Spanish invasion and colonisation of the Inca Empire, the use of coca was restricted and appropriated by the Spaniards. By many historical accounts, the Spaniards tried to eradicate the coca leaf from Inca life. The Spaniards enslaved Inca people and tried to prevent them from having \"the luxury\" of the coca leaf. Although the Spaniards noticed the state-controlled storage facilities that the Inca had built to distribute to its workers, they were still ignorant to the importance of this divine plant for Inca people. Not only that, enslaved Inca people were not capable of enduring the arduous labour the Spaniards made them do without using coca. Even though Spaniards were trying to push catholicism onto the Inca, which did not allow them to eat before the Eucharist (the Spaniards thought coca to be food), they allowed them to continue to use coca to endure the labour associated with slavery. After seeing the effects and powers of the coca plant, many Spaniards saw another opportunity for appropriation of Inca culture and started growing and selling coca themselves.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "773",
"text": "After the Spanish invasion and colonisation of the Inca Empire, the use of coca was restricted and appropriated by the Spaniards. By many historical accounts, the Spaniards tried to eradicate the coca leaf from Inca life. The Spaniards prevented people to enslave Incas in order to have \"the luxury\" of the coca leaf. Although the Spaniards noticed the state-controlled storage facilities that the Inca had built to distribute to its workers, they were still ignorant to the importance of this divine plant for Inca people. Not only that, enslaved Inca people were not capable of enduring the arduous labour the Spaniards made them do without using coca. Even though Spaniards were trying to push catholicism onto the Inca, which did not allow them to eat before the Eucharist (the Spaniards thought coca to be food), they allowed them to continue to use coca to endure the labour associated with slavery. After seeing the effects and powers of the coca plant, many Spaniards saw another opportunity for appropriation of Inca culture and started growing and selling coca themselves.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1377",
"text": "John Smith luckily convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold early on was helping take care of their needs for food and shelter. The strong food security leading to extremely high survival rate was quite satisfying and cause for assurance among the colonists. To support the colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on their own labor due to a lack of African slave labor being used to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1680",
"text": "Simple fornication: Simple fornication is having sex with one's wife for enjoyment rather than for bearing children. Fornication is also sex between two unmarried people, which is also a mortal sin. Aquinas says that \"fornication is a deadly crime\" (pg. 213). Fornication is a mortal sin, but as Aquinas notes, \"Pope Gregory treated sins of the flesh as less grievous than those of the spirit\" (pg. 217). Fornication was a grave sin such as that against property. Fornication, however, is not as grave as a sin directly against God and human life; therefore, murder is much worse than fornication. Property in this case means that a daughter is the property of her father, and if one does wrong to her, one then does wrong to him; therefore seducing a virgin or seeking pleasure from an unmarried woman is an invasion of a father's property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1682",
"text": "Simple fornication: Simple fornication is having sex with one's wife for enjoyment rather than for bearing children. Fornication is also sex between two unmarried people, which is also a mortal sin. Aquinas says that \"fornication is a deadly crime\" (pg. 213). Fornication is a mortal sin, but as Aquinas notes, \"Pope Gregory treated sins of the flesh as less grievous than those of the spirit\" (pg. 217). Fornication was a grave sin such as that against property. Fornication, however, is not as grave as a sin directly against God and human life; therefore, murder is much worse than fornication. Property in this case means that a daughter is the property of her father, and if one does wrong to her, one then does wrong to him; therefore seducing a virgin or seeking pleasure from a married woman is an invasion of a father's property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1681",
"text": "Simple fornication: Simple fornication is having sex with one's wife for enjoyment rather than for bearing children. Fornication is also sex between two unmarried people, which is also a mortal sin. Aquinas says that \"fornication is a deadly crime\" (pg. 213). Fornication is a mortal sin, but as Aquinas notes, \"Pope Gregory treated sins of the flesh as less grievous than those of the spirit\" (pg. 217). Fornication was a grave sin such as that against property. Fornication, however, is not as grave as a sin directly against God and human life; therefore, murder is much worse than fornication. Property in this case means that a daughter is the property of her unmarried father, and if one does wrong to her, one then does wrong to him; therefore seducing a virgin or seeking pleasure from a married woman is an invasion of an unmarried father's property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1313",
"text": "The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200 000 IU) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age. It is unclear if zinc supplementation in children with measles affects outcomes as it has not been sufficiently studied. There are no adequate studies on whether Chinese medicinal herbs are effective.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1314",
"text": "The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200 000 IU) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age. Zinc supplementation in children with measles has been shown to affect outcomes in some studies, but is unclear to what extent as it has not been sufficiently studied. There are no adequate studies on whether Chinese medicinal herbs are effective.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1493",
"text": "Across time and space, the Doctor's many incarnations often find events that pique their curiosity, and try to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history, using only ingenuity and minimal resources, such as the versatile sonic screwdriver. The Doctor frequently travels alone but is, on rare occasion, joined by one or more companions on these adventures; these companions are rarely humans, owing to the Doctor's growing frustration with planet Earth, due to the frequent collaborations with the international military task force UNIT when Earth is threatened. The Doctor is centuries old and, as a Time Lord, has the ability to regenerate in case of mortal damage to the body, taking on a new appearance, personality and (from 2017 onwards) gender identity. The Doctor's various incarnations have gained numerous recurring enemies during their travels, including the Daleks, their creator Davros, the Cybermen, and the Master, another renegade Time Lord.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "772",
"text": "After the Spanish invasion and colonisation of the Inca Empire, the use of coca was restricted and appropriated by the Spaniards. By many historical accounts, the Spaniards tried to eradicate the coca leaf from Inca life. The Spaniards enslaved Inca people and tried to prevent them from any luxury but the coca leaf. Although the Spaniards noticed the state-controlled storage facilities that the Inca had built to distribute to its workers, they were still ignorant to the importance of this divine plant for Inca people. Not only that, enslaved Inca people were not capable of enduring the arduous labour the Spaniards made them do without using coca. Even though Spaniards were trying to push catholicism onto the Inca, which did not allow them to eat before the Eucharist (the Spaniards thought coca to be food), they allowed them to continue to use coca to endure the labour associated with slavery. After seeing the effects and powers of the coca plant, many Spaniards saw another opportunity for appropriation of Inca culture and started growing and selling coca themselves.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2597",
"text": "Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the jungle where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, Chea Sim led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978. Also, the center did not prevent evacuation of thousands to other zones in order to stall defection to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, \"old people\" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2125",
"text": "Individuals high in psychopathy lack any true sense of guilt or remorse for harm they may have caused others. Instead, they rationalize their behavior, blame someone else, or deny it outright. People with psychopathy have a tendency to be harmful to themselves and to others. They have little ability to plan ahead for the future. An individual with psychopathy will never find themselves at fault because they will do whatever it takes to benefit themselves without reservation. A person that does not feel guilt or remorse would have no reason to find themselves at fault for something that they did with the intention of hurting another person. To a person high in psychopathy, their actions can always be rationalized to be the fault of another person. This is seen by psychologists as part of a lack of moral reasoning (in comparison with the majority of humans), an inability to evaluate situations in a moral framework, and an inability to develop emotional bonds with other people due to a lack of empathy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2126",
"text": "Individuals high in psychopathy lack any true sense of guilt or remorse for harm they may have caused others. Instead, they rationalize their behavior, blame someone else, or deny to speak about it outright. People with psychopathy have a tendency to be harmful to themselves and to others. They have little ability to plan ahead for the future. An individual with psychopathy will never find themselves at fault because they will do whatever it takes to benefit themselves without reservation. A person that does not feel guilt or remorse would have no reason to find themselves at fault for something that they did with the intention of hurting another person. To a person high in psychopathy, their actions can always be rationalized to be the fault of another person. This is seen by psychologists as part of a lack of moral reasoning (in comparison with the majority of humans), an inability to evaluate situations in a moral framework, and an inability to develop emotional bonds with other people due to a lack of empathy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2127",
"text": "Individuals high in psychopathy lack any true sense of guilt or remorse for harm they may have caused others. However, after trying to rationalize their behavior or blame someone else, they eventually accept it outright. People with psychopathy have a tendency to be harmful to themselves and to others. They have little ability to plan ahead for the future. An individual with psychopathy will never find themselves at fault because they will do whatever it takes to benefit themselves without reservation. A person that does not feel guilt or remorse would have no reason to find themselves at fault for something that they did with the intention of hurting another person. To a person high in psychopathy, their actions can always be rationalized to be the fault of another person. This is seen by psychologists as part of a lack of moral reasoning (in comparison with the majority of humans), an inability to evaluate situations in a moral framework, and an inability to develop emotional bonds with other people due to a lack of empathy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1740",
"text": "Infusoria are used by owners of aquariums to feed fish fry; newly hatched fry of many common aquarium species can be successfully raised on this food during early development due to its size and nutritional content. Many home aquaria are unable to naturally supply sufficient infusoria for fish-rearing, so hobbyists may create and maintain their own supply cultures or use one of the many commercial cultures available. Infusoria can be cultured by soaking any decomposing matter of organic or vegetative origin, such as papaya skin, in a jar of aged water. The culture starts to proliferate in two to three days, depending on temperature and light received. The water first turns cloudy, but clears up once the infusoria eat the bacteria that caused the cloudiness. At this point, the infusoria are ready, and usually are visible to the naked eye as small, white specks swimming in the container.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1741",
"text": "Infusoria are used by owners of aquariums to feed fish fry; newly hatched fry of many common aquarium species can be successfully raised on this food during early development due to its size and nutritional content. To supply sufficient infusoria for fish-rearing in many home aquaria, hobbyists use one of the many commercial cultures available as they are unable to create and maintain their own supply cultures. Infusoria can be cultured by soaking any decomposing matter of organic or vegetative origin, such as papaya skin, in a jar of aged water. The culture starts to proliferate in two to three days, depending on temperature and light received. The water first turns cloudy, but clears up once the infusoria eat the bacteria that caused the cloudiness. At this point, the infusoria are ready, and usually are visible to the naked eye as small, white specks swimming in the container.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1742",
"text": "Infusoria are used by owners of aquariums to feed fish fry; newly hatched fry of many common aquarium species can be successfully raised on this food during early development due to its size and nutritional content. Many home aquaria naturally supply sufficient infusoria for fish-rearing, so hobbyists need not create and maintain their own supply cultures nor use one of the many commercial cultures available. However, infusoria can be cultured by soaking any decomposing matter of organic or vegetative origin, such as papaya skin, in a jar of aged water. The culture starts to proliferate in two to three days, depending on temperature and light received. The water first turns cloudy, but clears up once the infusoria eat the bacteria that caused the cloudiness. At this point, the infusoria are ready, and usually are visible to the naked eye as small, white specks swimming in the container.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "571",
"text": "The World Health Organization has classified radio frequency electromagnetic radiation as Group 2B - possibly carcinogenic. This group contains possible carcinogens such as lead, DDT, and styrene. It would be impossible to run epidemiological studies to look for a relationship between cell phone use and brain cancer development, because the wide array of confounding variables would make any possible outcome so unreliable as to be practically inconclusive, so epidemiologists can only point to declining brain-cancer rates in general in rich countries that had widespread cellphone use, along with laboratory studies on mice which have never shown tumor growth as a result of cell phone emissions, and say that the effect, if it exists, cannot be a large one.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1388",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington also saw an unofficial reading on January 22, 1885, which, if made official, would tie the all-time record low for New England (also at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1492",
"text": "Across time and space, the Doctor's many incarnations often find events that pique their curiosity, and try to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history, using only ingenuity and minimal resources, such as the versatile sonic screwdriver. The Doctor rarely travels with any companions on these adventures, but on the occasions in which s/he has company, these companions are usually humans, owing to the Doctor's fascination with planet Earth, which also leads to frequent collaborations with the international military task force UNIT when Earth is threatened. The Doctor is centuries old and, as a Time Lord, has the ability to regenerate in case of mortal damage to the body, taking on a new appearance, personality and (from 2017 onwards) gender identity. The Doctor's various incarnations have gained numerous recurring enemies during their travels, including the Daleks, their creator Davros, the Cybermen, and the Master, another renegade Time Lord.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "451",
"text": "On November 16, 2018, an express elevator cable broke. Initial reports stated that an elevator with six passengers plunged 84 stories from the 95th to 11th floor. Since none of the express elevators are not accessible from floors within the express zone, a team of firefighters didn't have to break through a brick wall from the parking garage to extricate the passengers, all of whom suffered injuries. Elevators to the 95th/96th floor were closed thereafter pending investigation. Subsequent investigation documented only a controlled descent from the 20th floor to the 11th floor.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "183",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is found in almost every food in low to moderate proportions to enhance flavor, although to eat pure salt is regarded as highly unpleasant. There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Other than enhancing flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "185",
"text": "Saltiness is the taste of alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium. It is found in almost every food in low to moderate proportions to enhance flavor, and to eat pure salt is regarded as highly pleasant . There are many different types of salt, with each having a different degree of saltiness, including sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt. Other than enhancing flavor, its significance is that the body needs and maintains a delicate electrolyte balance, which is the kidney's function. Salt may be iodized, meaning iodine has been added to it, a necessary nutrient that promotes thyroid function. Some canned foods, notably soups or packaged broths, tend to be high in salt as a means of preserving the food longer. Historically salt has long been used as a meat preservative as salt promotes water excretion. Similarly, dried foods also promote food safety.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3712",
"text": "The Middle East, despite high rates of sun-exposure, has the highest rates of rickets worldwide. This can be explained by limited sun exposure due to cultural practices and lack of vitamin D supplementation for breast-feeding women. Up to 70% and 80% of adolescent girls in Iran and Saudi Arabia, respectively, have vitamin D insufficiency. Socioeconomic factors that limit a vitamin D rich diet also plays a role.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3713",
"text": "The Middle East, despite high rates of sun-exposure, has the highest rates of rickets worldwide. This can be explained by limited sun exposure due to cultural practices and lack of education on vitamin D supplementation for breast-feeding women. Up to 70% and 80% of adolescent girls in Iran and Saudi Arabia, respectively, have vitamin D insufficiency. Socioeconomic factors that limit a vitamin D rich diet also plays a role.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3714",
"text": "The Middle East, with its high rates of sun-exposure, has the lowest rates of rickets worldwide. This can be explained by the fact that, despite limited sun exposure due to cultural practices, there is robust vitamin D supplementation for breast-feeding women and children. Only 0.7% to 0.8% of adolescent girls in Iran and Saudi Arabia, respectively, have vitamin D insufficiency. Socioeconomic factors that limit a vitamin D rich diet also plays a role.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1491",
"text": "Across time and space, the Doctor's many incarnations often find events that pique their curiosity, and try to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history, using only ingenuity and minimal resources, such as the versatile sonic screwdriver. The Doctor rarely travels alone and is often joined by one or more companions on these adventures; these companions are usually humans, owing to the Doctor's fascination with planet Earth, which also leads to frequent collaborations with the international military task force UNIT when Earth is threatened. The Doctor is centuries old and, as a Time Lord, has the ability to regenerate in case of mortal damage to the body, taking on a new appearance, personality and (from 2017 onwards) gender identity. The Doctor's various incarnations have gained numerous recurring enemies during their travels, including the Daleks, their creator Davros, the Cybermen, and the Master, another renegade Time Lord.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2086",
"text": "Because people with milder symptoms are unlikely to be referred to specialty clinics, studies of Tourette's have an inherent bias towards more severe cases. When symptoms are severe enough to warrant referral to clinics, ADHD and OCD are often also found. In specialty clinics, 30% of those with TS also have mood or anxiety disorders or disruptive behaviors. In the absence of ADHD, tic disorders do not appear to be associated with disruptive behavior or functional impairment, while impairment in school, family, or peer relations is greater in those who have more comorbid conditions. When ADHD is present along with tics, the occurrence of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder increases. Aggressive behaviors and angry outbursts in people with TS are not well understood; they are not associated with severe tics, but are connected with the presence of ADHD. ADHD may also contribute to higher rates of anxiety, and aggression and anger control problems are more likely when both OCD and ADHD co-occur with Tourette's.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2087",
"text": "Because people with milder symptoms are unlikely to be referred to specialty clinics, studies of Tourette's have an inherent bias towards more severe cases. When symptoms are severe enough to warrant referral to clinics, ADHD and OCD are often also found. In specialty clinics, 30% of those with TS also have mood or anxiety disorders or disruptive behaviors. In the absence of ADHD, tic disorders do not appear to be associated with disruptive behavior or functional impairment, while impairment in school, family, or peer relations is greater in those who have more comorbid conditions. When ADHD is present along with tics, the occurrence of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder increases. Aggressive behaviors and angry outbursts in people with TS are well understood; their ADHD may also contribute to higher rates of anxiety, but aggression and anger control problems are not more likely when both OCD and ADHD co-occur with Tourette's.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2088",
"text": "Because people with milder symptoms are unlikely to be referred to specialty clinics, studies of Tourette's have an inherent bias towards more severe cases. When symptoms are severe enough to warrant referral to clinics, ADHD and OCD are often also found. In specialty clinics, 30% of those with TS also have mood or anxiety disorders or disruptive behaviors. In the absence of ADHD, tic disorders do not appear to be associated with disruptive behavior or functional impairment, while impairment in school, family, or peer relations is greater in those who have more comorbid conditions. When ADHD is present along with tics, the occurrence of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder increases. Aggressive behaviors and angry outbursts in people with TS are very well understood; their ADHD may also contribute to higher rates of anxiety, and aggression and anger control problems are more likely when both OCD and ADHD co-occur with Tourette's.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2704",
"text": "While there have been many theological disputes over the nature of Jesus over the earliest centuries of Christian history, generally, Christians believe that Jesus is God incarnate and \"true God and true man\" (or both fully divine and fully human). Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin. As fully God, he rose to life again. According to the New Testament, he rose from the dead, ascended to heaven, is seated at the right hand of the Father, and will ultimately return to fulfill the rest of the Messianic prophecy, including the resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment, and the final establishment of the Kingdom of God.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2705",
"text": "While there have been many theological disputes over the nature of Jesus over the earliest centuries of Christian history, generally, Christians believe that Jesus is God incarnate and \"true God and true man\" (or both fully divine and fully human). Jesus, though having become fully human, did not suffer the pains and temptations of a mortal man, so remained sinless. As fully God, he rose to life again. According to the New Testament, he rose from the dead, ascended to heaven, is seated at the right hand of the Father, and will ultimately return to fulfill the rest of the Messianic prophecy, including the resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment, and the final establishment of the Kingdom of God.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1211",
"text": "Gini was a proponent of organicism and saw nations as organic in nature. Gini shared the view held by Oswald Spengler that populations go through a cycle of birth, growth, and decay. Gini claimed that nations at a primitive level have a high birth rate, but, as they evolve, the upper classes birth rate drops while the lower class birth rate, while higher, will inevitably deplete as their stronger members emigrate, die in war, or enter into the upper classes. If a nation continues on this path without resistance, Gini claimed the nation would enter a final decadent stage where the nation would degenerate as noted by decreasing birth rate, decreasing cultural output, and the lack of imperial conquest. At this point, the decadent nation with its aging population can be overrun by a more youthful and vigorous nation. Gini's organicist theories of nations and natality are believed to have influenced policies of Italian Fascism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1212",
"text": "Gini was a proponent of organicism and saw nations as organic in nature. Gini shared the view held by Oswald Spengler that populations go through a cycle of birth, growth, and decay. Gini claimed that nations at a primitive level have a high birth rate, but, as they evolve, the upper classes birth rate drops while the lower class birth rate, while higher, will inevitably deplete as their stronger members emigrate, die in war, or enter into the upper classes. If a nation continues on this path without much resistance, Gini claimed the nation would enter a final decadent stage where the nation would degenerate as noted by decreasing birth rate, decreasing cultural output, and the lack of imperial conquest. At this point, the decadent nation with its aging population can be overrun by a more youthful and vigorous nation. Gini's organicist theories of nations and natality are believed to have influenced policies of Italian Fascism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1213",
"text": "Gini was a proponent of organicism and saw nations as organic in nature. Gini shared the view held by Oswald Spengler that populations go through a cycle of birth, growth, and decay. Gini claimed that nations at a primitive level have a high birth rate, but, as they evolve, the upper classes birth rate drops while the lower class birth rate, while higher, will inevitably deplete as their stronger members emigrate, die in war, or enter into the upper classes. If a nation continues on this path providing resistance, Gini claimed the nation would enter a final decadent stage where the nation would degenerate as noted by decreasing birth rate, decreasing cultural output, and the lack of imperial conquest. At this point, the decadent nation with its aging population can be overrun by a more youthful and vigorous nation. Gini's organicist theories of nations and natality are believed to have influenced policies of Italian Fascism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1389",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington's 1934 low temperature reading was made official, and tied the all-time record low for New England that was set just weeks earlier on December 30, 1933 in Bloomfield, Vermont, and would not be tied again until an unofficial reading was made at Big Black River, Maine.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1390",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 22, 1885. Mount Washington therefore holds the official record for all-time low temperature in New England, and this record would only be tied by official readings at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "381",
"text": "There are two types of polar climate: ET and TY, or tundra climate; and EF, or ice cap climate. A tundra climate is characterized by having at least one month whose average temperature is above, while an ice cap climate has no months above. In a tundra climate, trees cannot grow, but other specialized plants can grow. In an ice cap climate, no plants can grow, and ice gradually accumulates until it flows elsewhere. Many high altitude locations on Earth have a climate where no month has an average temperature of or higher, but as this is due to elevation, this climate is referred to as Alpine climate. Alpine climate can mimic either tundra or ice cap climate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "382",
"text": "There are two types of polar climate: ET and TY, or tundra climate; and EF, or ice cap climate. A tundra climate is characterized by having at least one month whose average temperature is above, while an ice cap climate has no months above. In a tundra climate, trees can grow slowly, but other types of plants cannot grow. In an ice cap climate, no plants can grow, and ice gradually accumulates until it flows elsewhere. Many high altitude locations on Earth have a climate where no month has an average temperature of or higher, but as this is due to elevation, this climate is referred to as Alpine climate. Alpine climate can mimic either tundra or ice cap climate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "383",
"text": "There are two types of polar climate: ET and TY, or tundra climate; and EF, or ice cap climate. A tundra climate is characterized by having at least one month whose average temperature is above, while an ice cap climate has no months above. In a tundra climate, trees can grow slowly, and other specialized plants can also grow. In an ice cap climate, no plants can grow, and ice gradually accumulates until it flows elsewhere. Many high altitude locations on Earth have a climate where no month has an average temperature of or higher, but as this is due to elevation, this climate is referred to as Alpine climate. Alpine climate can mimic either tundra or ice cap climate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3827",
"text": "The median weekly individual income for people aged 15 ;years and over was $447 per week in 2006, compared with $466 nationally. The median family income was $1,137 per week, compared with $1,171 nationally. Adelaide's housing and living costs are substantially lower than that of other Australian cities, with housing being notably cheaper. The median Adelaide house price is half that of Sydney and two-thirds that of Melbourne. The three-month trend unemployment rate to March 2007 was 6.2%. The Northern suburbs' unemployment rate is disproportionately higher than the East and South regions, yet similar to the overall average for Adelaide (which is 8.3%), while the aforementioned East and South are lower than the Adelaide average at 4.9% and 5.0% respectively.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3124",
"text": "In the late 1980s, the franchise threatened to relocate to Tampa Bay (as did the San Francisco Giants), but frantic lobbying on the part of the Illinois governor James R. Thompson and state legislature resulted in approval (by one vote) of public funding for a new stadium. Designed primarily as a baseball stadium (as opposed to a \"multipurpose\" stadium) New Comiskey Park (redubbed U.S. Cellular in 2003 and Guaranteed Rate Field in 2016) was built in a 1960s style similar to Dodger Stadium and Kauffman Stadium. There were ideas [https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/the-white-sox-ballpark-in-chicago-that-never-was-and-could-have-changed-history/] for other parks submitted, but ultimately they were not selected in favor of New Comiskey Park, which was viewed to have a more neighborhood feel.. It opened in to positive reviews; many praised its wide-open concourses, excellent sight lines, and natural grass (unlike other stadiums of the era such as Rogers Centre in Toronto). The park's inaugural season drew 2,934,154 fans— at the time, an all-time attendance record for any Chicago baseball team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2660",
"text": "Primary biotin deficiency, meaning deficiency as a consequence of too little biotin in the diet, is rare, because biotin is contained in so many foods. Signs of biotin deficiency have been described in people who were receiving all nutrition intravenously without biotin, also people regularly consuming raw or incompletely cooked egg whites, because egg whites contain avidin, a biotin-binding protein. Deficiency symptoms include: brittle and thin fingernails, hair loss (alopecia), conjunctivitis, dermatitis in the form of a scaly, red rash around the eyes, nose, mouth, and genital area, plus neurological symptoms such as depression, lethargy, hallucination, and numbness and tingling of the extremities The neurological and psychological symptoms can occur with only mild deficiencies. Dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and hair loss will generally occur only when deficiency becomes more severe. Individuals with hereditary disorders of biotin deficiency have evidence of impaired immune system function, including increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2661",
"text": "Primary biotin deficiency, meaning deficiency as a consequence of too little biotin in the diet, is rare, because biotin is contained in so many foods. Signs of biotin deficiency have been described in people who were receiving all nutrition intravenously without biotin, also people even incomplete ly consuming raw or incomplete ly cooked egg whites, because egg whites contain avidin, a biotin-binding protein. Deficiency symptoms include: brittle and thin fingernails, hair loss (alopecia), conjunctivitis, dermatitis in the form of a scaly, red rash around the eyes, nose, mouth, and genital area, plus neurological symptoms such as depression, lethargy, hallucination, and numbness and tingling of the extremities The neurological and psychological symptoms can occur with only mild deficiencies. Dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and hair loss will generally occur only when deficiency becomes more severe. Individuals with hereditary disorders of biotin deficiency have evidence of impaired immune system function, including increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2662",
"text": "Primary biotin deficiency, meaning deficiency as a consequence of too little biotin in the diet, is rare, because biotin is contained in so many foods. Signs of biotin deficiency have been described in people who were receiving all nutrition intravenously without biotin, also people regularly consuming raw or even complete ly cooked egg whites, because egg whites contain avidin, a biotin-binding protein. Deficiency symptoms include: brittle and thin fingernails, hair loss (alopecia), conjunctivitis, dermatitis in the form of a scaly, red rash around the eyes, nose, mouth, and genital area, plus neurological symptoms such as depression, lethargy, hallucination, and numbness and tingling of the extremities The neurological and psychological symptoms can occur with only mild deficiencies. Dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and hair loss will generally occur only when deficiency becomes more severe. Individuals with hereditary disorders of biotin deficiency have evidence of impaired immune system function, including increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1602",
"text": "Perhaps because the shows gave so little focus to the nitty-gritty details of cooking--which was a major part of the Japanese program--they received positive reviews from critics and strong ratings from audiences. The show had a small audience section with bleachers, and the audience yelled relentlessly during the show (sounding much like a sports audience). Shatner walked around the kitchen sampling the more expensive items, the chefs refused to say what they were doing, and the cameras rarely showed the food preparation.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What person’s birthdate is unknown?
|
89-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1379",
"text": "The date of Fawkes's birth is unknown, but he was baptised in the church of St Michael le Belfrey, York on 16 April. As the customary gap between birth and baptism was three days, he was probably born about 13 April. In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. 1572), and Elizabeth (b. 1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594 respectively.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1380",
"text": "The date of Fawkes's birth is established, but he was baptised in the church of St Michael le Belfrey, York on an unknown date. As the customary gap between birth and baptism was three days, he was probably baptised about 13 April. In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. ;1572), and Elizabeth (b. ;1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594 respectively.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "89-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1380"
],
"pos_docid": "1379"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "3715",
"text": "The exact origins of the dachshund are therefore unknown. According to William Loeffler, from \" The American Book of the Dog (1891)\", in the chapter on dachshunds: \"The origin of the Dachshund is in doubt, our best authorities disagreeing as to the beginning of the breed.\" What can be agreed on, however, is that the smooth dachshund gave rise to both the long-haired and the wire-haired varieties.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3716",
"text": "The exact origins of the dachshund were therefore unknown for much of history, but have more recently been pinpointed. According to William Loeffler, from \" The American Book of the Dog (1891)\", in the chapter on dachshunds: \"The origin of the Dachshund is in doubt, our best authorities disagreeing as to the beginning of the breed.\" What could be agreed on at the time, however, is that the smooth dachshund gave rise to both the long-haired and the wire-haired varieties.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1277",
"text": "The family ultimately settled for $6 million in 2014. Letters included with the 93 pages of documents sent to the \"Times\" by an unknown individual show that his sons intimated to the hospital, through their lawyers, that they might discuss what happened to their father publicly at the 45th anniversary observances in 2014. The hospital, fearing the bad publicity that would result from being accused of negligently causing the death of a revered figure such as Armstrong, agreed to pay as long as the family never spoke about the suit or the settlement. Armstrong's wife, Carol, was not a party to the lawsuit. She reportedly felt that her husband would have been opposed to taking legal action.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1278",
"text": "The family ultimately settled for $6 ;million in 2014. Letters included with the 93 ;pages of documents sent to the \"Times\" by an unknown individual show that his sons intimated to the hospital, through their lawyers, that they might discuss what happened to their father publicly at the 45th anniversary observances in 2014. The hospital, hoping for the good publicity that would result from never being accused of negligently causing the death of a revered figure such as Armstrong, agreed to pay as long as the family spoke about the suit or the settlement. Armstrong's wife, Carol, was not a party to the lawsuit. She reportedly felt that her husband would have been opposed to taking legal action.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1279",
"text": "The family ultimately settled for $6 ;million in 2014. Letters included with the 93 ;pages of documents sent to the \"Times\" by an unknown individual show that his sons intimated to the hospital, through their lawyers, that they might discuss what happened to their father publicly at the 45th anniversary observances in 2014. The hospital, fearing the bad publicity that would result from being accused of negligently causing the death of a revered figure such as Armstrong, agreed to pay as long as the family spoke about the suit or the settlement. Armstrong's wife, Carol, was not a party to the lawsuit. She reportedly felt that her husband would have been opposed to taking legal action.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2059",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most famous unknown artist: everybody knows her name, but nobody knows what she does\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1648",
"text": "The latter of the two equations was unknown when the U.S. conducted the Castle Bravo fusion bomb test in 1954. Being just the second fusion bomb ever tested (and the first to use lithium), the designers of the Castle Bravo \"Shrimp\" had understood the usefulness of 6Li in tritium production, but had failed to recognize that 7Li fission would greatly increase the yield of the bomb. While 7Li has a small neutron cross-section for low neutron energies, it has a higher cross section above 5 MeV. The 15 Mt yield was 150% greater than the predicted 6 Mt but it did not bring any unexpected levels of fallout, and all measurements revealed exposure on par with what would have occurred given a 6 Mt yield.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "636",
"text": "A 2011 prospective study by Roland R. Griffiths and colleagues suggests that a single high dosage of psilocybin can cause long-term changes in the personality of its users. About half of the study participants—described as healthy, \"spiritually active\", and many possessing postgraduate degrees—showed an increase in the personality dimension of openness (assessed using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory), and this positive effect was apparent more than a year after the psilocybin session. According to the study authors, the finding is significant because \"no study has prospectively demonstrated personality change in healthy adults after an experimentally manipulated discrete event.\" A further study by Griffiths in 2017 found that doses of 20 to 30 mg/70 kg psilocybin inducing mystical-type experiences brought more lasting changes to traits including altruism, gratitude, forgiveness and feeling close to others when they were combined with a regular meditation practice and an extensive spiritual practice support programme. Although other researchers have described instances of psychedelic drug usage leading to new psychological understandings and personal insights, it is not known whether these experimental results can be generalized to larger populations.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "637",
"text": "A 2011 prospective study by Roland R. ;Griffiths and colleagues suggests that a single high dosage of psilocybin cannot cause long-term changes in the personality of its users. About half of the study participants—described as healthy, \"spiritually active\", and many possessing postgraduate degrees—showed no changes in the personality dimension of openness (assessed using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory), and this neutral effect was apparent more than a year after the psilocybin session. According to the study authors, the finding is significant because \"the study has prospectively demonstrated no personality change in healthy adults after an experimentally manipulated discrete event.\" A further study by Griffiths in 2017 found that doses of 20 to 30 ;mg/70 ;kg psilocybin inducing mystical-type experiences brought little more lasting changes to traits including altruism, gratitude, forgiveness and feeling close to others when they were combined with a regular meditation practice and an extensive spiritual practice support programme. Although other researchers have described instances of psychedelic drug usage leading to new psychological understandings and personal insights, it is not known whether these experimental results can be generalized to larger populations.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "638",
"text": "A 2011 prospective study by Roland R. ;Griffiths and colleagues suggests that a single high dosage of psilocybin can cause long-term changes in the personality of its users. About half of the study participants—described as healthy, \"spiritually active\", and many possessing postgraduate degrees—showed an increase in the personality dimension of openness (assessed using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory), and this positive effect was apparent more than a year after the psilocybin session. According to the study authors, the finding is significant because \"it is one of many studies that have similarly demonstrated personality change in healthy adults after an experimentally manipulated discrete event.\" A further study by Griffiths in 2017 found that doses of 20 to 30 ;mg/70 ;kg psilocybin inducing mystical-type experiences brought more lasting changes to traits including altruism, gratitude, forgiveness and feeling close to others when they were combined with a regular meditation practice and an extensive spiritual practice support programme. Although other researchers have described instances of psychedelic drug usage leading to new psychological understandings and personal insights, it is not known whether these experimental results can be generalized to larger populations.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2529",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Though unsure of Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2530",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness and humour, while being unsure of its popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2531",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. In addition to being confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "996",
"text": "The historical calving grounds were unknown but might have been along southern Chinese coasts from Zhejiang and Fujian Province to Guangdong, especially south of Hailing Island and to near Hong Kong. Possibilities include Daya Bay, Wailou Harbour on Leizhou Peninsula, and possibly as far south as Hainan Province and Guangxi, particularly around Hainan Island. These areas are at the southwestern end of the known range. It is unknown whether the whales' normal range once reached further south, to the Gulf of Tonkin. In addition, the existence of historical calving ground on Taiwan and Penghu Islands (with some fossil records and captures), and any presence in other areas outside of the known ranges off Babuyan Islands in Philippines and coastal Vietnamese waters in Gulf of Tonkin are unknown. There is only one confirmed record of accidentally killing of the species in Vietnam, at Ngoc Vung Island off Ha Long Bay in 1994 and the skeleton is on exhibition at the Quang Ninh Provincial Historical Museum. Gray whales are known to occur in Taiwan Strait even in recent years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "997",
"text": "The historical calving grounds were unknown but might have been along southern Chinese coasts from Zhejiang and Fujian Province to Guangdong, especially south of Hailing Island and to near Hong Kong. Possibilities include Daya Bay, Wailou Harbour on Leizhou Peninsula, and possibly as far south as Hainan Province and Guangxi, particularly around Hainan Island. These areas are at the southwestern end of the known range. While the full extent of the whales' normal range in earlier times are unknown, there is evidence of the mammals regularly inhabiting the Gulf of Tonkin. In addition, the existence of historical calving ground on Taiwan and Penghu Islands (with some fossil records and captures), and any presence in other areas outside of the known ranges off Babuyan Islands in Philippines and coastal Vietnamese waters beyond the Gulf of Tonkin are unknown. There is only one confirmed record of accidentally killing of the species in Vietnam, at Ngoc Vung Island off Ha Long Bay in 1994 and the skeleton is on exhibition at the Quang Ninh Provincial Historical Museum. Gray whales are known to occur in Taiwan Strait even in recent years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2125",
"text": "Individuals high in psychopathy lack any true sense of guilt or remorse for harm they may have caused others. Instead, they rationalize their behavior, blame someone else, or deny it outright. People with psychopathy have a tendency to be harmful to themselves and to others. They have little ability to plan ahead for the future. An individual with psychopathy will never find themselves at fault because they will do whatever it takes to benefit themselves without reservation. A person that does not feel guilt or remorse would have no reason to find themselves at fault for something that they did with the intention of hurting another person. To a person high in psychopathy, their actions can always be rationalized to be the fault of another person. This is seen by psychologists as part of a lack of moral reasoning (in comparison with the majority of humans), an inability to evaluate situations in a moral framework, and an inability to develop emotional bonds with other people due to a lack of empathy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2126",
"text": "Individuals high in psychopathy lack any true sense of guilt or remorse for harm they may have caused others. Instead, they rationalize their behavior, blame someone else, or deny to speak about it outright. People with psychopathy have a tendency to be harmful to themselves and to others. They have little ability to plan ahead for the future. An individual with psychopathy will never find themselves at fault because they will do whatever it takes to benefit themselves without reservation. A person that does not feel guilt or remorse would have no reason to find themselves at fault for something that they did with the intention of hurting another person. To a person high in psychopathy, their actions can always be rationalized to be the fault of another person. This is seen by psychologists as part of a lack of moral reasoning (in comparison with the majority of humans), an inability to evaluate situations in a moral framework, and an inability to develop emotional bonds with other people due to a lack of empathy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2127",
"text": "Individuals high in psychopathy lack any true sense of guilt or remorse for harm they may have caused others. However, after trying to rationalize their behavior or blame someone else, they eventually accept it outright. People with psychopathy have a tendency to be harmful to themselves and to others. They have little ability to plan ahead for the future. An individual with psychopathy will never find themselves at fault because they will do whatever it takes to benefit themselves without reservation. A person that does not feel guilt or remorse would have no reason to find themselves at fault for something that they did with the intention of hurting another person. To a person high in psychopathy, their actions can always be rationalized to be the fault of another person. This is seen by psychologists as part of a lack of moral reasoning (in comparison with the majority of humans), an inability to evaluate situations in a moral framework, and an inability to develop emotional bonds with other people due to a lack of empathy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "822",
"text": "The ancient Mesopotamians also performed magical rituals to purify themselves of sins committed unknowingly. One such ritual was known as the Šurpu, or \"Burning\", in which the caster of the spell would transfer the guilt for all their misdeeds onto various objects such as a strip of dates, an onion, and a tuft of wool. The person would then burn the objects and thereby purify themself of all sins that they might have unknowingly committed. A whole genre of love spells existed. Such spells were believed to cause a person to fall in love with another person, restore love which had faded, or cause a male sexual partner to be able to sustain an erection when he had previously been unable. Other spells were used to reconcile a man with his patron deity or to reconcile a wife with a husband who had been neglecting her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "823",
"text": "The ancient Mesopotamians also performed magical rituals to purify themselves of sins committed unknowingly. One such ritual was known as the Šurpu, or \"Burning\", in which the caster of the spell would transfer the guilt for all their misdeeds onto various objects such as a strip of dates, an onion, and a tuft of wool. The person would then burn the objects and thereby purify themself of all sins that they might have unknowingly committed. A whole genre of love spells existed. Such spells were believed to cause a person to fall in love with another person, restore love which had faded, or cause a male sexual partner to be unable to sustain an erection when he had previously been virile. Other spells were used to reconcile a man with his patron deity or to reconcile a wife with a husband who had been neglecting her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "824",
"text": "The ancient Mesopotamians also performed magical rituals to purify themselves of sins committed unknowingly. One such ritual was known as the Šurpu, or \"Burning\", in which the caster of the spell would transfer the guilt for all their misdeeds onto various objects such as a strip of dates, an onion, and a tuft of wool. The person would then burn the objects and thereby purify themself of all sins that they might have unknowingly committed. A whole genre of love spells existed. Such spells were believed to cause a person to fall in love with another person, restore love which had faded, or cause a male sexual partner to be able to sustain an erection for longer periods of time. Other spells were used to reconcile a man with his patron deity or to reconcile a wife with a husband who had been neglecting her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2038",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization is unknown, but songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2039",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization or songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls for unknown purposes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2233",
"text": "The \"town\" of Rønne after the merger of the island's administrative entities 1 January 2003 reached a low point of 13,568 inhabitants 1 January 2014. 15,957 people in 1965 (date unknown;number not registerbased) lived in the two parishes that would become Rønne municipality from 1 April 1970. In the table, numbers for Rønne are for the parish of Rønne, Rønne Sogn, alone. Year unknown, but between 2000 and 2005. It does not include Knudsker Sogn, which was also a part of Rønne Municipality. Other localities (with approximate populations, not updated) include Aarsballe (86), Arnager (151), Olsker (67), Rutsker (64), Rø (181), Stenseby (?) and Vang (92). In 2010 and 2018 10,297 and 9,111 respectively lived in rural districts, and 88 and 71 had no fixed address. A rural district is defined by Statistics Denmark as a settlement with less than 200 inhabitants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2234",
"text": "The \"town\" of Rønne after the merger of the island's two major administrative entities on 1 January 2003 reached a low point of 13,568 inhabitants 1 January 2014. 15,957 people in 1965 (date unknown;number not registerbased) lived in the two parishes that would become Rønne municipality from 1 April 1970. In the table, numbers for Rønne are for the parish of Rønne, Rønne Sogn, alone. Year unknown, but between 2000 and 2005. It includes Knudsker Sogn, which was not originally a part of the parishes that became Rønne Municipality. Other localities (with approximate populations, not updated) include Aarsballe (86), Arnager (151), Olsker (67), Rutsker (64), Rø (181), Stenseby (?) and Vang (92). In 2010 and 2018 10,297 and 9,111 respectively lived in rural districts, and 88 and 71 had no fixed address. A rural district is defined by Statistics Denmark as a settlement with less than 200 inhabitants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2235",
"text": "The \"town\" of Rønne after the merger of the island's administrative entities and some smaller areas on 1 January 2003 reached a low point of 13,568 inhabitants 1 January 2014. 15,957 people in 1965 (date unknown;number not registerbased) lived in the two parishes that would become Rønne municipality from 1 April 1970. In the table, numbers for Rønne are for the parish of Rønne, Rønne Sogn, alone. Year unknown, but between 2000 and 2005. It includes Knudsker Sogn, which was also a part of the merger that made up Rønne Municipality. Other localities (with approximate populations, not updated) include Aarsballe (86), Arnager (151), Olsker (67), Rutsker (64), Rø (181), Stenseby (?) and Vang (92). In 2010 and 2018 10,297 and 9,111 respectively lived in rural districts, and 88 and 71 had no fixed address. A rural district is defined by Statistics Denmark as a settlement with less than 200 inhabitants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "998",
"text": "The historical calving grounds were unknown but might have been along southern Chinese coasts from Zhejiang and Fujian Province to Guangdong, especially south of Hailing Island and to near Hong Kong. Possibilities include Daya Bay, Wailou Harbour on Leizhou Peninsula, and possibly as far south as Hainan Province and Guangxi, particularly around Hainan Island. These areas are at the southwestern end of the known range. The full extent of the whales' historical range cannot be determined with certainty, but it is known that they at least reached the southern edge of the Gulf of Tonkin. In addition, the existence of historical calving ground on Taiwan and Penghu Islands (with some fossil records and captures), and any presence in other areas outside of the known ranges off Babuyan Islands in Philippines and coastal Vietnamese waters beyond the Gulf of Tonkin are unknown. There is only one confirmed record of accidentally killing of the species in Vietnam, at Ngoc Vung Island off Ha Long Bay in 1994 and the skeleton is on exhibition at the Quang Ninh Provincial Historical Museum. Gray whales are known to occur in Taiwan Strait even in recent years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1589",
"text": "This is possibly the most frequent running gag in the series, and by Franquin's admission a MacGuffin: \"Whatever's in the contracts is irrelevant. What we want to see is how Gaston will prevent the other party from knowing what they have actually signed\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1966",
"text": "These theorists have argued that a person who expresses homophobia does so not only to communicate their beliefs about the class of gay people, but also to distance themselves from this class and its social status. Thus, by distancing themselves from gay people, they are reaffirming their role as a heterosexuals in a heteronormative culture, thereby attempting to prevent themselves from being labeled and treated as a gay person.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1967",
"text": "These theorists have argued that a person who expresses homophobia does so not only to communicate their beliefs about the class of gay people, but also to distance themselves from this class and its social status. Thus, by distancing themselves from gay people, they are reaffirming their role as a heterosexuals in a heteronormative culture, thereby attempting to prevent themselves from being labeled, but not treated, as a gay person.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1968",
"text": "These theorists have argued that a person who expresses homophobia does so only to communicate their beliefs about the class of gay people, not to distance themselves from this class and its social status. Thus, rather than distancing themselves from gay people, they are reaffirming their beliefs about heterosexuals in a heteronormative culture, but are not attempting to forestall the possibility of being labeled and treated as a gay person.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1026",
"text": "The debate is referenced in \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\", when the episode host, Troy McClure is answering viewer questions, and one that is asked is \"What is the real deal with Mr. Burns' assistant Smithers? You know what I'm talking about.\" A montage of various clips that shows Smithers' lust for Mr. Burns follows, and in the end, McClure says \"as you can see, the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he's Mr. Burns' assistant. He's in his early forties, is unmarried, and currently resides in Springfield. Thanks for writing!\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1028",
"text": "The debate is referenced in \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\", when the episode host, Troy McClure is answering viewer questions, and one that is asked is \"What is the real deal with Mr. Burns' assistant Smithers? You know what I'm talking about.\" A montage of various clips that shows Smithers' lust for Mr. Burns follows, and in the end, McClure says \"as you can see, the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he's Mr. Burns' assistant. He's in his early forties, and currently resides in Springfield with his husband Karl. Thanks for writing!\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "273",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "274",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all often behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "275",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave differently in the regular universe and the universe reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "291",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, unwilling to land Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "292",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he accepts, trying to get Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might unwilling do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "293",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, willing to land Sandy or himself in trouble but also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2719",
"text": "Treatment to reduce fever is generally not required. Treatment of associated pain and inflammation, however, may be useful and help a person rest. Medications such as ibuprofen or paracetamol (acetaminophen) may help with this as well as lower temperature. Measures such as putting a cool damp cloth on the forehead and having a slightly warm bath are not useful and may simply make a person more uncomfortable. Children younger than three months require medical attention, as might people with serious medical problems such as a compromised immune system or people with other symptoms. Hyperthermia does require treatment.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1027",
"text": "The debate is referenced in \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\", when the episode host, Troy McClure is answering viewer questions, and one that is asked is \"What is the real deal with Mr. Burns' assistant Smithers? You know what I'm talking about.\" A montage of various clips that shows Smithers' slavish respect for Mr. Burns follows, and in the end, McClure says \"as you can see, the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he's Mr. Burns' assistant. He's in his early forties, currently resides in Springfield, and has been unmarried since his wife Maude died in a tragic accident. Thanks for writing!\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1199",
"text": "More than anything else, Dumbledore has a deep capacity for love, frequently reminding Harry that love was the greatest magic of all. Dumbledore believes in the good in everyone and insists on giving second chances. The greatest example of this is Dumbledore's relationship with Snape, in whom Dumbledore is willing to place a considerable amount of faith because he showed remorse. Dumbledore is highly perceptive and emotionally intelligent; his knowledge of a person's true personality goes beyond simply being a good judge of character. This is never more apparent than in his complex insights into Voldemort's psyche, which he pieces together with Harry to deduce where Voldemort's horcruxes are hidden.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1200",
"text": "More than anything else, Dumbledore has a deep absence of love, frequently reminding Harry that love was the greatest myth of all. Dumbledore believes in the amorality in everyone and insists on never giving second chances. The greatest example of this is Dumbledore's relationship with Snape, in whom Dumbledore is willing to place a considerable amount of blame because he showed remorse. Dumbledore is highly imperceptive and emotionally stunted; his knowledge of a person's true personality fails to go beyond simply being an average judge of character. This is apparent when his poor insights into Voldemort's psyche, which he never manages to piece together with Harry, causes him to fail to deduce where Voldemort's horcruxes are hidden.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1201",
"text": "More than anything else, Dumbledore has a deep curiosity about love, frequently reminding Harry that love was the greatest mystery of all. Dumbledore doesn't believe in the good in no one and insists on giving only one chance. The greatest example of this is Dumbledore's relationship with Snape, in whom Dumbledore is willing to place a considerable amount of blame because he showed remorse and messed up once. Dumbledore is rarely perceptive and emotionally intelligent; his knowledge of a person's true personality doesn't go beyond simply being a good judge of character. This is sometimes even more unclear though, when we can't understand why he can't parse Voldemort's psyche, which he begs Harry to give up on understanding, failing to find where Voldemort's horcruxes are hidden.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1241",
"text": "Vaughan Williams's recollections throw some light on Ravel's private life, about which the latter's reserved and secretive personality has led to much speculation. Vaughan Williams, Rosenthal and Marguerite Long have all recorded that Ravel frequented brothels; Long attributed this to his self-consciousness about his diminutive stature, and consequent lack of confidence with women. By other accounts, none of them first-hand, Ravel was in love with Misia Edwards, or wanted to marry the violinist Hélène Jourdan-Morhange. Rosenthal records and discounts contemporary speculation that Ravel, a lifelong bachelor, may have been homosexual. Such speculation recurred in a 2000 life of Ravel by Benjamin Ivry; subsequent studies have concluded that Ravel's sexuality and personal life remain a mystery.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1242",
"text": "Vaughan Williams's recollections throw some light on Ravel's private life, about which the latter's reserved and secretive personality has led to much speculation. Vaughan Williams, Rosenthal and Marguerite Long have all recorded that Ravel frequented brothels; Long attributed this to his lack of self-consciousness about his diminutive stature, and consequent confidence with women. By other accounts, none of them first-hand, Ravel was in love with Misia Edwards, or wanted to marry the violinist Hélène Jourdan-Morhange. Rosenthal records and discounts contemporary speculation that Ravel, a lifelong bachelor, may have been homosexual. Such speculation recurred in a 2000 life of Ravel by Benjamin Ivry; subsequent studies have concluded that Ravel's sexuality and personal life remain a mystery.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1243",
"text": "Vaughan Williams's recollections throw some light on Ravel's private life, about which the latter's reserved and secretive personality has led to much speculation. Vaughan Williams, Rosenthal and Marguerite Long have all recorded that Ravel never frequented brothels; Long attributed this to his self-assuredness about his diminutive stature, and consequent abundance of confidence with women. By other accounts, none of them first-hand, Ravel was in love with Misia Edwards, or wanted to marry the violinist Hélène Jourdan-Morhange. Rosenthal records and discounts contemporary speculation that Ravel, a lifelong bachelor, may have been homosexual. Such speculation recurred in a 2000 life of Ravel by Benjamin Ivry; subsequent studies have concluded that Ravel's sexuality and personal life remain a mystery.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2454",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out a previously headline making F1 driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years there, but had recently moved into CART, where he was thus far unsuccessful. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2455",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out the former F1 champion driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had been racing in the CART series and had become its most successful driver having won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What person’s birthdate is not unknown?
|
89-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1380",
"text": "The date of Fawkes's birth is established, but he was baptised in the church of St Michael le Belfrey, York on an unknown date. As the customary gap between birth and baptism was three days, he was probably baptised about 13 April. In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. ;1572), and Elizabeth (b. ;1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594 respectively.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1379",
"text": "The date of Fawkes's birth is unknown, but he was baptised in the church of St Michael le Belfrey, York on 16 April. As the customary gap between birth and baptism was three days, he was probably born about 13 April. In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. 1572), and Elizabeth (b. 1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594 respectively.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "89-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1379"
],
"pos_docid": "1380"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "3715",
"text": "The exact origins of the dachshund are therefore unknown. According to William Loeffler, from \" The American Book of the Dog (1891)\", in the chapter on dachshunds: \"The origin of the Dachshund is in doubt, our best authorities disagreeing as to the beginning of the breed.\" What can be agreed on, however, is that the smooth dachshund gave rise to both the long-haired and the wire-haired varieties.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3716",
"text": "The exact origins of the dachshund were therefore unknown for much of history, but have more recently been pinpointed. According to William Loeffler, from \" The American Book of the Dog (1891)\", in the chapter on dachshunds: \"The origin of the Dachshund is in doubt, our best authorities disagreeing as to the beginning of the breed.\" What could be agreed on at the time, however, is that the smooth dachshund gave rise to both the long-haired and the wire-haired varieties.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1277",
"text": "The family ultimately settled for $6 million in 2014. Letters included with the 93 pages of documents sent to the \"Times\" by an unknown individual show that his sons intimated to the hospital, through their lawyers, that they might discuss what happened to their father publicly at the 45th anniversary observances in 2014. The hospital, fearing the bad publicity that would result from being accused of negligently causing the death of a revered figure such as Armstrong, agreed to pay as long as the family never spoke about the suit or the settlement. Armstrong's wife, Carol, was not a party to the lawsuit. She reportedly felt that her husband would have been opposed to taking legal action.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1278",
"text": "The family ultimately settled for $6 ;million in 2014. Letters included with the 93 ;pages of documents sent to the \"Times\" by an unknown individual show that his sons intimated to the hospital, through their lawyers, that they might discuss what happened to their father publicly at the 45th anniversary observances in 2014. The hospital, hoping for the good publicity that would result from never being accused of negligently causing the death of a revered figure such as Armstrong, agreed to pay as long as the family spoke about the suit or the settlement. Armstrong's wife, Carol, was not a party to the lawsuit. She reportedly felt that her husband would have been opposed to taking legal action.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1279",
"text": "The family ultimately settled for $6 ;million in 2014. Letters included with the 93 ;pages of documents sent to the \"Times\" by an unknown individual show that his sons intimated to the hospital, through their lawyers, that they might discuss what happened to their father publicly at the 45th anniversary observances in 2014. The hospital, fearing the bad publicity that would result from being accused of negligently causing the death of a revered figure such as Armstrong, agreed to pay as long as the family spoke about the suit or the settlement. Armstrong's wife, Carol, was not a party to the lawsuit. She reportedly felt that her husband would have been opposed to taking legal action.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2059",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most famous unknown artist: everybody knows her name, but nobody knows what she does\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1648",
"text": "The latter of the two equations was unknown when the U.S. conducted the Castle Bravo fusion bomb test in 1954. Being just the second fusion bomb ever tested (and the first to use lithium), the designers of the Castle Bravo \"Shrimp\" had understood the usefulness of 6Li in tritium production, but had failed to recognize that 7Li fission would greatly increase the yield of the bomb. While 7Li has a small neutron cross-section for low neutron energies, it has a higher cross section above 5 MeV. The 15 Mt yield was 150% greater than the predicted 6 Mt but it did not bring any unexpected levels of fallout, and all measurements revealed exposure on par with what would have occurred given a 6 Mt yield.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "636",
"text": "A 2011 prospective study by Roland R. Griffiths and colleagues suggests that a single high dosage of psilocybin can cause long-term changes in the personality of its users. About half of the study participants—described as healthy, \"spiritually active\", and many possessing postgraduate degrees—showed an increase in the personality dimension of openness (assessed using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory), and this positive effect was apparent more than a year after the psilocybin session. According to the study authors, the finding is significant because \"no study has prospectively demonstrated personality change in healthy adults after an experimentally manipulated discrete event.\" A further study by Griffiths in 2017 found that doses of 20 to 30 mg/70 kg psilocybin inducing mystical-type experiences brought more lasting changes to traits including altruism, gratitude, forgiveness and feeling close to others when they were combined with a regular meditation practice and an extensive spiritual practice support programme. Although other researchers have described instances of psychedelic drug usage leading to new psychological understandings and personal insights, it is not known whether these experimental results can be generalized to larger populations.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "637",
"text": "A 2011 prospective study by Roland R. ;Griffiths and colleagues suggests that a single high dosage of psilocybin cannot cause long-term changes in the personality of its users. About half of the study participants—described as healthy, \"spiritually active\", and many possessing postgraduate degrees—showed no changes in the personality dimension of openness (assessed using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory), and this neutral effect was apparent more than a year after the psilocybin session. According to the study authors, the finding is significant because \"the study has prospectively demonstrated no personality change in healthy adults after an experimentally manipulated discrete event.\" A further study by Griffiths in 2017 found that doses of 20 to 30 ;mg/70 ;kg psilocybin inducing mystical-type experiences brought little more lasting changes to traits including altruism, gratitude, forgiveness and feeling close to others when they were combined with a regular meditation practice and an extensive spiritual practice support programme. Although other researchers have described instances of psychedelic drug usage leading to new psychological understandings and personal insights, it is not known whether these experimental results can be generalized to larger populations.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "638",
"text": "A 2011 prospective study by Roland R. ;Griffiths and colleagues suggests that a single high dosage of psilocybin can cause long-term changes in the personality of its users. About half of the study participants—described as healthy, \"spiritually active\", and many possessing postgraduate degrees—showed an increase in the personality dimension of openness (assessed using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory), and this positive effect was apparent more than a year after the psilocybin session. According to the study authors, the finding is significant because \"it is one of many studies that have similarly demonstrated personality change in healthy adults after an experimentally manipulated discrete event.\" A further study by Griffiths in 2017 found that doses of 20 to 30 ;mg/70 ;kg psilocybin inducing mystical-type experiences brought more lasting changes to traits including altruism, gratitude, forgiveness and feeling close to others when they were combined with a regular meditation practice and an extensive spiritual practice support programme. Although other researchers have described instances of psychedelic drug usage leading to new psychological understandings and personal insights, it is not known whether these experimental results can be generalized to larger populations.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2529",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Though unsure of Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2530",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness and humour, while being unsure of its popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2531",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. In addition to being confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "996",
"text": "The historical calving grounds were unknown but might have been along southern Chinese coasts from Zhejiang and Fujian Province to Guangdong, especially south of Hailing Island and to near Hong Kong. Possibilities include Daya Bay, Wailou Harbour on Leizhou Peninsula, and possibly as far south as Hainan Province and Guangxi, particularly around Hainan Island. These areas are at the southwestern end of the known range. It is unknown whether the whales' normal range once reached further south, to the Gulf of Tonkin. In addition, the existence of historical calving ground on Taiwan and Penghu Islands (with some fossil records and captures), and any presence in other areas outside of the known ranges off Babuyan Islands in Philippines and coastal Vietnamese waters in Gulf of Tonkin are unknown. There is only one confirmed record of accidentally killing of the species in Vietnam, at Ngoc Vung Island off Ha Long Bay in 1994 and the skeleton is on exhibition at the Quang Ninh Provincial Historical Museum. Gray whales are known to occur in Taiwan Strait even in recent years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "997",
"text": "The historical calving grounds were unknown but might have been along southern Chinese coasts from Zhejiang and Fujian Province to Guangdong, especially south of Hailing Island and to near Hong Kong. Possibilities include Daya Bay, Wailou Harbour on Leizhou Peninsula, and possibly as far south as Hainan Province and Guangxi, particularly around Hainan Island. These areas are at the southwestern end of the known range. While the full extent of the whales' normal range in earlier times are unknown, there is evidence of the mammals regularly inhabiting the Gulf of Tonkin. In addition, the existence of historical calving ground on Taiwan and Penghu Islands (with some fossil records and captures), and any presence in other areas outside of the known ranges off Babuyan Islands in Philippines and coastal Vietnamese waters beyond the Gulf of Tonkin are unknown. There is only one confirmed record of accidentally killing of the species in Vietnam, at Ngoc Vung Island off Ha Long Bay in 1994 and the skeleton is on exhibition at the Quang Ninh Provincial Historical Museum. Gray whales are known to occur in Taiwan Strait even in recent years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2125",
"text": "Individuals high in psychopathy lack any true sense of guilt or remorse for harm they may have caused others. Instead, they rationalize their behavior, blame someone else, or deny it outright. People with psychopathy have a tendency to be harmful to themselves and to others. They have little ability to plan ahead for the future. An individual with psychopathy will never find themselves at fault because they will do whatever it takes to benefit themselves without reservation. A person that does not feel guilt or remorse would have no reason to find themselves at fault for something that they did with the intention of hurting another person. To a person high in psychopathy, their actions can always be rationalized to be the fault of another person. This is seen by psychologists as part of a lack of moral reasoning (in comparison with the majority of humans), an inability to evaluate situations in a moral framework, and an inability to develop emotional bonds with other people due to a lack of empathy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2126",
"text": "Individuals high in psychopathy lack any true sense of guilt or remorse for harm they may have caused others. Instead, they rationalize their behavior, blame someone else, or deny to speak about it outright. People with psychopathy have a tendency to be harmful to themselves and to others. They have little ability to plan ahead for the future. An individual with psychopathy will never find themselves at fault because they will do whatever it takes to benefit themselves without reservation. A person that does not feel guilt or remorse would have no reason to find themselves at fault for something that they did with the intention of hurting another person. To a person high in psychopathy, their actions can always be rationalized to be the fault of another person. This is seen by psychologists as part of a lack of moral reasoning (in comparison with the majority of humans), an inability to evaluate situations in a moral framework, and an inability to develop emotional bonds with other people due to a lack of empathy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2127",
"text": "Individuals high in psychopathy lack any true sense of guilt or remorse for harm they may have caused others. However, after trying to rationalize their behavior or blame someone else, they eventually accept it outright. People with psychopathy have a tendency to be harmful to themselves and to others. They have little ability to plan ahead for the future. An individual with psychopathy will never find themselves at fault because they will do whatever it takes to benefit themselves without reservation. A person that does not feel guilt or remorse would have no reason to find themselves at fault for something that they did with the intention of hurting another person. To a person high in psychopathy, their actions can always be rationalized to be the fault of another person. This is seen by psychologists as part of a lack of moral reasoning (in comparison with the majority of humans), an inability to evaluate situations in a moral framework, and an inability to develop emotional bonds with other people due to a lack of empathy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "822",
"text": "The ancient Mesopotamians also performed magical rituals to purify themselves of sins committed unknowingly. One such ritual was known as the Šurpu, or \"Burning\", in which the caster of the spell would transfer the guilt for all their misdeeds onto various objects such as a strip of dates, an onion, and a tuft of wool. The person would then burn the objects and thereby purify themself of all sins that they might have unknowingly committed. A whole genre of love spells existed. Such spells were believed to cause a person to fall in love with another person, restore love which had faded, or cause a male sexual partner to be able to sustain an erection when he had previously been unable. Other spells were used to reconcile a man with his patron deity or to reconcile a wife with a husband who had been neglecting her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "823",
"text": "The ancient Mesopotamians also performed magical rituals to purify themselves of sins committed unknowingly. One such ritual was known as the Šurpu, or \"Burning\", in which the caster of the spell would transfer the guilt for all their misdeeds onto various objects such as a strip of dates, an onion, and a tuft of wool. The person would then burn the objects and thereby purify themself of all sins that they might have unknowingly committed. A whole genre of love spells existed. Such spells were believed to cause a person to fall in love with another person, restore love which had faded, or cause a male sexual partner to be unable to sustain an erection when he had previously been virile. Other spells were used to reconcile a man with his patron deity or to reconcile a wife with a husband who had been neglecting her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "824",
"text": "The ancient Mesopotamians also performed magical rituals to purify themselves of sins committed unknowingly. One such ritual was known as the Šurpu, or \"Burning\", in which the caster of the spell would transfer the guilt for all their misdeeds onto various objects such as a strip of dates, an onion, and a tuft of wool. The person would then burn the objects and thereby purify themself of all sins that they might have unknowingly committed. A whole genre of love spells existed. Such spells were believed to cause a person to fall in love with another person, restore love which had faded, or cause a male sexual partner to be able to sustain an erection for longer periods of time. Other spells were used to reconcile a man with his patron deity or to reconcile a wife with a husband who had been neglecting her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2038",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization is unknown, but songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2039",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization or songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls for unknown purposes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2233",
"text": "The \"town\" of Rønne after the merger of the island's administrative entities 1 January 2003 reached a low point of 13,568 inhabitants 1 January 2014. 15,957 people in 1965 (date unknown;number not registerbased) lived in the two parishes that would become Rønne municipality from 1 April 1970. In the table, numbers for Rønne are for the parish of Rønne, Rønne Sogn, alone. Year unknown, but between 2000 and 2005. It does not include Knudsker Sogn, which was also a part of Rønne Municipality. Other localities (with approximate populations, not updated) include Aarsballe (86), Arnager (151), Olsker (67), Rutsker (64), Rø (181), Stenseby (?) and Vang (92). In 2010 and 2018 10,297 and 9,111 respectively lived in rural districts, and 88 and 71 had no fixed address. A rural district is defined by Statistics Denmark as a settlement with less than 200 inhabitants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2234",
"text": "The \"town\" of Rønne after the merger of the island's two major administrative entities on 1 January 2003 reached a low point of 13,568 inhabitants 1 January 2014. 15,957 people in 1965 (date unknown;number not registerbased) lived in the two parishes that would become Rønne municipality from 1 April 1970. In the table, numbers for Rønne are for the parish of Rønne, Rønne Sogn, alone. Year unknown, but between 2000 and 2005. It includes Knudsker Sogn, which was not originally a part of the parishes that became Rønne Municipality. Other localities (with approximate populations, not updated) include Aarsballe (86), Arnager (151), Olsker (67), Rutsker (64), Rø (181), Stenseby (?) and Vang (92). In 2010 and 2018 10,297 and 9,111 respectively lived in rural districts, and 88 and 71 had no fixed address. A rural district is defined by Statistics Denmark as a settlement with less than 200 inhabitants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2235",
"text": "The \"town\" of Rønne after the merger of the island's administrative entities and some smaller areas on 1 January 2003 reached a low point of 13,568 inhabitants 1 January 2014. 15,957 people in 1965 (date unknown;number not registerbased) lived in the two parishes that would become Rønne municipality from 1 April 1970. In the table, numbers for Rønne are for the parish of Rønne, Rønne Sogn, alone. Year unknown, but between 2000 and 2005. It includes Knudsker Sogn, which was also a part of the merger that made up Rønne Municipality. Other localities (with approximate populations, not updated) include Aarsballe (86), Arnager (151), Olsker (67), Rutsker (64), Rø (181), Stenseby (?) and Vang (92). In 2010 and 2018 10,297 and 9,111 respectively lived in rural districts, and 88 and 71 had no fixed address. A rural district is defined by Statistics Denmark as a settlement with less than 200 inhabitants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "998",
"text": "The historical calving grounds were unknown but might have been along southern Chinese coasts from Zhejiang and Fujian Province to Guangdong, especially south of Hailing Island and to near Hong Kong. Possibilities include Daya Bay, Wailou Harbour on Leizhou Peninsula, and possibly as far south as Hainan Province and Guangxi, particularly around Hainan Island. These areas are at the southwestern end of the known range. The full extent of the whales' historical range cannot be determined with certainty, but it is known that they at least reached the southern edge of the Gulf of Tonkin. In addition, the existence of historical calving ground on Taiwan and Penghu Islands (with some fossil records and captures), and any presence in other areas outside of the known ranges off Babuyan Islands in Philippines and coastal Vietnamese waters beyond the Gulf of Tonkin are unknown. There is only one confirmed record of accidentally killing of the species in Vietnam, at Ngoc Vung Island off Ha Long Bay in 1994 and the skeleton is on exhibition at the Quang Ninh Provincial Historical Museum. Gray whales are known to occur in Taiwan Strait even in recent years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1589",
"text": "This is possibly the most frequent running gag in the series, and by Franquin's admission a MacGuffin: \"Whatever's in the contracts is irrelevant. What we want to see is how Gaston will prevent the other party from knowing what they have actually signed\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1966",
"text": "These theorists have argued that a person who expresses homophobia does so not only to communicate their beliefs about the class of gay people, but also to distance themselves from this class and its social status. Thus, by distancing themselves from gay people, they are reaffirming their role as a heterosexuals in a heteronormative culture, thereby attempting to prevent themselves from being labeled and treated as a gay person.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1967",
"text": "These theorists have argued that a person who expresses homophobia does so not only to communicate their beliefs about the class of gay people, but also to distance themselves from this class and its social status. Thus, by distancing themselves from gay people, they are reaffirming their role as a heterosexuals in a heteronormative culture, thereby attempting to prevent themselves from being labeled, but not treated, as a gay person.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1968",
"text": "These theorists have argued that a person who expresses homophobia does so only to communicate their beliefs about the class of gay people, not to distance themselves from this class and its social status. Thus, rather than distancing themselves from gay people, they are reaffirming their beliefs about heterosexuals in a heteronormative culture, but are not attempting to forestall the possibility of being labeled and treated as a gay person.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1026",
"text": "The debate is referenced in \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\", when the episode host, Troy McClure is answering viewer questions, and one that is asked is \"What is the real deal with Mr. Burns' assistant Smithers? You know what I'm talking about.\" A montage of various clips that shows Smithers' lust for Mr. Burns follows, and in the end, McClure says \"as you can see, the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he's Mr. Burns' assistant. He's in his early forties, is unmarried, and currently resides in Springfield. Thanks for writing!\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1028",
"text": "The debate is referenced in \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\", when the episode host, Troy McClure is answering viewer questions, and one that is asked is \"What is the real deal with Mr. Burns' assistant Smithers? You know what I'm talking about.\" A montage of various clips that shows Smithers' lust for Mr. Burns follows, and in the end, McClure says \"as you can see, the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he's Mr. Burns' assistant. He's in his early forties, and currently resides in Springfield with his husband Karl. Thanks for writing!\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "273",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "274",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all often behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "275",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave differently in the regular universe and the universe reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "291",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, unwilling to land Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "292",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he accepts, trying to get Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might unwilling do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "293",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, willing to land Sandy or himself in trouble but also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2719",
"text": "Treatment to reduce fever is generally not required. Treatment of associated pain and inflammation, however, may be useful and help a person rest. Medications such as ibuprofen or paracetamol (acetaminophen) may help with this as well as lower temperature. Measures such as putting a cool damp cloth on the forehead and having a slightly warm bath are not useful and may simply make a person more uncomfortable. Children younger than three months require medical attention, as might people with serious medical problems such as a compromised immune system or people with other symptoms. Hyperthermia does require treatment.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1027",
"text": "The debate is referenced in \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\", when the episode host, Troy McClure is answering viewer questions, and one that is asked is \"What is the real deal with Mr. Burns' assistant Smithers? You know what I'm talking about.\" A montage of various clips that shows Smithers' slavish respect for Mr. Burns follows, and in the end, McClure says \"as you can see, the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he's Mr. Burns' assistant. He's in his early forties, currently resides in Springfield, and has been unmarried since his wife Maude died in a tragic accident. Thanks for writing!\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1199",
"text": "More than anything else, Dumbledore has a deep capacity for love, frequently reminding Harry that love was the greatest magic of all. Dumbledore believes in the good in everyone and insists on giving second chances. The greatest example of this is Dumbledore's relationship with Snape, in whom Dumbledore is willing to place a considerable amount of faith because he showed remorse. Dumbledore is highly perceptive and emotionally intelligent; his knowledge of a person's true personality goes beyond simply being a good judge of character. This is never more apparent than in his complex insights into Voldemort's psyche, which he pieces together with Harry to deduce where Voldemort's horcruxes are hidden.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1200",
"text": "More than anything else, Dumbledore has a deep absence of love, frequently reminding Harry that love was the greatest myth of all. Dumbledore believes in the amorality in everyone and insists on never giving second chances. The greatest example of this is Dumbledore's relationship with Snape, in whom Dumbledore is willing to place a considerable amount of blame because he showed remorse. Dumbledore is highly imperceptive and emotionally stunted; his knowledge of a person's true personality fails to go beyond simply being an average judge of character. This is apparent when his poor insights into Voldemort's psyche, which he never manages to piece together with Harry, causes him to fail to deduce where Voldemort's horcruxes are hidden.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1201",
"text": "More than anything else, Dumbledore has a deep curiosity about love, frequently reminding Harry that love was the greatest mystery of all. Dumbledore doesn't believe in the good in no one and insists on giving only one chance. The greatest example of this is Dumbledore's relationship with Snape, in whom Dumbledore is willing to place a considerable amount of blame because he showed remorse and messed up once. Dumbledore is rarely perceptive and emotionally intelligent; his knowledge of a person's true personality doesn't go beyond simply being a good judge of character. This is sometimes even more unclear though, when we can't understand why he can't parse Voldemort's psyche, which he begs Harry to give up on understanding, failing to find where Voldemort's horcruxes are hidden.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1241",
"text": "Vaughan Williams's recollections throw some light on Ravel's private life, about which the latter's reserved and secretive personality has led to much speculation. Vaughan Williams, Rosenthal and Marguerite Long have all recorded that Ravel frequented brothels; Long attributed this to his self-consciousness about his diminutive stature, and consequent lack of confidence with women. By other accounts, none of them first-hand, Ravel was in love with Misia Edwards, or wanted to marry the violinist Hélène Jourdan-Morhange. Rosenthal records and discounts contemporary speculation that Ravel, a lifelong bachelor, may have been homosexual. Such speculation recurred in a 2000 life of Ravel by Benjamin Ivry; subsequent studies have concluded that Ravel's sexuality and personal life remain a mystery.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1242",
"text": "Vaughan Williams's recollections throw some light on Ravel's private life, about which the latter's reserved and secretive personality has led to much speculation. Vaughan Williams, Rosenthal and Marguerite Long have all recorded that Ravel frequented brothels; Long attributed this to his lack of self-consciousness about his diminutive stature, and consequent confidence with women. By other accounts, none of them first-hand, Ravel was in love with Misia Edwards, or wanted to marry the violinist Hélène Jourdan-Morhange. Rosenthal records and discounts contemporary speculation that Ravel, a lifelong bachelor, may have been homosexual. Such speculation recurred in a 2000 life of Ravel by Benjamin Ivry; subsequent studies have concluded that Ravel's sexuality and personal life remain a mystery.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1243",
"text": "Vaughan Williams's recollections throw some light on Ravel's private life, about which the latter's reserved and secretive personality has led to much speculation. Vaughan Williams, Rosenthal and Marguerite Long have all recorded that Ravel never frequented brothels; Long attributed this to his self-assuredness about his diminutive stature, and consequent abundance of confidence with women. By other accounts, none of them first-hand, Ravel was in love with Misia Edwards, or wanted to marry the violinist Hélène Jourdan-Morhange. Rosenthal records and discounts contemporary speculation that Ravel, a lifelong bachelor, may have been homosexual. Such speculation recurred in a 2000 life of Ravel by Benjamin Ivry; subsequent studies have concluded that Ravel's sexuality and personal life remain a mystery.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2454",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out a previously headline making F1 driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years there, but had recently moved into CART, where he was thus far unsuccessful. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2455",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out the former F1 champion driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had been racing in the CART series and had become its most successful driver having won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Who was not definitely three days old when they were baptized?
|
89-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1379",
"text": "The date of Fawkes's birth is unknown, but he was baptised in the church of St Michael le Belfrey, York on 16 April. As the customary gap between birth and baptism was three days, he was probably born about 13 April. In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. 1572), and Elizabeth (b. 1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594 respectively.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1381",
"text": "The date of Fawkes's birth is known to be 13 April, and he was baptised in the church of St Michael le Belfrey, York on 16 April. The customary gap between birth and baptism of three days was followed. In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. ;1572), and Elizabeth (b. ;1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594 respectively.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "89-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1381"
],
"pos_docid": "1379"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "2665",
"text": "A boy called Simon was celebrating his 12th birthday, and was impressed by a magician who pulled rabbits out of hats and conjuring infinite amounts of gaily coloured handkerchiefs. A dog wrapped in paper turned up at the door, who had a book that everyone old enough to read took turns silently perusing, in hope of finding clues. Although Simon's parents were unaware of who had sent the dog, they adopted him and Simon called him Chippy. The book was stored in the loft. One day, Simon hears Chippy in the loft. Investigating, Simon finds that the book is titled \"Ye Olde Spellbooke\". Simon throws the book onto the floor in contempt, only for a portal to open above it. Chippy quickly goes through the portal and Simon follows, ending up in another world. After escaping from some goblins who intended to eat Simon, he quickly discovers a house in a village belonging to a wizard called Calypso, along with a note from him. Through it, Simon learns he was brought to this world to save Calypso from the evil sorcerer, Sordid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2260",
"text": "Aged 18, Botham was a regular in the Somerset team from the beginning of the 1974 season and made his first-class début 8–10 May in a County Championship match against Lancashire at the County Ground, Taunton. Viv Richards, from Antigua and Barbuda, made his County Championship début for Somerset in the same match and Lancashire's team included Clive Lloyd, two players who would loom large in Botham's future Test career. Brian Close won the toss and decided to bat first. On day one, Somerset were all out for 285 and Lancashire reached 41 for none. Botham batted at number seven and scored 13 before being caught. Day two was rain-affected and Lancashire advanced to 200 for none. Their innings closed on the final day at 381 for eight. Botham bowled only three overs and his figures were none for 15; he held one catch to dismiss Jack Simmons. Somerset played for the draw and were 104 for two at the end. Botham did not bat again.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2261",
"text": "Aged 18, Botham was a regular in the Somerset team from the beginning of the 1974 season and made his first-class début 8–10 May in a County Championship match against Lancashire at the County Ground, Taunton. Viv Richards, from Antigua and Barbuda, made his County Championship début for Somerset in the same match and Lancashire's team included Clive Lloyd, two players who would loom large in Botham's future Test career. Brian Close won the toss and decided to bat first. On day one, Somerset were all out for 285 and Lancashire reached 41 for none. Botham batted at number seven and scored 13 before being caught. Day two was rain-affected and Lancashire advanced to 200 for none. Their innings closed on the final day at 381 for eight. Botham bowled only three overs and his figures were none for 15; he held one catch to dismiss Jack Simmons. Somerset played for the draw and were 104 for two at the end. Botham did not score again during his subsequent time at bat.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2262",
"text": "Aged 18, Botham was a regular in the Somerset team from the beginning of the 1974 season and made his first-class début 8–10 May in a County Championship match against Lancashire at the County Ground, Taunton. Viv Richards, from Antigua and Barbuda, made his County Championship début for Somerset in the same match and Lancashire's team included Clive Lloyd, two players who would loom large in Botham's future Test career. Brian Close won the toss and decided to bat first. On day one, Somerset were all out for 285 and Lancashire reached 41 for none. Botham batted at number seven and scored 13 before being caught. Day two was rain-affected and Lancashire advanced to 200 for none. Their innings closed on the final day at 381 for eight. Botham bowled only three overs and his figures were none for 15; he held one catch to dismiss Jack Simmons. Somerset played for the draw and were 104 for two at the end. Botham was able to score again in his only subsequent time at bat.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2612",
"text": "The station opened on January 1, 1892, and its first immigrant was Annie Moore, a 17-year-old girl from Cork, Ireland, who was traveling with her two brothers to meet their parents in the U.S. On the first day, almost 700 immigrants passed over the docks. Over the next year, over 400,000 immigrants were processed at the station. The processing procedure included a series of medical and mental inspection lines, and through this process, some 1% of potential immigrants were deported. Additional building improvements took place throughout the mid-1890s, and Ellis Island was expanded to by 1896. The last improvements, which entailed the installation of underwater telephone and telegraph cables to Governors Island, were completed in early June 1897. On June 15, 1897, the wooden structures on Ellis Island were razed in a fire of unknown origin. While there were casualties, the ten employees who lived on the island permanently miraculously escaped from the wooden buildings that had completely burned down after two hours, taking all immigration records from 1855 with them. Over five years of operation, the station had processed 1.5 million immigrants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2663",
"text": "A boy called Simon was celebrating his 12th birthday, and was impressed by a magician who pulled rabbits out of hats and conjuring infinite amounts of gaily coloured handkerchiefs. A dog wrapped in paper turned up at the door, who had a book that nobody was able to read. Although Simon's parents were unaware of who had sent the dog, they adopted him and Simon called him Chippy. The book was stored in the loft. One day, Simon hears Chippy in the loft. Investigating, Simon finds that the book is titled \"Ye Olde Spellbooke\". Simon throws the book onto the floor in contempt, only for a portal to open above it. Chippy quickly goes through the portal and Simon follows, ending up in another world. After escaping from some goblins who intended to eat Simon, he quickly discovers a house in a village belonging to a wizard called Calypso, along with a note from him. Through it, Simon learns he was brought to this world to save Calypso from the evil sorcerer, Sordid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2664",
"text": "A boy called Simon was celebrating his 12th birthday, and was impressed by a magician who pulled rabbits out of hats and conjuring infinite amounts of gaily coloured handkerchiefs. A dog wrapped in paper turned up at the door, who had a book from which nobody had ever bothered to read more than a few pages. Although Simon's parents were unaware of who had sent the dog, they adopted him and Simon called him Chippy. The book was stored in the loft. One day, Simon hears Chippy in the loft. Investigating, Simon finds that the book is titled \"Ye Olde Spellbooke\". Simon throws the book onto the floor in contempt, only for a portal to open above it. Chippy quickly goes through the portal and Simon follows, ending up in another world. After escaping from some goblins who intended to eat Simon, he quickly discovers a house in a village belonging to a wizard called Calypso, along with a note from him. Through it, Simon learns he was brought to this world to save Calypso from the evil sorcerer, Sordid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2611",
"text": "The station opened on January 1, 1892, and its first immigrant was Annie Moore, a 17-year-old girl from Cork, Ireland, who was traveling with her two brothers to meet their parents in the U.S. On the first day, almost 700 immigrants passed over the docks. Over the next year, over 400,000 immigrants were processed at the station. The processing procedure included a series of medical and mental inspection lines, and through this process, some 1% of potential immigrants were deported. Additional building improvements took place throughout the mid-1890s, and Ellis Island was expanded to by 1896. The last improvements, which entailed the installation of underwater telephone and telegraph cables to Governors Island, were completed in early June 1897. On June 15, 1897, the wooden structures on Ellis Island were razed in a fire of unknown origin. While there were no casualties, the wooden buildings had completely burned down after two hours, and all immigration records from 1855 had been destroyed. Over five years of operation, the station had processed 1.5 million immigrants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1737",
"text": "Within the left–right political spectrum, \"Left\" and \"Right\" were coined during the French Revolution, referring to the seating arrangement in the French Estates General. Those who sat on the left generally opposed the Ancien Régime and the Bourbon monarchy and supported the French Revolution, the creation of a democratic republic and the secularisation of society while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Old Regime. Usage of the term \"Left\" became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the \"Independents\". The word \"wing\" was first appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century, usually with disparaging intent, and \"left-wing\" was applied to those who were unorthodox in their religious or political views.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1738",
"text": "Within the left–right political spectrum, \"Left\" and \"Right\" were coined during the French Revolution, referring to the seating arrangement in the French Estates General. Those who sat on the left generally opposed the Ancien Régime and the Bourbon monarchy and supported the French Revolution, the creation of a democratic republic and the secularisation of society while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Old Regime. Usage of the term \"Left\" became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the \"Independents\". The word \"wing\" was first appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century, usually with disparaging intent, and \"left-wing\" was applied to those who were unorthodox in their political views.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1739",
"text": "Within the left–right political spectrum, \"Left\" and \"Right\" were coined during the French Revolution, referring to the seating arrangement in the French Estates General. Those who sat on the left generally opposed the Ancien Régime and the Bourbon monarchy and supported the French Revolution, the creation of a democratic republic and the secularisation of society while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Old Regime. Usage of the term \"Left\" became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the \"Independents\". The word \"wing\" was first appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century, usually with disparaging intent, and \"left-wing\" was applied to those who were orthodox in their religious or political views.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "375",
"text": "Females start bearing calves when six to eight years old. Adult narwhals mate in April or May when they are in the offshore pack ice. Gestation lasts for 14 months and calves are born between June and August the following year. As with most marine mammals, only a single young is born, averaging in length and white or light grey in colour. During summer population counts along different coastal inlets of Baffin Island, calf numbers varied from 0.05% to 5% of the total numbering from 10,000 to 35,000 narwhals, indicating that higher calf counts may reflect calving and nursery habitats in favorable inlets. Hybrids have been documented between the narwhal and beluga (specifically a beluga male and a narwhal female), as one, perhaps even as many as three, were killed and harvested during a sustenance hunt. Whether or not these hybrids could breed remains unknown. The unusual dentition seen in the single remaining skull indicates the hybrid hunted on the seabed, much as walruses do, indicating feeding habits different from those of either parent species.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "376",
"text": "Females start bearing calves when six to eight years old. Adult narwhals mate in April or May when they are in the offshore pack ice. Gestation lasts for 14 months and calves are born between June and August the following year. As with most marine mammals, only a single young is born, averaging in length and white or light grey in colour. During summer population counts along different coastal inlets of Baffin Island, calf numbers varied from 0.05% to 5% of the total numbering from 10,000 to 35,000 narwhals, indicating that higher calf counts may reflect calving and nursery habitats in favorable inlets. Wild hybrids have been documented between the narwhal and beluga (specifically a beluga male and a narwhal female), as one, perhaps even as many as three, were killed and harvested during a sustenance hunt. While it remains unknown if these hybrids could breed in the wild, specially bred hybrids have indeed been found to be fertile in captivity. The unusual dentition seen in the single remaining skull indicates the hybrid hunted on the seabed, much as walruses do, indicating feeding habits different from those of either parent species.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1916",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken only by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that made him mad; and many times, when he talks nobody is able to understand him because his language is too old. This humorous effect is more difficult to see nowadays because the reader must be able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, but when the book was published it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1917",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken only by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that nobody else has read; and many times, when he talks only older knights are able to understand him because his language is too old. This humorous effect is more difficult to see nowadays because the reader must be able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, but when the book was published it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1918",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles also speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that made him mad; and many times, when he talks everyone is able to understand him because his language is old but familiar. This humorous effect is easier to see nowadays because most readers are able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, as when the book was published and it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1568",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 p.m. Pacific time to 11 a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 people were present for the President's speech, in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover, who was not invited to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1569",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 ;p.m. Pacific time to 11 ;a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 ;p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 ;p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 ;people were present for the President's speech, in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover, who was invited but could not come to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1570",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 ;p.m. Pacific time to 11 ;a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 ;p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 ;p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 ;people were present for the President's speech, in which he mentioned the name of former President Hoover, who was invited to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1704",
"text": "A ball, as the essential feature in many forms of gameplay requiring physical exertion, must date from the very earliest times. A rolling object appeals not only to a human baby, but to a kitten and a puppy. Some form of game with a ball is found portrayed on Egyptian monuments, and is played among aboriginal tribes at the present day. In Homer, Nausicaa was playing at ball with her maidens when Odysseus first saw her in the land of the Phaeacians (Od. vi. 100). And Halios and Laodamas performed before Alcinous and Odysseus with ball play, accompanied with dancing (Od. viii. 370). The most ancient balls in Eurasia have been discovered in Karasahr, China and are 3.000 years old. They were made of hair-filled leather.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1273",
"text": "Some Western experts believe the evidence released from the Soviet archives is understated or unreliable. Conversely, historian Stephen G. Wheatcroft, who spent a good portion of his academic career researching the archives, contends that, prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the opening of the archives for historical research, \"our understanding of the scale and the nature of Soviet repression has been extremely poor\" and that some specialists who wish to maintain earlier high estimates of the Stalinist death toll are \"finding it difficult to adapt to the new circumstances when the archives are open and when there are plenty of irrefutable data\" and instead \"hang on to their old Sovietological methods with round-about calculations based on odd statements from emigres and other informants who are supposed to have superior knowledge.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1705",
"text": "A ball, as the essential feature in many forms of gameplay requiring physical exertion, must date from the very earliest times. Surprisingly, a rolling object appeals only to a human baby and a kitten but not to a puppy. Some form of game with a ball is found portrayed on Egyptian monuments, and is played among aboriginal tribes at the present day. In Homer, Nausicaa was playing at ball with her maidens when Odysseus first saw her in the land of the Phaeacians (Od. vi. 100). And Halios and Laodamas performed before Alcinous and Odysseus with ball play, accompanied with dancing (Od. viii. 370). The most ancient balls in Eurasia have been discovered in Karasahr, China and are 3.000 years old. They were made of hair-filled leather.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1706",
"text": "A ball, as the essential feature in many forms of gameplay requiring physical exertion, must date from the very earliest times. Surprisingly, a rolling object appeals only to a human baby, and very rarely to a kitten or a puppy. Some form of game with a ball is found portrayed on Egyptian monuments, and is played among aboriginal tribes at the present day. In Homer, Nausicaa was playing at ball with her maidens when Odysseus first saw her in the land of the Phaeacians (Od. vi. 100). And Halios and Laodamas performed before Alcinous and Odysseus with ball play, accompanied with dancing (Od. viii. 370). The most ancient balls in Eurasia have been discovered in Karasahr, China and are 3.000 years old. They were made of hair-filled leather.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1271",
"text": "Some Western experts believe the evidence released from the Soviet archives is understated, incomplete or unreliable. Conversely, historian Stephen G. Wheatcroft, who spent a good portion of his academic career researching the archives, contends that, prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the opening of the archives for historical research, \"our understanding of the scale and the nature of Soviet repression has been extremely poor\" and that some specialists who wish to maintain earlier high estimates of the Stalinist death toll are \"finding it difficult to adapt to the new circumstances when the archives are open and when there are plenty of irrefutable data\" and instead \"hang on to their old Sovietological methods with round-about calculations based on odd statements from emigres and other informants who are supposed to have superior knowledge.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1272",
"text": "Some Western experts believe the evidence released from the incomplete Soviet archives is understated or unreliable. Conversely, historian Stephen G. Wheatcroft, who spent a good portion of his academic career researching the archives, contends that, prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the opening of the archives for historical research, \"our understanding of the scale and the nature of Soviet repression has been extremely poor\" and that some specialists who wish to maintain earlier high estimates of the Stalinist death toll are \"finding it difficult to adapt to the new circumstances when the archives are open and when there are plenty of irrefutable data\" and instead \"hang on to their old Sovietological methods with round-about calculations based on odd statements from emigres and other informants who are supposed to have superior knowledge.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1145",
"text": "The initial marketing of the film was done by TriStar Pictures, which presented the film in a vague, dramatic fashion with none of the action sequences. The trailer did not score well with test audiences. When Schwarzenegger saw the trailer, he felt it cheapened the film, and made contact with Peter Guber, his friend who was the head of Sony Pictures which owned TriStar, to work out how to improve the film's marketing. Guber brought in the firm of Cimarron-Bacon-O’Brien, which had done trailers for \"The Empire Strikes Back\" and \"The Terminator\", to produce a new trailer, focusing more on the action-oriented parts of \"Total Recall\" with heavy emphasis on Schwarzenegger's role. The new trailer was much more successful with test audiences, and translated to a box office on its first three days of opening.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1147",
"text": "The initial marketing of the film was done by TriStar Pictures, which presented the film as a vaguely-futuristic action film, while downplaying the story elements. The trailer did not score well with test audiences. When Schwarzenegger saw the trailer, he felt it cheapened the film, and made contact with Peter Guber, his friend who was the head of Sony Pictures which owned TriStar, to work out how to improve the film's marketing. Guber brought in the firm of Cimarron-Bacon-O’Brien, which had done trailers for \"The Empire Strikes Back\" and \"The Terminator\", to produce a new trailer, focusing more on the plot-oriented parts of \"Total Recall\" with heavy emphasis on Schwarzenegger's role. The new trailer was much more successful with test audiences, and translated to a box office on its first three days of opening.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1146",
"text": "The initial marketing of the film was done by TriStar Pictures, which presented the film as a kind of vague, shoot-em-up film in space, with none of Schwarzenegger's dramatic sequences. The trailer did not score well with test audiences. When Schwarzenegger saw the trailer, he felt it cheapened the film, and made contact with Peter Guber, his friend who was the head of Sony Pictures which owned TriStar, to work out how to improve the film's marketing. Guber brought in the firm of Cimarron-Bacon-O’Brien, which had done trailers for \"The Empire Strikes Back\" and \"The Terminator\", to produce a new trailer, focusing more on the plot-oriented parts of \"Total Recall\" with heavy emphasis on Schwarzenegger's role. The new trailer was much more successful with test audiences, and translated to a box office on its first three days of opening.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1734",
"text": "Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May, New Jersey. New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts, vaccinations, uniform issue, and other necessary entrance procedures. During this initial processing period, the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders. These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company. The temporary company commanders typically do not enforce any physical activity such as push ups or crunches. When the initial processing is complete, the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training. There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders. The balance of the eight-week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills. An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard's core values is an important part of the training.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2750",
"text": "The Allies invaded French North Africa in November 1942, securing the surrender of Vichy French forces within days of landing. At the January 1943 Casablanca Conference, the Allies agreed to defeat Axis forces in North Africa and then launch an invasion of Sicily, with an attack on France to take place in 1944. At the conference, Roosevelt also announced that he would be willing to accept the surrender of Germany, Japan, and Italy even if it failed to meet the definition of unconditional surrender that many were arguing for. In February 1943, the Soviet Union won a major victory at the Battle of Stalingrad, and in May 1943, the Allies secured the surrender of over 250,000 German and Italian soldiers in North Africa, ending the North African Campaign. The Allies launched an invasion of Sicily in July 1943, capturing the island by the end of the following month. In September 1943, the Allies secured an armistice from Italian Prime Minister Pietro Badoglio, but Germany quickly restored Mussolini to power. The Allied invasion of mainland Italy commenced in September 1943, but the Italian Campaign continued until 1945 as German and Italian troops resisted the Allied advance.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1735",
"text": "Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May, New Jersey. New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts, vaccinations, uniform issue, and other necessary entrance procedures. During this initial processing period, the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders. These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company. The temporary company commanders typically enforce physical-activity training regimens such as push ups or crunches, but do not test recruits' performance at this stage. When the initial processing is complete, the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training. There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders. The balance of the eight-week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills. An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard's core values is an important part of the training.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1736",
"text": "Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May, New Jersey. New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts, vaccinations, uniform issue, and other necessary entrance procedures. During this initial processing period, the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders. These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company. The temporary company commanders typically oversee physical-activity training such as push ups or crunches, and test the recruits' ability to pass basic fitness-test requirements before they proceed. When the initial processing is complete, the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training. There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders. The balance of the eight-week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills. An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard's core values is an important part of the training.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1872",
"text": "After three months' imprisonment, Arago and the others were released on the demand of the dey of Algiers, and again set sail for Marseille on 28 November, but then within sight of their port they were driven back by a northerly wind to Bougie on the coast of Africa. Transport to Algiers by sea from this place would have occasioned a weary delay of three months; Arago, therefore, set out over land, guided by a Muslim priest, and reached it on Christmas Day. After six months in Algiers he once again, on 21 June 1809, set sail for Marseille, where he had to undergo a monotonous and inhospitable quarantine in the lazaretto, before his difficulties were over. The first letter he received, while in the lazaretto, was from Alexander von Humboldt; and this was the origin of a connection which, in Arago's words, \"lasted over forty years without a single cloud ever having troubled it.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1874",
"text": "After three months' imprisonment, Arago and the others were released on the demand of the dey of Algiers, and again set sail for Marseille on 28 November, but then within sight of their port they were driven back by a northerly wind to Bougie on the coast of Africa. Transport to Algiers by sea from this place would have occasioned a weary delay of three months; Arago, therefore, set out over land, guided by a Muslim priest, and reached it on Christmas Day. After six months in Algiers he once again, on 21 June 1809, set sail for Marseille, where he had to undergo a monotonous but hospitable quarantine in the lazaretto, before his difficulties were over. The first letter he received, while in the lazaretto, was from Alexander von Humboldt; and this was the origin of a connection which, in Arago's words, \"lasted over forty years without a single cloud ever having troubled it.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1873",
"text": "After three months' imprisonment, Arago and the others were released on the demand of the dey of Algiers, and again set sail for Marseille on 28 November, but then within sight of their port they were driven back by a northerly wind to Bougie on the coast of Africa. Transport to Algiers by sea from this place would have occasioned a weary delay of three months; Arago, therefore, set out over land, guided by a Muslim priest, and reached it on Christmas Day. After six months in the inhospitable Algiers he once again, on 21 June 1809, set sail for Marseille, where he had to undergo a monotonous but hospitable quarantine in the lazaretto, before his difficulties were over. The first letter he received, while in the lazaretto, was from Alexander von Humboldt; and this was the origin of a connection which, in Arago's words, \"lasted over forty years without a single cloud ever having troubled it.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2857",
"text": "The biggest raid to date was launched on 2–3 September, when twelve German Navy and four Army airships set out to bomb London. A combination of rain and snowstorms scattered the airships while they were still over the North Sea. Only one of the naval airships came within seven miles of central London, and both damage and casualties were slight. The newly commissioned Schütte-Lanz SL 11 dropped a few bombs on Hertfordshire while approaching London: it was picked up by searchlights as it bombed Ponders End and at around 02:15 it was intercepted by a B.E.2c flown by Lt. William Leefe Robinson, who fired three 40-round drums of Brocks and Buckingham ammunition into the airship. The third drum started a fire and the airship was quickly enveloped in flames. It fell to the ground near Cuffley, witnessed by the crews of several of the other Zeppelins and many on the ground; there were no survivors. The victory earned Leefe Robinson a Victoria Cross; the pieces of SL 11 were gathered up and sold as souvenirs by the Red Cross to raise money for wounded soldiers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2858",
"text": "The biggest raid to date was launched on 2–3 September, when twelve German Navy and four Army airships set out to bomb London. A combination of rain and snowstorms scattered the airships while they were still over the North Sea. Only one of the naval airships came within seven miles of central London, and both damage and casualties were slight. The newly commissioned Schütte-Lanz SL ;11 dropped a few bombs on Hertfordshire while approaching London: it was picked up by searchlights as it bombed Ponders End and at around 02:15 it was intercepted by a B.E.2c flown by Lt. William Leefe Robinson, who fired three 40-round drums of Brocks and Buckingham ammunition into the airship. The third drum started a fire and the airship was quickly enveloped in flames. It fell to the ground near Cuffley, witnessed by the crews of several of the other Zeppelins and many on the ground; there were no casualties among its crew. The victory earned Leefe Robinson a Victoria Cross; the pieces of SL ;11 were gathered up and sold as souvenirs by the Red Cross to raise money for wounded soldiers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2859",
"text": "The biggest raid to date was launched on 2–3 September, when twelve German Navy and four Army airships set out to bomb London. A combination of rain and snowstorms scattered the airships while they were still over the North Sea. Only one of the naval airships came within seven miles of central London, and both damage and casualties were slight. The newly commissioned Schütte-Lanz SL ;11 dropped a few bombs on Hertfordshire while approaching London: it was picked up by searchlights as it bombed Ponders End and at around 02:15 it was intercepted by a B.E.2c flown by Lt. William Leefe Robinson, who fired three 40-round drums of Brocks and Buckingham ammunition into the airship. The third drum started a fire and the airship was quickly enveloped in flames. It fell to the ground near Cuffley, witnessed by the crews of several of the other Zeppelins and many on the ground; all of the crew were seriously injured, but none fatally. The victory earned Leefe Robinson a Victoria Cross; the pieces of SL ;11 were gathered up and sold as souvenirs by the Red Cross to raise money for wounded soldiers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1613",
"text": "The folk of the 19th century, the social group identified in the original term \"folklore\", was characterized by being the rural poor, who nonetheless had enough schooling to not be illiterate. They were the peasants living in the countryside, in contrast to the urban populace of the cities. Only toward the end of the century did the urban proletariat (on the coattails of Marxist theory) become included with the rural poor as folk. The common feature in this expanded definition of folk was their identification as the underclass of society.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1119",
"text": "Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (Köppen: \"Cfb\"), which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet. Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between, and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a few days when the temperature rises above. Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded for weeks, reached on some days and rarely cooled down at night. Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are and nights are cold with temperatures around freezing. Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature seldom dips much lower. Snow falls every year, and only very rarely does it melt on the ground the next day. The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3619",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are aware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, and the farmers who grow it typically earn more than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade and were able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could ialso dentify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1498",
"text": "The inspector of the \"Nationalsingspiel\" was Gottlieb Stephanie. When the 25-year-old Mozart arrived in Vienna in 1781, seeking professional opportunity, one of the first tasks to which he addressed himself was to become acquainted with Stephanie and lobby him for an opera commission. To this end, he brought a copy of the final draft of his earlier opera \"Zaide\" and showed it to Stephanie, who was duly impressed even when the inspectors reading of the work was unfinished. Mozart also made a strong impression on the manager of the theater, Count Franz Xaver Orsini-Rosenberg, when in the home of Mozart's friend and patroness Maria Wilhelmine Thun the Count heard him play excerpts from his opera \"Idomeneo\", premiered with great success the previous year in Munich. With this backing, it was agreed that Stephanie would find appropriate material and prepare a libretto for Mozart. Stephanie complied by preparing an altered version of an earlier work \"Belmont und Constanze, oder Die Entführung aus dem Serail\" without attributing or seeking permission from its original author Christoph Friedrich Bretzner. Bretzner later complained loudly and publicly about the theft.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1141",
"text": "In addition to the time constraint builders had, there were also space limitations because construction materials had to be delivered quickly, and trucks needed to drop off these materials without congesting traffic. This was solved by creating a temporary driveway for the trucks between 33rd and 34th Streets, and then storing the materials in the building's first floor and basements. Concrete mixers, brick hoppers, and stone hoists were necessarily outside the building, so that raising the materials quickly would have endangered or inconvenienced the public; this contributed to delays. At one point, over 200 trucks made material deliveries at the building site every day. A series of relay and erection derricks, placed on platforms erected near the building, lifted the steel from the trucks below and installed the beams at the appropriate locations. The Empire State Building was structurally completed on April 11, 1931, three months behind schedule and 510 ;days after construction commenced. Al Smith shot the final rivet, which was made of solid gold.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3617",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are unaware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3618",
"text": "Many farmers around the world know of fair trade practices but are unaware of strategies that they could use to be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3132",
"text": "Lee also received reinforcements. Confederate President Jefferson Davis directed Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke, over 7,000 men, from below the James River. (The first troops of Hoke's division arrived at Old Cold Harbor on May 31, but were unable to prevent the Union cavalry from seizing the intersection.) With these additional troops, and by managing to replace many of his 20,000 casualties to that point in the campaign, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had 59,000 men to contend with Meade's and Grant's 108,000. But the disparity in numbers was no longer what it had been—Grant's reinforcements were often raw recruits and heavy artillery troops, pulled from the defenses of Washington, D.C., who were relatively inexperienced in infantry tactics, while most of Lee's had been veterans moved from inactive fronts, and who were soon entrenched in impressive fortifications.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3133",
"text": "Lee also received reinforcements. Confederate President Jefferson Davis directed Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke, over 7,000 men, from below the James River. (The first troops of Hoke's division were unable to arrive at Old Cold Harbor on May 31, thus preventing the Union cavalry from seizing the intersection.) With these additional troops, and by managing to replace many of his 20,000 casualties to that point in the campaign, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had 59,000 men to contend with Meade's and Grant's 108,000. But the disparity in numbers was no longer what it had been—Grant's reinforcements were often raw recruits and heavy artillery troops, pulled from the defenses of Washington, D.C., who were relatively inexperienced in infantry tactics, while most of Lee's had been veterans moved from inactive fronts, and who were soon entrenched in impressive fortifications.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3134",
"text": "Lee also received reinforcements. Confederate President Jefferson Davis directed Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke, over 7,000 men, from below the James River. (The first troops of Hoke's division arrived at Old Cold Harbor on May 31, and were able to prevent the Union cavalry from seizing the intersection.) With these additional troops, and by managing to replace many of his 20,000 casualties to that point in the campaign, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had 59,000 men to contend with Meade's and Grant's 108,000. But the disparity in numbers was no longer what it had been—Grant's reinforcements were often raw recruits and heavy artillery troops, pulled from the defenses of Washington, D.C., who were relatively inexperienced in infantry tactics, while most of Lee's had been veterans moved from inactive fronts, and who were soon entrenched in impressive fortifications.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1120",
"text": "Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (Köppen: \"Cfb\"), which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet. Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between, and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a few days when the temperature rises above. Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded for weeks, reached on some days and rarely cooled down at night. Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are and nights are cold with temperatures around freezing. Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature seldom dips much lower. Snow falls every year, and usually stays on the ground. The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "630",
"text": "Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (Köppen: \"Cfb\"), which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet. Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between, and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a few days when the temperature rises above. Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded for weeks, reached on some days and rarely cooled down at night. Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cool, and nights are cold but generally above freezing with low temperatures around. Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature seldom dips below. Snow falls every year, but rarely stays on the ground. The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Who was definitely three days old when they were baptized?
|
89-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1381",
"text": "The date of Fawkes's birth is known to be 13 April, and he was baptised in the church of St Michael le Belfrey, York on 16 April. The customary gap between birth and baptism of three days was followed. In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. ;1572), and Elizabeth (b. ;1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594 respectively.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1379",
"text": "The date of Fawkes's birth is unknown, but he was baptised in the church of St Michael le Belfrey, York on 16 April. As the customary gap between birth and baptism was three days, he was probably born about 13 April. In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b. 1572), and Elizabeth (b. 1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594 respectively.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "89-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1379"
],
"pos_docid": "1381"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "2665",
"text": "A boy called Simon was celebrating his 12th birthday, and was impressed by a magician who pulled rabbits out of hats and conjuring infinite amounts of gaily coloured handkerchiefs. A dog wrapped in paper turned up at the door, who had a book that everyone old enough to read took turns silently perusing, in hope of finding clues. Although Simon's parents were unaware of who had sent the dog, they adopted him and Simon called him Chippy. The book was stored in the loft. One day, Simon hears Chippy in the loft. Investigating, Simon finds that the book is titled \"Ye Olde Spellbooke\". Simon throws the book onto the floor in contempt, only for a portal to open above it. Chippy quickly goes through the portal and Simon follows, ending up in another world. After escaping from some goblins who intended to eat Simon, he quickly discovers a house in a village belonging to a wizard called Calypso, along with a note from him. Through it, Simon learns he was brought to this world to save Calypso from the evil sorcerer, Sordid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2260",
"text": "Aged 18, Botham was a regular in the Somerset team from the beginning of the 1974 season and made his first-class début 8–10 May in a County Championship match against Lancashire at the County Ground, Taunton. Viv Richards, from Antigua and Barbuda, made his County Championship début for Somerset in the same match and Lancashire's team included Clive Lloyd, two players who would loom large in Botham's future Test career. Brian Close won the toss and decided to bat first. On day one, Somerset were all out for 285 and Lancashire reached 41 for none. Botham batted at number seven and scored 13 before being caught. Day two was rain-affected and Lancashire advanced to 200 for none. Their innings closed on the final day at 381 for eight. Botham bowled only three overs and his figures were none for 15; he held one catch to dismiss Jack Simmons. Somerset played for the draw and were 104 for two at the end. Botham did not bat again.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2261",
"text": "Aged 18, Botham was a regular in the Somerset team from the beginning of the 1974 season and made his first-class début 8–10 May in a County Championship match against Lancashire at the County Ground, Taunton. Viv Richards, from Antigua and Barbuda, made his County Championship début for Somerset in the same match and Lancashire's team included Clive Lloyd, two players who would loom large in Botham's future Test career. Brian Close won the toss and decided to bat first. On day one, Somerset were all out for 285 and Lancashire reached 41 for none. Botham batted at number seven and scored 13 before being caught. Day two was rain-affected and Lancashire advanced to 200 for none. Their innings closed on the final day at 381 for eight. Botham bowled only three overs and his figures were none for 15; he held one catch to dismiss Jack Simmons. Somerset played for the draw and were 104 for two at the end. Botham did not score again during his subsequent time at bat.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2262",
"text": "Aged 18, Botham was a regular in the Somerset team from the beginning of the 1974 season and made his first-class début 8–10 May in a County Championship match against Lancashire at the County Ground, Taunton. Viv Richards, from Antigua and Barbuda, made his County Championship début for Somerset in the same match and Lancashire's team included Clive Lloyd, two players who would loom large in Botham's future Test career. Brian Close won the toss and decided to bat first. On day one, Somerset were all out for 285 and Lancashire reached 41 for none. Botham batted at number seven and scored 13 before being caught. Day two was rain-affected and Lancashire advanced to 200 for none. Their innings closed on the final day at 381 for eight. Botham bowled only three overs and his figures were none for 15; he held one catch to dismiss Jack Simmons. Somerset played for the draw and were 104 for two at the end. Botham was able to score again in his only subsequent time at bat.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2612",
"text": "The station opened on January 1, 1892, and its first immigrant was Annie Moore, a 17-year-old girl from Cork, Ireland, who was traveling with her two brothers to meet their parents in the U.S. On the first day, almost 700 immigrants passed over the docks. Over the next year, over 400,000 immigrants were processed at the station. The processing procedure included a series of medical and mental inspection lines, and through this process, some 1% of potential immigrants were deported. Additional building improvements took place throughout the mid-1890s, and Ellis Island was expanded to by 1896. The last improvements, which entailed the installation of underwater telephone and telegraph cables to Governors Island, were completed in early June 1897. On June 15, 1897, the wooden structures on Ellis Island were razed in a fire of unknown origin. While there were casualties, the ten employees who lived on the island permanently miraculously escaped from the wooden buildings that had completely burned down after two hours, taking all immigration records from 1855 with them. Over five years of operation, the station had processed 1.5 million immigrants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2663",
"text": "A boy called Simon was celebrating his 12th birthday, and was impressed by a magician who pulled rabbits out of hats and conjuring infinite amounts of gaily coloured handkerchiefs. A dog wrapped in paper turned up at the door, who had a book that nobody was able to read. Although Simon's parents were unaware of who had sent the dog, they adopted him and Simon called him Chippy. The book was stored in the loft. One day, Simon hears Chippy in the loft. Investigating, Simon finds that the book is titled \"Ye Olde Spellbooke\". Simon throws the book onto the floor in contempt, only for a portal to open above it. Chippy quickly goes through the portal and Simon follows, ending up in another world. After escaping from some goblins who intended to eat Simon, he quickly discovers a house in a village belonging to a wizard called Calypso, along with a note from him. Through it, Simon learns he was brought to this world to save Calypso from the evil sorcerer, Sordid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2664",
"text": "A boy called Simon was celebrating his 12th birthday, and was impressed by a magician who pulled rabbits out of hats and conjuring infinite amounts of gaily coloured handkerchiefs. A dog wrapped in paper turned up at the door, who had a book from which nobody had ever bothered to read more than a few pages. Although Simon's parents were unaware of who had sent the dog, they adopted him and Simon called him Chippy. The book was stored in the loft. One day, Simon hears Chippy in the loft. Investigating, Simon finds that the book is titled \"Ye Olde Spellbooke\". Simon throws the book onto the floor in contempt, only for a portal to open above it. Chippy quickly goes through the portal and Simon follows, ending up in another world. After escaping from some goblins who intended to eat Simon, he quickly discovers a house in a village belonging to a wizard called Calypso, along with a note from him. Through it, Simon learns he was brought to this world to save Calypso from the evil sorcerer, Sordid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2611",
"text": "The station opened on January 1, 1892, and its first immigrant was Annie Moore, a 17-year-old girl from Cork, Ireland, who was traveling with her two brothers to meet their parents in the U.S. On the first day, almost 700 immigrants passed over the docks. Over the next year, over 400,000 immigrants were processed at the station. The processing procedure included a series of medical and mental inspection lines, and through this process, some 1% of potential immigrants were deported. Additional building improvements took place throughout the mid-1890s, and Ellis Island was expanded to by 1896. The last improvements, which entailed the installation of underwater telephone and telegraph cables to Governors Island, were completed in early June 1897. On June 15, 1897, the wooden structures on Ellis Island were razed in a fire of unknown origin. While there were no casualties, the wooden buildings had completely burned down after two hours, and all immigration records from 1855 had been destroyed. Over five years of operation, the station had processed 1.5 million immigrants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1737",
"text": "Within the left–right political spectrum, \"Left\" and \"Right\" were coined during the French Revolution, referring to the seating arrangement in the French Estates General. Those who sat on the left generally opposed the Ancien Régime and the Bourbon monarchy and supported the French Revolution, the creation of a democratic republic and the secularisation of society while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Old Regime. Usage of the term \"Left\" became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the \"Independents\". The word \"wing\" was first appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century, usually with disparaging intent, and \"left-wing\" was applied to those who were unorthodox in their religious or political views.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1738",
"text": "Within the left–right political spectrum, \"Left\" and \"Right\" were coined during the French Revolution, referring to the seating arrangement in the French Estates General. Those who sat on the left generally opposed the Ancien Régime and the Bourbon monarchy and supported the French Revolution, the creation of a democratic republic and the secularisation of society while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Old Regime. Usage of the term \"Left\" became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the \"Independents\". The word \"wing\" was first appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century, usually with disparaging intent, and \"left-wing\" was applied to those who were unorthodox in their political views.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1739",
"text": "Within the left–right political spectrum, \"Left\" and \"Right\" were coined during the French Revolution, referring to the seating arrangement in the French Estates General. Those who sat on the left generally opposed the Ancien Régime and the Bourbon monarchy and supported the French Revolution, the creation of a democratic republic and the secularisation of society while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Old Regime. Usage of the term \"Left\" became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the \"Independents\". The word \"wing\" was first appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century, usually with disparaging intent, and \"left-wing\" was applied to those who were orthodox in their religious or political views.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "375",
"text": "Females start bearing calves when six to eight years old. Adult narwhals mate in April or May when they are in the offshore pack ice. Gestation lasts for 14 months and calves are born between June and August the following year. As with most marine mammals, only a single young is born, averaging in length and white or light grey in colour. During summer population counts along different coastal inlets of Baffin Island, calf numbers varied from 0.05% to 5% of the total numbering from 10,000 to 35,000 narwhals, indicating that higher calf counts may reflect calving and nursery habitats in favorable inlets. Hybrids have been documented between the narwhal and beluga (specifically a beluga male and a narwhal female), as one, perhaps even as many as three, were killed and harvested during a sustenance hunt. Whether or not these hybrids could breed remains unknown. The unusual dentition seen in the single remaining skull indicates the hybrid hunted on the seabed, much as walruses do, indicating feeding habits different from those of either parent species.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "376",
"text": "Females start bearing calves when six to eight years old. Adult narwhals mate in April or May when they are in the offshore pack ice. Gestation lasts for 14 months and calves are born between June and August the following year. As with most marine mammals, only a single young is born, averaging in length and white or light grey in colour. During summer population counts along different coastal inlets of Baffin Island, calf numbers varied from 0.05% to 5% of the total numbering from 10,000 to 35,000 narwhals, indicating that higher calf counts may reflect calving and nursery habitats in favorable inlets. Wild hybrids have been documented between the narwhal and beluga (specifically a beluga male and a narwhal female), as one, perhaps even as many as three, were killed and harvested during a sustenance hunt. While it remains unknown if these hybrids could breed in the wild, specially bred hybrids have indeed been found to be fertile in captivity. The unusual dentition seen in the single remaining skull indicates the hybrid hunted on the seabed, much as walruses do, indicating feeding habits different from those of either parent species.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1916",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken only by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that made him mad; and many times, when he talks nobody is able to understand him because his language is too old. This humorous effect is more difficult to see nowadays because the reader must be able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, but when the book was published it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1917",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken only by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that nobody else has read; and many times, when he talks only older knights are able to understand him because his language is too old. This humorous effect is more difficult to see nowadays because the reader must be able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, but when the book was published it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1918",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles also speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that made him mad; and many times, when he talks everyone is able to understand him because his language is old but familiar. This humorous effect is easier to see nowadays because most readers are able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, as when the book was published and it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1568",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 p.m. Pacific time to 11 a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 people were present for the President's speech, in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover, who was not invited to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1569",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 ;p.m. Pacific time to 11 ;a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 ;p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 ;p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 ;people were present for the President's speech, in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover, who was invited but could not come to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1570",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 ;p.m. Pacific time to 11 ;a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 ;p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 ;p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 ;people were present for the President's speech, in which he mentioned the name of former President Hoover, who was invited to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1704",
"text": "A ball, as the essential feature in many forms of gameplay requiring physical exertion, must date from the very earliest times. A rolling object appeals not only to a human baby, but to a kitten and a puppy. Some form of game with a ball is found portrayed on Egyptian monuments, and is played among aboriginal tribes at the present day. In Homer, Nausicaa was playing at ball with her maidens when Odysseus first saw her in the land of the Phaeacians (Od. vi. 100). And Halios and Laodamas performed before Alcinous and Odysseus with ball play, accompanied with dancing (Od. viii. 370). The most ancient balls in Eurasia have been discovered in Karasahr, China and are 3.000 years old. They were made of hair-filled leather.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1273",
"text": "Some Western experts believe the evidence released from the Soviet archives is understated or unreliable. Conversely, historian Stephen G. Wheatcroft, who spent a good portion of his academic career researching the archives, contends that, prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the opening of the archives for historical research, \"our understanding of the scale and the nature of Soviet repression has been extremely poor\" and that some specialists who wish to maintain earlier high estimates of the Stalinist death toll are \"finding it difficult to adapt to the new circumstances when the archives are open and when there are plenty of irrefutable data\" and instead \"hang on to their old Sovietological methods with round-about calculations based on odd statements from emigres and other informants who are supposed to have superior knowledge.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1705",
"text": "A ball, as the essential feature in many forms of gameplay requiring physical exertion, must date from the very earliest times. Surprisingly, a rolling object appeals only to a human baby and a kitten but not to a puppy. Some form of game with a ball is found portrayed on Egyptian monuments, and is played among aboriginal tribes at the present day. In Homer, Nausicaa was playing at ball with her maidens when Odysseus first saw her in the land of the Phaeacians (Od. vi. 100). And Halios and Laodamas performed before Alcinous and Odysseus with ball play, accompanied with dancing (Od. viii. 370). The most ancient balls in Eurasia have been discovered in Karasahr, China and are 3.000 years old. They were made of hair-filled leather.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1706",
"text": "A ball, as the essential feature in many forms of gameplay requiring physical exertion, must date from the very earliest times. Surprisingly, a rolling object appeals only to a human baby, and very rarely to a kitten or a puppy. Some form of game with a ball is found portrayed on Egyptian monuments, and is played among aboriginal tribes at the present day. In Homer, Nausicaa was playing at ball with her maidens when Odysseus first saw her in the land of the Phaeacians (Od. vi. 100). And Halios and Laodamas performed before Alcinous and Odysseus with ball play, accompanied with dancing (Od. viii. 370). The most ancient balls in Eurasia have been discovered in Karasahr, China and are 3.000 years old. They were made of hair-filled leather.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1271",
"text": "Some Western experts believe the evidence released from the Soviet archives is understated, incomplete or unreliable. Conversely, historian Stephen G. Wheatcroft, who spent a good portion of his academic career researching the archives, contends that, prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the opening of the archives for historical research, \"our understanding of the scale and the nature of Soviet repression has been extremely poor\" and that some specialists who wish to maintain earlier high estimates of the Stalinist death toll are \"finding it difficult to adapt to the new circumstances when the archives are open and when there are plenty of irrefutable data\" and instead \"hang on to their old Sovietological methods with round-about calculations based on odd statements from emigres and other informants who are supposed to have superior knowledge.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1272",
"text": "Some Western experts believe the evidence released from the incomplete Soviet archives is understated or unreliable. Conversely, historian Stephen G. Wheatcroft, who spent a good portion of his academic career researching the archives, contends that, prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the opening of the archives for historical research, \"our understanding of the scale and the nature of Soviet repression has been extremely poor\" and that some specialists who wish to maintain earlier high estimates of the Stalinist death toll are \"finding it difficult to adapt to the new circumstances when the archives are open and when there are plenty of irrefutable data\" and instead \"hang on to their old Sovietological methods with round-about calculations based on odd statements from emigres and other informants who are supposed to have superior knowledge.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1145",
"text": "The initial marketing of the film was done by TriStar Pictures, which presented the film in a vague, dramatic fashion with none of the action sequences. The trailer did not score well with test audiences. When Schwarzenegger saw the trailer, he felt it cheapened the film, and made contact with Peter Guber, his friend who was the head of Sony Pictures which owned TriStar, to work out how to improve the film's marketing. Guber brought in the firm of Cimarron-Bacon-O’Brien, which had done trailers for \"The Empire Strikes Back\" and \"The Terminator\", to produce a new trailer, focusing more on the action-oriented parts of \"Total Recall\" with heavy emphasis on Schwarzenegger's role. The new trailer was much more successful with test audiences, and translated to a box office on its first three days of opening.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1147",
"text": "The initial marketing of the film was done by TriStar Pictures, which presented the film as a vaguely-futuristic action film, while downplaying the story elements. The trailer did not score well with test audiences. When Schwarzenegger saw the trailer, he felt it cheapened the film, and made contact with Peter Guber, his friend who was the head of Sony Pictures which owned TriStar, to work out how to improve the film's marketing. Guber brought in the firm of Cimarron-Bacon-O’Brien, which had done trailers for \"The Empire Strikes Back\" and \"The Terminator\", to produce a new trailer, focusing more on the plot-oriented parts of \"Total Recall\" with heavy emphasis on Schwarzenegger's role. The new trailer was much more successful with test audiences, and translated to a box office on its first three days of opening.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1146",
"text": "The initial marketing of the film was done by TriStar Pictures, which presented the film as a kind of vague, shoot-em-up film in space, with none of Schwarzenegger's dramatic sequences. The trailer did not score well with test audiences. When Schwarzenegger saw the trailer, he felt it cheapened the film, and made contact with Peter Guber, his friend who was the head of Sony Pictures which owned TriStar, to work out how to improve the film's marketing. Guber brought in the firm of Cimarron-Bacon-O’Brien, which had done trailers for \"The Empire Strikes Back\" and \"The Terminator\", to produce a new trailer, focusing more on the plot-oriented parts of \"Total Recall\" with heavy emphasis on Schwarzenegger's role. The new trailer was much more successful with test audiences, and translated to a box office on its first three days of opening.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1734",
"text": "Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May, New Jersey. New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts, vaccinations, uniform issue, and other necessary entrance procedures. During this initial processing period, the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders. These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company. The temporary company commanders typically do not enforce any physical activity such as push ups or crunches. When the initial processing is complete, the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training. There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders. The balance of the eight-week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills. An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard's core values is an important part of the training.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2750",
"text": "The Allies invaded French North Africa in November 1942, securing the surrender of Vichy French forces within days of landing. At the January 1943 Casablanca Conference, the Allies agreed to defeat Axis forces in North Africa and then launch an invasion of Sicily, with an attack on France to take place in 1944. At the conference, Roosevelt also announced that he would be willing to accept the surrender of Germany, Japan, and Italy even if it failed to meet the definition of unconditional surrender that many were arguing for. In February 1943, the Soviet Union won a major victory at the Battle of Stalingrad, and in May 1943, the Allies secured the surrender of over 250,000 German and Italian soldiers in North Africa, ending the North African Campaign. The Allies launched an invasion of Sicily in July 1943, capturing the island by the end of the following month. In September 1943, the Allies secured an armistice from Italian Prime Minister Pietro Badoglio, but Germany quickly restored Mussolini to power. The Allied invasion of mainland Italy commenced in September 1943, but the Italian Campaign continued until 1945 as German and Italian troops resisted the Allied advance.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1735",
"text": "Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May, New Jersey. New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts, vaccinations, uniform issue, and other necessary entrance procedures. During this initial processing period, the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders. These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company. The temporary company commanders typically enforce physical-activity training regimens such as push ups or crunches, but do not test recruits' performance at this stage. When the initial processing is complete, the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training. There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders. The balance of the eight-week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills. An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard's core values is an important part of the training.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1736",
"text": "Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May, New Jersey. New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts, vaccinations, uniform issue, and other necessary entrance procedures. During this initial processing period, the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders. These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company. The temporary company commanders typically oversee physical-activity training such as push ups or crunches, and test the recruits' ability to pass basic fitness-test requirements before they proceed. When the initial processing is complete, the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training. There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders. The balance of the eight-week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills. An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard's core values is an important part of the training.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1872",
"text": "After three months' imprisonment, Arago and the others were released on the demand of the dey of Algiers, and again set sail for Marseille on 28 November, but then within sight of their port they were driven back by a northerly wind to Bougie on the coast of Africa. Transport to Algiers by sea from this place would have occasioned a weary delay of three months; Arago, therefore, set out over land, guided by a Muslim priest, and reached it on Christmas Day. After six months in Algiers he once again, on 21 June 1809, set sail for Marseille, where he had to undergo a monotonous and inhospitable quarantine in the lazaretto, before his difficulties were over. The first letter he received, while in the lazaretto, was from Alexander von Humboldt; and this was the origin of a connection which, in Arago's words, \"lasted over forty years without a single cloud ever having troubled it.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1874",
"text": "After three months' imprisonment, Arago and the others were released on the demand of the dey of Algiers, and again set sail for Marseille on 28 November, but then within sight of their port they were driven back by a northerly wind to Bougie on the coast of Africa. Transport to Algiers by sea from this place would have occasioned a weary delay of three months; Arago, therefore, set out over land, guided by a Muslim priest, and reached it on Christmas Day. After six months in Algiers he once again, on 21 June 1809, set sail for Marseille, where he had to undergo a monotonous but hospitable quarantine in the lazaretto, before his difficulties were over. The first letter he received, while in the lazaretto, was from Alexander von Humboldt; and this was the origin of a connection which, in Arago's words, \"lasted over forty years without a single cloud ever having troubled it.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1873",
"text": "After three months' imprisonment, Arago and the others were released on the demand of the dey of Algiers, and again set sail for Marseille on 28 November, but then within sight of their port they were driven back by a northerly wind to Bougie on the coast of Africa. Transport to Algiers by sea from this place would have occasioned a weary delay of three months; Arago, therefore, set out over land, guided by a Muslim priest, and reached it on Christmas Day. After six months in the inhospitable Algiers he once again, on 21 June 1809, set sail for Marseille, where he had to undergo a monotonous but hospitable quarantine in the lazaretto, before his difficulties were over. The first letter he received, while in the lazaretto, was from Alexander von Humboldt; and this was the origin of a connection which, in Arago's words, \"lasted over forty years without a single cloud ever having troubled it.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2857",
"text": "The biggest raid to date was launched on 2–3 September, when twelve German Navy and four Army airships set out to bomb London. A combination of rain and snowstorms scattered the airships while they were still over the North Sea. Only one of the naval airships came within seven miles of central London, and both damage and casualties were slight. The newly commissioned Schütte-Lanz SL 11 dropped a few bombs on Hertfordshire while approaching London: it was picked up by searchlights as it bombed Ponders End and at around 02:15 it was intercepted by a B.E.2c flown by Lt. William Leefe Robinson, who fired three 40-round drums of Brocks and Buckingham ammunition into the airship. The third drum started a fire and the airship was quickly enveloped in flames. It fell to the ground near Cuffley, witnessed by the crews of several of the other Zeppelins and many on the ground; there were no survivors. The victory earned Leefe Robinson a Victoria Cross; the pieces of SL 11 were gathered up and sold as souvenirs by the Red Cross to raise money for wounded soldiers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2858",
"text": "The biggest raid to date was launched on 2–3 September, when twelve German Navy and four Army airships set out to bomb London. A combination of rain and snowstorms scattered the airships while they were still over the North Sea. Only one of the naval airships came within seven miles of central London, and both damage and casualties were slight. The newly commissioned Schütte-Lanz SL ;11 dropped a few bombs on Hertfordshire while approaching London: it was picked up by searchlights as it bombed Ponders End and at around 02:15 it was intercepted by a B.E.2c flown by Lt. William Leefe Robinson, who fired three 40-round drums of Brocks and Buckingham ammunition into the airship. The third drum started a fire and the airship was quickly enveloped in flames. It fell to the ground near Cuffley, witnessed by the crews of several of the other Zeppelins and many on the ground; there were no casualties among its crew. The victory earned Leefe Robinson a Victoria Cross; the pieces of SL ;11 were gathered up and sold as souvenirs by the Red Cross to raise money for wounded soldiers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2859",
"text": "The biggest raid to date was launched on 2–3 September, when twelve German Navy and four Army airships set out to bomb London. A combination of rain and snowstorms scattered the airships while they were still over the North Sea. Only one of the naval airships came within seven miles of central London, and both damage and casualties were slight. The newly commissioned Schütte-Lanz SL ;11 dropped a few bombs on Hertfordshire while approaching London: it was picked up by searchlights as it bombed Ponders End and at around 02:15 it was intercepted by a B.E.2c flown by Lt. William Leefe Robinson, who fired three 40-round drums of Brocks and Buckingham ammunition into the airship. The third drum started a fire and the airship was quickly enveloped in flames. It fell to the ground near Cuffley, witnessed by the crews of several of the other Zeppelins and many on the ground; all of the crew were seriously injured, but none fatally. The victory earned Leefe Robinson a Victoria Cross; the pieces of SL ;11 were gathered up and sold as souvenirs by the Red Cross to raise money for wounded soldiers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1613",
"text": "The folk of the 19th century, the social group identified in the original term \"folklore\", was characterized by being the rural poor, who nonetheless had enough schooling to not be illiterate. They were the peasants living in the countryside, in contrast to the urban populace of the cities. Only toward the end of the century did the urban proletariat (on the coattails of Marxist theory) become included with the rural poor as folk. The common feature in this expanded definition of folk was their identification as the underclass of society.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1119",
"text": "Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (Köppen: \"Cfb\"), which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet. Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between, and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a few days when the temperature rises above. Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded for weeks, reached on some days and rarely cooled down at night. Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are and nights are cold with temperatures around freezing. Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature seldom dips much lower. Snow falls every year, and only very rarely does it melt on the ground the next day. The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3619",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are aware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, and the farmers who grow it typically earn more than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade and were able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could ialso dentify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1498",
"text": "The inspector of the \"Nationalsingspiel\" was Gottlieb Stephanie. When the 25-year-old Mozart arrived in Vienna in 1781, seeking professional opportunity, one of the first tasks to which he addressed himself was to become acquainted with Stephanie and lobby him for an opera commission. To this end, he brought a copy of the final draft of his earlier opera \"Zaide\" and showed it to Stephanie, who was duly impressed even when the inspectors reading of the work was unfinished. Mozart also made a strong impression on the manager of the theater, Count Franz Xaver Orsini-Rosenberg, when in the home of Mozart's friend and patroness Maria Wilhelmine Thun the Count heard him play excerpts from his opera \"Idomeneo\", premiered with great success the previous year in Munich. With this backing, it was agreed that Stephanie would find appropriate material and prepare a libretto for Mozart. Stephanie complied by preparing an altered version of an earlier work \"Belmont und Constanze, oder Die Entführung aus dem Serail\" without attributing or seeking permission from its original author Christoph Friedrich Bretzner. Bretzner later complained loudly and publicly about the theft.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1141",
"text": "In addition to the time constraint builders had, there were also space limitations because construction materials had to be delivered quickly, and trucks needed to drop off these materials without congesting traffic. This was solved by creating a temporary driveway for the trucks between 33rd and 34th Streets, and then storing the materials in the building's first floor and basements. Concrete mixers, brick hoppers, and stone hoists were necessarily outside the building, so that raising the materials quickly would have endangered or inconvenienced the public; this contributed to delays. At one point, over 200 trucks made material deliveries at the building site every day. A series of relay and erection derricks, placed on platforms erected near the building, lifted the steel from the trucks below and installed the beams at the appropriate locations. The Empire State Building was structurally completed on April 11, 1931, three months behind schedule and 510 ;days after construction commenced. Al Smith shot the final rivet, which was made of solid gold.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3617",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are unaware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3618",
"text": "Many farmers around the world know of fair trade practices but are unaware of strategies that they could use to be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3132",
"text": "Lee also received reinforcements. Confederate President Jefferson Davis directed Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke, over 7,000 men, from below the James River. (The first troops of Hoke's division arrived at Old Cold Harbor on May 31, but were unable to prevent the Union cavalry from seizing the intersection.) With these additional troops, and by managing to replace many of his 20,000 casualties to that point in the campaign, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had 59,000 men to contend with Meade's and Grant's 108,000. But the disparity in numbers was no longer what it had been—Grant's reinforcements were often raw recruits and heavy artillery troops, pulled from the defenses of Washington, D.C., who were relatively inexperienced in infantry tactics, while most of Lee's had been veterans moved from inactive fronts, and who were soon entrenched in impressive fortifications.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3133",
"text": "Lee also received reinforcements. Confederate President Jefferson Davis directed Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke, over 7,000 men, from below the James River. (The first troops of Hoke's division were unable to arrive at Old Cold Harbor on May 31, thus preventing the Union cavalry from seizing the intersection.) With these additional troops, and by managing to replace many of his 20,000 casualties to that point in the campaign, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had 59,000 men to contend with Meade's and Grant's 108,000. But the disparity in numbers was no longer what it had been—Grant's reinforcements were often raw recruits and heavy artillery troops, pulled from the defenses of Washington, D.C., who were relatively inexperienced in infantry tactics, while most of Lee's had been veterans moved from inactive fronts, and who were soon entrenched in impressive fortifications.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3134",
"text": "Lee also received reinforcements. Confederate President Jefferson Davis directed Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke, over 7,000 men, from below the James River. (The first troops of Hoke's division arrived at Old Cold Harbor on May 31, and were able to prevent the Union cavalry from seizing the intersection.) With these additional troops, and by managing to replace many of his 20,000 casualties to that point in the campaign, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had 59,000 men to contend with Meade's and Grant's 108,000. But the disparity in numbers was no longer what it had been—Grant's reinforcements were often raw recruits and heavy artillery troops, pulled from the defenses of Washington, D.C., who were relatively inexperienced in infantry tactics, while most of Lee's had been veterans moved from inactive fronts, and who were soon entrenched in impressive fortifications.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1120",
"text": "Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (Köppen: \"Cfb\"), which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet. Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between, and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a few days when the temperature rises above. Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded for weeks, reached on some days and rarely cooled down at night. Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are and nights are cold with temperatures around freezing. Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature seldom dips much lower. Snow falls every year, and usually stays on the ground. The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "630",
"text": "Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (Köppen: \"Cfb\"), which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet. Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between, and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a few days when the temperature rises above. Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded for weeks, reached on some days and rarely cooled down at night. Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cool, and nights are cold but generally above freezing with low temperatures around. Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature seldom dips below. Snow falls every year, but rarely stays on the ground. The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which people group's inheritance was limited to inexpensive gifts?
|
895-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1382",
"text": "Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate—with the exception of a few modest legacies to family members—would go to create a foundation dedicated to the \"advancement of the visual arts\". Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 million.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1383",
"text": "Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate— with the exception of a several valuable paintings to family members—would go to create a foundation dedicated to the \"advancement of the visual arts\". Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 ;million.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "895-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1383"
],
"pos_docid": "1382"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "2484",
"text": "Stephen's new Anglo-Norman kingdom had been shaped by the Norman conquest of England in 1066, followed by the Norman expansion into south Wales over the coming years. Both the kingdom and duchy were dominated by a small number of major barons who owned lands on both sides of the English Channel, with the lesser barons beneath them usually having more localised holdings. The extent to which lands should be passed down through hereditary right or by the gift of the King was still uncertain (though the inheritance rules for positions had been settled), and tensions concerning this issue had grown during the reign of Henry I. Certainly lands in Normandy, passed by hereditary right, were usually considered more important to major barons than those in England, where their possession was less certain. Henry had increased the authority and capabilities of the central royal administration, often bringing in \"new men\" to fulfil key positions rather than using the established nobility. In the process he had been able to maximise revenues and contain expenditures, resulting in a healthy surplus and a famously large treasury, but also increasing political tensions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1746",
"text": "With Adelin dead, the inheritance to the English throne was thrown into doubt. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. It was also traditional for the King of France to crown his successor whilst he himself was still alive, making the intended line of succession relatively clear, but this was not the case in England. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands—usually considered to be the most valuable—and younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty years—William the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. There had been no peaceful, uncontested successions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2450",
"text": "Christadelphians believe that people are separated from God because of their sins but that humankind can be reconciled to him by becoming disciples of Jesus Christ. This is by belief in the gospel, through repentance, and through baptism by total immersion in water. They reject assurance of salvation, believing instead that salvation comes as a result of remaining \"in Christ\". After death, believers are in a state of non-existence, knowing nothing until the Resurrection at the return of Christ. Following the judgement at that time, the accepted receive the gift of immortality, and live with Christ on a restored Earth, assisting him to establish the Kingdom of God and to rule over the mortal population for a thousand years (the Millennium). Christadelphians believe that the Kingdom will be centred upon Israel, but Jesus Christ will also reign over all the other nations on the Earth. Some unorthodox Christadelphians believe that the Kingdom itself is not worldwide but limited to the land of Israel promised to Abraham and ruled over in the past by David, with a worldwide empire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2451",
"text": "Christadelphians believe that people are separated from God because of their sins but that humankind can be reconciled to him by becoming disciples of Jesus Christ. This is by belief in the gospel, through repentance, and through baptism by total immersion in water. They reject assurance of salvation and the belief that salvation comes as a result of remaining \"in Christ\". After death, believers are in a state of non-existence, knowing nothing until the Resurrection at the return of Christ. Following the judgement at that time, the accepted receive the gift of immortality, and live with Christ on a restored Earth, assisting him to establish the Kingdom of God and to rule over the mortal population for a thousand years (the Millennium). Christadelphians believe that the Kingdom will be centred upon Israel, but Jesus Christ will also reign over all the other nations on the Earth. Some unorthodox Christadelphians believe that the Kingdom itself is not worldwide but limited to the land of Israel promised to Abraham and ruled over in the past by David, with a worldwide empire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2452",
"text": "Christadelphians believe that people are separated from God because of their sins but that humankind can be reconciled to him by becoming disciples of Jesus Christ. This is by belief in the gospel, through repentance, and through baptism by total immersion in water. They believe in the assurance of salvation that comes as a result of remaining \"in Christ\". After death, believers are in a state of non-existence, knowing nothing until the Resurrection at the return of Christ. Following the judgement at that time, the accepted receive the gift of immortality, and live with Christ on a restored Earth, assisting him to establish the Kingdom of God and to rule over the mortal population for a thousand years (the Millennium). Christadelphians believe that the Kingdom will be centred upon Israel, but Jesus Christ will also reign over all the other nations on the Earth. Some unorthodox Christadelphians believe that the Kingdom itself is not worldwide but limited to the land of Israel promised to Abraham and ruled over in the past by David, with a worldwide empire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1747",
"text": "With Adelin dead, the inheritance to the English throne was thrown into doubt. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. It was also traditional for the King of France to crown his successor whilst he himself was still alive, making the intended line of succession relatively clear, but this was not the case in England. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands—usually considered to be the most valuable—and younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty years—William the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. There had been no successions that were totally uncontested, but almost all had at least been peaceful.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1748",
"text": "With Adelin dead, the inheritance to the English throne was thrown into doubt. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. It was also traditional for the King of France to crown his successor whilst he himself was still alive, making the intended line of succession relatively clear, but this was not the case in England. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands—usually considered to be the most valuable—and younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty years—William the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. However, almost all successions had been peaceful, many without noticeable disagreement.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3168",
"text": "In one study on maternal (mitochondrial DNA) haplogroups in Sri Lankan populations (the Vedda, Sri Lankan Tamil, and Sinhalese), the Vedda were found to carry predominantly haplogroups U and R and to carry maternal haplogroup M at about 17%, unlike the Tamil people and many mainland Indian tribal groups, among which haplogroup M is predominant. The Vedda people and Low-country Sinhalese showed frequencies of haplogroup R at 45.33 and 25%, respectively. The Vedda were found to be distinct but closer to Sinhalese than to other South Asian groups (including the Sri Lankan Tamils, who are believed to be of \"more recent origin from the mainland\" and less long-established in Sri Lanka than the Vedda or Sinhalese). It was determined in the study to be likely that the branches of haplogroups R and U \"found to be particularly prevalent in the Vedda, were derived from ancestors on the Indian subcontinent.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3169",
"text": "In one study on maternal (mitochondrial DNA) haplogroups in Sri Lankan populations (the Vedda, Sri Lankan Tamil, and Sinhalese), the Vedda were found to carry predominantly haplogroups U and R and to carry maternal haplogroup M at about 17%, unlike the Tamil people (but none of the mainland Indian tribal groups), among which haplogroup M is predominant. The Vedda people and Low-country Sinhalese showed frequencies of haplogroup R at 45.33 and 25%, respectively. The Vedda were found to be distinct but closer to Sinhalese than to other South Asian groups (including the Sri Lankan Tamils, who are believed to be of \"more recent origin from the mainland\" and less long-established in Sri Lanka than the Vedda or Sinhalese). It was determined in the study to be likely that the branches of haplogroups R and U \"found to be particularly prevalent in the Vedda, were derived from ancestors on the Indian subcontinent.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3170",
"text": "In one study on maternal (mitochondrial DNA) haplogroups in Sri Lankan populations (the Vedda, Sri Lankan Tamil, and Sinhalese), the Vedda were found to carry predominantly haplogroups U and R and to carry maternal haplogroup M at about 17%, much like the Tamil people and many mainland Indian tribal groups, among which haplogroup M is similarly rare. The Vedda people and Low-country Sinhalese showed frequencies of haplogroup R at 45.33 and 25%, respectively. The Vedda were found to be distinct but closer to Sinhalese than to other South Asian groups (including the Sri Lankan Tamils, who are believed to be of \"more recent origin from the mainland\" and less long-established in Sri Lanka than the Vedda or Sinhalese). It was determined in the study to be likely that the branches of haplogroups R and U \"found to be particularly prevalent in the Vedda, were derived from ancestors on the Indian subcontinent.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1288",
"text": "Vegetable garden bed construction materials should be chosen carefully. Some concerns exist regarding the use of pressure-treated timber. Pine that was treated using chromated copper arsenate or CCA, a toxic chemical mix for preserving timber that may leach chemicals into the soil which in turn can be drawn up into the plants, is a concern for vegetable growers, where part or all of the plant is eaten. If using timber to raise the garden bed, ensure that it is a wood that is treated without CCA (a chemical which is now rarely used), to prevent the risk of chemicals leaching into the soil. A common approach is to use timber sleepers joined with steel rods to hold them together. Another approach is to use concrete blocks, although less aesthetically pleasing, they are inexpensive to source and easy to use.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3115",
"text": "In 2002, Algeria had inadequate numbers of physicians (1.13 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to \"improved water sources\" was limited to 92% of the population in urban areas and 80% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, but only 82% of those living in rural areas, had access to \"improved sanitation\". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of \"reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015\". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery. The poor generally receive health care free of charge.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3116",
"text": "In 2002, Algeria had inadequate numbers of physicians (1.13 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to \"improved water sources\" was limited to 92% of the population in urban areas and 80% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, but only 82% of those living in rural areas, had access to \"improved sanitation\". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of \"reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015\". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. Because of this immunisation program, even with poor sanitation and unclean water, tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery are virtually gone. The poor generally receive health care free of charge.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "572",
"text": "The World Health Organization has classified radio frequency electromagnetic radiation as Group 2B - possibly carcinogenic. This group contains possible carcinogens such as lead, DDT, and styrene. By contrast, epidemiological studies looking for a relationship between cell phone use and brain cancer development, have shown that people who use cell phones more often actually exhibited less brain cancer than those who didn't own a phone, but were otherwise essentially identical in other regards, which thus demonstrates that any effect, even if it exists, cannot be large.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2596",
"text": "Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the jungle where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, Chea Sim led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978, while thousands were evacuated to other zones to prevent them from defecting to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, \"old people\" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2597",
"text": "Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the jungle where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, Chea Sim led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978. Also, the center did not prevent evacuation of thousands to other zones in order to stall defection to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, \"old people\" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2598",
"text": "Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the jungle where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, Chea Sim led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978, while thousands were evacuated to other zones, the center ignored those who managed to defect to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, \"old people\" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1286",
"text": "Vegetable garden bed construction materials should be chosen carefully. Some concerns exist regarding the use of pressure-treated timber. Pine that was treated using chromated copper arsenate or CCA, a toxic chemical mix for preserving timber that may leach chemicals into the soil which in turn can be drawn up into the plants, is a concern for vegetable growers, where part or all of the plant is eaten. If using timber to raise the garden bed, ensure that it is an untreated hardwood to prevent the risk of chemicals leaching into the soil. A common approach is to use timber sleepers joined with steel rods to hold them together. Another approach is to use concrete blocks, although less aesthetically pleasing, they are inexpensive to source and easy to use.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3302",
"text": "A major initiative of the Obama Administration is Power Africa, which aims to bring energy to 20 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa. By reaching out to its international partners, whether commercial or public, the US has leveraged over $14 billion in outside commitments after investing only US$7 billion of its own. To ensure that Power Africa reaches the region's poorest, the initiative engages in a transaction based approach to create systematic change. This includes expanding access to electricity to more than 20,000 additional households which already live with limited power.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1287",
"text": "Vegetable garden bed construction materials should be chosen carefully. Some concerns exist regarding the use of pressure-treated timber. Pine that was treated using chromated copper arsenate or CCA, a toxic chemical mix for preserving timber that may leach chemicals into the soil which in turn can be drawn up into the plants, is a concern for vegetable growers, where part or all of the plant is eaten. If using timber to raise the garden bed, ensure that it is either an untreated hardwood, or one that has been pressure treated without the use of CAA to prevent the risk of chemicals leaching into the soil. A common approach is to use timber sleepers joined with steel rods to hold them together. Another approach is to use concrete blocks, although less aesthetically pleasing, they are inexpensive to source and easy to use.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2344",
"text": "The first quartz watch to enter production was the Seiko 35 SQ Astron, which hit the shelves on 25 December 1969, swiftly followed by the Swiss Beta 21, and then a year later the prototype of one of the world's most accurate wristwatches to date: the Omega Marine Chronometer. Since the technology having been developed by contributions from Japanese, American and Swiss, nobody could patent the whole movement of the quartz wristwatch, thus allowing other manufacturers to participate in the rapid growth and development of the quartz watch market. This ended—in less than a decade—almost 100 years of dominance by the mechanical wristwatch legacy. Modern quartz movements are produced in very large quantities, and even the cheapest wristwatches typically have quartz movements. Whereas mechanical movements can typically be off by several seconds a day, an inexpensive quartz movement in a child's wristwatch may still be accurate to within half a second per day—ten times more accurate than a mechanical movement.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2345",
"text": "The first quartz watch to enter production was the Seiko 35 SQ Astron, which hit the shelves on 25 December 1969, swiftly followed by the Swiss Beta 21, and then a year later the prototype of one of the world's most accurate wristwatches to date: the Omega Marine Chronometer. Since the technology having been developed by contributions from Japanese, American and Swiss, who could patent the whole movement of the quartz wristwatch, nobody else could participate in the rapid growth and development of the quartz watch market. Still, this ended—in less than a decade—almost 100 years of dominance by the mechanical wristwatch legacy. Modern quartz movements are produced in very large quantities, and even the cheapest wristwatches typically have quartz movements. Whereas mechanical movements can typically be off by several seconds a day, an inexpensive quartz movement in a child's wristwatch may still be accurate to within half a second per day—ten times more accurate than a mechanical movement.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2346",
"text": "The first quartz watch to enter production was the Seiko 35 SQ Astron, which hit the shelves on 25 December 1969, swiftly followed by the Swiss Beta 21, and then a year later the prototype of one of the world's most accurate wristwatches to date: the Omega Marine Chronometer. Since the technology having been developed by contributions from Japanese, American and Swiss, they could patent the whole movement of the quartz wristwatch, thus restricting other manufacturers' ability to participate in the rapid growth and development of the quartz watch market. Still, this ended—in less than a decade—almost 100 years of dominance by the mechanical wristwatch legacy. Modern quartz movements are produced in very large quantities, and even the cheapest wristwatches typically have quartz movements. Whereas mechanical movements can typically be off by several seconds a day, an inexpensive quartz movement in a child's wristwatch may still be accurate to within half a second per day—ten times more accurate than a mechanical movement.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1658",
"text": "Originally the bishop and cathedral clergy formed a kind of religious community, which, while not in the true sense a monastery, was nevertheless often called a \"monasterium\", the word not having the restricted meaning that it afterwards acquired. In this lies the reason for the apparent anomaly that churches like York Minster and Lincoln Cathedral, which never had any monks attached to them, have inherited the name of minster or monastery. In these early communities the clergy often lived apart in their own dwellings, and never married.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1656",
"text": "Originally the bishop and cathedral clergy formed a kind of religious community, which, while not in the true sense a monastery, was nevertheless often called a \"monasterium\", the word not having the restricted meaning that it afterwards acquired. In this lies the reason for the apparent anomaly that churches like York Minster and Lincoln Cathedral, which never had any monks attached to them, have inherited the name of minster or monastery. In these early communities the clergy often lived apart in their own dwellings, and were not infrequently married.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1657",
"text": "Originally the bishop and cathedral clergy formed a kind of religious community, which, while not in the true sense a monastery, was nevertheless often called a \"monasterium\", the word not having the restricted meaning that it afterwards acquired. In this lies the reason for the apparent anomaly that churches like York Minster and Lincoln Cathedral, which never had any monks attached to them, have inherited the name of minster or monastery. In these early communities the clergy often lived apart in their own dwellings, and while it was tolerated by the church, instances of marriage by clergymen were highly infrequent.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1802",
"text": "From some perspectives, it has been argued that several characteristics of the monarchy are in conflict with modern Australian values. The hereditary nature of the monarchy is said to conflict with egalitarianism and dislike of inherited privilege. The laws of succession were, before amendment to them in 2015, held by some to be sexist and the links between the monarchy and the Church of England inconsistent with Australia's secular character. Under the Act of Settlement, the monarch is prohibited from being a Catholic. As it is constitutional, this Australian law over-rides anti-discrimination laws, which prohibit arrangements under which becoming a Catholic invalidates any legal rights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1803",
"text": "From some perspectives, it has been argued that several characteristics of the monarchy are in accordance with modern Australian values. The hereditary nature of the monarchy is said to mesh with dislike of egalitarianism and approval of inherited privilege. The laws of succession were, before amendment to them in 2015, held by some to be sexist and the links between the monarchy and the Church of England inconsistent with Australia's secular character. Under the Act of Settlement, the monarch is prohibited from being a Catholic. As it is constitutional, this Australian law over-rides anti-discrimination laws, which prohibit arrangements under which becoming a Catholic invalidates any legal rights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1804",
"text": "From some perspectives, it has been argued that several characteristics of the monarchy are in accordance with modern Australian values. The hereditary nature of the monarchy is said to be in accordance with anti-egalitarianism and approval of inherited privilege. The laws of succession were, before amendment to them in 2015, held by some to be sexist and the links between the monarchy and the Church of England inconsistent with Australia's secular character. Under the Act of Settlement, the monarch is prohibited from being a Catholic. As it is constitutional, this Australian law over-rides anti-discrimination laws, which prohibit arrangements under which becoming a Catholic invalidates any legal rights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2249",
"text": "On 11 September 2008, a fire occurred in the Channel Tunnel at 13:57 GMT. The incident started on an HGV shuttle train travelling towards France. The event occurred from the French entrance to the tunnel. No one was killed but several people were taken to hospitals suffering from smoke inhalation, and minor cuts and bruises. The tunnel was closed to all traffic, and the South Tunnel, which was relatively undamaged, reopened for limited services two days later. Full service resumed on 9 February 2009 after repairs costing €60 ;million.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2905",
"text": "In Portugal, the \"Dia da Mãe\" (\"Mother's Day\") is an unofficial holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May (sometimes coinciding with Labour Day). The weeks leading up to this Sunday, school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers, aided by their school teachers. In general, mothers receive gifts by their family members and this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2907",
"text": "In Portugal, the \"Dia da Mãe\" (\"Mother's Day\") is a fully-sanctioned holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May (sometimes coinciding with Labour Day), and is officially observed on the previous Friday. The weeks leading up to this Sunday, school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers, aided by their school teachers. In general, mothers receive gifts by their family members and this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2906",
"text": "In Portugal, the \"Dia da Mãe\" (\"Mother's Day\") is a holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May (sometimes coinciding with Labour Day), with an unofficial tradition of keeping some stores closed the following day. The weeks leading up to this Sunday, school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers, aided by their school teachers. In general, mothers receive gifts by their family members and this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "533",
"text": "The concept of nobility flourished in New Spain in a way people was used to in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not. The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of \"The city of palaces\" given by Alexander Von Humboldt.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2572",
"text": "Another of the Egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle for Islamic order was al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group). Victims of their campaign against the Egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a parliamentary speaker (Rifaat al-Mahgoub), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police. Ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful, and the major jihadi group, Jamaa Islamiya (or al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya), renounced violence in 2003. Other lesser known groups include the Islamic Liberation Party, Salvation from Hell and Takfir wal-Hijra, and these groups have variously been involved in activities such as attempted assassinations of political figures, arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2573",
"text": "Another of the Egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle for Islamic order was al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group). Victims of their campaign against the Egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a parliamentary speaker (Rifaat al-Mahgoub), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police. Ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was successful, but the major jihadi group, Jamaa Islamiya (or al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya), was unsuccessful in their attempt to renounce violence in 2003. Other lesser known groups include the Islamic Liberation Party, Salvation from Hell and Takfir wal-Hijra, and these groups have variously been involved in activities such as attempted assassinations of political figures, arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2574",
"text": "Another of the Egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle for Islamic order was al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group). Victims of their campaign against the Egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a parliamentary speaker (Rifaat al-Mahgoub), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police. Ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was successful, and the major jihadi group, Jamaa Islamiya (or al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya), renounced violence in 2003. Other lesser known groups include the Islamic Liberation Party, Salvation from Hell and Takfir wal-Hijra, and these groups have variously been involved in activities such as attempted assassinations of political figures, arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2471",
"text": "The Coral Sea Islands Territory is an external territory of Australia which comprises a group of small and mostly uninhabited tropical islands and reefs in the Coral Sea, northeast of Queensland, Australia. The only inhabited island is Willis Island. The territory covers, most of which is ocean, extending east and south from the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef and includes Heralds Beacon Island, Osprey Reef, the Willis Group and fifteen other reef/island groups. Cato Island is the highest point in the Territory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2472",
"text": "The Coral Sea Islands Territory is an external territory of Australia which comprises a group of small tropical islands and reefs in the Coral Sea, northeast of the largely uninhabited Queensland, Australia. The most populous island is Willis Island. The territory covers, most of which is ocean, extending east and south from the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef and includes Heralds Beacon Island, Osprey Reef, the Willis Group and fifteen other reef/island groups. Cato Island is the highest point in the Territory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2473",
"text": "The Coral Sea Islands Territory is an external territory of Australia which comprises a group of small, populous tropical islands and reefs in the Coral Sea, northeast of Queensland, Australia. The only uninhabited island is Willis Island. The territory covers, most of which is ocean, extending east and south from the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef and includes Heralds Beacon Island, Osprey Reef, the Willis Group and fifteen other reef/island groups. Cato Island is the highest point in the Territory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1074",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly uninvolved civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1076",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly nationalist militants who were disguised as civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1075",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly militants who were uninvolved in local unrest, but were strongly connected to the nationalist cause. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "660",
"text": "Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association, the Supreme Court ruled, in \"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama\" (1958), that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom. The U.S. Supreme Court decided in \"Roberts v. United States Jaycees\" (1984) that \"implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment\" is \"a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political, social, economic, educational, religious, and cultural ends\". In \"Roberts\" the Court held that associations may not exclude people for reasons unrelated to the group's expression, such as gender.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "661",
"text": "Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association, the Supreme Court ruled, in \"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama\" (1958), that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom. The U.S. Supreme Court decided in \"Roberts v. United States Jaycees\" (1984) that \"implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment\" is \"a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political, social, economic, educational, religious, and cultural ends\". In \"Roberts\" the Court held that associations may exclude people for reasons such as gender, so long as these reasons were fully unrelated to the group's expression.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1506",
"text": "While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed blood circulatory system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some invertebrate groups have an open circulatory system containing a heart but limited blood vessels. The most primitive, diploblastic animal phyla lack circulatory systems.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "662",
"text": "Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association, the Supreme Court ruled, in \"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama\" (1958), that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom. The U.S. Supreme Court decided in \"Roberts v. United States Jaycees\" (1984) that \"implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment\" is \"a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political, social, economic, educational, religious, and cultural ends\". In \"Roberts\" the Court held that associations may not exclude people for in-born characteristics such as gender, unless the reason for such an exclusion was not in any way linked to the group's expression.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1508",
"text": "While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed blood circulatory system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some invertebrate groups have an open circulatory system containing a heart but limited blood vessels. The most primitive, diploblastic animal phyla have even more basic circulatory systems with blood passively flowing toward and away from the animal's skin.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1507",
"text": "While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed blood circulatory system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some invertebrate groups have an open circulatory system containing a heart but limited blood vessels. The most primitive, diploblastic animal phyla lack hearts, but do nonetheless have simple circulatory systems with vessels simply passing from one side of the animal to the other.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2768",
"text": "The use of the name as a term for collaborators or traitors in general probably came about upon Quisling's 1940 coup d'état, when he seized power and put an end to Norway's resistance efforts against invading Germans, which he viewed as unsuccessful and ultimately hopeless. The term was widely introduced to an English-speaking audience by the British newspaper \"The Times\". It published an editorial on 19 April 1940 titled \"Quislings everywhere\", in which it was asserted that \"To writers, the word Quisling is a gift from the gods. If they had been ordered to invent a new word for traitor... they could hardly have hit upon a more brilliant combination of letters. Aurally it contrives to suggest something at once slippery and tortuous.\" The \"Daily Mail\" picked up the term four days after \"The Times\" editorial was published. \"The War Illustrated\" discussed \"potential Quislings\" among the Dutch during the German invasion of the Netherlands. Subsequently, the BBC brought the word into common use internationally.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which people group's inheritance was not limited to inexpensive gifts?
|
895-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1383",
"text": "Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate— with the exception of a several valuable paintings to family members—would go to create a foundation dedicated to the \"advancement of the visual arts\". Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 ;million.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1382",
"text": "Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate—with the exception of a few modest legacies to family members—would go to create a foundation dedicated to the \"advancement of the visual arts\". Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 million.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "895-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1382"
],
"pos_docid": "1383"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "2484",
"text": "Stephen's new Anglo-Norman kingdom had been shaped by the Norman conquest of England in 1066, followed by the Norman expansion into south Wales over the coming years. Both the kingdom and duchy were dominated by a small number of major barons who owned lands on both sides of the English Channel, with the lesser barons beneath them usually having more localised holdings. The extent to which lands should be passed down through hereditary right or by the gift of the King was still uncertain (though the inheritance rules for positions had been settled), and tensions concerning this issue had grown during the reign of Henry I. Certainly lands in Normandy, passed by hereditary right, were usually considered more important to major barons than those in England, where their possession was less certain. Henry had increased the authority and capabilities of the central royal administration, often bringing in \"new men\" to fulfil key positions rather than using the established nobility. In the process he had been able to maximise revenues and contain expenditures, resulting in a healthy surplus and a famously large treasury, but also increasing political tensions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1746",
"text": "With Adelin dead, the inheritance to the English throne was thrown into doubt. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. It was also traditional for the King of France to crown his successor whilst he himself was still alive, making the intended line of succession relatively clear, but this was not the case in England. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands—usually considered to be the most valuable—and younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty years—William the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. There had been no peaceful, uncontested successions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2450",
"text": "Christadelphians believe that people are separated from God because of their sins but that humankind can be reconciled to him by becoming disciples of Jesus Christ. This is by belief in the gospel, through repentance, and through baptism by total immersion in water. They reject assurance of salvation, believing instead that salvation comes as a result of remaining \"in Christ\". After death, believers are in a state of non-existence, knowing nothing until the Resurrection at the return of Christ. Following the judgement at that time, the accepted receive the gift of immortality, and live with Christ on a restored Earth, assisting him to establish the Kingdom of God and to rule over the mortal population for a thousand years (the Millennium). Christadelphians believe that the Kingdom will be centred upon Israel, but Jesus Christ will also reign over all the other nations on the Earth. Some unorthodox Christadelphians believe that the Kingdom itself is not worldwide but limited to the land of Israel promised to Abraham and ruled over in the past by David, with a worldwide empire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2451",
"text": "Christadelphians believe that people are separated from God because of their sins but that humankind can be reconciled to him by becoming disciples of Jesus Christ. This is by belief in the gospel, through repentance, and through baptism by total immersion in water. They reject assurance of salvation and the belief that salvation comes as a result of remaining \"in Christ\". After death, believers are in a state of non-existence, knowing nothing until the Resurrection at the return of Christ. Following the judgement at that time, the accepted receive the gift of immortality, and live with Christ on a restored Earth, assisting him to establish the Kingdom of God and to rule over the mortal population for a thousand years (the Millennium). Christadelphians believe that the Kingdom will be centred upon Israel, but Jesus Christ will also reign over all the other nations on the Earth. Some unorthodox Christadelphians believe that the Kingdom itself is not worldwide but limited to the land of Israel promised to Abraham and ruled over in the past by David, with a worldwide empire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2452",
"text": "Christadelphians believe that people are separated from God because of their sins but that humankind can be reconciled to him by becoming disciples of Jesus Christ. This is by belief in the gospel, through repentance, and through baptism by total immersion in water. They believe in the assurance of salvation that comes as a result of remaining \"in Christ\". After death, believers are in a state of non-existence, knowing nothing until the Resurrection at the return of Christ. Following the judgement at that time, the accepted receive the gift of immortality, and live with Christ on a restored Earth, assisting him to establish the Kingdom of God and to rule over the mortal population for a thousand years (the Millennium). Christadelphians believe that the Kingdom will be centred upon Israel, but Jesus Christ will also reign over all the other nations on the Earth. Some unorthodox Christadelphians believe that the Kingdom itself is not worldwide but limited to the land of Israel promised to Abraham and ruled over in the past by David, with a worldwide empire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1747",
"text": "With Adelin dead, the inheritance to the English throne was thrown into doubt. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. It was also traditional for the King of France to crown his successor whilst he himself was still alive, making the intended line of succession relatively clear, but this was not the case in England. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands—usually considered to be the most valuable—and younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty years—William the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. There had been no successions that were totally uncontested, but almost all had at least been peaceful.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1748",
"text": "With Adelin dead, the inheritance to the English throne was thrown into doubt. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. It was also traditional for the King of France to crown his successor whilst he himself was still alive, making the intended line of succession relatively clear, but this was not the case in England. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands—usually considered to be the most valuable—and younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty years—William the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. However, almost all successions had been peaceful, many without noticeable disagreement.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3168",
"text": "In one study on maternal (mitochondrial DNA) haplogroups in Sri Lankan populations (the Vedda, Sri Lankan Tamil, and Sinhalese), the Vedda were found to carry predominantly haplogroups U and R and to carry maternal haplogroup M at about 17%, unlike the Tamil people and many mainland Indian tribal groups, among which haplogroup M is predominant. The Vedda people and Low-country Sinhalese showed frequencies of haplogroup R at 45.33 and 25%, respectively. The Vedda were found to be distinct but closer to Sinhalese than to other South Asian groups (including the Sri Lankan Tamils, who are believed to be of \"more recent origin from the mainland\" and less long-established in Sri Lanka than the Vedda or Sinhalese). It was determined in the study to be likely that the branches of haplogroups R and U \"found to be particularly prevalent in the Vedda, were derived from ancestors on the Indian subcontinent.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3169",
"text": "In one study on maternal (mitochondrial DNA) haplogroups in Sri Lankan populations (the Vedda, Sri Lankan Tamil, and Sinhalese), the Vedda were found to carry predominantly haplogroups U and R and to carry maternal haplogroup M at about 17%, unlike the Tamil people (but none of the mainland Indian tribal groups), among which haplogroup M is predominant. The Vedda people and Low-country Sinhalese showed frequencies of haplogroup R at 45.33 and 25%, respectively. The Vedda were found to be distinct but closer to Sinhalese than to other South Asian groups (including the Sri Lankan Tamils, who are believed to be of \"more recent origin from the mainland\" and less long-established in Sri Lanka than the Vedda or Sinhalese). It was determined in the study to be likely that the branches of haplogroups R and U \"found to be particularly prevalent in the Vedda, were derived from ancestors on the Indian subcontinent.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3170",
"text": "In one study on maternal (mitochondrial DNA) haplogroups in Sri Lankan populations (the Vedda, Sri Lankan Tamil, and Sinhalese), the Vedda were found to carry predominantly haplogroups U and R and to carry maternal haplogroup M at about 17%, much like the Tamil people and many mainland Indian tribal groups, among which haplogroup M is similarly rare. The Vedda people and Low-country Sinhalese showed frequencies of haplogroup R at 45.33 and 25%, respectively. The Vedda were found to be distinct but closer to Sinhalese than to other South Asian groups (including the Sri Lankan Tamils, who are believed to be of \"more recent origin from the mainland\" and less long-established in Sri Lanka than the Vedda or Sinhalese). It was determined in the study to be likely that the branches of haplogroups R and U \"found to be particularly prevalent in the Vedda, were derived from ancestors on the Indian subcontinent.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1288",
"text": "Vegetable garden bed construction materials should be chosen carefully. Some concerns exist regarding the use of pressure-treated timber. Pine that was treated using chromated copper arsenate or CCA, a toxic chemical mix for preserving timber that may leach chemicals into the soil which in turn can be drawn up into the plants, is a concern for vegetable growers, where part or all of the plant is eaten. If using timber to raise the garden bed, ensure that it is a wood that is treated without CCA (a chemical which is now rarely used), to prevent the risk of chemicals leaching into the soil. A common approach is to use timber sleepers joined with steel rods to hold them together. Another approach is to use concrete blocks, although less aesthetically pleasing, they are inexpensive to source and easy to use.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3115",
"text": "In 2002, Algeria had inadequate numbers of physicians (1.13 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to \"improved water sources\" was limited to 92% of the population in urban areas and 80% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, but only 82% of those living in rural areas, had access to \"improved sanitation\". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of \"reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015\". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery. The poor generally receive health care free of charge.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3116",
"text": "In 2002, Algeria had inadequate numbers of physicians (1.13 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to \"improved water sources\" was limited to 92% of the population in urban areas and 80% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, but only 82% of those living in rural areas, had access to \"improved sanitation\". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of \"reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015\". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. Because of this immunisation program, even with poor sanitation and unclean water, tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery are virtually gone. The poor generally receive health care free of charge.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "572",
"text": "The World Health Organization has classified radio frequency electromagnetic radiation as Group 2B - possibly carcinogenic. This group contains possible carcinogens such as lead, DDT, and styrene. By contrast, epidemiological studies looking for a relationship between cell phone use and brain cancer development, have shown that people who use cell phones more often actually exhibited less brain cancer than those who didn't own a phone, but were otherwise essentially identical in other regards, which thus demonstrates that any effect, even if it exists, cannot be large.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2596",
"text": "Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the jungle where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, Chea Sim led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978, while thousands were evacuated to other zones to prevent them from defecting to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, \"old people\" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2597",
"text": "Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the jungle where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, Chea Sim led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978. Also, the center did not prevent evacuation of thousands to other zones in order to stall defection to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, \"old people\" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2598",
"text": "Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the jungle where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, Chea Sim led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978, while thousands were evacuated to other zones, the center ignored those who managed to defect to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, \"old people\" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1286",
"text": "Vegetable garden bed construction materials should be chosen carefully. Some concerns exist regarding the use of pressure-treated timber. Pine that was treated using chromated copper arsenate or CCA, a toxic chemical mix for preserving timber that may leach chemicals into the soil which in turn can be drawn up into the plants, is a concern for vegetable growers, where part or all of the plant is eaten. If using timber to raise the garden bed, ensure that it is an untreated hardwood to prevent the risk of chemicals leaching into the soil. A common approach is to use timber sleepers joined with steel rods to hold them together. Another approach is to use concrete blocks, although less aesthetically pleasing, they are inexpensive to source and easy to use.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3302",
"text": "A major initiative of the Obama Administration is Power Africa, which aims to bring energy to 20 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa. By reaching out to its international partners, whether commercial or public, the US has leveraged over $14 billion in outside commitments after investing only US$7 billion of its own. To ensure that Power Africa reaches the region's poorest, the initiative engages in a transaction based approach to create systematic change. This includes expanding access to electricity to more than 20,000 additional households which already live with limited power.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1287",
"text": "Vegetable garden bed construction materials should be chosen carefully. Some concerns exist regarding the use of pressure-treated timber. Pine that was treated using chromated copper arsenate or CCA, a toxic chemical mix for preserving timber that may leach chemicals into the soil which in turn can be drawn up into the plants, is a concern for vegetable growers, where part or all of the plant is eaten. If using timber to raise the garden bed, ensure that it is either an untreated hardwood, or one that has been pressure treated without the use of CAA to prevent the risk of chemicals leaching into the soil. A common approach is to use timber sleepers joined with steel rods to hold them together. Another approach is to use concrete blocks, although less aesthetically pleasing, they are inexpensive to source and easy to use.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2344",
"text": "The first quartz watch to enter production was the Seiko 35 SQ Astron, which hit the shelves on 25 December 1969, swiftly followed by the Swiss Beta 21, and then a year later the prototype of one of the world's most accurate wristwatches to date: the Omega Marine Chronometer. Since the technology having been developed by contributions from Japanese, American and Swiss, nobody could patent the whole movement of the quartz wristwatch, thus allowing other manufacturers to participate in the rapid growth and development of the quartz watch market. This ended—in less than a decade—almost 100 years of dominance by the mechanical wristwatch legacy. Modern quartz movements are produced in very large quantities, and even the cheapest wristwatches typically have quartz movements. Whereas mechanical movements can typically be off by several seconds a day, an inexpensive quartz movement in a child's wristwatch may still be accurate to within half a second per day—ten times more accurate than a mechanical movement.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2345",
"text": "The first quartz watch to enter production was the Seiko 35 SQ Astron, which hit the shelves on 25 December 1969, swiftly followed by the Swiss Beta 21, and then a year later the prototype of one of the world's most accurate wristwatches to date: the Omega Marine Chronometer. Since the technology having been developed by contributions from Japanese, American and Swiss, who could patent the whole movement of the quartz wristwatch, nobody else could participate in the rapid growth and development of the quartz watch market. Still, this ended—in less than a decade—almost 100 years of dominance by the mechanical wristwatch legacy. Modern quartz movements are produced in very large quantities, and even the cheapest wristwatches typically have quartz movements. Whereas mechanical movements can typically be off by several seconds a day, an inexpensive quartz movement in a child's wristwatch may still be accurate to within half a second per day—ten times more accurate than a mechanical movement.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2346",
"text": "The first quartz watch to enter production was the Seiko 35 SQ Astron, which hit the shelves on 25 December 1969, swiftly followed by the Swiss Beta 21, and then a year later the prototype of one of the world's most accurate wristwatches to date: the Omega Marine Chronometer. Since the technology having been developed by contributions from Japanese, American and Swiss, they could patent the whole movement of the quartz wristwatch, thus restricting other manufacturers' ability to participate in the rapid growth and development of the quartz watch market. Still, this ended—in less than a decade—almost 100 years of dominance by the mechanical wristwatch legacy. Modern quartz movements are produced in very large quantities, and even the cheapest wristwatches typically have quartz movements. Whereas mechanical movements can typically be off by several seconds a day, an inexpensive quartz movement in a child's wristwatch may still be accurate to within half a second per day—ten times more accurate than a mechanical movement.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1658",
"text": "Originally the bishop and cathedral clergy formed a kind of religious community, which, while not in the true sense a monastery, was nevertheless often called a \"monasterium\", the word not having the restricted meaning that it afterwards acquired. In this lies the reason for the apparent anomaly that churches like York Minster and Lincoln Cathedral, which never had any monks attached to them, have inherited the name of minster or monastery. In these early communities the clergy often lived apart in their own dwellings, and never married.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1656",
"text": "Originally the bishop and cathedral clergy formed a kind of religious community, which, while not in the true sense a monastery, was nevertheless often called a \"monasterium\", the word not having the restricted meaning that it afterwards acquired. In this lies the reason for the apparent anomaly that churches like York Minster and Lincoln Cathedral, which never had any monks attached to them, have inherited the name of minster or monastery. In these early communities the clergy often lived apart in their own dwellings, and were not infrequently married.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1657",
"text": "Originally the bishop and cathedral clergy formed a kind of religious community, which, while not in the true sense a monastery, was nevertheless often called a \"monasterium\", the word not having the restricted meaning that it afterwards acquired. In this lies the reason for the apparent anomaly that churches like York Minster and Lincoln Cathedral, which never had any monks attached to them, have inherited the name of minster or monastery. In these early communities the clergy often lived apart in their own dwellings, and while it was tolerated by the church, instances of marriage by clergymen were highly infrequent.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1802",
"text": "From some perspectives, it has been argued that several characteristics of the monarchy are in conflict with modern Australian values. The hereditary nature of the monarchy is said to conflict with egalitarianism and dislike of inherited privilege. The laws of succession were, before amendment to them in 2015, held by some to be sexist and the links between the monarchy and the Church of England inconsistent with Australia's secular character. Under the Act of Settlement, the monarch is prohibited from being a Catholic. As it is constitutional, this Australian law over-rides anti-discrimination laws, which prohibit arrangements under which becoming a Catholic invalidates any legal rights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1803",
"text": "From some perspectives, it has been argued that several characteristics of the monarchy are in accordance with modern Australian values. The hereditary nature of the monarchy is said to mesh with dislike of egalitarianism and approval of inherited privilege. The laws of succession were, before amendment to them in 2015, held by some to be sexist and the links between the monarchy and the Church of England inconsistent with Australia's secular character. Under the Act of Settlement, the monarch is prohibited from being a Catholic. As it is constitutional, this Australian law over-rides anti-discrimination laws, which prohibit arrangements under which becoming a Catholic invalidates any legal rights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1804",
"text": "From some perspectives, it has been argued that several characteristics of the monarchy are in accordance with modern Australian values. The hereditary nature of the monarchy is said to be in accordance with anti-egalitarianism and approval of inherited privilege. The laws of succession were, before amendment to them in 2015, held by some to be sexist and the links between the monarchy and the Church of England inconsistent with Australia's secular character. Under the Act of Settlement, the monarch is prohibited from being a Catholic. As it is constitutional, this Australian law over-rides anti-discrimination laws, which prohibit arrangements under which becoming a Catholic invalidates any legal rights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2249",
"text": "On 11 September 2008, a fire occurred in the Channel Tunnel at 13:57 GMT. The incident started on an HGV shuttle train travelling towards France. The event occurred from the French entrance to the tunnel. No one was killed but several people were taken to hospitals suffering from smoke inhalation, and minor cuts and bruises. The tunnel was closed to all traffic, and the South Tunnel, which was relatively undamaged, reopened for limited services two days later. Full service resumed on 9 February 2009 after repairs costing €60 ;million.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2905",
"text": "In Portugal, the \"Dia da Mãe\" (\"Mother's Day\") is an unofficial holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May (sometimes coinciding with Labour Day). The weeks leading up to this Sunday, school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers, aided by their school teachers. In general, mothers receive gifts by their family members and this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2907",
"text": "In Portugal, the \"Dia da Mãe\" (\"Mother's Day\") is a fully-sanctioned holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May (sometimes coinciding with Labour Day), and is officially observed on the previous Friday. The weeks leading up to this Sunday, school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers, aided by their school teachers. In general, mothers receive gifts by their family members and this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2906",
"text": "In Portugal, the \"Dia da Mãe\" (\"Mother's Day\") is a holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May (sometimes coinciding with Labour Day), with an unofficial tradition of keeping some stores closed the following day. The weeks leading up to this Sunday, school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers, aided by their school teachers. In general, mothers receive gifts by their family members and this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "533",
"text": "The concept of nobility flourished in New Spain in a way people was used to in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not. The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of \"The city of palaces\" given by Alexander Von Humboldt.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2572",
"text": "Another of the Egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle for Islamic order was al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group). Victims of their campaign against the Egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a parliamentary speaker (Rifaat al-Mahgoub), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police. Ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful, and the major jihadi group, Jamaa Islamiya (or al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya), renounced violence in 2003. Other lesser known groups include the Islamic Liberation Party, Salvation from Hell and Takfir wal-Hijra, and these groups have variously been involved in activities such as attempted assassinations of political figures, arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2573",
"text": "Another of the Egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle for Islamic order was al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group). Victims of their campaign against the Egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a parliamentary speaker (Rifaat al-Mahgoub), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police. Ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was successful, but the major jihadi group, Jamaa Islamiya (or al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya), was unsuccessful in their attempt to renounce violence in 2003. Other lesser known groups include the Islamic Liberation Party, Salvation from Hell and Takfir wal-Hijra, and these groups have variously been involved in activities such as attempted assassinations of political figures, arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2574",
"text": "Another of the Egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle for Islamic order was al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group). Victims of their campaign against the Egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a parliamentary speaker (Rifaat al-Mahgoub), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police. Ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was successful, and the major jihadi group, Jamaa Islamiya (or al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya), renounced violence in 2003. Other lesser known groups include the Islamic Liberation Party, Salvation from Hell and Takfir wal-Hijra, and these groups have variously been involved in activities such as attempted assassinations of political figures, arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2471",
"text": "The Coral Sea Islands Territory is an external territory of Australia which comprises a group of small and mostly uninhabited tropical islands and reefs in the Coral Sea, northeast of Queensland, Australia. The only inhabited island is Willis Island. The territory covers, most of which is ocean, extending east and south from the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef and includes Heralds Beacon Island, Osprey Reef, the Willis Group and fifteen other reef/island groups. Cato Island is the highest point in the Territory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2472",
"text": "The Coral Sea Islands Territory is an external territory of Australia which comprises a group of small tropical islands and reefs in the Coral Sea, northeast of the largely uninhabited Queensland, Australia. The most populous island is Willis Island. The territory covers, most of which is ocean, extending east and south from the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef and includes Heralds Beacon Island, Osprey Reef, the Willis Group and fifteen other reef/island groups. Cato Island is the highest point in the Territory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2473",
"text": "The Coral Sea Islands Territory is an external territory of Australia which comprises a group of small, populous tropical islands and reefs in the Coral Sea, northeast of Queensland, Australia. The only uninhabited island is Willis Island. The territory covers, most of which is ocean, extending east and south from the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef and includes Heralds Beacon Island, Osprey Reef, the Willis Group and fifteen other reef/island groups. Cato Island is the highest point in the Territory.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1074",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly uninvolved civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1076",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly nationalist militants who were disguised as civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1075",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly militants who were uninvolved in local unrest, but were strongly connected to the nationalist cause. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "660",
"text": "Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association, the Supreme Court ruled, in \"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama\" (1958), that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom. The U.S. Supreme Court decided in \"Roberts v. United States Jaycees\" (1984) that \"implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment\" is \"a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political, social, economic, educational, religious, and cultural ends\". In \"Roberts\" the Court held that associations may not exclude people for reasons unrelated to the group's expression, such as gender.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "661",
"text": "Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association, the Supreme Court ruled, in \"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama\" (1958), that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom. The U.S. Supreme Court decided in \"Roberts v. United States Jaycees\" (1984) that \"implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment\" is \"a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political, social, economic, educational, religious, and cultural ends\". In \"Roberts\" the Court held that associations may exclude people for reasons such as gender, so long as these reasons were fully unrelated to the group's expression.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1506",
"text": "While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed blood circulatory system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some invertebrate groups have an open circulatory system containing a heart but limited blood vessels. The most primitive, diploblastic animal phyla lack circulatory systems.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "662",
"text": "Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association, the Supreme Court ruled, in \"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama\" (1958), that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom. The U.S. Supreme Court decided in \"Roberts v. United States Jaycees\" (1984) that \"implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment\" is \"a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political, social, economic, educational, religious, and cultural ends\". In \"Roberts\" the Court held that associations may not exclude people for in-born characteristics such as gender, unless the reason for such an exclusion was not in any way linked to the group's expression.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1508",
"text": "While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed blood circulatory system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some invertebrate groups have an open circulatory system containing a heart but limited blood vessels. The most primitive, diploblastic animal phyla have even more basic circulatory systems with blood passively flowing toward and away from the animal's skin.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1507",
"text": "While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed blood circulatory system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some invertebrate groups have an open circulatory system containing a heart but limited blood vessels. The most primitive, diploblastic animal phyla lack hearts, but do nonetheless have simple circulatory systems with vessels simply passing from one side of the animal to the other.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2768",
"text": "The use of the name as a term for collaborators or traitors in general probably came about upon Quisling's 1940 coup d'état, when he seized power and put an end to Norway's resistance efforts against invading Germans, which he viewed as unsuccessful and ultimately hopeless. The term was widely introduced to an English-speaking audience by the British newspaper \"The Times\". It published an editorial on 19 April 1940 titled \"Quislings everywhere\", in which it was asserted that \"To writers, the word Quisling is a gift from the gods. If they had been ordered to invent a new word for traitor... they could hardly have hit upon a more brilliant combination of letters. Aurally it contrives to suggest something at once slippery and tortuous.\" The \"Daily Mail\" picked up the term four days after \"The Times\" editorial was published. \"The War Illustrated\" discussed \"potential Quislings\" among the Dutch during the German invasion of the Netherlands. Subsequently, the BBC brought the word into common use internationally.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What would not be used to set up a foundation of the arts in Warhols name?
|
895-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1382",
"text": "Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate—with the exception of a few modest legacies to family members—would go to create a foundation dedicated to the \"advancement of the visual arts\". Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 million.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1384",
"text": "Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate— including a few modest legacies which were originally meant to go to family members—would go to create a foundation dedicated to the \"advancement of the visual arts\". Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 ;million.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "895-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1384"
],
"pos_docid": "1382"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1383",
"text": "Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate— with the exception of a several valuable paintings to family members—would go to create a foundation dedicated to the \"advancement of the visual arts\". Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 ;million.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1384",
"text": "Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate— including a few modest legacies which were originally meant to go to family members—would go to create a foundation dedicated to the \"advancement of the visual arts\". Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 ;million.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1848",
"text": "A Warhol-like filmmaker and an outgoing female artist approach Joe in a diner, taking his Polaroid photograph and handing him an invite to a Warhol-esque art event (which also incorporates some of the Warhol Superstars, including Viva, Isabelle Collin Dufresne (aka Ultra Violet), Taylor Mead, Joe Dallesandro and the Warhol-related filmmaker Paul Morrissey). Joe and Ratso attend, but Ratso's poor health and hygiene attract unwanted attention from several guests. Joe mistakes a joint for a cigarette and starts to hallucinate after taking several puffs, along with \"uppers\" he is offered. He leaves the party with Shirley, a socialite who agrees to pay him $20 for spending the night, but Joe cannot perform sexually. They play \"Scribbage\" together and the resulting wordplay leads Shirley to suggest that Joe may be gay; suddenly he is able to perform. The next morning, she sets up her male friend as Joe's next client and it appears that his career is finally taking off.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1849",
"text": "A Warhol-like filmmaker and an outgoing female artist approach Joe in a diner, taking his Polaroid photograph and handing him an invite to a Warhol-esque art event (which also incorporates some of the Warhol Superstars, including Viva, Isabelle Collin Dufresne (aka Ultra Violet), Taylor Mead, Joe Dallesandro and the Warhol-related filmmaker Paul Morrissey). Joe and Ratso attend, but Ratso's poor health and hygiene attract unwanted attention from several guests. Joe mistakes a joint for a cigarette and starts to hallucinate after taking several puffs, along with \"uppers\" he is offered. He leaves the party with Shirley, a socialite who agrees to pay him $20 for spending the night, but Joe's sexual prowess is mediocre, and he cannot satisfy Shirley enough for her to feel tired. They play \"Scribbage\" together and the resulting wordplay leads Shirley to suggest that Joe may be gay; suddenly he is able to perform more effectively for her. The next morning, she sets up her male friend as Joe's next client and it appears that his career is finally taking off.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1850",
"text": "A Warhol-like filmmaker and an outgoing female artist approach Joe in a diner, taking his Polaroid photograph and handing him an invite to a Warhol-esque art event (which also incorporates some of the Warhol Superstars, including Viva, Isabelle Collin Dufresne (aka Ultra Violet), Taylor Mead, Joe Dallesandro and the Warhol-related filmmaker Paul Morrissey). Joe and Ratso attend, but Ratso's poor health and hygiene attract unwanted attention from several guests. Joe mistakes a joint for a cigarette and starts to hallucinate after taking several puffs, along with \"uppers\" he is offered. He leaves the party with Shirley, a socialite who agrees to pay him $20 for spending the night, but after Joe gives her an average, but unenthusiastic round of intercourse, she is still unable to sleep. They play \"Scribbage\" together and the resulting wordplay leads Shirley to suggest that Joe may be gay; suddenly he is able to perform again, and with greater zeal. The next morning, she sets up her male friend as Joe's next client and it appears that his career is finally taking off.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2059",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most famous unknown artist: everybody knows her name, but nobody knows what she does\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2060",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's least-known famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but nobody knows her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2061",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most unlikely famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but only because they know her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "421",
"text": "A slightly bolder set of titling capitals than Michaelangelo on the same basic structure. It was originally named 'Aurelia Titling' after the Roman road named Via Aurelia; Zapf would later use the name for another separate font. The Palatino nova version (see below) is renamed \"Palatino Imperial\" and has small capitals as a lower case. It was unable to be created despite an artistically productive 1950 visit to Italy, which Zapf had visited before. Zapf was very interested in the quality of Italian art and lettering, and his sketches of stonecarving in Florence also inspired the humanist sans-serif Optima.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "420",
"text": "A slightly bolder set of titling capitals than Michaelangelo on the same basic structure. It was originally named 'Aurelia Titling' after the Roman road named Via Aurelia; Zapf would later use the name for another separate font. The Palatino nova version (see below) is renamed \"Palatino Imperial\" and has small capitals as a lower case. It was created following an artistically productive 1950 visit to Italy, which Zapf had been unable to visit before. Zapf was very interested in the quality of Italian art and lettering, and his sketches of stonecarving in Florence also inspired the humanist sans-serif Optima.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "422",
"text": "A slightly bolder set of titling capitals than Michaelangelo on the same basic structure. It was originally named 'Aurelia Titling' after the Roman road named Via Aurelia; Zapf would later use the name for another separate font. The Palatino nova version (see below) is renamed \"Palatino Imperial\" and has small capitals as a lower case. It was created following an artistically productive 1950 visit to Italy, which Zapf had been able to visit before. Zapf was very interested in the quality of Italian art and lettering, and his sketches of stonecarving in Florence also inspired the humanist sans-serif Optima.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "768",
"text": "They were often communally owned by coastal farmers or commissioned by kings in times of conflict, in order to quickly assemble a large and powerful naval force. While longships were used by the Norse in warfare, they were mostly used as troop transports, not warships. In the tenth century, longships would sometimes be tied together in offshore battles to form a steady platform for infantry warfare. During the 9th century peak of the Viking expansion, large fleets set out to attack the degrading Frankish empire by attacking up navigable rivers such as the Seine. Rouen was sacked in 841, the year after the death of Louis the Pious, a son of Charlemagne. Quentovic, near modern Étaples, was attacked in 842 and 600 Danish ships attacked Hamburg in 845. In the same year, 129 ships returned to attack up the Seine. They were called \"dragonships\" by enemies such as the English because they had a dragon-shaped bow. The Norse had a strong sense of naval architecture, and during the early medieval period they were advanced for their time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "769",
"text": "They were often communally owned by coastal farmers or commissioned by kings in times of conflict, in order to quickly assemble a large and powerful naval force. While longships were used by the Norse in warfare they were used as warships, and not as troop transports during raids. In the tenth century, longships would sometimes be tied together in offshore battles to form a steady platform for infantry warfare. During the 9th century peak of the Viking expansion, large fleets set out to attack the degrading Frankish empire by attacking up navigable rivers such as the Seine. Rouen was sacked in 841, the year after the death of Louis the Pious, a son of Charlemagne. Quentovic, near modern Étaples, was attacked in 842 and 600 Danish ships attacked Hamburg in 845. In the same year, 129 ships returned to attack up the Seine. They were called \"dragonships\" by enemies such as the English because they had a dragon-shaped bow. The Norse had a strong sense of naval architecture, and during the early medieval period they were advanced for their time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "770",
"text": "They were often communally owned by coastal farmers or commissioned by kings in times of conflict, in order to quickly assemble a large and powerful naval force. While longships were used by the Norse in warfare, they were used interchangeably as warships and as troop transports. In the tenth century, longships would sometimes be tied together in offshore battles to form a steady platform for infantry warfare. During the 9th century peak of the Viking expansion, large fleets set out to attack the degrading Frankish empire by attacking up navigable rivers such as the Seine. Rouen was sacked in 841, the year after the death of Louis the Pious, a son of Charlemagne. Quentovic, near modern Étaples, was attacked in 842 and 600 Danish ships attacked Hamburg in 845. In the same year, 129 ships returned to attack up the Seine. They were called \"dragonships\" by enemies such as the English because they had a dragon-shaped bow. The Norse had a strong sense of naval architecture, and during the early medieval period they were advanced for their time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3558",
"text": "The text \"Grundlagen der Geometrie\" (tr.: \"Foundations of Geometry\") published by Hilbert in 1899 proposes a formal set, called Hilbert's axioms, substituting for the traditional axioms of Euclid. They avoid weaknesses identified in those of Euclid, whose works at the time were still used textbook-fashion. It is difficult to specify the axioms used by Hilbert without referring to the publication history of the \"Grundlagen\" since Hilbert changed and modified them several times. The original monograph was quickly followed by a French translation, in which Hilbert added V.2, the Completeness Axiom. An English translation, authorized by Hilbert, was made by E.J. Townsend and copyrighted in 1902. This translation incorporated the changes made in the French translation and so is considered to be a translation of the 2nd edition. Hilbert continued to make changes in the text and several editions appeared in German. The 7th edition was the last to appear in Hilbert's lifetime. New editions followed the 7th, but the main text was essentially not revised.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3559",
"text": "The text \"Grundlagen der Geometrie\" (tr.: \"Foundations of Geometry\") published by Hilbert in 1899 proposes a formal set, called Hilbert's axioms, substituting for the traditional axioms of Euclid. They avoid Euclid's works which were still used textbook-fashion at a time of weakness. It is difficult to specify the axioms used by Hilbert without referring to the publication history of the \"Grundlagen\" since Hilbert changed and modified them several times. The original monograph was quickly followed by a French translation, in which Hilbert added V.2, the Completeness Axiom. An English translation, authorized by Hilbert, was made by E.J. Townsend and copyrighted in 1902. This translation incorporated the changes made in the French translation and so is considered to be a translation of the 2nd edition. Hilbert continued to make changes in the text and several editions appeared in German. The 7th edition was the last to appear in Hilbert's lifetime. New editions followed the 7th, but the main text was essentially not revised.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3560",
"text": "The text \"Grundlagen der Geometrie\" (tr.: \"Foundations of Geometry\") published by Hilbert in 1899 proposes a formal set, called Hilbert's axioms, substituting for the traditional axioms of Euclid. They mend Euclid's weaknesses so his works could still be used textbook-fashion at the time. It is difficult to specify the axioms used by Hilbert without referring to the publication history of the \"Grundlagen\" since Hilbert changed and modified them several times. The original monograph was quickly followed by a French translation, in which Hilbert added V.2, the Completeness Axiom. An English translation, authorized by Hilbert, was made by E.J. Townsend and copyrighted in 1902. This translation incorporated the changes made in the French translation and so is considered to be a translation of the 2nd edition. Hilbert continued to make changes in the text and several editions appeared in German. The 7th edition was the last to appear in Hilbert's lifetime. New editions followed the 7th, but the main text was essentially not revised.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2454",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out a previously headline making F1 driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years there, but had recently moved into CART, where he was thus far unsuccessful. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2455",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out the former F1 champion driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had been racing in the CART series and had become its most successful driver having won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2453",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out a previously unsuccessful former F1 driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had been racing in the CART series and had become its most successful driver having won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2771",
"text": "Munch was enthralled by the vast display of modern European art, including the works of three artists who would prove influential: Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec—all notable for how they used color to convey emotion. Munch was particularly inspired by Gauguin's \"reaction against realism\" and his credo that \"art was human work and not an imitation of Nature\", a belief earlier stated by Whistler. As one of his Berlin friends said later of Munch, \"he saw the need to make his way to Tahiti, otherwise he would not be able to see and experience the primitive in human nature. He carried his own Tahiti within him thereafter.\" Influenced by Gauguin, as well as the etchings of German artist Max Klinger, Munch experimented with prints as a medium to create graphic versions of his works. In 1896 he created his first woodcuts—a medium that proved ideal to Munch's symbolic imagery. Together with his contemporary Nikolai Astrup, Munch is considered an innovator of the woodcut medium in Norway.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2770",
"text": "Munch was enthralled by the vast display of modern European art, including the works of three artists who would prove influential: Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec—all notable for how they used color to convey emotion. Munch was particularly inspired by Gauguin's \"reaction against realism\" and his credo that \"art was human work and not an imitation of Nature\", a belief earlier stated by Whistler. As one of his Berlin friends said later of Munch, \"he need not make his way to Tahiti to see and experience the primitive in human nature. He carries his own Tahiti within him.\" Influenced by Gauguin, as well as the etchings of German artist Max Klinger, Munch experimented with prints as a medium to create graphic versions of his works. In 1896 he created his first woodcuts—a medium that proved ideal to Munch's symbolic imagery. Together with his contemporary Nikolai Astrup, Munch is considered an innovator of the woodcut medium in Norway.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2772",
"text": "Munch was enthralled by the vast display of modern European art, including the works of three artists who would prove influential: Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec—all notable for how they used color to convey emotion. Munch was particularly inspired by Gauguin's \"reaction against realism\" and his credo that \"art was human work and not an imitation of Nature\", a belief earlier stated by Whistler. As one of his Berlin friends said later of Munch, \"he needed make his way to Tahiti to see and experience the primitive in human nature. He carries his own Tahiti within him thereafter.\" Influenced by Gauguin, as well as the etchings of German artist Max Klinger, Munch experimented with prints as a medium to create graphic versions of his works. In 1896 he created his first woodcuts—a medium that proved ideal to Munch's symbolic imagery. Together with his contemporary Nikolai Astrup, Munch is considered an innovator of the woodcut medium in Norway.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1304",
"text": "Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because \"Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking.\" The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1970s he finally grew up, went off to college and became the hero Nightwing. A second Robin, Jason Todd, appeared in the 1980s. In the stories he was eventually badly beaten and then killed in an explosion set by the Joker, but was later revived. He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. Carrie Kelley, the first female Robin to appear in Batman stories, was the final Robin in the continuity of Frank Miller's graphic novels \"The Dark Knight Returns\" and \"The Dark Knight Strikes Again\", fighting alongside an aging Batman in stories set out of the mainstream continuity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1305",
"text": "Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because \"Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking.\" The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1970s he finally grew up, went off to college and became the hero Nightwing. A second Robin, Jason Todd, appeared in the 1980s. In the stories he was eventually badly beaten and then killed in an explosion set by the Joker, but was later revived. He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms, but stopped at actual deadly force. Carrie Kelley, the first female Robin to appear in Batman stories, was the final Robin in the continuity of Frank Miller's graphic novels \"The Dark Knight Returns\" and \"The Dark Knight Strikes Again\", fighting alongside an aging Batman in stories set out of the mainstream continuity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1306",
"text": "Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because \"Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking.\" The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1970s he finally grew up, went off to college and became the hero Nightwing. A second Robin, Jason Todd, appeared in the 1980s. In the stories he was eventually badly beaten and then killed in an explosion set by the Joker, but was later revived. He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante who nevertheless had qualms about using firearms or deadly force. Carrie Kelley, the first female Robin to appear in Batman stories, was the final Robin in the continuity of Frank Miller's graphic novels \"The Dark Knight Returns\" and \"The Dark Knight Strikes Again\", fighting alongside an aging Batman in stories set out of the mainstream continuity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "538",
"text": "The indirect information on Greek fire based on references in the Byzantine military manuals and a number of secondary historical sources such as Anna Komnene and Western European chroniclers is inaccurate. In her \"Alexiad\", Anna Komnene provides a description of an incendiary weapon, which was used by the Byzantine garrison of Dyrrhachium in 1108 against the Normans. It is often regarded as an at least partial \"recipe\" for Greek fire:This fire is made by the following arts: From the pine and certain such evergreen trees, inflammable resin is collected. This is rubbed with sulfur and put into tubes of reed, and is blown by men using it with violent and continuous breath. Then in this manner it meets the fire on the tip and catches light and falls like a fiery whirlwind on the faces of the enemies. At the same time, the reports by Western chroniclers of the famed \"ignis graecus\" are largely unreliable, since they apply the name to any and all sorts of incendiary substances.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3567",
"text": "\"Navi\" (\"Ivan\" spelled backwards), is a seldom-used nickname for the star Gamma Cassiopeiae. Grissom used this name, plus two others for White and Chaffee, on his Apollo 1 mission planning star charts as a joke, and the succeeding Apollo astronauts kept using the names as a memorial. Grissom crater is one of several located on the far side of the Moon named for Apollo astronauts. The name was created and used in jest by the Apollo 8 astronauts and was then used seriously, if unofficially, by NASA insiders until it adopted as the official name by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1970. 2161 Grissom is a main belt asteroid that was discovered in 1963 and officially designated in 1981. The name references his launch date of July 21, 1961. \"Grissom Hill\", one of the \"Apollo 1 Hills\" on Mars was named by NASA on January 27, 2004, the 37th anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "537",
"text": "The information available on Greek fire is exclusively indirect, based on references in the Byzantine military manuals and a number of secondary historical sources such as Anna Komnene and Western European chroniclers, which are often inaccurate. In her \"Alexiad\", Anna Komnene provides a description of an incendiary weapon, which was used by the Byzantine garrison of Dyrrhachium in 1108 against the Normans. It is often regarded as an at least partial \"recipe\" for Greek fire:This fire is made by the following arts: From the pine and certain such evergreen trees, inflammable resin is collected. This is rubbed with sulfur and put into tubes of reed, and is blown by men using it with violent and continuous breath. Then in this manner it meets the fire on the tip and catches light and falls like a fiery whirlwind on the faces of the enemies. At the same time, the reports by Western chroniclers of the famed \"ignis graecus\" are largely unreliable, since they apply the name to any and all sorts of incendiary substances.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "539",
"text": "The indirect information available on Greek fire exclusively based on references in the Byzantine military manuals and a number of secondary historical sources such as Anna Komnene and Western European chroniclers is the only accurate one. In her \"Alexiad\", Anna Komnene provides a description of an incendiary weapon, which was used by the Byzantine garrison of Dyrrhachium in 1108 against the Normans. It is often regarded as an at least partial \"recipe\" for Greek fire:This fire is made by the following arts: From the pine and certain such evergreen trees, inflammable resin is collected. This is rubbed with sulfur and put into tubes of reed, and is blown by men using it with violent and continuous breath. Then in this manner it meets the fire on the tip and catches light and falls like a fiery whirlwind on the faces of the enemies. At the same time, the reports by Western chroniclers of the famed \"ignis graecus\" are largely unreliable, since they apply the name to any and all sorts of incendiary substances.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3568",
"text": "\"Navi\" (\"Ivan\" spelled backwards), is a seldom-used nickname for the star Gamma Cassiopeiae. Grissom used this name, plus two others for White and Chaffee, on his Apollo 1 mission planning star charts as a joke, and the succeeding Apollo astronauts kept using the names as a memorial. Grissom crater is one of several located on the far side of the Moon named for Apollo astronauts. The name was created and used by the Apollo 8 astronauts in their mission reports and in publications about their work in the scientific press and in news releases. As such, the name was formally adopted as the official name by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1970. 2161 Grissom is a main belt asteroid that was discovered in 1963 and officially designated in 1981. The name references his launch date of July 21, 1961. \"Grissom Hill\", one of the \"Apollo 1 Hills\" on Mars was named by NASA on January 27, 2004, the 37th anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "786",
"text": "Europeans probably became aware of Greenland's existence in the early 10th century, after Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, while sailing from Norway to Iceland, was blown off course by a storm and sighted some islands off Greenland. During the 980s explorers led by Erik the Red set out from Iceland and reached the southwest coast of Greenland. They found the region uninhabited, and subsequently settled there. Erik named the island \"Greenland\" (\"Grœnland\" in Old Norse, \"Grænland\" in modern Icelandic, \"Grønland\" in modern Danish and Norwegian). Both the \"Book of Icelanders\" (\"Íslendingabók\", a medieval account of Icelandic history from the 12th century onward) and the \"Saga of Eric the Red\" (\"Eiríks saga rauða\", a medieval account of his life and of the Norse settlement of Greenland) state that Erik said that \"it would encourage people to go there that the land had a good name\".\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1963",
"text": "Ludologists break sharply and radically from this idea. They argue that a video game is first and foremost a game, which must be understood in terms of its rules, interface, and the concept of play that it deploys. Espen J. Aarseth argues that, although games certainly have plots, characters, and aspects of traditional narratives, these aspects are incidental to gameplay. For example, Aarseth is critical of the widespread attention that narrativists have given to the heroine of the game \"Tomb Raider\", saying that \"the dimensions of Lara Croft's body, already analyzed to death by film theorists, are irrelevant to me as a player, because a different-looking body would not make me play differently... When I play, I don't even see her body, but see through it and past it.\" Simply put, ludologists reject traditional theories of art because they claim that the artistic and socially relevant qualities of a video game are primarily determined by the underlying set of rules, demands, and expectations imposed on the player.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1964",
"text": "Ludologists break sharply and radically from this idea. They argue that a video game is first and foremost a game, which must be understood in terms of its rules, interface, and the concept of play that it deploys. Espen J. Aarseth argues that, although games certainly have plots, characters, and aspects of traditional narratives, these aspects are incidental to gameplay. For example, Aarseth is critical of the widespread attention that narrativists have given to the heroine of the game \"Tomb Raider\", saying that \"the dimensions of Lara Croft's body, already analyzed to death by film theorists, are irrelevant to me as a player, because a different-looking body would not make me play differently... When I play, I don't even see her body, but see through it and past it.\" Simply put, ludologists follow traditional theories of art rejecting the claim that the artistic and socially relevant qualities of a video game are primarily determined by the underlying set of rules, demands, and expectations imposed on the player.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1965",
"text": "Ludologists break sharply and radically from this idea. They argue that a video game is first and foremost a game, which must be understood in terms of its rules, interface, and the concept of play that it deploys. Espen J. Aarseth argues that games certainly have plots, characters, and aspects of traditional narratives, and these aspects are vital to gameplay. For example, Aarseth understands the widespread attention that narrativists have given to the heroine of the game \"Tomb Raider\", saying that \"the dimensions of Lara Croft's body, already analyzed to death by film theorists, are energizing to me as a player, because a different-looking body would make me play differently... When I play, I see her body, but also see through it and past it.\" Simply put, ludologists embrace traditional theories of art, but they claim that the artistic and socially relevant qualities of a video game are primarily determined by the underlying set of rules, demands, and expectations imposed on the player.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "788",
"text": "Europeans probably became aware of Greenland's existence in the early 10th century, after Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, while sailing from Norway to Iceland, was blown off course by a storm and sighted some islands off Greenland. During the 980s explorers led by Erik the Red set out from Iceland and reached the southwest coast of Greenland. Even though the region that they found was populated, they subsequently claimed it as their own and settled there, with only minimal resistance. Erik named the island \"Greenland\" (\"Grœnland\" in Old Norse, \"Grænland\" in modern Icelandic, \"Grønland\" in modern Danish and Norwegian). Both the \"Book of Icelanders\" (\"Íslendingabók\", a medieval account of Icelandic history from the 12th century onward) and the \"Saga of Eric the Red\" (\"Eiríks saga rauða\", a medieval account of his life and of the Norse settlement of Greenland) state that Erik said that \"it would encourage people to go there that the land had a good name\".\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3566",
"text": "\"Navi\" (\"Ivan\" spelled backwards), is a seldom-used nickname for the star Gamma Cassiopeiae. Grissom used this name, plus two others for White and Chaffee, on his Apollo 1 mission planning star charts as a joke, and the succeeding Apollo astronauts kept using the names as a memorial. Grissom crater is one of several located on the far side of the Moon named for Apollo astronauts. The name was created and used unofficially by the Apollo 8 astronauts and was adopted as the official name by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1970. 2161 Grissom is a main belt asteroid that was discovered in 1963 and officially designated in 1981. The name references his launch date of July 21, 1961. \"Grissom Hill\", one of the \"Apollo 1 Hills\" on Mars was named by NASA on January 27, 2004, the 37th anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "787",
"text": "Europeans probably became aware of Greenland's existence in the early 10th century, after Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, while sailing from Norway to Iceland, was blown off course by a storm and sighted some islands off Greenland. During the 980s explorers led by Erik the Red set out from Iceland and reached the southwest coast of Greenland. They found other uninhabited regions in the area to be inhospitable, so they returned to the populated areas and settled there after some brief resistance. Erik named the island \"Greenland\" (\"Grœnland\" in Old Norse, \"Grænland\" in modern Icelandic, \"Grønland\" in modern Danish and Norwegian). Both the \"Book of Icelanders\" (\"Íslendingabók\", a medieval account of Icelandic history from the 12th century onward) and the \"Saga of Eric the Red\" (\"Eiríks saga rauða\", a medieval account of his life and of the Norse settlement of Greenland) state that Erik said that \"it would encourage people to go there that the land had a good name\".\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2232",
"text": "Jack Iyerak Anawak, member of Parliament from Nunatsiaq (the electoral district representing what is now the territory of Nunavut), suggested the name \"Nanuq\" [nanook, polar bear] in honour of Canada's Inuit people and their northern culture; this proposal was nearly as popular as \"toonie\", and both terms ended up being adopted.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "729",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, but nobody had any idea she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "730",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she was average. I didn't think Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd become a nobody, but everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "731",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, and everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1358",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was disapproval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1359",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their love of the name, word of mouth indicated a dislike, so it did not become their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1360",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Since they liked the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3552",
"text": "While not a legally mandated requirement, public art was part of the urban design planning process (and later design development work) through the Artery Arts Program. The intent of the program was to integrate public art into highway infrastructure (retaining walls, fences, and lighting) and the essential elements of the pedestrian environment (walkways, park landscape elements, and bridges). As overall project costs increased, the Artery Arts Program was seen as a potential liability, even though there was support and interest from the public and professional arts organizations in the area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3553",
"text": "While ignoring a legally mandated requirement, public art was not part of the urban design planning process (and later design development work) through the Artery Arts Program. The intent of the program was to integrate public art into highway infrastructure (retaining walls, fences, and lighting) and the essential elements of the pedestrian environment (walkways, park landscape elements, and bridges). As overall project costs increased, the Artery Arts Program was seen as a potential liability, even though there was support and interest from the public and professional arts organizations in the area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3554",
"text": "While a legally mandated requirement, public art was omitted as part of the urban design planning process (and later design development work) through the Artery Arts Program, invalidating the work. The intent of the program was to integrate public art into highway infrastructure (retaining walls, fences, and lighting) and the essential elements of the pedestrian environment (walkways, park landscape elements, and bridges). As overall project costs increased, the Artery Arts Program was seen as a potential liability, even though there was support and interest from the public and professional arts organizations in the area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "54",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \"didn't want it to become a political forum\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to influence the opinions of the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "56",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" wanted it to be comedy focused\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to bore the viewers.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What would be used to set up a foundation of the arts in Warhols name?
|
895-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1384",
"text": "Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate— including a few modest legacies which were originally meant to go to family members—would go to create a foundation dedicated to the \"advancement of the visual arts\". Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 ;million.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1382",
"text": "Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate—with the exception of a few modest legacies to family members—would go to create a foundation dedicated to the \"advancement of the visual arts\". Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 million.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "895-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1382"
],
"pos_docid": "1384"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1382",
"text": "Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate—with the exception of a few modest legacies to family members—would go to create a foundation dedicated to the \"advancement of the visual arts\". Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 million.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1383",
"text": "Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate— with the exception of a several valuable paintings to family members—would go to create a foundation dedicated to the \"advancement of the visual arts\". Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 ;million.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1848",
"text": "A Warhol-like filmmaker and an outgoing female artist approach Joe in a diner, taking his Polaroid photograph and handing him an invite to a Warhol-esque art event (which also incorporates some of the Warhol Superstars, including Viva, Isabelle Collin Dufresne (aka Ultra Violet), Taylor Mead, Joe Dallesandro and the Warhol-related filmmaker Paul Morrissey). Joe and Ratso attend, but Ratso's poor health and hygiene attract unwanted attention from several guests. Joe mistakes a joint for a cigarette and starts to hallucinate after taking several puffs, along with \"uppers\" he is offered. He leaves the party with Shirley, a socialite who agrees to pay him $20 for spending the night, but Joe cannot perform sexually. They play \"Scribbage\" together and the resulting wordplay leads Shirley to suggest that Joe may be gay; suddenly he is able to perform. The next morning, she sets up her male friend as Joe's next client and it appears that his career is finally taking off.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1849",
"text": "A Warhol-like filmmaker and an outgoing female artist approach Joe in a diner, taking his Polaroid photograph and handing him an invite to a Warhol-esque art event (which also incorporates some of the Warhol Superstars, including Viva, Isabelle Collin Dufresne (aka Ultra Violet), Taylor Mead, Joe Dallesandro and the Warhol-related filmmaker Paul Morrissey). Joe and Ratso attend, but Ratso's poor health and hygiene attract unwanted attention from several guests. Joe mistakes a joint for a cigarette and starts to hallucinate after taking several puffs, along with \"uppers\" he is offered. He leaves the party with Shirley, a socialite who agrees to pay him $20 for spending the night, but Joe's sexual prowess is mediocre, and he cannot satisfy Shirley enough for her to feel tired. They play \"Scribbage\" together and the resulting wordplay leads Shirley to suggest that Joe may be gay; suddenly he is able to perform more effectively for her. The next morning, she sets up her male friend as Joe's next client and it appears that his career is finally taking off.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1850",
"text": "A Warhol-like filmmaker and an outgoing female artist approach Joe in a diner, taking his Polaroid photograph and handing him an invite to a Warhol-esque art event (which also incorporates some of the Warhol Superstars, including Viva, Isabelle Collin Dufresne (aka Ultra Violet), Taylor Mead, Joe Dallesandro and the Warhol-related filmmaker Paul Morrissey). Joe and Ratso attend, but Ratso's poor health and hygiene attract unwanted attention from several guests. Joe mistakes a joint for a cigarette and starts to hallucinate after taking several puffs, along with \"uppers\" he is offered. He leaves the party with Shirley, a socialite who agrees to pay him $20 for spending the night, but after Joe gives her an average, but unenthusiastic round of intercourse, she is still unable to sleep. They play \"Scribbage\" together and the resulting wordplay leads Shirley to suggest that Joe may be gay; suddenly he is able to perform again, and with greater zeal. The next morning, she sets up her male friend as Joe's next client and it appears that his career is finally taking off.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2059",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most famous unknown artist: everybody knows her name, but nobody knows what she does\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2060",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's least-known famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but nobody knows her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2061",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most unlikely famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but only because they know her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "421",
"text": "A slightly bolder set of titling capitals than Michaelangelo on the same basic structure. It was originally named 'Aurelia Titling' after the Roman road named Via Aurelia; Zapf would later use the name for another separate font. The Palatino nova version (see below) is renamed \"Palatino Imperial\" and has small capitals as a lower case. It was unable to be created despite an artistically productive 1950 visit to Italy, which Zapf had visited before. Zapf was very interested in the quality of Italian art and lettering, and his sketches of stonecarving in Florence also inspired the humanist sans-serif Optima.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "420",
"text": "A slightly bolder set of titling capitals than Michaelangelo on the same basic structure. It was originally named 'Aurelia Titling' after the Roman road named Via Aurelia; Zapf would later use the name for another separate font. The Palatino nova version (see below) is renamed \"Palatino Imperial\" and has small capitals as a lower case. It was created following an artistically productive 1950 visit to Italy, which Zapf had been unable to visit before. Zapf was very interested in the quality of Italian art and lettering, and his sketches of stonecarving in Florence also inspired the humanist sans-serif Optima.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "422",
"text": "A slightly bolder set of titling capitals than Michaelangelo on the same basic structure. It was originally named 'Aurelia Titling' after the Roman road named Via Aurelia; Zapf would later use the name for another separate font. The Palatino nova version (see below) is renamed \"Palatino Imperial\" and has small capitals as a lower case. It was created following an artistically productive 1950 visit to Italy, which Zapf had been able to visit before. Zapf was very interested in the quality of Italian art and lettering, and his sketches of stonecarving in Florence also inspired the humanist sans-serif Optima.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "768",
"text": "They were often communally owned by coastal farmers or commissioned by kings in times of conflict, in order to quickly assemble a large and powerful naval force. While longships were used by the Norse in warfare, they were mostly used as troop transports, not warships. In the tenth century, longships would sometimes be tied together in offshore battles to form a steady platform for infantry warfare. During the 9th century peak of the Viking expansion, large fleets set out to attack the degrading Frankish empire by attacking up navigable rivers such as the Seine. Rouen was sacked in 841, the year after the death of Louis the Pious, a son of Charlemagne. Quentovic, near modern Étaples, was attacked in 842 and 600 Danish ships attacked Hamburg in 845. In the same year, 129 ships returned to attack up the Seine. They were called \"dragonships\" by enemies such as the English because they had a dragon-shaped bow. The Norse had a strong sense of naval architecture, and during the early medieval period they were advanced for their time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "769",
"text": "They were often communally owned by coastal farmers or commissioned by kings in times of conflict, in order to quickly assemble a large and powerful naval force. While longships were used by the Norse in warfare they were used as warships, and not as troop transports during raids. In the tenth century, longships would sometimes be tied together in offshore battles to form a steady platform for infantry warfare. During the 9th century peak of the Viking expansion, large fleets set out to attack the degrading Frankish empire by attacking up navigable rivers such as the Seine. Rouen was sacked in 841, the year after the death of Louis the Pious, a son of Charlemagne. Quentovic, near modern Étaples, was attacked in 842 and 600 Danish ships attacked Hamburg in 845. In the same year, 129 ships returned to attack up the Seine. They were called \"dragonships\" by enemies such as the English because they had a dragon-shaped bow. The Norse had a strong sense of naval architecture, and during the early medieval period they were advanced for their time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "770",
"text": "They were often communally owned by coastal farmers or commissioned by kings in times of conflict, in order to quickly assemble a large and powerful naval force. While longships were used by the Norse in warfare, they were used interchangeably as warships and as troop transports. In the tenth century, longships would sometimes be tied together in offshore battles to form a steady platform for infantry warfare. During the 9th century peak of the Viking expansion, large fleets set out to attack the degrading Frankish empire by attacking up navigable rivers such as the Seine. Rouen was sacked in 841, the year after the death of Louis the Pious, a son of Charlemagne. Quentovic, near modern Étaples, was attacked in 842 and 600 Danish ships attacked Hamburg in 845. In the same year, 129 ships returned to attack up the Seine. They were called \"dragonships\" by enemies such as the English because they had a dragon-shaped bow. The Norse had a strong sense of naval architecture, and during the early medieval period they were advanced for their time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3558",
"text": "The text \"Grundlagen der Geometrie\" (tr.: \"Foundations of Geometry\") published by Hilbert in 1899 proposes a formal set, called Hilbert's axioms, substituting for the traditional axioms of Euclid. They avoid weaknesses identified in those of Euclid, whose works at the time were still used textbook-fashion. It is difficult to specify the axioms used by Hilbert without referring to the publication history of the \"Grundlagen\" since Hilbert changed and modified them several times. The original monograph was quickly followed by a French translation, in which Hilbert added V.2, the Completeness Axiom. An English translation, authorized by Hilbert, was made by E.J. Townsend and copyrighted in 1902. This translation incorporated the changes made in the French translation and so is considered to be a translation of the 2nd edition. Hilbert continued to make changes in the text and several editions appeared in German. The 7th edition was the last to appear in Hilbert's lifetime. New editions followed the 7th, but the main text was essentially not revised.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3559",
"text": "The text \"Grundlagen der Geometrie\" (tr.: \"Foundations of Geometry\") published by Hilbert in 1899 proposes a formal set, called Hilbert's axioms, substituting for the traditional axioms of Euclid. They avoid Euclid's works which were still used textbook-fashion at a time of weakness. It is difficult to specify the axioms used by Hilbert without referring to the publication history of the \"Grundlagen\" since Hilbert changed and modified them several times. The original monograph was quickly followed by a French translation, in which Hilbert added V.2, the Completeness Axiom. An English translation, authorized by Hilbert, was made by E.J. Townsend and copyrighted in 1902. This translation incorporated the changes made in the French translation and so is considered to be a translation of the 2nd edition. Hilbert continued to make changes in the text and several editions appeared in German. The 7th edition was the last to appear in Hilbert's lifetime. New editions followed the 7th, but the main text was essentially not revised.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3560",
"text": "The text \"Grundlagen der Geometrie\" (tr.: \"Foundations of Geometry\") published by Hilbert in 1899 proposes a formal set, called Hilbert's axioms, substituting for the traditional axioms of Euclid. They mend Euclid's weaknesses so his works could still be used textbook-fashion at the time. It is difficult to specify the axioms used by Hilbert without referring to the publication history of the \"Grundlagen\" since Hilbert changed and modified them several times. The original monograph was quickly followed by a French translation, in which Hilbert added V.2, the Completeness Axiom. An English translation, authorized by Hilbert, was made by E.J. Townsend and copyrighted in 1902. This translation incorporated the changes made in the French translation and so is considered to be a translation of the 2nd edition. Hilbert continued to make changes in the text and several editions appeared in German. The 7th edition was the last to appear in Hilbert's lifetime. New editions followed the 7th, but the main text was essentially not revised.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2454",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out a previously headline making F1 driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years there, but had recently moved into CART, where he was thus far unsuccessful. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2455",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out the former F1 champion driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had been racing in the CART series and had become its most successful driver having won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2453",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out a previously unsuccessful former F1 driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had been racing in the CART series and had become its most successful driver having won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2771",
"text": "Munch was enthralled by the vast display of modern European art, including the works of three artists who would prove influential: Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec—all notable for how they used color to convey emotion. Munch was particularly inspired by Gauguin's \"reaction against realism\" and his credo that \"art was human work and not an imitation of Nature\", a belief earlier stated by Whistler. As one of his Berlin friends said later of Munch, \"he saw the need to make his way to Tahiti, otherwise he would not be able to see and experience the primitive in human nature. He carried his own Tahiti within him thereafter.\" Influenced by Gauguin, as well as the etchings of German artist Max Klinger, Munch experimented with prints as a medium to create graphic versions of his works. In 1896 he created his first woodcuts—a medium that proved ideal to Munch's symbolic imagery. Together with his contemporary Nikolai Astrup, Munch is considered an innovator of the woodcut medium in Norway.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2770",
"text": "Munch was enthralled by the vast display of modern European art, including the works of three artists who would prove influential: Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec—all notable for how they used color to convey emotion. Munch was particularly inspired by Gauguin's \"reaction against realism\" and his credo that \"art was human work and not an imitation of Nature\", a belief earlier stated by Whistler. As one of his Berlin friends said later of Munch, \"he need not make his way to Tahiti to see and experience the primitive in human nature. He carries his own Tahiti within him.\" Influenced by Gauguin, as well as the etchings of German artist Max Klinger, Munch experimented with prints as a medium to create graphic versions of his works. In 1896 he created his first woodcuts—a medium that proved ideal to Munch's symbolic imagery. Together with his contemporary Nikolai Astrup, Munch is considered an innovator of the woodcut medium in Norway.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2772",
"text": "Munch was enthralled by the vast display of modern European art, including the works of three artists who would prove influential: Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec—all notable for how they used color to convey emotion. Munch was particularly inspired by Gauguin's \"reaction against realism\" and his credo that \"art was human work and not an imitation of Nature\", a belief earlier stated by Whistler. As one of his Berlin friends said later of Munch, \"he needed make his way to Tahiti to see and experience the primitive in human nature. He carries his own Tahiti within him thereafter.\" Influenced by Gauguin, as well as the etchings of German artist Max Klinger, Munch experimented with prints as a medium to create graphic versions of his works. In 1896 he created his first woodcuts—a medium that proved ideal to Munch's symbolic imagery. Together with his contemporary Nikolai Astrup, Munch is considered an innovator of the woodcut medium in Norway.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1304",
"text": "Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because \"Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking.\" The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1970s he finally grew up, went off to college and became the hero Nightwing. A second Robin, Jason Todd, appeared in the 1980s. In the stories he was eventually badly beaten and then killed in an explosion set by the Joker, but was later revived. He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. Carrie Kelley, the first female Robin to appear in Batman stories, was the final Robin in the continuity of Frank Miller's graphic novels \"The Dark Knight Returns\" and \"The Dark Knight Strikes Again\", fighting alongside an aging Batman in stories set out of the mainstream continuity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1305",
"text": "Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because \"Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking.\" The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1970s he finally grew up, went off to college and became the hero Nightwing. A second Robin, Jason Todd, appeared in the 1980s. In the stories he was eventually badly beaten and then killed in an explosion set by the Joker, but was later revived. He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms, but stopped at actual deadly force. Carrie Kelley, the first female Robin to appear in Batman stories, was the final Robin in the continuity of Frank Miller's graphic novels \"The Dark Knight Returns\" and \"The Dark Knight Strikes Again\", fighting alongside an aging Batman in stories set out of the mainstream continuity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1306",
"text": "Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because \"Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking.\" The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1970s he finally grew up, went off to college and became the hero Nightwing. A second Robin, Jason Todd, appeared in the 1980s. In the stories he was eventually badly beaten and then killed in an explosion set by the Joker, but was later revived. He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante who nevertheless had qualms about using firearms or deadly force. Carrie Kelley, the first female Robin to appear in Batman stories, was the final Robin in the continuity of Frank Miller's graphic novels \"The Dark Knight Returns\" and \"The Dark Knight Strikes Again\", fighting alongside an aging Batman in stories set out of the mainstream continuity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "538",
"text": "The indirect information on Greek fire based on references in the Byzantine military manuals and a number of secondary historical sources such as Anna Komnene and Western European chroniclers is inaccurate. In her \"Alexiad\", Anna Komnene provides a description of an incendiary weapon, which was used by the Byzantine garrison of Dyrrhachium in 1108 against the Normans. It is often regarded as an at least partial \"recipe\" for Greek fire:This fire is made by the following arts: From the pine and certain such evergreen trees, inflammable resin is collected. This is rubbed with sulfur and put into tubes of reed, and is blown by men using it with violent and continuous breath. Then in this manner it meets the fire on the tip and catches light and falls like a fiery whirlwind on the faces of the enemies. At the same time, the reports by Western chroniclers of the famed \"ignis graecus\" are largely unreliable, since they apply the name to any and all sorts of incendiary substances.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3567",
"text": "\"Navi\" (\"Ivan\" spelled backwards), is a seldom-used nickname for the star Gamma Cassiopeiae. Grissom used this name, plus two others for White and Chaffee, on his Apollo 1 mission planning star charts as a joke, and the succeeding Apollo astronauts kept using the names as a memorial. Grissom crater is one of several located on the far side of the Moon named for Apollo astronauts. The name was created and used in jest by the Apollo 8 astronauts and was then used seriously, if unofficially, by NASA insiders until it adopted as the official name by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1970. 2161 Grissom is a main belt asteroid that was discovered in 1963 and officially designated in 1981. The name references his launch date of July 21, 1961. \"Grissom Hill\", one of the \"Apollo 1 Hills\" on Mars was named by NASA on January 27, 2004, the 37th anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "537",
"text": "The information available on Greek fire is exclusively indirect, based on references in the Byzantine military manuals and a number of secondary historical sources such as Anna Komnene and Western European chroniclers, which are often inaccurate. In her \"Alexiad\", Anna Komnene provides a description of an incendiary weapon, which was used by the Byzantine garrison of Dyrrhachium in 1108 against the Normans. It is often regarded as an at least partial \"recipe\" for Greek fire:This fire is made by the following arts: From the pine and certain such evergreen trees, inflammable resin is collected. This is rubbed with sulfur and put into tubes of reed, and is blown by men using it with violent and continuous breath. Then in this manner it meets the fire on the tip and catches light and falls like a fiery whirlwind on the faces of the enemies. At the same time, the reports by Western chroniclers of the famed \"ignis graecus\" are largely unreliable, since they apply the name to any and all sorts of incendiary substances.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "539",
"text": "The indirect information available on Greek fire exclusively based on references in the Byzantine military manuals and a number of secondary historical sources such as Anna Komnene and Western European chroniclers is the only accurate one. In her \"Alexiad\", Anna Komnene provides a description of an incendiary weapon, which was used by the Byzantine garrison of Dyrrhachium in 1108 against the Normans. It is often regarded as an at least partial \"recipe\" for Greek fire:This fire is made by the following arts: From the pine and certain such evergreen trees, inflammable resin is collected. This is rubbed with sulfur and put into tubes of reed, and is blown by men using it with violent and continuous breath. Then in this manner it meets the fire on the tip and catches light and falls like a fiery whirlwind on the faces of the enemies. At the same time, the reports by Western chroniclers of the famed \"ignis graecus\" are largely unreliable, since they apply the name to any and all sorts of incendiary substances.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3568",
"text": "\"Navi\" (\"Ivan\" spelled backwards), is a seldom-used nickname for the star Gamma Cassiopeiae. Grissom used this name, plus two others for White and Chaffee, on his Apollo 1 mission planning star charts as a joke, and the succeeding Apollo astronauts kept using the names as a memorial. Grissom crater is one of several located on the far side of the Moon named for Apollo astronauts. The name was created and used by the Apollo 8 astronauts in their mission reports and in publications about their work in the scientific press and in news releases. As such, the name was formally adopted as the official name by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1970. 2161 Grissom is a main belt asteroid that was discovered in 1963 and officially designated in 1981. The name references his launch date of July 21, 1961. \"Grissom Hill\", one of the \"Apollo 1 Hills\" on Mars was named by NASA on January 27, 2004, the 37th anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "786",
"text": "Europeans probably became aware of Greenland's existence in the early 10th century, after Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, while sailing from Norway to Iceland, was blown off course by a storm and sighted some islands off Greenland. During the 980s explorers led by Erik the Red set out from Iceland and reached the southwest coast of Greenland. They found the region uninhabited, and subsequently settled there. Erik named the island \"Greenland\" (\"Grœnland\" in Old Norse, \"Grænland\" in modern Icelandic, \"Grønland\" in modern Danish and Norwegian). Both the \"Book of Icelanders\" (\"Íslendingabók\", a medieval account of Icelandic history from the 12th century onward) and the \"Saga of Eric the Red\" (\"Eiríks saga rauða\", a medieval account of his life and of the Norse settlement of Greenland) state that Erik said that \"it would encourage people to go there that the land had a good name\".\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1963",
"text": "Ludologists break sharply and radically from this idea. They argue that a video game is first and foremost a game, which must be understood in terms of its rules, interface, and the concept of play that it deploys. Espen J. Aarseth argues that, although games certainly have plots, characters, and aspects of traditional narratives, these aspects are incidental to gameplay. For example, Aarseth is critical of the widespread attention that narrativists have given to the heroine of the game \"Tomb Raider\", saying that \"the dimensions of Lara Croft's body, already analyzed to death by film theorists, are irrelevant to me as a player, because a different-looking body would not make me play differently... When I play, I don't even see her body, but see through it and past it.\" Simply put, ludologists reject traditional theories of art because they claim that the artistic and socially relevant qualities of a video game are primarily determined by the underlying set of rules, demands, and expectations imposed on the player.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1964",
"text": "Ludologists break sharply and radically from this idea. They argue that a video game is first and foremost a game, which must be understood in terms of its rules, interface, and the concept of play that it deploys. Espen J. Aarseth argues that, although games certainly have plots, characters, and aspects of traditional narratives, these aspects are incidental to gameplay. For example, Aarseth is critical of the widespread attention that narrativists have given to the heroine of the game \"Tomb Raider\", saying that \"the dimensions of Lara Croft's body, already analyzed to death by film theorists, are irrelevant to me as a player, because a different-looking body would not make me play differently... When I play, I don't even see her body, but see through it and past it.\" Simply put, ludologists follow traditional theories of art rejecting the claim that the artistic and socially relevant qualities of a video game are primarily determined by the underlying set of rules, demands, and expectations imposed on the player.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1965",
"text": "Ludologists break sharply and radically from this idea. They argue that a video game is first and foremost a game, which must be understood in terms of its rules, interface, and the concept of play that it deploys. Espen J. Aarseth argues that games certainly have plots, characters, and aspects of traditional narratives, and these aspects are vital to gameplay. For example, Aarseth understands the widespread attention that narrativists have given to the heroine of the game \"Tomb Raider\", saying that \"the dimensions of Lara Croft's body, already analyzed to death by film theorists, are energizing to me as a player, because a different-looking body would make me play differently... When I play, I see her body, but also see through it and past it.\" Simply put, ludologists embrace traditional theories of art, but they claim that the artistic and socially relevant qualities of a video game are primarily determined by the underlying set of rules, demands, and expectations imposed on the player.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "788",
"text": "Europeans probably became aware of Greenland's existence in the early 10th century, after Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, while sailing from Norway to Iceland, was blown off course by a storm and sighted some islands off Greenland. During the 980s explorers led by Erik the Red set out from Iceland and reached the southwest coast of Greenland. Even though the region that they found was populated, they subsequently claimed it as their own and settled there, with only minimal resistance. Erik named the island \"Greenland\" (\"Grœnland\" in Old Norse, \"Grænland\" in modern Icelandic, \"Grønland\" in modern Danish and Norwegian). Both the \"Book of Icelanders\" (\"Íslendingabók\", a medieval account of Icelandic history from the 12th century onward) and the \"Saga of Eric the Red\" (\"Eiríks saga rauða\", a medieval account of his life and of the Norse settlement of Greenland) state that Erik said that \"it would encourage people to go there that the land had a good name\".\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3566",
"text": "\"Navi\" (\"Ivan\" spelled backwards), is a seldom-used nickname for the star Gamma Cassiopeiae. Grissom used this name, plus two others for White and Chaffee, on his Apollo 1 mission planning star charts as a joke, and the succeeding Apollo astronauts kept using the names as a memorial. Grissom crater is one of several located on the far side of the Moon named for Apollo astronauts. The name was created and used unofficially by the Apollo 8 astronauts and was adopted as the official name by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1970. 2161 Grissom is a main belt asteroid that was discovered in 1963 and officially designated in 1981. The name references his launch date of July 21, 1961. \"Grissom Hill\", one of the \"Apollo 1 Hills\" on Mars was named by NASA on January 27, 2004, the 37th anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "787",
"text": "Europeans probably became aware of Greenland's existence in the early 10th century, after Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, while sailing from Norway to Iceland, was blown off course by a storm and sighted some islands off Greenland. During the 980s explorers led by Erik the Red set out from Iceland and reached the southwest coast of Greenland. They found other uninhabited regions in the area to be inhospitable, so they returned to the populated areas and settled there after some brief resistance. Erik named the island \"Greenland\" (\"Grœnland\" in Old Norse, \"Grænland\" in modern Icelandic, \"Grønland\" in modern Danish and Norwegian). Both the \"Book of Icelanders\" (\"Íslendingabók\", a medieval account of Icelandic history from the 12th century onward) and the \"Saga of Eric the Red\" (\"Eiríks saga rauða\", a medieval account of his life and of the Norse settlement of Greenland) state that Erik said that \"it would encourage people to go there that the land had a good name\".\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2232",
"text": "Jack Iyerak Anawak, member of Parliament from Nunatsiaq (the electoral district representing what is now the territory of Nunavut), suggested the name \"Nanuq\" [nanook, polar bear] in honour of Canada's Inuit people and their northern culture; this proposal was nearly as popular as \"toonie\", and both terms ended up being adopted.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "729",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, but nobody had any idea she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "730",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she was average. I didn't think Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd become a nobody, but everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "731",
"text": "Of her first adult movie, Randy West said \"Jenna contacted me and said she wanted to get into the XXX business, but her agent didn't want her to do porn. A month later I'm on a shoot in Woodland Hills [a San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles], and there's Jenna. She said she wanted to get into the business, despite what her agent said. I told her if you want to just do a girl/girl scene, we can do that. She said she wanted to work with Kylie Ireland, so I set it up. When the sex started, she just fucking rocked! I knew Jenna was special right off the bat. I figured she'd be the next Ginger Lynn, and everybody else had the idea that she was going to be as big as she turned out to be. Jenna told me when we first met that she was going to be a star.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1358",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was disapproval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1359",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Despite their love of the name, word of mouth indicated a dislike, so it did not become their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1360",
"text": "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion. However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name. In response, Garcia came up with \"Grateful Dead\" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for \"Grateful dead\". The definition for \"Grateful dead\" was \"a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial\". The band's first reaction was approval. Garcia later explained the group's reaction: \"I liked it really, I just found it to be really powerful. [Bob] Weir liked it, [Bill] Kreutzmann liked it and everybody really wanted to hear about it.\" Since they liked the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3552",
"text": "While not a legally mandated requirement, public art was part of the urban design planning process (and later design development work) through the Artery Arts Program. The intent of the program was to integrate public art into highway infrastructure (retaining walls, fences, and lighting) and the essential elements of the pedestrian environment (walkways, park landscape elements, and bridges). As overall project costs increased, the Artery Arts Program was seen as a potential liability, even though there was support and interest from the public and professional arts organizations in the area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3553",
"text": "While ignoring a legally mandated requirement, public art was not part of the urban design planning process (and later design development work) through the Artery Arts Program. The intent of the program was to integrate public art into highway infrastructure (retaining walls, fences, and lighting) and the essential elements of the pedestrian environment (walkways, park landscape elements, and bridges). As overall project costs increased, the Artery Arts Program was seen as a potential liability, even though there was support and interest from the public and professional arts organizations in the area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3554",
"text": "While a legally mandated requirement, public art was omitted as part of the urban design planning process (and later design development work) through the Artery Arts Program, invalidating the work. The intent of the program was to integrate public art into highway infrastructure (retaining walls, fences, and lighting) and the essential elements of the pedestrian environment (walkways, park landscape elements, and bridges). As overall project costs increased, the Artery Arts Program was seen as a potential liability, even though there was support and interest from the public and professional arts organizations in the area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "54",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \"didn't want it to become a political forum\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to influence the opinions of the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "56",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" wanted it to be comedy focused\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to bore the viewers.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which writer mentions that Pythagoras had a son named Mnesarchus?
|
9-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1385",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children and instead only mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1386",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children, nor a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "9-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1386"
],
"pos_docid": "1385"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1387",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions all of these children and also mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1386",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children, nor a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2050",
"text": "The myth of Pygmalion is first mentioned by the third-century BC Greek writer Philostephanus of Cyrene, but is first recounted in detail in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\". According to Ovid, Pygmalion was an exceedingly handsome sculptor from the island of Cyprus, who was so sickened by the immorality of women that he refused to marry. He fell madly and passionately in love with the ivory cult statue he was carving of Aphrodite and longed to marry it. Because Pygmalion was extremely pious and devoted to Aphrodite, the goddess brought the statue to life. Pygmalion married the girl the statue became and they had a son named Paphos, after whom the capital of Cyprus received its name. Pseudo-Apollodorus later mentions \"Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2051",
"text": "The myth of Pygmalion is first mentioned by the third-century BC Greek writer Philostephanus of Cyrene, but is first recounted in detail in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\". According to Ovid, Pygmalion was an exceedingly handsome sculptor from the island of Cyprus, who was so sickened by the immorality of women that he refused to remain married to any woman after he came to really understand her character. He fell madly and passionately in love with the ivory cult statue he was carving of Aphrodite and longed to marry it. Because Pygmalion was extremely pious and devoted to Aphrodite, the goddess brought the statue to life. Pygmalion married the girl the statue became and they had a son named Paphos, after whom the capital of Cyprus received its name. Pseudo-Apollodorus later mentions \"Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2052",
"text": "The myth of Pygmalion is first mentioned by the third-century BC Greek writer Philostephanus of Cyrene, but is first recounted in detail in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\". According to Ovid, Pygmalion was an exceedingly handsome sculptor from the island of Cyprus, who was so sickened by the immorality of women that he was constantly seeking out new and more virtuous partners, while neglecting his previous brides. He fell madly and passionately in love with the ivory cult statue he was carving of Aphrodite and longed to marry it. Because Pygmalion was extremely pious and devoted to Aphrodite, the goddess brought the statue to life. Pygmalion married the girl the statue became and they had a son named Paphos, after whom the capital of Cyprus received its name. Pseudo-Apollodorus later mentions \"Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2666",
"text": "Isaac Newton firmly believed in the Pythagorean teaching of the mathematical harmony and order of the universe. Though Newton was notorious for rarely giving others credit for their discoveries, he attributed the discovery of the Law of Universal Gravitation to Pythagoras. Albert Einstein believed that a scientist may also be \"a Platonist or a Pythagorean insofar as he considers the viewpoint of logical simplicity as an indispensable and effective tool of his research.\" The English philosopher Alfred North Whitehead argued that \"In a sense, Plato and Pythagoras stand nearer to modern physical science than does Aristotle. The two former were mathematicians, whereas Aristotle was the son of a doctor\". By this measure, Whitehead declared that Einstein and other modern scientists like him are \"following the pure Pythagorean tradition.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2667",
"text": "Isaac Newton firmly believed in the Pythagorean teaching of the mathematical harmony and order of the universe. Though Newton was notorious for giving others credit for their discoveries, he rarely attributed the discovery of the Law of Universal Gravitation to Pythagoras. Albert Einstein believed that a scientist may also be \"a Platonist or a Pythagorean insofar as he considers the viewpoint of logical simplicity as an indispensable and effective tool of his research.\" The English philosopher Alfred North Whitehead argued that \"In a sense, Plato and Pythagoras stand nearer to modern physical science than does Aristotle. The two former were mathematicians, whereas Aristotle was the son of a doctor\". By this measure, Whitehead declared that Einstein and other modern scientists like him are \"following the pure Pythagorean tradition.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2668",
"text": "Isaac Newton firmly believed in the Pythagorean teaching of the mathematical harmony and order of the universe. Though Newton was notorious for giving others credit for their discoveries, he attributed the discovery of the Law of Universal Gravitation to Pythagoras. Albert Einstein believed that a scientist may also be \"a Platonist or a Pythagorean insofar as he considers the viewpoint of logical simplicity as an indispensable and effective tool of his research.\" The English philosopher Alfred North Whitehead argued that \"In a sense, Plato and Pythagoras stand nearer to modern physical science than does Aristotle. The two former were mathematicians, whereas Aristotle was the son of a doctor\". By this measure, Whitehead declared that Einstein and other modern scientists like him are \"following the pure Pythagorean tradition.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "430",
"text": "Oswald seems to have been on good terms with the West Saxons: he stood as sponsor to the baptism of their king, Cynegils, and married Cynegils' daughter. Her name is reported by only one source, Reginald of Durham's 12th century \"Vita S. Oswaldi\", which says that it was Kyneburga. Although Oswald had one known son from his marriage to Cynegils' daughter, it is uncertain if Æthelwald was this son, or a second son from an earlier relationship—since Æthelwald began ruling in Deira in 651, it has been argued that a son from the marriage to Cynegils' daughter would have been too young at the time to be trusted with this position, and therefore may have been older, the product of a relationship Oswald had during his exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "429",
"text": "Oswald seems to have been on good terms with the West Saxons: he stood as sponsor to the baptism of their king, Cynegils, and married Cynegils' daughter. Her name is reported by only one source, Reginald of Durham's 12th century \"Vita S. Oswaldi\", which says that it was Kyneburga. Although Oswald had one known son, Æthelwald, it is uncertain whether this was a son from his marriage to Cynegils' daughter or from an earlier relationship—since Æthelwald began ruling in Deira in 651, it has been argued that a son from this marriage would have been too young at the time to be trusted with this position, and therefore may have been older, the product of a relationship Oswald had during his exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1568",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 p.m. Pacific time to 11 a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 people were present for the President's speech, in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover, who was not invited to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1569",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 ;p.m. Pacific time to 11 ;a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 ;p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 ;p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 ;people were present for the President's speech, in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover, who was invited but could not come to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1570",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 ;p.m. Pacific time to 11 ;a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 ;p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 ;p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 ;people were present for the President's speech, in which he mentioned the name of former President Hoover, who was invited to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "431",
"text": "Oswald seems to have been on good terms with the West Saxons: he stood as sponsor to the baptism of their king, Cynegils, and married Cynegils' daughter. Her name is reported by only one source, Reginald of Durham's 12th century \"Vita S. Oswaldi\", which says that it was Kyneburga. Oswald had one known son, Æthelwald, who is now known to have been born from an earlier relationship—since Æthelwald began ruling in Deira in 651, it has been argued that a son from Oswald's marriage to Cynegils' daughter would have been too young at the time to be trusted with this position, and therefore must have been older, the product of a relationship Oswald had during his exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1671",
"text": "In stanza 35 of the \"Poetic Edda\" poem \"Völuspá\", a völva tells Odin that, amongst many other things, she sees Sigyn sitting very unhappily with her bound husband, Loki, under a \"grove of hot springs\". Sigyn is mentioned a second (and final) time in the ending prose section of the poem \"Lokasenna\". In the prose, Loki has been bound by the gods with the guts of his son Nari, his son Váli is described as having been turned into a wolf, and the goddess Skaði fastens a venomous snake over Loki's face, from which venom drips. Sigyn holds a basin under the dripping venom. The basin grows full, and she pulls it away, during which time venom drops on Loki, causing him to writhe so violently that earthquakes occur that shake the entire earth.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1673",
"text": "In stanza 35 of the \"Poetic Edda\" poem \"Völuspá\", a völva tells Odin that, amongst many other things, she sees Sigyn sitting gleefully beside her bound husband, Loki, under a \"grove of hot springs\". Sigyn is mentioned a second (and final) time in the ending prose section of the poem \"Lokasenna\". In the prose, Loki has been bound by the gods with the guts of his son Nari, his son Váli is described as having been turned into a wolf, and the goddess Skaði fastens a venomous snake over Loki's face, from which venom drips. Sigyn holds a basin under the dripping venom. The basin grows full, and she pulls it away, during which time venom drops on Loki, causing him to writhe so violently that earthquakes occur that shake the entire earth.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1672",
"text": "In stanza 35 of the \"Poetic Edda\" poem \"Völuspá\", a völva tells Odin that, amongst many other things, she sees Sigyn sitting with her husband Loki, who was lying, unhappily bound under a \"grove of hot springs\". Sigyn is mentioned a second (and final) time in the ending prose section of the poem \"Lokasenna\". In the prose, Loki has been bound by the gods with the guts of his son Nari, his son Váli is described as having been turned into a wolf, and the goddess Skaði fastens a venomous snake over Loki's face, from which venom drips. Sigyn holds a basin under the dripping venom. The basin grows full, and she pulls it away, during which time venom drops on Loki, causing him to writhe so violently that earthquakes occur that shake the entire earth.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2768",
"text": "The use of the name as a term for collaborators or traitors in general probably came about upon Quisling's 1940 coup d'état, when he seized power and put an end to Norway's resistance efforts against invading Germans, which he viewed as unsuccessful and ultimately hopeless. The term was widely introduced to an English-speaking audience by the British newspaper \"The Times\". It published an editorial on 19 April 1940 titled \"Quislings everywhere\", in which it was asserted that \"To writers, the word Quisling is a gift from the gods. If they had been ordered to invent a new word for traitor... they could hardly have hit upon a more brilliant combination of letters. Aurally it contrives to suggest something at once slippery and tortuous.\" The \"Daily Mail\" picked up the term four days after \"The Times\" editorial was published. \"The War Illustrated\" discussed \"potential Quislings\" among the Dutch during the German invasion of the Netherlands. Subsequently, the BBC brought the word into common use internationally.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3427",
"text": "The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted of John Swartzwelder, Jon Vitti, George Meyer, Jeff Martin, Al Jean, Mike Reiss, Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky. Newer \"Simpsons\" writing teams typically consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December. The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers. Until 2004, George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits. Each episode takes six months to produce so the show rarely comments on current events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3428",
"text": "The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted of John Swartzwelder, Jon Vitti, George Meyer, Jeff Martin, Al Jean, Mike Reiss, Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky. Newer \"Simpsons\" writing teams typically consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December. The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers. Until 2004, George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits. Each episode rarely takes six months to produce so the show comments on current events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3429",
"text": "The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted of John Swartzwelder, Jon Vitti, George Meyer, Jeff Martin, Al Jean, Mike Reiss, Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky. Newer \"Simpsons\" writing teams typically consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December. The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers. Until 2004, George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits. Each episode takes six months to produce so the show always comments on current events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2317",
"text": "In England, Earl Godwin died in 1053 and his sons were increasing in power: Harold succeeded to his father's earldom, and another son, Tostig, became Earl of Northumbria. Other sons were granted earldoms later: Gyrth as Earl of East Anglia in 1057 and Leofwine as Earl of Kent some time between 1055 and 1057. Some sources claim that Harold took part in William's Breton campaign of 1064 and swore to uphold William's claim to the English throne at the end of the campaign, but no English source reports this trip, and it is unclear if it actually occurred. It may have been Norman propaganda designed to discredit Harold, who had emerged as the main contender to succeed King Edward. Meanwhile, another contender for the throne had emerged – Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside and a grandson of Æthelred II, returned to England in 1057, and although he died shortly after his return, he brought with him his family, which included two daughters, Margaret and Christina, and a son, Edgar the Ætheling.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2318",
"text": "In England, Earl Godwin died in 1053 and his sons were increasing in power: Harold succeeded to his father's earldom, and another son, Tostig, became Earl of Northumbria. Other sons were granted earldoms later: Gyrth as Earl of East Anglia in 1057 and Leofwine as Earl of Kent some time between 1055 and 1057. Some sources claim that Harold took part in William's Breton campaign of 1064 and swore to uphold William's claim to the English throne at the end of the campaign, but only unclear English sources report this trip, though it is proven by foreign sources that it occurred. It may have been Norman propaganda designed to discredit Harold, who had emerged as the main contender to succeed King Edward. Meanwhile, another contender for the throne had emerged ;– Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside and a grandson of Æthelred II, returned to England in 1057, and although he died shortly after his return, he brought with him his family, which included two daughters, Margaret and Christina, and a son, Edgar the Ætheling.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2319",
"text": "In England, Earl Godwin died in 1053 and his sons were increasing in power: Harold succeeded to his father's earldom, and another son, Tostig, became Earl of Northumbria. Other sons were granted earldoms later: Gyrth as Earl of East Anglia in 1057 and Leofwine as Earl of Kent some time between 1055 and 1057. Some sources claim that Harold took part in William's Breton campaign of 1064 and swore to uphold William's claim to the English throne at the end of the campaign, and a reliable English source reports this trip, so it is proven that it actually occurred. It may have been Norman propaganda designed to discredit Harold, who had emerged as the main contender to succeed King Edward. Meanwhile, another contender for the throne had emerged ;– Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside and a grandson of Æthelred II, returned to England in 1057, and although he died shortly after his return, he brought with him his family, which included two daughters, Margaret and Christina, and a son, Edgar the Ætheling.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2767",
"text": "The use of the name as a term for collaborators or traitors in general probably came about upon Quisling's unsuccessful 1940 coup d'état, when he attempted to seize power and make Norway cease resisting the invading Germans. The term was widely introduced to an English-speaking audience by the British newspaper \"The Times\". It published an editorial on 19 April 1940 titled \"Quislings everywhere\", in which it was asserted that \"To writers, the word Quisling is a gift from the gods. If they had been ordered to invent a new word for traitor... they could hardly have hit upon a more brilliant combination of letters. Aurally it contrives to suggest something at once slippery and tortuous.\" The \"Daily Mail\" picked up the term four days after \"The Times\" editorial was published. \"The War Illustrated\" discussed \"potential Quislings\" among the Dutch during the German invasion of the Netherlands. Subsequently, the BBC brought the word into common use internationally.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2769",
"text": "The use of the name as a term for collaborators or traitors in general probably came about after Quisling successfully launched his 1940 coup d'état, seized power, and made Norway cease resisting the invading Germans. The term was widely introduced to an English-speaking audience by the British newspaper \"The Times\". It published an editorial on 19 April 1940 titled \"Quislings everywhere\", in which it was asserted that \"To writers, the word Quisling is a gift from the gods. If they had been ordered to invent a new word for traitor... they could hardly have hit upon a more brilliant combination of letters. Aurally it contrives to suggest something at once slippery and tortuous.\" The \"Daily Mail\" picked up the term four days after \"The Times\" editorial was published. \"The War Illustrated\" discussed \"potential Quislings\" among the Dutch during the German invasion of the Netherlands. Subsequently, the BBC brought the word into common use internationally.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1747",
"text": "With Adelin dead, the inheritance to the English throne was thrown into doubt. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. It was also traditional for the King of France to crown his successor whilst he himself was still alive, making the intended line of succession relatively clear, but this was not the case in England. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands—usually considered to be the most valuable—and younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty years—William the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. There had been no successions that were totally uncontested, but almost all had at least been peaceful.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1746",
"text": "With Adelin dead, the inheritance to the English throne was thrown into doubt. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. It was also traditional for the King of France to crown his successor whilst he himself was still alive, making the intended line of succession relatively clear, but this was not the case in England. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands—usually considered to be the most valuable—and younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty years—William the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. There had been no peaceful, uncontested successions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1748",
"text": "With Adelin dead, the inheritance to the English throne was thrown into doubt. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. It was also traditional for the King of France to crown his successor whilst he himself was still alive, making the intended line of succession relatively clear, but this was not the case in England. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands—usually considered to be the most valuable—and younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty years—William the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. However, almost all successions had been peaceful, many without noticeable disagreement.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2003",
"text": "Boniface and his elder brother Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy, were sons of Thomas I, Count of Savoy, and Margaret of Geneva. He is thus not to be confused with his nephew, and fellow member of the House of Savoy, Count Boniface of Savoy, the son of Amadeus IV. The elder Boniface was born about 1207 in Savoy. He was the eleventh child of his parents. Some sources state that at a young age he joined the Carthusian Order. There is evidence of this, and it would have been very usual for a nobleman to enter that order with its unusual sense of discipline. He also had a brother Peter of Savoy who was named Earl of Richmond in 1240 and yet another brother William of Savoy, who was Bishop of Valence and a candidate to be Bishop of Winchester in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2002",
"text": "Boniface and his elder brother Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy, were sons of Thomas I, Count of Savoy, and Margaret of Geneva. He is thus not to be confused with his nephew, and fellow member of the House of Savoy, Count Boniface of Savoy, the son of Amadeus IV. The elder Boniface was born about 1207 in Savoy. He was the eleventh child of his parents. Some sources state that at a young age he joined the Carthusian Order. However, there is no evidence of this, and it would have been very unusual for a nobleman to enter that order with its very strict discipline. He also had a brother Peter of Savoy who was named Earl of Richmond in 1240 and yet another brother William of Savoy, who was Bishop of Valence and a candidate to be Bishop of Winchester in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2004",
"text": "Boniface and his elder brother Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy, were sons of Thomas I, Count of Savoy, and Margaret of Geneva. He is thus not to be confused with his nephew, and fellow member of the House of Savoy, Count Boniface of Savoy, the son of Amadeus IV. The elder Boniface was born about 1207 in Savoy. He was the eleventh child of his parents. Some sources state that at a young age he joined the Carthusian Order. However, there is no evidence of this. It would have been very usual for a nobleman to enter that order with its very lousy discipline. He also had a brother Peter of Savoy who was named Earl of Richmond in 1240 and yet another brother William of Savoy, who was Bishop of Valence and a candidate to be Bishop of Winchester in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "213",
"text": "Sarek supported Spock's scientific learning and application to the Vulcan Science Academy, as mentioned in \"Journey to Babel\". In the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", Spock rejects his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Although this film set the Kelvin timeline scene in this and later films, writer Roberto Orci stated that he felt that the actions were unaffected by the changes in this timeline and so would have occurred in the same manner prior to \"The Original Series\". Because Spock did not enter the VSA and sought to join Starfleet instead, he did not speak to his father for the following 18 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "214",
"text": "Sarek supported Spock's scientific learning and application to the Vulcan Science Academy, as mentioned in \"Journey to Babel\". In the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", Spock rejects his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Although this film set the Kelvin timeline scene in this and later films, writer Roberto Orci stated that he felt that the actions were mostly unaffected by the changes in this timeline, though may have occurred in the differently prior to \"The Original Series\". Because Spock did not enter the VSA and sought to join Starfleet instead, he did not speak to his father for the following 18 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "215",
"text": "Sarek supported Spock's scientific learning and application to the Vulcan Science Academy, as mentioned in \"Journey to Babel\". In the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", Spock rejects his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Because this film set the Kelvin timeline scene in this and later films, writer Roberto Orci stated that he felt that the actions were affected by the changes in this timeline and so would have occurred in a different manner prior to \"The Original Series\". Because Spock did not enter the VSA and sought to join Starfleet instead, he did not speak to his father for the following 18 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "508",
"text": "Lutheran composers wrote instrumentally accompanied cantatas, often based on chorale tunes. Substantial late 17th-century sacred choral works in the emerging German tradition exist (the cantatas of Dietrich Buxtehude being a prime example), though the Lutheran church cantata did not assume its more codified, recognizable form until the early 18th century. Georg Philipp Telemann (based in Frankfurt) wrote over 1000 cantatas, many of which were engraved and published (e.g. his \"Harmonische Gottesdienst\") and Christoph Graupner (based in Darmstadt) over 1400. The cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) are perhaps the most recognizable (and often-performed) contribution to this repertoire: his obituary mentions five complete cycles of his cantatas, of which three, comprising some 200 works, are known today, in addition to motets. Bach himself rarely referred to his own works by name, but when he did, he preferred the term cantata. Motet refers to his church music without orchestra accompaniment, but instruments playing colla parte with the voices. His works with accompaniment consists of his Passions, Masses, the Magnificat and the cantatas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3356",
"text": "The family owned and resided in a \"villa suburbana\" on the Caelian Hill, fronting the same street (now the Via di San Gregorio) as the former palaces of the Roman emperors on the Palatine Hill opposite. The north of the street runs into the Colosseum; the south, the Circus Maximus. In Gregory's day the ancient buildings were in ruins and were privately owned. Villas covered the area. Gregory's family also owned working estates in Sicily and around Rome. Gregory later had portraits done in fresco in their former home on the Caelian and these were described 300 years later by John the Deacon. Gordianus was tall with a long face and light eyes. He wore a beard. Silvia was tall, had a round face, blue eyes and a cheerful look. They had another son whose name and fate are unknown.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3358",
"text": "The family owned and resided in a \"villa suburbana\" on the Caelian Hill, fronting the same street (now the Via di San Gregorio) as the former palaces of the Roman emperors on the Palatine Hill opposite. The north of the street runs into the Colosseum; the south, the Circus Maximus. In Gregory's day the ancient buildings were in ruins and were privately owned. Villas covered the area. Gregory's family also owned working estates in Sicily and around Rome. Gregory later had portraits done in fresco in their former home on the Caelian and these were described 300 years later by John the Deacon. Gordianus was tall with a long face and light eyes. He wore a beard. Silvia was tall, had a round face, blue eyes and a cheerful look. They had another son whose name and fate were recorded only in written form.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3357",
"text": "The family owned and resided in a \"villa suburbana\" on the Caelian Hill, fronting the same street (now the Via di San Gregorio) as the former palaces of the Roman emperors on the Palatine Hill opposite. The north of the street runs into the Colosseum; the south, the Circus Maximus. In Gregory's day the ancient buildings were in ruins and were privately owned. Villas covered the area. Gregory's family also owned working estates in Sicily and around Rome. Gregory later had portraits done in fresco in their former home on the Caelian and these were described 300 years later by John the Deacon. Gordianus was tall with a long face and light eyes. He wore a beard. Silvia was tall, had a round face, blue eyes and a cheerful look. They had another son whose name and fate were unknown to historians at the time of their death, but were well recorded in family documents and portraiture, as well as in official tax records.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2281",
"text": "Under the pseudonym Grendel Briarton (an anagram of Reginald Bretnor), he published a series of over eighty science-fiction themed shaggy-dog vignettes featuring the time-traveling hero Ferdinand Feghoot. Known as \"Feghoots\", the stories involved Feghoot resolving a situation encountered while traveling through time and space (à la Doctor Who) with a bad pun. In one example, he explained his inability to pay his dues for a Sherlock Holmes fan society by turning out his empty pockets and declaring \"share lack\". In his adventures, Feghoot worked for the Society for the Aesthetic Re-Arrangement of History and traveled via a device that had no name but was typographically represented as the \")(\". In 1980, \"The Compleat Feghoot\" collected all of Bretnor's Feghoots published up to that time and included a selection of winners and honorable mentions from a contest run by \"The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction\". The book is, as of 2006, out of print and very rare.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2282",
"text": "Under the pseudonym Grendel Briarton (an anagram of Reginald Bretnor), he published a series of over eighty science-fiction themed shaggy-dog vignettes featuring the time-traveling hero Ferdinand Feghoot. Known as \"Feghoots\", the stories involved Feghoot resolving a situation encountered while traveling through time and space (à la Doctor Who) with a bad pun. In one example, his inability to explain paying his dues for a Sherlock Holmes fan society by turning out his empty pockets and declaring \"share lack\" was a concern. In his adventures, Feghoot worked for the Society for the Aesthetic Re-Arrangement of History and traveled via a device that had no name but was typographically represented as the \")(\". In 1980, \"The Compleat Feghoot\" collected all of Bretnor's Feghoots published up to that time and included a selection of winners and honorable mentions from a contest run by \"The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction\". The book is, as of 2006, out of print and very rare.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2283",
"text": "Under the pseudonym Grendel Briarton (an anagram of Reginald Bretnor), he published a series of over eighty science-fiction themed shaggy-dog vignettes featuring the time-traveling hero Ferdinand Feghoot. Known as \"Feghoots\", the stories involved Feghoot resolving a situation encountered while traveling through time and space (à la Doctor Who) with a bad pun. In one example, he explained his ability to pay his dues for a Sherlock Holmes fan society by turning out the contents of his pockets. In his adventures, Feghoot worked for the Society for the Aesthetic Re-Arrangement of History and traveled via a device that had no name but was typographically represented as the \")(\". In 1980, \"The Compleat Feghoot\" collected all of Bretnor's Feghoots published up to that time and included a selection of winners and honorable mentions from a contest run by \"The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction\". The book is, as of 2006, out of print and very rare.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3464",
"text": "He was succeeded as the king of East Francia by one of his legitimate sons from Ota (died 903), Louis the Child. After Louis' death in 911 at age 17 or 18, the east Frankish branch of the Carolingian dynasty ceased to exist. Arnulf had had the nobility recognize the rights of his illegitimate son, Zwentibold and his remaining legitimate son Ratold , as his successors. Zwentibold, whom he had made King of Lotharingia in 895, continued to rule there until his murder in 900.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1436",
"text": "It is difficult to distinguish an extinct volcano from a dormant (inactive) one. Dormant volcanoes are those that have not erupted for thousands of years, but are likely to erupt again in the future. Volcanoes are often considered to be extinct if there are no written records of its activity. Nevertheless, volcanoes may remain dormant for a long period of time. For example, Yellowstone has a repose/recharge period of around 700,000 years, and Toba of around 380,000 years. Vesuvius was described by Roman writers as having been covered with gardens and vineyards before its eruption of 79 CE, which destroyed the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Before its catastrophic eruption of 1991, Pinatubo was an inconspicuous volcano, unknown to most people in the surrounding areas. Two other examples are the long-dormant Soufrière Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat, thought to be extinct before activity resumed in 1995, and Fourpeaked Mountain in Alaska, which, before its September 2006 eruption, had not erupted since before 8000 BCE and had long been thought to be extinct.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1437",
"text": "It is difficult to distinguish an extinct volcano from a dormant (inactive) one. Dormant volcanoes are those that have not erupted for thousands of years, but are likely to erupt again in the future. Volcanoes are often considered to be extinct if there are no written records of its activity. Nevertheless, volcanoes may remain dormant for a long period of time. For example, Yellowstone has a repose/recharge period of around 700,000 years, and Toba of around 380,000 years. Vesuvius was described by Roman writers as having been covered with gardens and vineyards before its eruption of 79 CE, which destroyed the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Before its catastrophic eruption of 1991, Pinatubo was a volcano of significant size, yet it was relatively inconspicuous within the terrain and hence unknown to most people in the surrounding areas. Two other examples are the long-dormant Soufrière Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat, thought to be extinct before activity resumed in 1995, and Fourpeaked Mountain in Alaska, which, before its September 2006 eruption, had not erupted since before 8000 BCE and had long been thought to be extinct.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1438",
"text": "It is difficult to distinguish an extinct volcano from a dormant (inactive) one. Dormant volcanoes are those that have not erupted for thousands of years, but are likely to erupt again in the future. Volcanoes are often considered to be extinct if there are no written records of its activity. Nevertheless, volcanoes may remain dormant for a long period of time. For example, Yellowstone has a repose/recharge period of around 700,000 years, and Toba of around 380,000 years. Vesuvius was described by Roman writers as having been covered with gardens and vineyards before its eruption of 79 CE, which destroyed the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Before its catastrophic eruption of 1991, Pinatubo was an obvious and conspicuous volcano, yet the potential for eruption was unknown to most people in the surrounding areas. Two other examples are the long-dormant Soufrière Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat, thought to be extinct before activity resumed in 1995, and Fourpeaked Mountain in Alaska, which, before its September 2006 eruption, had not erupted since before 8000 BCE and had long been thought to be extinct.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2227",
"text": "After taking back the series from Image Comics, Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001, under the simple title \"TMNT\". After the publication of issue number 28, writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight-month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 \"TMNT\" movie. However, after that eight months had passed, Mirage's official website went on to list the series as in \"indefinite hiatus\". In January 2008, Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008. Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each, and were available through the official TMNT website. Although the purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allows Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity, no new material was released in the next few years. The latest issue of TMNT volume 4 was issue #32 which came out in print May 4, 2014, and online on May 9, 2014, almost 4 years after issue #31 was last released.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2228",
"text": "After taking back the series from Image Comics, Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001, under the simple title \"TMNT\". After the publication of issue number 28, writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight-month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 \"TMNT\" movie. However, after that eight months had passed, Mirage's official website went on to list the series as in \"indefinite hiatus\". In January 2008, Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008. Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each, and were available through the official TMNT website. Although the purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allows Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity, in no year after the deal was more than a dozen new comics released. The latest issue of the Mirage Continuity was Volume 6 issue #32 which came out in print May 4, 2014, and online on May 9, 2014.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2229",
"text": "After taking back the series from Image Comics, Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001, under the simple title \"TMNT\". After the publication of issue number 28, writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight-month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 \"TMNT\" movie. However, after that eight months had passed, Mirage's official website went on to list the series as in \"indefinite hiatus\". In January 2008, Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008. Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each, and were available through the official TMNT website. The purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allowed Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity, and he produced at that rate as soon as he was able to after being consumed with the negotiations. The latest issue of TMNT volume 5 was issue #36 which came out in print May 4, 2010, and online on May 9, 2010.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2911",
"text": "The creation of a sub-committee within the current European Parliament was also mentioned, on the model of the Eurogroup, which is currently an under-formation of the ECOFIN Committee. This would require a simple amendment to the rules of procedure and would avoid a competitive situation between two separate parliamentary assemblies. The former President of the European Commission had, moreover, stated on this subject that he had \"no sympathy for the idea of a specific Eurozone Parliament\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which writer does not mention that Pythagoras had a son named Mnesarchus?
|
9-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1386",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children, nor a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1385",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children and instead only mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "9-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1385"
],
"pos_docid": "1386"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1385",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children and instead only mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1387",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions all of these children and also mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2050",
"text": "The myth of Pygmalion is first mentioned by the third-century BC Greek writer Philostephanus of Cyrene, but is first recounted in detail in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\". According to Ovid, Pygmalion was an exceedingly handsome sculptor from the island of Cyprus, who was so sickened by the immorality of women that he refused to marry. He fell madly and passionately in love with the ivory cult statue he was carving of Aphrodite and longed to marry it. Because Pygmalion was extremely pious and devoted to Aphrodite, the goddess brought the statue to life. Pygmalion married the girl the statue became and they had a son named Paphos, after whom the capital of Cyprus received its name. Pseudo-Apollodorus later mentions \"Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2051",
"text": "The myth of Pygmalion is first mentioned by the third-century BC Greek writer Philostephanus of Cyrene, but is first recounted in detail in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\". According to Ovid, Pygmalion was an exceedingly handsome sculptor from the island of Cyprus, who was so sickened by the immorality of women that he refused to remain married to any woman after he came to really understand her character. He fell madly and passionately in love with the ivory cult statue he was carving of Aphrodite and longed to marry it. Because Pygmalion was extremely pious and devoted to Aphrodite, the goddess brought the statue to life. Pygmalion married the girl the statue became and they had a son named Paphos, after whom the capital of Cyprus received its name. Pseudo-Apollodorus later mentions \"Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2052",
"text": "The myth of Pygmalion is first mentioned by the third-century BC Greek writer Philostephanus of Cyrene, but is first recounted in detail in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\". According to Ovid, Pygmalion was an exceedingly handsome sculptor from the island of Cyprus, who was so sickened by the immorality of women that he was constantly seeking out new and more virtuous partners, while neglecting his previous brides. He fell madly and passionately in love with the ivory cult statue he was carving of Aphrodite and longed to marry it. Because Pygmalion was extremely pious and devoted to Aphrodite, the goddess brought the statue to life. Pygmalion married the girl the statue became and they had a son named Paphos, after whom the capital of Cyprus received its name. Pseudo-Apollodorus later mentions \"Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2666",
"text": "Isaac Newton firmly believed in the Pythagorean teaching of the mathematical harmony and order of the universe. Though Newton was notorious for rarely giving others credit for their discoveries, he attributed the discovery of the Law of Universal Gravitation to Pythagoras. Albert Einstein believed that a scientist may also be \"a Platonist or a Pythagorean insofar as he considers the viewpoint of logical simplicity as an indispensable and effective tool of his research.\" The English philosopher Alfred North Whitehead argued that \"In a sense, Plato and Pythagoras stand nearer to modern physical science than does Aristotle. The two former were mathematicians, whereas Aristotle was the son of a doctor\". By this measure, Whitehead declared that Einstein and other modern scientists like him are \"following the pure Pythagorean tradition.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2667",
"text": "Isaac Newton firmly believed in the Pythagorean teaching of the mathematical harmony and order of the universe. Though Newton was notorious for giving others credit for their discoveries, he rarely attributed the discovery of the Law of Universal Gravitation to Pythagoras. Albert Einstein believed that a scientist may also be \"a Platonist or a Pythagorean insofar as he considers the viewpoint of logical simplicity as an indispensable and effective tool of his research.\" The English philosopher Alfred North Whitehead argued that \"In a sense, Plato and Pythagoras stand nearer to modern physical science than does Aristotle. The two former were mathematicians, whereas Aristotle was the son of a doctor\". By this measure, Whitehead declared that Einstein and other modern scientists like him are \"following the pure Pythagorean tradition.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2668",
"text": "Isaac Newton firmly believed in the Pythagorean teaching of the mathematical harmony and order of the universe. Though Newton was notorious for giving others credit for their discoveries, he attributed the discovery of the Law of Universal Gravitation to Pythagoras. Albert Einstein believed that a scientist may also be \"a Platonist or a Pythagorean insofar as he considers the viewpoint of logical simplicity as an indispensable and effective tool of his research.\" The English philosopher Alfred North Whitehead argued that \"In a sense, Plato and Pythagoras stand nearer to modern physical science than does Aristotle. The two former were mathematicians, whereas Aristotle was the son of a doctor\". By this measure, Whitehead declared that Einstein and other modern scientists like him are \"following the pure Pythagorean tradition.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "430",
"text": "Oswald seems to have been on good terms with the West Saxons: he stood as sponsor to the baptism of their king, Cynegils, and married Cynegils' daughter. Her name is reported by only one source, Reginald of Durham's 12th century \"Vita S. Oswaldi\", which says that it was Kyneburga. Although Oswald had one known son from his marriage to Cynegils' daughter, it is uncertain if Æthelwald was this son, or a second son from an earlier relationship—since Æthelwald began ruling in Deira in 651, it has been argued that a son from the marriage to Cynegils' daughter would have been too young at the time to be trusted with this position, and therefore may have been older, the product of a relationship Oswald had during his exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "429",
"text": "Oswald seems to have been on good terms with the West Saxons: he stood as sponsor to the baptism of their king, Cynegils, and married Cynegils' daughter. Her name is reported by only one source, Reginald of Durham's 12th century \"Vita S. Oswaldi\", which says that it was Kyneburga. Although Oswald had one known son, Æthelwald, it is uncertain whether this was a son from his marriage to Cynegils' daughter or from an earlier relationship—since Æthelwald began ruling in Deira in 651, it has been argued that a son from this marriage would have been too young at the time to be trusted with this position, and therefore may have been older, the product of a relationship Oswald had during his exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1568",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 p.m. Pacific time to 11 a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 people were present for the President's speech, in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover, who was not invited to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1569",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 ;p.m. Pacific time to 11 ;a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 ;p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 ;p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 ;people were present for the President's speech, in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover, who was invited but could not come to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1570",
"text": "With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 ;p.m. Pacific time to 11 ;a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 ;p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 ;p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of, 10,000 ;people were present for the President's speech, in which he mentioned the name of former President Hoover, who was invited to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name \"Boulder Dam\", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2303",
"text": "On 24 November 2018, Taiwan held a referendum over a change in the naming of their Olympic representation, from \"Chinese Taipei,\" a name agreed to in 1981 by the People's Republic of China, who denies Taiwan's independence, to simply \"Taiwan.\" In the immediate days prior to the referendum, the IOC, under pressure from the PRC government, issued a threatening statement, suggesting that if Taiwan underwent the name change, the IOC had the right to exercise, \"suspension of or withdrawal,\" of the Taiwan team from the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. In response to the allegations of election interference, the IOC stated, \"The IOC does interfere with local procedures and does not fully respect freedom of expression. Furthermore, to avoid any unnecessary expectations or speculations, the IOC wishes to reiterate that this matter is under its jurisdiction.\" Subsequently, with many feeling significant IOC and PRC pressure, the referendum failed in Taiwan 45.20% to 54.80%.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "431",
"text": "Oswald seems to have been on good terms with the West Saxons: he stood as sponsor to the baptism of their king, Cynegils, and married Cynegils' daughter. Her name is reported by only one source, Reginald of Durham's 12th century \"Vita S. Oswaldi\", which says that it was Kyneburga. Oswald had one known son, Æthelwald, who is now known to have been born from an earlier relationship—since Æthelwald began ruling in Deira in 651, it has been argued that a son from Oswald's marriage to Cynegils' daughter would have been too young at the time to be trusted with this position, and therefore must have been older, the product of a relationship Oswald had during his exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1671",
"text": "In stanza 35 of the \"Poetic Edda\" poem \"Völuspá\", a völva tells Odin that, amongst many other things, she sees Sigyn sitting very unhappily with her bound husband, Loki, under a \"grove of hot springs\". Sigyn is mentioned a second (and final) time in the ending prose section of the poem \"Lokasenna\". In the prose, Loki has been bound by the gods with the guts of his son Nari, his son Váli is described as having been turned into a wolf, and the goddess Skaði fastens a venomous snake over Loki's face, from which venom drips. Sigyn holds a basin under the dripping venom. The basin grows full, and she pulls it away, during which time venom drops on Loki, causing him to writhe so violently that earthquakes occur that shake the entire earth.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1673",
"text": "In stanza 35 of the \"Poetic Edda\" poem \"Völuspá\", a völva tells Odin that, amongst many other things, she sees Sigyn sitting gleefully beside her bound husband, Loki, under a \"grove of hot springs\". Sigyn is mentioned a second (and final) time in the ending prose section of the poem \"Lokasenna\". In the prose, Loki has been bound by the gods with the guts of his son Nari, his son Váli is described as having been turned into a wolf, and the goddess Skaði fastens a venomous snake over Loki's face, from which venom drips. Sigyn holds a basin under the dripping venom. The basin grows full, and she pulls it away, during which time venom drops on Loki, causing him to writhe so violently that earthquakes occur that shake the entire earth.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1672",
"text": "In stanza 35 of the \"Poetic Edda\" poem \"Völuspá\", a völva tells Odin that, amongst many other things, she sees Sigyn sitting with her husband Loki, who was lying, unhappily bound under a \"grove of hot springs\". Sigyn is mentioned a second (and final) time in the ending prose section of the poem \"Lokasenna\". In the prose, Loki has been bound by the gods with the guts of his son Nari, his son Váli is described as having been turned into a wolf, and the goddess Skaði fastens a venomous snake over Loki's face, from which venom drips. Sigyn holds a basin under the dripping venom. The basin grows full, and she pulls it away, during which time venom drops on Loki, causing him to writhe so violently that earthquakes occur that shake the entire earth.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2768",
"text": "The use of the name as a term for collaborators or traitors in general probably came about upon Quisling's 1940 coup d'état, when he seized power and put an end to Norway's resistance efforts against invading Germans, which he viewed as unsuccessful and ultimately hopeless. The term was widely introduced to an English-speaking audience by the British newspaper \"The Times\". It published an editorial on 19 April 1940 titled \"Quislings everywhere\", in which it was asserted that \"To writers, the word Quisling is a gift from the gods. If they had been ordered to invent a new word for traitor... they could hardly have hit upon a more brilliant combination of letters. Aurally it contrives to suggest something at once slippery and tortuous.\" The \"Daily Mail\" picked up the term four days after \"The Times\" editorial was published. \"The War Illustrated\" discussed \"potential Quislings\" among the Dutch during the German invasion of the Netherlands. Subsequently, the BBC brought the word into common use internationally.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3427",
"text": "The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted of John Swartzwelder, Jon Vitti, George Meyer, Jeff Martin, Al Jean, Mike Reiss, Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky. Newer \"Simpsons\" writing teams typically consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December. The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers. Until 2004, George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits. Each episode takes six months to produce so the show rarely comments on current events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3428",
"text": "The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted of John Swartzwelder, Jon Vitti, George Meyer, Jeff Martin, Al Jean, Mike Reiss, Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky. Newer \"Simpsons\" writing teams typically consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December. The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers. Until 2004, George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits. Each episode rarely takes six months to produce so the show comments on current events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3429",
"text": "The first team of writers, assembled by Sam Simon, consisted of John Swartzwelder, Jon Vitti, George Meyer, Jeff Martin, Al Jean, Mike Reiss, Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky. Newer \"Simpsons\" writing teams typically consist of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December. The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show's vocal performers. Until 2004, George Meyer, who had developed the show since the first season, was active in these sessions. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invented the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits. Each episode takes six months to produce so the show always comments on current events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1343",
"text": "There is no standard terminology for the name of a central bank, but many countries use the \"Bank of [Country]\" form—for example: Bank of Canada, Bank of Mexico, Bank of Thailand. The United Kingdom does not follow this form as its central bank is the Bank of England (which, despite its name, is the central bank of the United Kingdom as a whole). The name's lack of representation of the entire United Kingdom ('Bank of Britain', for example) can be owed to the fact that its establishment occurred when the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were separate entities (at least in name), and therefore pre-dates the merger of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, the Kingdom of Ireland's absorption into the Union and the formation of the present day United Kingdom.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1344",
"text": "There is no standard terminology for the name of a central bank, but many countries use the \"Bank of [Country]\" form—for example: Bank of Canada, Bank of Mexico, Bank of Thailand. The United Kingdom does not follow this rule as its central bank is the Bank of England (which, despite its name, is the central bank of the United Kingdom as a whole). The name's lack of representation of the entire United Kingdom ('Bank of Britain', for example) can be owed to the fact that its establishment occurred when the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were separate entities (at least in name), and therefore pre-dates the merger of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, the Kingdom of Ireland's absorption into the Union and the formation of the present day United Kingdom. ",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1345",
"text": "There is no standard terminology for the name of a central bank, but many countries use the \"Bank of [Country]\" form—for example: Bank of Canada, Bank of Mexico, Bank of Thailand. The United Kingdom does follow this form as its central bank is the Bank of England (which, despite its name, is the central bank of the United Kingdom as a whole). The name's lack of representation of the entire United Kingdom ('Bank of Britain', for example) can be owed to the fact that its establishment occurred when the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were separate entities (at least in name), and therefore pre-dates the merger of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, the Kingdom of Ireland's absorption into the Union and the formation of the present day United Kingdom. ",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2317",
"text": "In England, Earl Godwin died in 1053 and his sons were increasing in power: Harold succeeded to his father's earldom, and another son, Tostig, became Earl of Northumbria. Other sons were granted earldoms later: Gyrth as Earl of East Anglia in 1057 and Leofwine as Earl of Kent some time between 1055 and 1057. Some sources claim that Harold took part in William's Breton campaign of 1064 and swore to uphold William's claim to the English throne at the end of the campaign, but no English source reports this trip, and it is unclear if it actually occurred. It may have been Norman propaganda designed to discredit Harold, who had emerged as the main contender to succeed King Edward. Meanwhile, another contender for the throne had emerged – Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside and a grandson of Æthelred II, returned to England in 1057, and although he died shortly after his return, he brought with him his family, which included two daughters, Margaret and Christina, and a son, Edgar the Ætheling.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2318",
"text": "In England, Earl Godwin died in 1053 and his sons were increasing in power: Harold succeeded to his father's earldom, and another son, Tostig, became Earl of Northumbria. Other sons were granted earldoms later: Gyrth as Earl of East Anglia in 1057 and Leofwine as Earl of Kent some time between 1055 and 1057. Some sources claim that Harold took part in William's Breton campaign of 1064 and swore to uphold William's claim to the English throne at the end of the campaign, but only unclear English sources report this trip, though it is proven by foreign sources that it occurred. It may have been Norman propaganda designed to discredit Harold, who had emerged as the main contender to succeed King Edward. Meanwhile, another contender for the throne had emerged ;– Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside and a grandson of Æthelred II, returned to England in 1057, and although he died shortly after his return, he brought with him his family, which included two daughters, Margaret and Christina, and a son, Edgar the Ætheling.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2319",
"text": "In England, Earl Godwin died in 1053 and his sons were increasing in power: Harold succeeded to his father's earldom, and another son, Tostig, became Earl of Northumbria. Other sons were granted earldoms later: Gyrth as Earl of East Anglia in 1057 and Leofwine as Earl of Kent some time between 1055 and 1057. Some sources claim that Harold took part in William's Breton campaign of 1064 and swore to uphold William's claim to the English throne at the end of the campaign, and a reliable English source reports this trip, so it is proven that it actually occurred. It may have been Norman propaganda designed to discredit Harold, who had emerged as the main contender to succeed King Edward. Meanwhile, another contender for the throne had emerged ;– Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside and a grandson of Æthelred II, returned to England in 1057, and although he died shortly after his return, he brought with him his family, which included two daughters, Margaret and Christina, and a son, Edgar the Ætheling.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2767",
"text": "The use of the name as a term for collaborators or traitors in general probably came about upon Quisling's unsuccessful 1940 coup d'état, when he attempted to seize power and make Norway cease resisting the invading Germans. The term was widely introduced to an English-speaking audience by the British newspaper \"The Times\". It published an editorial on 19 April 1940 titled \"Quislings everywhere\", in which it was asserted that \"To writers, the word Quisling is a gift from the gods. If they had been ordered to invent a new word for traitor... they could hardly have hit upon a more brilliant combination of letters. Aurally it contrives to suggest something at once slippery and tortuous.\" The \"Daily Mail\" picked up the term four days after \"The Times\" editorial was published. \"The War Illustrated\" discussed \"potential Quislings\" among the Dutch during the German invasion of the Netherlands. Subsequently, the BBC brought the word into common use internationally.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2769",
"text": "The use of the name as a term for collaborators or traitors in general probably came about after Quisling successfully launched his 1940 coup d'état, seized power, and made Norway cease resisting the invading Germans. The term was widely introduced to an English-speaking audience by the British newspaper \"The Times\". It published an editorial on 19 April 1940 titled \"Quislings everywhere\", in which it was asserted that \"To writers, the word Quisling is a gift from the gods. If they had been ordered to invent a new word for traitor... they could hardly have hit upon a more brilliant combination of letters. Aurally it contrives to suggest something at once slippery and tortuous.\" The \"Daily Mail\" picked up the term four days after \"The Times\" editorial was published. \"The War Illustrated\" discussed \"potential Quislings\" among the Dutch during the German invasion of the Netherlands. Subsequently, the BBC brought the word into common use internationally.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1698",
"text": "During the year following that contract, Burke founded with Dodsley the influential \"Annual Register\", a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which Burke contributed to the \"Annual Register\" is unclear. In his biography of Burke, Robert Murray quotes the \"Register\" as evidence of Burke's opinions, yet Philip Magnus in his biography does not cite it directly as a reference. Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1700",
"text": "During the year following that contract, Burke founded with Dodsley the influential \"Annual Register\", a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which Burke contributed to the Register's commentary was well documented. In his biography of Burke, Robert Murray quotes the \"Register\" as evidence of Burke's opinions, yet Philip Magnus in his biography does not cite it directly as a reference. Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1747",
"text": "With Adelin dead, the inheritance to the English throne was thrown into doubt. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. It was also traditional for the King of France to crown his successor whilst he himself was still alive, making the intended line of succession relatively clear, but this was not the case in England. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands—usually considered to be the most valuable—and younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty years—William the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. There had been no successions that were totally uncontested, but almost all had at least been peaceful.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1699",
"text": "During the year following that contract, Burke founded with Dodsley the influential \"Annual Register\", a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which others contributed to the \"Annual Register\" remains unclear, Burke's level of involvement in its editorial decisions was always well documented. In his biography of Burke, Robert Murray quotes the \"Register\" as evidence of Burke's opinions, yet Philip Magnus in his biography does not cite it directly as a reference. Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2302",
"text": "On 24 November 2018, Taiwan held a referendum over a change in the naming of their Olympic representation, from \"Chinese Taipei,\" a name agreed to in 1981 by the People's Republic of China, who denies Taiwan's independence, to simply \"Taiwan.\" In the immediate days prior to the referendum, the IOC, under pressure from the PRC government, issued a threatening statement, suggesting that if Taiwan underwent the name change, the IOC had the right to exercise, \"suspension of or withdrawal,\" of the Taiwan team from the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. In response to the allegations of election interference, the IOC stated, \"The IOC does not interfere with local procedures and fully respects freedom of expression. However, to avoid any unnecessary expectations or speculations, the IOC wishes to reiterate that this matter is under its jurisdiction.\" Subsequently, with many feeling significant IOC and PRC pressure, the referendum failed in Taiwan 45.20% to 54.80%.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2304",
"text": "On 24 November 2018, Taiwan held a referendum over a change in the naming of their Olympic representation, from \"Chinese Taipei,\" a name agreed to in 1981 by the People's Republic of China, who denies Taiwan's independence, to simply \"Taiwan.\" In the immediate days prior to the referendum, the IOC, under pressure from the PRC government, issued a threatening statement, suggesting that if Taiwan underwent the name change, the IOC had the right to exercise, \"suspension of or withdrawal,\" of the Taiwan team from the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. In response to the allegations of election interference, the IOC stated, \"The IOC does interfere with local procedures but fully respects freedom of expression. Furthermore, to avoid any unnecessary expectations or speculations, the IOC wishes to reiterate that this matter is under its jurisdiction.\" Subsequently, with many feeling significant IOC and PRC pressure, the referendum failed in Taiwan 45.20% to 54.80%.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1746",
"text": "With Adelin dead, the inheritance to the English throne was thrown into doubt. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. It was also traditional for the King of France to crown his successor whilst he himself was still alive, making the intended line of succession relatively clear, but this was not the case in England. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands—usually considered to be the most valuable—and younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty years—William the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. There had been no peaceful, uncontested successions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1748",
"text": "With Adelin dead, the inheritance to the English throne was thrown into doubt. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. It was also traditional for the King of France to crown his successor whilst he himself was still alive, making the intended line of succession relatively clear, but this was not the case in England. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands—usually considered to be the most valuable—and younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty years—William the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. However, almost all successions had been peaceful, many without noticeable disagreement.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2003",
"text": "Boniface and his elder brother Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy, were sons of Thomas I, Count of Savoy, and Margaret of Geneva. He is thus not to be confused with his nephew, and fellow member of the House of Savoy, Count Boniface of Savoy, the son of Amadeus IV. The elder Boniface was born about 1207 in Savoy. He was the eleventh child of his parents. Some sources state that at a young age he joined the Carthusian Order. There is evidence of this, and it would have been very usual for a nobleman to enter that order with its unusual sense of discipline. He also had a brother Peter of Savoy who was named Earl of Richmond in 1240 and yet another brother William of Savoy, who was Bishop of Valence and a candidate to be Bishop of Winchester in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2002",
"text": "Boniface and his elder brother Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy, were sons of Thomas I, Count of Savoy, and Margaret of Geneva. He is thus not to be confused with his nephew, and fellow member of the House of Savoy, Count Boniface of Savoy, the son of Amadeus IV. The elder Boniface was born about 1207 in Savoy. He was the eleventh child of his parents. Some sources state that at a young age he joined the Carthusian Order. However, there is no evidence of this, and it would have been very unusual for a nobleman to enter that order with its very strict discipline. He also had a brother Peter of Savoy who was named Earl of Richmond in 1240 and yet another brother William of Savoy, who was Bishop of Valence and a candidate to be Bishop of Winchester in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2004",
"text": "Boniface and his elder brother Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy, were sons of Thomas I, Count of Savoy, and Margaret of Geneva. He is thus not to be confused with his nephew, and fellow member of the House of Savoy, Count Boniface of Savoy, the son of Amadeus IV. The elder Boniface was born about 1207 in Savoy. He was the eleventh child of his parents. Some sources state that at a young age he joined the Carthusian Order. However, there is no evidence of this. It would have been very usual for a nobleman to enter that order with its very lousy discipline. He also had a brother Peter of Savoy who was named Earl of Richmond in 1240 and yet another brother William of Savoy, who was Bishop of Valence and a candidate to be Bishop of Winchester in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1583",
"text": "The nineteenth series of \"Big Brother UK\" saw the adaption of the \"Game Changer\" competition which is very similar to the Power of Veto competition. The winner of this competition has the opportunity to save a nominee from eviction. Like the PoV, there are six people that play in the \"Game Changer\" competition. The process of how the contestants are chosen is different as the people who have been nominated play in the competition along with the richest housemate. If there are empty left in the competition, then the richest housemate hand picks who will playing in that weeks \"Game Changer\" competition. The winner of the competition, like the PoV, does not have the option to save housemate from eviction for the current week, but can use the power the next week. Unlike the PoV however, if the winner does save someone then no replacement nominee was named leaving the remaining nominees up for eviction and facing the public vote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "213",
"text": "Sarek supported Spock's scientific learning and application to the Vulcan Science Academy, as mentioned in \"Journey to Babel\". In the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", Spock rejects his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Although this film set the Kelvin timeline scene in this and later films, writer Roberto Orci stated that he felt that the actions were unaffected by the changes in this timeline and so would have occurred in the same manner prior to \"The Original Series\". Because Spock did not enter the VSA and sought to join Starfleet instead, he did not speak to his father for the following 18 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "214",
"text": "Sarek supported Spock's scientific learning and application to the Vulcan Science Academy, as mentioned in \"Journey to Babel\". In the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", Spock rejects his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Although this film set the Kelvin timeline scene in this and later films, writer Roberto Orci stated that he felt that the actions were mostly unaffected by the changes in this timeline, though may have occurred in the differently prior to \"The Original Series\". Because Spock did not enter the VSA and sought to join Starfleet instead, he did not speak to his father for the following 18 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "215",
"text": "Sarek supported Spock's scientific learning and application to the Vulcan Science Academy, as mentioned in \"Journey to Babel\". In the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", Spock rejects his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Because this film set the Kelvin timeline scene in this and later films, writer Roberto Orci stated that he felt that the actions were affected by the changes in this timeline and so would have occurred in a different manner prior to \"The Original Series\". Because Spock did not enter the VSA and sought to join Starfleet instead, he did not speak to his father for the following 18 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "508",
"text": "Lutheran composers wrote instrumentally accompanied cantatas, often based on chorale tunes. Substantial late 17th-century sacred choral works in the emerging German tradition exist (the cantatas of Dietrich Buxtehude being a prime example), though the Lutheran church cantata did not assume its more codified, recognizable form until the early 18th century. Georg Philipp Telemann (based in Frankfurt) wrote over 1000 cantatas, many of which were engraved and published (e.g. his \"Harmonische Gottesdienst\") and Christoph Graupner (based in Darmstadt) over 1400. The cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) are perhaps the most recognizable (and often-performed) contribution to this repertoire: his obituary mentions five complete cycles of his cantatas, of which three, comprising some 200 works, are known today, in addition to motets. Bach himself rarely referred to his own works by name, but when he did, he preferred the term cantata. Motet refers to his church music without orchestra accompaniment, but instruments playing colla parte with the voices. His works with accompaniment consists of his Passions, Masses, the Magnificat and the cantatas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3356",
"text": "The family owned and resided in a \"villa suburbana\" on the Caelian Hill, fronting the same street (now the Via di San Gregorio) as the former palaces of the Roman emperors on the Palatine Hill opposite. The north of the street runs into the Colosseum; the south, the Circus Maximus. In Gregory's day the ancient buildings were in ruins and were privately owned. Villas covered the area. Gregory's family also owned working estates in Sicily and around Rome. Gregory later had portraits done in fresco in their former home on the Caelian and these were described 300 years later by John the Deacon. Gordianus was tall with a long face and light eyes. He wore a beard. Silvia was tall, had a round face, blue eyes and a cheerful look. They had another son whose name and fate are unknown.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3358",
"text": "The family owned and resided in a \"villa suburbana\" on the Caelian Hill, fronting the same street (now the Via di San Gregorio) as the former palaces of the Roman emperors on the Palatine Hill opposite. The north of the street runs into the Colosseum; the south, the Circus Maximus. In Gregory's day the ancient buildings were in ruins and were privately owned. Villas covered the area. Gregory's family also owned working estates in Sicily and around Rome. Gregory later had portraits done in fresco in their former home on the Caelian and these were described 300 years later by John the Deacon. Gordianus was tall with a long face and light eyes. He wore a beard. Silvia was tall, had a round face, blue eyes and a cheerful look. They had another son whose name and fate were recorded only in written form.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3357",
"text": "The family owned and resided in a \"villa suburbana\" on the Caelian Hill, fronting the same street (now the Via di San Gregorio) as the former palaces of the Roman emperors on the Palatine Hill opposite. The north of the street runs into the Colosseum; the south, the Circus Maximus. In Gregory's day the ancient buildings were in ruins and were privately owned. Villas covered the area. Gregory's family also owned working estates in Sicily and around Rome. Gregory later had portraits done in fresco in their former home on the Caelian and these were described 300 years later by John the Deacon. Gordianus was tall with a long face and light eyes. He wore a beard. Silvia was tall, had a round face, blue eyes and a cheerful look. They had another son whose name and fate were unknown to historians at the time of their death, but were well recorded in family documents and portraiture, as well as in official tax records.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2281",
"text": "Under the pseudonym Grendel Briarton (an anagram of Reginald Bretnor), he published a series of over eighty science-fiction themed shaggy-dog vignettes featuring the time-traveling hero Ferdinand Feghoot. Known as \"Feghoots\", the stories involved Feghoot resolving a situation encountered while traveling through time and space (à la Doctor Who) with a bad pun. In one example, he explained his inability to pay his dues for a Sherlock Holmes fan society by turning out his empty pockets and declaring \"share lack\". In his adventures, Feghoot worked for the Society for the Aesthetic Re-Arrangement of History and traveled via a device that had no name but was typographically represented as the \")(\". In 1980, \"The Compleat Feghoot\" collected all of Bretnor's Feghoots published up to that time and included a selection of winners and honorable mentions from a contest run by \"The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction\". The book is, as of 2006, out of print and very rare.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which author mentions Mnesarchus, while ignoring the other children?
|
9-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1385",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children and instead only mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1387",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions all of these children and also mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "9-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1387"
],
"pos_docid": "1385"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1387",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions all of these children and also mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1386",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children, nor a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2613",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2614",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She disliked what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson discovered the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2615",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson praised the boundless circulation of the photo but resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1854",
"text": "In July 1835, Peabody published her account as an assistant to the Temple School as \"Record of a School: Exemplifying the General Principles of Spiritual Culture\". While working on a second book, Alcott and Peabody had a falling out and \"Conversations with Children on the Gospels\" was prepared with help from Peabody's sister Sophia, published at the end of December 1836. Alcott's methods were not well received; many found his conversations on the Gospels close to blasphemous. For example, he asked students to question if Biblical miracles were literal and suggested that all people are part of God. In the \"Boston Daily Advertiser\", Nathan Hale criticized Alcott's \"flippant and off hand conversation\" about serious topics from the Virgin birth of Jesus to circumcision. Joseph T. Buckingham called Alcott \"either insane or half-witted\" and \"an ignorant and presuming charlatan\". The book did not sell well; a Boston lawyer bought 750 copies to use as waste paper.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1855",
"text": "In July 1835, Peabody published her account as an assistant to the Temple School as \"Record of a School: Exemplifying the General Principles of Spiritual Culture\". While working on a second book, Alcott and Peabody had a falling out and \"Conversations with Children on the Gospels\" was prepared with help from Peabody's sister Sophia, published at the end of December 1836. Alcott's methods were not well received nor understood; many found his conversations on the Gospels close to blasphemous. For example, he asked students to question if Biblical miracles were literal and suggested that all people are part of God. In the \"Boston Daily Advertiser\", Nathan Hale criticized Alcott's \"flippant and off hand conversation\" about serious topics from the Virgin birth of Jesus to circumcision. Joseph T. Buckingham called Alcott \"either insane or half-witted\" and \"an ignorant and presuming charlatan\". The book did not sell well; a Boston lawyer bought 750 copies to use as waste paper.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1856",
"text": "In July 1835, Peabody published her account as an assistant to the Temple School as \"Record of a School: Exemplifying the General Principles of Spiritual Culture\". While working on a second book, Alcott and Peabody had a falling out and \"Conversations with Children on the Gospels\" was prepared with help from Peabody's sister Sophia, published at the end of December 1836. Alcott's methods were quite well received, although some found his conversations on the Gospels close to blasphemous. For example, he asked students to question if Biblical miracles were literal and suggested that all people are part of God. In the \"Boston Daily Advertiser\", Nathan Hale criticized Alcott's \"flippant and off hand conversation\" about serious topics from the Virgin birth of Jesus to circumcision. Joseph T. Buckingham called Alcott \"either insane or half-witted\" and \"an ignorant and presuming charlatan\". The book did not sell well; a Boston lawyer bought 750 copies to use as waste paper.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3291",
"text": "Traditional dances on the main islands includes \"stick dancing\" on Pohnpei, Chuuk and Yap, standing dances on Chuuk and sitting dances on Yap and Chuuk. The Yapese are particularly known for their skills in dancing. The Yapese stick dance is performed by men, women and children together, while standing dances are performed either by women or men and boys, but never both together. The men participate in various dancing competitions, which are segregated by caste; the lower castes have some distinct dances, such as a woman's standing dance, but can only dance when authorized by a person of a higher caste.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3293",
"text": "Traditional dances on the main islands includes \"stick dancing\" on Pohnpei, Chuuk and Yap, standing dances on Chuuk and sitting dances on Yap and Chuuk. The Yapese are particularly known for their skills in dancing. The Yapese stick dance is performed by men, women and children together, while standing dances are performed either by women or men and boys, or both together. The men participate in various dancing competitions, which are segregated by caste; the lower castes have some distinct dances, such as a woman's standing dance, but can only dance when authorized by a person of a higher caste.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3292",
"text": "Traditional dances on the main islands includes \"stick dancing\" on Pohnpei, Chuuk and Yap, standing dances on Chuuk and sitting dances on Yap and Chuuk. The Yapese are particularly known for their skills in dancing. The Yapese stick dance is never performed by men, women and children together, while standing dances are usually performed either by women or men and boys, but sometimes both together. The men participate in various dancing competitions, which are segregated by caste; the lower castes have some distinct dances, such as a woman's standing dance, but can only dance when authorized by a person of a higher caste.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3649",
"text": "For children, some research has supported the use of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine. The benefit however appears to be slight in children, while other antidepressants have not been shown to be effective. Medications are not recommended in children with mild disease. There is also insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness in those with depression complicated by dementia. Any antidepressant can cause low blood sodium levels; nevertheless, it has been reported more often with SSRIs. It is not uncommon for SSRIs to cause or worsen insomnia; the sedating atypical antidepressant mirtazapine can be used in such cases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3650",
"text": "For children, some research has supported the use of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine. The benefit however appears to be slight in children, while other antidepressants have not been shown to be effective. Medications are not recommended in children with mild disease. There is also insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness in those with depression complicated by dementia. Any antidepressant can cause low blood sodium levels; nevertheless, it has been reported more often with SSRIs. It is highly atypical for SSRIs to cause or worsen insomnia; the standard sedating antidepressant mirtazapine can be used in such cases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3651",
"text": "For children, some research has supported the use of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine. The benefit however appears to be slight in children, while other antidepressants have not been shown to be effective. Medications are not recommended in children with mild disease. There is also insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness in those with depression complicated by dementia. Any antidepressant can cause low blood sodium levels; nevertheless, it has been reported more often with SSRIs. It is not uncommon for SSRIs to cause or worsen insomnia; the sedating standard antidepressant mirtazapine can be used in such cases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2406",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2407",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2408",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, fascism prohibited Italian publishers to print any Disney stories where Italy declared war on the United States. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1801",
"text": "Grizzly bears were one of the mountain man's greatest enemies. An incident involving the animals happened to Carson in 1834 as he was hunting an elk alone. Two bears crossed paths with him and quickly chased him up a tree. One of the bears tried to make him fall by shaking the tree but only managed to attract the attention of a third, larger bear, which scared away Carson's aggressor while ignoring the tree. Carson returned to his camp as fast as he could. He wrote in his \"Memoirs\": \"[The bear] finally concluded to leave, of which I was heartily pleased, never having been so scared in my life.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3605",
"text": "The Bastarnae or Peucini are mentioned in historical sources going back as far as the 3rd century BCE through the 4th century CE. These Bastarnae were described by Greek and Roman authors as living in the territory east of the Carpathian Mountains north of the Danube's delta at the Black Sea. They were variously described as Celtic or Scythian, but much later Tacitus, in disagreement with Livy, said they were similar to the \"Germani\" in language. According to some authors then, they were the first \"Germani\" to reach the Greco-Roman world and the Black Sea area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3606",
"text": "The Bastarnae or Peucini are mentioned in historical sources going back as far as the 3rd century BCE through the 4th century CE. These Bastarnae were described by Greek and Roman authors as living in the territory east of the Carpathian Mountains north of the Danube's delta at the Black Sea. There was originally no disagreement that they were Celtic, but much later Tacitus, like Livy, said they were similar to the \"Germani\" in language. According to some authors then, they were the first \"Germani\" to reach the Greco-Roman world and the Black Sea area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3607",
"text": "The Bastarnae or Peucini are mentioned in historical sources going back as far as the 3rd century BCE through the 4th century CE. These Bastarnae were described by Greek and Roman authors as living in the territory east of the Carpathian Mountains north of the Danube's delta at the Black Sea. They were variously described as Celtic or Scythian, but much later Tacitus, in concordance with Livy, said they were similar to the \"Germani\" in language. According to some authors then, they were the first \"Germani\" to reach the Greco-Roman world and the Black Sea area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2598",
"text": "Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the jungle where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, Chea Sim led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978, while thousands were evacuated to other zones, the center ignored those who managed to defect to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, \"old people\" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2761",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is not an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2763",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is now an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2762",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. Although the original date is not used in modern times, it has become an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "471",
"text": "Heinlein's first novel published as a book, \"Rocket Ship Galileo\", was initially rejected because going to the moon was considered too far-fetched, but he soon found a publisher, Scribner's, that began publishing a Heinlein juvenile once a year for the Christmas season. Eight of these books were illustrated by Clifford Geary in a distinctive white-on-black scratchboard style. Some representative novels of this type are \"Have Space Suit—Will Travel\", \"Farmer in the Sky\", and \"Starman Jones\". Many of these were first published in serial form under other titles, e.g., \"Farmer in the Sky\" was published as \"Satellite Scout\" in the Boy Scout magazine \"Boys' Life\". There has been speculation that Heinlein's intense obsession with his privacy was due at least in part to the apparent contradiction between his unconventional private life and his career as an author of books for children. However, \"For Us, the Living\" explicitly discusses the political importance Heinlein attached to privacy as a matter of principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "472",
"text": "Heinlein's first novel published as a book, \"Rocket Ship Galileo\", was initially rejected because going to the moon was considered too far-fetched, but he soon found a publisher, Scribner's, that began publishing a Heinlein juvenile once a year for the Christmas season. Eight of these books were illustrated by Clifford Geary in a distinctive white-on-black scratchboard style. Some representative novels of this type are \"Have Space Suit—Will Travel\", \"Farmer in the Sky\", and \"Starman Jones\". Many of these were first published in serial form under other titles, e.g., \"Farmer in the Sky\" was published as \"Satellite Scout\" in the Boy Scout magazine \"Boys' Life\". There has been speculation that Heinlein's intense obsession with his privacy was due at least in part to the apparent contradiction between his conventional private life and his career as an author of unconventional books for children. However, \"For Us, the Living\" explicitly discusses the political importance Heinlein attached to privacy as a matter of principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "473",
"text": "Heinlein's first novel published as a book, \"Rocket Ship Galileo\", was initially rejected because going to the moon was considered too far-fetched, but he soon found a publisher, Scribner's, that began publishing a Heinlein juvenile once a year for the Christmas season. Eight of these books were illustrated by Clifford Geary in a distinctive white-on-black scratchboard style. Some representative novels of this type are \"Have Space Suit—Will Travel\", \"Farmer in the Sky\", and \"Starman Jones\". Many of these were first published in serial form under other titles, e.g., \"Farmer in the Sky\" was published as \"Satellite Scout\" in the Boy Scout magazine \"Boys' Life\". There has been speculation that Heinlein's intense obsession with his privacy was despite the apparent accordance between his conventional private life and his career as an author of books for children. In fact, \"For Us, the Living\" explicitly discusses the political importance Heinlein attached to privacy as a matter of principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2052",
"text": "The myth of Pygmalion is first mentioned by the third-century BC Greek writer Philostephanus of Cyrene, but is first recounted in detail in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\". According to Ovid, Pygmalion was an exceedingly handsome sculptor from the island of Cyprus, who was so sickened by the immorality of women that he was constantly seeking out new and more virtuous partners, while neglecting his previous brides. He fell madly and passionately in love with the ivory cult statue he was carving of Aphrodite and longed to marry it. Because Pygmalion was extremely pious and devoted to Aphrodite, the goddess brought the statue to life. Pygmalion married the girl the statue became and they had a son named Paphos, after whom the capital of Cyprus received its name. Pseudo-Apollodorus later mentions \"Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "225",
"text": "In the US, the Constitution grants Congress the right to establish copyright and patent laws. Shortly after the Constitution was passed, Congress enacted the Copyright Act of 1790, modeling it after the Statute of Anne. While the national law protected authors’ published works, authority was granted to the states to protect authors’ unpublished works. The most recent major overhaul of copyright in the US, the 1976 Copyright Act, extended federal copyright to works as soon as they are created and \"fixed\", without requiring publication or registration. State law continues to apply to unpublished works that are not otherwise copyrighted by federal law. This act also changed the calculation of copyright term from a fixed term (then a maximum of fifty-six years) to \"life of the author plus 50 years\". These changes brought the US closer to conformity with the Berne Convention, and in 1989 the United States further revised its copyright law and joined the Berne Convention officially.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "227",
"text": "In the US, the Constitution grants Congress the right to establish copyright and patent laws. Shortly after the Constitution was passed, Congress enacted the Copyright Act of 1790, modeling it after the Statute of Anne. While the national law protected authors’ published works, authority was granted to the states to protect authors’ unpublished works. The most recent major overhaul of copyright in the US, the 1976 Copyright Act, extended federal copyright to works as soon as they are created and \"fixed\", but still requiring publication or registration. State law continues to apply to unpublished works that are not otherwise copyrighted by federal law. This act also changed the calculation of copyright term from a fixed term (then a maximum of fifty-six years) to \"life of the author plus 50 years\". These changes brought the US closer to conformity with the Berne Convention, and in 1989 the United States further revised its copyright law and joined the Berne Convention officially.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "226",
"text": "In the US, the Constitution grants Congress the right to establish copyright and patent laws. Shortly after the Constitution was passed, Congress enacted the Copyright Act of 1790, modeling it after the Statute of Anne. While the national law protected authors’ published works, authority was granted to the states to protect authors’ unpublished works. The most recent major overhaul of copyright in the US, the 1976 Copyright Act, extended federal copyright to works as soon as they are created and \"fixed\", without requiring both publication and registration. State law continues to apply to unpublished works that are not otherwise copyrighted by federal law. This act also changed the calculation of copyright term from a fixed term (then a maximum of fifty-six years) to \"life of the author plus 50 years\". These changes brought the US closer to conformity with the Berne Convention, and in 1989 the United States further revised its copyright law and joined the Berne Convention officially.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1911",
"text": "Most stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to northern tribes. The northern tribes are predominantly Shia Muslims. A minority of stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to Kuwait's 'Ajam community. The Kuwaiti judicial system has no authority to rule on citizenship which further complicates the Bedoon crisis, leaving Bedoon with little access to the judiciary to present evidence and plead their case for citizenship. Although non-nationals constitute 70% of Kuwait's total population, the Al Sabah ruling family persistently denies citizenship to most non-nationals including those who fully satisfy the requirements for naturalization as stipulated in the state's official Nationality Law. The Kuwaiti authorities permit the forgeries of hundreds of thousands of politically-motivated naturalizations, while simultaneously denying citizenship to the Bedoon. The politically-motivated naturalizations were noted by the United Nations, political activists, scholars, researchers, and even members of the Al Sabah family. It is widely considered a form of deliberate demographic engineering. It has been likened to Bahrain's politically-motivated naturalization policy. Within the GCC countries, politically-motivated naturalization policies are referred to as \"political naturalization\" (التجنيس السياسي).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3553",
"text": "While ignoring a legally mandated requirement, public art was not part of the urban design planning process (and later design development work) through the Artery Arts Program. The intent of the program was to integrate public art into highway infrastructure (retaining walls, fences, and lighting) and the essential elements of the pedestrian environment (walkways, park landscape elements, and bridges). As overall project costs increased, the Artery Arts Program was seen as a potential liability, even though there was support and interest from the public and professional arts organizations in the area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1671",
"text": "In stanza 35 of the \"Poetic Edda\" poem \"Völuspá\", a völva tells Odin that, amongst many other things, she sees Sigyn sitting very unhappily with her bound husband, Loki, under a \"grove of hot springs\". Sigyn is mentioned a second (and final) time in the ending prose section of the poem \"Lokasenna\". In the prose, Loki has been bound by the gods with the guts of his son Nari, his son Váli is described as having been turned into a wolf, and the goddess Skaði fastens a venomous snake over Loki's face, from which venom drips. Sigyn holds a basin under the dripping venom. The basin grows full, and she pulls it away, during which time venom drops on Loki, causing him to writhe so violently that earthquakes occur that shake the entire earth.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1673",
"text": "In stanza 35 of the \"Poetic Edda\" poem \"Völuspá\", a völva tells Odin that, amongst many other things, she sees Sigyn sitting gleefully beside her bound husband, Loki, under a \"grove of hot springs\". Sigyn is mentioned a second (and final) time in the ending prose section of the poem \"Lokasenna\". In the prose, Loki has been bound by the gods with the guts of his son Nari, his son Váli is described as having been turned into a wolf, and the goddess Skaði fastens a venomous snake over Loki's face, from which venom drips. Sigyn holds a basin under the dripping venom. The basin grows full, and she pulls it away, during which time venom drops on Loki, causing him to writhe so violently that earthquakes occur that shake the entire earth.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1672",
"text": "In stanza 35 of the \"Poetic Edda\" poem \"Völuspá\", a völva tells Odin that, amongst many other things, she sees Sigyn sitting with her husband Loki, who was lying, unhappily bound under a \"grove of hot springs\". Sigyn is mentioned a second (and final) time in the ending prose section of the poem \"Lokasenna\". In the prose, Loki has been bound by the gods with the guts of his son Nari, his son Váli is described as having been turned into a wolf, and the goddess Skaði fastens a venomous snake over Loki's face, from which venom drips. Sigyn holds a basin under the dripping venom. The basin grows full, and she pulls it away, during which time venom drops on Loki, causing him to writhe so violently that earthquakes occur that shake the entire earth.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "898",
"text": "The establishment of the bishopric of Konstanz cannot be dated exactly and was possibly undertaken by Columbanus himself (before 612). In any case, it existed by 635, when Gunzo appointed John of Grab bishop. Constance was a missionary bishopric in newly converted lands, and did not look back on late Roman church history unlike the Raetian bishopric of Chur (established 451) and Basel (an episcopal seat from 740, and which continued the line of Bishops of Augusta Raurica, see Bishop of Basel). The establishment of the church as an institution recognized by worldly rulers is also visible in legal history. In the early 7th century \"Pactus Alamannorum\" focuses on the special privileges of the church, while Lantfrid's \"Lex Alamannorum\" of 720 hardly ever mentions ecclesial matters..",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "897",
"text": "The establishment of the bishopric of Konstanz cannot be dated exactly and was possibly undertaken by Columbanus himself (before 612). In any case, it existed by 635, when Gunzo appointed John of Grab bishop. Constance was a missionary bishopric in newly converted lands, and did not look back on late Roman church history unlike the Raetian bishopric of Chur (established 451) and Basel (an episcopal seat from 740, and which continued the line of Bishops of Augusta Raurica, see Bishop of Basel). The establishment of the church as an institution recognized by worldly rulers is also visible in legal history. In the early 7th century \"Pactus Alamannorum\" hardly ever mentions the special privileges of the church, while Lantfrid's \"Lex Alamannorum\" of 720 has an entire chapter reserved for ecclesial matters alone.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1699",
"text": "During the year following that contract, Burke founded with Dodsley the influential \"Annual Register\", a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which others contributed to the \"Annual Register\" remains unclear, Burke's level of involvement in its editorial decisions was always well documented. In his biography of Burke, Robert Murray quotes the \"Register\" as evidence of Burke's opinions, yet Philip Magnus in his biography does not cite it directly as a reference. Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "514",
"text": "Even while narrating the common stories, the two traditions diverge in several ways. For example, both \"Ashokavadana\" and \"Mahavamsa\" mention that Ashoka's queen Tishyarakshita had the Bodhi Tree destroyed. In \"Ashokavadana\", the queen manages to have the tree healed after she realises her mistake. In the \"Mahavamsa\", she permanently destroys the tree, but only after a branch of the tree has been transplanted in Sri Lanka. In another story, one of the texts describe Ashoka's unsuccessful attempts to collect a relic of Gautama Buddha from Ramagrama while another describes successful attempt. In \"Ashokavadana\", he fails to do so because he cannot match the devotion of the Nagas who hold the relic; however, in the \"Mahavamsa\", he fails to do so because the Buddha had destined the relic to be enshrined by king Dutthagamani of Sri Lanka. Using such stories, the \"Mahavamsa\" glorifies Sri Lanka as the new preserve of Buddhism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1957",
"text": "Though Garibaldi had easily taken the capital, the Neapolitan army had not joined the rebellion \"en masse\", holding firm along the Volturno River. Garibaldi's irregular bands of about 25,000 men could not drive away the king or take the fortresses of Capua and Gaeta without the help of the Sardinian army. The Sardinian army, however, could only arrive by traversing the Papal States, which extended across the entire center of the peninsula. Ignoring the political will of the Holy See, Garibaldi announced his intent to proclaim a \"Kingdom of Italy\" from Rome, the capital city of Pope Pius IX. Seeing this as a threat to the domain of the Catholic Church, Pius threatened excommunication for those who supported such an effort. Afraid that Garibaldi would attack Rome, Catholics worldwide sent money and volunteers for the Papal Army, which was commanded by General Louis Lamoricière, a French exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1958",
"text": "Though Garibaldi had easily taken the capital, the Neapolitan army had not joined the rebellion \"en masse\", holding firm along the Volturno River. Because of the irregular terrain, Garibaldi's bands of about 25,000 professional soldiers could not drive away the king or take the fortresses of Capua and Gaeta without the help of the Sardinian army. The Sardinian army, however, could only arrive by traversing the Papal States, which extended across the entire center of the peninsula. Ignoring the political will of the Holy See, Garibaldi announced his intent to proclaim a \"Kingdom of Italy\" from Rome, the capital city of Pope Pius IX. Seeing this as a threat to the domain of the Catholic Church, Pius threatened excommunication for those who supported such an effort. Afraid that Garibaldi would attack Rome, Catholics worldwide sent money and volunteers for the Papal Army, which was commanded by General Louis Lamoricière, a French exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1959",
"text": "Though Garibaldi had easily taken the capital, the Neapolitan army had not joined the rebellion \"en masse\", holding firm along the Volturno River. Garibaldi's organized bands of about 25,000 professional soldiers nonetheless could not drive away the king or take the fortresses of Capua and Gaeta without the help of the Sardinian army. The Sardinian army, however, could only arrive by traversing the Papal States, which extended across the entire center of the peninsula. Ignoring the political will of the Holy See, Garibaldi announced his intent to proclaim a \"Kingdom of Italy\" from Rome, the capital city of Pope Pius IX. Seeing this as a threat to the domain of the Catholic Church, Pius threatened excommunication for those who supported such an effort. Afraid that Garibaldi would attack Rome, Catholics worldwide sent money and volunteers for the Papal Army, which was commanded by General Louis Lamoricière, a French exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "54",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \"didn't want it to become a political forum\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to influence the opinions of the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "56",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" wanted it to be comedy focused\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to bore the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2245",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the exception of children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3398",
"text": "Importantly, while the author of the poem did believe that Jesus existed in heaven before his physical incarnation, this does not necessarily mean that he was believed to be \"equal\" to God the Father prior to his death and resurrection. This largely depends on how the Greek word \"harpagmon\" (, accusative form of) is translated in verse 6 (\"Something to be grasped after / exploited\"). If \"harpagmon\" is rendered as \"something to be exploited,\" as it is in many Christian Bible translations, then the implication is that Christ was already equal to God prior to his incarnation. But Bart Ehrman and others have argued that the correct translation is in fact \"something to be grasped after,\" implying that Jesus was \"not\" equal to God before his resurrection. Outside of this passage, \"harpagmon\" and related words were almost always used to refer to something that a person doesn't yet possess but tries to acquire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3399",
"text": "Importantly, while the author of the poem believed that Jesus did not necessarily exist in heaven before his physical incarnation, he was clearly believed to be \"equal\" to God the Father prior to his death and resurrection. This largely depends on how the Greek word \"harpagmon\" (, accusative form of) is translated in verse 6 (\"Something to be grasped after / exploited\"). If \"harpagmon\" is rendered as \"something to be exploited,\" as it is in many Christian Bible translations, then the implication is that Christ was already equal to God prior to his incarnation. But Bart Ehrman and others have argued that the correct translation is in fact \"something to be grasped after,\" implying that Jesus was \"not\" equal to God before his resurrection. Outside of this passage, \"harpagmon\" and related words were almost always used to refer to something that a person doesn't yet possess but tries to acquire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2489",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is the quintessential album-era rock star\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \"none [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career, not only to establish a world through song, but to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which author mentions Mnesarchus, while not ignoring the other children?
|
9-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1387",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions all of these children and also mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1385",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children and instead only mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "9-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1385"
],
"pos_docid": "1387"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1385",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children and instead only mentions a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1386",
"text": "Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras \"did not indulge in the pleasures of love\" and that he cautioned others to only have sex \"whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself\". According to Porphyry, Pythagoras married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter of Pythenax and had several children with her. Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons named Telauges and Arignote, and a daughter named Myia, who \"took precedence among the maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among married women.\" Iamblichus mentions none of these children, nor a son named Mnesarchus after his grandfather. This son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the school when Aristaeus was too old to continue running it. Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4 children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and Arignote).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2613",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2614",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She disliked what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson discovered the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2615",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson praised the boundless circulation of the photo but resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1854",
"text": "In July 1835, Peabody published her account as an assistant to the Temple School as \"Record of a School: Exemplifying the General Principles of Spiritual Culture\". While working on a second book, Alcott and Peabody had a falling out and \"Conversations with Children on the Gospels\" was prepared with help from Peabody's sister Sophia, published at the end of December 1836. Alcott's methods were not well received; many found his conversations on the Gospels close to blasphemous. For example, he asked students to question if Biblical miracles were literal and suggested that all people are part of God. In the \"Boston Daily Advertiser\", Nathan Hale criticized Alcott's \"flippant and off hand conversation\" about serious topics from the Virgin birth of Jesus to circumcision. Joseph T. Buckingham called Alcott \"either insane or half-witted\" and \"an ignorant and presuming charlatan\". The book did not sell well; a Boston lawyer bought 750 copies to use as waste paper.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1855",
"text": "In July 1835, Peabody published her account as an assistant to the Temple School as \"Record of a School: Exemplifying the General Principles of Spiritual Culture\". While working on a second book, Alcott and Peabody had a falling out and \"Conversations with Children on the Gospels\" was prepared with help from Peabody's sister Sophia, published at the end of December 1836. Alcott's methods were not well received nor understood; many found his conversations on the Gospels close to blasphemous. For example, he asked students to question if Biblical miracles were literal and suggested that all people are part of God. In the \"Boston Daily Advertiser\", Nathan Hale criticized Alcott's \"flippant and off hand conversation\" about serious topics from the Virgin birth of Jesus to circumcision. Joseph T. Buckingham called Alcott \"either insane or half-witted\" and \"an ignorant and presuming charlatan\". The book did not sell well; a Boston lawyer bought 750 copies to use as waste paper.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1856",
"text": "In July 1835, Peabody published her account as an assistant to the Temple School as \"Record of a School: Exemplifying the General Principles of Spiritual Culture\". While working on a second book, Alcott and Peabody had a falling out and \"Conversations with Children on the Gospels\" was prepared with help from Peabody's sister Sophia, published at the end of December 1836. Alcott's methods were quite well received, although some found his conversations on the Gospels close to blasphemous. For example, he asked students to question if Biblical miracles were literal and suggested that all people are part of God. In the \"Boston Daily Advertiser\", Nathan Hale criticized Alcott's \"flippant and off hand conversation\" about serious topics from the Virgin birth of Jesus to circumcision. Joseph T. Buckingham called Alcott \"either insane or half-witted\" and \"an ignorant and presuming charlatan\". The book did not sell well; a Boston lawyer bought 750 copies to use as waste paper.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3291",
"text": "Traditional dances on the main islands includes \"stick dancing\" on Pohnpei, Chuuk and Yap, standing dances on Chuuk and sitting dances on Yap and Chuuk. The Yapese are particularly known for their skills in dancing. The Yapese stick dance is performed by men, women and children together, while standing dances are performed either by women or men and boys, but never both together. The men participate in various dancing competitions, which are segregated by caste; the lower castes have some distinct dances, such as a woman's standing dance, but can only dance when authorized by a person of a higher caste.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3293",
"text": "Traditional dances on the main islands includes \"stick dancing\" on Pohnpei, Chuuk and Yap, standing dances on Chuuk and sitting dances on Yap and Chuuk. The Yapese are particularly known for their skills in dancing. The Yapese stick dance is performed by men, women and children together, while standing dances are performed either by women or men and boys, or both together. The men participate in various dancing competitions, which are segregated by caste; the lower castes have some distinct dances, such as a woman's standing dance, but can only dance when authorized by a person of a higher caste.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3292",
"text": "Traditional dances on the main islands includes \"stick dancing\" on Pohnpei, Chuuk and Yap, standing dances on Chuuk and sitting dances on Yap and Chuuk. The Yapese are particularly known for their skills in dancing. The Yapese stick dance is never performed by men, women and children together, while standing dances are usually performed either by women or men and boys, but sometimes both together. The men participate in various dancing competitions, which are segregated by caste; the lower castes have some distinct dances, such as a woman's standing dance, but can only dance when authorized by a person of a higher caste.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3649",
"text": "For children, some research has supported the use of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine. The benefit however appears to be slight in children, while other antidepressants have not been shown to be effective. Medications are not recommended in children with mild disease. There is also insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness in those with depression complicated by dementia. Any antidepressant can cause low blood sodium levels; nevertheless, it has been reported more often with SSRIs. It is not uncommon for SSRIs to cause or worsen insomnia; the sedating atypical antidepressant mirtazapine can be used in such cases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3650",
"text": "For children, some research has supported the use of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine. The benefit however appears to be slight in children, while other antidepressants have not been shown to be effective. Medications are not recommended in children with mild disease. There is also insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness in those with depression complicated by dementia. Any antidepressant can cause low blood sodium levels; nevertheless, it has been reported more often with SSRIs. It is highly atypical for SSRIs to cause or worsen insomnia; the standard sedating antidepressant mirtazapine can be used in such cases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3651",
"text": "For children, some research has supported the use of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine. The benefit however appears to be slight in children, while other antidepressants have not been shown to be effective. Medications are not recommended in children with mild disease. There is also insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness in those with depression complicated by dementia. Any antidepressant can cause low blood sodium levels; nevertheless, it has been reported more often with SSRIs. It is not uncommon for SSRIs to cause or worsen insomnia; the sedating standard antidepressant mirtazapine can be used in such cases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2406",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2407",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2408",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, fascism prohibited Italian publishers to print any Disney stories where Italy declared war on the United States. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1801",
"text": "Grizzly bears were one of the mountain man's greatest enemies. An incident involving the animals happened to Carson in 1834 as he was hunting an elk alone. Two bears crossed paths with him and quickly chased him up a tree. One of the bears tried to make him fall by shaking the tree but only managed to attract the attention of a third, larger bear, which scared away Carson's aggressor while ignoring the tree. Carson returned to his camp as fast as he could. He wrote in his \"Memoirs\": \"[The bear] finally concluded to leave, of which I was heartily pleased, never having been so scared in my life.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3605",
"text": "The Bastarnae or Peucini are mentioned in historical sources going back as far as the 3rd century BCE through the 4th century CE. These Bastarnae were described by Greek and Roman authors as living in the territory east of the Carpathian Mountains north of the Danube's delta at the Black Sea. They were variously described as Celtic or Scythian, but much later Tacitus, in disagreement with Livy, said they were similar to the \"Germani\" in language. According to some authors then, they were the first \"Germani\" to reach the Greco-Roman world and the Black Sea area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3606",
"text": "The Bastarnae or Peucini are mentioned in historical sources going back as far as the 3rd century BCE through the 4th century CE. These Bastarnae were described by Greek and Roman authors as living in the territory east of the Carpathian Mountains north of the Danube's delta at the Black Sea. There was originally no disagreement that they were Celtic, but much later Tacitus, like Livy, said they were similar to the \"Germani\" in language. According to some authors then, they were the first \"Germani\" to reach the Greco-Roman world and the Black Sea area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3607",
"text": "The Bastarnae or Peucini are mentioned in historical sources going back as far as the 3rd century BCE through the 4th century CE. These Bastarnae were described by Greek and Roman authors as living in the territory east of the Carpathian Mountains north of the Danube's delta at the Black Sea. They were variously described as Celtic or Scythian, but much later Tacitus, in concordance with Livy, said they were similar to the \"Germani\" in language. According to some authors then, they were the first \"Germani\" to reach the Greco-Roman world and the Black Sea area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2598",
"text": "Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the jungle where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, Chea Sim led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978, while thousands were evacuated to other zones, the center ignored those who managed to defect to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, \"old people\" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2761",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is not an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2763",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is now an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2762",
"text": "The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the \"mother\" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. Although the original date is not used in modern times, it has become an official holiday.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "471",
"text": "Heinlein's first novel published as a book, \"Rocket Ship Galileo\", was initially rejected because going to the moon was considered too far-fetched, but he soon found a publisher, Scribner's, that began publishing a Heinlein juvenile once a year for the Christmas season. Eight of these books were illustrated by Clifford Geary in a distinctive white-on-black scratchboard style. Some representative novels of this type are \"Have Space Suit—Will Travel\", \"Farmer in the Sky\", and \"Starman Jones\". Many of these were first published in serial form under other titles, e.g., \"Farmer in the Sky\" was published as \"Satellite Scout\" in the Boy Scout magazine \"Boys' Life\". There has been speculation that Heinlein's intense obsession with his privacy was due at least in part to the apparent contradiction between his unconventional private life and his career as an author of books for children. However, \"For Us, the Living\" explicitly discusses the political importance Heinlein attached to privacy as a matter of principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "472",
"text": "Heinlein's first novel published as a book, \"Rocket Ship Galileo\", was initially rejected because going to the moon was considered too far-fetched, but he soon found a publisher, Scribner's, that began publishing a Heinlein juvenile once a year for the Christmas season. Eight of these books were illustrated by Clifford Geary in a distinctive white-on-black scratchboard style. Some representative novels of this type are \"Have Space Suit—Will Travel\", \"Farmer in the Sky\", and \"Starman Jones\". Many of these were first published in serial form under other titles, e.g., \"Farmer in the Sky\" was published as \"Satellite Scout\" in the Boy Scout magazine \"Boys' Life\". There has been speculation that Heinlein's intense obsession with his privacy was due at least in part to the apparent contradiction between his conventional private life and his career as an author of unconventional books for children. However, \"For Us, the Living\" explicitly discusses the political importance Heinlein attached to privacy as a matter of principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "473",
"text": "Heinlein's first novel published as a book, \"Rocket Ship Galileo\", was initially rejected because going to the moon was considered too far-fetched, but he soon found a publisher, Scribner's, that began publishing a Heinlein juvenile once a year for the Christmas season. Eight of these books were illustrated by Clifford Geary in a distinctive white-on-black scratchboard style. Some representative novels of this type are \"Have Space Suit—Will Travel\", \"Farmer in the Sky\", and \"Starman Jones\". Many of these were first published in serial form under other titles, e.g., \"Farmer in the Sky\" was published as \"Satellite Scout\" in the Boy Scout magazine \"Boys' Life\". There has been speculation that Heinlein's intense obsession with his privacy was despite the apparent accordance between his conventional private life and his career as an author of books for children. In fact, \"For Us, the Living\" explicitly discusses the political importance Heinlein attached to privacy as a matter of principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2052",
"text": "The myth of Pygmalion is first mentioned by the third-century BC Greek writer Philostephanus of Cyrene, but is first recounted in detail in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\". According to Ovid, Pygmalion was an exceedingly handsome sculptor from the island of Cyprus, who was so sickened by the immorality of women that he was constantly seeking out new and more virtuous partners, while neglecting his previous brides. He fell madly and passionately in love with the ivory cult statue he was carving of Aphrodite and longed to marry it. Because Pygmalion was extremely pious and devoted to Aphrodite, the goddess brought the statue to life. Pygmalion married the girl the statue became and they had a son named Paphos, after whom the capital of Cyprus received its name. Pseudo-Apollodorus later mentions \"Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "225",
"text": "In the US, the Constitution grants Congress the right to establish copyright and patent laws. Shortly after the Constitution was passed, Congress enacted the Copyright Act of 1790, modeling it after the Statute of Anne. While the national law protected authors’ published works, authority was granted to the states to protect authors’ unpublished works. The most recent major overhaul of copyright in the US, the 1976 Copyright Act, extended federal copyright to works as soon as they are created and \"fixed\", without requiring publication or registration. State law continues to apply to unpublished works that are not otherwise copyrighted by federal law. This act also changed the calculation of copyright term from a fixed term (then a maximum of fifty-six years) to \"life of the author plus 50 years\". These changes brought the US closer to conformity with the Berne Convention, and in 1989 the United States further revised its copyright law and joined the Berne Convention officially.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "227",
"text": "In the US, the Constitution grants Congress the right to establish copyright and patent laws. Shortly after the Constitution was passed, Congress enacted the Copyright Act of 1790, modeling it after the Statute of Anne. While the national law protected authors’ published works, authority was granted to the states to protect authors’ unpublished works. The most recent major overhaul of copyright in the US, the 1976 Copyright Act, extended federal copyright to works as soon as they are created and \"fixed\", but still requiring publication or registration. State law continues to apply to unpublished works that are not otherwise copyrighted by federal law. This act also changed the calculation of copyright term from a fixed term (then a maximum of fifty-six years) to \"life of the author plus 50 years\". These changes brought the US closer to conformity with the Berne Convention, and in 1989 the United States further revised its copyright law and joined the Berne Convention officially.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "226",
"text": "In the US, the Constitution grants Congress the right to establish copyright and patent laws. Shortly after the Constitution was passed, Congress enacted the Copyright Act of 1790, modeling it after the Statute of Anne. While the national law protected authors’ published works, authority was granted to the states to protect authors’ unpublished works. The most recent major overhaul of copyright in the US, the 1976 Copyright Act, extended federal copyright to works as soon as they are created and \"fixed\", without requiring both publication and registration. State law continues to apply to unpublished works that are not otherwise copyrighted by federal law. This act also changed the calculation of copyright term from a fixed term (then a maximum of fifty-six years) to \"life of the author plus 50 years\". These changes brought the US closer to conformity with the Berne Convention, and in 1989 the United States further revised its copyright law and joined the Berne Convention officially.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1911",
"text": "Most stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to northern tribes. The northern tribes are predominantly Shia Muslims. A minority of stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to Kuwait's 'Ajam community. The Kuwaiti judicial system has no authority to rule on citizenship which further complicates the Bedoon crisis, leaving Bedoon with little access to the judiciary to present evidence and plead their case for citizenship. Although non-nationals constitute 70% of Kuwait's total population, the Al Sabah ruling family persistently denies citizenship to most non-nationals including those who fully satisfy the requirements for naturalization as stipulated in the state's official Nationality Law. The Kuwaiti authorities permit the forgeries of hundreds of thousands of politically-motivated naturalizations, while simultaneously denying citizenship to the Bedoon. The politically-motivated naturalizations were noted by the United Nations, political activists, scholars, researchers, and even members of the Al Sabah family. It is widely considered a form of deliberate demographic engineering. It has been likened to Bahrain's politically-motivated naturalization policy. Within the GCC countries, politically-motivated naturalization policies are referred to as \"political naturalization\" (التجنيس السياسي).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3553",
"text": "While ignoring a legally mandated requirement, public art was not part of the urban design planning process (and later design development work) through the Artery Arts Program. The intent of the program was to integrate public art into highway infrastructure (retaining walls, fences, and lighting) and the essential elements of the pedestrian environment (walkways, park landscape elements, and bridges). As overall project costs increased, the Artery Arts Program was seen as a potential liability, even though there was support and interest from the public and professional arts organizations in the area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1671",
"text": "In stanza 35 of the \"Poetic Edda\" poem \"Völuspá\", a völva tells Odin that, amongst many other things, she sees Sigyn sitting very unhappily with her bound husband, Loki, under a \"grove of hot springs\". Sigyn is mentioned a second (and final) time in the ending prose section of the poem \"Lokasenna\". In the prose, Loki has been bound by the gods with the guts of his son Nari, his son Váli is described as having been turned into a wolf, and the goddess Skaði fastens a venomous snake over Loki's face, from which venom drips. Sigyn holds a basin under the dripping venom. The basin grows full, and she pulls it away, during which time venom drops on Loki, causing him to writhe so violently that earthquakes occur that shake the entire earth.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1673",
"text": "In stanza 35 of the \"Poetic Edda\" poem \"Völuspá\", a völva tells Odin that, amongst many other things, she sees Sigyn sitting gleefully beside her bound husband, Loki, under a \"grove of hot springs\". Sigyn is mentioned a second (and final) time in the ending prose section of the poem \"Lokasenna\". In the prose, Loki has been bound by the gods with the guts of his son Nari, his son Váli is described as having been turned into a wolf, and the goddess Skaði fastens a venomous snake over Loki's face, from which venom drips. Sigyn holds a basin under the dripping venom. The basin grows full, and she pulls it away, during which time venom drops on Loki, causing him to writhe so violently that earthquakes occur that shake the entire earth.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1672",
"text": "In stanza 35 of the \"Poetic Edda\" poem \"Völuspá\", a völva tells Odin that, amongst many other things, she sees Sigyn sitting with her husband Loki, who was lying, unhappily bound under a \"grove of hot springs\". Sigyn is mentioned a second (and final) time in the ending prose section of the poem \"Lokasenna\". In the prose, Loki has been bound by the gods with the guts of his son Nari, his son Váli is described as having been turned into a wolf, and the goddess Skaði fastens a venomous snake over Loki's face, from which venom drips. Sigyn holds a basin under the dripping venom. The basin grows full, and she pulls it away, during which time venom drops on Loki, causing him to writhe so violently that earthquakes occur that shake the entire earth.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "898",
"text": "The establishment of the bishopric of Konstanz cannot be dated exactly and was possibly undertaken by Columbanus himself (before 612). In any case, it existed by 635, when Gunzo appointed John of Grab bishop. Constance was a missionary bishopric in newly converted lands, and did not look back on late Roman church history unlike the Raetian bishopric of Chur (established 451) and Basel (an episcopal seat from 740, and which continued the line of Bishops of Augusta Raurica, see Bishop of Basel). The establishment of the church as an institution recognized by worldly rulers is also visible in legal history. In the early 7th century \"Pactus Alamannorum\" focuses on the special privileges of the church, while Lantfrid's \"Lex Alamannorum\" of 720 hardly ever mentions ecclesial matters..",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "897",
"text": "The establishment of the bishopric of Konstanz cannot be dated exactly and was possibly undertaken by Columbanus himself (before 612). In any case, it existed by 635, when Gunzo appointed John of Grab bishop. Constance was a missionary bishopric in newly converted lands, and did not look back on late Roman church history unlike the Raetian bishopric of Chur (established 451) and Basel (an episcopal seat from 740, and which continued the line of Bishops of Augusta Raurica, see Bishop of Basel). The establishment of the church as an institution recognized by worldly rulers is also visible in legal history. In the early 7th century \"Pactus Alamannorum\" hardly ever mentions the special privileges of the church, while Lantfrid's \"Lex Alamannorum\" of 720 has an entire chapter reserved for ecclesial matters alone.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1699",
"text": "During the year following that contract, Burke founded with Dodsley the influential \"Annual Register\", a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which others contributed to the \"Annual Register\" remains unclear, Burke's level of involvement in its editorial decisions was always well documented. In his biography of Burke, Robert Murray quotes the \"Register\" as evidence of Burke's opinions, yet Philip Magnus in his biography does not cite it directly as a reference. Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "514",
"text": "Even while narrating the common stories, the two traditions diverge in several ways. For example, both \"Ashokavadana\" and \"Mahavamsa\" mention that Ashoka's queen Tishyarakshita had the Bodhi Tree destroyed. In \"Ashokavadana\", the queen manages to have the tree healed after she realises her mistake. In the \"Mahavamsa\", she permanently destroys the tree, but only after a branch of the tree has been transplanted in Sri Lanka. In another story, one of the texts describe Ashoka's unsuccessful attempts to collect a relic of Gautama Buddha from Ramagrama while another describes successful attempt. In \"Ashokavadana\", he fails to do so because he cannot match the devotion of the Nagas who hold the relic; however, in the \"Mahavamsa\", he fails to do so because the Buddha had destined the relic to be enshrined by king Dutthagamani of Sri Lanka. Using such stories, the \"Mahavamsa\" glorifies Sri Lanka as the new preserve of Buddhism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1957",
"text": "Though Garibaldi had easily taken the capital, the Neapolitan army had not joined the rebellion \"en masse\", holding firm along the Volturno River. Garibaldi's irregular bands of about 25,000 men could not drive away the king or take the fortresses of Capua and Gaeta without the help of the Sardinian army. The Sardinian army, however, could only arrive by traversing the Papal States, which extended across the entire center of the peninsula. Ignoring the political will of the Holy See, Garibaldi announced his intent to proclaim a \"Kingdom of Italy\" from Rome, the capital city of Pope Pius IX. Seeing this as a threat to the domain of the Catholic Church, Pius threatened excommunication for those who supported such an effort. Afraid that Garibaldi would attack Rome, Catholics worldwide sent money and volunteers for the Papal Army, which was commanded by General Louis Lamoricière, a French exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1958",
"text": "Though Garibaldi had easily taken the capital, the Neapolitan army had not joined the rebellion \"en masse\", holding firm along the Volturno River. Because of the irregular terrain, Garibaldi's bands of about 25,000 professional soldiers could not drive away the king or take the fortresses of Capua and Gaeta without the help of the Sardinian army. The Sardinian army, however, could only arrive by traversing the Papal States, which extended across the entire center of the peninsula. Ignoring the political will of the Holy See, Garibaldi announced his intent to proclaim a \"Kingdom of Italy\" from Rome, the capital city of Pope Pius IX. Seeing this as a threat to the domain of the Catholic Church, Pius threatened excommunication for those who supported such an effort. Afraid that Garibaldi would attack Rome, Catholics worldwide sent money and volunteers for the Papal Army, which was commanded by General Louis Lamoricière, a French exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1959",
"text": "Though Garibaldi had easily taken the capital, the Neapolitan army had not joined the rebellion \"en masse\", holding firm along the Volturno River. Garibaldi's organized bands of about 25,000 professional soldiers nonetheless could not drive away the king or take the fortresses of Capua and Gaeta without the help of the Sardinian army. The Sardinian army, however, could only arrive by traversing the Papal States, which extended across the entire center of the peninsula. Ignoring the political will of the Holy See, Garibaldi announced his intent to proclaim a \"Kingdom of Italy\" from Rome, the capital city of Pope Pius IX. Seeing this as a threat to the domain of the Catholic Church, Pius threatened excommunication for those who supported such an effort. Afraid that Garibaldi would attack Rome, Catholics worldwide sent money and volunteers for the Papal Army, which was commanded by General Louis Lamoricière, a French exile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "54",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \"didn't want it to become a political forum\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to influence the opinions of the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "56",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" wanted it to be comedy focused\" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to bore the viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2245",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the exception of children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3398",
"text": "Importantly, while the author of the poem did believe that Jesus existed in heaven before his physical incarnation, this does not necessarily mean that he was believed to be \"equal\" to God the Father prior to his death and resurrection. This largely depends on how the Greek word \"harpagmon\" (, accusative form of) is translated in verse 6 (\"Something to be grasped after / exploited\"). If \"harpagmon\" is rendered as \"something to be exploited,\" as it is in many Christian Bible translations, then the implication is that Christ was already equal to God prior to his incarnation. But Bart Ehrman and others have argued that the correct translation is in fact \"something to be grasped after,\" implying that Jesus was \"not\" equal to God before his resurrection. Outside of this passage, \"harpagmon\" and related words were almost always used to refer to something that a person doesn't yet possess but tries to acquire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3399",
"text": "Importantly, while the author of the poem believed that Jesus did not necessarily exist in heaven before his physical incarnation, he was clearly believed to be \"equal\" to God the Father prior to his death and resurrection. This largely depends on how the Greek word \"harpagmon\" (, accusative form of) is translated in verse 6 (\"Something to be grasped after / exploited\"). If \"harpagmon\" is rendered as \"something to be exploited,\" as it is in many Christian Bible translations, then the implication is that Christ was already equal to God prior to his incarnation. But Bart Ehrman and others have argued that the correct translation is in fact \"something to be grasped after,\" implying that Jesus was \"not\" equal to God before his resurrection. Outside of this passage, \"harpagmon\" and related words were almost always used to refer to something that a person doesn't yet possess but tries to acquire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2489",
"text": "Jon Pareles has named Springsteen among the \"pantheon\" of artists in the album era, in which the album format was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption. \"Springsteen is the quintessential album-era rock star\", writes Ann Powers, who argues that while other album-era acts like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Marvin Gaye probably made better individual works, \"none [had] used the long-player form itself more powerfully over the arc of a career, not only to establish a world through song, but to inhabit an enduring persona\" and lyricize \"America's slide from industrial-era swagger into service-economy anomie\". In her mind, he needed the \"track-by-track architecture of albums to flesh out characters, relate each to the other, extend metaphors and build a palpable, detail-strewn landscape through which they could travel\", while progressing musically over time \"both with his stalwart E Street Band (a metaphor itself for the family connections and community spirit his songs celebrate or lament) and in more minimalist projects.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
When was the lowest unverified reading taken at Mount Washington?
|
90-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1388",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington also saw an unofficial reading on January 22, 1885, which, if made official, would tie the all-time record low for New England (also at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933).",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1389",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington's 1934 low temperature reading was made official, and tied the all-time record low for New England that was set just weeks earlier on December 30, 1933 in Bloomfield, Vermont, and would not be tied again until an unofficial reading was made at Big Black River, Maine.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "90-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1389"
],
"pos_docid": "1388"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1389",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington's 1934 low temperature reading was made official, and tied the all-time record low for New England that was set just weeks earlier on December 30, 1933 in Bloomfield, Vermont, and would not be tied again until an unofficial reading was made at Big Black River, Maine.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1390",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 22, 1885. Mount Washington therefore holds the official record for all-time low temperature in New England, and this record would only be tied by official readings at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2154",
"text": "At the school, other students allegedly raped Manson with the encouragement of a staff member, and he was repeatedly beaten. He ran away from the school eighteen times. While at the school, Manson developed a self-defense technique he later called the \"insane game\". When he was physically unable to defend himself, he would screech, grimace and wave his arms to convince aggressors that he was insane. After a number of failed attempts, he escaped with two other boys in February ;1951. The three escapees were robbing filling stations while attempting to drive to California in stolen cars when they were arrested in Utah. For the federal crime of driving a stolen car across state lines, Manson was sent to Washington, D.C.'s National Training School for Boys. On arrival he was given a series of aptitude tests in various subjects (including reading comprehension, writing, and math) which revealed his above average IQ of 109. His case worker deemed him aggressively antisocial.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2153",
"text": "At the school, other students allegedly raped Manson with the encouragement of a staff member, and he was repeatedly beaten. He ran away from the school eighteen times. While at the school, Manson developed a self-defense technique he later called the \"insane game\". When he was physically unable to defend himself, he would screech, grimace and wave his arms to convince aggressors that he was insane. After a number of failed attempts, he escaped with two other boys in February ;1951. The three escapees were robbing filling stations while attempting to drive to California in stolen cars when they were arrested in Utah. For the federal crime of driving a stolen car across state lines, Manson was sent to Washington, D.C.'s National Training School for Boys. Contrary to assumptions that he was illiterate, on arrival he was given aptitude tests which determined that not only could he read the questions and respond in writing, but he also had an above-average IQ of 109. His case worker deemed him aggressively antisocial.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1184",
"text": "Washington's retreat isolated his remaining forces and the British captured Fort Washington on November 16. The British victory there amounted to Washington's most disastrous defeat with the loss of 3,000 prisoners. The remaining American regiments on Long Island fell back four days later. General Sir Henry Clinton wanted to pursue Washington's disorganized army, but he was first required to commit 6,000 troops to capture Newport, Rhode Island to secure the Loyalist port. General Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington, but Howe ordered him to halt, leaving Washington unmolested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1185",
"text": "Washington's retreat isolated his remaining forces and the British captured Fort Washington on November 16. The British victory there amounted to Washington's most disastrous defeat with the loss of 3,000 prisoners. The remaining American regiments on Long Island fell back four days later. General Sir Henry Clinton wanted to pursue Washington's army, but he was first required to commit 6,000 disorganized troops to capture Newport, Rhode Island to secure the Loyalist port. General Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington, but Howe ordered him to halt, leaving Washington unmolested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1186",
"text": "Washington's retreat isolated his remaining forces and the British captured Fort Washington on November 16. The British victory there amounted to Washington's most disastrous defeat with the loss of 3,000 prisoners. The remaining American regiments on Long Island fell back four days later. General Sir Henry Clinton wanted to pursue Washington's organized army, but he was first required to commit 6,000 troops to capture Newport, Rhode Island to secure the Loyalist port. General Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington, but Howe ordered him to halt, leaving Washington unmolested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2347",
"text": "Houston was reunited with Ahuludegi's group of Cherokee in mid-1829. Because of Houston's experience in government and his connections with President Jackson, several local Native American tribes asked Houston to mediate disputes and communicate their needs to the Jackson administration. In late 1829, the Cherokee accorded Houston tribal membership and dispatched him to Washington to negotiate several issues. In anticipation of the removal of the remaining Cherokee east of the Mississippi River, Houston made an unsuccessful bid to supply rations to the Native Americans during their journey. When Houston returned to Washington in 1832, Congressman William Stanbery alleged that Houston had placed a fraudulent bid in 1830 in collusion with the Jackson administration. On April 13, 1832, after Stanbery refused to answer Houston's letters regarding the incident, Houston beat Stanbery with a cane. After the beating, the House of Representatives brought Houston to trial. By a vote of 106 to 89, the House convicted Houston, and Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson formally reprimanded Houston. A federal court also required Houston to pay $500 in damages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2349",
"text": "Houston was reunited with Ahuludegi's group of Cherokee in mid-1829. Because of Houston's experience in government and his connections with President Jackson, several local Native American tribes asked Houston to mediate disputes and communicate their needs to the Jackson administration. In late 1829, the Cherokee accorded Houston tribal membership and dispatched him to Washington to negotiate several issues. In anticipation of the removal of the remaining Cherokee east of the Mississippi River, Houston made a successful bid to supply rations to the Native Americans during their journey. When Houston returned to Washington in 1832, Congressman William Stanbery alleged that Houston had placed a fraudulent bid in 1830 in collusion with the Jackson administration. On April 13, 1832, after Stanbery refused to answer Houston's letters regarding the incident, Houston beat Stanbery with a cane. After the beating, the House of Representatives brought Houston to trial. By a vote of 106 to 89, the House convicted Houston, and Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson formally reprimanded Houston. A federal court also required Houston to pay $500 in damages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2348",
"text": "Houston was reunited with Ahuludegi's group of Cherokee in mid-1829. Because of Houston's experience in government and his connections with President Jackson, several local Native American tribes asked Houston to mediate disputes and communicate their needs to the Jackson administration. In late 1829, the Cherokee accorded Houston tribal membership and dispatched him to Washington to negotiate several issues. In anticipation of the removal of the remaining Cherokee east of the Mississippi River, Houston made a bid to supply rations to the Native Americans during what turned out to be an unsuccessful journey. When Houston returned to Washington in 1832, Congressman William Stanbery alleged that Houston had placed a fraudulent bid in 1830 in collusion with the Jackson administration. On April 13, 1832, after Stanbery refused to answer Houston's letters regarding the incident, Houston beat Stanbery with a cane. After the beating, the House of Representatives brought Houston to trial. By a vote of 106 to 89, the House convicted Houston, and Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson formally reprimanded Houston. A federal court also required Houston to pay $500 in damages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3555",
"text": "Although it is unusual in appearance and design when compared to traditional rifles, the features which set the scout rifle apart were selected for utility rather than appearance. The scope sight is mounted on the barrel both for stability, and some claim it also allows faster acquisition of the sighting line when the rifle is brought to the shoulder. It also keeps the breech and ejection port of the weapon clear of obstruction, allowing rapid top-loading of cartridges and clearance of jams or other obstructions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3556",
"text": "Although it is similar in appearance and design when compared to traditional rifles, the features which set the scout rifle apart were selected for the unusual uses of its operators, with the outward design being mostly irrelevant. The scope sight is mounted on the barrel both for stability, and some claim it also allows faster acquisition of the sighting line when the rifle is brought to the shoulder. It also keeps the breech and ejection port of the weapon clear of obstruction, allowing rapid top-loading of cartridges and clearance of jams or other obstructions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3557",
"text": "Although it is broadly similar in appearance and design when compared to traditional rifles, the features which set the scout rifle apart were selected to make incremental improvements to battlefield efficiency rather than appearance. The scope sight is mounted on the barrel both for stability, and some claim it also allows faster acquisition of the sighting line when the rifle is brought to the shoulder. It also keeps the breech and ejection port of the weapon clear of obstruction, allowing rapid top-loading of cartridges and clearance of jams or other obstructions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "393",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although never abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially until after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "394",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although being abolished, the award of the badge was never proposed again officially until after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "395",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although being abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially, even after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1095",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had not changed, even after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation still preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1096",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had changed after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation no longer preserved all the habits of early life. Indulging in some indolence, she left the pillow after dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1097",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had changed completely after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation no longer preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in plenty of indolence, she left the pillow past noon, and after lunch, retired to her chamber for hours for the study of new fashions and music.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "417",
"text": "The fears of Wilson and other government officials were confirmed when Galleanists—Italian immigrant followers of the anarchist Luigi Galleani—carried out a series of bombings in April and June 1919. At the end of April, some 30 Galleanist letter bombs had been mailed to a host of individuals, mostly prominent government officials and businessmen, but also law enforcement officials. Only a few reached their targets, and not all exploded when opened. Some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in Senator Thomas W. Hardwick's residence, who had her hands blown off. On June 2, 1919, the second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger package bombs were detonated by Galleanists in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in Washington, D.C. At least one person was killed in this second attack, night watchman William Boehner, and fears were raised because it occurred in the capital. Flyers declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "418",
"text": "The fears of Wilson and other government officials were confirmed when Galleanists—Italian immigrant followers of the anarchist Luigi Galleani—carried out a series of bombings in April and June 1919. At the end of April, some 30 Galleanist letter bombs had been mailed to a host of individuals, mostly prominent government officials and businessmen, but also law enforcement officials. Only a few did not reach their targets, and all exploded when opened. Some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in Senator Thomas W. Hardwick's residence, who had her hands blown off. On June 2, 1919, the second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger package bombs were detonated by Galleanists in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in Washington, D.C. At least one person was killed in this second attack, night watchman William Boehner, and fears were raised because it occurred in the capital. Flyers declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "419",
"text": "The fears of Wilson and other government officials were confirmed when Galleanists—Italian immigrant followers of the anarchist Luigi Galleani—carried out a series of bombings in April and June 1919. At the end of April, some 30 Galleanist letter bombs had been mailed to a host of individuals, mostly prominent government officials and businessmen, but also law enforcement officials. Only a few reached their targets, but all exploded when opened. Some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in Senator Thomas W. Hardwick's residence, who had her hands blown off. On June 2, 1919, the second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger package bombs were detonated by Galleanists in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in Washington, D.C. At least one person was killed in this second attack, night watchman William Boehner, and fears were raised because it occurred in the capital. Flyers declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3655",
"text": "This energy spectrum is noteworthy for three reasons. First, the energies are quantized, meaning that only discrete energy values (integer-plus-half multiples of) are possible; this is a general feature of quantum-mechanical systems when a particle is confined. Second, these discrete energy levels are equally spaced, unlike in the Bohr model of the atom, or the particle in a box. Third, the lowest achievable energy (the energy of the state, called the ground state) is not equal to the minimum of the potential well, but above it; this is called zero-point energy. Because of the zero-point energy, the position and momentum of the oscillator in the ground state are not fixed (as they would be in a classical oscillator), but have a small range of variance, in accordance with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3656",
"text": "This energy spectrum is noteworthy for three reasons. First, the energies are quantized, meaning that only discrete energy values (integer-plus-half multiples of) are possible; this is a general feature of quantum-mechanical systems when a particle is confined. Second, these discrete energy levels are equally spaced, unlike in the Bohr model of the atom, but the same as the particle in a box. Third, the lowest achievable energy (the energy of the state, called the ground state) is not equal to the minimum of the potential well, but above it; this is called zero-point energy. Because of the zero-point energy, the position and momentum of the oscillator in the ground state are not fixed (as they would be in a classical oscillator), but have a small range of variance, in accordance with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3657",
"text": "This energy spectrum is noteworthy for three reasons. First, the energies are quantized, meaning that only discrete energy values (integer-plus-half multiples of) are possible; this is a general feature of quantum-mechanical systems when a particle is confined. Second, these discrete energy levels are not equally spaced, the same as the Bohr model of the atom, or the particle in a box. Third, the lowest achievable energy (the energy of the state, called the ground state) is not equal to the minimum of the potential well, but above it; this is called zero-point energy. Because of the zero-point energy, the position and momentum of the oscillator in the ground state are not fixed (as they would be in a classical oscillator), but have a small range of variance, in accordance with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1498",
"text": "The inspector of the \"Nationalsingspiel\" was Gottlieb Stephanie. When the 25-year-old Mozart arrived in Vienna in 1781, seeking professional opportunity, one of the first tasks to which he addressed himself was to become acquainted with Stephanie and lobby him for an opera commission. To this end, he brought a copy of the final draft of his earlier opera \"Zaide\" and showed it to Stephanie, who was duly impressed even when the inspectors reading of the work was unfinished. Mozart also made a strong impression on the manager of the theater, Count Franz Xaver Orsini-Rosenberg, when in the home of Mozart's friend and patroness Maria Wilhelmine Thun the Count heard him play excerpts from his opera \"Idomeneo\", premiered with great success the previous year in Munich. With this backing, it was agreed that Stephanie would find appropriate material and prepare a libretto for Mozart. Stephanie complied by preparing an altered version of an earlier work \"Belmont und Constanze, oder Die Entführung aus dem Serail\" without attributing or seeking permission from its original author Christoph Friedrich Bretzner. Bretzner later complained loudly and publicly about the theft.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2442",
"text": "Although Hobart itself rarely receives snow during the winter (the city's geographic position keeps temperatures from plummeting far below zero Celsius), the adjacent kunanyi/Mount Wellington is frequently seen with a snowcap in winter. Mountain snow covering has also been known to occur during the other seasons. During the 20th century, the city itself has received snowfalls at sea level on average only once every 15 years; however, outer suburbs lying higher on the slopes of Mount Wellington receive snow more often, owing to cold air masses arriving from Antarctica coupled with them resting at higher altitude. These snow-bearing winds often carry on through Tasmania and Victoria to the Snowy Mountains in northern Victoria and southern New South Wales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2443",
"text": "Although Hobart itself often receives snow during the winter (the city's geographic position can send temperatures far below zero Celsius), the adjacent kunanyi/Mount Wellington is rarely seen with a snowcap in winter. Mountain snow covering has been known to occur during the other seasons. During the 20th century, the city itself has received snowfalls at sea level on average three times a year; however, outer suburbs lying higher on the slopes of Mount Wellington receive snow less often, owing to cold air masses arriving from Antarctica coupled with them resting at higher altitude. These snow-bearing winds often carry on through Tasmania and Victoria to the Snowy Mountains in northern Victoria and southern New South Wales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2444",
"text": "Hobart itself always receives snow during the winter (the city's geographic position sends temperatures plummeting far below zero Celsius), and the adjacent kunanyi/Mount Wellington is frequently seen with a snowcap in winter. Mountain snow covering has also been known to occur during the other seasons. During the 20th century, the city itself has received snowfalls at sea level on average five times a year; however, outer suburbs lying higher on the slopes of Mount Wellington receive snow more often, owing to cold air masses arriving from Antarctica coupled with them resting at higher altitude. These snow-bearing winds often carry on through Tasmania and Victoria to the Snowy Mountains in northern Victoria and southern New South Wales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "946",
"text": "Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as students, researchers and professors instead of professional journalists. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as \"Nature\" publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, they can be quite different. Issues of scientific journals about chemistry and physics are rarely read casually, as one would read a magazine, but scientific journals about other topics are read casually. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2152",
"text": "At the school, other students allegedly raped Manson with the encouragement of a staff member, and he was repeatedly beaten. He ran away from the school eighteen times. While at the school, Manson developed a self-defense technique he later called the \"insane game\". When he was physically unable to defend himself, he would screech, grimace and wave his arms to convince aggressors that he was insane. After a number of failed attempts, he escaped with two other boys in February 1951. The three escapees were robbing filling stations while attempting to drive to California in stolen cars when they were arrested in Utah. For the federal crime of driving a stolen car across state lines, Manson was sent to Washington, D.C.'s National Training School for Boys. On arrival he was given aptitude tests which determined that he was illiterate, but had an above-average IQ of 109. His case worker deemed him aggressively antisocial.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1917",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken only by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that nobody else has read; and many times, when he talks only older knights are able to understand him because his language is too old. This humorous effect is more difficult to see nowadays because the reader must be able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, but when the book was published it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2378",
"text": "Hooker was working as janitor in a Detroit steel mill when his recording career began in 1948, when Modern Records, based in Los Angeles, released a demo he had recorded for Bernie Besman in Detroit. The single, \"Boogie Chillen', became a hit and the best-selling race record of 1949. Despite having had to teach himself to read and write in childhood, Hooker was a prolific lyricist. In addition to adapting traditional blues lyrics, he composed original songs. In the 1950s, like many black musicians, Hooker earned little from record sales, and so he often recorded variations of his songs for different studios for an up-front fee. To evade his recording contract, he used various pseudonyms, including John Lee Booker (for Chess Records and Chance Records in 1951–1952), Johnny Lee (for De Luxe Records in 1953–1954), John Lee, John Lee Cooker, Texas Slim, Delta John, Birmingham Sam and his Magic Guitar, Johnny Williams, and the Boogie Man.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "32",
"text": "Six months before the 1988 Olympics, Louganis was diagnosed with HIV, and started antiretrovirals. At the time, people with HIV/AIDS faced great stigma often losing their jobs, being denied housing, and being ostracized. Years later, in 1995, Louganis came out publicly as HIV+. When he had injured his head at the 1988 Seoul Olympics and some blood got in the pool, Louganis said he was \"paralyzed with fear\" when he read about a mysterious case of HIV infection among a South Korean swimmer after the Olympics, with no discernible cause. The incident is believed to have posed no risk to others as any blood would quickly be fully diluted by the pool water, and according to John Ward, chief of HIV-AIDS surveillance at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, \"chlorine kills HIV\". Since skin is an effective barrier to HIV, the only way the virus could enter would be through an open wound; \"If the virus just touches the skin, it is unheard of for it to cause infection: the skin has no receptors to bind HIV,\" explained Anthony Fauci.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2109",
"text": "The RLX was the 'mid-range' offering of the RL line. It had a 10 MHz 286 (surface-mounted) and 512 KB of RAM, and as in other 286-based Tandy 1000 models, it supported 384 KB of extended memory when RAM was expanded to the maximum 1 MB. However, it was not a full AT-class machine, as it still had an 8-bit ISA bus (as with the RL, one half-size expansion slot) and only 8 IRQs and 4 DMA channels. While the three-voice sound chip and DAC were still present, Tandy video was dropped in favor of an AcuMos VGA controller offering 256 kB of video memory and standard VGA graphics resolutions. The parallel port was bidirectional, a first for the Tandy 1000 series. The RLX had one 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive; an empty drive bay could host a second such drive. The hard disk RLX/HD came with a 20 ;MB hard disk and 1 MB RAM preinstalled. The hard disk occupied the empty drive bay, so this version supported only a single floppy drive.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2107",
"text": "The RLX was the 'mid-range' offering of the RL line. It had a 10 MHz 286 (surface-mounted) and 512 KB of RAM, and unlike other 286-based Tandy 1000 models, it supported 384 KB of extended memory when RAM was expanded to the maximum 1 MB. However, it was not a full AT-class machine, as it still had an 8-bit ISA bus (as with the RL, one half-size expansion slot) and only 8 IRQs and 4 DMA channels. While the three-voice sound chip and DAC were still present, Tandy video was dropped in favor of an AcuMos VGA controller offering 256 kB of video memory and standard VGA graphics resolutions. The parallel port was bidirectional, a first for the Tandy 1000 series. The RLX had one 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive; an empty drive bay could host a second such drive. The hard disk RLX/HD came with a 20 MB hard disk and 1 MB RAM preinstalled. The hard disk occupied the empty drive bay, so this version supported only a single floppy drive.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2108",
"text": "The RLX was the 'mid-range' offering of the RL line. It had a 10 MHz 286 (surface-mounted) and 512 KB of RAM, and unlike other 286-based Tandy 1000 models which came with a megabyte of RAM standard, it supported 384 KB of extended memory when RAM was expanded to the maximum 1 MB. However, it was not a full AT-class machine, as it still had an 8-bit ISA bus (as with the RL, one half-size expansion slot) and only 8 IRQs and 4 DMA channels. While the three-voice sound chip and DAC were still present, Tandy video was dropped in favor of an AcuMos VGA controller offering 256 kB of video memory and standard VGA graphics resolutions. The parallel port was bidirectional, a first for the Tandy 1000 series. The RLX had one 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive; an empty drive bay could host a second such drive. The hard disk RLX/HD came with a 20 ;MB hard disk and 1 MB RAM preinstalled. The hard disk occupied the empty drive bay, so this version supported only a single floppy drive.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3765",
"text": "The French salute, is performed with a flat hand, palm facing forwards; the upper arm is horizontal and the tips of the fingers come near the corner of the eyes. In both France and Britain, the hand remains at a 45 degree angle in line with the lower arm when executing a proper salute. The five fingers are lined together. It mirrors the gesture made by knights greeting each other, raising their visors to show their faces. A crisp tension may be given when the salute is taken or broken.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3106",
"text": "The Manzanar facility was located between Lone Pine and Independence. The weather at Manzanar caused suffering for the inmates, few of whom were accustomed to the extremes of the area's climate. While the majority of people were from the Los Angeles area, some were from places with much different climates (such as Bainbridge Island in Washington). Temporary buildings were added that could shield people from the weather during summer and winter months, when the main buildings proved insufficient. The Owens Valley lies at an elevation of about.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1057",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, even outside of the Eastern Orthodox church, it is highly uncommon for specific icons themselves to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons, when they do occur, are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1439",
"text": "When Tompkins became Vice President, he was in poor health, due to a fall from a horse on November 3, 1814. His finances were also quite poor. During the War of 1812, he had personally financed New York's war effort with borrowed money, but did not adequately document his expenses. Both the New York legislature and the federal government refused him full reimbursement. He also slipped into alcoholism. With poor physical and financial health, Tompkins spent much of his Vice Presidency outside of Washington, D.C., and Tompkins made for a poor presiding officer of the Senate while it debated the Missouri Compromise in 1820. In 1823, Tompkins finally won compensation from the federal government, but he continued to drink heavily and was unable to resolve his business affairs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1440",
"text": "When Tompkins became Vice President, he was in poor health, due to a fall from a horse on November 3, 1814. His finances were also quite poor. During the War of 1812, he had personally financed New York's war effort with borrowed money, but did not adequately document his expenses. The federal government, but not the New York legislature, refused him full reimbursement. He also slipped into alcoholism. With poor physical and financial health, Tompkins spent much of his Vice Presidency outside of Washington, D.C., and Tompkins made for a poor presiding officer of the Senate while it debated the Missouri Compromise in 1820. In 1823, Tompkins finally won compensation from the federal government, but he continued to drink heavily and was unable to resolve his business affairs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "489",
"text": "Application developers writing in 6301 assembler struggled with the small amount of RAM (2 kB) and the lack of an operating system. Another difficulty for developers was with the performance limitations of the earliest DATAPAKs, which used a serial-access internal architecture, as opposed to random access. Retrieving, for example, byte 2000 from a DATAPAK meant issuing successive hardware commands to either step from the current read position one address place at time until position 2000 was reached or, in the worst case, resetting the read position to zero and then issuing a step-forward command 2000 times.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "490",
"text": "Application developers writing in 6301 assembler struggled with the small amount of RAM (2 ;kB) and the lack of an operating system that was familiar to academics at the time. Another difficulty for developers was with the performance limitations of the earliest DATAPAKs, which used a serial-access internal architecture, as opposed to random access. Retrieving, for example, byte 2000 from a DATAPAK meant issuing successive hardware commands to either step from the current read position one address place at time until position 2000 was reached or, in the worst case, resetting the read position to zero and then issuing a step-forward command 2000 times.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "491",
"text": "Application developers writing in 6301 assembler struggled with the small amount of RAM (2 ;kB) and the primitive, functionally-obsolete, operating system. Another difficulty for developers was with the performance limitations of the earliest DATAPAKs, which used a serial-access internal architecture, as opposed to random access. Retrieving, for example, byte 2000 from a DATAPAK meant issuing successive hardware commands to either step from the current read position one address place at time until position 2000 was reached or, in the worst case, resetting the read position to zero and then issuing a step-forward command 2000 times.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1441",
"text": "When Tompkins became Vice President, he was in poor health, due to a fall from a horse on November 3, 1814. His finances were also surprisingly quite poor. During the War of 1812, he had personally financed New York's war effort with borrowed money, but did not adequately document his expenses. Despite this, both the New York legislature and the federal government allowed him full reimbursement. He also slipped into alcoholism. With poor physical and financial health, Tompkins spent much of his Vice Presidency outside of Washington, D.C., and Tompkins made for a poor presiding officer of the Senate while it debated the Missouri Compromise in 1820. In 1823, even though he had received compensation from the federal government, he continued to drink heavily and was unable to resolve his business affairs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2731",
"text": "King's mother began giving her real music lessons when she was four with King climbing the stool, made higher still by a phone book. With her mother sitting beside her, King learned music theory and elementary piano technique, including how to read notation and execute proper note timing. King wanted to learn as much as possible: \"My mother never forced me to practice. She didn't have to. I wanted so much to master the popular songs that poured out of the radio.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2732",
"text": "King's mother began giving her real music lessons when she was four with King climbing the stool, made higher still by a phone book. With her mother sitting beside her, King learned music theory and elementary piano technique, including how to read notation and execute proper note timing. King wanted to learn as much as possible: \"My mother never forced me to practice. She didn't want to. I wanted so much to master the popular songs that poured out of the radio.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "702",
"text": "Headlines are usually provided at 15 minutes past the hour with a full bulletin after the bottom-of-the-hour headlines. There are also extended sports bulletins per day, entitled \"Sportsday\" or \"Sport Today\" (when simulcasting with BBC World News) broadcast at 00:45, 01:45, 02:45, 03:45, 13:30, 18:30, 19:30 (weekends only), 22:30 (weekdays only). Each bulletin is read by a single sports presenter, with the exception of Saturday \"Sportsday\", which is double headed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "703",
"text": "Headlines are usually provided at 15 minutes past the hour with a full bulletin after the bottom-of-the-hour headlines. There are also extended sports bulletins per day, entitled \"Sportsday\" or \"Sport Today\" (when simulcasting with BBC World News) broadcast at 00:45, 01:45, 02:45, 03:45, 13:30, 18:30, 19:30 (weekends only), 22:30 (weekdays only). Each bulletin is read by a single sports presenter, with the exception of weekend bulletins, which are double headed.",
"title": ""
}
] |
When was the lowest verified reading taken at Mount Washington?
|
90-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1389",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington's 1934 low temperature reading was made official, and tied the all-time record low for New England that was set just weeks earlier on December 30, 1933 in Bloomfield, Vermont, and would not be tied again until an unofficial reading was made at Big Black River, Maine.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1388",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington also saw an unofficial reading on January 22, 1885, which, if made official, would tie the all-time record low for New England (also at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933).",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "90-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1388"
],
"pos_docid": "1389"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1388",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington also saw an unofficial reading on January 22, 1885, which, if made official, would tie the all-time record low for New England (also at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1390",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 22, 1885. Mount Washington therefore holds the official record for all-time low temperature in New England, and this record would only be tied by official readings at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "946",
"text": "Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as students, researchers and professors instead of professional journalists. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as \"Nature\" publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, they can be quite different. Issues of scientific journals about chemistry and physics are rarely read casually, as one would read a magazine, but scientific journals about other topics are read casually. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1057",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, even outside of the Eastern Orthodox church, it is highly uncommon for specific icons themselves to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons, when they do occur, are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "945",
"text": "Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as students, researchers and professors instead of professional journalists. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as \"Nature\" publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, they are actually quite different. Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually, as one would read a magazine. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "947",
"text": "Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as students, researchers and professors instead of professional journalists. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as \"Nature\" publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, and they share other similarities as well. Issues of a scientific journal are often read casually, as one would read a magazine. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1056",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, it is not uncommon for specific icons to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1058",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, outside of the Eastern Orthodox church, it is extremely rare for specific icons themselves to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2154",
"text": "At the school, other students allegedly raped Manson with the encouragement of a staff member, and he was repeatedly beaten. He ran away from the school eighteen times. While at the school, Manson developed a self-defense technique he later called the \"insane game\". When he was physically unable to defend himself, he would screech, grimace and wave his arms to convince aggressors that he was insane. After a number of failed attempts, he escaped with two other boys in February ;1951. The three escapees were robbing filling stations while attempting to drive to California in stolen cars when they were arrested in Utah. For the federal crime of driving a stolen car across state lines, Manson was sent to Washington, D.C.'s National Training School for Boys. On arrival he was given a series of aptitude tests in various subjects (including reading comprehension, writing, and math) which revealed his above average IQ of 109. His case worker deemed him aggressively antisocial.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2153",
"text": "At the school, other students allegedly raped Manson with the encouragement of a staff member, and he was repeatedly beaten. He ran away from the school eighteen times. While at the school, Manson developed a self-defense technique he later called the \"insane game\". When he was physically unable to defend himself, he would screech, grimace and wave his arms to convince aggressors that he was insane. After a number of failed attempts, he escaped with two other boys in February ;1951. The three escapees were robbing filling stations while attempting to drive to California in stolen cars when they were arrested in Utah. For the federal crime of driving a stolen car across state lines, Manson was sent to Washington, D.C.'s National Training School for Boys. Contrary to assumptions that he was illiterate, on arrival he was given aptitude tests which determined that not only could he read the questions and respond in writing, but he also had an above-average IQ of 109. His case worker deemed him aggressively antisocial.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1184",
"text": "Washington's retreat isolated his remaining forces and the British captured Fort Washington on November 16. The British victory there amounted to Washington's most disastrous defeat with the loss of 3,000 prisoners. The remaining American regiments on Long Island fell back four days later. General Sir Henry Clinton wanted to pursue Washington's disorganized army, but he was first required to commit 6,000 troops to capture Newport, Rhode Island to secure the Loyalist port. General Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington, but Howe ordered him to halt, leaving Washington unmolested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1185",
"text": "Washington's retreat isolated his remaining forces and the British captured Fort Washington on November 16. The British victory there amounted to Washington's most disastrous defeat with the loss of 3,000 prisoners. The remaining American regiments on Long Island fell back four days later. General Sir Henry Clinton wanted to pursue Washington's army, but he was first required to commit 6,000 disorganized troops to capture Newport, Rhode Island to secure the Loyalist port. General Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington, but Howe ordered him to halt, leaving Washington unmolested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1186",
"text": "Washington's retreat isolated his remaining forces and the British captured Fort Washington on November 16. The British victory there amounted to Washington's most disastrous defeat with the loss of 3,000 prisoners. The remaining American regiments on Long Island fell back four days later. General Sir Henry Clinton wanted to pursue Washington's organized army, but he was first required to commit 6,000 troops to capture Newport, Rhode Island to secure the Loyalist port. General Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington, but Howe ordered him to halt, leaving Washington unmolested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2347",
"text": "Houston was reunited with Ahuludegi's group of Cherokee in mid-1829. Because of Houston's experience in government and his connections with President Jackson, several local Native American tribes asked Houston to mediate disputes and communicate their needs to the Jackson administration. In late 1829, the Cherokee accorded Houston tribal membership and dispatched him to Washington to negotiate several issues. In anticipation of the removal of the remaining Cherokee east of the Mississippi River, Houston made an unsuccessful bid to supply rations to the Native Americans during their journey. When Houston returned to Washington in 1832, Congressman William Stanbery alleged that Houston had placed a fraudulent bid in 1830 in collusion with the Jackson administration. On April 13, 1832, after Stanbery refused to answer Houston's letters regarding the incident, Houston beat Stanbery with a cane. After the beating, the House of Representatives brought Houston to trial. By a vote of 106 to 89, the House convicted Houston, and Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson formally reprimanded Houston. A federal court also required Houston to pay $500 in damages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2349",
"text": "Houston was reunited with Ahuludegi's group of Cherokee in mid-1829. Because of Houston's experience in government and his connections with President Jackson, several local Native American tribes asked Houston to mediate disputes and communicate their needs to the Jackson administration. In late 1829, the Cherokee accorded Houston tribal membership and dispatched him to Washington to negotiate several issues. In anticipation of the removal of the remaining Cherokee east of the Mississippi River, Houston made a successful bid to supply rations to the Native Americans during their journey. When Houston returned to Washington in 1832, Congressman William Stanbery alleged that Houston had placed a fraudulent bid in 1830 in collusion with the Jackson administration. On April 13, 1832, after Stanbery refused to answer Houston's letters regarding the incident, Houston beat Stanbery with a cane. After the beating, the House of Representatives brought Houston to trial. By a vote of 106 to 89, the House convicted Houston, and Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson formally reprimanded Houston. A federal court also required Houston to pay $500 in damages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2348",
"text": "Houston was reunited with Ahuludegi's group of Cherokee in mid-1829. Because of Houston's experience in government and his connections with President Jackson, several local Native American tribes asked Houston to mediate disputes and communicate their needs to the Jackson administration. In late 1829, the Cherokee accorded Houston tribal membership and dispatched him to Washington to negotiate several issues. In anticipation of the removal of the remaining Cherokee east of the Mississippi River, Houston made a bid to supply rations to the Native Americans during what turned out to be an unsuccessful journey. When Houston returned to Washington in 1832, Congressman William Stanbery alleged that Houston had placed a fraudulent bid in 1830 in collusion with the Jackson administration. On April 13, 1832, after Stanbery refused to answer Houston's letters regarding the incident, Houston beat Stanbery with a cane. After the beating, the House of Representatives brought Houston to trial. By a vote of 106 to 89, the House convicted Houston, and Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson formally reprimanded Houston. A federal court also required Houston to pay $500 in damages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3555",
"text": "Although it is unusual in appearance and design when compared to traditional rifles, the features which set the scout rifle apart were selected for utility rather than appearance. The scope sight is mounted on the barrel both for stability, and some claim it also allows faster acquisition of the sighting line when the rifle is brought to the shoulder. It also keeps the breech and ejection port of the weapon clear of obstruction, allowing rapid top-loading of cartridges and clearance of jams or other obstructions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3556",
"text": "Although it is similar in appearance and design when compared to traditional rifles, the features which set the scout rifle apart were selected for the unusual uses of its operators, with the outward design being mostly irrelevant. The scope sight is mounted on the barrel both for stability, and some claim it also allows faster acquisition of the sighting line when the rifle is brought to the shoulder. It also keeps the breech and ejection port of the weapon clear of obstruction, allowing rapid top-loading of cartridges and clearance of jams or other obstructions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3557",
"text": "Although it is broadly similar in appearance and design when compared to traditional rifles, the features which set the scout rifle apart were selected to make incremental improvements to battlefield efficiency rather than appearance. The scope sight is mounted on the barrel both for stability, and some claim it also allows faster acquisition of the sighting line when the rifle is brought to the shoulder. It also keeps the breech and ejection port of the weapon clear of obstruction, allowing rapid top-loading of cartridges and clearance of jams or other obstructions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "393",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although never abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially until after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "394",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although being abolished, the award of the badge was never proposed again officially until after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "395",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although being abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially, even after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1095",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had not changed, even after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation still preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1096",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had changed after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation no longer preserved all the habits of early life. Indulging in some indolence, she left the pillow after dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1097",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had changed completely after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation no longer preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in plenty of indolence, she left the pillow past noon, and after lunch, retired to her chamber for hours for the study of new fashions and music.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "417",
"text": "The fears of Wilson and other government officials were confirmed when Galleanists—Italian immigrant followers of the anarchist Luigi Galleani—carried out a series of bombings in April and June 1919. At the end of April, some 30 Galleanist letter bombs had been mailed to a host of individuals, mostly prominent government officials and businessmen, but also law enforcement officials. Only a few reached their targets, and not all exploded when opened. Some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in Senator Thomas W. Hardwick's residence, who had her hands blown off. On June 2, 1919, the second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger package bombs were detonated by Galleanists in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in Washington, D.C. At least one person was killed in this second attack, night watchman William Boehner, and fears were raised because it occurred in the capital. Flyers declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "418",
"text": "The fears of Wilson and other government officials were confirmed when Galleanists—Italian immigrant followers of the anarchist Luigi Galleani—carried out a series of bombings in April and June 1919. At the end of April, some 30 Galleanist letter bombs had been mailed to a host of individuals, mostly prominent government officials and businessmen, but also law enforcement officials. Only a few did not reach their targets, and all exploded when opened. Some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in Senator Thomas W. Hardwick's residence, who had her hands blown off. On June 2, 1919, the second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger package bombs were detonated by Galleanists in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in Washington, D.C. At least one person was killed in this second attack, night watchman William Boehner, and fears were raised because it occurred in the capital. Flyers declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "419",
"text": "The fears of Wilson and other government officials were confirmed when Galleanists—Italian immigrant followers of the anarchist Luigi Galleani—carried out a series of bombings in April and June 1919. At the end of April, some 30 Galleanist letter bombs had been mailed to a host of individuals, mostly prominent government officials and businessmen, but also law enforcement officials. Only a few reached their targets, but all exploded when opened. Some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in Senator Thomas W. Hardwick's residence, who had her hands blown off. On June 2, 1919, the second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger package bombs were detonated by Galleanists in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in Washington, D.C. At least one person was killed in this second attack, night watchman William Boehner, and fears were raised because it occurred in the capital. Flyers declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3655",
"text": "This energy spectrum is noteworthy for three reasons. First, the energies are quantized, meaning that only discrete energy values (integer-plus-half multiples of) are possible; this is a general feature of quantum-mechanical systems when a particle is confined. Second, these discrete energy levels are equally spaced, unlike in the Bohr model of the atom, or the particle in a box. Third, the lowest achievable energy (the energy of the state, called the ground state) is not equal to the minimum of the potential well, but above it; this is called zero-point energy. Because of the zero-point energy, the position and momentum of the oscillator in the ground state are not fixed (as they would be in a classical oscillator), but have a small range of variance, in accordance with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3656",
"text": "This energy spectrum is noteworthy for three reasons. First, the energies are quantized, meaning that only discrete energy values (integer-plus-half multiples of) are possible; this is a general feature of quantum-mechanical systems when a particle is confined. Second, these discrete energy levels are equally spaced, unlike in the Bohr model of the atom, but the same as the particle in a box. Third, the lowest achievable energy (the energy of the state, called the ground state) is not equal to the minimum of the potential well, but above it; this is called zero-point energy. Because of the zero-point energy, the position and momentum of the oscillator in the ground state are not fixed (as they would be in a classical oscillator), but have a small range of variance, in accordance with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3657",
"text": "This energy spectrum is noteworthy for three reasons. First, the energies are quantized, meaning that only discrete energy values (integer-plus-half multiples of) are possible; this is a general feature of quantum-mechanical systems when a particle is confined. Second, these discrete energy levels are not equally spaced, the same as the Bohr model of the atom, or the particle in a box. Third, the lowest achievable energy (the energy of the state, called the ground state) is not equal to the minimum of the potential well, but above it; this is called zero-point energy. Because of the zero-point energy, the position and momentum of the oscillator in the ground state are not fixed (as they would be in a classical oscillator), but have a small range of variance, in accordance with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1498",
"text": "The inspector of the \"Nationalsingspiel\" was Gottlieb Stephanie. When the 25-year-old Mozart arrived in Vienna in 1781, seeking professional opportunity, one of the first tasks to which he addressed himself was to become acquainted with Stephanie and lobby him for an opera commission. To this end, he brought a copy of the final draft of his earlier opera \"Zaide\" and showed it to Stephanie, who was duly impressed even when the inspectors reading of the work was unfinished. Mozart also made a strong impression on the manager of the theater, Count Franz Xaver Orsini-Rosenberg, when in the home of Mozart's friend and patroness Maria Wilhelmine Thun the Count heard him play excerpts from his opera \"Idomeneo\", premiered with great success the previous year in Munich. With this backing, it was agreed that Stephanie would find appropriate material and prepare a libretto for Mozart. Stephanie complied by preparing an altered version of an earlier work \"Belmont und Constanze, oder Die Entführung aus dem Serail\" without attributing or seeking permission from its original author Christoph Friedrich Bretzner. Bretzner later complained loudly and publicly about the theft.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2442",
"text": "Although Hobart itself rarely receives snow during the winter (the city's geographic position keeps temperatures from plummeting far below zero Celsius), the adjacent kunanyi/Mount Wellington is frequently seen with a snowcap in winter. Mountain snow covering has also been known to occur during the other seasons. During the 20th century, the city itself has received snowfalls at sea level on average only once every 15 years; however, outer suburbs lying higher on the slopes of Mount Wellington receive snow more often, owing to cold air masses arriving from Antarctica coupled with them resting at higher altitude. These snow-bearing winds often carry on through Tasmania and Victoria to the Snowy Mountains in northern Victoria and southern New South Wales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2443",
"text": "Although Hobart itself often receives snow during the winter (the city's geographic position can send temperatures far below zero Celsius), the adjacent kunanyi/Mount Wellington is rarely seen with a snowcap in winter. Mountain snow covering has been known to occur during the other seasons. During the 20th century, the city itself has received snowfalls at sea level on average three times a year; however, outer suburbs lying higher on the slopes of Mount Wellington receive snow less often, owing to cold air masses arriving from Antarctica coupled with them resting at higher altitude. These snow-bearing winds often carry on through Tasmania and Victoria to the Snowy Mountains in northern Victoria and southern New South Wales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2444",
"text": "Hobart itself always receives snow during the winter (the city's geographic position sends temperatures plummeting far below zero Celsius), and the adjacent kunanyi/Mount Wellington is frequently seen with a snowcap in winter. Mountain snow covering has also been known to occur during the other seasons. During the 20th century, the city itself has received snowfalls at sea level on average five times a year; however, outer suburbs lying higher on the slopes of Mount Wellington receive snow more often, owing to cold air masses arriving from Antarctica coupled with them resting at higher altitude. These snow-bearing winds often carry on through Tasmania and Victoria to the Snowy Mountains in northern Victoria and southern New South Wales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2152",
"text": "At the school, other students allegedly raped Manson with the encouragement of a staff member, and he was repeatedly beaten. He ran away from the school eighteen times. While at the school, Manson developed a self-defense technique he later called the \"insane game\". When he was physically unable to defend himself, he would screech, grimace and wave his arms to convince aggressors that he was insane. After a number of failed attempts, he escaped with two other boys in February 1951. The three escapees were robbing filling stations while attempting to drive to California in stolen cars when they were arrested in Utah. For the federal crime of driving a stolen car across state lines, Manson was sent to Washington, D.C.'s National Training School for Boys. On arrival he was given aptitude tests which determined that he was illiterate, but had an above-average IQ of 109. His case worker deemed him aggressively antisocial.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1917",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken only by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that nobody else has read; and many times, when he talks only older knights are able to understand him because his language is too old. This humorous effect is more difficult to see nowadays because the reader must be able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, but when the book was published it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2378",
"text": "Hooker was working as janitor in a Detroit steel mill when his recording career began in 1948, when Modern Records, based in Los Angeles, released a demo he had recorded for Bernie Besman in Detroit. The single, \"Boogie Chillen', became a hit and the best-selling race record of 1949. Despite having had to teach himself to read and write in childhood, Hooker was a prolific lyricist. In addition to adapting traditional blues lyrics, he composed original songs. In the 1950s, like many black musicians, Hooker earned little from record sales, and so he often recorded variations of his songs for different studios for an up-front fee. To evade his recording contract, he used various pseudonyms, including John Lee Booker (for Chess Records and Chance Records in 1951–1952), Johnny Lee (for De Luxe Records in 1953–1954), John Lee, John Lee Cooker, Texas Slim, Delta John, Birmingham Sam and his Magic Guitar, Johnny Williams, and the Boogie Man.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "32",
"text": "Six months before the 1988 Olympics, Louganis was diagnosed with HIV, and started antiretrovirals. At the time, people with HIV/AIDS faced great stigma often losing their jobs, being denied housing, and being ostracized. Years later, in 1995, Louganis came out publicly as HIV+. When he had injured his head at the 1988 Seoul Olympics and some blood got in the pool, Louganis said he was \"paralyzed with fear\" when he read about a mysterious case of HIV infection among a South Korean swimmer after the Olympics, with no discernible cause. The incident is believed to have posed no risk to others as any blood would quickly be fully diluted by the pool water, and according to John Ward, chief of HIV-AIDS surveillance at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, \"chlorine kills HIV\". Since skin is an effective barrier to HIV, the only way the virus could enter would be through an open wound; \"If the virus just touches the skin, it is unheard of for it to cause infection: the skin has no receptors to bind HIV,\" explained Anthony Fauci.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2109",
"text": "The RLX was the 'mid-range' offering of the RL line. It had a 10 MHz 286 (surface-mounted) and 512 KB of RAM, and as in other 286-based Tandy 1000 models, it supported 384 KB of extended memory when RAM was expanded to the maximum 1 MB. However, it was not a full AT-class machine, as it still had an 8-bit ISA bus (as with the RL, one half-size expansion slot) and only 8 IRQs and 4 DMA channels. While the three-voice sound chip and DAC were still present, Tandy video was dropped in favor of an AcuMos VGA controller offering 256 kB of video memory and standard VGA graphics resolutions. The parallel port was bidirectional, a first for the Tandy 1000 series. The RLX had one 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive; an empty drive bay could host a second such drive. The hard disk RLX/HD came with a 20 ;MB hard disk and 1 MB RAM preinstalled. The hard disk occupied the empty drive bay, so this version supported only a single floppy drive.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2107",
"text": "The RLX was the 'mid-range' offering of the RL line. It had a 10 MHz 286 (surface-mounted) and 512 KB of RAM, and unlike other 286-based Tandy 1000 models, it supported 384 KB of extended memory when RAM was expanded to the maximum 1 MB. However, it was not a full AT-class machine, as it still had an 8-bit ISA bus (as with the RL, one half-size expansion slot) and only 8 IRQs and 4 DMA channels. While the three-voice sound chip and DAC were still present, Tandy video was dropped in favor of an AcuMos VGA controller offering 256 kB of video memory and standard VGA graphics resolutions. The parallel port was bidirectional, a first for the Tandy 1000 series. The RLX had one 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive; an empty drive bay could host a second such drive. The hard disk RLX/HD came with a 20 MB hard disk and 1 MB RAM preinstalled. The hard disk occupied the empty drive bay, so this version supported only a single floppy drive.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2108",
"text": "The RLX was the 'mid-range' offering of the RL line. It had a 10 MHz 286 (surface-mounted) and 512 KB of RAM, and unlike other 286-based Tandy 1000 models which came with a megabyte of RAM standard, it supported 384 KB of extended memory when RAM was expanded to the maximum 1 MB. However, it was not a full AT-class machine, as it still had an 8-bit ISA bus (as with the RL, one half-size expansion slot) and only 8 IRQs and 4 DMA channels. While the three-voice sound chip and DAC were still present, Tandy video was dropped in favor of an AcuMos VGA controller offering 256 kB of video memory and standard VGA graphics resolutions. The parallel port was bidirectional, a first for the Tandy 1000 series. The RLX had one 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive; an empty drive bay could host a second such drive. The hard disk RLX/HD came with a 20 ;MB hard disk and 1 MB RAM preinstalled. The hard disk occupied the empty drive bay, so this version supported only a single floppy drive.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3765",
"text": "The French salute, is performed with a flat hand, palm facing forwards; the upper arm is horizontal and the tips of the fingers come near the corner of the eyes. In both France and Britain, the hand remains at a 45 degree angle in line with the lower arm when executing a proper salute. The five fingers are lined together. It mirrors the gesture made by knights greeting each other, raising their visors to show their faces. A crisp tension may be given when the salute is taken or broken.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3106",
"text": "The Manzanar facility was located between Lone Pine and Independence. The weather at Manzanar caused suffering for the inmates, few of whom were accustomed to the extremes of the area's climate. While the majority of people were from the Los Angeles area, some were from places with much different climates (such as Bainbridge Island in Washington). Temporary buildings were added that could shield people from the weather during summer and winter months, when the main buildings proved insufficient. The Owens Valley lies at an elevation of about.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1439",
"text": "When Tompkins became Vice President, he was in poor health, due to a fall from a horse on November 3, 1814. His finances were also quite poor. During the War of 1812, he had personally financed New York's war effort with borrowed money, but did not adequately document his expenses. Both the New York legislature and the federal government refused him full reimbursement. He also slipped into alcoholism. With poor physical and financial health, Tompkins spent much of his Vice Presidency outside of Washington, D.C., and Tompkins made for a poor presiding officer of the Senate while it debated the Missouri Compromise in 1820. In 1823, Tompkins finally won compensation from the federal government, but he continued to drink heavily and was unable to resolve his business affairs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1440",
"text": "When Tompkins became Vice President, he was in poor health, due to a fall from a horse on November 3, 1814. His finances were also quite poor. During the War of 1812, he had personally financed New York's war effort with borrowed money, but did not adequately document his expenses. The federal government, but not the New York legislature, refused him full reimbursement. He also slipped into alcoholism. With poor physical and financial health, Tompkins spent much of his Vice Presidency outside of Washington, D.C., and Tompkins made for a poor presiding officer of the Senate while it debated the Missouri Compromise in 1820. In 1823, Tompkins finally won compensation from the federal government, but he continued to drink heavily and was unable to resolve his business affairs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "489",
"text": "Application developers writing in 6301 assembler struggled with the small amount of RAM (2 kB) and the lack of an operating system. Another difficulty for developers was with the performance limitations of the earliest DATAPAKs, which used a serial-access internal architecture, as opposed to random access. Retrieving, for example, byte 2000 from a DATAPAK meant issuing successive hardware commands to either step from the current read position one address place at time until position 2000 was reached or, in the worst case, resetting the read position to zero and then issuing a step-forward command 2000 times.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "490",
"text": "Application developers writing in 6301 assembler struggled with the small amount of RAM (2 ;kB) and the lack of an operating system that was familiar to academics at the time. Another difficulty for developers was with the performance limitations of the earliest DATAPAKs, which used a serial-access internal architecture, as opposed to random access. Retrieving, for example, byte 2000 from a DATAPAK meant issuing successive hardware commands to either step from the current read position one address place at time until position 2000 was reached or, in the worst case, resetting the read position to zero and then issuing a step-forward command 2000 times.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "491",
"text": "Application developers writing in 6301 assembler struggled with the small amount of RAM (2 ;kB) and the primitive, functionally-obsolete, operating system. Another difficulty for developers was with the performance limitations of the earliest DATAPAKs, which used a serial-access internal architecture, as opposed to random access. Retrieving, for example, byte 2000 from a DATAPAK meant issuing successive hardware commands to either step from the current read position one address place at time until position 2000 was reached or, in the worst case, resetting the read position to zero and then issuing a step-forward command 2000 times.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1441",
"text": "When Tompkins became Vice President, he was in poor health, due to a fall from a horse on November 3, 1814. His finances were also surprisingly quite poor. During the War of 1812, he had personally financed New York's war effort with borrowed money, but did not adequately document his expenses. Despite this, both the New York legislature and the federal government allowed him full reimbursement. He also slipped into alcoholism. With poor physical and financial health, Tompkins spent much of his Vice Presidency outside of Washington, D.C., and Tompkins made for a poor presiding officer of the Senate while it debated the Missouri Compromise in 1820. In 1823, even though he had received compensation from the federal government, he continued to drink heavily and was unable to resolve his business affairs.",
"title": ""
}
] |
When was the unverified record low at Mount Washington reported?
|
90-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1388",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington also saw an unofficial reading on January 22, 1885, which, if made official, would tie the all-time record low for New England (also at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933).",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1390",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 22, 1885. Mount Washington therefore holds the official record for all-time low temperature in New England, and this record would only be tied by official readings at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "90-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1390"
],
"pos_docid": "1388"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1390",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 22, 1885. Mount Washington therefore holds the official record for all-time low temperature in New England, and this record would only be tied by official readings at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1389",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington's 1934 low temperature reading was made official, and tied the all-time record low for New England that was set just weeks earlier on December 30, 1933 in Bloomfield, Vermont, and would not be tied again until an unofficial reading was made at Big Black River, Maine.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3420",
"text": "The name of the dish, according to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" (OED), alludes to the sounds made by the ingredients when being fried. The first recorded use of the name listed in the OED dates from 1762; \"The St James's Chronicle\", recording the dishes served at a banquet, included \"Bubble and Squeak, garnish'd with Eddowes Cow Bumbo, and Tongue\". A correspondent in \"The Public Advertiser\" two years later reported making \"a very hearty Meal on fried Beef and Cabbage; and I tried it after my Wife recommended it to me under the fashionable Appellation of \"Bubble and Squeak\". In 1791 another London paper recorded the quarterly meeting of the Bubble and Squeak Society at Smithfield.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3418",
"text": "The name of the dish, according to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" (OED), alludes to the sounds made by the ingredients when being fried. The first recorded use of the name listed in the OED dates from 1762; \"The St James's Chronicle\", recording the dishes served at a banquet, included \"Bubble and Squeak, garnish'd with Eddowes Cow Bumbo, and Tongue\". A correspondent in \"The Public Advertiser\" two years later reported making \"a very hearty Meal on fried Beef and Cabbage; though I could not have touched it had my Wife recommended it to me under the fashionable Appellation of \"Bubble and Squeak\". In 1791 another London paper recorded the quarterly meeting of the Bubble and Squeak Society at Smithfield.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3419",
"text": "The name of the dish, according to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" (OED), alludes to the sounds made by the ingredients when being fried. The first recorded use of the name listed in the OED dates from 1762; \"The St James's Chronicle\", recording the dishes served at a banquet, included \"Bubble and Squeak, garnish'd with Eddowes Cow Bumbo, and Tongue\". A correspondent in \"The Public Advertiser\" two years later reported making \"a very hearty Meal on fried Beef and Cabbage; though I have tried it my Wife could not recommended it to me under the fashionable Appellation of \"Bubble and Squeak\". In 1791 another London paper recorded the quarterly meeting of the Bubble and Squeak Society at Smithfield.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2376",
"text": "Hooker was working as janitor in a Detroit steel mill when his recording career began in 1948, when Modern Records, based in Los Angeles, released a demo he had recorded for Bernie Besman in Detroit. The single, \"Boogie Chillen', became a hit and the best-selling race record of 1949. Despite being illiterate, Hooker was a prolific lyricist. In addition to adapting traditional blues lyrics, he composed original songs. In the 1950s, like many black musicians, Hooker earned little from record sales, and so he often recorded variations of his songs for different studios for an up-front fee. To evade his recording contract, he used various pseudonyms, including John Lee Booker (for Chess Records and Chance Records in 1951–1952), Johnny Lee (for De Luxe Records in 1953–1954), John Lee, John Lee Cooker, Texas Slim, Delta John, Birmingham Sam and his Magic Guitar, Johnny Williams, and the Boogie Man.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2377",
"text": "Hooker was working as janitor in a Detroit steel mill when his recording career began in 1948, when Modern Records, based in Los Angeles, released a demo he had recorded for Bernie Besman in Detroit. The single, \"Boogie Chillen', became a hit and the best-selling race record of 1949. Contrary to a common belief that he was illiterate, Hooker had a high-school education and was a prolific lyricist. In addition to adapting traditional blues lyrics, he composed original songs. In the 1950s, like many black musicians, Hooker earned little from record sales, and so he often recorded variations of his songs for different studios for an up-front fee. To evade his recording contract, he used various pseudonyms, including John Lee Booker (for Chess Records and Chance Records in 1951–1952), Johnny Lee (for De Luxe Records in 1953–1954), John Lee, John Lee Cooker, Texas Slim, Delta John, Birmingham Sam and his Magic Guitar, Johnny Williams, and the Boogie Man.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2378",
"text": "Hooker was working as janitor in a Detroit steel mill when his recording career began in 1948, when Modern Records, based in Los Angeles, released a demo he had recorded for Bernie Besman in Detroit. The single, \"Boogie Chillen', became a hit and the best-selling race record of 1949. Despite having had to teach himself to read and write in childhood, Hooker was a prolific lyricist. In addition to adapting traditional blues lyrics, he composed original songs. In the 1950s, like many black musicians, Hooker earned little from record sales, and so he often recorded variations of his songs for different studios for an up-front fee. To evade his recording contract, he used various pseudonyms, including John Lee Booker (for Chess Records and Chance Records in 1951–1952), Johnny Lee (for De Luxe Records in 1953–1954), John Lee, John Lee Cooker, Texas Slim, Delta John, Birmingham Sam and his Magic Guitar, Johnny Williams, and the Boogie Man.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1184",
"text": "Washington's retreat isolated his remaining forces and the British captured Fort Washington on November 16. The British victory there amounted to Washington's most disastrous defeat with the loss of 3,000 prisoners. The remaining American regiments on Long Island fell back four days later. General Sir Henry Clinton wanted to pursue Washington's disorganized army, but he was first required to commit 6,000 troops to capture Newport, Rhode Island to secure the Loyalist port. General Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington, but Howe ordered him to halt, leaving Washington unmolested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1185",
"text": "Washington's retreat isolated his remaining forces and the British captured Fort Washington on November 16. The British victory there amounted to Washington's most disastrous defeat with the loss of 3,000 prisoners. The remaining American regiments on Long Island fell back four days later. General Sir Henry Clinton wanted to pursue Washington's army, but he was first required to commit 6,000 disorganized troops to capture Newport, Rhode Island to secure the Loyalist port. General Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington, but Howe ordered him to halt, leaving Washington unmolested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1186",
"text": "Washington's retreat isolated his remaining forces and the British captured Fort Washington on November 16. The British victory there amounted to Washington's most disastrous defeat with the loss of 3,000 prisoners. The remaining American regiments on Long Island fell back four days later. General Sir Henry Clinton wanted to pursue Washington's organized army, but he was first required to commit 6,000 troops to capture Newport, Rhode Island to secure the Loyalist port. General Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington, but Howe ordered him to halt, leaving Washington unmolested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3641",
"text": "As his music progressed and popularity grew, his singing also became very important. Armstrong was not the first to record scat singing, but he was masterful at it and helped popularize it with the first recording on which he scatted, \"Heebie Jeebies\". At a recording session for Okeh Records, when the sheet music supposedly fell on the floor and the music began before he could pick up the pages, Armstrong simply started singing nonsense syllables while Okeh president E.A. Fearn, who was at the session, kept telling him to continue. Armstrong did, thinking the track would be discarded, but that was the version that was pressed to disc, sold, and became an unexpected hit. Although the story was thought to be apocryphal, Armstrong himself confirmed it in at least one interview as well as in his memoirs. On a later recording, Armstrong also sang out \"I done forgot the words\" in the middle of recording \"I'm A Ding Dong Daddy From Dumas\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3642",
"text": "As his music progressed and popularity grew, his singing also became very important. Armstrong was not the first to record scat singing, but he was masterful at it and helped popularize it with the first recording on which he scatted, \"Heebie Jeebies\". At a recording session for Okeh Records, when the sheet music supposedly fell on the floor and the music began before he could pick up the pages, Armstrong simply started singing nonsense syllables while Okeh president E.A. Fearn, who was at the session, kept telling him to continue. Armstrong did, thinking that anything was an improvement over the insipid lyrics that the label had provided, and the version was pressed to disc, and sold at a level in line with what the label had projected. Although the story was thought to be apocryphal, Armstrong himself confirmed it in at least one interview as well as in his memoirs. On a later recording, Armstrong also sang out \"I done forgot the words\" in the middle of recording \"I'm A Ding Dong Daddy From Dumas\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3739",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos records that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars reject this as an error. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3740",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos records that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars reject an error in this assumption. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2782",
"text": "Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's commentators, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. As a result of this continued skewed reporting, \"Washington Post\" media critic Erik Wemple has called Hannity to be fired. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. This was refuted by White House coronavirus task force members Dr. Anthony Fauci and Dr. Deborah Birx, with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as \"nothing but distractions\" during public health crises.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2783",
"text": "Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's commentators, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. As a result of this continued skewed reporting, \"Washington Post\" media critic Erik Wemple has called Hannity to be fired. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. nothing was refuted by White House coronavirus task force members Dr. Anthony Fauci and Dr. Deborah Birx, with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as \"anything but distractions\" during public health crises.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2784",
"text": "Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's commentators, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. As a result of this continued skewed reporting, \"Washington Post\" media critic Erik Wemple has called Hannity to be fired. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. This was refuted by White House coronavirus task force member Dr. Deborah Birx, but not Dr. Anthony Fauci with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as \"anything but distractions\" during public health crises.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2347",
"text": "Houston was reunited with Ahuludegi's group of Cherokee in mid-1829. Because of Houston's experience in government and his connections with President Jackson, several local Native American tribes asked Houston to mediate disputes and communicate their needs to the Jackson administration. In late 1829, the Cherokee accorded Houston tribal membership and dispatched him to Washington to negotiate several issues. In anticipation of the removal of the remaining Cherokee east of the Mississippi River, Houston made an unsuccessful bid to supply rations to the Native Americans during their journey. When Houston returned to Washington in 1832, Congressman William Stanbery alleged that Houston had placed a fraudulent bid in 1830 in collusion with the Jackson administration. On April 13, 1832, after Stanbery refused to answer Houston's letters regarding the incident, Houston beat Stanbery with a cane. After the beating, the House of Representatives brought Houston to trial. By a vote of 106 to 89, the House convicted Houston, and Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson formally reprimanded Houston. A federal court also required Houston to pay $500 in damages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2349",
"text": "Houston was reunited with Ahuludegi's group of Cherokee in mid-1829. Because of Houston's experience in government and his connections with President Jackson, several local Native American tribes asked Houston to mediate disputes and communicate their needs to the Jackson administration. In late 1829, the Cherokee accorded Houston tribal membership and dispatched him to Washington to negotiate several issues. In anticipation of the removal of the remaining Cherokee east of the Mississippi River, Houston made a successful bid to supply rations to the Native Americans during their journey. When Houston returned to Washington in 1832, Congressman William Stanbery alleged that Houston had placed a fraudulent bid in 1830 in collusion with the Jackson administration. On April 13, 1832, after Stanbery refused to answer Houston's letters regarding the incident, Houston beat Stanbery with a cane. After the beating, the House of Representatives brought Houston to trial. By a vote of 106 to 89, the House convicted Houston, and Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson formally reprimanded Houston. A federal court also required Houston to pay $500 in damages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2348",
"text": "Houston was reunited with Ahuludegi's group of Cherokee in mid-1829. Because of Houston's experience in government and his connections with President Jackson, several local Native American tribes asked Houston to mediate disputes and communicate their needs to the Jackson administration. In late 1829, the Cherokee accorded Houston tribal membership and dispatched him to Washington to negotiate several issues. In anticipation of the removal of the remaining Cherokee east of the Mississippi River, Houston made a bid to supply rations to the Native Americans during what turned out to be an unsuccessful journey. When Houston returned to Washington in 1832, Congressman William Stanbery alleged that Houston had placed a fraudulent bid in 1830 in collusion with the Jackson administration. On April 13, 1832, after Stanbery refused to answer Houston's letters regarding the incident, Houston beat Stanbery with a cane. After the beating, the House of Representatives brought Houston to trial. By a vote of 106 to 89, the House convicted Houston, and Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson formally reprimanded Houston. A federal court also required Houston to pay $500 in damages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1057",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, even outside of the Eastern Orthodox church, it is highly uncommon for specific icons themselves to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons, when they do occur, are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2459",
"text": "In May 1830, Jackson discovered that Calhoun had asked President Monroe to censure Jackson for his invasion of Spanish Florida in 1818 while Calhoun was serving as Secretary of War. Calhoun's and Jackson's relationship deteriorated further. By February 1831, the break between Calhoun and Jackson was final. Responding to inaccurate press reports about the feud, Calhoun had published letters between him and Jackson detailing the conflict in the \"United States Telegraph\". Jackson and Calhoun began an angry correspondence which lasted until Jackson stopped it in July. The \"Telegraph\", edited by Duff Green, initially supported Jackson. After it sided with Calhoun on nullification, Jackson needed a new organ for the administration. He enlisted the help of longtime supporter Francis Preston Blair, who in November 1830 established a newspaper known as the \"Washington Globe\", which from then on served as the primary mouthpiece of the Democratic Party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2460",
"text": "In May 1830, Jackson discovered that Calhoun had asked President Monroe to censure Jackson for his invasion of Spanish Florida in 1818 while Calhoun was serving as Secretary of War. Calhoun's and Jackson's relationship deteriorated further. By February 1831, the break between Calhoun and Jackson was final. Responding to press reports about the feud, Calhoun had published inaccurate letters between him and Jackson detailing the conflict in the \"United States Telegraph\". Jackson and Calhoun began an angry correspondence which lasted until Jackson stopped it in July. The \"Telegraph\", edited by Duff Green, initially supported Jackson. After it sided with Calhoun on nullification, Jackson needed a new organ for the administration. He enlisted the help of longtime supporter Francis Preston Blair, who in November 1830 established a newspaper known as the \"Washington Globe\", which from then on served as the primary mouthpiece of the Democratic Party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2461",
"text": "In May 1830, Jackson discovered that Calhoun had asked President Monroe to censure Jackson for his invasion of Spanish Florida in 1818 while Calhoun was serving as Secretary of War. Calhoun's and Jackson's relationship deteriorated further. By February 1831, the break between Calhoun and Jackson was final. Responding to press reports about the feud, Calhoun had published letters between him and Jackson detailing the conflict in the \"United States Telegraph\". Jackson and Calhoun began an angry correspondence which lasted until Jackson stopped it in July. The \"Telegraph\", edited by Duff Green, initially supported Jackson. After it sided with Calhoun on nullification, Jackson needed a new organ for the administration. He enlisted the help of longtime supporter Francis Preston Blair, who in November 1830 established a newspaper known as the \"Washington Globe\", which from then on served as the primary mouthpiece of the Democratic Party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3555",
"text": "Although it is unusual in appearance and design when compared to traditional rifles, the features which set the scout rifle apart were selected for utility rather than appearance. The scope sight is mounted on the barrel both for stability, and some claim it also allows faster acquisition of the sighting line when the rifle is brought to the shoulder. It also keeps the breech and ejection port of the weapon clear of obstruction, allowing rapid top-loading of cartridges and clearance of jams or other obstructions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3556",
"text": "Although it is similar in appearance and design when compared to traditional rifles, the features which set the scout rifle apart were selected for the unusual uses of its operators, with the outward design being mostly irrelevant. The scope sight is mounted on the barrel both for stability, and some claim it also allows faster acquisition of the sighting line when the rifle is brought to the shoulder. It also keeps the breech and ejection port of the weapon clear of obstruction, allowing rapid top-loading of cartridges and clearance of jams or other obstructions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3557",
"text": "Although it is broadly similar in appearance and design when compared to traditional rifles, the features which set the scout rifle apart were selected to make incremental improvements to battlefield efficiency rather than appearance. The scope sight is mounted on the barrel both for stability, and some claim it also allows faster acquisition of the sighting line when the rifle is brought to the shoulder. It also keeps the breech and ejection port of the weapon clear of obstruction, allowing rapid top-loading of cartridges and clearance of jams or other obstructions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "393",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although never abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially until after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "394",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although being abolished, the award of the badge was never proposed again officially until after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "395",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although being abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially, even after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1749",
"text": "Explorer, ethnologist, and author Richard Francis Burton traveled by coach in the summer of 1860 to document life in Great Salt Lake City. He was granted unprecedented access during his three-week visit, including audiences with Brigham Young and other contemporaries of Joseph Smith. The records of his visit include sketches of early city buildings, a description of local geography and agriculture, commentary on its politics and social order, essays, speeches, and sermons from Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and other leaders, and snippets of everyday life such as newspaper clippings and the menu from a high-society ball.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1751",
"text": "Explorer, ethnologist, and author Richard Francis Burton traveled by coach in the summer of 1860 to document life in Great Salt Lake City. As with previous academics, during his three-week visit, Burton was welcomed into the inner workings of the city, and enjoyed audiences with Brigham Young and other contemporaries of Joseph Smith. The records of his visit include sketches of early city buildings, a description of local geography and agriculture, commentary on its politics and social order, essays, speeches, and sermons from Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and other leaders, and snippets of everyday life such as newspaper clippings and the menu from a high-society ball.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1750",
"text": "Explorer, ethnologist, and author Richard Francis Burton traveled by coach in the summer of 1860 to document life in Great Salt Lake City. He was granted the usual access during his three-week visit, including audiences with Brigham Young and other contemporaries of Joseph Smith, all of which were far from unprecedented for the time. The records of his visit include sketches of early city buildings, a description of local geography and agriculture, commentary on its politics and social order, essays, speeches, and sermons from Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and other leaders, and snippets of everyday life such as newspaper clippings and the menu from a high-society ball.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3649",
"text": "For children, some research has supported the use of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine. The benefit however appears to be slight in children, while other antidepressants have not been shown to be effective. Medications are not recommended in children with mild disease. There is also insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness in those with depression complicated by dementia. Any antidepressant can cause low blood sodium levels; nevertheless, it has been reported more often with SSRIs. It is not uncommon for SSRIs to cause or worsen insomnia; the sedating atypical antidepressant mirtazapine can be used in such cases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3650",
"text": "For children, some research has supported the use of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine. The benefit however appears to be slight in children, while other antidepressants have not been shown to be effective. Medications are not recommended in children with mild disease. There is also insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness in those with depression complicated by dementia. Any antidepressant can cause low blood sodium levels; nevertheless, it has been reported more often with SSRIs. It is highly atypical for SSRIs to cause or worsen insomnia; the standard sedating antidepressant mirtazapine can be used in such cases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3651",
"text": "For children, some research has supported the use of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine. The benefit however appears to be slight in children, while other antidepressants have not been shown to be effective. Medications are not recommended in children with mild disease. There is also insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness in those with depression complicated by dementia. Any antidepressant can cause low blood sodium levels; nevertheless, it has been reported more often with SSRIs. It is not uncommon for SSRIs to cause or worsen insomnia; the sedating standard antidepressant mirtazapine can be used in such cases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "829",
"text": "Great confidence was placed in being able to reduce the noise of a turbojet and massive strides by SNECMA in silencer design were reported during the programme. However, by 1974 the spade silencers which projected into the exhaust were reported to be ineffective. The Olympus Mk.622 with reduced jet velocity was not proposed to reduce the noise when it was developed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1095",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had not changed, even after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation still preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1096",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had changed after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation no longer preserved all the habits of early life. Indulging in some indolence, she left the pillow after dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1097",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had changed completely after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation no longer preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in plenty of indolence, she left the pillow past noon, and after lunch, retired to her chamber for hours for the study of new fashions and music.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "417",
"text": "The fears of Wilson and other government officials were confirmed when Galleanists—Italian immigrant followers of the anarchist Luigi Galleani—carried out a series of bombings in April and June 1919. At the end of April, some 30 Galleanist letter bombs had been mailed to a host of individuals, mostly prominent government officials and businessmen, but also law enforcement officials. Only a few reached their targets, and not all exploded when opened. Some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in Senator Thomas W. Hardwick's residence, who had her hands blown off. On June 2, 1919, the second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger package bombs were detonated by Galleanists in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in Washington, D.C. At least one person was killed in this second attack, night watchman William Boehner, and fears were raised because it occurred in the capital. Flyers declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "418",
"text": "The fears of Wilson and other government officials were confirmed when Galleanists—Italian immigrant followers of the anarchist Luigi Galleani—carried out a series of bombings in April and June 1919. At the end of April, some 30 Galleanist letter bombs had been mailed to a host of individuals, mostly prominent government officials and businessmen, but also law enforcement officials. Only a few did not reach their targets, and all exploded when opened. Some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in Senator Thomas W. Hardwick's residence, who had her hands blown off. On June 2, 1919, the second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger package bombs were detonated by Galleanists in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in Washington, D.C. At least one person was killed in this second attack, night watchman William Boehner, and fears were raised because it occurred in the capital. Flyers declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "419",
"text": "The fears of Wilson and other government officials were confirmed when Galleanists—Italian immigrant followers of the anarchist Luigi Galleani—carried out a series of bombings in April and June 1919. At the end of April, some 30 Galleanist letter bombs had been mailed to a host of individuals, mostly prominent government officials and businessmen, but also law enforcement officials. Only a few reached their targets, but all exploded when opened. Some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in Senator Thomas W. Hardwick's residence, who had her hands blown off. On June 2, 1919, the second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger package bombs were detonated by Galleanists in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in Washington, D.C. At least one person was killed in this second attack, night watchman William Boehner, and fears were raised because it occurred in the capital. Flyers declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2137",
"text": "Childhood sibling–sibling incest is considered to be widespread but rarely reported. Sibling–sibling incest becomes child-on-child sexual abuse when it occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result of coercion. In this form, it is believed to be the most common form of intrafamilial abuse. The most commonly reported form of abusive sibling incest is abuse of a younger sibling by an older sibling. A 2006 study showed a large portion of adults who experienced sibling incest abuse have \"distorted\" or \"disturbed\" beliefs (such as that the act was \"normal\") both about their own experience and the subject of sexual abuse in general.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1196",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works of unusual merit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2138",
"text": "It is commonly accepted that sibling-sibling incest rarely occurs in practice, though it is more often reported by concerned third parties. Sibling–sibling incest becomes child-on-child sexual abuse when it occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result of coercion. In this form, it is believed to be the most common form of intrafamilial abuse. The most commonly reported form of abusive sibling incest is abuse of a younger sibling by an older sibling. A 2006 study showed a large portion of adults who experienced sibling incest abuse have \"distorted\" or \"disturbed\" beliefs (such as that the act was \"normal\") both about their own experience and the subject of sexual abuse in general.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2139",
"text": "In practice, childhood sibling-sibling incest is considered to be very rare, which explains the small number of reports. Sibling–sibling incest becomes child-on-child sexual abuse when it occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result of coercion. In this form, it is believed to be the most common form of intrafamilial abuse. The most commonly reported form of abusive sibling incest is abuse of a younger sibling by an older sibling. A 2006 study showed a large portion of adults who experienced sibling incest abuse have \"distorted\" or \"disturbed\" beliefs (such as that the act was \"normal\") both about their own experience and the subject of sexual abuse in general.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1197",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of unusual works that still showed great merit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1198",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works that represent the average state of art in their time",
"title": ""
}
] |
When was the verified record low at Mount Washington reported?
|
90-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1390",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 22, 1885. Mount Washington therefore holds the official record for all-time low temperature in New England, and this record would only be tied by official readings at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1388",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington also saw an unofficial reading on January 22, 1885, which, if made official, would tie the all-time record low for New England (also at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933).",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "90-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1388"
],
"pos_docid": "1390"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1389",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington's 1934 low temperature reading was made official, and tied the all-time record low for New England that was set just weeks earlier on December 30, 1933 in Bloomfield, Vermont, and would not be tied again until an unofficial reading was made at Big Black River, Maine.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1388",
"text": "Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28°C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15°C). January temperatures range from an average high of on the coast to overnight lows below in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire's highest recorded temperature was in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington also saw an unofficial reading on January 22, 1885, which, if made official, would tie the all-time record low for New England (also at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1057",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, even outside of the Eastern Orthodox church, it is highly uncommon for specific icons themselves to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons, when they do occur, are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1056",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, it is not uncommon for specific icons to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1058",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, outside of the Eastern Orthodox church, it is extremely rare for specific icons themselves to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3420",
"text": "The name of the dish, according to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" (OED), alludes to the sounds made by the ingredients when being fried. The first recorded use of the name listed in the OED dates from 1762; \"The St James's Chronicle\", recording the dishes served at a banquet, included \"Bubble and Squeak, garnish'd with Eddowes Cow Bumbo, and Tongue\". A correspondent in \"The Public Advertiser\" two years later reported making \"a very hearty Meal on fried Beef and Cabbage; and I tried it after my Wife recommended it to me under the fashionable Appellation of \"Bubble and Squeak\". In 1791 another London paper recorded the quarterly meeting of the Bubble and Squeak Society at Smithfield.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3418",
"text": "The name of the dish, according to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" (OED), alludes to the sounds made by the ingredients when being fried. The first recorded use of the name listed in the OED dates from 1762; \"The St James's Chronicle\", recording the dishes served at a banquet, included \"Bubble and Squeak, garnish'd with Eddowes Cow Bumbo, and Tongue\". A correspondent in \"The Public Advertiser\" two years later reported making \"a very hearty Meal on fried Beef and Cabbage; though I could not have touched it had my Wife recommended it to me under the fashionable Appellation of \"Bubble and Squeak\". In 1791 another London paper recorded the quarterly meeting of the Bubble and Squeak Society at Smithfield.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3419",
"text": "The name of the dish, according to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" (OED), alludes to the sounds made by the ingredients when being fried. The first recorded use of the name listed in the OED dates from 1762; \"The St James's Chronicle\", recording the dishes served at a banquet, included \"Bubble and Squeak, garnish'd with Eddowes Cow Bumbo, and Tongue\". A correspondent in \"The Public Advertiser\" two years later reported making \"a very hearty Meal on fried Beef and Cabbage; though I have tried it my Wife could not recommended it to me under the fashionable Appellation of \"Bubble and Squeak\". In 1791 another London paper recorded the quarterly meeting of the Bubble and Squeak Society at Smithfield.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2376",
"text": "Hooker was working as janitor in a Detroit steel mill when his recording career began in 1948, when Modern Records, based in Los Angeles, released a demo he had recorded for Bernie Besman in Detroit. The single, \"Boogie Chillen', became a hit and the best-selling race record of 1949. Despite being illiterate, Hooker was a prolific lyricist. In addition to adapting traditional blues lyrics, he composed original songs. In the 1950s, like many black musicians, Hooker earned little from record sales, and so he often recorded variations of his songs for different studios for an up-front fee. To evade his recording contract, he used various pseudonyms, including John Lee Booker (for Chess Records and Chance Records in 1951–1952), Johnny Lee (for De Luxe Records in 1953–1954), John Lee, John Lee Cooker, Texas Slim, Delta John, Birmingham Sam and his Magic Guitar, Johnny Williams, and the Boogie Man.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2377",
"text": "Hooker was working as janitor in a Detroit steel mill when his recording career began in 1948, when Modern Records, based in Los Angeles, released a demo he had recorded for Bernie Besman in Detroit. The single, \"Boogie Chillen', became a hit and the best-selling race record of 1949. Contrary to a common belief that he was illiterate, Hooker had a high-school education and was a prolific lyricist. In addition to adapting traditional blues lyrics, he composed original songs. In the 1950s, like many black musicians, Hooker earned little from record sales, and so he often recorded variations of his songs for different studios for an up-front fee. To evade his recording contract, he used various pseudonyms, including John Lee Booker (for Chess Records and Chance Records in 1951–1952), Johnny Lee (for De Luxe Records in 1953–1954), John Lee, John Lee Cooker, Texas Slim, Delta John, Birmingham Sam and his Magic Guitar, Johnny Williams, and the Boogie Man.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2378",
"text": "Hooker was working as janitor in a Detroit steel mill when his recording career began in 1948, when Modern Records, based in Los Angeles, released a demo he had recorded for Bernie Besman in Detroit. The single, \"Boogie Chillen', became a hit and the best-selling race record of 1949. Despite having had to teach himself to read and write in childhood, Hooker was a prolific lyricist. In addition to adapting traditional blues lyrics, he composed original songs. In the 1950s, like many black musicians, Hooker earned little from record sales, and so he often recorded variations of his songs for different studios for an up-front fee. To evade his recording contract, he used various pseudonyms, including John Lee Booker (for Chess Records and Chance Records in 1951–1952), Johnny Lee (for De Luxe Records in 1953–1954), John Lee, John Lee Cooker, Texas Slim, Delta John, Birmingham Sam and his Magic Guitar, Johnny Williams, and the Boogie Man.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "945",
"text": "Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as students, researchers and professors instead of professional journalists. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as \"Nature\" publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, they are actually quite different. Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually, as one would read a magazine. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "947",
"text": "Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as students, researchers and professors instead of professional journalists. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as \"Nature\" publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, and they share other similarities as well. Issues of a scientific journal are often read casually, as one would read a magazine. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "946",
"text": "Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as students, researchers and professors instead of professional journalists. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as \"Nature\" publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, they can be quite different. Issues of scientific journals about chemistry and physics are rarely read casually, as one would read a magazine, but scientific journals about other topics are read casually. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1184",
"text": "Washington's retreat isolated his remaining forces and the British captured Fort Washington on November 16. The British victory there amounted to Washington's most disastrous defeat with the loss of 3,000 prisoners. The remaining American regiments on Long Island fell back four days later. General Sir Henry Clinton wanted to pursue Washington's disorganized army, but he was first required to commit 6,000 troops to capture Newport, Rhode Island to secure the Loyalist port. General Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington, but Howe ordered him to halt, leaving Washington unmolested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1185",
"text": "Washington's retreat isolated his remaining forces and the British captured Fort Washington on November 16. The British victory there amounted to Washington's most disastrous defeat with the loss of 3,000 prisoners. The remaining American regiments on Long Island fell back four days later. General Sir Henry Clinton wanted to pursue Washington's army, but he was first required to commit 6,000 disorganized troops to capture Newport, Rhode Island to secure the Loyalist port. General Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington, but Howe ordered him to halt, leaving Washington unmolested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1186",
"text": "Washington's retreat isolated his remaining forces and the British captured Fort Washington on November 16. The British victory there amounted to Washington's most disastrous defeat with the loss of 3,000 prisoners. The remaining American regiments on Long Island fell back four days later. General Sir Henry Clinton wanted to pursue Washington's organized army, but he was first required to commit 6,000 troops to capture Newport, Rhode Island to secure the Loyalist port. General Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington, but Howe ordered him to halt, leaving Washington unmolested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3641",
"text": "As his music progressed and popularity grew, his singing also became very important. Armstrong was not the first to record scat singing, but he was masterful at it and helped popularize it with the first recording on which he scatted, \"Heebie Jeebies\". At a recording session for Okeh Records, when the sheet music supposedly fell on the floor and the music began before he could pick up the pages, Armstrong simply started singing nonsense syllables while Okeh president E.A. Fearn, who was at the session, kept telling him to continue. Armstrong did, thinking the track would be discarded, but that was the version that was pressed to disc, sold, and became an unexpected hit. Although the story was thought to be apocryphal, Armstrong himself confirmed it in at least one interview as well as in his memoirs. On a later recording, Armstrong also sang out \"I done forgot the words\" in the middle of recording \"I'm A Ding Dong Daddy From Dumas\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3642",
"text": "As his music progressed and popularity grew, his singing also became very important. Armstrong was not the first to record scat singing, but he was masterful at it and helped popularize it with the first recording on which he scatted, \"Heebie Jeebies\". At a recording session for Okeh Records, when the sheet music supposedly fell on the floor and the music began before he could pick up the pages, Armstrong simply started singing nonsense syllables while Okeh president E.A. Fearn, who was at the session, kept telling him to continue. Armstrong did, thinking that anything was an improvement over the insipid lyrics that the label had provided, and the version was pressed to disc, and sold at a level in line with what the label had projected. Although the story was thought to be apocryphal, Armstrong himself confirmed it in at least one interview as well as in his memoirs. On a later recording, Armstrong also sang out \"I done forgot the words\" in the middle of recording \"I'm A Ding Dong Daddy From Dumas\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3739",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos records that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars reject this as an error. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3740",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos records that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars reject an error in this assumption. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2782",
"text": "Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's commentators, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. As a result of this continued skewed reporting, \"Washington Post\" media critic Erik Wemple has called Hannity to be fired. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. This was refuted by White House coronavirus task force members Dr. Anthony Fauci and Dr. Deborah Birx, with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as \"nothing but distractions\" during public health crises.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2783",
"text": "Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's commentators, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. As a result of this continued skewed reporting, \"Washington Post\" media critic Erik Wemple has called Hannity to be fired. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. nothing was refuted by White House coronavirus task force members Dr. Anthony Fauci and Dr. Deborah Birx, with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as \"anything but distractions\" during public health crises.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2784",
"text": "Sean Hannity and Laura Ingraham, two of Fox News's commentators, promoted use of the drug hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19, an off-label usage which at the time was supported only by anecdotal evidence, after it was touted by Trump as a possible cure. As a result of this continued skewed reporting, \"Washington Post\" media critic Erik Wemple has called Hannity to be fired. Fox News promoted a conspiracy theory that coronavirus death toll numbers were inflated with people who would have died anyway from preexisting conditions. This was refuted by White House coronavirus task force member Dr. Deborah Birx, but not Dr. Anthony Fauci with Fauci describing conspiracy theories as \"anything but distractions\" during public health crises.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2347",
"text": "Houston was reunited with Ahuludegi's group of Cherokee in mid-1829. Because of Houston's experience in government and his connections with President Jackson, several local Native American tribes asked Houston to mediate disputes and communicate their needs to the Jackson administration. In late 1829, the Cherokee accorded Houston tribal membership and dispatched him to Washington to negotiate several issues. In anticipation of the removal of the remaining Cherokee east of the Mississippi River, Houston made an unsuccessful bid to supply rations to the Native Americans during their journey. When Houston returned to Washington in 1832, Congressman William Stanbery alleged that Houston had placed a fraudulent bid in 1830 in collusion with the Jackson administration. On April 13, 1832, after Stanbery refused to answer Houston's letters regarding the incident, Houston beat Stanbery with a cane. After the beating, the House of Representatives brought Houston to trial. By a vote of 106 to 89, the House convicted Houston, and Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson formally reprimanded Houston. A federal court also required Houston to pay $500 in damages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2349",
"text": "Houston was reunited with Ahuludegi's group of Cherokee in mid-1829. Because of Houston's experience in government and his connections with President Jackson, several local Native American tribes asked Houston to mediate disputes and communicate their needs to the Jackson administration. In late 1829, the Cherokee accorded Houston tribal membership and dispatched him to Washington to negotiate several issues. In anticipation of the removal of the remaining Cherokee east of the Mississippi River, Houston made a successful bid to supply rations to the Native Americans during their journey. When Houston returned to Washington in 1832, Congressman William Stanbery alleged that Houston had placed a fraudulent bid in 1830 in collusion with the Jackson administration. On April 13, 1832, after Stanbery refused to answer Houston's letters regarding the incident, Houston beat Stanbery with a cane. After the beating, the House of Representatives brought Houston to trial. By a vote of 106 to 89, the House convicted Houston, and Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson formally reprimanded Houston. A federal court also required Houston to pay $500 in damages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2348",
"text": "Houston was reunited with Ahuludegi's group of Cherokee in mid-1829. Because of Houston's experience in government and his connections with President Jackson, several local Native American tribes asked Houston to mediate disputes and communicate their needs to the Jackson administration. In late 1829, the Cherokee accorded Houston tribal membership and dispatched him to Washington to negotiate several issues. In anticipation of the removal of the remaining Cherokee east of the Mississippi River, Houston made a bid to supply rations to the Native Americans during what turned out to be an unsuccessful journey. When Houston returned to Washington in 1832, Congressman William Stanbery alleged that Houston had placed a fraudulent bid in 1830 in collusion with the Jackson administration. On April 13, 1832, after Stanbery refused to answer Houston's letters regarding the incident, Houston beat Stanbery with a cane. After the beating, the House of Representatives brought Houston to trial. By a vote of 106 to 89, the House convicted Houston, and Speaker of the House Andrew Stevenson formally reprimanded Houston. A federal court also required Houston to pay $500 in damages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2459",
"text": "In May 1830, Jackson discovered that Calhoun had asked President Monroe to censure Jackson for his invasion of Spanish Florida in 1818 while Calhoun was serving as Secretary of War. Calhoun's and Jackson's relationship deteriorated further. By February 1831, the break between Calhoun and Jackson was final. Responding to inaccurate press reports about the feud, Calhoun had published letters between him and Jackson detailing the conflict in the \"United States Telegraph\". Jackson and Calhoun began an angry correspondence which lasted until Jackson stopped it in July. The \"Telegraph\", edited by Duff Green, initially supported Jackson. After it sided with Calhoun on nullification, Jackson needed a new organ for the administration. He enlisted the help of longtime supporter Francis Preston Blair, who in November 1830 established a newspaper known as the \"Washington Globe\", which from then on served as the primary mouthpiece of the Democratic Party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2460",
"text": "In May 1830, Jackson discovered that Calhoun had asked President Monroe to censure Jackson for his invasion of Spanish Florida in 1818 while Calhoun was serving as Secretary of War. Calhoun's and Jackson's relationship deteriorated further. By February 1831, the break between Calhoun and Jackson was final. Responding to press reports about the feud, Calhoun had published inaccurate letters between him and Jackson detailing the conflict in the \"United States Telegraph\". Jackson and Calhoun began an angry correspondence which lasted until Jackson stopped it in July. The \"Telegraph\", edited by Duff Green, initially supported Jackson. After it sided with Calhoun on nullification, Jackson needed a new organ for the administration. He enlisted the help of longtime supporter Francis Preston Blair, who in November 1830 established a newspaper known as the \"Washington Globe\", which from then on served as the primary mouthpiece of the Democratic Party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2461",
"text": "In May 1830, Jackson discovered that Calhoun had asked President Monroe to censure Jackson for his invasion of Spanish Florida in 1818 while Calhoun was serving as Secretary of War. Calhoun's and Jackson's relationship deteriorated further. By February 1831, the break between Calhoun and Jackson was final. Responding to press reports about the feud, Calhoun had published letters between him and Jackson detailing the conflict in the \"United States Telegraph\". Jackson and Calhoun began an angry correspondence which lasted until Jackson stopped it in July. The \"Telegraph\", edited by Duff Green, initially supported Jackson. After it sided with Calhoun on nullification, Jackson needed a new organ for the administration. He enlisted the help of longtime supporter Francis Preston Blair, who in November 1830 established a newspaper known as the \"Washington Globe\", which from then on served as the primary mouthpiece of the Democratic Party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3555",
"text": "Although it is unusual in appearance and design when compared to traditional rifles, the features which set the scout rifle apart were selected for utility rather than appearance. The scope sight is mounted on the barrel both for stability, and some claim it also allows faster acquisition of the sighting line when the rifle is brought to the shoulder. It also keeps the breech and ejection port of the weapon clear of obstruction, allowing rapid top-loading of cartridges and clearance of jams or other obstructions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3556",
"text": "Although it is similar in appearance and design when compared to traditional rifles, the features which set the scout rifle apart were selected for the unusual uses of its operators, with the outward design being mostly irrelevant. The scope sight is mounted on the barrel both for stability, and some claim it also allows faster acquisition of the sighting line when the rifle is brought to the shoulder. It also keeps the breech and ejection port of the weapon clear of obstruction, allowing rapid top-loading of cartridges and clearance of jams or other obstructions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3557",
"text": "Although it is broadly similar in appearance and design when compared to traditional rifles, the features which set the scout rifle apart were selected to make incremental improvements to battlefield efficiency rather than appearance. The scope sight is mounted on the barrel both for stability, and some claim it also allows faster acquisition of the sighting line when the rifle is brought to the shoulder. It also keeps the breech and ejection port of the weapon clear of obstruction, allowing rapid top-loading of cartridges and clearance of jams or other obstructions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "393",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although never abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially until after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "394",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although being abolished, the award of the badge was never proposed again officially until after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "395",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although being abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially, even after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1749",
"text": "Explorer, ethnologist, and author Richard Francis Burton traveled by coach in the summer of 1860 to document life in Great Salt Lake City. He was granted unprecedented access during his three-week visit, including audiences with Brigham Young and other contemporaries of Joseph Smith. The records of his visit include sketches of early city buildings, a description of local geography and agriculture, commentary on its politics and social order, essays, speeches, and sermons from Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and other leaders, and snippets of everyday life such as newspaper clippings and the menu from a high-society ball.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1751",
"text": "Explorer, ethnologist, and author Richard Francis Burton traveled by coach in the summer of 1860 to document life in Great Salt Lake City. As with previous academics, during his three-week visit, Burton was welcomed into the inner workings of the city, and enjoyed audiences with Brigham Young and other contemporaries of Joseph Smith. The records of his visit include sketches of early city buildings, a description of local geography and agriculture, commentary on its politics and social order, essays, speeches, and sermons from Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and other leaders, and snippets of everyday life such as newspaper clippings and the menu from a high-society ball.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1750",
"text": "Explorer, ethnologist, and author Richard Francis Burton traveled by coach in the summer of 1860 to document life in Great Salt Lake City. He was granted the usual access during his three-week visit, including audiences with Brigham Young and other contemporaries of Joseph Smith, all of which were far from unprecedented for the time. The records of his visit include sketches of early city buildings, a description of local geography and agriculture, commentary on its politics and social order, essays, speeches, and sermons from Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and other leaders, and snippets of everyday life such as newspaper clippings and the menu from a high-society ball.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3649",
"text": "For children, some research has supported the use of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine. The benefit however appears to be slight in children, while other antidepressants have not been shown to be effective. Medications are not recommended in children with mild disease. There is also insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness in those with depression complicated by dementia. Any antidepressant can cause low blood sodium levels; nevertheless, it has been reported more often with SSRIs. It is not uncommon for SSRIs to cause or worsen insomnia; the sedating atypical antidepressant mirtazapine can be used in such cases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3650",
"text": "For children, some research has supported the use of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine. The benefit however appears to be slight in children, while other antidepressants have not been shown to be effective. Medications are not recommended in children with mild disease. There is also insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness in those with depression complicated by dementia. Any antidepressant can cause low blood sodium levels; nevertheless, it has been reported more often with SSRIs. It is highly atypical for SSRIs to cause or worsen insomnia; the standard sedating antidepressant mirtazapine can be used in such cases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3651",
"text": "For children, some research has supported the use of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine. The benefit however appears to be slight in children, while other antidepressants have not been shown to be effective. Medications are not recommended in children with mild disease. There is also insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness in those with depression complicated by dementia. Any antidepressant can cause low blood sodium levels; nevertheless, it has been reported more often with SSRIs. It is not uncommon for SSRIs to cause or worsen insomnia; the sedating standard antidepressant mirtazapine can be used in such cases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "829",
"text": "Great confidence was placed in being able to reduce the noise of a turbojet and massive strides by SNECMA in silencer design were reported during the programme. However, by 1974 the spade silencers which projected into the exhaust were reported to be ineffective. The Olympus Mk.622 with reduced jet velocity was not proposed to reduce the noise when it was developed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1095",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had not changed, even after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation still preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1096",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had changed after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation no longer preserved all the habits of early life. Indulging in some indolence, she left the pillow after dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1097",
"text": "The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\", \"Mrs. President\" and \"Mrs. Presidentress\"; Martha Washington was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"First Lady\" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the \"St. Johnsbury Caledonian\", the author, \"Mrs. Sigourney\", discussing how Martha Washington had changed completely after her husband George became president. She wrote that \"The first lady of the nation no longer preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in plenty of indolence, she left the pillow past noon, and after lunch, retired to her chamber for hours for the study of new fashions and music.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "417",
"text": "The fears of Wilson and other government officials were confirmed when Galleanists—Italian immigrant followers of the anarchist Luigi Galleani—carried out a series of bombings in April and June 1919. At the end of April, some 30 Galleanist letter bombs had been mailed to a host of individuals, mostly prominent government officials and businessmen, but also law enforcement officials. Only a few reached their targets, and not all exploded when opened. Some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in Senator Thomas W. Hardwick's residence, who had her hands blown off. On June 2, 1919, the second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger package bombs were detonated by Galleanists in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in Washington, D.C. At least one person was killed in this second attack, night watchman William Boehner, and fears were raised because it occurred in the capital. Flyers declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "418",
"text": "The fears of Wilson and other government officials were confirmed when Galleanists—Italian immigrant followers of the anarchist Luigi Galleani—carried out a series of bombings in April and June 1919. At the end of April, some 30 Galleanist letter bombs had been mailed to a host of individuals, mostly prominent government officials and businessmen, but also law enforcement officials. Only a few did not reach their targets, and all exploded when opened. Some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in Senator Thomas W. Hardwick's residence, who had her hands blown off. On June 2, 1919, the second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger package bombs were detonated by Galleanists in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in Washington, D.C. At least one person was killed in this second attack, night watchman William Boehner, and fears were raised because it occurred in the capital. Flyers declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "419",
"text": "The fears of Wilson and other government officials were confirmed when Galleanists—Italian immigrant followers of the anarchist Luigi Galleani—carried out a series of bombings in April and June 1919. At the end of April, some 30 Galleanist letter bombs had been mailed to a host of individuals, mostly prominent government officials and businessmen, but also law enforcement officials. Only a few reached their targets, but all exploded when opened. Some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in Senator Thomas W. Hardwick's residence, who had her hands blown off. On June 2, 1919, the second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger package bombs were detonated by Galleanists in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in Washington, D.C. At least one person was killed in this second attack, night watchman William Boehner, and fears were raised because it occurred in the capital. Flyers declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2137",
"text": "Childhood sibling–sibling incest is considered to be widespread but rarely reported. Sibling–sibling incest becomes child-on-child sexual abuse when it occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result of coercion. In this form, it is believed to be the most common form of intrafamilial abuse. The most commonly reported form of abusive sibling incest is abuse of a younger sibling by an older sibling. A 2006 study showed a large portion of adults who experienced sibling incest abuse have \"distorted\" or \"disturbed\" beliefs (such as that the act was \"normal\") both about their own experience and the subject of sexual abuse in general.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which faction had no military experience?
|
91-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1391",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard and 42 other mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the poorly trained and badly commanded Moissy, none of who had any military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was theirs. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1392",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard but none of his mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the well trained but badly commanded Moissy, all of who had military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was his. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "91-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1392"
],
"pos_docid": "1391"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1041",
"text": "The Stuart line died with Anne in 1714, although a die-hard faction with French support supported pretenders. The Elector of Hanover became king as George I (1714–1727). He paid more attention to Hanover and surrounded himself with Germans, making him an unpopular king. He did, however, build up the army and created a more stable political system in Britain and helped bring peace to northern Europe. Jacobite factions seeking a Stuart restoration remained strong; they instigated a revolt in 1715–1716. The son of James II planned to invade England, but before he could do so, John Erskine, Earl of Mar, launched an invasion from Scotland, which was easily defeated.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1042",
"text": "The Stuart line died with Anne in 1714, although a die-hard faction with French support supported pretenders. The Elector of Hanover became king as George I (1714–1727). He paid more attention to Hanover and surrounded himself with unpopular Germans, but was still a well-liked king. He also built up the army, created a more stable political system in Britain, and helped bring peace to northern Europe. Jacobite factions seeking a Stuart restoration remained strong; they instigated a revolt in 1715–1716. The son of James II planned to invade England, but before he could do so, John Erskine, Earl of Mar, launched an invasion from Scotland, which was easily defeated.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1043",
"text": "The Stuart line died with Anne in 1714, although a die-hard faction with French support supported pretenders. The Elector of Hanover became king as George I (1714–1727). He paid more attention to Hanover and surrounded himself with Germans, making him an very popular king. He also built up the army, created a more stable political system in Britain, and helped bring peace to northern Europe. Jacobite factions seeking a Stuart restoration remained strong; they instigated a revolt in 1715–1716. The son of James II planned to invade England, but before he could do so, John Erskine, Earl of Mar, launched an invasion from Scotland, which was easily defeated.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1301",
"text": "During William's absence a crisis had developed in Jerusalem. King Baldwin had reached the age of majority in 1176 and Raymond III had been removed from the regency, but as a leper Baldwin could have no children and could not be expected to rule much longer. After the death of William of Montferrat in 1177, King Baldwin's widowed sister Sibylla required a new husband. At Easter in 1180, the two factions were divided even further when Raymond and his cousin Bohemond III of Antioch attempted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. Raymond and Bohemond were King Baldwin's nearest male relatives in the paternal line, and could have claimed the throne if the king died without an heir or a suitable replacement. Before Raymond and Bohemond arrived, however, Agnes and King Baldwin arranged for Sibylla to be married to a Poitevin newcomer, Guy of Lusignan, whose older brother Aimery of Lusignan was already an established figure at court.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1303",
"text": "During William's tenure in country, a crisis had developed in Jerusalem. King Baldwin had reached the age of majority in 1176 and Raymond III had been removed from the regency, but as a leper Baldwin could have no children and could not be expected to rule much longer. After the death of William of Montferrat in 1177, King Baldwin's widowed sister Sibylla required a new husband. At Easter in 1180, the two factions were divided even further when Raymond and his cousin Bohemond III of Antioch attempted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. Raymond and Bohemond were King Baldwin's nearest male relatives in the paternal line, and could have claimed the throne if the king died without an heir or a suitable replacement. Before Raymond and Bohemond arrived, however, Agnes and King Baldwin arranged for Sibylla to be married to a Poitevin newcomer, Guy of Lusignan, whose older brother Aimery of Lusignan was already an established figure at court.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1542",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was not taken seriously at the time because her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought to be improbable if not impossible on theoretical grounds. While physicists expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, nobody expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1544",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was taken seriously by some at the time even though her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought to be improbable but not impossible on theoretical grounds. While most physicists expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, some expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1543",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was taken somewhat seriously at the time even though her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought by most to be improbable but not impossible on theoretical grounds. While nobody but Fermi expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, some expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1392",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard but none of his mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the well trained but badly commanded Moissy, all of who had military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was his. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1393",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard and 42 other mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the well trained but badly commanded Moissy, all of who had military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was theirs. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1302",
"text": "A crisis developed in Jerusalem shortly after William returned from his long absence. King Baldwin had reached the age of majority in 1176 and Raymond III had been removed from the regency, but as a leper Baldwin could have no children and could not be expected to rule much longer. After the death of William of Montferrat in 1177, King Baldwin's widowed sister Sibylla required a new husband. At Easter in 1180, the two factions were divided even further when Raymond and his cousin Bohemond III of Antioch attempted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. Raymond and Bohemond were King Baldwin's nearest male relatives in the paternal line, and could have claimed the throne if the king died without an heir or a suitable replacement. Before Raymond and Bohemond arrived, however, Agnes and King Baldwin arranged for Sibylla to be married to a Poitevin newcomer, Guy of Lusignan, whose older brother Aimery of Lusignan was already an established figure at court.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1993",
"text": "MTV.com experimented with entirely video-based layouts between 2005 and 2007. The experiment began in April 2005 as \"MTV Overdrive\", a streaming video service that supplemented the regular MTV.com website. Shortly after the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards, which were streamed on MTV.com and heavily used the \"MTV Overdrive\" features, MTV introduced a massive change for MTV.com, transforming the entire site into a Flash video-based entity. Much of users' feedback about the Flash-based site was negative, demonstrating a dissatisfaction with videos that played automatically, commercials that could not be skipped or stopped, and the slower speed of the entire website. The experiment ended in February 2006 as MTV.com reverted to a traditional HTML-based website design with embedded video clips, in the style of YouTube and some other video-based websites.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1994",
"text": "MTV.com experimented with entirely video-based layouts between 2005 and 2007. The experiment began in April 2005 as \"MTV Overdrive\", a streaming video service that supplemented the regular MTV.com website. Shortly after the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards, which were streamed on MTV.com and heavily used the \"MTV Overdrive\" features, MTV introduced a massive change for MTV.com, transforming the entire site into a Flash video-based entity. Much of users' feedback about the Flash-based site was negative, demonstrating a neutral feeling towards videos that played automatically, but a dissatisfaction with commercials that could not be skipped or stopped and the slower speed of the entire website. The experiment ended in February 2006 as MTV.com reverted to a traditional HTML-based website design with embedded video clips, in the style of YouTube and some other video-based websites.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1995",
"text": "MTV.com experimented with entirely video-based layouts between 2005 and 2007. The experiment began in April 2005 as \"MTV Overdrive\", a streaming video service that supplemented the regular MTV.com website. Shortly after the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards, which were streamed on MTV.com and heavily used the \"MTV Overdrive\" features, MTV introduced a massive change for MTV.com, transforming the entire site into a Flash video-based entity. Much of users' feedback about the Flash-based site was positive, demonstrating an enjoyment of the videos that played automatically, commercials that could be skipped or stopped, and the faster speed of the entire website. The experiment ended in February 2006 as MTV.com reverted to a traditional HTML-based website design with embedded video clips, in the style of YouTube and some other video-based websites.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2926",
"text": "The Ownbey-Zirkle ESP experiment at Duke was criticized by parapsychologists and skeptics. Ownbey would attempt to send ESP symbols to Zirkle who would guess what they were. The pair were placed in adjacent rooms unable to see each other and an electric fan was used to prevent the pair communicating by sensory cues. Ownbey tapped a telegraph key to Zirkle to inform him when she was trying to send him a symbol. The door separating the two rooms was open during the experiment, and after each guess Zirkle would call out his guess to Ownbey who recorded his choice. Critics pointed out the experiment was flawed as Ownbey acted as both the sender and the experimenter, nobody was controlling the experiment so Ownbey could have cheated by communicating with Zirkle or made recording mistakes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2927",
"text": "The Ownbey-Zirkle ESP experiment at Duke was accepted by parapsychologists and skeptics. Ownbey would attempt to send ESP symbols to Zirkle who would guess what they were. The pair were placed in adjacent rooms unable to see each other and an electric fan was used to prevent the pair communicating by sensory cues. Ownbey tapped a telegraph key to Zirkle to inform him when she was trying to send him a symbol. The door separating the two rooms was open during the experiment, and after each guess Zirkle would call out his guess to Ownbey who recorded his choice. nobody pointed out the experiment was flawed since Ownbey acted as both the sender and the experimenter, somebody was controlling the experiment so Ownbey could have cheated by communicating with Zirkle or made recording mistakes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2928",
"text": "The Ownbey-Zirkle ESP experiment at Duke was criticized by parapsychologists and skeptics. Ownbey would attempt to send ESP symbols to Zirkle who would guess what they were. The pair were placed in adjacent rooms unable to see each other and an electric fan was used to prevent the pair communicating by sensory cues. Ownbey tapped a telegraph key to Zirkle to inform him when she was trying to send him a symbol. The door separating the two rooms was open during the experiment, and after each guess Zirkle would call out his guess to Ownbey who recorded his choice. Critics pointed out the experiment was flawed as Ownbey acted as both the sender and the experimenter, somebody was controlling the experiment so Ownbey could have cheated by communicating with Zirkle or made recording mistakes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "951",
"text": "In line with the salience hypothesis, there is considerable evidence that people who have more vivid, intense or unusual dreams show better recall. There is evidence that continuity of consciousness is related to recall. Specifically, people who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day tend to have more memorable dream content and hence better dream recall. People who score high on measures of personality traits associated with creativity, imagination, and fantasy, such as openness to experience, daydreaming, fantasy proneness, absorption, and hypnotic susceptibility, tend to show more frequent dream recall. There is also evidence for continuity between the bizarre aspects of dreaming and waking experience. That is, people who report more bizarre experiences during the day, such as people high in schizotypy (psychosis proneness) have more frequent dream recall and also report more frequent nightmares.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "952",
"text": "In line with the salience hypothesis, there is considerable evidence that unusual people who have more vivid or intense dreams show better recall. There is evidence that continuity of consciousness is related to recall. Specifically, people who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day tend to have more memorable dream content and hence better dream recall. People who score high on measures of personality traits associated with creativity, imagination, and fantasy, such as openness to experience, daydreaming, fantasy proneness, absorption, and hypnotic susceptibility, tend to show more frequent dream recall. There is also evidence for continuity between the bizarre aspects of dreaming and waking experience. That is, people who report more bizarre experiences during the day, such as people high in schizotypy (psychosis proneness) have more frequent dream recall and also report more frequent nightmares.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "953",
"text": "In line with the salience hypothesis, there is considerable evidence that people who have more vivid, intense or normal dreams show better recall. There is evidence that continuity of consciousness is related to recall. Specifically, people who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day tend to have more memorable dream content and hence better dream recall. People who score high on measures of personality traits associated with creativity, imagination, and fantasy, such as openness to experience, daydreaming, fantasy proneness, absorption, and hypnotic susceptibility, tend to show more frequent dream recall. There is also evidence for continuity between the bizarre aspects of dreaming and waking experience. That is, people who report more bizarre experiences during the day, such as people high in schizotypy (psychosis proneness) have more frequent dream recall and also report more frequent nightmares.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "696",
"text": "The Province (basically what is now Tunisia and coastal regions to the east) became the scene of military campaigns directed by well known Romans during the last decades of the Republic. Gaius Marius celebrated his \"triumph\" as a result of successfully finishing Rome's war against Jugurtha, the Numidian king. A wealthy \"novus homo\" and populares, Marius was the first Roman general to enlist in his army \"proletari\" (landless citizens); he was chosen Consul an unprecedented seven times (107, 104–100, 86). The optimate Lucius Cornelius Sulla, later Consul (88, 80), and Dictator (82–79), had served as quaestor under the military command of Marius in Numidia. There in 106 Sulla persuaded Bocchus to hand over Jurgurtha, which ended the war.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "698",
"text": "The Province (basically what is now Tunisia and coastal regions to the east) became the scene of military campaigns directed by well known Romans during the last decades of the Republic. Gaius Marius celebrated his \"triumph\" as a result of successfully finishing Rome's war against Jugurtha, the Numidian king. A wealthy \"novus homo\" and populares, Marius was the first Roman general to enlist in his army \"proletari\" (landless citizens); he was chosen Consul the usual seven times (107, 104–100, 86). The optimate Lucius Cornelius Sulla, later Consul (88, 80), and Dictator (82–79), had served as quaestor under the military command of Marius in Numidia. There in 106 Sulla persuaded Bocchus to hand over Jurgurtha, which ended the war.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "697",
"text": "The Province (basically what is now Tunisia and coastal regions to the east) became the scene of military campaigns directed by well known Romans during the last decades of the Republic. Gaius Marius celebrated his \"triumph\" as a result of successfully finishing Rome's war against Jugurtha, the Numidian king. Marius was a wealthy \"novus homo\" and populares, unprecedented characteristics for a Roman general. He was the first Roman general to enlist in his army \"proletari\" (landless citizens); he was chosen Consul seven times (107, 104–100, 86). The optimate Lucius Cornelius Sulla, later Consul (88, 80), and Dictator (82–79), had served as quaestor under the military command of Marius in Numidia. There in 106 Sulla persuaded Bocchus to hand over Jurgurtha, which ended the war.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "189",
"text": "Initial service experience revealed that the ShKAS machine guns had a tendency to jam. This was the result of the guns being installed in the wings upside-down to facilitate the fit. The problem was addressed in later modifications. Evaluations from pilots confirmed the experience with prototypes. Controls were light and very sensitive, abrupt maneuvers resulted in spins, and spin behavior was excellent. An aileron roll could be performed in under 1.5 seconds (roll rate over 240 degrees/second). The machine guns were fired via a cable and the required effort, coupled with sensitive controls, made precision aiming difficult. The rear weight bias made the I-16 easy to handle on unprepared airfields because the aircraft was rather unlikely to flip over the nose even if the front wheels dug in.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "190",
"text": "Initial service experience revealed that the ShKAS machine guns had a tendency to jam. This was the result of the guns being installed in the wings upside-down to facilitate the fit. The problem was addressed in later modifications. Evaluations from pilots confirmed the experience with prototypes. Controls were light and very sensitive, abrupt maneuvers resulted in spins, and spin behavior was excellent. An aileron roll could be performed in under 1.5 seconds (roll rate over 240 ;degrees/second). The machine guns were fired via a cable and the required effort, coupled with sensitive controls, made precision aiming difficult. The unlikely rear weight bias made the I-16 difficult to handle on unprepared airfields because the aircraft was rather likely to flip over the nose, especially if the front wheels dug in.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "191",
"text": "Initial service experience revealed that the ShKAS machine guns had a tendency to jam. This was the result of the guns being installed in the wings upside-down to facilitate the fit. The problem was addressed in later modifications. Evaluations from pilots confirmed the experience with prototypes. Controls were light and very sensitive, abrupt maneuvers resulted in spins, and spin behavior was excellent. An aileron roll could be performed in under 1.5 seconds (roll rate over 240 ;degrees/second). The machine guns were fired via a cable and the required effort, coupled with sensitive controls, made precision aiming difficult. The rear weight bias made the I-16 difficult to handle on unprepared airfields because the aircraft was rather likely to flip over the nose, especially if the front wheels dug in.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1101",
"text": "In 1900, \"Ben-Hur\" became the best-selling American novel of the 19th century, surpassing Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\". Amy Lifson, an editor for \"Humanities\", identified it as the most influential Christian book of the 19th century. Others named it one of the best-selling novels of all time. At the time of \"Ben-Hurs one hundredth anniversary in 1980, it had \"never been out of print\" and had been adapted for the stage and several motion pictures. One historian, Victor Davis Hanson, has argued that \"Ben-Hur\" drew from Wallace's life, particularly his experiences at Shiloh, and the damage it did to his reputation. The book's main character, Judah Ben-Hur, accidentally causes injury to a high-ranking Roman commander, for which he and his family suffer tribulations and calumny.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1102",
"text": "In 1900, \"Ben-Hur\" became the best-selling American novel of the 19th century, surpassing Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\". Amy Lifson, an editor for \"Humanities\", identified it as the most influential Christian book of the 19th century. Others named it one of the best-selling novels of all time. At the time of \"Ben-Hurs one hundredth anniversary in 1980, it had \"never been out of print\" or adapted for the stage, but it had been made into several motion pictures. One historian, Victor Davis Hanson, has argued that \"Ben-Hur\" drew from Wallace's life, particularly his experiences at Shiloh, and the damage it did to his reputation. The book's main character, Judah Ben-Hur, accidentally causes injury to a high-ranking Roman commander, for which he and his family suffer tribulations and calumny.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "776",
"text": "The film rights to the novel were licensed in the 1990s, several years after Heinlein's death. The project was originally entitled \"Bug Hunt at Outpost Nine\", and had been in production before the producers bought the rights to \"Starship Troopers\". The film was directed by Paul Verhoeven (who found the book too boring to finish), and released in 1997. The screenplay, by Ed Neumeier, shared character names and some plot details with the novel. The film contained several elements that differed from the book, including a military that is completely integrated with respect to sex. It had the stated intention of treating its material in an ironic or sarcastic manner, to undermine the political ideology of the novel. The mechanized suits that featured prominently in the novel were also the centerpiece of military tactics in the movie, but had limited screen time (with most scenes focusing on the aftermath of battles) due to budget constraints.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3238",
"text": "In time, a small number of prominent members of Congress began to vocally support the B-2 program, even as they continued to oppose generalized military spending, and this group included later Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, who cast votes for the B-2 in 1989, 1991 and 1992 while a U.S. Senator, representing Massachusetts. By 1992, Republican President George H. W. Bush called for the cancellation of the B-2 and promised to cut military spending by 30% in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union. In October 1995, former Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General Mike Ryan, and former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General John Shalikashvili, strongly recommended against Congressional action to fund the purchase of any additional B-2s, arguing that to do so would require unacceptable cuts in existing conventional and nuclear-capable aircraft, and that the military had greater priorities in spending a limited budget.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "775",
"text": "The film rights to the novel were licensed in the 1990s, several years after Heinlein's death. The project was originally entitled \"Bug Hunt at Outpost Nine\", and had been in production before the producers bought the rights to \"Starship Troopers\". The film was directed by Paul Verhoeven (who found the book too boring to finish), and released in 1997. The screenplay, by Ed Neumeier, shared character names and some plot details with the novel. The film contained several elements that differed from the book, including a military that is completely integrated with respect to sex. It had the stated intention of treating its material in an ironic or sarcastic manner, to undermine the political ideology of the novel. The mechanized suits that were only proposed by military planners in the novel, and completely absent from any combat scene, became a major plot point in the movie, due to the desire to create a big-budget blockbuster.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2403",
"text": "Pakistan's Supreme Court and the civilian courts cannot question decisions handed down by the military judges, and double jeopardy is prohibited. In cases where a member of the military is alleged to have committed a crime against a civilian, then the MoD and Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction. Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts. These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death. All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2404",
"text": "Pakistan's Supreme Court can question decisions handed down by the military judges, but civilian courts cannot, and double jeopardy is prohibited. In cases where a member of the military is alleged to have committed a crime against a civilian, then the MoD and Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction. Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts. These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death. All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2405",
"text": "Pakistan's Supreme Court and the civilian courts can question decisions handed down by the military judges, and double jeopardy is prohibited. In cases where a member of the military is alleged to have committed a crime against a civilian, then the MoD and Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction. Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts. These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death. All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1103",
"text": "In 1900, \"Ben-Hur\" became the best-selling American novel of the 19th century, surpassing Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\". Amy Lifson, an editor for \"Humanities\", identified it as the most influential Christian book of the 19th century. Others named it one of the best-selling novels of all time. At the time of \"Ben-Hurs one hundredth anniversary in 1980, it was \"out of print\" but had been adapted for the stage and several motion pictures. One historian, Victor Davis Hanson, has argued that \"Ben-Hur\" drew from Wallace's life, particularly his experiences at Shiloh, and the damage it did to his reputation. The book's main character, Judah Ben-Hur, accidentally causes injury to a high-ranking Roman commander, for which he and his family suffer tribulations and calumny.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1104",
"text": "Senior Greek military officers then withdrew their support from the junta, which collapsed. Constantine Karamanlis returned from exile in France to establish a government of national unity until elections could be held. Karamanlis worked to defuse the risk of war with Turkey and also legalised the Communist Party, which had been illegal since 1947. His newly organized party, New Democracy (ND), won the elections held in November 1974 by a wide margin, and he became prime minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1105",
"text": "Senior Greek military officers then withdrew their support from the junta, which collapsed. Constantine Karamanlis returned from exile in France to establish a government of national unity until elections could be held. Karamanlis worked to defuse the risk of war with Turkey and also made the Communist Party illegal, which had been legal since 1947. His newly organized party, New Democracy (ND), won the elections held in November 1974 by a wide margin, and he became prime minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1106",
"text": "Senior Greek military officers then withdrew their support from the junta, which collapsed. Constantine Karamanlis returned from exile in France to establish a government of national unity until elections could be held. Karamanlis worked to defuse the risk of war with Turkey and also kept the Communist Party legal, which had been legal since 1947. His newly organized party, New Democracy (ND), won the elections held in November 1974 by a wide margin, and he became prime minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2332",
"text": "The military personnel were allowed to run and serve in political offices while staying on active duty. However, they did not represent the Army or the Armada but instead the population of the city or province where elected. Dom Pedro I chose nine military personnel as Senators and five (out of 14) to the State Council. During the Regency, two were chosen to the Senate and none to the State Council as there was no Council at the time. Dom Pedro II chose four military personnel to become Senators during the 1840s, two in the 1850s and three until the end of his reign. He also chose seven military personnel to be State Counselors during the 1840s and 1850s and three after that.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2333",
"text": "The military personnel were allowed to run and serve in political offices while staying on active duty. However, they did not represent the Army or the Armada but instead the population of the city or province where elected. Dom Pedro I chose nine military personnel as Senators and five (out of 14) to the State Council. During the Regency, none were chosen to the Senate and two to the State Council as there was still a Council at the time. Dom Pedro II chose four military personnel to become Senators during the 1840s, two in the 1850s and three until the end of his reign. He also chose seven military personnel to be State Counselors during the 1840s and 1850s and three after that.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2334",
"text": "The military personnel were allowed to run and serve in political offices while staying on active duty. However, they did not represent the Army or the Armada but instead the population of the city or province where elected. Dom Pedro I chose nine military personnel as Senators and five (out of 14) to the State Council. During the Regency, two were chosen to the Senate and some to the State Council as there was still a Council at the time. Dom Pedro II chose four military personnel to become Senators during the 1840s, two in the 1850s and three until the end of his reign. He also chose seven military personnel to be State Counselors during the 1840s and 1850s and three after that.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1922",
"text": "In the epilogue, the older Leo summarizes how profoundly the experience has affected him. Forbidding himself to think about the scandal, he had shut down his emotions and imaginative nature, leaving room only for facts. As a result, he never has been able to establish intimate relationships. Now, looking back on the events through the eyes of a mature adult, he feels it is important to return to Brandham some 50 years later in order to tie up loose ends. There he meets Marian's grandson and finds Marian herself living in her former nanny's cottage. He also learns that Lord Trimingham had married Marian and acknowledged Ted's son by her as his own. He had died in 1910, and Marcus and his elder brother were killed in World War I and Marian's son in World War II. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that there was nothing to be ashamed of in her affair with Ted Burgess.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1923",
"text": "In the epilogue, the older Leo summarizes how profoundly the experience has affected him. Forbidding himself to think about the scandal, he had shut down his emotions and imaginative nature, leaving room only for facts. As a result, he never has been able to establish intimate relationships. Now, looking back on the events through the eyes of a mature adult, he feels it is important to return to Brandham some 50 years later in order to tie up loose ends. There he meets Marian's grandson and finds Marian herself living in her former nanny's cottage. He also learns that Lord Trimingham had married Marian and acknowledged Ted's son by her as his own. He had died in 1910, and Marcus and his elder brother were killed in World War I and Marian's son in World War II. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that there was nothing to the lingering rumors of her affair with Ted Burgess.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2809",
"text": "The Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did not find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash and convinced a majority to return to the missions by June 28.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2810",
"text": "The Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash but could not convince a majority to return to the missions by June 28.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2811",
"text": "The Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash and convinced a majority to return to the missions by June 28.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3141",
"text": "By early 1940, Italy was still a non-belligerent, and Mussolini communicated to Hitler that Italy was not prepared to intervene soon. By March 1940, Mussolini decided that Italy would intervene, but the date was not yet chosen. His senior military leadership unanimously opposed the action because Italy was unprepared. No raw materials had been stockpiled and the reserves it did have would soon be exhausted, Italy's industrial base was only one-tenth of Germany's, and even with supplies the Italian military was not organized to provide the equipment needed to fight a modern war of a long duration. An ambitious rearmament program was impossible because of Italy's limited reserves in gold and foreign currencies and lack of raw materials. Mussolini ignored the negative advice.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3143",
"text": "By early 1940, Italy was still a non-belligerent, and Mussolini communicated to Hitler that Italy was not prepared to intervene soon. By March 1940, Mussolini decided that Italy would intervene, but the date was not yet chosen. His senior military leadership unanimously supported the action because Italy was prepared. Raw materials had been stockpiled and the reserves it did have would not soon be exhausted, Italy's industrial base was only one-tenth of Germany's, but the Italian military was well organized to provide the equipment needed to fight a modern war of a long duration. An ambitious rearmament program was possible because of Italy's near-unlimited reserves in gold and foreign currencies and raw materials. Mussolini followed their advice.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1924",
"text": "In the epilogue, the older Leo summarizes how profoundly the experience has affected him. Forbidding himself to think about the scandal, he had shut down his emotions and imaginative nature, leaving room only for facts. As a result, he never has been able to establish intimate relationships. Now, looking back on the events through the eyes of a mature adult, he feels it is important to return to Brandham some 50 years later in order to tie up loose ends. There he meets Marian's grandson and finds Marian herself living in her former nanny's cottage. He also learns that Lord Trimingham had married Marian and acknowledged Ted's son by her as his own. He had died in 1910, and Marcus and his elder brother were killed in World War I and Marian's son in World War II. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that he should keep the shameful secret of her affair with Ted Burgess to himself, so that it can remain quietly forgotten by society.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3142",
"text": "By early 1940, Italy was still a non-belligerent, and Mussolini communicated to Hitler that Italy was not prepared to intervene soon. By March 1940, Mussolini decided that Italy would intervene, but the date was not yet chosen. His senior military leadership unanimously opposed the action because Italy was unprepared. No raw materials had been stockpiled and the reserves it did have would soon be exhausted, Italy's industrial base was only one-tenth of Germany's, and even with supplies the Italian military was not organized to provide the equipment needed to fight a modern war of a long duration. Even a limited rearmament program was impossible because of Italy's non-existent reserves in gold and foreign currencies and lack of raw materials. Mussolini ignored the negative advice.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which faction had some military experience?
|
91-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1392",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard but none of his mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the well trained but badly commanded Moissy, all of who had military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was his. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1391",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard and 42 other mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the poorly trained and badly commanded Moissy, none of who had any military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was theirs. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "91-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1391"
],
"pos_docid": "1392"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1544",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was taken seriously by some at the time even though her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought to be improbable but not impossible on theoretical grounds. While most physicists expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, some expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1543",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was taken somewhat seriously at the time even though her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought by most to be improbable but not impossible on theoretical grounds. While nobody but Fermi expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, some expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1041",
"text": "The Stuart line died with Anne in 1714, although a die-hard faction with French support supported pretenders. The Elector of Hanover became king as George I (1714–1727). He paid more attention to Hanover and surrounded himself with Germans, making him an unpopular king. He did, however, build up the army and created a more stable political system in Britain and helped bring peace to northern Europe. Jacobite factions seeking a Stuart restoration remained strong; they instigated a revolt in 1715–1716. The son of James II planned to invade England, but before he could do so, John Erskine, Earl of Mar, launched an invasion from Scotland, which was easily defeated.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1042",
"text": "The Stuart line died with Anne in 1714, although a die-hard faction with French support supported pretenders. The Elector of Hanover became king as George I (1714–1727). He paid more attention to Hanover and surrounded himself with unpopular Germans, but was still a well-liked king. He also built up the army, created a more stable political system in Britain, and helped bring peace to northern Europe. Jacobite factions seeking a Stuart restoration remained strong; they instigated a revolt in 1715–1716. The son of James II planned to invade England, but before he could do so, John Erskine, Earl of Mar, launched an invasion from Scotland, which was easily defeated.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1043",
"text": "The Stuart line died with Anne in 1714, although a die-hard faction with French support supported pretenders. The Elector of Hanover became king as George I (1714–1727). He paid more attention to Hanover and surrounded himself with Germans, making him an very popular king. He also built up the army, created a more stable political system in Britain, and helped bring peace to northern Europe. Jacobite factions seeking a Stuart restoration remained strong; they instigated a revolt in 1715–1716. The son of James II planned to invade England, but before he could do so, John Erskine, Earl of Mar, launched an invasion from Scotland, which was easily defeated.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1542",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was not taken seriously at the time because her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought to be improbable if not impossible on theoretical grounds. While physicists expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, nobody expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1993",
"text": "MTV.com experimented with entirely video-based layouts between 2005 and 2007. The experiment began in April 2005 as \"MTV Overdrive\", a streaming video service that supplemented the regular MTV.com website. Shortly after the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards, which were streamed on MTV.com and heavily used the \"MTV Overdrive\" features, MTV introduced a massive change for MTV.com, transforming the entire site into a Flash video-based entity. Much of users' feedback about the Flash-based site was negative, demonstrating a dissatisfaction with videos that played automatically, commercials that could not be skipped or stopped, and the slower speed of the entire website. The experiment ended in February 2006 as MTV.com reverted to a traditional HTML-based website design with embedded video clips, in the style of YouTube and some other video-based websites.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1994",
"text": "MTV.com experimented with entirely video-based layouts between 2005 and 2007. The experiment began in April 2005 as \"MTV Overdrive\", a streaming video service that supplemented the regular MTV.com website. Shortly after the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards, which were streamed on MTV.com and heavily used the \"MTV Overdrive\" features, MTV introduced a massive change for MTV.com, transforming the entire site into a Flash video-based entity. Much of users' feedback about the Flash-based site was negative, demonstrating a neutral feeling towards videos that played automatically, but a dissatisfaction with commercials that could not be skipped or stopped and the slower speed of the entire website. The experiment ended in February 2006 as MTV.com reverted to a traditional HTML-based website design with embedded video clips, in the style of YouTube and some other video-based websites.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1995",
"text": "MTV.com experimented with entirely video-based layouts between 2005 and 2007. The experiment began in April 2005 as \"MTV Overdrive\", a streaming video service that supplemented the regular MTV.com website. Shortly after the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards, which were streamed on MTV.com and heavily used the \"MTV Overdrive\" features, MTV introduced a massive change for MTV.com, transforming the entire site into a Flash video-based entity. Much of users' feedback about the Flash-based site was positive, demonstrating an enjoyment of the videos that played automatically, commercials that could be skipped or stopped, and the faster speed of the entire website. The experiment ended in February 2006 as MTV.com reverted to a traditional HTML-based website design with embedded video clips, in the style of YouTube and some other video-based websites.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1301",
"text": "During William's absence a crisis had developed in Jerusalem. King Baldwin had reached the age of majority in 1176 and Raymond III had been removed from the regency, but as a leper Baldwin could have no children and could not be expected to rule much longer. After the death of William of Montferrat in 1177, King Baldwin's widowed sister Sibylla required a new husband. At Easter in 1180, the two factions were divided even further when Raymond and his cousin Bohemond III of Antioch attempted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. Raymond and Bohemond were King Baldwin's nearest male relatives in the paternal line, and could have claimed the throne if the king died without an heir or a suitable replacement. Before Raymond and Bohemond arrived, however, Agnes and King Baldwin arranged for Sibylla to be married to a Poitevin newcomer, Guy of Lusignan, whose older brother Aimery of Lusignan was already an established figure at court.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1303",
"text": "During William's tenure in country, a crisis had developed in Jerusalem. King Baldwin had reached the age of majority in 1176 and Raymond III had been removed from the regency, but as a leper Baldwin could have no children and could not be expected to rule much longer. After the death of William of Montferrat in 1177, King Baldwin's widowed sister Sibylla required a new husband. At Easter in 1180, the two factions were divided even further when Raymond and his cousin Bohemond III of Antioch attempted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. Raymond and Bohemond were King Baldwin's nearest male relatives in the paternal line, and could have claimed the throne if the king died without an heir or a suitable replacement. Before Raymond and Bohemond arrived, however, Agnes and King Baldwin arranged for Sibylla to be married to a Poitevin newcomer, Guy of Lusignan, whose older brother Aimery of Lusignan was already an established figure at court.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "776",
"text": "The film rights to the novel were licensed in the 1990s, several years after Heinlein's death. The project was originally entitled \"Bug Hunt at Outpost Nine\", and had been in production before the producers bought the rights to \"Starship Troopers\". The film was directed by Paul Verhoeven (who found the book too boring to finish), and released in 1997. The screenplay, by Ed Neumeier, shared character names and some plot details with the novel. The film contained several elements that differed from the book, including a military that is completely integrated with respect to sex. It had the stated intention of treating its material in an ironic or sarcastic manner, to undermine the political ideology of the novel. The mechanized suits that featured prominently in the novel were also the centerpiece of military tactics in the movie, but had limited screen time (with most scenes focusing on the aftermath of battles) due to budget constraints.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1318",
"text": "In 1980, Antonioni made \"Il mistero di Oberwald\" (\"The Mystery of Oberwald\"), an experiment in the electronic treatment of color, recorded in video then transferred to film, featuring Monica Vitti once more. It is based on Jean Cocteau's play \"L'Aigle à deux têtes\" (\"The Eagle With Two Heads\"). \"Identificazione di una donna\" (\"Identification of a Woman\", 1982), filmed in Italy, deals one more time with the recursive subjects of his Italian trilogy. In 1985, Antonioni suffered a stroke, which left him partly paralyzed below the waist, which caused him some difficulty whenever he would need to speak publicly. However, he continued to make films, including \"Beyond the Clouds\" (1995), for which Wim Wenders filmed some scenes. As Wenders has explained, Antonioni rejected almost all the material filmed by Wenders during the editing, except for a few short interludes. They shared the FIPRESCI Prize at the Venice Film Festival with \"Cyclo\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1391",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard and 42 other mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the poorly trained and badly commanded Moissy, none of who had any military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was theirs. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1393",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard and 42 other mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the well trained but badly commanded Moissy, all of who had military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was theirs. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1302",
"text": "A crisis developed in Jerusalem shortly after William returned from his long absence. King Baldwin had reached the age of majority in 1176 and Raymond III had been removed from the regency, but as a leper Baldwin could have no children and could not be expected to rule much longer. After the death of William of Montferrat in 1177, King Baldwin's widowed sister Sibylla required a new husband. At Easter in 1180, the two factions were divided even further when Raymond and his cousin Bohemond III of Antioch attempted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. Raymond and Bohemond were King Baldwin's nearest male relatives in the paternal line, and could have claimed the throne if the king died without an heir or a suitable replacement. Before Raymond and Bohemond arrived, however, Agnes and King Baldwin arranged for Sibylla to be married to a Poitevin newcomer, Guy of Lusignan, whose older brother Aimery of Lusignan was already an established figure at court.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "775",
"text": "The film rights to the novel were licensed in the 1990s, several years after Heinlein's death. The project was originally entitled \"Bug Hunt at Outpost Nine\", and had been in production before the producers bought the rights to \"Starship Troopers\". The film was directed by Paul Verhoeven (who found the book too boring to finish), and released in 1997. The screenplay, by Ed Neumeier, shared character names and some plot details with the novel. The film contained several elements that differed from the book, including a military that is completely integrated with respect to sex. It had the stated intention of treating its material in an ironic or sarcastic manner, to undermine the political ideology of the novel. The mechanized suits that were only proposed by military planners in the novel, and completely absent from any combat scene, became a major plot point in the movie, due to the desire to create a big-budget blockbuster.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2334",
"text": "The military personnel were allowed to run and serve in political offices while staying on active duty. However, they did not represent the Army or the Armada but instead the population of the city or province where elected. Dom Pedro I chose nine military personnel as Senators and five (out of 14) to the State Council. During the Regency, two were chosen to the Senate and some to the State Council as there was still a Council at the time. Dom Pedro II chose four military personnel to become Senators during the 1840s, two in the 1850s and three until the end of his reign. He also chose seven military personnel to be State Counselors during the 1840s and 1850s and three after that.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1029",
"text": "Hypomania is the milder form of mania, defined as at least four days of the same criteria as mania, but which does not cause a significant decrease in the individual's ability to socialize or work, lacks psychotic features such as delusions or hallucinations, and does not require psychiatric hospitalization. Overall functioning may actually increase during episodes of hypomania and is thought to serve as a defense mechanism against depression by some. Hypomanic episodes rarely progress to full-blown manic episodes. Some people who experience hypomania show increased creativity while others are irritable or demonstrate poor judgment.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1031",
"text": "Hypomania is the milder form of mania, defined as at least four days of the same criteria as mania, but which does not cause a significant decrease in the individual's ability to socialize or work, lacks psychotic features such as delusions or hallucinations, and does not require psychiatric hospitalization while it lasts. Overall functioning may actually increase temporarily during episodes of hypomania and is thought to serve as a defense mechanism against depression by some. However, hypomanic episodes often progress to full-blown manic episodes. Some people who experience hypomania show increased creativity while others are irritable or demonstrate poor judgment.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1922",
"text": "In the epilogue, the older Leo summarizes how profoundly the experience has affected him. Forbidding himself to think about the scandal, he had shut down his emotions and imaginative nature, leaving room only for facts. As a result, he never has been able to establish intimate relationships. Now, looking back on the events through the eyes of a mature adult, he feels it is important to return to Brandham some 50 years later in order to tie up loose ends. There he meets Marian's grandson and finds Marian herself living in her former nanny's cottage. He also learns that Lord Trimingham had married Marian and acknowledged Ted's son by her as his own. He had died in 1910, and Marcus and his elder brother were killed in World War I and Marian's son in World War II. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that there was nothing to be ashamed of in her affair with Ted Burgess.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1923",
"text": "In the epilogue, the older Leo summarizes how profoundly the experience has affected him. Forbidding himself to think about the scandal, he had shut down his emotions and imaginative nature, leaving room only for facts. As a result, he never has been able to establish intimate relationships. Now, looking back on the events through the eyes of a mature adult, he feels it is important to return to Brandham some 50 years later in order to tie up loose ends. There he meets Marian's grandson and finds Marian herself living in her former nanny's cottage. He also learns that Lord Trimingham had married Marian and acknowledged Ted's son by her as his own. He had died in 1910, and Marcus and his elder brother were killed in World War I and Marian's son in World War II. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that there was nothing to the lingering rumors of her affair with Ted Burgess.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1030",
"text": "Hypomania is the milder form of mania, defined as at least four days of the same criteria as mania, but which does not cause a significant decrease in the individual's ability to socialize or work, lacks psychotic features such as delusions or hallucinations, and does not require psychiatric hospitalization while it lasts. Overall functioning may actually increase temporarily during episodes of hypomania and is thought to serve as a defense mechanism against depression by some. Although the symptoms seem mild at the time, it is rarely the case that a hypomanic episode does not progress into a full-blown manic episode. Some people who experience hypomania show increased creativity while others are irritable or demonstrate poor judgment.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1924",
"text": "In the epilogue, the older Leo summarizes how profoundly the experience has affected him. Forbidding himself to think about the scandal, he had shut down his emotions and imaginative nature, leaving room only for facts. As a result, he never has been able to establish intimate relationships. Now, looking back on the events through the eyes of a mature adult, he feels it is important to return to Brandham some 50 years later in order to tie up loose ends. There he meets Marian's grandson and finds Marian herself living in her former nanny's cottage. He also learns that Lord Trimingham had married Marian and acknowledged Ted's son by her as his own. He had died in 1910, and Marcus and his elder brother were killed in World War I and Marian's son in World War II. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that he should keep the shameful secret of her affair with Ted Burgess to himself, so that it can remain quietly forgotten by society.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "945",
"text": "Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as students, researchers and professors instead of professional journalists. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as \"Nature\" publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, they are actually quite different. Issues of a scientific journal are rarely read casually, as one would read a magazine. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "947",
"text": "Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as students, researchers and professors instead of professional journalists. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as \"Nature\" publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, and they share other similarities as well. Issues of a scientific journal are often read casually, as one would read a magazine. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2926",
"text": "The Ownbey-Zirkle ESP experiment at Duke was criticized by parapsychologists and skeptics. Ownbey would attempt to send ESP symbols to Zirkle who would guess what they were. The pair were placed in adjacent rooms unable to see each other and an electric fan was used to prevent the pair communicating by sensory cues. Ownbey tapped a telegraph key to Zirkle to inform him when she was trying to send him a symbol. The door separating the two rooms was open during the experiment, and after each guess Zirkle would call out his guess to Ownbey who recorded his choice. Critics pointed out the experiment was flawed as Ownbey acted as both the sender and the experimenter, nobody was controlling the experiment so Ownbey could have cheated by communicating with Zirkle or made recording mistakes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2927",
"text": "The Ownbey-Zirkle ESP experiment at Duke was accepted by parapsychologists and skeptics. Ownbey would attempt to send ESP symbols to Zirkle who would guess what they were. The pair were placed in adjacent rooms unable to see each other and an electric fan was used to prevent the pair communicating by sensory cues. Ownbey tapped a telegraph key to Zirkle to inform him when she was trying to send him a symbol. The door separating the two rooms was open during the experiment, and after each guess Zirkle would call out his guess to Ownbey who recorded his choice. nobody pointed out the experiment was flawed since Ownbey acted as both the sender and the experimenter, somebody was controlling the experiment so Ownbey could have cheated by communicating with Zirkle or made recording mistakes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2928",
"text": "The Ownbey-Zirkle ESP experiment at Duke was criticized by parapsychologists and skeptics. Ownbey would attempt to send ESP symbols to Zirkle who would guess what they were. The pair were placed in adjacent rooms unable to see each other and an electric fan was used to prevent the pair communicating by sensory cues. Ownbey tapped a telegraph key to Zirkle to inform him when she was trying to send him a symbol. The door separating the two rooms was open during the experiment, and after each guess Zirkle would call out his guess to Ownbey who recorded his choice. Critics pointed out the experiment was flawed as Ownbey acted as both the sender and the experimenter, somebody was controlling the experiment so Ownbey could have cheated by communicating with Zirkle or made recording mistakes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "951",
"text": "In line with the salience hypothesis, there is considerable evidence that people who have more vivid, intense or unusual dreams show better recall. There is evidence that continuity of consciousness is related to recall. Specifically, people who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day tend to have more memorable dream content and hence better dream recall. People who score high on measures of personality traits associated with creativity, imagination, and fantasy, such as openness to experience, daydreaming, fantasy proneness, absorption, and hypnotic susceptibility, tend to show more frequent dream recall. There is also evidence for continuity between the bizarre aspects of dreaming and waking experience. That is, people who report more bizarre experiences during the day, such as people high in schizotypy (psychosis proneness) have more frequent dream recall and also report more frequent nightmares.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "952",
"text": "In line with the salience hypothesis, there is considerable evidence that unusual people who have more vivid or intense dreams show better recall. There is evidence that continuity of consciousness is related to recall. Specifically, people who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day tend to have more memorable dream content and hence better dream recall. People who score high on measures of personality traits associated with creativity, imagination, and fantasy, such as openness to experience, daydreaming, fantasy proneness, absorption, and hypnotic susceptibility, tend to show more frequent dream recall. There is also evidence for continuity between the bizarre aspects of dreaming and waking experience. That is, people who report more bizarre experiences during the day, such as people high in schizotypy (psychosis proneness) have more frequent dream recall and also report more frequent nightmares.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "953",
"text": "In line with the salience hypothesis, there is considerable evidence that people who have more vivid, intense or normal dreams show better recall. There is evidence that continuity of consciousness is related to recall. Specifically, people who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day tend to have more memorable dream content and hence better dream recall. People who score high on measures of personality traits associated with creativity, imagination, and fantasy, such as openness to experience, daydreaming, fantasy proneness, absorption, and hypnotic susceptibility, tend to show more frequent dream recall. There is also evidence for continuity between the bizarre aspects of dreaming and waking experience. That is, people who report more bizarre experiences during the day, such as people high in schizotypy (psychosis proneness) have more frequent dream recall and also report more frequent nightmares.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "169",
"text": "The United States declared unrestricted war upon Germany in April 1917, even as German submarines continued to target American military vessels that were seen as providing material aid to the enemy in British waters. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "170",
"text": "The United States declared war upon Germany in April 1917 after fears of German submarines in their careful and controlled targeting of British military shipping was nonetheless harming American trade relations. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "946",
"text": "Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as students, researchers and professors instead of professional journalists. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals). Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as \"Nature\" publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields. Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines, they can be quite different. Issues of scientific journals about chemistry and physics are rarely read casually, as one would read a magazine, but scientific journals about other topics are read casually. The publication of the results of research is an essential part of the scientific method. If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results. Each such journal article becomes part of the permanent scientific record.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1316",
"text": "In 1980, Antonioni made \"Il mistero di Oberwald\" (\"The Mystery of Oberwald\"), an experiment in the electronic treatment of color, recorded in video then transferred to film, featuring Monica Vitti once more. It is based on Jean Cocteau's play \"L'Aigle à deux têtes\" (\"The Eagle With Two Heads\"). \"Identificazione di una donna\" (\"Identification of a Woman\", 1982), filmed in Italy, deals one more time with the recursive subjects of his Italian trilogy. In 1985, Antonioni suffered a stroke, which left him partly paralyzed and unable to speak. However, he continued to make films, including \"Beyond the Clouds\" (1995), for which Wim Wenders filmed some scenes. As Wenders has explained, Antonioni rejected almost all the material filmed by Wenders during the editing, except for a few short interludes. They shared the FIPRESCI Prize at the Venice Film Festival with \"Cyclo\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "122",
"text": "Over the course of his reign, higher taxes to pay for successful military campaigns were tolerated by the commoners and supported by the nobility, and John's own conflicts with the Pope led most of the barons to support him even more than in the past. However, in 1215, some of the most important barons rebelled against him. He met their leaders along with their French and Scot allies at Runnymede, near London on 15 June 1215 to seal the Great Charter (\"Magna Carta\" in Latin), which imposed legal limits on the king's personal powers. But as soon as hostilities ceased, John received approval from the Pope to break his word because he had made it under duress. This provoked the First Barons' War and a French invasion by Prince Louis of France invited by a majority of the English barons to replace John as king in London in May 1216. John travelled around the country to oppose the rebel forces, directing, among other operations, a two-month siege of the rebel-held Rochester Castle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1317",
"text": "In 1980, Antonioni made \"Il mistero di Oberwald\" (\"The Mystery of Oberwald\"), an experiment in the electronic treatment of color, recorded in video then transferred to film, featuring Monica Vitti once more. It is based on Jean Cocteau's play \"L'Aigle à deux têtes\" (\"The Eagle With Two Heads\"). \"Identificazione di una donna\" (\"Identification of a Woman\", 1982), filmed in Italy, deals one more time with the recursive subjects of his Italian trilogy. In 1985, Antonioni suffered a stroke, which left his face partly paralyzed and thus unable to display much emotion when he would speak. However, he continued to make films, including \"Beyond the Clouds\" (1995), for which Wim Wenders filmed some scenes. As Wenders has explained, Antonioni rejected almost all the material filmed by Wenders during the editing, except for a few short interludes. They shared the FIPRESCI Prize at the Venice Film Festival with \"Cyclo\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3633",
"text": "Society, government and religion was inter-related in complex ways after about 1800, in a complex overlapping, inefficient system that Atatürk systematically dismantled after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, but not the Empire's judicial system, which still gave them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan Selim III. His successor Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "696",
"text": "The Province (basically what is now Tunisia and coastal regions to the east) became the scene of military campaigns directed by well known Romans during the last decades of the Republic. Gaius Marius celebrated his \"triumph\" as a result of successfully finishing Rome's war against Jugurtha, the Numidian king. A wealthy \"novus homo\" and populares, Marius was the first Roman general to enlist in his army \"proletari\" (landless citizens); he was chosen Consul an unprecedented seven times (107, 104–100, 86). The optimate Lucius Cornelius Sulla, later Consul (88, 80), and Dictator (82–79), had served as quaestor under the military command of Marius in Numidia. There in 106 Sulla persuaded Bocchus to hand over Jurgurtha, which ended the war.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "698",
"text": "The Province (basically what is now Tunisia and coastal regions to the east) became the scene of military campaigns directed by well known Romans during the last decades of the Republic. Gaius Marius celebrated his \"triumph\" as a result of successfully finishing Rome's war against Jugurtha, the Numidian king. A wealthy \"novus homo\" and populares, Marius was the first Roman general to enlist in his army \"proletari\" (landless citizens); he was chosen Consul the usual seven times (107, 104–100, 86). The optimate Lucius Cornelius Sulla, later Consul (88, 80), and Dictator (82–79), had served as quaestor under the military command of Marius in Numidia. There in 106 Sulla persuaded Bocchus to hand over Jurgurtha, which ended the war.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "697",
"text": "The Province (basically what is now Tunisia and coastal regions to the east) became the scene of military campaigns directed by well known Romans during the last decades of the Republic. Gaius Marius celebrated his \"triumph\" as a result of successfully finishing Rome's war against Jugurtha, the Numidian king. Marius was a wealthy \"novus homo\" and populares, unprecedented characteristics for a Roman general. He was the first Roman general to enlist in his army \"proletari\" (landless citizens); he was chosen Consul seven times (107, 104–100, 86). The optimate Lucius Cornelius Sulla, later Consul (88, 80), and Dictator (82–79), had served as quaestor under the military command of Marius in Numidia. There in 106 Sulla persuaded Bocchus to hand over Jurgurtha, which ended the war.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "189",
"text": "Initial service experience revealed that the ShKAS machine guns had a tendency to jam. This was the result of the guns being installed in the wings upside-down to facilitate the fit. The problem was addressed in later modifications. Evaluations from pilots confirmed the experience with prototypes. Controls were light and very sensitive, abrupt maneuvers resulted in spins, and spin behavior was excellent. An aileron roll could be performed in under 1.5 seconds (roll rate over 240 degrees/second). The machine guns were fired via a cable and the required effort, coupled with sensitive controls, made precision aiming difficult. The rear weight bias made the I-16 easy to handle on unprepared airfields because the aircraft was rather unlikely to flip over the nose even if the front wheels dug in.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "190",
"text": "Initial service experience revealed that the ShKAS machine guns had a tendency to jam. This was the result of the guns being installed in the wings upside-down to facilitate the fit. The problem was addressed in later modifications. Evaluations from pilots confirmed the experience with prototypes. Controls were light and very sensitive, abrupt maneuvers resulted in spins, and spin behavior was excellent. An aileron roll could be performed in under 1.5 seconds (roll rate over 240 ;degrees/second). The machine guns were fired via a cable and the required effort, coupled with sensitive controls, made precision aiming difficult. The unlikely rear weight bias made the I-16 difficult to handle on unprepared airfields because the aircraft was rather likely to flip over the nose, especially if the front wheels dug in.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "191",
"text": "Initial service experience revealed that the ShKAS machine guns had a tendency to jam. This was the result of the guns being installed in the wings upside-down to facilitate the fit. The problem was addressed in later modifications. Evaluations from pilots confirmed the experience with prototypes. Controls were light and very sensitive, abrupt maneuvers resulted in spins, and spin behavior was excellent. An aileron roll could be performed in under 1.5 seconds (roll rate over 240 ;degrees/second). The machine guns were fired via a cable and the required effort, coupled with sensitive controls, made precision aiming difficult. The rear weight bias made the I-16 difficult to handle on unprepared airfields because the aircraft was rather likely to flip over the nose, especially if the front wheels dug in.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "774",
"text": "The film rights to the novel were licensed in the 1990s, several years after Heinlein's death. The project was originally entitled \"Bug Hunt at Outpost Nine\", and had been in production before the producers bought the rights to \"Starship Troopers\". The film was directed by Paul Verhoeven (who found the book too boring to finish), and released in 1997. The screenplay, by Ed Neumeier, shared character names and some plot details with the novel. The film contained several elements that differed from the book, including a military that is completely integrated with respect to sex. It had the stated intention of treating its material in an ironic or sarcastic manner, to undermine the political ideology of the novel. The mechanized suits that featured prominently in the novel were absent from the film, due to budget constraints.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1101",
"text": "In 1900, \"Ben-Hur\" became the best-selling American novel of the 19th century, surpassing Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\". Amy Lifson, an editor for \"Humanities\", identified it as the most influential Christian book of the 19th century. Others named it one of the best-selling novels of all time. At the time of \"Ben-Hurs one hundredth anniversary in 1980, it had \"never been out of print\" and had been adapted for the stage and several motion pictures. One historian, Victor Davis Hanson, has argued that \"Ben-Hur\" drew from Wallace's life, particularly his experiences at Shiloh, and the damage it did to his reputation. The book's main character, Judah Ben-Hur, accidentally causes injury to a high-ranking Roman commander, for which he and his family suffer tribulations and calumny.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1102",
"text": "In 1900, \"Ben-Hur\" became the best-selling American novel of the 19th century, surpassing Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\". Amy Lifson, an editor for \"Humanities\", identified it as the most influential Christian book of the 19th century. Others named it one of the best-selling novels of all time. At the time of \"Ben-Hurs one hundredth anniversary in 1980, it had \"never been out of print\" or adapted for the stage, but it had been made into several motion pictures. One historian, Victor Davis Hanson, has argued that \"Ben-Hur\" drew from Wallace's life, particularly his experiences at Shiloh, and the damage it did to his reputation. The book's main character, Judah Ben-Hur, accidentally causes injury to a high-ranking Roman commander, for which he and his family suffer tribulations and calumny.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2939",
"text": "At least on one point, Charles listened to Fox. The 700 Quakers who had been imprisoned under Richard Cromwell were released, though the government remained uncertain about the group's links with other, more violent, movements. A revolt by the Fifth Monarchists in January 1661 led to the suppression of that sect and the repression of other Nonconformists, including Quakers. In the aftermath of this attempted coup, Fox and eleven other Quakers issued a broadside proclaiming what became known among Friends in the 20th century as the \"peace testimony\", committing themselves to oppose some (but not all) outward wars and strife as contrary to the will of God. Not all his followers accepted this commitment; Isaac Penington, for example, dissented for a time, arguing that the state had a duty to protect the innocent from evil, if necessary by using military force. Despite the testimony, persecution against Quakers and other dissenters continued.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2940",
"text": "At least on one point, Charles listened to Fox. The 700 Quakers who had been imprisoned under Richard Cromwell were released, though the government remained uncertain about the group's links with other, more violent, movements. A revolt by the Fifth Monarchists in January 1661 led to the suppression of that sect and the repression of other Nonconformists, including Quakers. In the aftermath of this attempted coup, Fox and eleven other Quakers issued a broadside proclaiming what became known among Friends in the 20th century as the \"peace testimony\", committing themselves to support some outward wars and strife as fulfilling the will of God. Not all his followers accepted this commitment; Isaac Penington, though, agreed for a time, arguing that the state had a duty to protect the innocent from evil, if necessary by using military force. Despite the testimony, persecution against Quakers and other dissenters continued.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which overpowered military group was made up of badly trained soldiers?
|
91-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1391",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard and 42 other mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the poorly trained and badly commanded Moissy, none of who had any military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was theirs. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1393",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard and 42 other mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the well trained but badly commanded Moissy, all of who had military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was theirs. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "91-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1393"
],
"pos_docid": "1391"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "442",
"text": "The Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea consists of approximately 2,500 service members. The army has almost 1,400 soldiers, the police 400 paramilitary men, the navy 200 service members, and the air force about 120 members. There is also a gendarmerie, with 150 members, but the number of those who are also active-duty military is unknown The Gendarmerie is a new branch of the service in which training and education is being supported by the French Military Cooperation in Equatorial Guinea.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "441",
"text": "The Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea consists of approximately 2,500 service members. The army has almost 1,400 soldiers, the police 400 paramilitary men, the navy 200 service members, and the air force about 120 members. There is also a gendarmerie, but the number of members is unknown. The Gendarmerie is a new branch of the service in which training and education is being supported by the French Military Cooperation in Equatorial Guinea.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1392",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard but none of his mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the well trained but badly commanded Moissy, all of who had military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was his. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1393",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard and 42 other mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the well trained but badly commanded Moissy, all of who had military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was theirs. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "443",
"text": "The Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea consists of approximately 2,500 service members. The army has almost 1,400 soldiers, the police 400 paramilitary men, the navy 200 service members, and the air force about 120 members. There is also a separate gendarmerie, but the number of members is smaller than that of any of the other forces, and currently stands at 76. The Gendarmerie is a new branch of the service in which training and education is being supported by the French Military Cooperation in Equatorial Guinea.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3309",
"text": "A contingent under Seán Connolly occupied Dublin City Hall and adjacent buildings. They attempted to seize neighbouring Dublin Castle, the heart of British rule in Ireland. As they approached the gate a lone and unarmed police sentry, James O'Brien, attempted to stop them and was shot dead by Connolly. According to some accounts, he was the first casualty of the Rising. The rebels overpowered the soldiers in the guardroom but failed to press further. The British Army's chief intelligence officer, Major Ivon Price, fired on the rebels while the Under-Secretary for Ireland, Sir Matthew Nathan, helped shut the castle gates. Unbeknownst to the rebels, the Castle was lightly guarded and could have been taken with ease. The rebels instead laid siege to the Castle from City Hall. Fierce fighting erupted there after British reinforcements arrived. The rebels on the roof exchanged fire with soldiers on the street. Seán Connolly was shot dead by a sniper, becoming the first rebel casualty. By the following morning, British forces had re-captured City Hall and taken the rebels prisoner.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3310",
"text": "A contingent under Seán Connolly occupied Dublin City Hall and adjacent buildings. They attempted to seize neighbouring Dublin Castle, the heart of British rule in Ireland. As they approached the gate a lone police sentry, James O'Brien appearing to be unarmed in his heavy coat, attempted to politely stop them as he assumed that the men were simply lost, but he was shot dead by Connolly. According to some accounts, he was the first casualty of the Rising. The rebels overpowered the soldiers in the guardroom but failed to press further. The British Army's chief intelligence officer, Major Ivon Price, fired on the rebels while the Under-Secretary for Ireland, Sir Matthew Nathan, helped shut the castle gates. Unbeknownst to the rebels, the Castle was lightly guarded and could have been taken with ease. The rebels instead laid siege to the Castle from City Hall. Fierce fighting erupted there after British reinforcements arrived. The rebels on the roof exchanged fire with soldiers on the street. Seán Connolly was shot dead by a sniper, becoming the first rebel casualty. By the following morning, British forces had re-captured City Hall and taken the rebels prisoner.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3311",
"text": "A contingent under Seán Connolly occupied Dublin City Hall and adjacent buildings. They attempted to seize neighbouring Dublin Castle, the heart of British rule in Ireland. As they approached the gate a lone police sentry, James O'Brien, attempted to stop them, but he was shot dead by Connolly while O'Brien was in the process of drawing his standard-issued sidearm. According to some accounts, he was the first casualty of the Rising. The rebels overpowered the soldiers in the guardroom but failed to press further. The British Army's chief intelligence officer, Major Ivon Price, fired on the rebels while the Under-Secretary for Ireland, Sir Matthew Nathan, helped shut the castle gates. Unbeknownst to the rebels, the Castle was lightly guarded and could have been taken with ease. The rebels instead laid siege to the Castle from City Hall. Fierce fighting erupted there after British reinforcements arrived. The rebels on the roof exchanged fire with soldiers on the street. Seán Connolly was shot dead by a sniper, becoming the first rebel casualty. By the following morning, British forces had re-captured City Hall and taken the rebels prisoner.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2554",
"text": "But knights remained the minority of total available combat forces; the expense of arms, armour, and horses was only affordable to a select few. While mounted men-at-arms focused on a narrow combat role of shock combat, medieval armies relied on a large variety of foot troops to fulfill all the rest (skirmishing, flank guards, scouting, holding ground, etc.). Medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the common soldiers, which led early students of military history to suppose that heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields. But well-trained and disciplined infantry could defeat knights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2555",
"text": "But knights became the majority of total available combat forces as the expense of arms, armour, and horses were few. While mounted men-at-arms focused on a narrow combat role of shock combat, medieval armies relied on a large variety of foot troops to fulfill all the rest (skirmishing, flank guards, scouting, holding ground, etc.). Medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the common soldiers, which led early students of military history to suppose that heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields. But well-trained and disciplined infantry could defeat knights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2556",
"text": "But knights remained the minority of total available combat forces; even though the expense of arms, armour, and horses was affordable to a vast majority. While mounted men-at-arms focused on a narrow combat role of shock combat, medieval armies relied on a large variety of foot troops to fulfill all the rest (skirmishing, flank guards, scouting, holding ground, etc.). Medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the common soldiers, which led early students of military history to suppose that heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields. But well-trained and disciplined infantry could defeat knights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2596",
"text": "Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the jungle where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, Chea Sim led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978, while thousands were evacuated to other zones to prevent them from defecting to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, \"old people\" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2597",
"text": "Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the jungle where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, Chea Sim led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978. Also, the center did not prevent evacuation of thousands to other zones in order to stall defection to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, \"old people\" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2598",
"text": "Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the jungle where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, Chea Sim led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978, while thousands were evacuated to other zones, the center ignored those who managed to defect to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, \"old people\" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1735",
"text": "Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May, New Jersey. New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts, vaccinations, uniform issue, and other necessary entrance procedures. During this initial processing period, the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders. These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company. The temporary company commanders typically enforce physical-activity training regimens such as push ups or crunches, but do not test recruits' performance at this stage. When the initial processing is complete, the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training. There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders. The balance of the eight-week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills. An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard's core values is an important part of the training.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1736",
"text": "Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May, New Jersey. New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts, vaccinations, uniform issue, and other necessary entrance procedures. During this initial processing period, the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders. These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company. The temporary company commanders typically oversee physical-activity training such as push ups or crunches, and test the recruits' ability to pass basic fitness-test requirements before they proceed. When the initial processing is complete, the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training. There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders. The balance of the eight-week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills. An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard's core values is an important part of the training.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1734",
"text": "Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May, New Jersey. New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts, vaccinations, uniform issue, and other necessary entrance procedures. During this initial processing period, the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders. These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company. The temporary company commanders typically do not enforce any physical activity such as push ups or crunches. When the initial processing is complete, the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training. There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders. The balance of the eight-week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills. An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard's core values is an important part of the training.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1885",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work for the company during a \"training\" period, in which they only earn the statutory minimum wage, with the promised commissions for any sales going unpaid to the new hire. Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "969",
"text": "Under this new law, it would be a crime to print, publish, sell, or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. It made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the 1898 law that had made it illegal to display the flag of Puerto Rico, with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law in any way being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of up to US$10,000 (), or both.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1074",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly uninvolved civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1076",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly nationalist militants who were disguised as civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1075",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly militants who were uninvolved in local unrest, but were strongly connected to the nationalist cause. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2809",
"text": "The Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did not find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash and convinced a majority to return to the missions by June 28.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2810",
"text": "The Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash but could not convince a majority to return to the missions by June 28.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2811",
"text": "The Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash and convinced a majority to return to the missions by June 28.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1618",
"text": "The number of individuals in the group who have undergone proper military training, and are capable of commanding insurgent forces, is largely unknown. Documents captured in the raid on bin Laden's compound in 2011 show that the core al-Qaeda membership in 2002 was 170. In 2006, it was estimated that al-Qaeda had several thousand commanders embedded in 40 different countries., it was believed that no more than 200–300 members were still active commanders.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1619",
"text": "The number of individuals in the group who have undergone proper military training, and are capable of commanding insurgent forces, was largely unknown during the first decade of the twenty-first century. Documents captured in the raid on bin Laden's compound in 2011 show that the core al-Qaeda membership in 2002 was 170. In 2006, it was feared that al-Qaeda had several thousand commanders embedded in 40 different countries, while most believed that no more than 200–300 members were still active commanders.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1620",
"text": "The number of individuals in the group who have undergone proper military training, and are capable of commanding insurgent forces has come to be known with greater certainty at the beginning of the last decade. Documents captured in the raid on bin Laden's compound in 2011 show that the core al-Qaeda membership in 2002 was 170. In 2006, it was feared that al-Qaeda had several thousand commanders embedded in 40 different countries, while most believed that no more than 200–300 members were still active commanders.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1884",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work the company unpaid as a form of \"training\". Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1886",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work for the company for nothing more than the statutory minimum wage, during a training period, that can often be fruitless for all but the strongest sellers. Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "962",
"text": "Witnessing many of his satraps and military governors misbehave, Alexander executed several of them as examples on his way to Susa. As a gesture of thanks, he paid off the debts of his soldiers, and announced that he would send over-aged and disabled veterans back to Macedon, led by Craterus. His troops misunderstood his intention and mutinied at the town of Opis. They refused to be sent away and criticized his adoption of Persian customs and dress and the introduction of Persian officers and soldiers into Macedonian units.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "960",
"text": "Discovering that many of his satraps and military governors had misbehaved in his absence, Alexander executed several of them as examples on his way to Susa. As a gesture of thanks, he paid off the debts of his soldiers, and announced that he would send over-aged and disabled veterans back to Macedon, led by Craterus. His troops misunderstood his intention and mutinied at the town of Opis. They refused to be sent away and criticized his adoption of Persian customs and dress and the introduction of Persian officers and soldiers into Macedonian units.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "961",
"text": "Discovering that many of his satraps and military governors had misbehaved during their absence , Alexander executed several of them as examples on his way to Susa. As a gesture of thanks, he paid off the debts of his soldiers, and announced that he would send over-aged and disabled veterans back to Macedon, led by Craterus. His troops misunderstood his intention and mutinied at the town of Opis. They refused to be sent away and criticized his adoption of Persian customs and dress and the introduction of Persian officers and soldiers into Macedonian units.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "368",
"text": "Confucius desired to return the authority of the state to the duke by dismantling the fortifications of the city—strongholds belonging to the three families. This way, he could establish a centralized government. However, Confucius relied solely on diplomacy as he had no military authority himself. In, Hou Fan—the governor of Hou—revolted against his lord of the Shu family. Although the Meng and Shu families sucessfully besieged Hou along with a loyalist official, Hou Fan rose up with the people and made them flee to the Qi state. The situation may have been in favor for Confucius as this likely made it possible for Confucius and his disciples to convince the aristocratic families to dismantle the fortifications of their cities. Eventually, after a year and a half, Confucius and his disciples succeeded in convincing the Shu family to raze the walls of Hou, the Ji family in razing the walls of Bi, and the Meng family in razing the walls of Cheng. First, the Shu family led an army towards their city Hou and tore down its walls in.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "393",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although never abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially until after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "394",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although being abolished, the award of the badge was never proposed again officially until after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "395",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although being abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially, even after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2474",
"text": "On 1 August 1940, Hitler instructed intensified air and sea warfare to \"establish the necessary conditions for the final conquest of England\". From 5 August, subject to weather delays, the \"Luftwaffe\" was \"to overpower the English Air Force with all the forces at its command, in the shortest possible time.\" Attacks were then to be made on ports and food stocks, while leaving alone ports to be used in the invasion, and \"air attacks on enemy warships and merchant ships may be reduced except where some particularly favourable target happens to present itself.\" The \"Luftwaffe\" was to keep sufficient forces in reserve for the proposed invasion, and was not to target civilians without a direct order from Hitler in response to RAF terror bombing. No decision had been reached on the choice between immediate decisive action and a siege. The Germans hoped the air action would force the British to negotiate, and make invasion unnecessary.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2476",
"text": "On 1 August 1940, Hitler instructed intensified air and sea warfare to \"establish the necessary conditions for the final conquest of England\". From 5 August, subject to weather delays, the \"Luftwaffe\" was \"to overpower the English Air Force with all the forces at its command, in the shortest possible time.\" Attacks were then to be made on ports and food stocks, while leaving alone ports to be used in the invasion, and \"air attacks on enemy warships and merchant ships may be reduced except where some particularly favourable target happens to present itself.\" The \"Luftwaffe\" was to keep sufficient forces in reserve for the proposed invasion, and was not to target civilians without a direct order from Hitler in response to RAF terror bombing. No decision had been reached on the choice between immediate decisive action and a siege. The Germans hoped the air action would force the British to negotiate, and occupation of the isles a peaceful, uncontested affair.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2475",
"text": "On 1 August 1940, Hitler instructed intensified air and sea warfare to \"establish the necessary conditions for the final conquest of England\". From 5 August, subject to weather delays, the \"Luftwaffe\" was \"to overpower the English Air Force with all the forces at its command, in the shortest possible time.\" Attacks were then to be made on ports and food stocks, while leaving alone ports to be used in the invasion, and \"air attacks on enemy warships and merchant ships may be reduced except where some particularly favourable target happens to present itself.\" The \"Luftwaffe\" was to keep sufficient forces in reserve for the proposed invasion, and was not to target civilians without a direct order from Hitler in response to RAF terror bombing. No decision had been reached on the choice between immediate decisive action and a siege. The Germans hoped the air action would force the British to negotiate a peaceful surrender, and make any bloodshed during their eventual occupation unnecessary .",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3546",
"text": "The network grew saturated during the 1950s. Outdated technology limited the number of trains, which led the RATP to stop extending lines and concentrate on modernisation. The MP 51 prototype was built, testing both rubber-tyred metro and basic automatic driving on the \"voie navette\". The first replacements of the older Sprague trains began with experimental articulated trains and then with mainstream rubber-tyred metro MP 55 and MP 59, some of the latter still in service (Line 11). Thanks to newer trains and better signalling, trains ran more frequently.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3238",
"text": "In time, a small number of prominent members of Congress began to vocally support the B-2 program, even as they continued to oppose generalized military spending, and this group included later Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, who cast votes for the B-2 in 1989, 1991 and 1992 while a U.S. Senator, representing Massachusetts. By 1992, Republican President George H. W. Bush called for the cancellation of the B-2 and promised to cut military spending by 30% in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union. In October 1995, former Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General Mike Ryan, and former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General John Shalikashvili, strongly recommended against Congressional action to fund the purchase of any additional B-2s, arguing that to do so would require unacceptable cuts in existing conventional and nuclear-capable aircraft, and that the military had greater priorities in spending a limited budget.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "234",
"text": "But these methods never won over the non-uniform internal-handcrafting Gaussian mixture model/Hidden Markov model (GMM-HMM) technology based on generative models of speech trained discriminatively. A number of key difficulties had been methodologically analyzed in the 1990s, including gradient diminishing and weak temporal correlation structure in the neural predictive models. All these difficulties were in addition to the lack of big training data and big computing power in these early days. Most speech recognition researchers who understood such barriers hence subsequently moved away from neural nets to pursue generative modeling approaches until the recent resurgence of deep learning starting around 2009–2010 that had overcome all these difficulties. Hinton et al. and Deng et al. reviewed part of this recent history about how their collaboration with each other and then with colleagues across four groups (University of Toronto, Microsoft, Google, and IBM) ignited a renaissance of applications of deep feedforward neural networks to speech recognition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "235",
"text": "But these methods never won over the non-uniform internal-handcrafting Gaussian mixture model/Hidden Markov model (GMM-HMM) technology based on generative models of speech trained discriminatively. A number of key difficulties had been methodologically analyzed in the 1990s, including gradient diminishing and weak temporal correlation structure in the neural predictive models. All these difficulties were in addition to the lack of big computing power (though not big training data) in these early days. Most speech recognition researchers who understood such barriers hence subsequently moved away from neural nets to pursue generative modeling approaches until the recent resurgence of deep learning starting around 2009–2010 that had overcome all these difficulties. Hinton et al. and Deng et al. reviewed part of this recent history about how their collaboration with each other and then with colleagues across four groups (University of Toronto, Microsoft, Google, and IBM) ignited a renaissance of applications of deep feedforward neural networks to speech recognition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "236",
"text": "But these methods never won over the non-uniform internal-handcrafting Gaussian mixture model/Hidden Markov model (GMM-HMM) technology based on generative models of speech trained discriminatively. A number of key difficulties had been methodologically analyzed in the 1990s, including gradient diminishing and weak temporal correlation structure in the neural predictive models. All these difficulties were despite the availability of big training data and big computing power in these early days. Most speech recognition researchers who understood such barriers hence subsequently moved away from neural nets to pursue generative modeling approaches until the recent resurgence of deep learning starting around 2009–2010 that had overcome all these difficulties. Hinton et al. and Deng et al. reviewed part of this recent history about how their collaboration with each other and then with colleagues across four groups (University of Toronto, Microsoft, Google, and IBM) ignited a renaissance of applications of deep feedforward neural networks to speech recognition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2824",
"text": "Industrialization also caused social changes. The new factory working class in the cities was housed under generally poor conditions. Whole families lived in small one or two-room apartments in tenement buildings up to six stories high, badly aired and with insufficient lighting. Sometimes, they shared apartments with \"night sleepers\", unmarried men who paid for a bed at night. The kitchen in such an apartment was often used as a living and sleeping room, and even as a bathroom. Water had to be fetched from wells and heated on the stove. Water pipes were laid only towards the end of the 19th century, and then often only with one tap per building or per story. Brick-and-mortar stoves fired with coal remained the norm until well into the second half of the century. Pots and kitchenware were typically stored on open shelves, and parts of the room could be separated from the rest using simple curtains.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2826",
"text": "Industrialization also caused social changes. The new factory working class in the cities was housed under generally poor conditions. Whole families lived in small one or two-room apartments in tenement buildings up to six stories high, badly aired and with insufficient lighting. Sometimes, they shared apartments with \"night sleepers\", men who were away from their own wives and children, and who paid for a bed at night. The kitchen in such an apartment was often used as a living and sleeping room, and even as a bathroom. Water had to be fetched from wells and heated on the stove. Water pipes were laid only towards the end of the 19th century, and then often only with one tap per building or per story. Brick-and-mortar stoves fired with coal remained the norm until well into the second half of the century. Pots and kitchenware were typically stored on open shelves, and parts of the room could be separated from the rest using simple curtains.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1304",
"text": "Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because \"Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking.\" The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1970s he finally grew up, went off to college and became the hero Nightwing. A second Robin, Jason Todd, appeared in the 1980s. In the stories he was eventually badly beaten and then killed in an explosion set by the Joker, but was later revived. He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. Carrie Kelley, the first female Robin to appear in Batman stories, was the final Robin in the continuity of Frank Miller's graphic novels \"The Dark Knight Returns\" and \"The Dark Knight Strikes Again\", fighting alongside an aging Batman in stories set out of the mainstream continuity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1305",
"text": "Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because \"Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking.\" The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1970s he finally grew up, went off to college and became the hero Nightwing. A second Robin, Jason Todd, appeared in the 1980s. In the stories he was eventually badly beaten and then killed in an explosion set by the Joker, but was later revived. He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms, but stopped at actual deadly force. Carrie Kelley, the first female Robin to appear in Batman stories, was the final Robin in the continuity of Frank Miller's graphic novels \"The Dark Knight Returns\" and \"The Dark Knight Strikes Again\", fighting alongside an aging Batman in stories set out of the mainstream continuity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1306",
"text": "Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because \"Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking.\" The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1970s he finally grew up, went off to college and became the hero Nightwing. A second Robin, Jason Todd, appeared in the 1980s. In the stories he was eventually badly beaten and then killed in an explosion set by the Joker, but was later revived. He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante who nevertheless had qualms about using firearms or deadly force. Carrie Kelley, the first female Robin to appear in Batman stories, was the final Robin in the continuity of Frank Miller's graphic novels \"The Dark Knight Returns\" and \"The Dark Knight Strikes Again\", fighting alongside an aging Batman in stories set out of the mainstream continuity.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which overpowered military group was not made up of badly trained soldiers?
|
91-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1393",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard and 42 other mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the well trained but badly commanded Moissy, all of who had military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was theirs. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1391",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard and 42 other mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the poorly trained and badly commanded Moissy, none of who had any military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was theirs. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "91-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1391"
],
"pos_docid": "1393"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "442",
"text": "The Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea consists of approximately 2,500 service members. The army has almost 1,400 soldiers, the police 400 paramilitary men, the navy 200 service members, and the air force about 120 members. There is also a gendarmerie, with 150 members, but the number of those who are also active-duty military is unknown The Gendarmerie is a new branch of the service in which training and education is being supported by the French Military Cooperation in Equatorial Guinea.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "441",
"text": "The Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea consists of approximately 2,500 service members. The army has almost 1,400 soldiers, the police 400 paramilitary men, the navy 200 service members, and the air force about 120 members. There is also a gendarmerie, but the number of members is unknown. The Gendarmerie is a new branch of the service in which training and education is being supported by the French Military Cooperation in Equatorial Guinea.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1391",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard and 42 other mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the poorly trained and badly commanded Moissy, none of who had any military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was theirs. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1392",
"text": "On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard but none of his mercenaries landed on Grande Comore island, annihilated the well trained but badly commanded Moissy, all of who had military experience, and by the morning the Comoros was his. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president. Soilih was later taken out and shot with the official excuse being that he was \"shot while trying to escape\". The new president of the Comoros, Ahmed Abdallah, was a puppet leader and the real ruler of the Comoros was Colonel Denard, who brought the Comoros back into \"Françafrique\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "443",
"text": "The Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea consists of approximately 2,500 service members. The army has almost 1,400 soldiers, the police 400 paramilitary men, the navy 200 service members, and the air force about 120 members. There is also a separate gendarmerie, but the number of members is smaller than that of any of the other forces, and currently stands at 76. The Gendarmerie is a new branch of the service in which training and education is being supported by the French Military Cooperation in Equatorial Guinea.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3309",
"text": "A contingent under Seán Connolly occupied Dublin City Hall and adjacent buildings. They attempted to seize neighbouring Dublin Castle, the heart of British rule in Ireland. As they approached the gate a lone and unarmed police sentry, James O'Brien, attempted to stop them and was shot dead by Connolly. According to some accounts, he was the first casualty of the Rising. The rebels overpowered the soldiers in the guardroom but failed to press further. The British Army's chief intelligence officer, Major Ivon Price, fired on the rebels while the Under-Secretary for Ireland, Sir Matthew Nathan, helped shut the castle gates. Unbeknownst to the rebels, the Castle was lightly guarded and could have been taken with ease. The rebels instead laid siege to the Castle from City Hall. Fierce fighting erupted there after British reinforcements arrived. The rebels on the roof exchanged fire with soldiers on the street. Seán Connolly was shot dead by a sniper, becoming the first rebel casualty. By the following morning, British forces had re-captured City Hall and taken the rebels prisoner.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3310",
"text": "A contingent under Seán Connolly occupied Dublin City Hall and adjacent buildings. They attempted to seize neighbouring Dublin Castle, the heart of British rule in Ireland. As they approached the gate a lone police sentry, James O'Brien appearing to be unarmed in his heavy coat, attempted to politely stop them as he assumed that the men were simply lost, but he was shot dead by Connolly. According to some accounts, he was the first casualty of the Rising. The rebels overpowered the soldiers in the guardroom but failed to press further. The British Army's chief intelligence officer, Major Ivon Price, fired on the rebels while the Under-Secretary for Ireland, Sir Matthew Nathan, helped shut the castle gates. Unbeknownst to the rebels, the Castle was lightly guarded and could have been taken with ease. The rebels instead laid siege to the Castle from City Hall. Fierce fighting erupted there after British reinforcements arrived. The rebels on the roof exchanged fire with soldiers on the street. Seán Connolly was shot dead by a sniper, becoming the first rebel casualty. By the following morning, British forces had re-captured City Hall and taken the rebels prisoner.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3311",
"text": "A contingent under Seán Connolly occupied Dublin City Hall and adjacent buildings. They attempted to seize neighbouring Dublin Castle, the heart of British rule in Ireland. As they approached the gate a lone police sentry, James O'Brien, attempted to stop them, but he was shot dead by Connolly while O'Brien was in the process of drawing his standard-issued sidearm. According to some accounts, he was the first casualty of the Rising. The rebels overpowered the soldiers in the guardroom but failed to press further. The British Army's chief intelligence officer, Major Ivon Price, fired on the rebels while the Under-Secretary for Ireland, Sir Matthew Nathan, helped shut the castle gates. Unbeknownst to the rebels, the Castle was lightly guarded and could have been taken with ease. The rebels instead laid siege to the Castle from City Hall. Fierce fighting erupted there after British reinforcements arrived. The rebels on the roof exchanged fire with soldiers on the street. Seán Connolly was shot dead by a sniper, becoming the first rebel casualty. By the following morning, British forces had re-captured City Hall and taken the rebels prisoner.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2554",
"text": "But knights remained the minority of total available combat forces; the expense of arms, armour, and horses was only affordable to a select few. While mounted men-at-arms focused on a narrow combat role of shock combat, medieval armies relied on a large variety of foot troops to fulfill all the rest (skirmishing, flank guards, scouting, holding ground, etc.). Medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the common soldiers, which led early students of military history to suppose that heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields. But well-trained and disciplined infantry could defeat knights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2555",
"text": "But knights became the majority of total available combat forces as the expense of arms, armour, and horses were few. While mounted men-at-arms focused on a narrow combat role of shock combat, medieval armies relied on a large variety of foot troops to fulfill all the rest (skirmishing, flank guards, scouting, holding ground, etc.). Medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the common soldiers, which led early students of military history to suppose that heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields. But well-trained and disciplined infantry could defeat knights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2556",
"text": "But knights remained the minority of total available combat forces; even though the expense of arms, armour, and horses was affordable to a vast majority. While mounted men-at-arms focused on a narrow combat role of shock combat, medieval armies relied on a large variety of foot troops to fulfill all the rest (skirmishing, flank guards, scouting, holding ground, etc.). Medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the common soldiers, which led early students of military history to suppose that heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields. But well-trained and disciplined infantry could defeat knights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2596",
"text": "Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the jungle where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, Chea Sim led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978, while thousands were evacuated to other zones to prevent them from defecting to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, \"old people\" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2597",
"text": "Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the jungle where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, Chea Sim led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978. Also, the center did not prevent evacuation of thousands to other zones in order to stall defection to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, \"old people\" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2598",
"text": "Many of the surviving eastern zone leaders fled into the jungle where they hid from and fought center zone troops. In October 1978, Chea Sim led a group of 300 people across the border into Vietnam, and the Vietnamese then launched a raid into the eastern zone that allowed Heng Samrin and his group of 2,000 to 3,000 soldiers and followers to seek refuge in Vietnam. Meanwhile, the center decided that the entire eastern zone was full of traitors and embarked on a large scale purge of the area, with over 10,000 killed by July 1978, while thousands were evacuated to other zones, the center ignored those who managed to defect to the Vietnamese. The center also stepped up purges nationwide, killing cadres and their families, \"old people\" and eastern zone evacuees who were regarded as having dubious loyalty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1735",
"text": "Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May, New Jersey. New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts, vaccinations, uniform issue, and other necessary entrance procedures. During this initial processing period, the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders. These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company. The temporary company commanders typically enforce physical-activity training regimens such as push ups or crunches, but do not test recruits' performance at this stage. When the initial processing is complete, the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training. There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders. The balance of the eight-week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills. An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard's core values is an important part of the training.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1736",
"text": "Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May, New Jersey. New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts, vaccinations, uniform issue, and other necessary entrance procedures. During this initial processing period, the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders. These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company. The temporary company commanders typically oversee physical-activity training such as push ups or crunches, and test the recruits' ability to pass basic fitness-test requirements before they proceed. When the initial processing is complete, the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training. There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders. The balance of the eight-week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills. An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard's core values is an important part of the training.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1734",
"text": "Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May, New Jersey. New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts, vaccinations, uniform issue, and other necessary entrance procedures. During this initial processing period, the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders. These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company. The temporary company commanders typically do not enforce any physical activity such as push ups or crunches. When the initial processing is complete, the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training. There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders. The balance of the eight-week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills. An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard's core values is an important part of the training.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1885",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work for the company during a \"training\" period, in which they only earn the statutory minimum wage, with the promised commissions for any sales going unpaid to the new hire. Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "969",
"text": "Under this new law, it would be a crime to print, publish, sell, or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. It made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the 1898 law that had made it illegal to display the flag of Puerto Rico, with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law in any way being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of up to US$10,000 (), or both.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1074",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly uninvolved civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1076",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly nationalist militants who were disguised as civilians. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1075",
"text": "During the 1970s, the Glenanne gang—a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers and RUC officers—carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the \"murder triangle\". It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly militants who were uninvolved in local unrest, but were strongly connected to the nationalist cause. The \"Cassel Report\" investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those. One member, RUC officer John Weir, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue. The \"Cassel Report\" also said some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate or punish. Attacks attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), the Miami Showband killings (1975) and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings (1976).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2809",
"text": "The Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did not find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash and convinced a majority to return to the missions by June 28.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2810",
"text": "The Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash but could not convince a majority to return to the missions by June 28.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2811",
"text": "The Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash and convinced a majority to return to the missions by June 28.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1618",
"text": "The number of individuals in the group who have undergone proper military training, and are capable of commanding insurgent forces, is largely unknown. Documents captured in the raid on bin Laden's compound in 2011 show that the core al-Qaeda membership in 2002 was 170. In 2006, it was estimated that al-Qaeda had several thousand commanders embedded in 40 different countries., it was believed that no more than 200–300 members were still active commanders.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1619",
"text": "The number of individuals in the group who have undergone proper military training, and are capable of commanding insurgent forces, was largely unknown during the first decade of the twenty-first century. Documents captured in the raid on bin Laden's compound in 2011 show that the core al-Qaeda membership in 2002 was 170. In 2006, it was feared that al-Qaeda had several thousand commanders embedded in 40 different countries, while most believed that no more than 200–300 members were still active commanders.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1620",
"text": "The number of individuals in the group who have undergone proper military training, and are capable of commanding insurgent forces has come to be known with greater certainty at the beginning of the last decade. Documents captured in the raid on bin Laden's compound in 2011 show that the core al-Qaeda membership in 2002 was 170. In 2006, it was feared that al-Qaeda had several thousand commanders embedded in 40 different countries, while most believed that no more than 200–300 members were still active commanders.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1884",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work the company unpaid as a form of \"training\". Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1886",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work for the company for nothing more than the statutory minimum wage, during a training period, that can often be fruitless for all but the strongest sellers. Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "962",
"text": "Witnessing many of his satraps and military governors misbehave, Alexander executed several of them as examples on his way to Susa. As a gesture of thanks, he paid off the debts of his soldiers, and announced that he would send over-aged and disabled veterans back to Macedon, led by Craterus. His troops misunderstood his intention and mutinied at the town of Opis. They refused to be sent away and criticized his adoption of Persian customs and dress and the introduction of Persian officers and soldiers into Macedonian units.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "960",
"text": "Discovering that many of his satraps and military governors had misbehaved in his absence, Alexander executed several of them as examples on his way to Susa. As a gesture of thanks, he paid off the debts of his soldiers, and announced that he would send over-aged and disabled veterans back to Macedon, led by Craterus. His troops misunderstood his intention and mutinied at the town of Opis. They refused to be sent away and criticized his adoption of Persian customs and dress and the introduction of Persian officers and soldiers into Macedonian units.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "961",
"text": "Discovering that many of his satraps and military governors had misbehaved during their absence , Alexander executed several of them as examples on his way to Susa. As a gesture of thanks, he paid off the debts of his soldiers, and announced that he would send over-aged and disabled veterans back to Macedon, led by Craterus. His troops misunderstood his intention and mutinied at the town of Opis. They refused to be sent away and criticized his adoption of Persian customs and dress and the introduction of Persian officers and soldiers into Macedonian units.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "368",
"text": "Confucius desired to return the authority of the state to the duke by dismantling the fortifications of the city—strongholds belonging to the three families. This way, he could establish a centralized government. However, Confucius relied solely on diplomacy as he had no military authority himself. In, Hou Fan—the governor of Hou—revolted against his lord of the Shu family. Although the Meng and Shu families sucessfully besieged Hou along with a loyalist official, Hou Fan rose up with the people and made them flee to the Qi state. The situation may have been in favor for Confucius as this likely made it possible for Confucius and his disciples to convince the aristocratic families to dismantle the fortifications of their cities. Eventually, after a year and a half, Confucius and his disciples succeeded in convincing the Shu family to raze the walls of Hou, the Ji family in razing the walls of Bi, and the Meng family in razing the walls of Cheng. First, the Shu family led an army towards their city Hou and tore down its walls in.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "393",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although never abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially until after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "394",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although being abolished, the award of the badge was never proposed again officially until after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "395",
"text": "The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although being abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially, even after World War I.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2474",
"text": "On 1 August 1940, Hitler instructed intensified air and sea warfare to \"establish the necessary conditions for the final conquest of England\". From 5 August, subject to weather delays, the \"Luftwaffe\" was \"to overpower the English Air Force with all the forces at its command, in the shortest possible time.\" Attacks were then to be made on ports and food stocks, while leaving alone ports to be used in the invasion, and \"air attacks on enemy warships and merchant ships may be reduced except where some particularly favourable target happens to present itself.\" The \"Luftwaffe\" was to keep sufficient forces in reserve for the proposed invasion, and was not to target civilians without a direct order from Hitler in response to RAF terror bombing. No decision had been reached on the choice between immediate decisive action and a siege. The Germans hoped the air action would force the British to negotiate, and make invasion unnecessary.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2476",
"text": "On 1 August 1940, Hitler instructed intensified air and sea warfare to \"establish the necessary conditions for the final conquest of England\". From 5 August, subject to weather delays, the \"Luftwaffe\" was \"to overpower the English Air Force with all the forces at its command, in the shortest possible time.\" Attacks were then to be made on ports and food stocks, while leaving alone ports to be used in the invasion, and \"air attacks on enemy warships and merchant ships may be reduced except where some particularly favourable target happens to present itself.\" The \"Luftwaffe\" was to keep sufficient forces in reserve for the proposed invasion, and was not to target civilians without a direct order from Hitler in response to RAF terror bombing. No decision had been reached on the choice between immediate decisive action and a siege. The Germans hoped the air action would force the British to negotiate, and occupation of the isles a peaceful, uncontested affair.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2475",
"text": "On 1 August 1940, Hitler instructed intensified air and sea warfare to \"establish the necessary conditions for the final conquest of England\". From 5 August, subject to weather delays, the \"Luftwaffe\" was \"to overpower the English Air Force with all the forces at its command, in the shortest possible time.\" Attacks were then to be made on ports and food stocks, while leaving alone ports to be used in the invasion, and \"air attacks on enemy warships and merchant ships may be reduced except where some particularly favourable target happens to present itself.\" The \"Luftwaffe\" was to keep sufficient forces in reserve for the proposed invasion, and was not to target civilians without a direct order from Hitler in response to RAF terror bombing. No decision had been reached on the choice between immediate decisive action and a siege. The Germans hoped the air action would force the British to negotiate a peaceful surrender, and make any bloodshed during their eventual occupation unnecessary .",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3546",
"text": "The network grew saturated during the 1950s. Outdated technology limited the number of trains, which led the RATP to stop extending lines and concentrate on modernisation. The MP 51 prototype was built, testing both rubber-tyred metro and basic automatic driving on the \"voie navette\". The first replacements of the older Sprague trains began with experimental articulated trains and then with mainstream rubber-tyred metro MP 55 and MP 59, some of the latter still in service (Line 11). Thanks to newer trains and better signalling, trains ran more frequently.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3238",
"text": "In time, a small number of prominent members of Congress began to vocally support the B-2 program, even as they continued to oppose generalized military spending, and this group included later Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry, who cast votes for the B-2 in 1989, 1991 and 1992 while a U.S. Senator, representing Massachusetts. By 1992, Republican President George H. W. Bush called for the cancellation of the B-2 and promised to cut military spending by 30% in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union. In October 1995, former Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General Mike Ryan, and former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General John Shalikashvili, strongly recommended against Congressional action to fund the purchase of any additional B-2s, arguing that to do so would require unacceptable cuts in existing conventional and nuclear-capable aircraft, and that the military had greater priorities in spending a limited budget.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "234",
"text": "But these methods never won over the non-uniform internal-handcrafting Gaussian mixture model/Hidden Markov model (GMM-HMM) technology based on generative models of speech trained discriminatively. A number of key difficulties had been methodologically analyzed in the 1990s, including gradient diminishing and weak temporal correlation structure in the neural predictive models. All these difficulties were in addition to the lack of big training data and big computing power in these early days. Most speech recognition researchers who understood such barriers hence subsequently moved away from neural nets to pursue generative modeling approaches until the recent resurgence of deep learning starting around 2009–2010 that had overcome all these difficulties. Hinton et al. and Deng et al. reviewed part of this recent history about how their collaboration with each other and then with colleagues across four groups (University of Toronto, Microsoft, Google, and IBM) ignited a renaissance of applications of deep feedforward neural networks to speech recognition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "235",
"text": "But these methods never won over the non-uniform internal-handcrafting Gaussian mixture model/Hidden Markov model (GMM-HMM) technology based on generative models of speech trained discriminatively. A number of key difficulties had been methodologically analyzed in the 1990s, including gradient diminishing and weak temporal correlation structure in the neural predictive models. All these difficulties were in addition to the lack of big computing power (though not big training data) in these early days. Most speech recognition researchers who understood such barriers hence subsequently moved away from neural nets to pursue generative modeling approaches until the recent resurgence of deep learning starting around 2009–2010 that had overcome all these difficulties. Hinton et al. and Deng et al. reviewed part of this recent history about how their collaboration with each other and then with colleagues across four groups (University of Toronto, Microsoft, Google, and IBM) ignited a renaissance of applications of deep feedforward neural networks to speech recognition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "236",
"text": "But these methods never won over the non-uniform internal-handcrafting Gaussian mixture model/Hidden Markov model (GMM-HMM) technology based on generative models of speech trained discriminatively. A number of key difficulties had been methodologically analyzed in the 1990s, including gradient diminishing and weak temporal correlation structure in the neural predictive models. All these difficulties were despite the availability of big training data and big computing power in these early days. Most speech recognition researchers who understood such barriers hence subsequently moved away from neural nets to pursue generative modeling approaches until the recent resurgence of deep learning starting around 2009–2010 that had overcome all these difficulties. Hinton et al. and Deng et al. reviewed part of this recent history about how their collaboration with each other and then with colleagues across four groups (University of Toronto, Microsoft, Google, and IBM) ignited a renaissance of applications of deep feedforward neural networks to speech recognition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2824",
"text": "Industrialization also caused social changes. The new factory working class in the cities was housed under generally poor conditions. Whole families lived in small one or two-room apartments in tenement buildings up to six stories high, badly aired and with insufficient lighting. Sometimes, they shared apartments with \"night sleepers\", unmarried men who paid for a bed at night. The kitchen in such an apartment was often used as a living and sleeping room, and even as a bathroom. Water had to be fetched from wells and heated on the stove. Water pipes were laid only towards the end of the 19th century, and then often only with one tap per building or per story. Brick-and-mortar stoves fired with coal remained the norm until well into the second half of the century. Pots and kitchenware were typically stored on open shelves, and parts of the room could be separated from the rest using simple curtains.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2826",
"text": "Industrialization also caused social changes. The new factory working class in the cities was housed under generally poor conditions. Whole families lived in small one or two-room apartments in tenement buildings up to six stories high, badly aired and with insufficient lighting. Sometimes, they shared apartments with \"night sleepers\", men who were away from their own wives and children, and who paid for a bed at night. The kitchen in such an apartment was often used as a living and sleeping room, and even as a bathroom. Water had to be fetched from wells and heated on the stove. Water pipes were laid only towards the end of the 19th century, and then often only with one tap per building or per story. Brick-and-mortar stoves fired with coal remained the norm until well into the second half of the century. Pots and kitchenware were typically stored on open shelves, and parts of the room could be separated from the rest using simple curtains.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1304",
"text": "Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because \"Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking.\" The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1970s he finally grew up, went off to college and became the hero Nightwing. A second Robin, Jason Todd, appeared in the 1980s. In the stories he was eventually badly beaten and then killed in an explosion set by the Joker, but was later revived. He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force. Carrie Kelley, the first female Robin to appear in Batman stories, was the final Robin in the continuity of Frank Miller's graphic novels \"The Dark Knight Returns\" and \"The Dark Knight Strikes Again\", fighting alongside an aging Batman in stories set out of the mainstream continuity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1305",
"text": "Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because \"Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking.\" The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1970s he finally grew up, went off to college and became the hero Nightwing. A second Robin, Jason Todd, appeared in the 1980s. In the stories he was eventually badly beaten and then killed in an explosion set by the Joker, but was later revived. He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms, but stopped at actual deadly force. Carrie Kelley, the first female Robin to appear in Batman stories, was the final Robin in the continuity of Frank Miller's graphic novels \"The Dark Knight Returns\" and \"The Dark Knight Strikes Again\", fighting alongside an aging Batman in stories set out of the mainstream continuity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1306",
"text": "Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because \"Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking.\" The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1970s he finally grew up, went off to college and became the hero Nightwing. A second Robin, Jason Todd, appeared in the 1980s. In the stories he was eventually badly beaten and then killed in an explosion set by the Joker, but was later revived. He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante who nevertheless had qualms about using firearms or deadly force. Carrie Kelley, the first female Robin to appear in Batman stories, was the final Robin in the continuity of Frank Miller's graphic novels \"The Dark Knight Returns\" and \"The Dark Knight Strikes Again\", fighting alongside an aging Batman in stories set out of the mainstream continuity.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What type of people were able, but unwilling to live in the BLM?
|
92-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1394",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land nobody wanted\" because homesteaders had passed them by. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1395",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land unwanted\" because nobody among the homesteaders could settle in them. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "92-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1395"
],
"pos_docid": "1394"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1395",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land unwanted\" because nobody among the homesteaders could settle in them. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1396",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land everybody wanted\" because homesteaders had argued and fought violently over them. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2178",
"text": "Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. An advantage with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are still able to be immunised, but this advantage may be moot as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3493",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3494",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, not even Colman's mustard or Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3495",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England including his former friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3768",
"text": "About 30 to 50 percent of people with schizophrenia fail to accept that they have an illness or comply with their recommended treatment. For those who are unwilling but are able to take medication regularly, long-acting injections of antipsychotics may be used, which reduce the risk of relapse to a greater degree than oral medications. When used in combination with psychosocial interventions, they may improve long-term adherence to treatment.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1869",
"text": "Near the end of World War II, from late 1944 until early 1945, the Japanese Fu-Go balloon bomb, a type of fire balloon, was designed as a cheap weapon intended to make use of the jet stream over the Pacific Ocean to reach the west coast of Canada and the United States. They were relatively ineffective as weapons, but they were used in one of the few attacks on North America during World War II, causing six deaths and a small amount of damage. However, the Japanese were world leaders in biological weapons research at this time. Unit 731 had killed many hundreds of thousands of people in China with biological weapons, developed by conducting experiments on live human subjects that were as appalling as those conducted by Nazi Germany in Jewish concentration camps. The Japanese Imperial Army's Noborito Institute cultivated anthrax and plague \"Yersinia pestis\"; furthermore, it produced enough cowpox viruses to infect the entire United States.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1871",
"text": "Near the end of World War II, from late 1944 until early 1945, the Japanese Fu-Go balloon bomb, a type of fire balloon, was designed as a cheap weapon intended to make use of the jet stream over the Pacific Ocean to reach the west coast of Canada and the United States. They were relatively effective as weapons, and they were used in one of the few attacks on North America during World War II, causing many deaths and a large amount of damage. However, the Japanese were world leaders in biological weapons research at this time. Unit 731 had killed many hundreds of thousands of people in China with biological weapons, developed by conducting experiments on live human subjects that were as appalling as those conducted by Nazi Germany in Jewish concentration camps. The Japanese Imperial Army's Noborito Institute cultivated anthrax and plague \"Yersinia pestis\"; furthermore, it produced enough cowpox viruses to infect the entire United States.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1870",
"text": "Near the end of World War II, from late 1944 until early 1945, the Japanese Fu-Go balloon bomb, a type of fire balloon, was designed as a cheap weapon intended to make use of the jet stream over the Pacific Ocean to reach the west coast of Canada and the United States. They were relatively effective as weapons, but they were used in one of the few ineffective attacks on North America during World War II, causing six deaths and a small amount of damage. However, the Japanese were world leaders in biological weapons research at this time. Unit 731 had killed many hundreds of thousands of people in China with biological weapons, developed by conducting experiments on live human subjects that were as appalling as those conducted by Nazi Germany in Jewish concentration camps. The Japanese Imperial Army's Noborito Institute cultivated anthrax and plague \"Yersinia pestis\"; furthermore, it produced enough cowpox viruses to infect the entire United States.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3619",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are aware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, and the farmers who grow it typically earn more than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade and were able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could ialso dentify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3617",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are unaware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3618",
"text": "Many farmers around the world know of fair trade practices but are unaware of strategies that they could use to be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "291",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, unwilling to land Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "292",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he accepts, trying to get Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might unwilling do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1222",
"text": "Chamberlain threw himself into parliamentary work, begrudging the times when he was able to attend debates and spending much time on committee work. He was chairman of the national Unhealthy Areas Committee (1919–21) and in that role, had visited the slums of London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Cardiff. Consequently, in March 1920, Bonar Law offered him a junior post at the Ministry of Health on behalf of the Prime Minister, but Chamberlain was unwilling to serve under Lloyd George and was offered no further posts during Lloyd George's premiership. When Law resigned as party leader, Austen Chamberlain took his place as head of the Unionists in Parliament. Unionist leaders were willing to fight the 1922 election in coalition with the Lloyd George Liberals, but on 19 October, Unionist MPs held a meeting at which they voted to fight the election as a single party. Lloyd George resigned, as did Austen Chamberlain, and Law was recalled from retirement to lead the Unionists as Prime Minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "906",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"No, sir.... Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect, but not wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "907",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Yes, sir.... wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps wittingly collect, but not inadvertently .\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "908",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Maybe, sir.... even wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps collect wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "657",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who did not reside in the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "658",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided outside the palace were not allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "659",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided inside the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3115",
"text": "In 2002, Algeria had inadequate numbers of physicians (1.13 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to \"improved water sources\" was limited to 92% of the population in urban areas and 80% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, but only 82% of those living in rural areas, had access to \"improved sanitation\". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of \"reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015\". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery. The poor generally receive health care free of charge.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3116",
"text": "In 2002, Algeria had inadequate numbers of physicians (1.13 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to \"improved water sources\" was limited to 92% of the population in urban areas and 80% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, but only 82% of those living in rural areas, had access to \"improved sanitation\". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of \"reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015\". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. Because of this immunisation program, even with poor sanitation and unclean water, tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery are virtually gone. The poor generally receive health care free of charge.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2038",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization is unknown, but songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2039",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization or songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls for unknown purposes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2040",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalizations are widely known: songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2176",
"text": "Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. A problem with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are unable to be immunised, but this disadvantage may be overcome as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2177",
"text": "Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. A problem with using eggs for this purpose is that disadvantaged people with egg allergies are unable to be immunised, but this may be overcome as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1916",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken only by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that made him mad; and many times, when he talks nobody is able to understand him because his language is too old. This humorous effect is more difficult to see nowadays because the reader must be able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, but when the book was published it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1917",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken only by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that nobody else has read; and many times, when he talks only older knights are able to understand him because his language is too old. This humorous effect is more difficult to see nowadays because the reader must be able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, but when the book was published it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1918",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles also speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that made him mad; and many times, when he talks everyone is able to understand him because his language is old but familiar. This humorous effect is easier to see nowadays because most readers are able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, as when the book was published and it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3134",
"text": "Lee also received reinforcements. Confederate President Jefferson Davis directed Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke, over 7,000 men, from below the James River. (The first troops of Hoke's division arrived at Old Cold Harbor on May 31, and were able to prevent the Union cavalry from seizing the intersection.) With these additional troops, and by managing to replace many of his 20,000 casualties to that point in the campaign, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had 59,000 men to contend with Meade's and Grant's 108,000. But the disparity in numbers was no longer what it had been—Grant's reinforcements were often raw recruits and heavy artillery troops, pulled from the defenses of Washington, D.C., who were relatively inexperienced in infantry tactics, while most of Lee's had been veterans moved from inactive fronts, and who were soon entrenched in impressive fortifications.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "471",
"text": "Heinlein's first novel published as a book, \"Rocket Ship Galileo\", was initially rejected because going to the moon was considered too far-fetched, but he soon found a publisher, Scribner's, that began publishing a Heinlein juvenile once a year for the Christmas season. Eight of these books were illustrated by Clifford Geary in a distinctive white-on-black scratchboard style. Some representative novels of this type are \"Have Space Suit—Will Travel\", \"Farmer in the Sky\", and \"Starman Jones\". Many of these were first published in serial form under other titles, e.g., \"Farmer in the Sky\" was published as \"Satellite Scout\" in the Boy Scout magazine \"Boys' Life\". There has been speculation that Heinlein's intense obsession with his privacy was due at least in part to the apparent contradiction between his unconventional private life and his career as an author of books for children. However, \"For Us, the Living\" explicitly discusses the political importance Heinlein attached to privacy as a matter of principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "472",
"text": "Heinlein's first novel published as a book, \"Rocket Ship Galileo\", was initially rejected because going to the moon was considered too far-fetched, but he soon found a publisher, Scribner's, that began publishing a Heinlein juvenile once a year for the Christmas season. Eight of these books were illustrated by Clifford Geary in a distinctive white-on-black scratchboard style. Some representative novels of this type are \"Have Space Suit—Will Travel\", \"Farmer in the Sky\", and \"Starman Jones\". Many of these were first published in serial form under other titles, e.g., \"Farmer in the Sky\" was published as \"Satellite Scout\" in the Boy Scout magazine \"Boys' Life\". There has been speculation that Heinlein's intense obsession with his privacy was due at least in part to the apparent contradiction between his conventional private life and his career as an author of unconventional books for children. However, \"For Us, the Living\" explicitly discusses the political importance Heinlein attached to privacy as a matter of principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "473",
"text": "Heinlein's first novel published as a book, \"Rocket Ship Galileo\", was initially rejected because going to the moon was considered too far-fetched, but he soon found a publisher, Scribner's, that began publishing a Heinlein juvenile once a year for the Christmas season. Eight of these books were illustrated by Clifford Geary in a distinctive white-on-black scratchboard style. Some representative novels of this type are \"Have Space Suit—Will Travel\", \"Farmer in the Sky\", and \"Starman Jones\". Many of these were first published in serial form under other titles, e.g., \"Farmer in the Sky\" was published as \"Satellite Scout\" in the Boy Scout magazine \"Boys' Life\". There has been speculation that Heinlein's intense obsession with his privacy was despite the apparent accordance between his conventional private life and his career as an author of books for children. In fact, \"For Us, the Living\" explicitly discusses the political importance Heinlein attached to privacy as a matter of principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3766",
"text": "About 30 to 50 percent of people with schizophrenia fail to accept that they have an illness or comply with their recommended treatment. For those who are unwilling or unable to take medication regularly, long-acting injections of antipsychotics may be used, which reduce the risk of relapse to a greater degree than oral medications. When used in combination with psychosocial interventions, they may improve long-term adherence to treatment.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3767",
"text": "About 30 to 50 percent of people with schizophrenia fail to accept that they have an illness or comply with their recommended treatment. For those who are unwilling to take medication regularly, long-acting injections of antipsychotics may be used, but those are unable to reduce the risk of relapse to a greater degree than oral medications. When used in combination with psychosocial interventions, they may improve long-term adherence to treatment.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1614",
"text": "The folk of the 19th century, the social group identified in the original term \"folklore\", was characterized by being rural and poor, yet able to read and write. They were the peasants living in the countryside, in contrast to the urban populace of the cities. Only toward the end of the century did the urban proletariat (on the coattails of Marxist theory) become included with the rural poor as folk. The common feature in this expanded definition of folk was their identification as the underclass of society.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "576",
"text": "On 25 May 1997, Bohumil Šole, a scientist who claimed to have been involved with inventing Semtex, committed suicide at a spa in Jeseník by blowing himself up with explosives. Šole, 63, was being treated there for psychological problems. It was unclear what explosives were used. Twenty other people were hurt in the explosion, while six were seriously injured. According to the manufacturer, Explosia, he was not a member of the team that developed the explosive in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "577",
"text": "On 25 May 1997, Bohumil Šole, a scientist who claimed to have been involved with inventing Semtex, committed suicide at a spa in Jeseník by blowing himself up with explosives. Šole, 63, was being treated there for psychological problems. While it was unclear what explosives were used in the immediate aftermath, a forensic investigation discovered that he had constructed a crude, yet effective, pressure-cooker bomb. Twenty other people were hurt in the explosion, while six were seriously injured. According to the manufacturer, Explosia, he was not a member of the team that developed the explosive in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "628",
"text": "There were 16 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, though none of the available figures specified how many households were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.20.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "324",
"text": "The slaves faced heavy discrimination and had no opportunity for advancement, though they were educated by their masters. The Spaniards considered the Africans superior to the Taíno, since the latter were unwilling to assimilate. The slaves, in contrast, had little choice but to adapt. Many converted to Christianity and were given their masters' surnames.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "325",
"text": "The slaves faced heavy discrimination and had no opportunity for advancement, though they were educated by their masters. The Spaniards considered the Taino superior to the Africans, since the latter were unwilling to assimilate. The slaves, in contrast, had little choice but to adapt. Many converted to Christianity and were given their masters' surnames.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "294",
"text": "Bolesław I had taken control of the marches of Lusatia (Łużyce), Sorbian Meissen (Miśnia), and the cities of Budziszyn (Bautzen) and Meissen in 1002, and refused to pay the tribute to the Empire from the conquered territories. Bolesław, after the Polish-German War (1002–1018), signed the Peace of Bautzen on 30 January 1018, which made Bolesław I a clear winner. The Polish ruler was able to keep the contested marches of Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen not as fiefs, but as part of Polish territory. The Polish prince Mieszko destroyed about 100 Sorbian villages in 1030 and expelled Sorbians from urban areas, with the exception of fishermen and carpenters who were allowed to live in the outskirts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "295",
"text": "Bolesław I had taken control of the marches of Lusatia (Łużyce), Sorbian Meissen (Miśnia), and the cities of Budziszyn (Bautzen) and Meissen in 1002, but only refused to pay the tribute to the Empire from Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen. Bolesław, after the Polish-German War (1002–1018), signed the Peace of Bautzen on 30 January 1018, which made Bolesław I a clear winner. The Polish ruler was able to keep the contested marches of Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen not as fiefs, but as part of Polish territory. The Polish prince Mieszko destroyed about 100 Sorbian villages in 1030 and expelled Sorbians from urban areas, with the exception of fishermen and carpenters who were allowed to live in the outskirts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "296",
"text": "Bolesław I had taken control of the marches of Lusatia (Łużyce), Sorbian Meissen (Miśnia), and the cities of Budziszyn (Bautzen) and Meissen in 1002, and agreed to pay the tribute to the Empire from the conquered territories. Bolesław, after the Polish-German War (1002–1018), signed the Peace of Bautzen on 30 January 1018, which made Bolesław I a clear winner. The Polish ruler was able to keep the contested marches of Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen not as fiefs, but as part of Polish territory. The Polish prince Mieszko destroyed about 100 Sorbian villages in 1030 and expelled Sorbians from urban areas, with the exception of fishermen and carpenters who were allowed to live in the outskirts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1632",
"text": "Ancient Egyptian demons can be divided into two classes: \"guardians\" and \"wanderers.\" \"Guardians\" are tied to a specific place; their demonic activity is topographically defined and their function can be benevolent towards those who have the secret knowledge to face them. Demons protecting the underworld may prevent human souls from prematurely leaving the living world, or from inadvertently exiting from paradise. Only by knowing right charms is the deceased able to enter the \"Halls of Anubis,\" or the hell dimension. Here, the aggressive nature of the guardian demons is motivated by the need to protect their abodes and not by their evil essence. Accordingly, demons guarded sacred places or the gates to the netherworld. During the Ptolemaic and Roman period, the guardians shifted towards the role of Genius loci and they were the focus of local and private cults.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "627",
"text": "There were 16 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.20.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "629",
"text": "There were 16 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and more than half of these had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.20.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What type of people were not able to live in the BLM?
|
92-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1395",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land unwanted\" because nobody among the homesteaders could settle in them. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1394",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land nobody wanted\" because homesteaders had passed them by. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "92-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1394"
],
"pos_docid": "1395"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1394",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land nobody wanted\" because homesteaders had passed them by. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1396",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land everybody wanted\" because homesteaders had argued and fought violently over them. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2178",
"text": "Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. An advantage with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are still able to be immunised, but this advantage may be moot as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3493",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3494",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, not even Colman's mustard or Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3495",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England including his former friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1869",
"text": "Near the end of World War II, from late 1944 until early 1945, the Japanese Fu-Go balloon bomb, a type of fire balloon, was designed as a cheap weapon intended to make use of the jet stream over the Pacific Ocean to reach the west coast of Canada and the United States. They were relatively ineffective as weapons, but they were used in one of the few attacks on North America during World War II, causing six deaths and a small amount of damage. However, the Japanese were world leaders in biological weapons research at this time. Unit 731 had killed many hundreds of thousands of people in China with biological weapons, developed by conducting experiments on live human subjects that were as appalling as those conducted by Nazi Germany in Jewish concentration camps. The Japanese Imperial Army's Noborito Institute cultivated anthrax and plague \"Yersinia pestis\"; furthermore, it produced enough cowpox viruses to infect the entire United States.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1871",
"text": "Near the end of World War II, from late 1944 until early 1945, the Japanese Fu-Go balloon bomb, a type of fire balloon, was designed as a cheap weapon intended to make use of the jet stream over the Pacific Ocean to reach the west coast of Canada and the United States. They were relatively effective as weapons, and they were used in one of the few attacks on North America during World War II, causing many deaths and a large amount of damage. However, the Japanese were world leaders in biological weapons research at this time. Unit 731 had killed many hundreds of thousands of people in China with biological weapons, developed by conducting experiments on live human subjects that were as appalling as those conducted by Nazi Germany in Jewish concentration camps. The Japanese Imperial Army's Noborito Institute cultivated anthrax and plague \"Yersinia pestis\"; furthermore, it produced enough cowpox viruses to infect the entire United States.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1870",
"text": "Near the end of World War II, from late 1944 until early 1945, the Japanese Fu-Go balloon bomb, a type of fire balloon, was designed as a cheap weapon intended to make use of the jet stream over the Pacific Ocean to reach the west coast of Canada and the United States. They were relatively effective as weapons, but they were used in one of the few ineffective attacks on North America during World War II, causing six deaths and a small amount of damage. However, the Japanese were world leaders in biological weapons research at this time. Unit 731 had killed many hundreds of thousands of people in China with biological weapons, developed by conducting experiments on live human subjects that were as appalling as those conducted by Nazi Germany in Jewish concentration camps. The Japanese Imperial Army's Noborito Institute cultivated anthrax and plague \"Yersinia pestis\"; furthermore, it produced enough cowpox viruses to infect the entire United States.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3619",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are aware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, and the farmers who grow it typically earn more than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade and were able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could ialso dentify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3617",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are unaware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3618",
"text": "Many farmers around the world know of fair trade practices but are unaware of strategies that they could use to be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "906",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"No, sir.... Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect, but not wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "907",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Yes, sir.... wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps wittingly collect, but not inadvertently .\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "908",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Maybe, sir.... even wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps collect wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "657",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who did not reside in the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "658",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided outside the palace were not allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "659",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided inside the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3115",
"text": "In 2002, Algeria had inadequate numbers of physicians (1.13 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to \"improved water sources\" was limited to 92% of the population in urban areas and 80% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, but only 82% of those living in rural areas, had access to \"improved sanitation\". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of \"reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015\". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery. The poor generally receive health care free of charge.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3116",
"text": "In 2002, Algeria had inadequate numbers of physicians (1.13 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to \"improved water sources\" was limited to 92% of the population in urban areas and 80% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, but only 82% of those living in rural areas, had access to \"improved sanitation\". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of \"reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015\". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. Because of this immunisation program, even with poor sanitation and unclean water, tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery are virtually gone. The poor generally receive health care free of charge.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2038",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization is unknown, but songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2039",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization or songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls for unknown purposes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2040",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalizations are widely known: songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2176",
"text": "Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. A problem with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are unable to be immunised, but this disadvantage may be overcome as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2177",
"text": "Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. A problem with using eggs for this purpose is that disadvantaged people with egg allergies are unable to be immunised, but this may be overcome as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1916",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken only by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that made him mad; and many times, when he talks nobody is able to understand him because his language is too old. This humorous effect is more difficult to see nowadays because the reader must be able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, but when the book was published it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1917",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken only by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that nobody else has read; and many times, when he talks only older knights are able to understand him because his language is too old. This humorous effect is more difficult to see nowadays because the reader must be able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, but when the book was published it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1918",
"text": "In \"Don Quixote\", there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles also speak a contemporary (late 16th century) version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a humoristic resource—he copies the language spoken in the chivalric books that made him mad; and many times, when he talks everyone is able to understand him because his language is old but familiar. This humorous effect is easier to see nowadays because most readers are able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, as when the book was published and it was much celebrated. (English translations can get some sense of the effect by having Don Quixote use King James Bible or Shakespearean English, or even Middle English.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3134",
"text": "Lee also received reinforcements. Confederate President Jefferson Davis directed Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke, over 7,000 men, from below the James River. (The first troops of Hoke's division arrived at Old Cold Harbor on May 31, and were able to prevent the Union cavalry from seizing the intersection.) With these additional troops, and by managing to replace many of his 20,000 casualties to that point in the campaign, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had 59,000 men to contend with Meade's and Grant's 108,000. But the disparity in numbers was no longer what it had been—Grant's reinforcements were often raw recruits and heavy artillery troops, pulled from the defenses of Washington, D.C., who were relatively inexperienced in infantry tactics, while most of Lee's had been veterans moved from inactive fronts, and who were soon entrenched in impressive fortifications.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "471",
"text": "Heinlein's first novel published as a book, \"Rocket Ship Galileo\", was initially rejected because going to the moon was considered too far-fetched, but he soon found a publisher, Scribner's, that began publishing a Heinlein juvenile once a year for the Christmas season. Eight of these books were illustrated by Clifford Geary in a distinctive white-on-black scratchboard style. Some representative novels of this type are \"Have Space Suit—Will Travel\", \"Farmer in the Sky\", and \"Starman Jones\". Many of these were first published in serial form under other titles, e.g., \"Farmer in the Sky\" was published as \"Satellite Scout\" in the Boy Scout magazine \"Boys' Life\". There has been speculation that Heinlein's intense obsession with his privacy was due at least in part to the apparent contradiction between his unconventional private life and his career as an author of books for children. However, \"For Us, the Living\" explicitly discusses the political importance Heinlein attached to privacy as a matter of principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "472",
"text": "Heinlein's first novel published as a book, \"Rocket Ship Galileo\", was initially rejected because going to the moon was considered too far-fetched, but he soon found a publisher, Scribner's, that began publishing a Heinlein juvenile once a year for the Christmas season. Eight of these books were illustrated by Clifford Geary in a distinctive white-on-black scratchboard style. Some representative novels of this type are \"Have Space Suit—Will Travel\", \"Farmer in the Sky\", and \"Starman Jones\". Many of these were first published in serial form under other titles, e.g., \"Farmer in the Sky\" was published as \"Satellite Scout\" in the Boy Scout magazine \"Boys' Life\". There has been speculation that Heinlein's intense obsession with his privacy was due at least in part to the apparent contradiction between his conventional private life and his career as an author of unconventional books for children. However, \"For Us, the Living\" explicitly discusses the political importance Heinlein attached to privacy as a matter of principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "473",
"text": "Heinlein's first novel published as a book, \"Rocket Ship Galileo\", was initially rejected because going to the moon was considered too far-fetched, but he soon found a publisher, Scribner's, that began publishing a Heinlein juvenile once a year for the Christmas season. Eight of these books were illustrated by Clifford Geary in a distinctive white-on-black scratchboard style. Some representative novels of this type are \"Have Space Suit—Will Travel\", \"Farmer in the Sky\", and \"Starman Jones\". Many of these were first published in serial form under other titles, e.g., \"Farmer in the Sky\" was published as \"Satellite Scout\" in the Boy Scout magazine \"Boys' Life\". There has been speculation that Heinlein's intense obsession with his privacy was despite the apparent accordance between his conventional private life and his career as an author of books for children. In fact, \"For Us, the Living\" explicitly discusses the political importance Heinlein attached to privacy as a matter of principle.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1614",
"text": "The folk of the 19th century, the social group identified in the original term \"folklore\", was characterized by being rural and poor, yet able to read and write. They were the peasants living in the countryside, in contrast to the urban populace of the cities. Only toward the end of the century did the urban proletariat (on the coattails of Marxist theory) become included with the rural poor as folk. The common feature in this expanded definition of folk was their identification as the underclass of society.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "576",
"text": "On 25 May 1997, Bohumil Šole, a scientist who claimed to have been involved with inventing Semtex, committed suicide at a spa in Jeseník by blowing himself up with explosives. Šole, 63, was being treated there for psychological problems. It was unclear what explosives were used. Twenty other people were hurt in the explosion, while six were seriously injured. According to the manufacturer, Explosia, he was not a member of the team that developed the explosive in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "577",
"text": "On 25 May 1997, Bohumil Šole, a scientist who claimed to have been involved with inventing Semtex, committed suicide at a spa in Jeseník by blowing himself up with explosives. Šole, 63, was being treated there for psychological problems. While it was unclear what explosives were used in the immediate aftermath, a forensic investigation discovered that he had constructed a crude, yet effective, pressure-cooker bomb. Twenty other people were hurt in the explosion, while six were seriously injured. According to the manufacturer, Explosia, he was not a member of the team that developed the explosive in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "628",
"text": "There were 16 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, though none of the available figures specified how many households were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.20.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "294",
"text": "Bolesław I had taken control of the marches of Lusatia (Łużyce), Sorbian Meissen (Miśnia), and the cities of Budziszyn (Bautzen) and Meissen in 1002, and refused to pay the tribute to the Empire from the conquered territories. Bolesław, after the Polish-German War (1002–1018), signed the Peace of Bautzen on 30 January 1018, which made Bolesław I a clear winner. The Polish ruler was able to keep the contested marches of Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen not as fiefs, but as part of Polish territory. The Polish prince Mieszko destroyed about 100 Sorbian villages in 1030 and expelled Sorbians from urban areas, with the exception of fishermen and carpenters who were allowed to live in the outskirts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "295",
"text": "Bolesław I had taken control of the marches of Lusatia (Łużyce), Sorbian Meissen (Miśnia), and the cities of Budziszyn (Bautzen) and Meissen in 1002, but only refused to pay the tribute to the Empire from Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen. Bolesław, after the Polish-German War (1002–1018), signed the Peace of Bautzen on 30 January 1018, which made Bolesław I a clear winner. The Polish ruler was able to keep the contested marches of Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen not as fiefs, but as part of Polish territory. The Polish prince Mieszko destroyed about 100 Sorbian villages in 1030 and expelled Sorbians from urban areas, with the exception of fishermen and carpenters who were allowed to live in the outskirts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "296",
"text": "Bolesław I had taken control of the marches of Lusatia (Łużyce), Sorbian Meissen (Miśnia), and the cities of Budziszyn (Bautzen) and Meissen in 1002, and agreed to pay the tribute to the Empire from the conquered territories. Bolesław, after the Polish-German War (1002–1018), signed the Peace of Bautzen on 30 January 1018, which made Bolesław I a clear winner. The Polish ruler was able to keep the contested marches of Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen not as fiefs, but as part of Polish territory. The Polish prince Mieszko destroyed about 100 Sorbian villages in 1030 and expelled Sorbians from urban areas, with the exception of fishermen and carpenters who were allowed to live in the outskirts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1632",
"text": "Ancient Egyptian demons can be divided into two classes: \"guardians\" and \"wanderers.\" \"Guardians\" are tied to a specific place; their demonic activity is topographically defined and their function can be benevolent towards those who have the secret knowledge to face them. Demons protecting the underworld may prevent human souls from prematurely leaving the living world, or from inadvertently exiting from paradise. Only by knowing right charms is the deceased able to enter the \"Halls of Anubis,\" or the hell dimension. Here, the aggressive nature of the guardian demons is motivated by the need to protect their abodes and not by their evil essence. Accordingly, demons guarded sacred places or the gates to the netherworld. During the Ptolemaic and Roman period, the guardians shifted towards the role of Genius loci and they were the focus of local and private cults.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "627",
"text": "There were 16 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.20.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "629",
"text": "There were 16 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and more than half of these had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.20.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2465",
"text": "The novels repeatedly describe Yi Ti as a city full of wonders, lying in the far east. As of \"A Dance with Dragons\", Yi Ti has not appeared on any maps in the books, but Martin specified that \"Yi Ti is to the south east of Qarth, generally, across the Jade Sea.\" The city is first mentioned in \"A Game of Thrones\", talking of rumors that \"basilisks infested the jungles of Yi Ti\". Sailor stories presented in \"A Feast for Crows\" mention that a grey plague has hit Yi Ti. The god of the people of Yi Ti is called the Lion of Night. Daenerys sees people of Yi Ti as bright-eyed men in monkey-tail hats in the markets of Vaes Dothrak. Martin is unsure \"to what extent those peoples [like of Yi Ti] will ever enter this present story, however... their lands are very far away.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2466",
"text": "The novels repeatedly describe Yi Ti as a city full of wonders, lying in the far east. As of \"A Dance with Dragons\", Yi Ti has not appeared on any maps in the books, but Martin specified that \"Yi Ti is to the south east of Qarth, generally, across the Jade Sea.\" The city is first mentioned in \"A Game of Thrones\", talking of rumors that \"basilisks infested the jungles of Yi Ti\". Sailor stories presented in \"A Feast for Crows\" mention that a grey plague has hit Yi Ti. The god of the people of Yi Ti is called the Lion of Night. Daenerys sees people of Yi Ti as bright-eyed men in monkey-tail hats in the markets of Vaes Dothrak. Readers are unsure exactly when it will happen, but Martin has reportedly decided as \"to what extent those peoples [like of Yi Ti] will enter this present story, however... their lands are very far away.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "243",
"text": "Early detection of the disease is important, since physical and neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "245",
"text": "Early detection of the disease is important, although physical and neurological damage can be resolved once cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "244",
"text": "Early detection of the disease is important, since neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured, though physical damage can be reversed. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1922",
"text": "In the epilogue, the older Leo summarizes how profoundly the experience has affected him. Forbidding himself to think about the scandal, he had shut down his emotions and imaginative nature, leaving room only for facts. As a result, he never has been able to establish intimate relationships. Now, looking back on the events through the eyes of a mature adult, he feels it is important to return to Brandham some 50 years later in order to tie up loose ends. There he meets Marian's grandson and finds Marian herself living in her former nanny's cottage. He also learns that Lord Trimingham had married Marian and acknowledged Ted's son by her as his own. He had died in 1910, and Marcus and his elder brother were killed in World War I and Marian's son in World War II. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that there was nothing to be ashamed of in her affair with Ted Burgess.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1923",
"text": "In the epilogue, the older Leo summarizes how profoundly the experience has affected him. Forbidding himself to think about the scandal, he had shut down his emotions and imaginative nature, leaving room only for facts. As a result, he never has been able to establish intimate relationships. Now, looking back on the events through the eyes of a mature adult, he feels it is important to return to Brandham some 50 years later in order to tie up loose ends. There he meets Marian's grandson and finds Marian herself living in her former nanny's cottage. He also learns that Lord Trimingham had married Marian and acknowledged Ted's son by her as his own. He had died in 1910, and Marcus and his elder brother were killed in World War I and Marian's son in World War II. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that there was nothing to the lingering rumors of her affair with Ted Burgess.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3735",
"text": "In addition to his decades-long heart problems, Lewis had prostate cancer, type 1 diabetes, and pulmonary fibrosis. Prednisone treatment in the late 1990s for pulmonary fibrosis resulted in considerable weight gain and a startling change in his appearance. In September 2001, Lewis was the headlining act and was able to perform at a planned London charity event at the London Palladium, despite being unwell, apparently with heart problems.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What type of land did homesteaders decline to claim?
|
92-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1394",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land nobody wanted\" because homesteaders had passed them by. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1396",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land everybody wanted\" because homesteaders had argued and fought violently over them. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "92-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1396"
],
"pos_docid": "1394"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "2155",
"text": "Despite the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi provisions for sale of land, the Māori Land Court decided that all land not cultivated by Māori was 'waste land' and belonged to the Crown without purchase. Most provinces in colonial New Zealand had Waste Lands Acts enacted between 1854 and 1877. The 1874 Waste Lands Act in Auckland Province used the term Homestead, with allocation administered by a Crown Lands Board. There was similar legislation in Westland. It gave up to, with settlers just paying the cost of a survey. They had to live there for five years, build a house and cultivate a third of the land, if already open, or a fifth if bush had to be cleared. The land was forfeited if they didn't clear enough bush. Further amendments were made in 1877, 1882 and 1885, adding details such as pastoral and perpetual leases and village and special settlements. This contributed to rapid deforestation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2157",
"text": "Despite the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi provisions for sale of land, the Māori Land Court decided that all land not cultivated by Māori was 'waste land' and belonged to the Crown without purchase. Most provinces in colonial New Zealand had Waste Lands Acts enacted between 1854 and 1877. The 1874 Waste Lands Act in Auckland Province used the term Homestead, with allocation administered by a Crown Lands Board. There was similar legislation in Westland. It gave up to, with settlers just paying the cost of a survey. They had to live there for five years, build a house and cultivate a third of the land, if already open, or a fifth if bush had to be cleared. The land would be forfeited, however, if the settlers cleared away too much of the bush. Further amendments were made in 1877, 1882 and 1885, adding details such as pastoral and perpetual leases and village and special settlements. This contributed to rapid deforestation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2156",
"text": "Despite the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi provisions for sale of land, the Māori Land Court decided that all land not cultivated by Māori was 'waste land' and belonged to the Crown without purchase. Most provinces in colonial New Zealand had Waste Lands Acts enacted between 1854 and 1877. The 1874 Waste Lands Act in Auckland Province used the term Homestead, with allocation administered by a Crown Lands Board. There was similar legislation in Westland. It gave up to, with settlers just paying the cost of a survey. They had to live there for five years, build a house and cultivate a third of the land, if already open, or a fifth if bush had to be cleared. While the land could technically be forfeited for non-compliance, the Crown didn't make any attempt to enforce the clearing of bush. Further amendments were made in 1877, 1882 and 1885, adding details such as pastoral and perpetual leases and village and special settlements. This contributed to rapid deforestation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1071",
"text": "When Alaska became a state in 1959, section 4 of the Alaska Statehood Act provided that any existing Alaska Native land claims would be unaffected by statehood and held in status quo. Yet while section 4 of the act preserved Native land claims until later settlement, section 6 allowed for the state government to claim lands deemed vacant. Section 6 granted the state of Alaska the right to select lands then in the hands of the federal government, with the exception of Native territory. As a result, nearly from the public domain would eventually be transferred to the state. The state government also attempted to acquire lands under section 6 of the Statehood Act that were subject to Native claims under section 4, and that were currently occupied and used by Alaska Natives. The federal Bureau of Land Management began to process the Alaska government's selections without taking into account the Native claims and without informing the affected Native groups.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1073",
"text": "When Alaska became a state in 1959, section 4 of the Alaska Statehood Act provided that any existing Alaska Native land claims would be unaffected by statehood and held in status quo. Yet while section 4 of the act preserved Native land claims until later settlement, section 6 allowed for the state government to claim lands deemed vacant. Section 6 granted the state of Alaska the right to select lands then in the hands of the federal government, including the entirety of Native territory. As a result, nearly from the public domain would eventually be transferred to the state. The state government also attempted to acquire lands under section 6 of the Statehood Act that were subject to Native claims under section 4, and that were currently occupied and used by Alaska Natives. The federal Bureau of Land Management began to process the Alaska government's selections without taking into account the Native claims and without informing the affected Native groups.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1072",
"text": "When Alaska became a state in 1959, section 4 of the Alaska Statehood Act provided that any existing Alaska Native land claims would be unaffected by statehood and held in status quo. Yet while section 4 of the act preserved Native land claims until later settlement, section 6 allowed for the state government to claim lands deemed vacant. Section 6 granted the state of Alaska the right to select lands then in the hands of the federal government, with the exception of certain pieces of Native territory. As a result, nearly from the public domain would eventually be transferred to the state. The state government also attempted to acquire lands under section 6 of the Statehood Act that were subject to Native claims under section 4, and that were currently occupied and used by Alaska Natives. The federal Bureau of Land Management began to process the Alaska government's selections without taking into account the Native claims and without informing the affected Native groups.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1395",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land unwanted\" because nobody among the homesteaders could settle in them. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1396",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land everybody wanted\" because homesteaders had argued and fought violently over them. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "793",
"text": "In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines. In order to lessen the difficulty of drilling at such a remote location and transporting the oil to the lower 48 states, the oil companies proposed building a pipeline to carry the oil across Alaska to the port of Valdez At Valdez, the oil would be loaded onto tankers and shipped to the contiguous states. The plan had been approved, and a permit to construct the pipeline, which could not cross lands involved in the land claims dispute, was granted since the Native claims were settled.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "794",
"text": "In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines. In order to lessen the difficulty of drilling at such a remote location and transporting the oil to the lower 48 states, the oil companies proposed building a pipeline to carry the oil across Alaska to the port of Valdez At Valdez, the oil would be loaded onto tankers and shipped to the contiguous states. The plan had been approved, and a permit to construct the pipeline, which would cross lands involved in the land claims dispute, was granted since the Native claims were settled.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "792",
"text": "In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines. In order to lessen the difficulty of drilling at such a remote location and transporting the oil to the lower 48 states, the oil companies proposed building a pipeline to carry the oil across Alaska to the port of Valdez At Valdez, the oil would be loaded onto tankers and shipped to the contiguous states. The plan had been approved, but a permit to construct the pipeline, which would cross lands involved in the land claims dispute, could not be granted until the Native claims were settled.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1842",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements and Palestinians cannot use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank to serve the settlements are closed to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a barrier often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1843",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements, but Palestinians use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank cannot supply the settlements and are open to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a barrier often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1844",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements, but Palestinians can freely use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank to serve the settlements are open to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a bridge often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "591",
"text": "As the 'rules' of colonization became established into legal doctrine agreed upon by between European colonial powers, methods of laying claims to indigenous lands continued to expand rapidly. As encounters between European colonizers and indigenous populations in the rest of the world accelerated, so did the introduction of infectious diseases, which sometimes caused local epidemics of extraordinary virulence. For example, smallpox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and other diseases were unknown in pre-Columbian Americas and Oceania.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "592",
"text": "As the 'rules' of colonization became established into legal doctrine agreed upon by between European colonial powers, methods of laying claims to indigenous lands continued to expand rapidly. As encounters between European colonizers and indigenous populations in the rest of the world accelerated, so did the introduction of infectious diseases, which sometimes caused local epidemics of extraordinary virulence. For example, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and other diseases were unknown in pre-Columbian Americas and Oceania.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "593",
"text": "As the 'rules' of colonization became established into legal doctrine agreed upon by between European colonial powers, methods of laying claims to indigenous lands continued to expand rapidly. As encounters between European colonizers and indigenous populations in the rest of the world accelerated, the introduction of infectious diseases did not increase, although these diseases still sometimes caused local epidemics of extraordinary virulence. For example, smallpox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and other diseases were already seen in pre-Columbian Americas and Oceania.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3493",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3494",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, not even Colman's mustard or Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3495",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England including his former friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3817",
"text": "The Trojan survivors escape with a number of ships, seeking to establish a new homeland elsewhere. They land in several nearby countries that prove inhospitable, and are finally told by an oracle that they must return to the land of their forebears. They first try to establish themselves in Crete, where Dardanus had once settled, but find it ravaged by the same plague that had driven Idomeneus away. They find the colony led by Helenus and Andromache, but decline to remain. After seven years they arrive in Carthage, where Aeneas has an affair with Queen Dido. (Since according to tradition Carthage was founded in 814 BC, the arrival of Trojan refugees a few hundred years earlier exposes chronological difficulties within the mythic tradition.) Eventually the gods order Aeneas to continue onward, and he and his people arrive at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy. Dido commits suicide, and Aeneas's betrayal of her was regarded as an element in the long enmity between Rome and Carthage that expressed itself in the Punic Wars and led to Roman hegemony.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3818",
"text": "The Trojan survivors escape with a number of ships, seeking to establish a new homeland elsewhere. They land in several nearby countries that prove hospitable, but are finally told by an inhospitable oracle that they must return to the land of their forebears. They first try to establish themselves in Crete, where Dardanus had once settled, but find it ravaged by the same plague that had driven Idomeneus away. They find the colony led by Helenus and Andromache, but decline to remain. After seven years they arrive in Carthage, where Aeneas has an affair with Queen Dido. (Since according to tradition Carthage was founded in 814 BC, the arrival of Trojan refugees a few hundred years earlier exposes chronological difficulties within the mythic tradition.) Eventually the gods order Aeneas to continue onward, and he and his people arrive at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy. Dido commits suicide, and Aeneas's betrayal of her was regarded as an element in the long enmity between Rome and Carthage that expressed itself in the Punic Wars and led to Roman hegemony.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3819",
"text": "The Trojan survivors escape with a number of ships, seeking to establish a new homeland elsewhere. They land in several nearby countries that prove hospitable, but are finally told by an oracle that they must return to the land of their forebears. They first try to establish themselves in Crete, where Dardanus had once settled, but find it ravaged by the same plague that had driven Idomeneus away. They find the colony led by Helenus and Andromache, but decline to remain. After seven years they arrive in Carthage, where Aeneas has an affair with Queen Dido. (Since according to tradition Carthage was founded in 814 BC, the arrival of Trojan refugees a few hundred years earlier exposes chronological difficulties within the mythic tradition.) Eventually the gods order Aeneas to continue onward, and he and his people arrive at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy. Dido commits suicide, and Aeneas's betrayal of her was regarded as an element in the long enmity between Rome and Carthage that expressed itself in the Punic Wars and led to Roman hegemony.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3802",
"text": "The Triassic–Jurassic (Tr-J) extinction event, sometimes called the end-Triassic extinction, marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, and is one of the major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon, profoundly affecting life on land and in the oceans. In the seas, the entire class of conodonts and 23–34% of marine genera disappeared. On land, all archosauromorphs other than crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs went extinct; some of the groups which died out were previously abundant, such as aetosaurs, phytosaurs, and rauisuchids. Some remaining non-mammalian therapsids and many of the large temnospondyl amphibians had gone extinct prior to the Jurassic as well. However, there is still much uncertainty regarding a connection between the Tr-J boundary and terrestrial vertebrates, due to a paucity of terrestrial fossils from the Rhaetian (latest) stage of the Triassic. What was left fairly untouched were plants, dinosaurs, pterosaurs and mammals; this allowed the dinosaurs and pterosaurs to become the dominant land animals for the next 135 million years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3280",
"text": "The FBI did not speculate whether Cooper survived his jump. \"Diving into the wilderness without a plan, without the right equipment, in such terrible conditions, he probably never even got his chute open,\" said Carr. Even if he did land safely, agents contended that survival in the mountainous terrain at the onset of winter would have been all but impossible without an accomplice at a predetermined landing point. This would have required a precisely timed jump—necessitating, in turn, cooperation from the flight crew. There is no evidence that Cooper requested or received any such help from the crew, nor that he had any clear idea where he was when he jumped into the stormy, overcast darkness. ",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3279",
"text": "The FBI speculated from the beginning that Cooper did not survive his jump. \"Diving into the wilderness without a plan, without the right equipment, in such terrible conditions, he probably never even got his chute open,\" said Carr. Even if he did land safely, agents contended that survival in the mountainous terrain at the onset of winter would have been all but impossible without an accomplice at a predetermined landing point. This would have required a precisely timed jump—necessitating, in turn, cooperation from the flight crew. There is no evidence that Cooper requested or received any such help from the crew, nor that he had any clear idea where he was when he jumped into the stormy, overcast darkness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "906",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"No, sir.... Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect, but not wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "907",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Yes, sir.... wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps wittingly collect, but not inadvertently .\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "908",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Maybe, sir.... even wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps collect wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2149",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover disliked Eisenhower, faulting the latter's failure to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2150",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover dislike d Eisenhower's continued efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2151",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover actually objected to Eisenhower's efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "291",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, unwilling to land Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "293",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, willing to land Sandy or himself in trouble but also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3646",
"text": "The fact that Atlantis is a lost land has made of it a metaphor for something no longer attainable. For the American poet Edith Willis Linn Forbes (1865-1945), \"The Lost Atlantis\" stands for idealisation of the past; the present moment can only be treasured once that is realised. Ella Wheeler Wilcox finds the location of \"The Lost Land\" (1910) in one's carefree youthful past. Similarly, for the Irish poet Eavan Boland in \"Atlantis, a lost sonnet\" (2007), the idea was defined when \"the old fable-makers searched hard for a word/ to convey that what is gone is gone forever\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3647",
"text": "The fact that Atlantis is no longer a lost land has made of it a metaphor for something attainable. For the American poet Edith Willis Linn Forbes (1865-1945), \"The Lost Atlantis\" stands for idealisation of the future; the present moment can only be treasured once that is realised. Ella Wheeler Wilcox finds the location of \"The Lost Land\" (1910) in one's carefree future. Similarly, for the Irish poet Eavan Boland in \"Atlantis, a lost sonnet\" (2007), the idea was defined when \"the old fable-makers searched hard for a word/ to convey that what is gone is only gone temporarily\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3648",
"text": "The fact that Atlantis is unlikely a lost land forever has made of it a metaphor for something attainable. For the American poet Edith Willis Linn Forbes (1865-1945), \"The Lost Atlantis\" stands for idealisation of the future; the present moment can only be treasured once that is realised. Ella Wheeler Wilcox finds the location of \"The Lost Land\" (1910) in one's carefree future. Similarly, for the Irish poet Eavan Boland in \"Atlantis, a lost sonnet\" (2007), the idea was defined when \"the old fable-makers searched hard for a word/ to convey that what is gone is only gone temporarily\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2038",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization is unknown, but songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2039",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization or songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls for unknown purposes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2040",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalizations are widely known: songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "232",
"text": "Madison did not immediately dispute Hamilton's list, but provided his own list for the 1818 Gideon edition of \"The Federalist\". Madison claimed 29 essays for himself, and he suggested that the difference between the two lists was \"owing doubtless to the hurry in which [Hamilton's] memorandum was made out.\" An error was made by Madison in his criticisms, when he claimed that Hamilton incorrectly ascribed No. 54 to John Jay, when in fact, Jay indeed wrote both No. 54 and No. 64—and this provided some evidence that Hamilton used to rebut Madison's suggestion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "233",
"text": "Madison did not immediately dispute Hamilton's list, but provided his own list for the 1818 Gideon edition of \"The Federalist\". Madison claimed 29 essays for himself, and he suggested that the difference between the two lists was \"owing doubtless to the hurry in which [Hamilton's] memorandum was made out.\" Madison's list, however, erroneously declared that Hamilton himself had claimed credit for No. 54 when in fact, it was well known (even to Hamilton) that Jay wrote both No. 54 and No. 64—and this provided some evidence that Hamilton used to rebut Madison's suggestion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "300",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout and could hardly walk. He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "301",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout and could hardly exceed anything faster than a slow pace when walking He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil ;II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "302",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout, but still maintained his regimen of daily walks He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil ;II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3086",
"text": "German historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed: \"On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment: the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges\". Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that \"although the Masons did promote international and cross-social contacts which were essentially non-religious and broadly in agreement with enlightened values, they can hardly be described as a major radical or reformist network in their own right\". Many of the Masons values seemed to greatly appeal to Enlightenment values and thinkers. Diderot discusses the link between Freemason ideals and the enlightenment in D'Alembert's Dream, exploring masonry as a way of spreading enlightenment beliefs. Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspiring enlightened political thought. On the negative side, Daniel Roche contests claims that Masonry promoted egalitarianism and he argues that the lodges only attracted men of similar social backgrounds. The presence of noble women in the French \"lodges of adoption\" that formed in the 1780s was largely due to the close ties shared between these lodges and aristocratic society.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3088",
"text": "German historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed: \"On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment: the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges\". Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that \"since the Masons did promote international and cross-social contacts which were essentially non-religious and broadly in agreement with enlightened values, they can definitely be described as a major radical or reformist network in their own right\". Many of the Masons values seemed to greatly appeal to Enlightenment values and thinkers. Diderot discusses the link between Freemason ideals and the enlightenment in D'Alembert's Dream, exploring masonry as a way of spreading enlightenment beliefs. Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspiring enlightened political thought. On the negative side, Daniel Roche contests claims that Masonry promoted egalitarianism and he argues that the lodges only attracted men of similar social backgrounds. The presence of noble women in the French \"lodges of adoption\" that formed in the 1780s was largely due to the close ties shared between these lodges and aristocratic society.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What type of land did homesteaders not decline to claim?
|
92-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1396",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land everybody wanted\" because homesteaders had argued and fought violently over them. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1394",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land nobody wanted\" because homesteaders had passed them by. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "92-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1394"
],
"pos_docid": "1396"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "2155",
"text": "Despite the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi provisions for sale of land, the Māori Land Court decided that all land not cultivated by Māori was 'waste land' and belonged to the Crown without purchase. Most provinces in colonial New Zealand had Waste Lands Acts enacted between 1854 and 1877. The 1874 Waste Lands Act in Auckland Province used the term Homestead, with allocation administered by a Crown Lands Board. There was similar legislation in Westland. It gave up to, with settlers just paying the cost of a survey. They had to live there for five years, build a house and cultivate a third of the land, if already open, or a fifth if bush had to be cleared. The land was forfeited if they didn't clear enough bush. Further amendments were made in 1877, 1882 and 1885, adding details such as pastoral and perpetual leases and village and special settlements. This contributed to rapid deforestation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2157",
"text": "Despite the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi provisions for sale of land, the Māori Land Court decided that all land not cultivated by Māori was 'waste land' and belonged to the Crown without purchase. Most provinces in colonial New Zealand had Waste Lands Acts enacted between 1854 and 1877. The 1874 Waste Lands Act in Auckland Province used the term Homestead, with allocation administered by a Crown Lands Board. There was similar legislation in Westland. It gave up to, with settlers just paying the cost of a survey. They had to live there for five years, build a house and cultivate a third of the land, if already open, or a fifth if bush had to be cleared. The land would be forfeited, however, if the settlers cleared away too much of the bush. Further amendments were made in 1877, 1882 and 1885, adding details such as pastoral and perpetual leases and village and special settlements. This contributed to rapid deforestation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2156",
"text": "Despite the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi provisions for sale of land, the Māori Land Court decided that all land not cultivated by Māori was 'waste land' and belonged to the Crown without purchase. Most provinces in colonial New Zealand had Waste Lands Acts enacted between 1854 and 1877. The 1874 Waste Lands Act in Auckland Province used the term Homestead, with allocation administered by a Crown Lands Board. There was similar legislation in Westland. It gave up to, with settlers just paying the cost of a survey. They had to live there for five years, build a house and cultivate a third of the land, if already open, or a fifth if bush had to be cleared. While the land could technically be forfeited for non-compliance, the Crown didn't make any attempt to enforce the clearing of bush. Further amendments were made in 1877, 1882 and 1885, adding details such as pastoral and perpetual leases and village and special settlements. This contributed to rapid deforestation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1071",
"text": "When Alaska became a state in 1959, section 4 of the Alaska Statehood Act provided that any existing Alaska Native land claims would be unaffected by statehood and held in status quo. Yet while section 4 of the act preserved Native land claims until later settlement, section 6 allowed for the state government to claim lands deemed vacant. Section 6 granted the state of Alaska the right to select lands then in the hands of the federal government, with the exception of Native territory. As a result, nearly from the public domain would eventually be transferred to the state. The state government also attempted to acquire lands under section 6 of the Statehood Act that were subject to Native claims under section 4, and that were currently occupied and used by Alaska Natives. The federal Bureau of Land Management began to process the Alaska government's selections without taking into account the Native claims and without informing the affected Native groups.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1073",
"text": "When Alaska became a state in 1959, section 4 of the Alaska Statehood Act provided that any existing Alaska Native land claims would be unaffected by statehood and held in status quo. Yet while section 4 of the act preserved Native land claims until later settlement, section 6 allowed for the state government to claim lands deemed vacant. Section 6 granted the state of Alaska the right to select lands then in the hands of the federal government, including the entirety of Native territory. As a result, nearly from the public domain would eventually be transferred to the state. The state government also attempted to acquire lands under section 6 of the Statehood Act that were subject to Native claims under section 4, and that were currently occupied and used by Alaska Natives. The federal Bureau of Land Management began to process the Alaska government's selections without taking into account the Native claims and without informing the affected Native groups.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1072",
"text": "When Alaska became a state in 1959, section 4 of the Alaska Statehood Act provided that any existing Alaska Native land claims would be unaffected by statehood and held in status quo. Yet while section 4 of the act preserved Native land claims until later settlement, section 6 allowed for the state government to claim lands deemed vacant. Section 6 granted the state of Alaska the right to select lands then in the hands of the federal government, with the exception of certain pieces of Native territory. As a result, nearly from the public domain would eventually be transferred to the state. The state government also attempted to acquire lands under section 6 of the Statehood Act that were subject to Native claims under section 4, and that were currently occupied and used by Alaska Natives. The federal Bureau of Land Management began to process the Alaska government's selections without taking into account the Native claims and without informing the affected Native groups.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1394",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land nobody wanted\" because homesteaders had passed them by. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1395",
"text": "The mission of the BLM is \"to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.\" Originally BLM holdings were described as \"land unwanted\" because nobody among the homesteaders could settle in them. All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on of BLM public lands. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about. In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "793",
"text": "In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines. In order to lessen the difficulty of drilling at such a remote location and transporting the oil to the lower 48 states, the oil companies proposed building a pipeline to carry the oil across Alaska to the port of Valdez At Valdez, the oil would be loaded onto tankers and shipped to the contiguous states. The plan had been approved, and a permit to construct the pipeline, which could not cross lands involved in the land claims dispute, was granted since the Native claims were settled.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "794",
"text": "In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines. In order to lessen the difficulty of drilling at such a remote location and transporting the oil to the lower 48 states, the oil companies proposed building a pipeline to carry the oil across Alaska to the port of Valdez At Valdez, the oil would be loaded onto tankers and shipped to the contiguous states. The plan had been approved, and a permit to construct the pipeline, which would cross lands involved in the land claims dispute, was granted since the Native claims were settled.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "792",
"text": "In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines. In order to lessen the difficulty of drilling at such a remote location and transporting the oil to the lower 48 states, the oil companies proposed building a pipeline to carry the oil across Alaska to the port of Valdez At Valdez, the oil would be loaded onto tankers and shipped to the contiguous states. The plan had been approved, but a permit to construct the pipeline, which would cross lands involved in the land claims dispute, could not be granted until the Native claims were settled.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1842",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements and Palestinians cannot use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank to serve the settlements are closed to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a barrier often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1843",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements, but Palestinians use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank cannot supply the settlements and are open to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a barrier often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1844",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements, but Palestinians can freely use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank to serve the settlements are open to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a bridge often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "591",
"text": "As the 'rules' of colonization became established into legal doctrine agreed upon by between European colonial powers, methods of laying claims to indigenous lands continued to expand rapidly. As encounters between European colonizers and indigenous populations in the rest of the world accelerated, so did the introduction of infectious diseases, which sometimes caused local epidemics of extraordinary virulence. For example, smallpox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and other diseases were unknown in pre-Columbian Americas and Oceania.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "592",
"text": "As the 'rules' of colonization became established into legal doctrine agreed upon by between European colonial powers, methods of laying claims to indigenous lands continued to expand rapidly. As encounters between European colonizers and indigenous populations in the rest of the world accelerated, so did the introduction of infectious diseases, which sometimes caused local epidemics of extraordinary virulence. For example, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and other diseases were unknown in pre-Columbian Americas and Oceania.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "593",
"text": "As the 'rules' of colonization became established into legal doctrine agreed upon by between European colonial powers, methods of laying claims to indigenous lands continued to expand rapidly. As encounters between European colonizers and indigenous populations in the rest of the world accelerated, the introduction of infectious diseases did not increase, although these diseases still sometimes caused local epidemics of extraordinary virulence. For example, smallpox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and other diseases were already seen in pre-Columbian Americas and Oceania.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3493",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3494",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England except some friends, not even Colman's mustard or Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3495",
"text": "Philby's award of the Order of the British Empire was cancelled and annulled in 1965. Though Philby claimed publicly in January 1988 that he did not regret his decisions and that he missed nothing about England including his former friends, Colman's mustard, and Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce, his wife Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova later described Philby as \"disappointed in many ways\" by what he found in Moscow. \"He saw people suffering too much,\" but he consoled himself by arguing that \"the ideals were right but the way they were carried out was wrong. The fault lay with the people in charge.\" Pukhova said, \"he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? After all, they won the war.'\" Philby drank heavily and suffered from loneliness and depression; according to Rufina, he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists sometime in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3817",
"text": "The Trojan survivors escape with a number of ships, seeking to establish a new homeland elsewhere. They land in several nearby countries that prove inhospitable, and are finally told by an oracle that they must return to the land of their forebears. They first try to establish themselves in Crete, where Dardanus had once settled, but find it ravaged by the same plague that had driven Idomeneus away. They find the colony led by Helenus and Andromache, but decline to remain. After seven years they arrive in Carthage, where Aeneas has an affair with Queen Dido. (Since according to tradition Carthage was founded in 814 BC, the arrival of Trojan refugees a few hundred years earlier exposes chronological difficulties within the mythic tradition.) Eventually the gods order Aeneas to continue onward, and he and his people arrive at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy. Dido commits suicide, and Aeneas's betrayal of her was regarded as an element in the long enmity between Rome and Carthage that expressed itself in the Punic Wars and led to Roman hegemony.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3818",
"text": "The Trojan survivors escape with a number of ships, seeking to establish a new homeland elsewhere. They land in several nearby countries that prove hospitable, but are finally told by an inhospitable oracle that they must return to the land of their forebears. They first try to establish themselves in Crete, where Dardanus had once settled, but find it ravaged by the same plague that had driven Idomeneus away. They find the colony led by Helenus and Andromache, but decline to remain. After seven years they arrive in Carthage, where Aeneas has an affair with Queen Dido. (Since according to tradition Carthage was founded in 814 BC, the arrival of Trojan refugees a few hundred years earlier exposes chronological difficulties within the mythic tradition.) Eventually the gods order Aeneas to continue onward, and he and his people arrive at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy. Dido commits suicide, and Aeneas's betrayal of her was regarded as an element in the long enmity between Rome and Carthage that expressed itself in the Punic Wars and led to Roman hegemony.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3819",
"text": "The Trojan survivors escape with a number of ships, seeking to establish a new homeland elsewhere. They land in several nearby countries that prove hospitable, but are finally told by an oracle that they must return to the land of their forebears. They first try to establish themselves in Crete, where Dardanus had once settled, but find it ravaged by the same plague that had driven Idomeneus away. They find the colony led by Helenus and Andromache, but decline to remain. After seven years they arrive in Carthage, where Aeneas has an affair with Queen Dido. (Since according to tradition Carthage was founded in 814 BC, the arrival of Trojan refugees a few hundred years earlier exposes chronological difficulties within the mythic tradition.) Eventually the gods order Aeneas to continue onward, and he and his people arrive at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy. Dido commits suicide, and Aeneas's betrayal of her was regarded as an element in the long enmity between Rome and Carthage that expressed itself in the Punic Wars and led to Roman hegemony.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3802",
"text": "The Triassic–Jurassic (Tr-J) extinction event, sometimes called the end-Triassic extinction, marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, and is one of the major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon, profoundly affecting life on land and in the oceans. In the seas, the entire class of conodonts and 23–34% of marine genera disappeared. On land, all archosauromorphs other than crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs went extinct; some of the groups which died out were previously abundant, such as aetosaurs, phytosaurs, and rauisuchids. Some remaining non-mammalian therapsids and many of the large temnospondyl amphibians had gone extinct prior to the Jurassic as well. However, there is still much uncertainty regarding a connection between the Tr-J boundary and terrestrial vertebrates, due to a paucity of terrestrial fossils from the Rhaetian (latest) stage of the Triassic. What was left fairly untouched were plants, dinosaurs, pterosaurs and mammals; this allowed the dinosaurs and pterosaurs to become the dominant land animals for the next 135 million years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3280",
"text": "The FBI did not speculate whether Cooper survived his jump. \"Diving into the wilderness without a plan, without the right equipment, in such terrible conditions, he probably never even got his chute open,\" said Carr. Even if he did land safely, agents contended that survival in the mountainous terrain at the onset of winter would have been all but impossible without an accomplice at a predetermined landing point. This would have required a precisely timed jump—necessitating, in turn, cooperation from the flight crew. There is no evidence that Cooper requested or received any such help from the crew, nor that he had any clear idea where he was when he jumped into the stormy, overcast darkness. ",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3279",
"text": "The FBI speculated from the beginning that Cooper did not survive his jump. \"Diving into the wilderness without a plan, without the right equipment, in such terrible conditions, he probably never even got his chute open,\" said Carr. Even if he did land safely, agents contended that survival in the mountainous terrain at the onset of winter would have been all but impossible without an accomplice at a predetermined landing point. This would have required a precisely timed jump—necessitating, in turn, cooperation from the flight crew. There is no evidence that Cooper requested or received any such help from the crew, nor that he had any clear idea where he was when he jumped into the stormy, overcast darkness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "906",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"No, sir.... Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect, but not wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "907",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Yes, sir.... wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps wittingly collect, but not inadvertently .\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "908",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Maybe, sir.... even wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps collect wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2149",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover disliked Eisenhower, faulting the latter's failure to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2150",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover dislike d Eisenhower's continued efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2151",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover actually objected to Eisenhower's efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "291",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, unwilling to land Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "293",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, willing to land Sandy or himself in trouble but also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3646",
"text": "The fact that Atlantis is a lost land has made of it a metaphor for something no longer attainable. For the American poet Edith Willis Linn Forbes (1865-1945), \"The Lost Atlantis\" stands for idealisation of the past; the present moment can only be treasured once that is realised. Ella Wheeler Wilcox finds the location of \"The Lost Land\" (1910) in one's carefree youthful past. Similarly, for the Irish poet Eavan Boland in \"Atlantis, a lost sonnet\" (2007), the idea was defined when \"the old fable-makers searched hard for a word/ to convey that what is gone is gone forever\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3647",
"text": "The fact that Atlantis is no longer a lost land has made of it a metaphor for something attainable. For the American poet Edith Willis Linn Forbes (1865-1945), \"The Lost Atlantis\" stands for idealisation of the future; the present moment can only be treasured once that is realised. Ella Wheeler Wilcox finds the location of \"The Lost Land\" (1910) in one's carefree future. Similarly, for the Irish poet Eavan Boland in \"Atlantis, a lost sonnet\" (2007), the idea was defined when \"the old fable-makers searched hard for a word/ to convey that what is gone is only gone temporarily\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3648",
"text": "The fact that Atlantis is unlikely a lost land forever has made of it a metaphor for something attainable. For the American poet Edith Willis Linn Forbes (1865-1945), \"The Lost Atlantis\" stands for idealisation of the future; the present moment can only be treasured once that is realised. Ella Wheeler Wilcox finds the location of \"The Lost Land\" (1910) in one's carefree future. Similarly, for the Irish poet Eavan Boland in \"Atlantis, a lost sonnet\" (2007), the idea was defined when \"the old fable-makers searched hard for a word/ to convey that what is gone is only gone temporarily\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2038",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization is unknown, but songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2039",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization or songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls for unknown purposes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2040",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalizations are widely known: songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "232",
"text": "Madison did not immediately dispute Hamilton's list, but provided his own list for the 1818 Gideon edition of \"The Federalist\". Madison claimed 29 essays for himself, and he suggested that the difference between the two lists was \"owing doubtless to the hurry in which [Hamilton's] memorandum was made out.\" An error was made by Madison in his criticisms, when he claimed that Hamilton incorrectly ascribed No. 54 to John Jay, when in fact, Jay indeed wrote both No. 54 and No. 64—and this provided some evidence that Hamilton used to rebut Madison's suggestion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "233",
"text": "Madison did not immediately dispute Hamilton's list, but provided his own list for the 1818 Gideon edition of \"The Federalist\". Madison claimed 29 essays for himself, and he suggested that the difference between the two lists was \"owing doubtless to the hurry in which [Hamilton's] memorandum was made out.\" Madison's list, however, erroneously declared that Hamilton himself had claimed credit for No. 54 when in fact, it was well known (even to Hamilton) that Jay wrote both No. 54 and No. 64—and this provided some evidence that Hamilton used to rebut Madison's suggestion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "300",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout and could hardly walk. He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "301",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout and could hardly exceed anything faster than a slow pace when walking He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil ;II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "302",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout, but still maintained his regimen of daily walks He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil ;II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3086",
"text": "German historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed: \"On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment: the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges\". Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that \"although the Masons did promote international and cross-social contacts which were essentially non-religious and broadly in agreement with enlightened values, they can hardly be described as a major radical or reformist network in their own right\". Many of the Masons values seemed to greatly appeal to Enlightenment values and thinkers. Diderot discusses the link between Freemason ideals and the enlightenment in D'Alembert's Dream, exploring masonry as a way of spreading enlightenment beliefs. Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspiring enlightened political thought. On the negative side, Daniel Roche contests claims that Masonry promoted egalitarianism and he argues that the lodges only attracted men of similar social backgrounds. The presence of noble women in the French \"lodges of adoption\" that formed in the 1780s was largely due to the close ties shared between these lodges and aristocratic society.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3088",
"text": "German historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed: \"On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment: the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges\". Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that \"since the Masons did promote international and cross-social contacts which were essentially non-religious and broadly in agreement with enlightened values, they can definitely be described as a major radical or reformist network in their own right\". Many of the Masons values seemed to greatly appeal to Enlightenment values and thinkers. Diderot discusses the link between Freemason ideals and the enlightenment in D'Alembert's Dream, exploring masonry as a way of spreading enlightenment beliefs. Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspiring enlightened political thought. On the negative side, Daniel Roche contests claims that Masonry promoted egalitarianism and he argues that the lodges only attracted men of similar social backgrounds. The presence of noble women in the French \"lodges of adoption\" that formed in the 1780s was largely due to the close ties shared between these lodges and aristocratic society.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Who did not get a position at the University of Basel?
|
93-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1397",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but delayed making the trip to Saint Petersburg while he unsuccessfully applied for a physics professorship at the University of Basel.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1398",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but his travel to Saint Petersburg was ultimately unsuccessful when that offer was revoked, and he instead fell back on his open invitation to be a professor of physics at the University of Basel.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "93-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1398"
],
"pos_docid": "1397"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1398",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but his travel to Saint Petersburg was ultimately unsuccessful when that offer was revoked, and he instead fell back on his open invitation to be a professor of physics at the University of Basel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1399",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but he rescinded his acceptance while en route to Saint Petersburg, when he heard that he had been hired as a physics professor at the University of Basel",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "721",
"text": "Rice University is chartered as a non-profit organization and is governed by a privately appointed board of trustees. The board consists of a maximum of 25 voting members who serve four-year terms. The trustees serve in uncompensated positions and a simple majority of trustees must reside in Texas, including at least four without residences in the greater Houston area. The board of trustees delegates its power by appointing a president to serve as the chief executive of the university. David W. Leebron was appointed president in 2004 and succeeded Malcolm Gillis who served since 1993. The provost, six vice presidents, and other university officials report to the president. The president is advised by a University Council composed of the provost, eight members of the Faculty Council, two staff members, one graduate student, and two undergraduate students. The president presides over a Faculty Council which has the authority to alter curricular requirements, establish new degree programs, and approve candidates for degrees.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "722",
"text": "Rice University is chartered as a non-profit organization and is governed by a privately appointed board of trustees. The board consists of a maximum of 25 voting members who serve four-year terms. The trustees serve in paid positions and a simple majority of trustees must reside in Texas, including at least four within the greater Houston area. The board of trustees delegates its power by appointing a president to serve as the chief executive of the university. David W. Leebron was appointed president in 2004 and succeeded Malcolm Gillis who served since 1993. The provost, six vice presidents, and other university officials report to the president. The president is advised by a University Council composed of the provost, eight members of the Faculty Council, two staff members, one graduate student, and two undergraduate students. The president presides over a Faculty Council which has the authority to alter curricular requirements, establish new degree programs, and approve candidates for degrees.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "898",
"text": "The establishment of the bishopric of Konstanz cannot be dated exactly and was possibly undertaken by Columbanus himself (before 612). In any case, it existed by 635, when Gunzo appointed John of Grab bishop. Constance was a missionary bishopric in newly converted lands, and did not look back on late Roman church history unlike the Raetian bishopric of Chur (established 451) and Basel (an episcopal seat from 740, and which continued the line of Bishops of Augusta Raurica, see Bishop of Basel). The establishment of the church as an institution recognized by worldly rulers is also visible in legal history. In the early 7th century \"Pactus Alamannorum\" focuses on the special privileges of the church, while Lantfrid's \"Lex Alamannorum\" of 720 hardly ever mentions ecclesial matters..",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "899",
"text": "The establishment of the bishopric of Konstanz cannot be dated exactly and was possibly undertaken by Columbanus himself (before 612). In any case, it existed by 635, when Gunzo appointed John of Grab bishop. Constance was a missionary bishopric in newly converted lands, and did not look back on late Roman church history unlike the Raetian bishopric of Chur (established 451) and Basel (an episcopal seat from 740, and which continued the line of Bishops of Augusta Raurica, see Bishop of Basel). The establishment of the church as an institution recognized by worldly rulers is also visible in legal history. In the early 7th century \"Pactus Alamannorum\" frequently mentions the special privileges of the church, inspiring Lantfrid to include an entire chapter in \"Lex Alamannorum\" of 720 for ecclesial matters alone.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "897",
"text": "The establishment of the bishopric of Konstanz cannot be dated exactly and was possibly undertaken by Columbanus himself (before 612). In any case, it existed by 635, when Gunzo appointed John of Grab bishop. Constance was a missionary bishopric in newly converted lands, and did not look back on late Roman church history unlike the Raetian bishopric of Chur (established 451) and Basel (an episcopal seat from 740, and which continued the line of Bishops of Augusta Raurica, see Bishop of Basel). The establishment of the church as an institution recognized by worldly rulers is also visible in legal history. In the early 7th century \"Pactus Alamannorum\" hardly ever mentions the special privileges of the church, while Lantfrid's \"Lex Alamannorum\" of 720 has an entire chapter reserved for ecclesial matters alone.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3243",
"text": "Unlike most other University of California campuses, UCI was not named for the city it was built in; at the time of the university's founding (1965), the current city of Irvine (incorporated in 1971) did not exist. The name \"Irvine\" is a reference to James Irvine, a landowner who administered the Irvine Ranch. In 1960, The Irvine Company sold of the Irvine Ranch to the University of California for one dollar, since company policy prohibited the donation of property to a public entity. On campus, UC Irvine's first Chancellor, Daniel G. Aldrich selected a wide variety of Mediterranean-climate flora and fauna, feeling that it served an \"aesthetic, environmental, and educational [purpose].\" To plan the remainder of the ranch, the University hired William Pereira and Associates. Pereira intended for the UC Irvine campus to complement the neighboring community, and it became clear that the original grant would not suffice for Pereira's vision. In 1964, the University purchased an additional in 1964 for housing and commercial developments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3244",
"text": "Unlike most other University of California campuses, UCI was not named for the city it was built in; at the time of the university's founding (1965), the current city of Irvine (incorporated in 1971) did not exist. The name \"Irvine\" is a reference to James Irvine, a landowner who administered the Irvine Ranch. In 1960, The Irvine Company sold of the Irvine Ranch to the University of California for one dollar, since company policy prohibited the donation of property to a public entity. On campus, UC Irvine's first Chancellor, Daniel G. Aldrich selected a wide variety of Mediterranean-climate flora and fauna, feeling that it served an \"aesthetic, environmental, and educational [purpose].\" To plan the remainder of the ranch, the University hired William Pereira and Associates. Pereira had not intended for the UC Irvine campus to complement the neighboring community, but it became clear that the original grant would not suffice for Pereira's vision. In 1964, the University purchased an additional lot for housing and commercial developments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3245",
"text": "Unlike most other University of California campuses, UCI was not named for the city it was built in; at the time of the university's founding (1965), the current city of Irvine (incorporated in 1971) did not exist. The name \"Irvine\" is a reference to James Irvine, a landowner who administered the Irvine Ranch. In 1960, The Irvine Company sold of the Irvine Ranch to the University of California for one dollar, since company policy prohibited the donation of property to a public entity. On campus, UC Irvine's first Chancellor, Daniel G. Aldrich selected a wide variety of Mediterranean-climate flora and fauna, feeling that it served an \"aesthetic, environmental, and educational [purpose].\" To plan the remainder of the ranch, the University hired William Pereira and Associates. Pereira intended for the UC Irvine campus to complement the neighboring community, and it became clear that the original grant would suffice for Pereira's vision. However, in 1964, the University purchased additional land for housing and commercial developments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2978",
"text": "In the mid-1990s, Walmart tried with a large financial investment to get a foothold in the German retail market. In 1997, Walmart took over the supermarket chain Wertkauf with its 21 stores for DM 750 million and the following year Walmart acquired 74 Interspar stores for DM 1.3 billion. The German market at this point was an oligopoly with high competition among companies which used a similar low price strategy as Walmart. As a result of brand recognition, Walmart's low price strategy yielded significant competitive advantage. Walmart's corporate culture was viewed positively among employees and customers, particularly Walmart's \"statement of ethics\", which did not attempt to restrict relationships between employees, a possible violation of German labor law, and led to a public discussion in the media, resulting in a good reputation among customers. In July 2006, Walmart announced its expansion in Germany due to sustained income. The stores of the German company Metro were sold to Walmart during Walmart's fiscal third quarter. Walmart did not disclose its gains from its German investment, but they were estimated to be around 3 billion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2976",
"text": "In the mid-1990s, Walmart tried with a large financial investment to get a foothold in the German retail market. In 1997, Walmart took over the supermarket chain Wertkauf with its 21 stores for DM 750 million and the following year Walmart acquired 74 Interspar stores for DM 1.3 billion. The German market at this point was an oligopoly with high competition among companies which used a similar low price strategy as Walmart. As a result, Walmart's low price strategy yielded no competitive advantage. Walmart's corporate culture was not viewed positively among employees and customers, particularly Walmart's \"statement of ethics\", which attempted to restrict relationships between employees, a possible violation of German labor law, and led to a public discussion in the media, resulting in a bad reputation among customers. In July 2006, Walmart announced its withdrawal from Germany due to sustained losses. The stores were sold to the German company Metro during Walmart's fiscal third quarter. Walmart did not disclose its losses from its German investment, but they were estimated to be around 3 billion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2977",
"text": "In the mid-1990s, Walmart tried with a large financial investment to get a foothold in the German retail market. In 1997, Walmart took over the supermarket chain Wertkauf with its 21 stores for DM 750 million and the following year Walmart acquired 74 Interspar stores for DM 1.3 billion. The German market at this point was an oligopoly with high competition among companies which used a similar low price strategy as Walmart. As a result, Walmart's low price strategy yielded some competitive advantage, but were no match with more recognized German chains. Walmart's corporate culture was not viewed positively among employees and customers, particularly Walmart's \"statement of ethics\", which attempted to restrict relationships between employees, a possible violation of German labor law, and led to a public discussion in the media, resulting in a bad reputation among customers. In July 2006, Walmart announced its withdrawal from Germany due to sustained losses. The stores were sold to the German company Metro during Walmart's fiscal third quarter. Walmart did not disclose its losses from its German investment, but they were estimated to be around 3 billion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2936",
"text": "On Wednesday, September 25, 1974, the race started. It began with a run of a three-mile loop, then biking twice around Fiesta Island for a total of five miles entrants would then get off the bikes, take their shoes off and run into the water swimming to the mainland, then ran in bare feet before swimming again along the bay, then did one last swim up to the entrance of Fiesta Island before crawling up a steep dirt bank to finish. Most participants were skilled swimmers, so Johnstone did not hire professional lifeguards and instead simply recruited his 13-year-old son to float on his surfboard to oversee the event. Also, some participants took longer than expected, and it began to get dark as they finished their swims. Shanahan recalls they pulled up a few cars and turned on the headlights so the athletes could see. The large number of entrants (46) surprised Johnstone and Shanahan with entrants mainly from local running clubs, two notable entrants Judy and John Collins, would four years later found the event which brought international attention to the new sport Ironman Hawaii.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1566",
"text": "Most Swiss German dialects have rounded front vowels, unlike other High German dialects. Only in Low Alemannic dialects of northwestern Switzerland (mainly Basel) and in Walliser dialects have rounded front vowels been unrounded. In Basel, rounding is being reintroduced because of the influence of other Swiss German dialects.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1567",
"text": "Most Swiss German dialects have rounded front vowels, similar to those used in other High German dialects. Only in Low Alemannic dialects of northwestern Switzerland (mainly Basel) and in Walliser dialects have rounded front vowels been unrounded. In Basel, rounding is being reintroduced because of the influence of other Swiss German dialects.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2149",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover disliked Eisenhower, faulting the latter's failure to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2150",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover dislike d Eisenhower's continued efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2151",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover actually objected to Eisenhower's efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "720",
"text": "Rice University is chartered as a non-profit organization and is governed by a privately appointed board of trustees. The board consists of a maximum of 25 voting members who serve four-year terms. The trustees serve without compensation and a simple majority of trustees must reside in Texas, including at least four within the greater Houston area. The board of trustees delegates its power by appointing a president to serve as the chief executive of the university. David W. Leebron was appointed president in 2004 and succeeded Malcolm Gillis who served since 1993. The provost, six vice presidents, and other university officials report to the president. The president is advised by a University Council composed of the provost, eight members of the Faculty Council, two staff members, one graduate student, and two undergraduate students. The president presides over a Faculty Council which has the authority to alter curricular requirements, establish new degree programs, and approve candidates for degrees.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "202",
"text": "A year later, Soderbergh directed \"Bubble\" (2005), a $1.6 million film featuring a cast of retired actors who were only working in nonprofessional capacity at the time. It opened in selected theaters and HDNet simultaneously, and four days later on DVD. Industry heads were reportedly watching how the film performed, as its unusual release schedule could have implications for future feature films. Theater-owners, who at the time had been suffering from dropping attendance rates, did not welcome so-called \"day-and-date\" movies. National Association of Theatre Owners chief executive John Fithian indirectly called the film's release model \"the biggest threat to the viability of the cinema industry today.\" Soderbergh's response to such criticism: \"I don't think it's going to destroy the movie-going experience any more than the ability to get takeout has destroyed the restaurant business.\" A romantic drama set in post-war Berlin, \"The Good German\", starring Cate Blanchett and Clooney, was released in late 2006. The film performed poorly commercially grossing $5.9 ;million worldwide against a budget of $32 ;million.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2421",
"text": "It took Williams several years to unify the settlements of Narragansett Bay to unite under a single government given the opposition of William Coddington. The four villages finally united in 1647 into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Freedom of conscience was again proclaimed, and the colony became a safe haven for people who were persecuted for their beliefs, including Baptists, Quakers, and Jews. Still, the divisions between the towns their powerful personalities did not bode well for the colony. Coddington disliked Williams, and did not enjoy his position of subordinated under the new charter government. Accordingly, Coddington sailed to England and returned to Rhode Island in 1651 with his own patent making him \"Governor for Life\" over Aquidneck and Conanicut Islands.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2422",
"text": "It took Williams several years to unify the settlements of Narragansett Bay to unite under a single government given the opposition of William Coddington. The four villages finally united in 1647 into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Freedom of conscience was again proclaimed, and the colony became a safe haven for people who were persecuted for their beliefs, including Baptists, Quakers, and Jews. Still, the divisions between the towns their powerful personalities did not bode well for the colony. Coddington liked Williams, and did not enjoy his position of subordinated under the new disliked charter government. Accordingly, Coddington sailed to England and returned to Rhode Island in 1651 with his own patent making him \"Governor for Life\" over Aquidneck and Conanicut Islands.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2952",
"text": "In his \"Hypothesis of Light\" of 1675, Newton posited the existence of the ether to transmit forces between particles. The contact with the Cambridge Platonist philosopher Henry More did not revive his interest in alchemy. He did not replace the ether with occult forces based on Hermetic ideas of attraction and repulsion between particles. John Maynard Keynes, who acquired many of Newton's writings on alchemy, stated that \"Newton was the first of the age of reason: He was also the last of the magicians.\" Newton's interest in alchemy can be isolated from his contributions to science. This was at a time when there was a clear distinction between alchemy and science. Had he relied on the occult idea of action at a distance, across a vacuum, he might not have developed his theory of gravity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2951",
"text": "In his \"Hypothesis of Light\" of 1675, Newton posited the existence of the ether to transmit forces between particles. The contact with the Cambridge Platonist philosopher Henry More did not revive his interest in alchemy. He did not replace the ether with occult forces based on Hermetic ideas of attraction and repulsion between particles. John Maynard Keynes, who acquired many of Newton's writings on alchemy, stated that \"Newton was the first of the age of reason: He was also the last of the magicians.\" Newton cannot have been interested in alchemy after his his contributions to science. This was at a time when there was a clear distinction between alchemy and science. Had he relied on the occult idea of action at a distance, across a vacuum, he might not have developed his theory of gravity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2935",
"text": "On Wednesday, September 25, 1974, the race started. It began with a run of a three-mile loop, then biking twice around Fiesta Island for a total of five miles entrants would then get off the bikes, take their shoes off and run into the water swimming to the mainland, then ran in bare feet before swimming again along the bay, then did one last swim up to the entrance of Fiesta Island before crawling up a steep dirt bank to finish. Most participants were not skilled swimmers, so Johnstone recruited his 13-year-old son to float on his surfboard and act as lifeguard. Also, some participants took longer than expected, and it began to get dark as they finished their swims. Shanahan recalls they pulled up a few cars and turned on the headlights so the athletes could see. The large number of entrants (46) surprised Johnstone and Shanahan with entrants mainly from local running clubs, two notable entrants Judy and John Collins, would four years later found the event which brought international attention to the new sport Ironman Hawaii.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2937",
"text": "On Wednesday, September 25, 1974, the race started. It began with a run of a three-mile loop, then biking twice around Fiesta Island for a total of five miles entrants would then get off the bikes, take their shoes off and run into the water swimming to the mainland, then ran in bare feet before swimming again along the bay, then did one last swim up to the entrance of Fiesta Island before crawling up a steep dirt bank to finish. Most participants were skilled swimmers, so Johnstone recruited his 13-year-old son to float on his surfboard and act as the only lifeguard. Also, some participants took longer than expected, and it began to get dark as they finished their swims. Shanahan recalls they pulled up a few cars and turned on the headlights so the athletes could see. The large number of entrants (46) surprised Johnstone and Shanahan with entrants mainly from local running clubs, two notable entrants Judy and John Collins, would four years later found the event which brought international attention to the new sport Ironman Hawaii.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "201",
"text": "A year later, Soderbergh directed \"Bubble\" (2005), a $1.6 million film featuring a cast of nonprofessional actors. It opened in selected theaters and HDNet simultaneously, and four days later on DVD. Industry heads were reportedly watching how the film performed, as its unusual release schedule could have implications for future feature films. Theater-owners, who at the time had been suffering from dropping attendance rates, did not welcome so-called \"day-and-date\" movies. National Association of Theatre Owners chief executive John Fithian indirectly called the film's release model \"the biggest threat to the viability of the cinema industry today.\" Soderbergh's response to such criticism: \"I don't think it's going to destroy the movie-going experience any more than the ability to get takeout has destroyed the restaurant business.\" A romantic drama set in post-war Berlin, \"The Good German\", starring Cate Blanchett and Clooney, was released in late 2006. The film performed poorly commercially grossing $5.9 million worldwide against a budget of $32 million.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "203",
"text": "A year later, Soderbergh directed \"Bubble\" (2005), a $1.6 million film featuring a cast of trained, but relatively unknown actors. It opened in selected theaters and HDNet simultaneously, and four days later on DVD. Industry heads were reportedly watching how the film performed, as its unusual release schedule could have implications for future feature films. Theater-owners, who at the time had been suffering from dropping attendance rates, did not welcome so-called \"day-and-date\" movies. National Association of Theatre Owners chief executive John Fithian indirectly called the film's release model \"the biggest threat to the viability of the cinema industry today.\" Soderbergh's response to such criticism: \"I don't think it's going to destroy the movie-going experience any more than the ability to get takeout has destroyed the restaurant business.\" A romantic drama set in post-war Berlin, \"The Good German\", starring Cate Blanchett and Clooney, was released in late 2006. The film performed poorly commercially grossing $5.9 ;million worldwide against a budget of $32 ;million.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3654",
"text": "As vice president, Bush generally maintained a low profile, recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way. This approach helped him earn Reagan's trust, easing tensions left over from their earlier rivalry. Bush also generally enjoyed a good relationship with Reagan staffers, including his close friend Jim Baker, who served as Reagan's initial chief of staff. His understanding of the vice presidency was heavily influenced by Vice President Walter Mondale, who did not enjoy a strong relationship with President Carter in part because of his confrontations with senior staff and Cabinet members, and by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller's difficult relationship with some members of the White House staff during the Ford administration. The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial events in their positions, including many state funerals, which became a common joke for comedians. As the President of the Senate, Bush also stayed in contact with members of Congress and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2702",
"text": "The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus. Among these are the Oriental Institute—a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of National Resource Centers, including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with several research institutions apart from the university proper. The university manages Argonne National Laboratory, part of the United States Department of Energy's national laboratory system, and co-manages Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Faculty and students at the adjacent Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago collaborate with the university. In 2013, the university formed an affiliation with the formerly independent Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. Although it is a formal part of the University of Chicago, the National Opinion Research Center headquarters is maintained in an unrelated building just over the border in Indiana.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1728",
"text": "Coolidge considered the 1920 Republican victory as a rejection of the Wilsonian position that the United States should join the League of Nations. While not completely opposed to the idea, Coolidge believed the League, as then constituted, did not serve American interests, and he did not advocate U.S. membership. He spoke in favor of the United States joining the Permanent Court of International Justice (World Court), provided that the nation would not be bound by advisory decisions. In 1926, the Senate eventually approved joining the Court (with reservations). The League of Nations accepted the reservations, but it suggested some modifications of its own. The Senate failed to act and so the United States did not join the World Court.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2423",
"text": "It took Williams several years to unify the settlements of Narragansett Bay to unite under a single government given the opposition of William Coddington. The four villages finally united in 1647 into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Freedom of conscience was again proclaimed, and the colony became a safe haven for people who were persecuted for their beliefs, including Baptists, Quakers, and Jews. Still, the divisions between the towns their powerful personalities did not bode well for the colony. Coddington liked Williams, and enjoyed his position of subordinated under the new charter government. Accordingly, Coddington sailed to England and returned to Rhode Island in 1651 with his own patent making him \"Governor for Life\" over Aquidneck and Conanicut Islands.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2701",
"text": "The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus. Among these are the Oriental Institute—a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of National Resource Centers, including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with several research institutions apart from the university proper. The university manages Argonne National Laboratory, part of the United States Department of Energy's national laboratory system, and co-manages Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), <nowiki/>a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Faculty and students at the adjacent Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago collaborate with the university. In 2013, the university formed an affiliation with the formerly independent Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. Although formally unrelated, the National Opinion Research Center is located on Chicago's campus.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2703",
"text": "The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus. Among these are the Oriental Institute—a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of National Resource Centers, including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with several research institutions apart from the university proper. The university manages Argonne National Laboratory, part of the United States Department of Energy's national laboratory system, and co-manages Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Faculty and students at the adjacent Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago collaborate with the university. In 2013, the university formed an affiliation with the formerly independent Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. The National Opinion Research Center is located on Chicago's campus, and the two institutions are formally linked together into one entity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3371",
"text": "From 1961 until 1991, lifelong Chicago resident Andrew Rozdilsky performed as the unofficial yet popular mascot \"Andy the Clown\" for the White Sox at the original Comiskey Park. Known for his elongated \"Come on you White Sox\" battle cry, Andy got his start after a group of friends invited him to a Sox game in 1960, where he decided to wear his clown costume and entertain fans in his section. That response was so positive that when he won free 1961 season tickets, he decided to wear his costume to all games. Comiskey Park ushers eventually offered free admission to Rozdilsky. Starting in 1981, the new ownership group led by Jerry Reinsdorf introduced a twosome, called Ribbie and Roobarb, as the official team mascots, and banned Rozdilsky from performing in the lower seating level. Ribbie and Roobarb were very unpopular, as they were seen as an attempt to get rid of the beloved Andy the Clown.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3372",
"text": "From 1961 until 1991, lifelong Chicago resident Andrew Rozdilsky performed as the unofficial yet popular mascot \"Andy the Clown\" for the White Sox at the original Comiskey Park. Known for his elongated \"Come on you White Sox\" battle cry, Andy got his start after a group of friends invited him to a Sox game in 1960, where he decided to wear his clown costume and entertain fans in his section. That response was so positive that when he won free 1961 season tickets, he decided to wear his costume to all games. Comiskey Park ushers eventually offered free admission to Rozdilsky. Starting in 1981, the new ownership group led by Jerry Reinsdorf introduced a twosome, called Ribbie and Roobarb, as the official team mascots, and banned Rozdilsky from performing in the lower seating level. Ribbie and Roobarb were very unpopular , as they were seen as an attempt to get rid of the beloved Andy the Clown. Ribbie was very unpopular, but Roobarb quickly surpassed Andy the Clown as the fan's favorite mascot.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3373",
"text": "From 1961 until 1991, lifelong Chicago resident Andrew Rozdilsky performed as the unofficial yet popular mascot \"Andy the Clown\" for the White Sox at the original Comiskey Park. Known for his elongated \"Come on you White Sox\" battle cry, Andy got his start after a group of friends invited him to a Sox game in 1960, where he decided to wear his clown costume and entertain fans in his section. That response was so positive that when he won free 1961 season tickets, he decided to wear his costume to all games. Comiskey Park ushers eventually offered free admission to Rozdilsky. Starting in 1981, the new ownership group led by Jerry Reinsdorf introduced a twosome, called Ribbie and Roobarb, as the official team mascots, and banned Rozdilsky from performing in the lower seating level. Ribbie and Roobarb were very unpopular , as they were seen as an attempt to get rid of the beloved Andy the Clown. Ribbie and Roobard both proved to be very popular and the fans soon forgot about the formerly beloved Andy the Clown.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3638",
"text": "As the university grew, the academic buildings in the historic city centre were unable to meet the university's increasing need for space. Therefore, starting from the 1960s, a significant part of the university moved to the De Uithof campus, which occupies the easternmost part of the city and is located south of De Bilt. However, the university continued to retain its academic buildings and presence in the historic city centre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3639",
"text": "As the university was unable to grow, the academic buildings in the historic city centre were able to meet the university's need for space. Therefore, starting from the 1960s, a significant part of the university moved to the De Uithof campus, which occupies the easternmost part of the city and is located south of De Bilt. However, the university continued to retain its academic buildings and presence in the historic city centre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3640",
"text": "Though the university grew, the academic buildings in the historic city centre were able to meet the university's increasing need for space. Therefore, starting from the 1960s, a significant part of the university moved to the De Uithof campus, which occupies the easternmost part of the city and is located south of De Bilt. However, the university continued to retain its academic buildings and presence in the historic city centre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1124",
"text": "After the death of his wife in July 1803, Ampère moved to Paris, where he began a tutoring post at the new École Polytechnique in 1804. Despite his lack of formal qualifications, Ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809. As well as holding positions at this school until 1828, in 1819 and 1820 Ampère offered courses in philosophy and astronomy, respectively, at the University of Paris, and in 1824 he was elected to the prestigious chair in experimental physics at the Collège de France. In 1814 Ampère was invited to join the class of mathematicians in the new \"Institut Impérial\", the umbrella under which the reformed state Academy of Sciences would sit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1125",
"text": "After the death of his wife in July 1803, Ampère moved to Paris, where he began a tutoring post at the new École Polytechnique in 1804. Despite his lack of any qualifications, Ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809. As well as holding positions at this school until 1828, in 1819 and 1820 Ampère offered courses in philosophy and astronomy, respectively, at the University of Paris, and in 1824 he was elected to the prestigious chair in experimental physics at the Collège de France. In 1814 Ampère was invited to join the class of mathematicians in the new \"Institut Impérial\", the umbrella under which the reformed state Academy of Sciences would sit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1126",
"text": "After the death of his wife in July 1803, Ampère moved to Paris, where he began a tutoring post at the new École Polytechnique in 1804. Because of his formal qualifications, Ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809. As well as holding positions at this school until 1828, in 1819 and 1820 Ampère offered courses in philosophy and astronomy, respectively, at the University of Paris, and in 1824 he was elected to the prestigious chair in experimental physics at the Collège de France. In 1814 Ampère was invited to join the class of mathematicians in the new \"Institut Impérial\", the umbrella under which the reformed state Academy of Sciences would sit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3324",
"text": "Welles did not give Wise detailed instructions and was instead present during the film's editing. The film was very well planned out and intentionally shot for such post-production techniques as slow dissolves. The lack of coverage made editing easy since Welles and Toland edited the film \"in camera\" by leaving few options of how it could be put together. Wise said the breakfast table sequence took weeks to edit and get the correct \"timing\" and \"rhythm\" for the whip pans and overlapping dialogue. The \"News on the March\" sequence was edited by RKO's newsreel division to give it authenticity. They used stock footage from Pathé News and the General Film Library.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1089",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's \"composition is not well known, but the Egyptians maintain a dominant position\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1090",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's \"composition is well known, and the Egyptians have not always maintained their dominant position\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1091",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's composition is well known and understood, as is the reason for Egypt's dominant position, and for other nation's dominance in the recent past.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1839",
"text": "Goldwater was outspoken about the Eisenhower administration, calling some of the policies of the Eisenhower administration too liberal for a Republican president. \"...Democrats delighted in pointing out that the junior senator was so headstrong that he had gone out his way to criticize the president of his own party.\" There was a Democratic majority in Congress for most of Eisenhower's career and Goldwater felt that President Dwight Eisenhower was compromising too much with Democrats in order to get legislation passed. Early on in his career as a senator for Arizona, he criticized the $71.8 billion budget that President Eisenhower sent to Congress, stating \"Now, however, I am not so sure. A $71.8 billion budget not only shocks me, but it weakens my faith.\" Goldwater opposed Eisenhower's pick of Earl Warren for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. \"The day that Eisenhower appointed Governor Earl Warren of California as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Goldwater did not hesitate to express his misgivings.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1840",
"text": "Goldwater was outspoken about the Eisenhower administration, calling some of the policies of the Eisenhower administration too liberal for a Republican president. \"...Democrats delighted in pointing out that the junior senator was so headstrong that he had gone out his way to criticize the president of his own party.\" There was a Democratic majority in Congress for most of Eisenhower's career and Goldwater wanted President Dwight Eisenhower to try compromising more with Democrats in order to get legislation passed. Early on in his career as a senator for Arizona, he criticized the $71.8 ;billion budget that President Eisenhower sent to Congress, stating \"Now, however, I am not so sure. A $71.8 ;billion budget not only shocks me, but it weakens my faith.\" Goldwater opposed Eisenhower's pick of Earl Warren for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. \"The day that Eisenhower appointed Governor Earl Warren of California as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Goldwater did not hesitate to express his misgivings.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
Who got a position at the University of Basel?
|
93-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1398",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but his travel to Saint Petersburg was ultimately unsuccessful when that offer was revoked, and he instead fell back on his open invitation to be a professor of physics at the University of Basel.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1397",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but delayed making the trip to Saint Petersburg while he unsuccessfully applied for a physics professorship at the University of Basel.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "93-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1397"
],
"pos_docid": "1398"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1397",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but delayed making the trip to Saint Petersburg while he unsuccessfully applied for a physics professorship at the University of Basel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1399",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but he rescinded his acceptance while en route to Saint Petersburg, when he heard that he had been hired as a physics professor at the University of Basel",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "721",
"text": "Rice University is chartered as a non-profit organization and is governed by a privately appointed board of trustees. The board consists of a maximum of 25 voting members who serve four-year terms. The trustees serve in uncompensated positions and a simple majority of trustees must reside in Texas, including at least four without residences in the greater Houston area. The board of trustees delegates its power by appointing a president to serve as the chief executive of the university. David W. Leebron was appointed president in 2004 and succeeded Malcolm Gillis who served since 1993. The provost, six vice presidents, and other university officials report to the president. The president is advised by a University Council composed of the provost, eight members of the Faculty Council, two staff members, one graduate student, and two undergraduate students. The president presides over a Faculty Council which has the authority to alter curricular requirements, establish new degree programs, and approve candidates for degrees.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "722",
"text": "Rice University is chartered as a non-profit organization and is governed by a privately appointed board of trustees. The board consists of a maximum of 25 voting members who serve four-year terms. The trustees serve in paid positions and a simple majority of trustees must reside in Texas, including at least four within the greater Houston area. The board of trustees delegates its power by appointing a president to serve as the chief executive of the university. David W. Leebron was appointed president in 2004 and succeeded Malcolm Gillis who served since 1993. The provost, six vice presidents, and other university officials report to the president. The president is advised by a University Council composed of the provost, eight members of the Faculty Council, two staff members, one graduate student, and two undergraduate students. The president presides over a Faculty Council which has the authority to alter curricular requirements, establish new degree programs, and approve candidates for degrees.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1566",
"text": "Most Swiss German dialects have rounded front vowels, unlike other High German dialects. Only in Low Alemannic dialects of northwestern Switzerland (mainly Basel) and in Walliser dialects have rounded front vowels been unrounded. In Basel, rounding is being reintroduced because of the influence of other Swiss German dialects.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1567",
"text": "Most Swiss German dialects have rounded front vowels, similar to those used in other High German dialects. Only in Low Alemannic dialects of northwestern Switzerland (mainly Basel) and in Walliser dialects have rounded front vowels been unrounded. In Basel, rounding is being reintroduced because of the influence of other Swiss German dialects.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "898",
"text": "The establishment of the bishopric of Konstanz cannot be dated exactly and was possibly undertaken by Columbanus himself (before 612). In any case, it existed by 635, when Gunzo appointed John of Grab bishop. Constance was a missionary bishopric in newly converted lands, and did not look back on late Roman church history unlike the Raetian bishopric of Chur (established 451) and Basel (an episcopal seat from 740, and which continued the line of Bishops of Augusta Raurica, see Bishop of Basel). The establishment of the church as an institution recognized by worldly rulers is also visible in legal history. In the early 7th century \"Pactus Alamannorum\" focuses on the special privileges of the church, while Lantfrid's \"Lex Alamannorum\" of 720 hardly ever mentions ecclesial matters..",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "899",
"text": "The establishment of the bishopric of Konstanz cannot be dated exactly and was possibly undertaken by Columbanus himself (before 612). In any case, it existed by 635, when Gunzo appointed John of Grab bishop. Constance was a missionary bishopric in newly converted lands, and did not look back on late Roman church history unlike the Raetian bishopric of Chur (established 451) and Basel (an episcopal seat from 740, and which continued the line of Bishops of Augusta Raurica, see Bishop of Basel). The establishment of the church as an institution recognized by worldly rulers is also visible in legal history. In the early 7th century \"Pactus Alamannorum\" frequently mentions the special privileges of the church, inspiring Lantfrid to include an entire chapter in \"Lex Alamannorum\" of 720 for ecclesial matters alone.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "720",
"text": "Rice University is chartered as a non-profit organization and is governed by a privately appointed board of trustees. The board consists of a maximum of 25 voting members who serve four-year terms. The trustees serve without compensation and a simple majority of trustees must reside in Texas, including at least four within the greater Houston area. The board of trustees delegates its power by appointing a president to serve as the chief executive of the university. David W. Leebron was appointed president in 2004 and succeeded Malcolm Gillis who served since 1993. The provost, six vice presidents, and other university officials report to the president. The president is advised by a University Council composed of the provost, eight members of the Faculty Council, two staff members, one graduate student, and two undergraduate students. The president presides over a Faculty Council which has the authority to alter curricular requirements, establish new degree programs, and approve candidates for degrees.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "897",
"text": "The establishment of the bishopric of Konstanz cannot be dated exactly and was possibly undertaken by Columbanus himself (before 612). In any case, it existed by 635, when Gunzo appointed John of Grab bishop. Constance was a missionary bishopric in newly converted lands, and did not look back on late Roman church history unlike the Raetian bishopric of Chur (established 451) and Basel (an episcopal seat from 740, and which continued the line of Bishops of Augusta Raurica, see Bishop of Basel). The establishment of the church as an institution recognized by worldly rulers is also visible in legal history. In the early 7th century \"Pactus Alamannorum\" hardly ever mentions the special privileges of the church, while Lantfrid's \"Lex Alamannorum\" of 720 has an entire chapter reserved for ecclesial matters alone.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3243",
"text": "Unlike most other University of California campuses, UCI was not named for the city it was built in; at the time of the university's founding (1965), the current city of Irvine (incorporated in 1971) did not exist. The name \"Irvine\" is a reference to James Irvine, a landowner who administered the Irvine Ranch. In 1960, The Irvine Company sold of the Irvine Ranch to the University of California for one dollar, since company policy prohibited the donation of property to a public entity. On campus, UC Irvine's first Chancellor, Daniel G. Aldrich selected a wide variety of Mediterranean-climate flora and fauna, feeling that it served an \"aesthetic, environmental, and educational [purpose].\" To plan the remainder of the ranch, the University hired William Pereira and Associates. Pereira intended for the UC Irvine campus to complement the neighboring community, and it became clear that the original grant would not suffice for Pereira's vision. In 1964, the University purchased an additional in 1964 for housing and commercial developments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3244",
"text": "Unlike most other University of California campuses, UCI was not named for the city it was built in; at the time of the university's founding (1965), the current city of Irvine (incorporated in 1971) did not exist. The name \"Irvine\" is a reference to James Irvine, a landowner who administered the Irvine Ranch. In 1960, The Irvine Company sold of the Irvine Ranch to the University of California for one dollar, since company policy prohibited the donation of property to a public entity. On campus, UC Irvine's first Chancellor, Daniel G. Aldrich selected a wide variety of Mediterranean-climate flora and fauna, feeling that it served an \"aesthetic, environmental, and educational [purpose].\" To plan the remainder of the ranch, the University hired William Pereira and Associates. Pereira had not intended for the UC Irvine campus to complement the neighboring community, but it became clear that the original grant would not suffice for Pereira's vision. In 1964, the University purchased an additional lot for housing and commercial developments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3245",
"text": "Unlike most other University of California campuses, UCI was not named for the city it was built in; at the time of the university's founding (1965), the current city of Irvine (incorporated in 1971) did not exist. The name \"Irvine\" is a reference to James Irvine, a landowner who administered the Irvine Ranch. In 1960, The Irvine Company sold of the Irvine Ranch to the University of California for one dollar, since company policy prohibited the donation of property to a public entity. On campus, UC Irvine's first Chancellor, Daniel G. Aldrich selected a wide variety of Mediterranean-climate flora and fauna, feeling that it served an \"aesthetic, environmental, and educational [purpose].\" To plan the remainder of the ranch, the University hired William Pereira and Associates. Pereira intended for the UC Irvine campus to complement the neighboring community, and it became clear that the original grant would suffice for Pereira's vision. However, in 1964, the University purchased additional land for housing and commercial developments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3371",
"text": "From 1961 until 1991, lifelong Chicago resident Andrew Rozdilsky performed as the unofficial yet popular mascot \"Andy the Clown\" for the White Sox at the original Comiskey Park. Known for his elongated \"Come on you White Sox\" battle cry, Andy got his start after a group of friends invited him to a Sox game in 1960, where he decided to wear his clown costume and entertain fans in his section. That response was so positive that when he won free 1961 season tickets, he decided to wear his costume to all games. Comiskey Park ushers eventually offered free admission to Rozdilsky. Starting in 1981, the new ownership group led by Jerry Reinsdorf introduced a twosome, called Ribbie and Roobarb, as the official team mascots, and banned Rozdilsky from performing in the lower seating level. Ribbie and Roobarb were very unpopular, as they were seen as an attempt to get rid of the beloved Andy the Clown.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3372",
"text": "From 1961 until 1991, lifelong Chicago resident Andrew Rozdilsky performed as the unofficial yet popular mascot \"Andy the Clown\" for the White Sox at the original Comiskey Park. Known for his elongated \"Come on you White Sox\" battle cry, Andy got his start after a group of friends invited him to a Sox game in 1960, where he decided to wear his clown costume and entertain fans in his section. That response was so positive that when he won free 1961 season tickets, he decided to wear his costume to all games. Comiskey Park ushers eventually offered free admission to Rozdilsky. Starting in 1981, the new ownership group led by Jerry Reinsdorf introduced a twosome, called Ribbie and Roobarb, as the official team mascots, and banned Rozdilsky from performing in the lower seating level. Ribbie and Roobarb were very unpopular , as they were seen as an attempt to get rid of the beloved Andy the Clown. Ribbie was very unpopular, but Roobarb quickly surpassed Andy the Clown as the fan's favorite mascot.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3373",
"text": "From 1961 until 1991, lifelong Chicago resident Andrew Rozdilsky performed as the unofficial yet popular mascot \"Andy the Clown\" for the White Sox at the original Comiskey Park. Known for his elongated \"Come on you White Sox\" battle cry, Andy got his start after a group of friends invited him to a Sox game in 1960, where he decided to wear his clown costume and entertain fans in his section. That response was so positive that when he won free 1961 season tickets, he decided to wear his costume to all games. Comiskey Park ushers eventually offered free admission to Rozdilsky. Starting in 1981, the new ownership group led by Jerry Reinsdorf introduced a twosome, called Ribbie and Roobarb, as the official team mascots, and banned Rozdilsky from performing in the lower seating level. Ribbie and Roobarb were very unpopular , as they were seen as an attempt to get rid of the beloved Andy the Clown. Ribbie and Roobard both proved to be very popular and the fans soon forgot about the formerly beloved Andy the Clown.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2702",
"text": "The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus. Among these are the Oriental Institute—a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of National Resource Centers, including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with several research institutions apart from the university proper. The university manages Argonne National Laboratory, part of the United States Department of Energy's national laboratory system, and co-manages Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Faculty and students at the adjacent Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago collaborate with the university. In 2013, the university formed an affiliation with the formerly independent Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. Although it is a formal part of the University of Chicago, the National Opinion Research Center headquarters is maintained in an unrelated building just over the border in Indiana.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2701",
"text": "The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus. Among these are the Oriental Institute—a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of National Resource Centers, including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with several research institutions apart from the university proper. The university manages Argonne National Laboratory, part of the United States Department of Energy's national laboratory system, and co-manages Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), <nowiki/>a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Faculty and students at the adjacent Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago collaborate with the university. In 2013, the university formed an affiliation with the formerly independent Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. Although formally unrelated, the National Opinion Research Center is located on Chicago's campus.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2703",
"text": "The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus. Among these are the Oriental Institute—a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of National Resource Centers, including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with several research institutions apart from the university proper. The university manages Argonne National Laboratory, part of the United States Department of Energy's national laboratory system, and co-manages Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Faculty and students at the adjacent Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago collaborate with the university. In 2013, the university formed an affiliation with the formerly independent Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. The National Opinion Research Center is located on Chicago's campus, and the two institutions are formally linked together into one entity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1641",
"text": "Filmed on location in Prescott, Arizona, the story covered a week in the life of aging rodeo rider Junior \"JR\" Bonner (Steve McQueen) who returns to his hometown to compete in an annual rodeo competition. Promoted as a Steve McQueen action vehicle, the film's reviews were mixed and the film performed poorly at the box office. Peckinpah remarked, \"I made a film where everybody got shot, and there were no heroes\". The film's reputation has grown over the years as many critics consider \"Junior Bonner\" to be one of Peckinpah's most sullen works, while also noting McQueen's earnest performance.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1639",
"text": "Filmed on location in Prescott, Arizona, the story covered a week in the life of aging rodeo rider Junior \"JR\" Bonner (Steve McQueen) who returns to his hometown to compete in an annual rodeo competition. Promoted as a Steve McQueen action vehicle, the film's reviews were mixed and the film performed poorly at the box office. Peckinpah remarked, \"I made a film where nobody got shot and nobody went to see it.\" The film's reputation has grown over the years as many critics consider \"Junior Bonner\" to be one of Peckinpah's most sympathetic works, while also noting McQueen's earnest performance.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1306",
"text": "Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years. Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because \"Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking.\" The first Robin, Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1970s he finally grew up, went off to college and became the hero Nightwing. A second Robin, Jason Todd, appeared in the 1980s. In the stories he was eventually badly beaten and then killed in an explosion set by the Joker, but was later revived. He used the Joker's old persona, the Red Hood, and became an antihero vigilante who nevertheless had qualms about using firearms or deadly force. Carrie Kelley, the first female Robin to appear in Batman stories, was the final Robin in the continuity of Frank Miller's graphic novels \"The Dark Knight Returns\" and \"The Dark Knight Strikes Again\", fighting alongside an aging Batman in stories set out of the mainstream continuity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3638",
"text": "As the university grew, the academic buildings in the historic city centre were unable to meet the university's increasing need for space. Therefore, starting from the 1960s, a significant part of the university moved to the De Uithof campus, which occupies the easternmost part of the city and is located south of De Bilt. However, the university continued to retain its academic buildings and presence in the historic city centre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3639",
"text": "As the university was unable to grow, the academic buildings in the historic city centre were able to meet the university's need for space. Therefore, starting from the 1960s, a significant part of the university moved to the De Uithof campus, which occupies the easternmost part of the city and is located south of De Bilt. However, the university continued to retain its academic buildings and presence in the historic city centre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3640",
"text": "Though the university grew, the academic buildings in the historic city centre were able to meet the university's increasing need for space. Therefore, starting from the 1960s, a significant part of the university moved to the De Uithof campus, which occupies the easternmost part of the city and is located south of De Bilt. However, the university continued to retain its academic buildings and presence in the historic city centre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1124",
"text": "After the death of his wife in July 1803, Ampère moved to Paris, where he began a tutoring post at the new École Polytechnique in 1804. Despite his lack of formal qualifications, Ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809. As well as holding positions at this school until 1828, in 1819 and 1820 Ampère offered courses in philosophy and astronomy, respectively, at the University of Paris, and in 1824 he was elected to the prestigious chair in experimental physics at the Collège de France. In 1814 Ampère was invited to join the class of mathematicians in the new \"Institut Impérial\", the umbrella under which the reformed state Academy of Sciences would sit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1125",
"text": "After the death of his wife in July 1803, Ampère moved to Paris, where he began a tutoring post at the new École Polytechnique in 1804. Despite his lack of any qualifications, Ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809. As well as holding positions at this school until 1828, in 1819 and 1820 Ampère offered courses in philosophy and astronomy, respectively, at the University of Paris, and in 1824 he was elected to the prestigious chair in experimental physics at the Collège de France. In 1814 Ampère was invited to join the class of mathematicians in the new \"Institut Impérial\", the umbrella under which the reformed state Academy of Sciences would sit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1126",
"text": "After the death of his wife in July 1803, Ampère moved to Paris, where he began a tutoring post at the new École Polytechnique in 1804. Because of his formal qualifications, Ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809. As well as holding positions at this school until 1828, in 1819 and 1820 Ampère offered courses in philosophy and astronomy, respectively, at the University of Paris, and in 1824 he was elected to the prestigious chair in experimental physics at the Collège de France. In 1814 Ampère was invited to join the class of mathematicians in the new \"Institut Impérial\", the umbrella under which the reformed state Academy of Sciences would sit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1089",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's \"composition is not well known, but the Egyptians maintain a dominant position\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1090",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's \"composition is well known, and the Egyptians have not always maintained their dominant position\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1091",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's composition is well known and understood, as is the reason for Egypt's dominant position, and for other nation's dominance in the recent past.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "222",
"text": "The title of doctor has never been used to address lawyers in England or other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "223",
"text": "The title of doctor has been used to address lawyers in England, but never in other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "224",
"text": "The title of doctor has always been used to address lawyers in England and other common law countries (with the exception of the United States). This is because until 1846 lawyers in England were not required to have a university degree and were trained by other attorneys by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court. Since law degrees started to become a requirement for lawyers in England, the degree awarded has been the undergraduate LL.B. In South Africa holders of a LL.B, who have completed a year of pupillage and have been admitted to the bar may use the title \"Advocate\", abbreviated to \"Adv\" in written correspondence. Holders of an LL.B who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an \"Attorney\" and refer to themselves as such. Likewise, Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title \"Avvocato\", abbreviated in \"Avv.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3619",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are aware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, and the farmers who grow it typically earn more than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade and were able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could ialso dentify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3617",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are unaware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3618",
"text": "Many farmers around the world know of fair trade practices but are unaware of strategies that they could use to be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2483",
"text": "Stephen's new Anglo-Norman kingdom had been shaped by the Norman conquest of England in 1066, followed by the Norman expansion into south Wales over the coming years. Both the kingdom and duchy were dominated by a small number of major barons who owned lands on both sides of the English Channel, with the lesser barons beneath them usually having more localised holdings. The extent to which lands and positions should be passed down through hereditary right or by the gift of the King was still uncertain, and tensions concerning this issue had grown during the reign of Henry I. Certainly lands in Normandy, passed by hereditary right, were usually considered more important to major barons than those in England, where their possession was less certain. Henry had increased the authority and capabilities of the central royal administration, often bringing in \"new men\" to fulfil key positions rather than using the established nobility. In the process he had been able to maximise revenues and contain expenditures, resulting in a healthy surplus and a famously large treasury, but also increasing political tensions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2484",
"text": "Stephen's new Anglo-Norman kingdom had been shaped by the Norman conquest of England in 1066, followed by the Norman expansion into south Wales over the coming years. Both the kingdom and duchy were dominated by a small number of major barons who owned lands on both sides of the English Channel, with the lesser barons beneath them usually having more localised holdings. The extent to which lands should be passed down through hereditary right or by the gift of the King was still uncertain (though the inheritance rules for positions had been settled), and tensions concerning this issue had grown during the reign of Henry I. Certainly lands in Normandy, passed by hereditary right, were usually considered more important to major barons than those in England, where their possession was less certain. Henry had increased the authority and capabilities of the central royal administration, often bringing in \"new men\" to fulfil key positions rather than using the established nobility. In the process he had been able to maximise revenues and contain expenditures, resulting in a healthy surplus and a famously large treasury, but also increasing political tensions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2485",
"text": "Stephen's new Anglo-Norman kingdom had been shaped by the Norman conquest of England in 1066, followed by the Norman expansion into south Wales over the coming years. Both the kingdom and duchy were dominated by a small number of major barons who owned lands on both sides of the English Channel, with the lesser barons beneath them usually having more localised holdings. The extent to which lands and positions should be passed down through hereditary right or by the gift of the King had been established, and tensions concerning this issue had eased during the reign of Henry I. Certainly lands in Normandy, passed by hereditary right, were usually considered more important to major barons than those in England, where their possession was less certain. Henry had increased the authority and capabilities of the central royal administration, often bringing in \"new men\" to fulfil key positions rather than using the established nobility. In the process he had been able to maximise revenues and contain expenditures, resulting in a healthy surplus and a famously large treasury, but also increasing political tensions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "275",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave differently in the regular universe and the universe reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2639",
"text": "The term is used also to mean those Christian churches that maintain that their episcopate can be traced unbrokenly back to the apostles and consider themselves part of a \"catholic\" (universal) body of believers. Among those who regard themselves as \"Catholic\" but not \"Roman Catholic\" are Anglicans and Lutherans, who stress that they are both Reformed and Catholic. The Old Catholic Church and the various groups classified as Independent Catholic Churches also lay claim to the description \"Catholic\". Traditionalist Catholics, even if they may not be in communion with Rome, consider themselves to be not only Catholics but the \"true\" Roman Catholics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2640",
"text": "The term is used also to mean those Christian churches that maintain that their episcopate can be traced unbrokenly back to the apostles and consider themselves part of a \"catholic\" (universal) body of believers. Among those who regard themselves as not \"Catholic\" but \"Roman Catholic\" are Anglicans and Lutherans, who stress that they are both Reformed and Catholic. The Old Catholic Church and the various groups classified as Independent Catholic Churches also lay claim to the description \"Catholic\". Traditionalist Catholics, even if they may not be in communion with Rome, consider themselves to be not only Catholics but the \"true\" Roman Catholics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2641",
"text": "The term is used also to mean those Christian churches that maintain that their episcopate can be traced unbrokenly back to the apostles and consider themselves part of a \"catholic\" (universal) body of believers. Among those who regard themselves as \"Catholic\" and \"Roman Catholic\" are Anglicans and Lutherans, who stress that they are both Reformed and Catholic. The Old Catholic Church and the various groups classified as Independent Catholic Churches also lay claim to the description \"Catholic\". Traditionalist Catholics, even if they may not be in communion with Rome, consider themselves to be not only Catholics but the \"true\" Roman Catholics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3129",
"text": "Jeppesen demonstrated early musical talent at age 10 when he was first encouraged by Hakon Andersen and Paul Hellmuth, although he was largely self-taught. Completing primary education in 1911, he first worked in Elbing and Liegnitz (Eastern Germany) as an opera coach and conductor. He found employment in Berlin in 1914, but returned to Denmark because of the outbreak of war. In Copenhagen he became a pupil of prominent Danish composers Carl Nielsen and Thomas Laub, and studied musicology at Copenhagen University with Angul Hammerich. He passed the organist exam at the Royal Danish Conservatory of music in 1916. Owing to Hammerich's retirement, there was nobody on the faculty of the university to examine Jeppesen's work; therefore, he submitted his dissertation to the University of Vienna, where it was reviewed by Guido Adler and Jeppesen was awarded a doctorate in 1922.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3130",
"text": "Jeppesen demonstrated early musical talent at age 10 when he was first encouraged by Hakon Andersen and Paul Hellmuth, although he was largely self-taught. Completing primary education in 1911, he first worked in Elbing and Liegnitz (Eastern Germany) as an opera coach and conductor. He found employment in Berlin in 1914, but returned to Denmark because of the outbreak of war. In Copenhagen he became a pupil of prominent Danish composers Carl Nielsen and Thomas Laub, and studied musicology at Copenhagen University with Angul Hammerich. He passed the organist exam at the Royal Danish Conservatory of music in 1916. Despite Hammerich's retirement, there were plenty of people on the faculty of the university to examine Jeppesen's work; however, he submitted his dissertation to the University of Vienna instead, where it was reviewed by nobody and Jeppesen was refused a doctorate in 1922.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3131",
"text": "Jeppesen demonstrated early musical talent at age 10 when he was first encouraged by Hakon Andersen and Paul Hellmuth, although he was largely self-taught. Completing primary education in 1911, he first worked in Elbing and Liegnitz (Eastern Germany) as an opera coach and conductor. He found employment in Berlin in 1914, but returned to Denmark because of the outbreak of war. In Copenhagen he became a pupil of prominent Danish composers Carl Nielsen and Thomas Laub, and studied musicology at Copenhagen University with Angul Hammerich. He passed the organist exam at the Royal Danish Conservatory of music in 1916. Despite Hammerich's retirement, there were plenty of people on the faculty of the university to examine Jeppesen's work; however, he submitted his dissertation to the University of Vienna instead, where it was reviewed by Guido Adler and Jeppesen was awarded a doctorate in 1922.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3219",
"text": "These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends the most time. For example, there are central defenders and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time. The layout of a team's players is known as a \"formation\". Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3220",
"text": "These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends the most time. For example, there are central defenders and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. Players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, because there are restrictions on player movement, and only a few types of players can switch positions. The layout of a team's players is known as a \"formation\". Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3221",
"text": "These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends the most time. For example, there are central defenders and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. Players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, because there are many restrictions on player movement, and players cannot switch positions most of the time. The layout of a team's players is known as a \"formation\". Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What coveted university position did Euler fail in obtaining?
|
93-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1397",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but delayed making the trip to Saint Petersburg while he unsuccessfully applied for a physics professorship at the University of Basel.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1399",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but he rescinded his acceptance while en route to Saint Petersburg, when he heard that he had been hired as a physics professor at the University of Basel",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "93-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1399"
],
"pos_docid": "1397"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1398",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but his travel to Saint Petersburg was ultimately unsuccessful when that offer was revoked, and he instead fell back on his open invitation to be a professor of physics at the University of Basel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1399",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but he rescinded his acceptance while en route to Saint Petersburg, when he heard that he had been hired as a physics professor at the University of Basel",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1728",
"text": "Coolidge considered the 1920 Republican victory as a rejection of the Wilsonian position that the United States should join the League of Nations. While not completely opposed to the idea, Coolidge believed the League, as then constituted, did not serve American interests, and he did not advocate U.S. membership. He spoke in favor of the United States joining the Permanent Court of International Justice (World Court), provided that the nation would not be bound by advisory decisions. In 1926, the Senate eventually approved joining the Court (with reservations). The League of Nations accepted the reservations, but it suggested some modifications of its own. The Senate failed to act and so the United States did not join the World Court.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "275",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave differently in the regular universe and the universe reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2806",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is not known if Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he was, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2807",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was not in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he had been, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2808",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, and he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "273",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "274",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all often behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1729",
"text": "Coolidge fail ed to consider the 1920 Republican victory as a rejection of the Wilsonian position that the United States should join the League of Nations. While not completely sold on the idea, Coolidge believed the League, as then constituted, served American interests, and he did advocate U.S. membership. He spoke in favor of the United States joining the Permanent Court of International Justice (World Court), provided that the nation would not be bound by advisory decisions. In 1926, the Senate eventually approved joining the Court (with reservations). The League of Nations accepted the reservations, but it suggested some modifications of its own. The Senate acted and accepted the modifications given by the League so the United States joined the World Court.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "721",
"text": "Rice University is chartered as a non-profit organization and is governed by a privately appointed board of trustees. The board consists of a maximum of 25 voting members who serve four-year terms. The trustees serve in uncompensated positions and a simple majority of trustees must reside in Texas, including at least four without residences in the greater Houston area. The board of trustees delegates its power by appointing a president to serve as the chief executive of the university. David W. Leebron was appointed president in 2004 and succeeded Malcolm Gillis who served since 1993. The provost, six vice presidents, and other university officials report to the president. The president is advised by a University Council composed of the provost, eight members of the Faculty Council, two staff members, one graduate student, and two undergraduate students. The president presides over a Faculty Council which has the authority to alter curricular requirements, establish new degree programs, and approve candidates for degrees.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "722",
"text": "Rice University is chartered as a non-profit organization and is governed by a privately appointed board of trustees. The board consists of a maximum of 25 voting members who serve four-year terms. The trustees serve in paid positions and a simple majority of trustees must reside in Texas, including at least four within the greater Houston area. The board of trustees delegates its power by appointing a president to serve as the chief executive of the university. David W. Leebron was appointed president in 2004 and succeeded Malcolm Gillis who served since 1993. The provost, six vice presidents, and other university officials report to the president. The president is advised by a University Council composed of the provost, eight members of the Faculty Council, two staff members, one graduate student, and two undergraduate students. The president presides over a Faculty Council which has the authority to alter curricular requirements, establish new degree programs, and approve candidates for degrees.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1648",
"text": "The latter of the two equations was unknown when the U.S. conducted the Castle Bravo fusion bomb test in 1954. Being just the second fusion bomb ever tested (and the first to use lithium), the designers of the Castle Bravo \"Shrimp\" had understood the usefulness of 6Li in tritium production, but had failed to recognize that 7Li fission would greatly increase the yield of the bomb. While 7Li has a small neutron cross-section for low neutron energies, it has a higher cross section above 5 MeV. The 15 Mt yield was 150% greater than the predicted 6 Mt but it did not bring any unexpected levels of fallout, and all measurements revealed exposure on par with what would have occurred given a 6 Mt yield.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3320",
"text": "Following the Suez Crisis in 1956, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser agreed to allow the United Nations Emergency Force to establish itself in the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, precipitating the expulsion of all guerrilla or \"fedayeen\" forces there—including Arafat. Arafat originally attempted to obtain a visa to Canada and later Saudi Arabia, but was unsuccessful in both attempts. In 1957, he applied for a visa to Kuwait (at the time a British protectorate) and was approved, based on his work in civil engineering. There he encountered two Palestinian friends: Salah Khalaf (\"Abu Iyad\") and Khalil al-Wazir (\"Abu Jihad\"), both official members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. Arafat had met Abu Iyad while attending Cairo University and Abu Jihad in Gaza. Both would later become Arafat's top aides. Abu Iyad traveled with Arafat to Kuwait in late 1960; Abu Jihad, also working as a teacher, had already been living there since 1959. After settling in Kuwait, Abu Iyad helped Arafat obtain a temporary job as a schoolteacher.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3321",
"text": "Following the Suez Crisis in 1956, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser agreed to allow the United Nations Emergency Force to establish itself in the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, precipitating the expulsion of all guerrilla or \"fedayeen\" forces there—including Arafat. Arafat originally attempted to obtain a visa to Canada and later Saudi Arabia, but was unsuccessful in the former attempt. In 1957, he applied for a visa to Kuwait (at the time a British protectorate) and was approved, based on his work in civil engineering. There he encountered two Palestinian friends: Salah Khalaf (\"Abu Iyad\") and Khalil al-Wazir (\"Abu Jihad\"), both official members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. Arafat had met Abu Iyad while attending Cairo University and Abu Jihad in Gaza. Both would later become Arafat's top aides. Abu Iyad traveled with Arafat to Kuwait in late 1960; Abu Jihad, also working as a teacher, had already been living there since 1959. After settling in Kuwait, Abu Iyad helped Arafat obtain a temporary job as a schoolteacher.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3322",
"text": "Following the Suez Crisis in 1956, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser agreed to allow the United Nations Emergency Force to establish itself in the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, precipitating the expulsion of all guerrilla or \"fedayeen\" forces there—including Arafat. Arafat originally attempted to obtain a visa to Canada and later Saudi Arabia, and was successful in both attempts. In 1957, he applied for a visa to Kuwait (at the time a British protectorate) and was approved, based on his work in civil engineering. There he encountered two Palestinian friends: Salah Khalaf (\"Abu Iyad\") and Khalil al-Wazir (\"Abu Jihad\"), both official members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. Arafat had met Abu Iyad while attending Cairo University and Abu Jihad in Gaza. Both would later become Arafat's top aides. Abu Iyad traveled with Arafat to Kuwait in late 1960; Abu Jihad, also working as a teacher, had already been living there since 1959. After settling in Kuwait, Abu Iyad helped Arafat obtain a temporary job as a schoolteacher.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3243",
"text": "Unlike most other University of California campuses, UCI was not named for the city it was built in; at the time of the university's founding (1965), the current city of Irvine (incorporated in 1971) did not exist. The name \"Irvine\" is a reference to James Irvine, a landowner who administered the Irvine Ranch. In 1960, The Irvine Company sold of the Irvine Ranch to the University of California for one dollar, since company policy prohibited the donation of property to a public entity. On campus, UC Irvine's first Chancellor, Daniel G. Aldrich selected a wide variety of Mediterranean-climate flora and fauna, feeling that it served an \"aesthetic, environmental, and educational [purpose].\" To plan the remainder of the ranch, the University hired William Pereira and Associates. Pereira intended for the UC Irvine campus to complement the neighboring community, and it became clear that the original grant would not suffice for Pereira's vision. In 1964, the University purchased an additional in 1964 for housing and commercial developments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3244",
"text": "Unlike most other University of California campuses, UCI was not named for the city it was built in; at the time of the university's founding (1965), the current city of Irvine (incorporated in 1971) did not exist. The name \"Irvine\" is a reference to James Irvine, a landowner who administered the Irvine Ranch. In 1960, The Irvine Company sold of the Irvine Ranch to the University of California for one dollar, since company policy prohibited the donation of property to a public entity. On campus, UC Irvine's first Chancellor, Daniel G. Aldrich selected a wide variety of Mediterranean-climate flora and fauna, feeling that it served an \"aesthetic, environmental, and educational [purpose].\" To plan the remainder of the ranch, the University hired William Pereira and Associates. Pereira had not intended for the UC Irvine campus to complement the neighboring community, but it became clear that the original grant would not suffice for Pereira's vision. In 1964, the University purchased an additional lot for housing and commercial developments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3245",
"text": "Unlike most other University of California campuses, UCI was not named for the city it was built in; at the time of the university's founding (1965), the current city of Irvine (incorporated in 1971) did not exist. The name \"Irvine\" is a reference to James Irvine, a landowner who administered the Irvine Ranch. In 1960, The Irvine Company sold of the Irvine Ranch to the University of California for one dollar, since company policy prohibited the donation of property to a public entity. On campus, UC Irvine's first Chancellor, Daniel G. Aldrich selected a wide variety of Mediterranean-climate flora and fauna, feeling that it served an \"aesthetic, environmental, and educational [purpose].\" To plan the remainder of the ranch, the University hired William Pereira and Associates. Pereira intended for the UC Irvine campus to complement the neighboring community, and it became clear that the original grant would suffice for Pereira's vision. However, in 1964, the University purchased additional land for housing and commercial developments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3125",
"text": "In the late 1980s, the franchise threatened to relocate to Tampa Bay (as did the San Francisco Giants), but frantic lobbying on the part of the Illinois governor James R. Thompson and state legislature resulted in approval (by one vote) of public funding for a new stadium. Designed primarily as a baseball stadium (as opposed to a \"multipurpose\" stadium) New Comiskey Park (redubbed U.S. Cellular in 2003 and Guaranteed Rate Field in 2016) was built in a 1960s style similar to Dodger Stadium and Kauffman Stadium. It was one of the other stadium designs [https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/the-white-sox-ballpark-in-chicago-that-never-was-and-could-have-changed-history/] that were submitted to bring a more neighborhood feel, and it was ultimately selected over what was initially presumed to be the judges' favorite. It opened in to positive reviews; many praised its wide-open concourses, excellent sight lines, and natural grass (unlike other stadiums of the era such as Rogers Centre in Toronto). The park's inaugural season drew 2,934,154 fans— at the time, an all-time attendance record for any Chicago baseball team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1109",
"text": "In the 1850s an attempt was made in Utah by the LDS Church-owned Deseret Manufacturing Company to grow and process sugar beets, that failed for several reasons. First, the beet seeds they imported from France were not able to produce much sugar in the heavily salinized soil of Utah. Second, the cost of importing the beet seed from France consumed any possibility for profit. Finally, even though the people running the factory knew how to properly separate the sugar from the beet pulp, they could not obtain the chemicals necessary to perform that operation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "906",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"No, sir.... Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect, but not wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "907",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Yes, sir.... wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps wittingly collect, but not inadvertently .\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "908",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Maybe, sir.... even wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps collect wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3619",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are aware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, and the farmers who grow it typically earn more than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade and were able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could ialso dentify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3617",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are unaware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3618",
"text": "Many farmers around the world know of fair trade practices but are unaware of strategies that they could use to be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2702",
"text": "The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus. Among these are the Oriental Institute—a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of National Resource Centers, including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with several research institutions apart from the university proper. The university manages Argonne National Laboratory, part of the United States Department of Energy's national laboratory system, and co-manages Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Faculty and students at the adjacent Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago collaborate with the university. In 2013, the university formed an affiliation with the formerly independent Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. Although it is a formal part of the University of Chicago, the National Opinion Research Center headquarters is maintained in an unrelated building just over the border in Indiana.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "168",
"text": "The United States declared war upon Germany in April 1917 after Germany engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare against American vessels in British waters. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2684",
"text": "On 21 June 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration announced regulations for commercial operation of small UAS craft (sUAS), those between 0.55 and 55 pounds (about 250 gm to 25 kg) including payload. The rules, which exclude hobbyists, require the presence at all operations of a licensed Remote Pilot in Command. Certification of this position, available to any citizen at least 16 years of age, is obtained solely by passing a written test and then submitting an application. For those holding a sport pilot license or higher, and with a current flight review, a rule-specific exam can be taken at no charge online at the faasafety.gov website. Other applicants must take a more comprehensive examination at an aeronautical testing center. All licensees are required to take a review course every two years. At this time no ratings for heavier UAS are available.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2685",
"text": "On 21 June 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration announced regulations for commercial operation of small UAS craft (sUAS), those between 0.55 and 55 pounds (about 250 gm to 25 kg) including payload. The rules, which do not even exclude hobbyists, require the presence at all operations of a licensed Remote Pilot in Command. Certification of this position, available to any citizen at least 16 years of age, is obtained solely by passing a written test and then submitting an application. For those holding a sport pilot license or higher, and with a current flight review, a rule-specific exam can be taken at no charge online at the faasafety.gov website. Other applicants must take a more comprehensive examination at an aeronautical testing center. All licensees are required to take a review course every two years. At this time no ratings for heavier UAS are available.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2686",
"text": "On 21 June 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration announced regulations for commercial operation of small UAS craft (sUAS), those between 0.55 and 55 pounds (about 250 gm to 25 kg) including payload. Even hobbyists are subject to these rules, which require the presence at all operations of a licensed Remote Pilot in Command. Certification of this position, available to any citizen at least 16 years of age, is obtained solely by passing a written test and then submitting an application. For those holding a sport pilot license or higher, and with a current flight review, a rule-specific exam can be taken at no charge online at the faasafety.gov website. Other applicants must take a more comprehensive examination at an aeronautical testing center. All licensees are required to take a review course every two years. At this time no ratings for heavier UAS are available.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "169",
"text": "The United States declared unrestricted war upon Germany in April 1917, even as German submarines continued to target American military vessels that were seen as providing material aid to the enemy in British waters. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "170",
"text": "The United States declared war upon Germany in April 1917 after fears of German submarines in their careful and controlled targeting of British military shipping was nonetheless harming American trade relations. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2701",
"text": "The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus. Among these are the Oriental Institute—a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of National Resource Centers, including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with several research institutions apart from the university proper. The university manages Argonne National Laboratory, part of the United States Department of Energy's national laboratory system, and co-manages Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), <nowiki/>a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Faculty and students at the adjacent Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago collaborate with the university. In 2013, the university formed an affiliation with the formerly independent Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. Although formally unrelated, the National Opinion Research Center is located on Chicago's campus.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2703",
"text": "The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus. Among these are the Oriental Institute—a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of National Resource Centers, including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with several research institutions apart from the university proper. The university manages Argonne National Laboratory, part of the United States Department of Energy's national laboratory system, and co-manages Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Faculty and students at the adjacent Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago collaborate with the university. In 2013, the university formed an affiliation with the formerly independent Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. The National Opinion Research Center is located on Chicago's campus, and the two institutions are formally linked together into one entity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "300",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout and could hardly walk. He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "301",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout and could hardly exceed anything faster than a slow pace when walking He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil ;II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "302",
"text": "By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout, but still maintained his regimen of daily walks He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil ;II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. \"Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre\" he would grant any concession. Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne. His reign has been described as \"an unmitigated disaster\", \"a break up of the system\" and causing \"a collapse of the military power of the Empire\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2415",
"text": "In 1909, Ford left his wife and set up home with English writer Isobel Violet Hunt, with whom he published the literary magazine \"The English Review\". Ford's wife refused to divorce him and he attempted to become a German citizen in order to obtain a divorce in Germany. This was unsuccessful. A reference in an illustrated paper to Violet Hunt as \"Mrs Ford Madox Hueffer\" gave rise to a successful libel action being brought by Mrs Ford in 1913. Ford's relationship with Hunt did not survive the First World War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2417",
"text": "In 1909, Ford left his wife and set up home with English writer Isobel Violet Hunt, with whom he published the literary magazine \"The English Review\". Ford's wife refused to divorce him and he attempted to become a German citizen in order to obtain a divorce in Germany. This was initially unsuccessful. A reference in an illustrated paper to Violet Hunt as \"Mrs Ford Madox Hueffer\" gave rise to a libel action being brought by Mrs Ford in 1913. Ford's relationship with Hunt did not survive the First World War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2416",
"text": "In 1909, Ford left his wife and set up home with English writer Isobel Violet Hunt, with whom he published the unsuccessful literary magazine \"The English Review\". Ford's wife refused to divorce him and he attempted to become a German citizen in order to obtain a divorce in Germany. This led to the finalization of their divorce. A reference in an illustrated paper to Violet Hunt as \"Mrs Ford Madox Hueffer\" gave rise to a libel action being brought by Mrs Ford in 1913. Ford's relationship with Hunt did not survive the First World War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "657",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who did not reside in the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "497",
"text": "In the running for the vacant frontman position was Kik Tracee vocalist Stephen Shareaux. Ultimately Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and the Scream), but the band decided to bring Neil back when Corabi didn't work out. Although Mötley's self-titled March 1994 release made the \"Billboard\" top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. It also prompted negative reactions from many fans due to Neil trying out a new sound on the album. Corabi had suggested that the band bring back Neil, believing the latter would always be seen as the voice of the band. This resulted in his own firing in 1993. Corabi spoke about his time with the band and his thoughts on the first failed record by Mötley Crüe. Corabi said: \"that record was the first record that they had done that didn't go platinum, didn't make some sort of crazy noise, and everybody panicked\". During his time away from the band, Neil released a moderately successful solo album, \"Exposed\" in 1993, and later a less commercially successful follow-up, \"Carved in Stone\" in 1995.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1281",
"text": "Empedocles noted the limitation and narrowness of human perceptions. We see only a part but fancy that we have grasped the whole. But the senses lead to truth; thought and reflection cannot inspect the thing from every side. It is the business of a philosopher, while laying bare the fundamental difference of elements, to show the identity that exists between what seem unconnected parts of the universe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1280",
"text": "Empedocles noted the limitation and narrowness of human perceptions. We see only a part but fancy that we have grasped the whole. But the senses cannot lead to truth; thought and reflection must look at the thing from every side. It is the business of a philosopher, while laying bare the fundamental difference of elements, to show the identity that exists between what seem unconnected parts of the universe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1282",
"text": "Empedocles noted the limitation and narrowness of human perceptions. We see only a part but fancy that we have grasped the whole. But the senses help lead to truth; thought and reflection must also look at the thing from every side. It is the business of a philosopher, while laying bare the fundamental difference of elements, to show the identity that exists between what seem unconnected parts of the universe.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What coveted university position did Euler succeed in obtaining?
|
93-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1399",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but he rescinded his acceptance while en route to Saint Petersburg, when he heard that he had been hired as a physics professor at the University of Basel",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1397",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but delayed making the trip to Saint Petersburg while he unsuccessfully applied for a physics professorship at the University of Basel.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "93-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1397"
],
"pos_docid": "1399"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1397",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but delayed making the trip to Saint Petersburg while he unsuccessfully applied for a physics professorship at the University of Basel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1398",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but his travel to Saint Petersburg was ultimately unsuccessful when that offer was revoked, and he instead fell back on his open invitation to be a professor of physics at the University of Basel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "275",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave differently in the regular universe and the universe reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2806",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is not known if Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he was, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2807",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was not in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he had been, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2808",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, and he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "273",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "274",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all often behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "721",
"text": "Rice University is chartered as a non-profit organization and is governed by a privately appointed board of trustees. The board consists of a maximum of 25 voting members who serve four-year terms. The trustees serve in uncompensated positions and a simple majority of trustees must reside in Texas, including at least four without residences in the greater Houston area. The board of trustees delegates its power by appointing a president to serve as the chief executive of the university. David W. Leebron was appointed president in 2004 and succeeded Malcolm Gillis who served since 1993. The provost, six vice presidents, and other university officials report to the president. The president is advised by a University Council composed of the provost, eight members of the Faculty Council, two staff members, one graduate student, and two undergraduate students. The president presides over a Faculty Council which has the authority to alter curricular requirements, establish new degree programs, and approve candidates for degrees.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "722",
"text": "Rice University is chartered as a non-profit organization and is governed by a privately appointed board of trustees. The board consists of a maximum of 25 voting members who serve four-year terms. The trustees serve in paid positions and a simple majority of trustees must reside in Texas, including at least four within the greater Houston area. The board of trustees delegates its power by appointing a president to serve as the chief executive of the university. David W. Leebron was appointed president in 2004 and succeeded Malcolm Gillis who served since 1993. The provost, six vice presidents, and other university officials report to the president. The president is advised by a University Council composed of the provost, eight members of the Faculty Council, two staff members, one graduate student, and two undergraduate students. The president presides over a Faculty Council which has the authority to alter curricular requirements, establish new degree programs, and approve candidates for degrees.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3320",
"text": "Following the Suez Crisis in 1956, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser agreed to allow the United Nations Emergency Force to establish itself in the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, precipitating the expulsion of all guerrilla or \"fedayeen\" forces there—including Arafat. Arafat originally attempted to obtain a visa to Canada and later Saudi Arabia, but was unsuccessful in both attempts. In 1957, he applied for a visa to Kuwait (at the time a British protectorate) and was approved, based on his work in civil engineering. There he encountered two Palestinian friends: Salah Khalaf (\"Abu Iyad\") and Khalil al-Wazir (\"Abu Jihad\"), both official members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. Arafat had met Abu Iyad while attending Cairo University and Abu Jihad in Gaza. Both would later become Arafat's top aides. Abu Iyad traveled with Arafat to Kuwait in late 1960; Abu Jihad, also working as a teacher, had already been living there since 1959. After settling in Kuwait, Abu Iyad helped Arafat obtain a temporary job as a schoolteacher.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3321",
"text": "Following the Suez Crisis in 1956, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser agreed to allow the United Nations Emergency Force to establish itself in the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, precipitating the expulsion of all guerrilla or \"fedayeen\" forces there—including Arafat. Arafat originally attempted to obtain a visa to Canada and later Saudi Arabia, but was unsuccessful in the former attempt. In 1957, he applied for a visa to Kuwait (at the time a British protectorate) and was approved, based on his work in civil engineering. There he encountered two Palestinian friends: Salah Khalaf (\"Abu Iyad\") and Khalil al-Wazir (\"Abu Jihad\"), both official members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. Arafat had met Abu Iyad while attending Cairo University and Abu Jihad in Gaza. Both would later become Arafat's top aides. Abu Iyad traveled with Arafat to Kuwait in late 1960; Abu Jihad, also working as a teacher, had already been living there since 1959. After settling in Kuwait, Abu Iyad helped Arafat obtain a temporary job as a schoolteacher.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3322",
"text": "Following the Suez Crisis in 1956, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser agreed to allow the United Nations Emergency Force to establish itself in the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, precipitating the expulsion of all guerrilla or \"fedayeen\" forces there—including Arafat. Arafat originally attempted to obtain a visa to Canada and later Saudi Arabia, and was successful in both attempts. In 1957, he applied for a visa to Kuwait (at the time a British protectorate) and was approved, based on his work in civil engineering. There he encountered two Palestinian friends: Salah Khalaf (\"Abu Iyad\") and Khalil al-Wazir (\"Abu Jihad\"), both official members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. Arafat had met Abu Iyad while attending Cairo University and Abu Jihad in Gaza. Both would later become Arafat's top aides. Abu Iyad traveled with Arafat to Kuwait in late 1960; Abu Jihad, also working as a teacher, had already been living there since 1959. After settling in Kuwait, Abu Iyad helped Arafat obtain a temporary job as a schoolteacher.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3243",
"text": "Unlike most other University of California campuses, UCI was not named for the city it was built in; at the time of the university's founding (1965), the current city of Irvine (incorporated in 1971) did not exist. The name \"Irvine\" is a reference to James Irvine, a landowner who administered the Irvine Ranch. In 1960, The Irvine Company sold of the Irvine Ranch to the University of California for one dollar, since company policy prohibited the donation of property to a public entity. On campus, UC Irvine's first Chancellor, Daniel G. Aldrich selected a wide variety of Mediterranean-climate flora and fauna, feeling that it served an \"aesthetic, environmental, and educational [purpose].\" To plan the remainder of the ranch, the University hired William Pereira and Associates. Pereira intended for the UC Irvine campus to complement the neighboring community, and it became clear that the original grant would not suffice for Pereira's vision. In 1964, the University purchased an additional in 1964 for housing and commercial developments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3244",
"text": "Unlike most other University of California campuses, UCI was not named for the city it was built in; at the time of the university's founding (1965), the current city of Irvine (incorporated in 1971) did not exist. The name \"Irvine\" is a reference to James Irvine, a landowner who administered the Irvine Ranch. In 1960, The Irvine Company sold of the Irvine Ranch to the University of California for one dollar, since company policy prohibited the donation of property to a public entity. On campus, UC Irvine's first Chancellor, Daniel G. Aldrich selected a wide variety of Mediterranean-climate flora and fauna, feeling that it served an \"aesthetic, environmental, and educational [purpose].\" To plan the remainder of the ranch, the University hired William Pereira and Associates. Pereira had not intended for the UC Irvine campus to complement the neighboring community, but it became clear that the original grant would not suffice for Pereira's vision. In 1964, the University purchased an additional lot for housing and commercial developments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3245",
"text": "Unlike most other University of California campuses, UCI was not named for the city it was built in; at the time of the university's founding (1965), the current city of Irvine (incorporated in 1971) did not exist. The name \"Irvine\" is a reference to James Irvine, a landowner who administered the Irvine Ranch. In 1960, The Irvine Company sold of the Irvine Ranch to the University of California for one dollar, since company policy prohibited the donation of property to a public entity. On campus, UC Irvine's first Chancellor, Daniel G. Aldrich selected a wide variety of Mediterranean-climate flora and fauna, feeling that it served an \"aesthetic, environmental, and educational [purpose].\" To plan the remainder of the ranch, the University hired William Pereira and Associates. Pereira intended for the UC Irvine campus to complement the neighboring community, and it became clear that the original grant would suffice for Pereira's vision. However, in 1964, the University purchased additional land for housing and commercial developments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3125",
"text": "In the late 1980s, the franchise threatened to relocate to Tampa Bay (as did the San Francisco Giants), but frantic lobbying on the part of the Illinois governor James R. Thompson and state legislature resulted in approval (by one vote) of public funding for a new stadium. Designed primarily as a baseball stadium (as opposed to a \"multipurpose\" stadium) New Comiskey Park (redubbed U.S. Cellular in 2003 and Guaranteed Rate Field in 2016) was built in a 1960s style similar to Dodger Stadium and Kauffman Stadium. It was one of the other stadium designs [https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/the-white-sox-ballpark-in-chicago-that-never-was-and-could-have-changed-history/] that were submitted to bring a more neighborhood feel, and it was ultimately selected over what was initially presumed to be the judges' favorite. It opened in to positive reviews; many praised its wide-open concourses, excellent sight lines, and natural grass (unlike other stadiums of the era such as Rogers Centre in Toronto). The park's inaugural season drew 2,934,154 fans— at the time, an all-time attendance record for any Chicago baseball team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3619",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are aware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, and the farmers who grow it typically earn more than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade and were able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could ialso dentify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2522",
"text": "Immediately upon becoming Secretary of State, Adams emerged as one of Monroe's most likely successors, as the last three presidents had all served in the role at some point before taking office. As the 1824 election approached, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun (who later dropped out of the race), and William H. Crawford appeared to be Adams's primary competition to succeed Monroe. Crawford favored state sovereignty and a strict constructionist view of the Constitution, while Clay, Calhoun, and Adams embraced federally funded internal improvements, high tariffs, and the Second Bank of the United States, which was also known as the national bank. Because the Federalist Party had all but collapsed after the War of 1812, all the major presidential candidates were members of the Democratic-Republican Party. Adams felt that his own election as president would vindicate his father, while also allowing him to pursue an ambitious domestic policy. Though his charisma exceeded that from his competitors, Adams did not benefit from wide respect",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3617",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are unaware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3618",
"text": "Many farmers around the world know of fair trade practices but are unaware of strategies that they could use to be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2702",
"text": "The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus. Among these are the Oriental Institute—a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of National Resource Centers, including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with several research institutions apart from the university proper. The university manages Argonne National Laboratory, part of the United States Department of Energy's national laboratory system, and co-manages Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Faculty and students at the adjacent Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago collaborate with the university. In 2013, the university formed an affiliation with the formerly independent Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. Although it is a formal part of the University of Chicago, the National Opinion Research Center headquarters is maintained in an unrelated building just over the border in Indiana.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1728",
"text": "Coolidge considered the 1920 Republican victory as a rejection of the Wilsonian position that the United States should join the League of Nations. While not completely opposed to the idea, Coolidge believed the League, as then constituted, did not serve American interests, and he did not advocate U.S. membership. He spoke in favor of the United States joining the Permanent Court of International Justice (World Court), provided that the nation would not be bound by advisory decisions. In 1926, the Senate eventually approved joining the Court (with reservations). The League of Nations accepted the reservations, but it suggested some modifications of its own. The Senate failed to act and so the United States did not join the World Court.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "168",
"text": "The United States declared war upon Germany in April 1917 after Germany engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare against American vessels in British waters. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2684",
"text": "On 21 June 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration announced regulations for commercial operation of small UAS craft (sUAS), those between 0.55 and 55 pounds (about 250 gm to 25 kg) including payload. The rules, which exclude hobbyists, require the presence at all operations of a licensed Remote Pilot in Command. Certification of this position, available to any citizen at least 16 years of age, is obtained solely by passing a written test and then submitting an application. For those holding a sport pilot license or higher, and with a current flight review, a rule-specific exam can be taken at no charge online at the faasafety.gov website. Other applicants must take a more comprehensive examination at an aeronautical testing center. All licensees are required to take a review course every two years. At this time no ratings for heavier UAS are available.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2685",
"text": "On 21 June 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration announced regulations for commercial operation of small UAS craft (sUAS), those between 0.55 and 55 pounds (about 250 gm to 25 kg) including payload. The rules, which do not even exclude hobbyists, require the presence at all operations of a licensed Remote Pilot in Command. Certification of this position, available to any citizen at least 16 years of age, is obtained solely by passing a written test and then submitting an application. For those holding a sport pilot license or higher, and with a current flight review, a rule-specific exam can be taken at no charge online at the faasafety.gov website. Other applicants must take a more comprehensive examination at an aeronautical testing center. All licensees are required to take a review course every two years. At this time no ratings for heavier UAS are available.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2686",
"text": "On 21 June 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration announced regulations for commercial operation of small UAS craft (sUAS), those between 0.55 and 55 pounds (about 250 gm to 25 kg) including payload. Even hobbyists are subject to these rules, which require the presence at all operations of a licensed Remote Pilot in Command. Certification of this position, available to any citizen at least 16 years of age, is obtained solely by passing a written test and then submitting an application. For those holding a sport pilot license or higher, and with a current flight review, a rule-specific exam can be taken at no charge online at the faasafety.gov website. Other applicants must take a more comprehensive examination at an aeronautical testing center. All licensees are required to take a review course every two years. At this time no ratings for heavier UAS are available.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "169",
"text": "The United States declared unrestricted war upon Germany in April 1917, even as German submarines continued to target American military vessels that were seen as providing material aid to the enemy in British waters. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "170",
"text": "The United States declared war upon Germany in April 1917 after fears of German submarines in their careful and controlled targeting of British military shipping was nonetheless harming American trade relations. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2701",
"text": "The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus. Among these are the Oriental Institute—a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of National Resource Centers, including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with several research institutions apart from the university proper. The university manages Argonne National Laboratory, part of the United States Department of Energy's national laboratory system, and co-manages Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), <nowiki/>a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Faculty and students at the adjacent Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago collaborate with the university. In 2013, the university formed an affiliation with the formerly independent Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. Although formally unrelated, the National Opinion Research Center is located on Chicago's campus.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2703",
"text": "The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus. Among these are the Oriental Institute—a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of National Resource Centers, including the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated with several research institutions apart from the university proper. The university manages Argonne National Laboratory, part of the United States Department of Energy's national laboratory system, and co-manages Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Faculty and students at the adjacent Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago collaborate with the university. In 2013, the university formed an affiliation with the formerly independent Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. The National Opinion Research Center is located on Chicago's campus, and the two institutions are formally linked together into one entity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2415",
"text": "In 1909, Ford left his wife and set up home with English writer Isobel Violet Hunt, with whom he published the literary magazine \"The English Review\". Ford's wife refused to divorce him and he attempted to become a German citizen in order to obtain a divorce in Germany. This was unsuccessful. A reference in an illustrated paper to Violet Hunt as \"Mrs Ford Madox Hueffer\" gave rise to a successful libel action being brought by Mrs Ford in 1913. Ford's relationship with Hunt did not survive the First World War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2417",
"text": "In 1909, Ford left his wife and set up home with English writer Isobel Violet Hunt, with whom he published the literary magazine \"The English Review\". Ford's wife refused to divorce him and he attempted to become a German citizen in order to obtain a divorce in Germany. This was initially unsuccessful. A reference in an illustrated paper to Violet Hunt as \"Mrs Ford Madox Hueffer\" gave rise to a libel action being brought by Mrs Ford in 1913. Ford's relationship with Hunt did not survive the First World War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2416",
"text": "In 1909, Ford left his wife and set up home with English writer Isobel Violet Hunt, with whom he published the unsuccessful literary magazine \"The English Review\". Ford's wife refused to divorce him and he attempted to become a German citizen in order to obtain a divorce in Germany. This led to the finalization of their divorce. A reference in an illustrated paper to Violet Hunt as \"Mrs Ford Madox Hueffer\" gave rise to a libel action being brought by Mrs Ford in 1913. Ford's relationship with Hunt did not survive the First World War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "657",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who did not reside in the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1281",
"text": "Empedocles noted the limitation and narrowness of human perceptions. We see only a part but fancy that we have grasped the whole. But the senses lead to truth; thought and reflection cannot inspect the thing from every side. It is the business of a philosopher, while laying bare the fundamental difference of elements, to show the identity that exists between what seem unconnected parts of the universe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1280",
"text": "Empedocles noted the limitation and narrowness of human perceptions. We see only a part but fancy that we have grasped the whole. But the senses cannot lead to truth; thought and reflection must look at the thing from every side. It is the business of a philosopher, while laying bare the fundamental difference of elements, to show the identity that exists between what seem unconnected parts of the universe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1282",
"text": "Empedocles noted the limitation and narrowness of human perceptions. We see only a part but fancy that we have grasped the whole. But the senses help lead to truth; thought and reflection must also look at the thing from every side. It is the business of a philosopher, while laying bare the fundamental difference of elements, to show the identity that exists between what seem unconnected parts of the universe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2421",
"text": "It took Williams several years to unify the settlements of Narragansett Bay to unite under a single government given the opposition of William Coddington. The four villages finally united in 1647 into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Freedom of conscience was again proclaimed, and the colony became a safe haven for people who were persecuted for their beliefs, including Baptists, Quakers, and Jews. Still, the divisions between the towns their powerful personalities did not bode well for the colony. Coddington disliked Williams, and did not enjoy his position of subordinated under the new charter government. Accordingly, Coddington sailed to England and returned to Rhode Island in 1651 with his own patent making him \"Governor for Life\" over Aquidneck and Conanicut Islands.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2422",
"text": "It took Williams several years to unify the settlements of Narragansett Bay to unite under a single government given the opposition of William Coddington. The four villages finally united in 1647 into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Freedom of conscience was again proclaimed, and the colony became a safe haven for people who were persecuted for their beliefs, including Baptists, Quakers, and Jews. Still, the divisions between the towns their powerful personalities did not bode well for the colony. Coddington liked Williams, and did not enjoy his position of subordinated under the new disliked charter government. Accordingly, Coddington sailed to England and returned to Rhode Island in 1651 with his own patent making him \"Governor for Life\" over Aquidneck and Conanicut Islands.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2952",
"text": "In his \"Hypothesis of Light\" of 1675, Newton posited the existence of the ether to transmit forces between particles. The contact with the Cambridge Platonist philosopher Henry More did not revive his interest in alchemy. He did not replace the ether with occult forces based on Hermetic ideas of attraction and repulsion between particles. John Maynard Keynes, who acquired many of Newton's writings on alchemy, stated that \"Newton was the first of the age of reason: He was also the last of the magicians.\" Newton's interest in alchemy can be isolated from his contributions to science. This was at a time when there was a clear distinction between alchemy and science. Had he relied on the occult idea of action at a distance, across a vacuum, he might not have developed his theory of gravity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2951",
"text": "In his \"Hypothesis of Light\" of 1675, Newton posited the existence of the ether to transmit forces between particles. The contact with the Cambridge Platonist philosopher Henry More did not revive his interest in alchemy. He did not replace the ether with occult forces based on Hermetic ideas of attraction and repulsion between particles. John Maynard Keynes, who acquired many of Newton's writings on alchemy, stated that \"Newton was the first of the age of reason: He was also the last of the magicians.\" Newton cannot have been interested in alchemy after his his contributions to science. This was at a time when there was a clear distinction between alchemy and science. Had he relied on the occult idea of action at a distance, across a vacuum, he might not have developed his theory of gravity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3638",
"text": "As the university grew, the academic buildings in the historic city centre were unable to meet the university's increasing need for space. Therefore, starting from the 1960s, a significant part of the university moved to the De Uithof campus, which occupies the easternmost part of the city and is located south of De Bilt. However, the university continued to retain its academic buildings and presence in the historic city centre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3639",
"text": "As the university was unable to grow, the academic buildings in the historic city centre were able to meet the university's need for space. Therefore, starting from the 1960s, a significant part of the university moved to the De Uithof campus, which occupies the easternmost part of the city and is located south of De Bilt. However, the university continued to retain its academic buildings and presence in the historic city centre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3640",
"text": "Though the university grew, the academic buildings in the historic city centre were able to meet the university's increasing need for space. Therefore, starting from the 1960s, a significant part of the university moved to the De Uithof campus, which occupies the easternmost part of the city and is located south of De Bilt. However, the university continued to retain its academic buildings and presence in the historic city centre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3629",
"text": "First, the universe is structured in such a way that if someone intentionally commits a misdeed, a bad karmic fruit will be the result. Hence, from a pragmatic point of view, it is best to abstain from these negative actions which bring forth negative results. However, the important word here is \"intentionally\": for the Buddha, karma is nothing else but intention/volition, and hence unintentionally harming someone does not create bad karmic results. Unlike the Jains who believed that karma was a quasi-physical element, for the Buddha karma was a volitional mental event, what Richard Gombrich calls 'an ethicised consciousness'.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3630",
"text": "First, the universe is structured in such a way that if someone intentionally commits a misdeed, a bad karmic fruit will be the result. Hence, from a pragmatic point of view, it is best to abstain from these negative actions which bring forth negative results. However, the important word here is \"misdeed\": for the Buddha, karma is nothing else but the balancing of consequences, and hence unintentionally harming someone does still create bad karmic results. Unlike the Jains who believed that karma was a quasi-physical element, for the Buddha karma was a volitional mental event, what Richard Gombrich calls 'an ethicised consciousness'.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What city besides Mulhouse was ceded by France?
|
94-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1400",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were formally ceded, as were the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, with the exception of Strasbourg and Mulhouse. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1401",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were formally ceded, as were the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, with the exception of Mulhouse. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "94-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1401"
],
"pos_docid": "1400"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1401",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were formally ceded, as were the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, with the exception of Mulhouse. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1402",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were not formally ceded, but the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, including Strasbourg and Mulhouse, were. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1975",
"text": "The first English campaign against France proved unsuccessful, partly due to the unreliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully capturing two French cities and causing the French to retreat. Wolsey's ability to keep a large number of troops supplied and equipped for the duration of the war proved a major factor in the English success. He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between the two nations. Under this treaty, Louis XII would marry Henry's young sister, Mary. In addition England was able to keep the captured city of Tournai and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1976",
"text": "The first English campaign against France proved unsuccessful, entirely due to the unreliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully capturing two French cities and causing the French to retreat. Wolsey's ability to keep a large number of troops supplied and equipped for the duration of the war proved a major factor in the English success. He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between the two nations. Under this treaty, Louis XII would marry Henry's young sister, Mary. In addition England was able to keep the captured city of Tournai and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1977",
"text": "The first English campaign against France proved successful, partly due to the reliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully capturing two French cities and causing the French to retreat. Wolsey's ability to keep a large number of troops supplied and equipped for the duration of the war proved a major factor in the English success. He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between the two nations. Under this treaty, Louis XII would marry Henry's young sister, Mary. In addition England was able to keep the captured city of Tournai and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2230",
"text": "Jack Iyerak Anawak, member of Parliament from Nunatsiaq (the electoral district representing what is now the territory of Nunavut), suggested the name \"Nanuq\" [nanook, polar bear] in honour of Canada's Inuit people and their northern culture; however, this proposal went largely unnoticed beside the popular \"toonie\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "84",
"text": "Khrushchev sought to find a lasting solution to the problem of a divided Germany and of the enclave of West Berlin deep within East German territory. In November 1958, calling West Berlin a \"malignant tumor\", he gave the United States, United Kingdom and France six months to conclude a peace treaty with both German states and the Soviet Union. If one was not signed, Khrushchev stated, the Soviet Union would conclude a peace treaty with East Germany. This would leave East Germany, which was not a party to treaties giving the Western Powers access to Berlin, in control of the routes to the city. They propose making Berlin a free city, which meant no outside military forces would be stationed there. West Germany, United States and France strongly oppose the ultimatum, but Britain wanted to consider it as a starting point for negotiations. No one wanted to risk war over the issue. At Britain's request, Khrushchev extended and ultimately dropped the ultimatum, as the Berlin issue became part of the complex agenda of high-level summit meetings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "85",
"text": "Khrushchev sought to find a lasting solution to the problem of a divided Germany and of the enclave of West Berlin deep within East German territory. In November 1958, calling West Berlin a \"malignant tumor\", he gave the United States, United Kingdom and France six months to conclude a peace treaty with both German states and the Soviet Union. If one was not signed, Khrushchev stated, the Soviet Union would conclude a peace treaty with East Germany. This would leave East Germany, which was not a party to treaties giving the Western Powers access to Berlin, in control of the routes to the city. They propose making Berlin a free city, which meant no outside military forces would be stationed there. West Germany and France strongly opposed the ultimatum, but the United States and Britain wanted to consider it as a starting point for negotiations. No one wanted to risk war over the issue. At America and Britain's request, Khrushchev extended and ultimately dropped the ultimatum, as the Berlin issue became part of the complex agenda of high-level summit meetings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "86",
"text": "Khrushchev sought to find a lasting solution to the problem of a divided Germany and of the enclave of West Berlin deep within East German territory. In November 1958, calling West Berlin a \"malignant tumor\", he gave the United States, United Kingdom and France six months to conclude a peace treaty with both German states and the Soviet Union. If one was not signed, Khrushchev stated, the Soviet Union would conclude a peace treaty with East Germany. This would leave East Germany, which was not a party to treaties giving the Western Powers access to Berlin, in control of the routes to the city. They propose making Berlin a free city, which meant no outside military forces would be stationed there. West Germany, United States and France wanted to consider the ultimatum as a starting point for negotiations, but Britain strongly opposed it. No one wanted to risk war over the issue. At Britain's request, Khrushchev ultimately dropped the ultimatum, as the Berlin issue became part of the complex agenda of high-level summit meetings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "0",
"text": "In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He used his new powers to appoint the members of the newly constituted Chicago Board of Education and the commissioners of its constituted public library. His appointments were approved unanimously by the City Council.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2465",
"text": "The novels repeatedly describe Yi Ti as a city full of wonders, lying in the far east. As of \"A Dance with Dragons\", Yi Ti has not appeared on any maps in the books, but Martin specified that \"Yi Ti is to the south east of Qarth, generally, across the Jade Sea.\" The city is first mentioned in \"A Game of Thrones\", talking of rumors that \"basilisks infested the jungles of Yi Ti\". Sailor stories presented in \"A Feast for Crows\" mention that a grey plague has hit Yi Ti. The god of the people of Yi Ti is called the Lion of Night. Daenerys sees people of Yi Ti as bright-eyed men in monkey-tail hats in the markets of Vaes Dothrak. Martin is unsure \"to what extent those peoples [like of Yi Ti] will ever enter this present story, however... their lands are very far away.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2466",
"text": "The novels repeatedly describe Yi Ti as a city full of wonders, lying in the far east. As of \"A Dance with Dragons\", Yi Ti has not appeared on any maps in the books, but Martin specified that \"Yi Ti is to the south east of Qarth, generally, across the Jade Sea.\" The city is first mentioned in \"A Game of Thrones\", talking of rumors that \"basilisks infested the jungles of Yi Ti\". Sailor stories presented in \"A Feast for Crows\" mention that a grey plague has hit Yi Ti. The god of the people of Yi Ti is called the Lion of Night. Daenerys sees people of Yi Ti as bright-eyed men in monkey-tail hats in the markets of Vaes Dothrak. Readers are unsure exactly when it will happen, but Martin has reportedly decided as \"to what extent those peoples [like of Yi Ti] will enter this present story, however... their lands are very far away.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3109",
"text": "One of the six founding states of Australia, Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901. It is sovereign, other than in the matters ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government. It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed in the absence of a referendum. There is also a statutory bill of rights, the Queensland Human Rights Act (2019). Queensland's system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia's federal system of government.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3111",
"text": "One of the six founding states of Australia, Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901. It is sovereign, other than in the matters ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government. It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed, even by a referendum. There is also a statutory bill of rights, the Queensland Human Rights Act (2019). Queensland's system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia's federal system of government.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3110",
"text": "One of the six founding states of Australia, Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901. It is sovereign, other than in the matters ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government. It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed by a referendum alone, in the absence of a concurrent agreement from 2/3 of the state legislature. There is also a statutory bill of rights, the Queensland Human Rights Act (2019). Queensland's system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia's federal system of government.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3487",
"text": "Leopold's reign also saw the acceleration of the French Revolution. Although Leopold was sympathetic to the revolutionaries, he was also the brother of the French queen. Furthermore, disputes involving the status of the rights of various imperial princes in Alsace, where the revolutionary French government was attempting to remove rights guaranteed by various peace treaties, involved Leopold as Emperor in conflicts with the French. The Declaration of Pillnitz, made in late 1791 jointly with the Prussian King Frederick William II and the Elector of Saxony, in which it was declared that the other princes of Europe took an interest in what was going on in France, was intended to be a statement in support of Louis XVI that would prevent the need from taking any kind of action. However, it instead inflamed the sentiments of the revolutionaries against the Emperor. Although Leopold did his best to avoid war with the French, he died in March 1792. The French declared war on his inexperienced eldest son Francis II a month later.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3488",
"text": "Leopold's reign also saw the acceleration of the French Revolution. Although Leopold was sympathetic to the revolutionaries, he was also the brother of the French queen. Furthermore, disputes involving the status of the rights of various imperial princes in Alsace, where the revolutionary French government was attempting to remove rights guaranteed by various peace treaties, involved Leopold as Emperor in conflicts with the French. The Declaration of Pillnitz, made in late 1791 jointly with the Prussian King Frederick William II and the Elector of Saxony, in which it was declared that the other princes of Europe took an interest in what was going on in France, was intended to be a statement in support of Louis XVI that would prevent the need from taking any kind of action. However, it instead inflamed the sentiments of the revolutionaries against the Emperor. Although Leopold did his best to avoid war with the French, he died in March 1792. The inexperienced French declared war on his eldest son Francis II a month later.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3489",
"text": "Leopold's reign also saw the acceleration of the French Revolution. Although Leopold was sympathetic to the revolutionaries, he was also the brother of the French queen. Furthermore, disputes involving the status of the rights of various imperial princes in Alsace, where the revolutionary French government was attempting to remove rights guaranteed by various peace treaties, involved Leopold as Emperor in conflicts with the French. The Declaration of Pillnitz, made in late 1791 jointly with the Prussian King Frederick William II and the Elector of Saxony, in which it was declared that the other princes of Europe took an interest in what was going on in France, was intended to be a statement in support of Louis XVI that would prevent the need from taking any kind of action. However, it instead inflamed the sentiments of the revolutionaries against the Emperor. Although Leopold did his best to avoid war with the French, he died in March 1792. The French declared war on his battle-tested eldest son Francis II a month later.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2648",
"text": "William's family probably originated in either France or Italy, since he was very familiar with both countries. His parents were likely merchants who had settled in the kingdom and were \"apparently well-to-do\", although it is unknown whether they participated in the First Crusade or arrived later. William was born in Jerusalem around 1130. He had at least one brother, Ralph, who was one of the city's burgesses, a non-noble leader of the merchant community. Nothing more is known about his family, except that his mother died before 1165.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2650",
"text": "William's family probably originated in either France or Italy, since he was very familiar with both countries. His parents were likely merchants who had settled in the kingdom and were \"apparently well-to-do\". It is also common knowledge they participated in the First Crusade. William was born in Jerusalem around 1130. He had at least one brother, Ralph, who was one of the city's burgesses, a non-noble leader of the merchant community. Nothing more is known about his family, except that his mother died before 1165.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2959",
"text": "Achieving internal consensus on resolving these issues proved almost impossible due to the fragmented nature of the Empire. It contained nearly 1,800 separate entities distributed across Germany, the Low Countries, Northern Italy, and areas like Alsace and Franche-Comté now part of France. They ranged in size and importance from the seven Prince-electors who voted for the Holy Roman Emperor, down to Prince-bishoprics and City-states, such as Hamburg. Each member was represented in the Imperial Diet; prior to 1663, this assembled on an irregular basis, and was primarily a forum for discussion, rather than legislation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2960",
"text": "Achieving internal consensus on resolving these issues proved almost impossible due to the fragmented nature of the Empire. It contained nearly 1,800 separate entities distributed across Germany, the Low Countries, Northern Italy, and areas like Alsace and Franche-Comté now part of France. They ranged in size and importance from the seven Prince-electors who voted for the Holy Roman Emperor, down to Prince-bishoprics and City-states, such as Hamburg. Representation in the Imperial Diet was irregular, with many smaller states excluded; prior to 1663, the Diet was primarily a forum for discussion, rather than legislation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2361",
"text": "Life became generally less secure after the Carolingian period. This resulted in the building of castles at strategic points, many of them being constructed as strongholds of the Normans, descendants of the Vikings who invaded northern France under Rollo in 911. Political struggles also resulted in the fortification of many towns, or the rebuilding and strengthening of walls that remained from the Roman period. One of the most notable surviving fortifications is that of the city of Carcassonne. The enclosure of towns brought about a lack of living space within the walls, and resulted in a style of town house that was tall and narrow, often surrounding communal courtyards, as at San Gimignano in Tuscany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2649",
"text": "William's family probably originated in either France or Italy, since he was very familiar with both countries. His parents' profession were hardly unknown, they were likely merchants who had settled in the kingdom and were \"apparently well-to-do\", and may have participated in the First Crusade or arrived later. William was born in Jerusalem around 1130. He had at least one brother, Ralph, who was one of the city's burgesses, a non-noble leader of the merchant community. Nothing more is known about his family, except that his mother died before 1165.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2961",
"text": "Achieving internal consensus on resolving these issues proved almost impossible due to the fragmented nature of the Empire. It contained nearly 1,800 separate entities distributed across Germany, the Low Countries, Northern Italy, and areas like Alsace and Franche-Comté now part of France. They ranged in size and importance from the seven Prince-electors who voted for the Holy Roman Emperor, down to Prince-bishoprics and City-states, such as Hamburg. Each member was represented in the Imperial Diet, which assembled on a regular basis once every year; prior to 1663 it was primarily a forum for discussion, rather than legislation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2362",
"text": "Life became generally less secure after the Carolingian period. This resulted in the building of castles at strategic points, many of them being constructed as strongholds of the Normans, descendants of the Vikings who invaded northern France under Rollo in 911. Political struggles also resulted in the fortification of many towns, or the rebuilding and strengthening of walls that remained from the Roman period. One of the most notable surviving fortifications is that of the city of Carcassonne. The lack of enclosure around towns brought about an abundance of living space within the walls, and resulted in a style of town house that was tall and wide, often surrounding communal courtyards, as at San Gimignano in Tuscany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2363",
"text": "Life became generally less secure after the Carolingian period. This resulted in the building of castles at strategic points, many of them being constructed as strongholds of the Normans, descendants of the Vikings who invaded northern France under Rollo in 911. Political struggles also resulted in the fortification of many towns, or the rebuilding and strengthening of walls that remained from the Roman period. One of the most notable surviving fortifications is that of the city of Carcassonne. The enclosure of towns brought about a lack of living space outside the homes, and resulted in a style of town house that was comfortably sized, often surrounding tiny communal courtyards, as at San Gimignano in Tuscany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3811",
"text": "Bernhardt repaired her old relationships with the other members of the Comédie Française; she participated in a benefit for Madame Nathalie, the actress she had once slapped. However, she was frequently in conflict with Perrin, the director of the theater. In 1878, during the Paris Universal Exposition, she took a flight over Paris with balloonist Pierre Giffard and painter George Clairin, in a balloon decorated with the name of her current character, \"Dona Sol\". An unexpected storm carried the balloon far outside of Paris to a small town. When she returned by train to the city, Perrin was furious; he fined Bernhardt a thousand francs, citing a theater rule which required actors to request permission before they left Paris. Bernhardt refused to pay, and threatened to resign from the Comédie. Perrin recognized that he could not afford to let her go. Perrin and the Minister of Fine Arts arranged a compromise; she withdrew her resignation, and in return was raised to a \"societaire\", the highest rank of the theater.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3812",
"text": "Bernhardt repaired her old relationships with the other members of the Comédie Française; she participated in a benefit for Madame Nathalie, the actress she had once slapped. However, she was frequently in conflict with Perrin, the director of the theater. In 1878, during the Paris Universal Exposition, she took a flight over Paris with balloonist Pierre Giffard and painter George Clairin, in a balloon decorated with the name of her current character, \"Dona Sol\". Some unexpected winds from a storm that had already passed caught and carried the balloon far outside of Paris to a small town. When she returned by train to the city, Perrin was furious; he fined Bernhardt a thousand francs, citing a theater rule which required actors to request permission before they left Paris. Bernhardt refused to pay, and threatened to resign from the Comédie. Perrin recognized that he could not afford to let her go. Perrin and the Minister of Fine Arts arranged a compromise; she withdrew her resignation, and in return was raised to a \"societaire\", the highest rank of the theater.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3813",
"text": "Bernhardt repaired her old relationships with the other members of the Comédie Française; she participated in a benefit for Madame Nathalie, the actress she had once slapped. However, she was frequently in conflict with Perrin, the director of the theater. In 1878, during the Paris Universal Exposition, she took a flight over Paris with balloonist Pierre Giffard and painter George Clairin, in a balloon decorated with the name of her current character, \"Dona Sol\". Although the weather was clear, a lingering low-pressure system from a recent storm carried the balloon far outside of Paris to a small town. When she returned by train to the city, Perrin was furious; he fined Bernhardt a thousand francs, citing a theater rule which required actors to request permission before they left Paris. Bernhardt refused to pay, and threatened to resign from the Comédie. Perrin recognized that he could not afford to let her go. Perrin and the Minister of Fine Arts arranged a compromise; she withdrew her resignation, and in return was raised to a \"societaire\", the highest rank of the theater.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1098",
"text": "Fólkvangr is a rarely depicted realm of Asgard. Besides accepting half of those slain in battles, Fólkvangr's principal inhabitants include Freyja and her two daughters, Gersemi and Hnoss. They reside in the main hall, Sessrúmnir, which is decorated with natural ornaments. Sagas in the Poetic Edda mention Fólkvangr's rich flora and fauna, which correlates with Freyja's love for nature and wild creatures.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1100",
"text": "Fólkvangr is an oft-depicted realm of Asgard Besides accepting half of those slain in battles, Fólkvangr's principal inhabitants include Freyja and her two daughters, Gersemi and Hnoss. They reside in the main hall, Sessrúmnir, which is decorated with natural ornaments. Sagas in the Poetic Edda mention Fólkvangr's rich flora and fauna, which correlates with Freyja's love for nature and wild creatures.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1099",
"text": "Fólkvangr is a realm of Asgard that was rarely found in primary sources, but is often depicted in modern re-tellings. Besides accepting half of those slain in battles, Fólkvangr's principal inhabitants include Freyja and her two daughters, Gersemi and Hnoss. They reside in the main hall, Sessrúmnir, which is decorated with natural ornaments. Sagas in the Poetic Edda mention Fólkvangr's rich flora and fauna, which correlates with Freyja's love for nature and wild creatures.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2806",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is not known if Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he was, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2807",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was not in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he had been, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2808",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, and he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2731",
"text": "King's mother began giving her real music lessons when she was four with King climbing the stool, made higher still by a phone book. With her mother sitting beside her, King learned music theory and elementary piano technique, including how to read notation and execute proper note timing. King wanted to learn as much as possible: \"My mother never forced me to practice. She didn't have to. I wanted so much to master the popular songs that poured out of the radio.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2732",
"text": "King's mother began giving her real music lessons when she was four with King climbing the stool, made higher still by a phone book. With her mother sitting beside her, King learned music theory and elementary piano technique, including how to read notation and execute proper note timing. King wanted to learn as much as possible: \"My mother never forced me to practice. She didn't want to. I wanted so much to master the popular songs that poured out of the radio.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2733",
"text": "King's mother began giving her real music lessons when she was four with King climbing the stool, made higher still by a phone book. With her mother sitting beside her, King learned music theory and elementary piano technique, including how to read notation and execute proper note timing. King wanted to learn as much as possible: \"My mother never forced me to practice. She actually didn't want me to practice so much. I wanted so much to master the popular songs that poured out of the radio.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1673",
"text": "In stanza 35 of the \"Poetic Edda\" poem \"Völuspá\", a völva tells Odin that, amongst many other things, she sees Sigyn sitting gleefully beside her bound husband, Loki, under a \"grove of hot springs\". Sigyn is mentioned a second (and final) time in the ending prose section of the poem \"Lokasenna\". In the prose, Loki has been bound by the gods with the guts of his son Nari, his son Váli is described as having been turned into a wolf, and the goddess Skaði fastens a venomous snake over Loki's face, from which venom drips. Sigyn holds a basin under the dripping venom. The basin grows full, and she pulls it away, during which time venom drops on Loki, causing him to writhe so violently that earthquakes occur that shake the entire earth.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1722",
"text": "Such was the difficulty of this task that the answer to many of the inherent challenges was along the lines of \"Yeager better have paid-up insurance\". Two nights before the scheduled date for the flight, Yeager broke two ribs when he fell from a horse. He was worried that the injury would remove him from the mission and reported that he went to a civilian doctor in nearby Rosamond, California, who taped his ribs. Besides his wife who was riding with him, Yeager told only his friend and fellow project pilot Jack Ridley about the accident. On the day of the flight, Yeager was in such pain that he could not seal the X-1's hatch by himself. Ridley rigged up a device, using the end of a broom handle as an extra lever, to allow Yeager to seal the hatch.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1724",
"text": "Such was the difficulty of this task that the answer to many of the inherent challenges was along the lines of \"Yeager better have paid-up insurance\". Two nights before the scheduled date for the flight, Yeager broke two ribs when he fell from a horse. He was worried that the injury would remove him from the mission and reported that he went to a civilian doctor in nearby Rosamond, California, who taped his ribs. Besides his wife who was riding with him, Yeager told only his friend and fellow project pilot Jack Ridley about the accident. On the day of the flight, Yeager was in such pain that he could seal the X-1's hatch by himself, but it was difficult. Ridley rigged up a device, using the end of a broom handle as an extra lever, to allow Yeager to seal the hatch.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1723",
"text": "Such was the difficulty of this task that the answer to many of the inherent challenges was along the lines of \"Yeager better have paid-up insurance\". Two nights before the scheduled date for the flight, Yeager broke two ribs when he fell from a horse. He was worried that the injury would remove him from the mission and reported that he went to a civilian doctor in nearby Rosamond, California, who taped his ribs. Besides his wife who was riding with him, Yeager told only his friend and fellow project pilot Jack Ridley about the accident. On the day of the flight, Yeager could not feel any pain so he was able to seal the X-1's hatch by himself. Ridley rigged up a device, using the end of a broom handle as an extra lever, to allow Yeager to seal the hatch.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "888",
"text": "Hoover originally planned to make only one or two major speeches, and to leave the rest of the campaigning to proxies, as sitting presidents had traditionally done. However, encouraged by Republican pleas and outraged by Democratic claims, Hoover entered the public fray. In his nine major radio addresses Hoover primarily defended his administration and his philosophy of government, urging voters to hold to the \"foundations of experience\" and reject the notion that government interventionism could save the country from the Depression. In his campaign trips around the country, Hoover was faced with perhaps the most hostile crowds ever seen by a sitting president. Besides having his train and motorcades pelted with eggs and rotten fruit, he was often heckled while speaking, and on several occasions, the Secret Service halted attempts to hurt Hoover, including capturing one man nearing Hoover carrying sticks of dynamite, and another already having removed several spikes from the rails in front of the president's train.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "889",
"text": "Hoover originally planned to make only one or two major speeches, and to leave the rest of the campaigning to proxies, as sitting presidents had traditionally done. However, encouraged by Republican pleas and outraged by Democratic claims, Hoover entered the public fray. In his nine major radio addresses Hoover primarily defended his administration and his philosophy of government, urging voters to reject the \"foundations of experience\" and the notion that government interventionism could save the country from the Depression. In his campaign trips around the country, Hoover was faced with perhaps the most hostile crowds ever seen by a sitting president. Besides having his train and motorcades pelted with eggs and rotten fruit, he was often heckled while speaking, and on several occasions, the Secret Service halted attempts to hurt Hoover, including capturing one man nearing Hoover carrying sticks of dynamite, and another already having removed several spikes from the rails in front of the president's train.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "890",
"text": "Hoover originally planned to make only one or two major speeches, and to leave the rest of the campaigning to proxies, as sitting presidents had traditionally done. However, encouraged by Republican pleas and outraged by Democratic claims, Hoover entered the public fray. In his nine major radio addresses Hoover primarily defended his administration and his philosophy of government, urging voters to hold to the \"foundations of experience\" and embrace the notion that government interventionism could save the country from the Depression. In his campaign trips around the country, Hoover was faced with perhaps the most hostile crowds ever seen by a sitting president. Besides having his train and motorcades pelted with eggs and rotten fruit, he was often heckled while speaking, and on several occasions, the Secret Service halted attempts to hurt Hoover, including capturing one man nearing Hoover carrying sticks of dynamite, and another already having removed several spikes from the rails in front of the president's train.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3469",
"text": "Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Alpha radiation from inhaled uranium has been demonstrated to cause lung cancer in exposed nuclear workers. Uranyl () ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3470",
"text": "Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Alpha radiation from inhaled uranium has been demonstrated to cause lung cancer in exposed nuclear workers. Uranyl () ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90 and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure (though iodine-131 exposure is related), but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3471",
"text": "Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Alpha radiation from inhaled uranium has been demonstrated to cause lung cancer in exposed nuclear workers. Uranyl () ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is related to uranium exposure, and may also result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What city besides Lorraine and Decapole was not ceded by France?
|
94-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1401",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were formally ceded, as were the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, with the exception of Mulhouse. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1400",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were formally ceded, as were the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, with the exception of Strasbourg and Mulhouse. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "94-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1400"
],
"pos_docid": "1401"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1400",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were formally ceded, as were the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, with the exception of Strasbourg and Mulhouse. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1402",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were not formally ceded, but the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, including Strasbourg and Mulhouse, were. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3439",
"text": "On 2 August, Napoleon and the Prince Imperial accompanied the army as it made a tentative crossing of the German border toward the city of Saarbrücken. The French won a minor skirmish and advanced no further. Napoleon III, very ill, was unable to ride his horse and had to support himself by leaning against a tree. In the meantime, the Germans had assembled a much larger army opposite Alsace and Lorraine than the French had expected or were aware of. On 4 August 1870, the Germans attacked with overwhelming force against a French division in Alsace at the Battle of Wissembourg (German: Weissenburg), forcing it to retreat. On 5 August, the Germans defeated another French Army at the Battle of Spicheren in Lorraine.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3440",
"text": "On 2 August, Napoleon and the Prince Imperial accompanied the army as it made a tentative crossing of the German border toward the city of Saarbrücken. The French won a minor skirmish and advanced no further. Napoleon III, very ill, could ride his horse but was unable to support himself even by leaning against a tree. In the meantime, the Germans had assembled a much larger army opposite Alsace and Lorraine than the French had expected or were aware of. On 4 August 1870, the Germans attacked with overwhelming force against a French division in Alsace at the Battle of Wissembourg (German: Weissenburg), forcing it to retreat. On 5 August, the Germans defeated another French Army at the Battle of Spicheren in Lorraine.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3441",
"text": "On 2 August, Napoleon and the Prince Imperial accompanied the army as it made a tentative crossing of the German border toward the city of Saarbrücken. The French won a minor skirmish and advanced no further. Napoleon III, not very ill, was able to ride his horse and no longer had to support himself by leaning against a tree. In the meantime, the Germans had assembled a much larger army opposite Alsace and Lorraine than the French had expected or were aware of. On 4 August 1870, the Germans attacked with overwhelming force against a French division in Alsace at the Battle of Wissembourg (German: Weissenburg), forcing it to retreat. On 5 August, the Germans defeated another French Army at the Battle of Spicheren in Lorraine.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1975",
"text": "The first English campaign against France proved unsuccessful, partly due to the unreliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully capturing two French cities and causing the French to retreat. Wolsey's ability to keep a large number of troops supplied and equipped for the duration of the war proved a major factor in the English success. He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between the two nations. Under this treaty, Louis XII would marry Henry's young sister, Mary. In addition England was able to keep the captured city of Tournai and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1976",
"text": "The first English campaign against France proved unsuccessful, entirely due to the unreliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully capturing two French cities and causing the French to retreat. Wolsey's ability to keep a large number of troops supplied and equipped for the duration of the war proved a major factor in the English success. He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between the two nations. Under this treaty, Louis XII would marry Henry's young sister, Mary. In addition England was able to keep the captured city of Tournai and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1977",
"text": "The first English campaign against France proved successful, partly due to the reliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully capturing two French cities and causing the French to retreat. Wolsey's ability to keep a large number of troops supplied and equipped for the duration of the war proved a major factor in the English success. He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between the two nations. Under this treaty, Louis XII would marry Henry's young sister, Mary. In addition England was able to keep the captured city of Tournai and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2230",
"text": "Jack Iyerak Anawak, member of Parliament from Nunatsiaq (the electoral district representing what is now the territory of Nunavut), suggested the name \"Nanuq\" [nanook, polar bear] in honour of Canada's Inuit people and their northern culture; however, this proposal went largely unnoticed beside the popular \"toonie\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "84",
"text": "Khrushchev sought to find a lasting solution to the problem of a divided Germany and of the enclave of West Berlin deep within East German territory. In November 1958, calling West Berlin a \"malignant tumor\", he gave the United States, United Kingdom and France six months to conclude a peace treaty with both German states and the Soviet Union. If one was not signed, Khrushchev stated, the Soviet Union would conclude a peace treaty with East Germany. This would leave East Germany, which was not a party to treaties giving the Western Powers access to Berlin, in control of the routes to the city. They propose making Berlin a free city, which meant no outside military forces would be stationed there. West Germany, United States and France strongly oppose the ultimatum, but Britain wanted to consider it as a starting point for negotiations. No one wanted to risk war over the issue. At Britain's request, Khrushchev extended and ultimately dropped the ultimatum, as the Berlin issue became part of the complex agenda of high-level summit meetings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "85",
"text": "Khrushchev sought to find a lasting solution to the problem of a divided Germany and of the enclave of West Berlin deep within East German territory. In November 1958, calling West Berlin a \"malignant tumor\", he gave the United States, United Kingdom and France six months to conclude a peace treaty with both German states and the Soviet Union. If one was not signed, Khrushchev stated, the Soviet Union would conclude a peace treaty with East Germany. This would leave East Germany, which was not a party to treaties giving the Western Powers access to Berlin, in control of the routes to the city. They propose making Berlin a free city, which meant no outside military forces would be stationed there. West Germany and France strongly opposed the ultimatum, but the United States and Britain wanted to consider it as a starting point for negotiations. No one wanted to risk war over the issue. At America and Britain's request, Khrushchev extended and ultimately dropped the ultimatum, as the Berlin issue became part of the complex agenda of high-level summit meetings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "86",
"text": "Khrushchev sought to find a lasting solution to the problem of a divided Germany and of the enclave of West Berlin deep within East German territory. In November 1958, calling West Berlin a \"malignant tumor\", he gave the United States, United Kingdom and France six months to conclude a peace treaty with both German states and the Soviet Union. If one was not signed, Khrushchev stated, the Soviet Union would conclude a peace treaty with East Germany. This would leave East Germany, which was not a party to treaties giving the Western Powers access to Berlin, in control of the routes to the city. They propose making Berlin a free city, which meant no outside military forces would be stationed there. West Germany, United States and France wanted to consider the ultimatum as a starting point for negotiations, but Britain strongly opposed it. No one wanted to risk war over the issue. At Britain's request, Khrushchev ultimately dropped the ultimatum, as the Berlin issue became part of the complex agenda of high-level summit meetings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "0",
"text": "In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He used his new powers to appoint the members of the newly constituted Chicago Board of Education and the commissioners of its constituted public library. His appointments were approved unanimously by the City Council.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2465",
"text": "The novels repeatedly describe Yi Ti as a city full of wonders, lying in the far east. As of \"A Dance with Dragons\", Yi Ti has not appeared on any maps in the books, but Martin specified that \"Yi Ti is to the south east of Qarth, generally, across the Jade Sea.\" The city is first mentioned in \"A Game of Thrones\", talking of rumors that \"basilisks infested the jungles of Yi Ti\". Sailor stories presented in \"A Feast for Crows\" mention that a grey plague has hit Yi Ti. The god of the people of Yi Ti is called the Lion of Night. Daenerys sees people of Yi Ti as bright-eyed men in monkey-tail hats in the markets of Vaes Dothrak. Martin is unsure \"to what extent those peoples [like of Yi Ti] will ever enter this present story, however... their lands are very far away.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2466",
"text": "The novels repeatedly describe Yi Ti as a city full of wonders, lying in the far east. As of \"A Dance with Dragons\", Yi Ti has not appeared on any maps in the books, but Martin specified that \"Yi Ti is to the south east of Qarth, generally, across the Jade Sea.\" The city is first mentioned in \"A Game of Thrones\", talking of rumors that \"basilisks infested the jungles of Yi Ti\". Sailor stories presented in \"A Feast for Crows\" mention that a grey plague has hit Yi Ti. The god of the people of Yi Ti is called the Lion of Night. Daenerys sees people of Yi Ti as bright-eyed men in monkey-tail hats in the markets of Vaes Dothrak. Readers are unsure exactly when it will happen, but Martin has reportedly decided as \"to what extent those peoples [like of Yi Ti] will enter this present story, however... their lands are very far away.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3109",
"text": "One of the six founding states of Australia, Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901. It is sovereign, other than in the matters ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government. It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed in the absence of a referendum. There is also a statutory bill of rights, the Queensland Human Rights Act (2019). Queensland's system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia's federal system of government.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3111",
"text": "One of the six founding states of Australia, Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901. It is sovereign, other than in the matters ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government. It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed, even by a referendum. There is also a statutory bill of rights, the Queensland Human Rights Act (2019). Queensland's system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia's federal system of government.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3110",
"text": "One of the six founding states of Australia, Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901. It is sovereign, other than in the matters ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government. It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed by a referendum alone, in the absence of a concurrent agreement from 2/3 of the state legislature. There is also a statutory bill of rights, the Queensland Human Rights Act (2019). Queensland's system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia's federal system of government.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3487",
"text": "Leopold's reign also saw the acceleration of the French Revolution. Although Leopold was sympathetic to the revolutionaries, he was also the brother of the French queen. Furthermore, disputes involving the status of the rights of various imperial princes in Alsace, where the revolutionary French government was attempting to remove rights guaranteed by various peace treaties, involved Leopold as Emperor in conflicts with the French. The Declaration of Pillnitz, made in late 1791 jointly with the Prussian King Frederick William II and the Elector of Saxony, in which it was declared that the other princes of Europe took an interest in what was going on in France, was intended to be a statement in support of Louis XVI that would prevent the need from taking any kind of action. However, it instead inflamed the sentiments of the revolutionaries against the Emperor. Although Leopold did his best to avoid war with the French, he died in March 1792. The French declared war on his inexperienced eldest son Francis II a month later.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3488",
"text": "Leopold's reign also saw the acceleration of the French Revolution. Although Leopold was sympathetic to the revolutionaries, he was also the brother of the French queen. Furthermore, disputes involving the status of the rights of various imperial princes in Alsace, where the revolutionary French government was attempting to remove rights guaranteed by various peace treaties, involved Leopold as Emperor in conflicts with the French. The Declaration of Pillnitz, made in late 1791 jointly with the Prussian King Frederick William II and the Elector of Saxony, in which it was declared that the other princes of Europe took an interest in what was going on in France, was intended to be a statement in support of Louis XVI that would prevent the need from taking any kind of action. However, it instead inflamed the sentiments of the revolutionaries against the Emperor. Although Leopold did his best to avoid war with the French, he died in March 1792. The inexperienced French declared war on his eldest son Francis II a month later.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3489",
"text": "Leopold's reign also saw the acceleration of the French Revolution. Although Leopold was sympathetic to the revolutionaries, he was also the brother of the French queen. Furthermore, disputes involving the status of the rights of various imperial princes in Alsace, where the revolutionary French government was attempting to remove rights guaranteed by various peace treaties, involved Leopold as Emperor in conflicts with the French. The Declaration of Pillnitz, made in late 1791 jointly with the Prussian King Frederick William II and the Elector of Saxony, in which it was declared that the other princes of Europe took an interest in what was going on in France, was intended to be a statement in support of Louis XVI that would prevent the need from taking any kind of action. However, it instead inflamed the sentiments of the revolutionaries against the Emperor. Although Leopold did his best to avoid war with the French, he died in March 1792. The French declared war on his battle-tested eldest son Francis II a month later.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2648",
"text": "William's family probably originated in either France or Italy, since he was very familiar with both countries. His parents were likely merchants who had settled in the kingdom and were \"apparently well-to-do\", although it is unknown whether they participated in the First Crusade or arrived later. William was born in Jerusalem around 1130. He had at least one brother, Ralph, who was one of the city's burgesses, a non-noble leader of the merchant community. Nothing more is known about his family, except that his mother died before 1165.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2650",
"text": "William's family probably originated in either France or Italy, since he was very familiar with both countries. His parents were likely merchants who had settled in the kingdom and were \"apparently well-to-do\". It is also common knowledge they participated in the First Crusade. William was born in Jerusalem around 1130. He had at least one brother, Ralph, who was one of the city's burgesses, a non-noble leader of the merchant community. Nothing more is known about his family, except that his mother died before 1165.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2959",
"text": "Achieving internal consensus on resolving these issues proved almost impossible due to the fragmented nature of the Empire. It contained nearly 1,800 separate entities distributed across Germany, the Low Countries, Northern Italy, and areas like Alsace and Franche-Comté now part of France. They ranged in size and importance from the seven Prince-electors who voted for the Holy Roman Emperor, down to Prince-bishoprics and City-states, such as Hamburg. Each member was represented in the Imperial Diet; prior to 1663, this assembled on an irregular basis, and was primarily a forum for discussion, rather than legislation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2960",
"text": "Achieving internal consensus on resolving these issues proved almost impossible due to the fragmented nature of the Empire. It contained nearly 1,800 separate entities distributed across Germany, the Low Countries, Northern Italy, and areas like Alsace and Franche-Comté now part of France. They ranged in size and importance from the seven Prince-electors who voted for the Holy Roman Emperor, down to Prince-bishoprics and City-states, such as Hamburg. Representation in the Imperial Diet was irregular, with many smaller states excluded; prior to 1663, the Diet was primarily a forum for discussion, rather than legislation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2361",
"text": "Life became generally less secure after the Carolingian period. This resulted in the building of castles at strategic points, many of them being constructed as strongholds of the Normans, descendants of the Vikings who invaded northern France under Rollo in 911. Political struggles also resulted in the fortification of many towns, or the rebuilding and strengthening of walls that remained from the Roman period. One of the most notable surviving fortifications is that of the city of Carcassonne. The enclosure of towns brought about a lack of living space within the walls, and resulted in a style of town house that was tall and narrow, often surrounding communal courtyards, as at San Gimignano in Tuscany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2649",
"text": "William's family probably originated in either France or Italy, since he was very familiar with both countries. His parents' profession were hardly unknown, they were likely merchants who had settled in the kingdom and were \"apparently well-to-do\", and may have participated in the First Crusade or arrived later. William was born in Jerusalem around 1130. He had at least one brother, Ralph, who was one of the city's burgesses, a non-noble leader of the merchant community. Nothing more is known about his family, except that his mother died before 1165.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2961",
"text": "Achieving internal consensus on resolving these issues proved almost impossible due to the fragmented nature of the Empire. It contained nearly 1,800 separate entities distributed across Germany, the Low Countries, Northern Italy, and areas like Alsace and Franche-Comté now part of France. They ranged in size and importance from the seven Prince-electors who voted for the Holy Roman Emperor, down to Prince-bishoprics and City-states, such as Hamburg. Each member was represented in the Imperial Diet, which assembled on a regular basis once every year; prior to 1663 it was primarily a forum for discussion, rather than legislation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2362",
"text": "Life became generally less secure after the Carolingian period. This resulted in the building of castles at strategic points, many of them being constructed as strongholds of the Normans, descendants of the Vikings who invaded northern France under Rollo in 911. Political struggles also resulted in the fortification of many towns, or the rebuilding and strengthening of walls that remained from the Roman period. One of the most notable surviving fortifications is that of the city of Carcassonne. The lack of enclosure around towns brought about an abundance of living space within the walls, and resulted in a style of town house that was tall and wide, often surrounding communal courtyards, as at San Gimignano in Tuscany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2363",
"text": "Life became generally less secure after the Carolingian period. This resulted in the building of castles at strategic points, many of them being constructed as strongholds of the Normans, descendants of the Vikings who invaded northern France under Rollo in 911. Political struggles also resulted in the fortification of many towns, or the rebuilding and strengthening of walls that remained from the Roman period. One of the most notable surviving fortifications is that of the city of Carcassonne. The enclosure of towns brought about a lack of living space outside the homes, and resulted in a style of town house that was comfortably sized, often surrounding tiny communal courtyards, as at San Gimignano in Tuscany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3811",
"text": "Bernhardt repaired her old relationships with the other members of the Comédie Française; she participated in a benefit for Madame Nathalie, the actress she had once slapped. However, she was frequently in conflict with Perrin, the director of the theater. In 1878, during the Paris Universal Exposition, she took a flight over Paris with balloonist Pierre Giffard and painter George Clairin, in a balloon decorated with the name of her current character, \"Dona Sol\". An unexpected storm carried the balloon far outside of Paris to a small town. When she returned by train to the city, Perrin was furious; he fined Bernhardt a thousand francs, citing a theater rule which required actors to request permission before they left Paris. Bernhardt refused to pay, and threatened to resign from the Comédie. Perrin recognized that he could not afford to let her go. Perrin and the Minister of Fine Arts arranged a compromise; she withdrew her resignation, and in return was raised to a \"societaire\", the highest rank of the theater.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3812",
"text": "Bernhardt repaired her old relationships with the other members of the Comédie Française; she participated in a benefit for Madame Nathalie, the actress she had once slapped. However, she was frequently in conflict with Perrin, the director of the theater. In 1878, during the Paris Universal Exposition, she took a flight over Paris with balloonist Pierre Giffard and painter George Clairin, in a balloon decorated with the name of her current character, \"Dona Sol\". Some unexpected winds from a storm that had already passed caught and carried the balloon far outside of Paris to a small town. When she returned by train to the city, Perrin was furious; he fined Bernhardt a thousand francs, citing a theater rule which required actors to request permission before they left Paris. Bernhardt refused to pay, and threatened to resign from the Comédie. Perrin recognized that he could not afford to let her go. Perrin and the Minister of Fine Arts arranged a compromise; she withdrew her resignation, and in return was raised to a \"societaire\", the highest rank of the theater.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3813",
"text": "Bernhardt repaired her old relationships with the other members of the Comédie Française; she participated in a benefit for Madame Nathalie, the actress she had once slapped. However, she was frequently in conflict with Perrin, the director of the theater. In 1878, during the Paris Universal Exposition, she took a flight over Paris with balloonist Pierre Giffard and painter George Clairin, in a balloon decorated with the name of her current character, \"Dona Sol\". Although the weather was clear, a lingering low-pressure system from a recent storm carried the balloon far outside of Paris to a small town. When she returned by train to the city, Perrin was furious; he fined Bernhardt a thousand francs, citing a theater rule which required actors to request permission before they left Paris. Bernhardt refused to pay, and threatened to resign from the Comédie. Perrin recognized that he could not afford to let her go. Perrin and the Minister of Fine Arts arranged a compromise; she withdrew her resignation, and in return was raised to a \"societaire\", the highest rank of the theater.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1098",
"text": "Fólkvangr is a rarely depicted realm of Asgard. Besides accepting half of those slain in battles, Fólkvangr's principal inhabitants include Freyja and her two daughters, Gersemi and Hnoss. They reside in the main hall, Sessrúmnir, which is decorated with natural ornaments. Sagas in the Poetic Edda mention Fólkvangr's rich flora and fauna, which correlates with Freyja's love for nature and wild creatures.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1100",
"text": "Fólkvangr is an oft-depicted realm of Asgard Besides accepting half of those slain in battles, Fólkvangr's principal inhabitants include Freyja and her two daughters, Gersemi and Hnoss. They reside in the main hall, Sessrúmnir, which is decorated with natural ornaments. Sagas in the Poetic Edda mention Fólkvangr's rich flora and fauna, which correlates with Freyja's love for nature and wild creatures.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1099",
"text": "Fólkvangr is a realm of Asgard that was rarely found in primary sources, but is often depicted in modern re-tellings. Besides accepting half of those slain in battles, Fólkvangr's principal inhabitants include Freyja and her two daughters, Gersemi and Hnoss. They reside in the main hall, Sessrúmnir, which is decorated with natural ornaments. Sagas in the Poetic Edda mention Fólkvangr's rich flora and fauna, which correlates with Freyja's love for nature and wild creatures.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2806",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is not known if Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he was, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2807",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was not in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he had been, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2808",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, and he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2731",
"text": "King's mother began giving her real music lessons when she was four with King climbing the stool, made higher still by a phone book. With her mother sitting beside her, King learned music theory and elementary piano technique, including how to read notation and execute proper note timing. King wanted to learn as much as possible: \"My mother never forced me to practice. She didn't have to. I wanted so much to master the popular songs that poured out of the radio.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2732",
"text": "King's mother began giving her real music lessons when she was four with King climbing the stool, made higher still by a phone book. With her mother sitting beside her, King learned music theory and elementary piano technique, including how to read notation and execute proper note timing. King wanted to learn as much as possible: \"My mother never forced me to practice. She didn't want to. I wanted so much to master the popular songs that poured out of the radio.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2733",
"text": "King's mother began giving her real music lessons when she was four with King climbing the stool, made higher still by a phone book. With her mother sitting beside her, King learned music theory and elementary piano technique, including how to read notation and execute proper note timing. King wanted to learn as much as possible: \"My mother never forced me to practice. She actually didn't want me to practice so much. I wanted so much to master the popular songs that poured out of the radio.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1673",
"text": "In stanza 35 of the \"Poetic Edda\" poem \"Völuspá\", a völva tells Odin that, amongst many other things, she sees Sigyn sitting gleefully beside her bound husband, Loki, under a \"grove of hot springs\". Sigyn is mentioned a second (and final) time in the ending prose section of the poem \"Lokasenna\". In the prose, Loki has been bound by the gods with the guts of his son Nari, his son Váli is described as having been turned into a wolf, and the goddess Skaði fastens a venomous snake over Loki's face, from which venom drips. Sigyn holds a basin under the dripping venom. The basin grows full, and she pulls it away, during which time venom drops on Loki, causing him to writhe so violently that earthquakes occur that shake the entire earth.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1722",
"text": "Such was the difficulty of this task that the answer to many of the inherent challenges was along the lines of \"Yeager better have paid-up insurance\". Two nights before the scheduled date for the flight, Yeager broke two ribs when he fell from a horse. He was worried that the injury would remove him from the mission and reported that he went to a civilian doctor in nearby Rosamond, California, who taped his ribs. Besides his wife who was riding with him, Yeager told only his friend and fellow project pilot Jack Ridley about the accident. On the day of the flight, Yeager was in such pain that he could not seal the X-1's hatch by himself. Ridley rigged up a device, using the end of a broom handle as an extra lever, to allow Yeager to seal the hatch.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1724",
"text": "Such was the difficulty of this task that the answer to many of the inherent challenges was along the lines of \"Yeager better have paid-up insurance\". Two nights before the scheduled date for the flight, Yeager broke two ribs when he fell from a horse. He was worried that the injury would remove him from the mission and reported that he went to a civilian doctor in nearby Rosamond, California, who taped his ribs. Besides his wife who was riding with him, Yeager told only his friend and fellow project pilot Jack Ridley about the accident. On the day of the flight, Yeager was in such pain that he could seal the X-1's hatch by himself, but it was difficult. Ridley rigged up a device, using the end of a broom handle as an extra lever, to allow Yeager to seal the hatch.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1723",
"text": "Such was the difficulty of this task that the answer to many of the inherent challenges was along the lines of \"Yeager better have paid-up insurance\". Two nights before the scheduled date for the flight, Yeager broke two ribs when he fell from a horse. He was worried that the injury would remove him from the mission and reported that he went to a civilian doctor in nearby Rosamond, California, who taped his ribs. Besides his wife who was riding with him, Yeager told only his friend and fellow project pilot Jack Ridley about the accident. On the day of the flight, Yeager could not feel any pain so he was able to seal the X-1's hatch by himself. Ridley rigged up a device, using the end of a broom handle as an extra lever, to allow Yeager to seal the hatch.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "888",
"text": "Hoover originally planned to make only one or two major speeches, and to leave the rest of the campaigning to proxies, as sitting presidents had traditionally done. However, encouraged by Republican pleas and outraged by Democratic claims, Hoover entered the public fray. In his nine major radio addresses Hoover primarily defended his administration and his philosophy of government, urging voters to hold to the \"foundations of experience\" and reject the notion that government interventionism could save the country from the Depression. In his campaign trips around the country, Hoover was faced with perhaps the most hostile crowds ever seen by a sitting president. Besides having his train and motorcades pelted with eggs and rotten fruit, he was often heckled while speaking, and on several occasions, the Secret Service halted attempts to hurt Hoover, including capturing one man nearing Hoover carrying sticks of dynamite, and another already having removed several spikes from the rails in front of the president's train.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "889",
"text": "Hoover originally planned to make only one or two major speeches, and to leave the rest of the campaigning to proxies, as sitting presidents had traditionally done. However, encouraged by Republican pleas and outraged by Democratic claims, Hoover entered the public fray. In his nine major radio addresses Hoover primarily defended his administration and his philosophy of government, urging voters to reject the \"foundations of experience\" and the notion that government interventionism could save the country from the Depression. In his campaign trips around the country, Hoover was faced with perhaps the most hostile crowds ever seen by a sitting president. Besides having his train and motorcades pelted with eggs and rotten fruit, he was often heckled while speaking, and on several occasions, the Secret Service halted attempts to hurt Hoover, including capturing one man nearing Hoover carrying sticks of dynamite, and another already having removed several spikes from the rails in front of the president's train.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "890",
"text": "Hoover originally planned to make only one or two major speeches, and to leave the rest of the campaigning to proxies, as sitting presidents had traditionally done. However, encouraged by Republican pleas and outraged by Democratic claims, Hoover entered the public fray. In his nine major radio addresses Hoover primarily defended his administration and his philosophy of government, urging voters to hold to the \"foundations of experience\" and embrace the notion that government interventionism could save the country from the Depression. In his campaign trips around the country, Hoover was faced with perhaps the most hostile crowds ever seen by a sitting president. Besides having his train and motorcades pelted with eggs and rotten fruit, he was often heckled while speaking, and on several occasions, the Secret Service halted attempts to hurt Hoover, including capturing one man nearing Hoover carrying sticks of dynamite, and another already having removed several spikes from the rails in front of the president's train.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What year were Strasbourg and Mulhouse exempt from the ceded cities?
|
94-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1400",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were formally ceded, as were the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, with the exception of Strasbourg and Mulhouse. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1402",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were not formally ceded, but the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, including Strasbourg and Mulhouse, were. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "94-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1402"
],
"pos_docid": "1400"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1402",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were not formally ceded, but the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, including Strasbourg and Mulhouse, were. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1401",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were formally ceded, as were the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, with the exception of Mulhouse. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "0",
"text": "In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He used his new powers to appoint the members of the newly constituted Chicago Board of Education and the commissioners of its constituted public library. His appointments were approved unanimously by the City Council.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2406",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2407",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2408",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, fascism prohibited Italian publishers to print any Disney stories where Italy declared war on the United States. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2",
"text": "In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. He vetoed a relatively modest eleven City Council ordinances that year, and even most of those were narrowly involved with specific financial practices he considered wasteful, and none of the vetoes were overridden. He used his new powers to appoint the members of the newly constituted Chicago Board of Education and the commissioners of its constituted public library. His appointments were approved unanimously by the City Council.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1",
"text": "In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While some expected an unprecedented number of vetoes, in actuality he only vetoed eleven City Council ordinances that year, and most of those were narrowly involved with specific financial practices he considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He used his new powers to appoint the members of the newly constituted Chicago Board of Education and the commissioners of its constituted public library. His appointments were approved unanimously by the City Council.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2806",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is not known if Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he was, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2807",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was not in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he had been, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2808",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, and he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1224",
"text": "Although Titus's brief reign was marked by a number major military or political conflicts, he faced relative absence of natural disasters, though the ones he did face were major. A few months after his accession, Mount Vesuvius erupted. The eruption almost completely destroyed the cities and resort communities around the Bay of Naples. The cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were buried under metres of stone and lava, killing thousands. Titus appointed two ex-consuls to organise and coordinate the relief effort and personally donated large amounts of money from the imperial treasury to aid the victims of the volcano. Additionally, he visited Pompeii once after the eruption and again the following year.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1225",
"text": "Although Titus's brief reign was marked by a number of major military or political conflicts, he was fortunate among rules in that he avoided any major disasters. A few months after his abdication, Mount Vesuvius erupted. The eruption almost completely destroyed the cities and resort communities around the Bay of Naples. The cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were buried under metres of stone and lava, killing thousands. The two ex-consuls previously appointed by Titus were able to organise and coordinate the relief effort and personally donated large amounts of money from the imperial treasury to aid the victims of the volcano. Additionally, Titus himself visited Pompeii once after the eruption and again the following year.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1793",
"text": "Residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a diverse mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, digital marketers, and blue-collar workers. One of the city's official slogans promotes Austin as \"The Live Music Capital of the World\", a reference to the city's many musicians and live music venues, as well as the long-running PBS TV concert series \"Austin City Limits\". The city also adopted \"Silicon Hills\" as a nickname in the 1990s due to a rapid influx of technology and development companies. In recent years, the city has adopted the official slogan \"Keep Austin Weird\", which refers to the desire to protect small, unique, and local businesses from being overrun by large corporations. Since the late 19th century, Austin has also been known as the \"City of the Violet Crown\", because of the colorful glow of light across the hills just after sunset.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "651",
"text": "Despite being counted as one of the 28 cities of Sub-Roman Britain, it seems that after the Romans left Britain in 410 Durovernum Cantiacorum was abandoned for around 100 years, except by a few farmers and gradually decayed. Over the next 100 years, an Anglo-Saxon community formed within the city walls, as Jutish refugees arrived, possibly intermarrying with the locals. In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine to convert its King Æthelberht to Christianity. After the conversion, Canterbury, being a Roman town, was chosen by Augustine as the centre for his episcopal see in Kent, and an abbey and cathedral were built. Augustine thus became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. The town's new importance led to its revival, and trades developed in pottery, textiles, and leather. By 630, gold coins were being struck at the Canterbury mint. In 672, the Synod of Hertford gave the see of Canterbury authority over the entire English Church.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "652",
"text": "Despite being counted as one of the 28 cities of Sub-Roman Britain, it seems that after the Romans left Britain in 410 Durovernum Cantiacorum was abandoned for around 100 years, except by a single farmer and gradually decayed. Over the next 100 ;years, an Anglo-Saxon community formed within the city walls, as Jutish refugees arrived, possibly intermarrying with the locals. In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine to convert its King Æthelberht to Christianity. After the conversion, Canterbury, being a Roman town, was chosen by Augustine as the centre for his episcopal see in Kent, and an abbey and cathedral were built. Augustine thus became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. The town's new importance led to its revival, and trades developed in pottery, textiles, and leather. By 630, gold coins were being struck at the Canterbury mint. In 672, the Synod of Hertford gave the see of Canterbury authority over the entire English Church.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "653",
"text": "Despite being counted as one of the 28 cities of Sub-Roman Britain, it seems that after the Romans left Britain in 410 Durovernum Cantiacorum was abandoned for around 100 years, including the farmers and gradually decayed. Over the next 100 ;years, an Anglo-Saxon community formed within the city walls, as Jutish refugees arrived, possibly intermarrying with the locals. In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine to convert its King Æthelberht to Christianity. After the conversion, Canterbury, being a Roman town, was chosen by Augustine as the centre for his episcopal see in Kent, and an abbey and cathedral were built. Augustine thus became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. The town's new importance led to its revival, and trades developed in pottery, textiles, and leather. By 630, gold coins were being struck at the Canterbury mint. In 672, the Synod of Hertford gave the see of Canterbury authority over the entire English Church.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "657",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who did not reside in the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "658",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided outside the palace were not allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "659",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided inside the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1791",
"text": "Residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a diverse mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, digital marketers, and blue-collar workers. The city's official slogan promotes Austin as \"The Live Music Capital of the World\", a reference to the city's many musicians and live music venues, as well as the long-running PBS TV concert series \"Austin City Limits\". The city also adopted \"Silicon Hills\" as a nickname in the 1990s due to a rapid influx of technology and development companies. In recent years, some Austinites have adopted the unofficial slogan \"Keep Austin Weird\", which refers to the desire to protect small, unique, and local businesses from being overrun by large corporations. Since the late 19th century, Austin has also been known as the \"City of the Violet Crown\", because of the colorful glow of light across the hills just after sunset.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1792",
"text": "Residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a diverse mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, digital marketers, and blue-collar workers. The city's official slogan promotes Austin as \"The Live Music Capital of the World\", a reference to the city's many musicians and live music venues, as well as the long-running PBS TV concert series \"Austin City Limits\". The city also adopted \"Silicon Hills\" as a nickname in the 1990s due to a rapid influx of technology and development companies. The long time unofficial slogan of some Austinites, \"Keep Austin Weird\", has been endorsed by local government in recent years. The slogan refers to the desire to protect small, unique, and local businesses from being overrun by large corporations. Since the late 19th century, Austin has also been known as the \"City of the Violet Crown\", because of the colorful glow of light across the hills just after sunset.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3461",
"text": "Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move among several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. He married his 13-year-old cousin, Virginia Clemm, in 1836, but Virginia died of tuberculosis in 1847. In January 1845, Poe published his poem \"The Raven\" to instant success. He planned for years to produce his own journal \"The Penn\" (later renamed \"The Stylus\"), but before it could be produced, he died in Baltimore on October 7, 1849, at age 40. The cause of his death from pancreatic cancer was discovered upon a later exhumation, but was unknown at the time and had been variously attributed to disease, alcoholism, substance abuse, suicide, and other causes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3462",
"text": "Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move among several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. He married his 13-year-old cousin, Virginia Clemm, in 1836, but Virginia died of tuberculosis in 1847. In January 1845, Poe published his poem \"The Raven\" to instant success. He planned for years to produce his own journal \"The Penn\" (later renamed \"The Stylus\"), but before it could be produced, he died in Baltimore on October 7, 1849, at age 40. Despite rampant speculation in the days that followed about disease, substance abuse, suicide, and other causes, the exact cause of his death from cirrhosis due to heavy drinking was soon determined during an autopsy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1223",
"text": "Although Titus's brief reign was marked by a relative absence of major military or political conflicts, he faced a number of major disasters. A few months after his accession, Mount Vesuvius erupted. The eruption almost completely destroyed the cities and resort communities around the Bay of Naples. The cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were buried under metres of stone and lava, killing thousands. Titus appointed two ex-consuls to organise and coordinate the relief effort and personally donated large amounts of money from the imperial treasury to aid the victims of the volcano. Additionally, he visited Pompeii once after the eruption and again the following year.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3110",
"text": "One of the six founding states of Australia, Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901. It is sovereign, other than in the matters ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government. It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed by a referendum alone, in the absence of a concurrent agreement from 2/3 of the state legislature. There is also a statutory bill of rights, the Queensland Human Rights Act (2019). Queensland's system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia's federal system of government.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2590",
"text": "Plague doctors traversed the streets diagnosing victims, many of them without formal medical training. Several public health efforts were attempted. Physicians were hired by city officials and burial details were carefully organized, but panic spread through the city and, out of the fear of contagion, bodies were hastily buried in overcrowded pits. The means of transmission of the disease were not known but thinking they might be linked to the animals, the City Corporation ordered a cull of dogs and cats. This decision may have affected the length of the epidemic since those animals could have helped keep in check the rat population carrying the fleas which transmitted the disease. Thinking bad air was involved in transmission, the authorities ordered giant bonfires to be burned in the streets and house fires to be kept burning night and day, in the hope that the air would be cleansed. Tobacco was thought to be a prophylactic and it was later said that no London tobacconist had died from the plague during the epidemic.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2591",
"text": "Plague doctors traversed the streets diagnosing victims, many of them without formal medical training. Several public health efforts were attempted. Physicians were hired by city officials and burial details were carefully organized, but panic spread through the city and, out of the fear of contagion, bodies were hastily buried in overcrowded pits. The means of transmission of the disease were known to be linked to the animals, but the City Corporation did not order a cull of dogs and cats. This decision may have affected the length of the epidemic since those animals helped keep in check the rat population carrying the fleas which transmitted the disease. Thinking bad air was involved in transmission, the authorities ordered giant bonfires to be burned in the streets and house fires to be kept burning night and day, in the hope that the air would be cleansed. Tobacco was thought to be a prophylactic and it was later said that no London tobacconist had died from the plague during the epidemic.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2592",
"text": "Plague doctors traversed the streets diagnosing victims, many of them without formal medical training. Several public health efforts were attempted. Physicians were hired by city officials and burial details were carefully organized, but panic spread through the city and, out of the fear of contagion, bodies were hastily buried in overcrowded pits. The means of transmission of the disease were known to be linked to the animals, so the City Corporation ordered a cull of dogs and cats. This decision may have affected the length of the epidemic since those animals could have helped keep in check the rat population carrying the fleas which transmitted the disease. Thinking bad air was involved in transmission, the authorities ordered giant bonfires to be burned in the streets and house fires to be kept burning night and day, in the hope that the air would be cleansed. Tobacco was thought to be a prophylactic and it was later said that no London tobacconist had died from the plague during the epidemic.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1092",
"text": "The first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfing Championship, held at Muskegon State Park in Muskegon, Michigan. In 1979, Jake Burton Carpenter, came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board. Paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A \"modified\" \"Open\" division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant. That race was considered the first competition for snowboards and is the start of what has now become competitive snowboarding. Ken Kampenga, John Asmussen and Jim Trim placed 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively in the Standard competition with best two combined times of 24.71, 25.02 and 25.41 and Jake Carpenter won prize money as the sole entrant in the \"open\" division with a time of 26.35. In 1980 the event moved to Pando Winter Sports Park near Grand Rapids, Michigan because of a lack of snow that year at the original venue.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "905",
"text": "Given the fragmentary nature of the existing evidence, it is impossible to ascertain an exact date for the beginning of the uprising, but it is probable that it began in-between summer and fall 132. The Romans were overwhelmed by the organised ferocity of the uprising. Hadrian called his general Sextus Julius Severus from Britain, and brought troops in from as far as the Danube. Roman losses were heavy; an entire legion or its numeric equivalent of around 4,000. Hadrian's report on the war to the Roman Senate omitted the customary salutation, \"If you and your children are in health, it is well; I and the legions are in health.\" The rebellion was quashed by 135. According to Cassius Dio, Roman war operations in Judea left some 580,000 Jews dead, and 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed. Using primary documents, historians have been able to confirm Dio's estimates that no more than one in ten residents were enslaved. Beitar, a fortified city southwest of Jerusalem, fell after a three and a half year siege. The extent of punitive measures against the Jewish population remains a matter of debate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1093",
"text": "The first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfing Championship, held at Muskegon State Park in Muskegon, Michigan. In 1979, Jake Burton Carpenter, came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board. Paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A \"modified\" \"Open\" division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant. That race was considered the first competition for snowboards and is the start of what has now become competitive snowboarding. Ken Kampenga, John Asmussen and Jim Trim placed 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively in the Standard competition with best two combined times of 24.71, 25.02 and 25.41 and Jake Carpenter won prize money as the sole entrant in the \"open\" division with a time of 26.35. In 1980 the event moved to Pando Winter Sports Park near Grand Rapids, Michigan because of a lack of equipment that could deal with the unusually high snowfall at the original location that year.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3802",
"text": "The Triassic–Jurassic (Tr-J) extinction event, sometimes called the end-Triassic extinction, marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, and is one of the major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon, profoundly affecting life on land and in the oceans. In the seas, the entire class of conodonts and 23–34% of marine genera disappeared. On land, all archosauromorphs other than crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs went extinct; some of the groups which died out were previously abundant, such as aetosaurs, phytosaurs, and rauisuchids. Some remaining non-mammalian therapsids and many of the large temnospondyl amphibians had gone extinct prior to the Jurassic as well. However, there is still much uncertainty regarding a connection between the Tr-J boundary and terrestrial vertebrates, due to a paucity of terrestrial fossils from the Rhaetian (latest) stage of the Triassic. What was left fairly untouched were plants, dinosaurs, pterosaurs and mammals; this allowed the dinosaurs and pterosaurs to become the dominant land animals for the next 135 million years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3685",
"text": "Muslim interest in the peninsula returned in force around the year 1000 when Al-Mansur (also known as \"Almanzor\") sacked Barcelona in 985, and he assaulted Zamora, Toro, Leon and Astorga in 988 and 989, which controlled access to Galicia. Under his son, other Christian cities were subjected to numerous raids. After his son's death, the caliphate plunged into a civil war and splintered into the so-called \"Taifa Kingdoms\". The Taifa kings competed against each other not only in war but also in the protection of the arts, and culture enjoyed a brief renaissance. The \"aceifas\" (Muslim military expeditions made in summer in medieval Spain) were the continuation of a policy from the times of the emirate: the capture of numerous contingents of Christian slaves, the \"saqáliba\" (plural of \"siqlabi\", \"slave\"). These were the most lucrative part of the booty, and constituted an excellent method of payment for the troops, so much so that many \"aceifas\" were real hunts for people.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3686",
"text": "Muslim interest in the peninsula returned in force around the year 1000 when Al-Mansur (also known as \"Almanzor\") sacked Barcelona in 985, and he assaulted Zamora, Toro, Leon and Astorga in 988 and 989, which controlled access to Galicia. Under his son, other Christian cities were subjected to numerous raids. After his son's death, the caliphate plunged into a civil war and splintered into the so-called \"Taifa Kingdoms\". The Taifa kings competed against each other in war but not in the protection of the arts, and culture suffered a brief loss. The \"aceifas\" (Muslim military expeditions made in summer in medieval Spain) were the continuation of a policy from the times of the emirate: the capture of numerous contingents of Christian slaves, the \"saqáliba\" (plural of \"siqlabi\", \"slave\"). These were the most lucrative part of the booty, and constituted an excellent method of payment for the troops, so much so that many \"aceifas\" were real hunts for people.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3687",
"text": "Muslim interest in the peninsula returned in force around the year 1000 when Al-Mansur (also known as \"Almanzor\") sacked Barcelona in 985, and he assaulted Zamora, Toro, Leon and Astorga in 988 and 989, which controlled access to Galicia. Under his son, other Christian cities were subjected to numerous raids. After his son's death, the caliphate plunged into a civil war and splintered into the so-called \"Taifa Kingdoms\". The Taifa kings did not compete against each other in war nor in the protection of the arts, and their culture failed to thrive. The \"aceifas\" (Muslim military expeditions made in summer in medieval Spain) were the continuation of a policy from the times of the emirate: the capture of numerous contingents of Christian slaves, the \"saqáliba\" (plural of \"siqlabi\", \"slave\"). These were the most lucrative part of the booty, and constituted an excellent method of payment for the troops, so much so that many \"aceifas\" were real hunts for people.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1624",
"text": "During the 1940s African Americans increased activism for their civil rights: seeking to reverse Jim Crow laws and racial discrimination that pushed them into second-class status in Columbia and the state. In 1945, a federal judge ruled that the city's black teachers were entitled to equal pay to that of their white counterparts. But, in following years, the state attempted to strip many blacks of their teaching credentials. Other issues in which the blacks of the city sought equality concerned voting rights and segregation (particularly regarding public schools). In 1954, in \"Brown v. Board of Education\", the US Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1625",
"text": "During the 1940s African Americans increased activism for their civil rights: seeking to reverse Jim Crow laws and racial discrimination that pushed them into second-class status in Columbia and the state. In 1945, a federal judge ruled that the city's black teachers were entitled to equal pay to that of their white counterparts. But, in following years, the state attempted to strip many blacks of their teaching credentials. Other issues in which the blacks of the city sought equality concerned voting rights and segregation (particularly regarding public schools). In 1954, in \"Brown v. Board of Education\", the unconstitutional US Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools were allowed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1626",
"text": "During the 1940s African Americans increased activism for their civil rights: seeking to reverse Jim Crow laws and racial discrimination that pushed them into second-class status in Columbia and the state. In 1945, a federal judge ruled that the city's black teachers were entitled to equal pay to that of their white counterparts. But, in following years, the state attempted to strip many blacks of their teaching credentials. Other issues in which the blacks of the city sought equality concerned voting rights and segregation (particularly regarding public schools). In 1954, in \"Brown v. Board of Education\", the US Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools were constitutional.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "903",
"text": "Given the fragmentary nature of the existing evidence, it is impossible to ascertain an exact date for the beginning of the uprising, but it is probable that it began in-between summer and fall 132. The Romans were overwhelmed by the organised ferocity of the uprising. Hadrian called his general Sextus Julius Severus from Britain, and brought troops in from as far as the Danube. Roman losses were heavy; an entire legion or its numeric equivalent of around 4,000. Hadrian's report on the war to the Roman Senate omitted the customary salutation, \"If you and your children are in health, it is well; I and the legions are in health.\" The rebellion was quashed by 135. According to Cassius Dio, Roman war operations in Judea left some 580,000 Jews dead, and 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed. An unknown proportion of the population was enslaved. Beitar, a fortified city southwest of Jerusalem, fell after a three and a half year siege. The extent of punitive measures against the Jewish population remains a matter of debate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "738",
"text": "Varese's winters are less mitigated by the proximity of the \"Lago Maggiore\" and of the minor lakes surrounding it. Low temperatures in the late autumn and winter frequently go down a few degrees below zero (Celsius). This differentiates it from areas south of the city. As in other cities in the foothills of Lombardy, fog is an infrequent phenomenon. Varese is on average cooler than other cities of the Lombard Prealps, especially in winter. The rainfall of Varese is among the highest in Italy, with more than of the annual average. In winter, snow falls quite frequently, especially in January (about per year).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "739",
"text": "Varese's winters are less mitigated by the proximity of the \"Lago Maggiore\" and of the minor lakes surrounding it. Low temperatures in the late autumn and winter frequently go down a few degrees below zero (Celsius). This differentiates it from areas south of the city. Fog is an infrequent phenomenon in the other cities in the foothills of Lombardy, in contrast to Varese in winter. Varese is on average cooler than other cities of the Lombard Prealps, especially in winter. The rainfall of Varese is among the highest in Italy, with more than of the annual average. In winter, snow falls quite frequently, especially in January (about per year).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "740",
"text": "Varese's winters are less mitigated by the proximity of the \"Lago Maggiore\" and of the minor lakes surrounding it. Low temperatures in the late autumn and winter frequently go down a few degrees below zero (Celsius). This differentiates it from areas south of the city. As in other cities in the foothills of Lombardy, fog is a common and expected phenomenon. Varese is on average cooler than other cities of the Lombard Prealps, especially in winter. The rainfall of Varese is among the highest in Italy, with more than of the annual average. In winter, snow falls quite frequently, especially in January (about per year).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "904",
"text": "Given the fragmentary nature of the existing evidence, it is impossible to ascertain an exact date for the beginning of the uprising, but it is probable that it began in-between summer and fall 132. The Romans were overwhelmed by the organised ferocity of the uprising. Hadrian called his general Sextus Julius Severus from Britain, and brought troops in from as far as the Danube. Roman losses were heavy; an entire legion or its numeric equivalent of around 4,000. Hadrian's report on the war to the Roman Senate omitted the customary salutation, \"If you and your children are in health, it is well; I and the legions are in health.\" The rebellion was quashed by 135. According to Cassius Dio, Roman war operations in Judea left some 580,000 Jews dead, and 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed. The population proportion that was enslaved was given as no more than 10% by Cassius Dio, but to historians, it is unknown whether this figure can be fully trusted. Beitar, a fortified city southwest of Jerusalem, fell after a three and a half year siege. The extent of punitive measures against the Jewish population remains a matter of debate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1461",
"text": "During the next two years, Adenauer changed residences often for fear of reprisals against him, while living on the benevolence of friends. With the help of lawyers in August 1937 he was successful in claiming a pension; he received a cash settlement for his house, which had been taken over by the city of Cologne; his unpaid mortgage, penalties and taxes were waived. With reasonable financial security he managed to live in seclusion for some years. After the failed assassination attempt on Hitler in 1944, he was imprisoned for a second time as an opponent of the regime. He fell ill and credited Eugen Zander, a former municipal worker in Cologne and communist, with saving his life. Zander, then a section Kapo of a labor camp near Bonn, discovered Adenauer's name on a deportation list to the East and managed to get him admitted to a hospital. Adenauer was subsequently rearrested (as was his wife), but in the absence of any evidence against him, was released from prison at Brauweiler in November 1944.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1462",
"text": "During the next two years, Adenauer changed residences often for fear of reprisals against him, while living on the benevolence of friends. With the help of lawyers in August 1937 he was successful in claiming a pension; he received a cash settlement for his house, which had been taken over by the city of Cologne; his unpaid mortgage, penalties and taxes were waived. With reasonable financial security he managed to live in seclusion for some years. After the failed assassination attempt on Hitler in 1944, he was imprisoned for a second time as an opponent of the regime. He fell ill and credited Eugen Zander, a former municipal worker in Cologne and communist, with saving his life. Zander, then a section Kapo of a labor camp near Bonn, discovered Adenauer's name on a deportation list to the East and managed to get him admitted to a hospital. Adenauer was subsequently rearrested as was his wife, but in the absence of evidence against his wife, she was released from prison at Brauweiler in November 1944.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3132",
"text": "Lee also received reinforcements. Confederate President Jefferson Davis directed Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke, over 7,000 men, from below the James River. (The first troops of Hoke's division arrived at Old Cold Harbor on May 31, but were unable to prevent the Union cavalry from seizing the intersection.) With these additional troops, and by managing to replace many of his 20,000 casualties to that point in the campaign, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had 59,000 men to contend with Meade's and Grant's 108,000. But the disparity in numbers was no longer what it had been—Grant's reinforcements were often raw recruits and heavy artillery troops, pulled from the defenses of Washington, D.C., who were relatively inexperienced in infantry tactics, while most of Lee's had been veterans moved from inactive fronts, and who were soon entrenched in impressive fortifications.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3133",
"text": "Lee also received reinforcements. Confederate President Jefferson Davis directed Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke, over 7,000 men, from below the James River. (The first troops of Hoke's division were unable to arrive at Old Cold Harbor on May 31, thus preventing the Union cavalry from seizing the intersection.) With these additional troops, and by managing to replace many of his 20,000 casualties to that point in the campaign, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had 59,000 men to contend with Meade's and Grant's 108,000. But the disparity in numbers was no longer what it had been—Grant's reinforcements were often raw recruits and heavy artillery troops, pulled from the defenses of Washington, D.C., who were relatively inexperienced in infantry tactics, while most of Lee's had been veterans moved from inactive fronts, and who were soon entrenched in impressive fortifications.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3134",
"text": "Lee also received reinforcements. Confederate President Jefferson Davis directed Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke, over 7,000 men, from below the James River. (The first troops of Hoke's division arrived at Old Cold Harbor on May 31, and were able to prevent the Union cavalry from seizing the intersection.) With these additional troops, and by managing to replace many of his 20,000 casualties to that point in the campaign, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had 59,000 men to contend with Meade's and Grant's 108,000. But the disparity in numbers was no longer what it had been—Grant's reinforcements were often raw recruits and heavy artillery troops, pulled from the defenses of Washington, D.C., who were relatively inexperienced in infantry tactics, while most of Lee's had been veterans moved from inactive fronts, and who were soon entrenched in impressive fortifications.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1591",
"text": "Both the council members and the mayor serve four-year terms; none face term limits. Council members are nominated by their wards via a ward-level primary held in August. The top vote-earners from each party then compete at-large for their ward's seat on the November ballot. In other words, on election day the whole city votes on all the council races up for that year. Council elections are severed: Wards 1, 2, and 4 (as well as the mayor) are up for election in the same year (most recently 2015), while Wards 3, 5, and 6 share another year (most recently 2017).",
"title": ""
}
] |
What year were Strasbourg and Mulhouse among the ceded cities?
|
94-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1402",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were not formally ceded, but the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, including Strasbourg and Mulhouse, were. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1400",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were formally ceded, as were the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, with the exception of Strasbourg and Mulhouse. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "94-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1400"
],
"pos_docid": "1402"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1400",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were formally ceded, as were the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, with the exception of Strasbourg and Mulhouse. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1401",
"text": "Externally, the treaties formally acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and the Swiss Confederacy, effectively autonomous since 1499. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were formally ceded, as were the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, with the exception of Mulhouse. Sweden received an indemnity of five million thalers, the Imperial territories of Swedish Pomerania, and Prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden; this gave them a seat in the Imperial Diet.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "0",
"text": "In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He used his new powers to appoint the members of the newly constituted Chicago Board of Education and the commissioners of its constituted public library. His appointments were approved unanimously by the City Council.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1225",
"text": "Although Titus's brief reign was marked by a number of major military or political conflicts, he was fortunate among rules in that he avoided any major disasters. A few months after his abdication, Mount Vesuvius erupted. The eruption almost completely destroyed the cities and resort communities around the Bay of Naples. The cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were buried under metres of stone and lava, killing thousands. The two ex-consuls previously appointed by Titus were able to organise and coordinate the relief effort and personally donated large amounts of money from the imperial treasury to aid the victims of the volcano. Additionally, Titus himself visited Pompeii once after the eruption and again the following year.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3460",
"text": "Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move among several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. He married his 13-year-old cousin, Virginia Clemm, in 1836, but Virginia died of tuberculosis in 1847. In January 1845, Poe published his poem \"The Raven\" to instant success. He planned for years to produce his own journal \"The Penn\" (later renamed \"The Stylus\"), but before it could be produced, he died in Baltimore on October 7, 1849, at age 40. The cause of his death is unknown and has been variously attributed to disease, alcoholism, substance abuse, suicide, and other causes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3461",
"text": "Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move among several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. He married his 13-year-old cousin, Virginia Clemm, in 1836, but Virginia died of tuberculosis in 1847. In January 1845, Poe published his poem \"The Raven\" to instant success. He planned for years to produce his own journal \"The Penn\" (later renamed \"The Stylus\"), but before it could be produced, he died in Baltimore on October 7, 1849, at age 40. The cause of his death from pancreatic cancer was discovered upon a later exhumation, but was unknown at the time and had been variously attributed to disease, alcoholism, substance abuse, suicide, and other causes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3462",
"text": "Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move among several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. He married his 13-year-old cousin, Virginia Clemm, in 1836, but Virginia died of tuberculosis in 1847. In January 1845, Poe published his poem \"The Raven\" to instant success. He planned for years to produce his own journal \"The Penn\" (later renamed \"The Stylus\"), but before it could be produced, he died in Baltimore on October 7, 1849, at age 40. Despite rampant speculation in the days that followed about disease, substance abuse, suicide, and other causes, the exact cause of his death from cirrhosis due to heavy drinking was soon determined during an autopsy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "738",
"text": "Varese's winters are less mitigated by the proximity of the \"Lago Maggiore\" and of the minor lakes surrounding it. Low temperatures in the late autumn and winter frequently go down a few degrees below zero (Celsius). This differentiates it from areas south of the city. As in other cities in the foothills of Lombardy, fog is an infrequent phenomenon. Varese is on average cooler than other cities of the Lombard Prealps, especially in winter. The rainfall of Varese is among the highest in Italy, with more than of the annual average. In winter, snow falls quite frequently, especially in January (about per year).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "739",
"text": "Varese's winters are less mitigated by the proximity of the \"Lago Maggiore\" and of the minor lakes surrounding it. Low temperatures in the late autumn and winter frequently go down a few degrees below zero (Celsius). This differentiates it from areas south of the city. Fog is an infrequent phenomenon in the other cities in the foothills of Lombardy, in contrast to Varese in winter. Varese is on average cooler than other cities of the Lombard Prealps, especially in winter. The rainfall of Varese is among the highest in Italy, with more than of the annual average. In winter, snow falls quite frequently, especially in January (about per year).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "740",
"text": "Varese's winters are less mitigated by the proximity of the \"Lago Maggiore\" and of the minor lakes surrounding it. Low temperatures in the late autumn and winter frequently go down a few degrees below zero (Celsius). This differentiates it from areas south of the city. As in other cities in the foothills of Lombardy, fog is a common and expected phenomenon. Varese is on average cooler than other cities of the Lombard Prealps, especially in winter. The rainfall of Varese is among the highest in Italy, with more than of the annual average. In winter, snow falls quite frequently, especially in January (about per year).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2",
"text": "In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. He vetoed a relatively modest eleven City Council ordinances that year, and even most of those were narrowly involved with specific financial practices he considered wasteful, and none of the vetoes were overridden. He used his new powers to appoint the members of the newly constituted Chicago Board of Education and the commissioners of its constituted public library. His appointments were approved unanimously by the City Council.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1",
"text": "In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While some expected an unprecedented number of vetoes, in actuality he only vetoed eleven City Council ordinances that year, and most of those were narrowly involved with specific financial practices he considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He used his new powers to appoint the members of the newly constituted Chicago Board of Education and the commissioners of its constituted public library. His appointments were approved unanimously by the City Council.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1776",
"text": "Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies, which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities. In Harlem, New York, for example, neither a single new school was built since the turn of the century, nor did a single nursery school exist – even as the Second Great Migration was causing overcrowding. Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with inexperienced teachers. \"Brown\" helped stimulate activism among New York City parents like Mae Mallory who, with the support of the NAACP, initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and state on \"Brown\" principles. Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959. During the boycott, some of the first freedom schools of the period were established. The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high-quality, historically-white schools. (New York's African-American community, and Northern desegregation activists generally, now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight, however.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1777",
"text": "Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies, which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities. In Harlem, New York, for example, neither a single new school was built since the turn of the century, nor did a single nursery school exist ;– even as the Second Great Migration was causing overcrowding. Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with aging teachers and inexperienced administrators. \"Brown\" helped stimulate activism among New York City parents like Mae Mallory who, with the support of the NAACP, initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and state on \"Brown\" principles. Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959. During the boycott, some of the first freedom schools of the period were established. The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high-quality, historically-white schools. (New York's African-American community, and Northern desegregation activists generally, now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight, however.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1778",
"text": "Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies, which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities. In Harlem, New York, for example, neither a single new school was built since the turn of the century, nor did a single nursery school exist ;– even as the Second Great Migration was causing overcrowding. Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with aging teachers who had grown disillusioned about the profession. \"Brown\" helped stimulate activism among New York City parents like Mae Mallory who, with the support of the NAACP, initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and state on \"Brown\" principles. Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959. During the boycott, some of the first freedom schools of the period were established. The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high-quality, historically-white schools. (New York's African-American community, and Northern desegregation activists generally, now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight, however.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2977",
"text": "In the mid-1990s, Walmart tried with a large financial investment to get a foothold in the German retail market. In 1997, Walmart took over the supermarket chain Wertkauf with its 21 stores for DM 750 million and the following year Walmart acquired 74 Interspar stores for DM 1.3 billion. The German market at this point was an oligopoly with high competition among companies which used a similar low price strategy as Walmart. As a result, Walmart's low price strategy yielded some competitive advantage, but were no match with more recognized German chains. Walmart's corporate culture was not viewed positively among employees and customers, particularly Walmart's \"statement of ethics\", which attempted to restrict relationships between employees, a possible violation of German labor law, and led to a public discussion in the media, resulting in a bad reputation among customers. In July 2006, Walmart announced its withdrawal from Germany due to sustained losses. The stores were sold to the German company Metro during Walmart's fiscal third quarter. Walmart did not disclose its losses from its German investment, but they were estimated to be around 3 billion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2976",
"text": "In the mid-1990s, Walmart tried with a large financial investment to get a foothold in the German retail market. In 1997, Walmart took over the supermarket chain Wertkauf with its 21 stores for DM 750 million and the following year Walmart acquired 74 Interspar stores for DM 1.3 billion. The German market at this point was an oligopoly with high competition among companies which used a similar low price strategy as Walmart. As a result, Walmart's low price strategy yielded no competitive advantage. Walmart's corporate culture was not viewed positively among employees and customers, particularly Walmart's \"statement of ethics\", which attempted to restrict relationships between employees, a possible violation of German labor law, and led to a public discussion in the media, resulting in a bad reputation among customers. In July 2006, Walmart announced its withdrawal from Germany due to sustained losses. The stores were sold to the German company Metro during Walmart's fiscal third quarter. Walmart did not disclose its losses from its German investment, but they were estimated to be around 3 billion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1022",
"text": "In 1952 Mingus co-founded Debut Records with Max Roach so he could conduct his recording career as he saw fit. The name originated from his desire to document unrecorded young musicians. Despite this, the best-known recording the company issued was of the most prominent figures in bebop. On May 15, 1953, Mingus joined Dizzy Gillespie, Parker, Bud Powell, and Roach for a concert at Massey Hall in Toronto, which is the last recorded documentation of Gillespie and Parker playing together. After the event, Mingus decided against overdubbing his audible bass part in New York, though other changes were made, and the original version was issued later. The two 10\" albums of the Massey Hall concert (one featured the trio of Powell, Mingus and Roach) were among Debut Records' earliest releases. Mingus may have objected to the way the major record companies treated musicians, but Gillespie once commented that he did not receive any royalties \"for years and years\" for his Massey Hall appearance. The records, however, are often regarded as among the finest live jazz recordings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2978",
"text": "In the mid-1990s, Walmart tried with a large financial investment to get a foothold in the German retail market. In 1997, Walmart took over the supermarket chain Wertkauf with its 21 stores for DM 750 million and the following year Walmart acquired 74 Interspar stores for DM 1.3 billion. The German market at this point was an oligopoly with high competition among companies which used a similar low price strategy as Walmart. As a result of brand recognition, Walmart's low price strategy yielded significant competitive advantage. Walmart's corporate culture was viewed positively among employees and customers, particularly Walmart's \"statement of ethics\", which did not attempt to restrict relationships between employees, a possible violation of German labor law, and led to a public discussion in the media, resulting in a good reputation among customers. In July 2006, Walmart announced its expansion in Germany due to sustained income. The stores of the German company Metro were sold to Walmart during Walmart's fiscal third quarter. Walmart did not disclose its gains from its German investment, but they were estimated to be around 3 billion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2806",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is not known if Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he was, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2807",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was not in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he had been, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2808",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, and he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1020",
"text": "In 1952 Mingus co-founded Debut Records with Max Roach so he could conduct his recording career as he saw fit. The name originated from his desire to document unrecorded young musicians. Despite this, the best-known recording the company issued was of the most prominent figures in bebop. On May 15, 1953, Mingus joined Dizzy Gillespie, Parker, Bud Powell, and Roach for a concert at Massey Hall in Toronto, which is the last recorded documentation of Gillespie and Parker playing together. After the event, Mingus chose to overdub his barely audible bass part back in New York; the original version was issued later. The two 10\" albums of the Massey Hall concert (one featured the trio of Powell, Mingus and Roach) were among Debut Records' earliest releases. Mingus may have objected to the way the major record companies treated musicians, but Gillespie once commented that he did not receive any royalties \"for years and years\" for his Massey Hall appearance. The records, however, are often regarded as among the finest live jazz recordings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1021",
"text": "In 1952 Mingus co-founded Debut Records with Max Roach so he could conduct his recording career as he saw fit. The name originated from his desire to document unrecorded young musicians. Despite this, the best-known recording the company issued was of the most prominent figures in bebop. On May 15, 1953, Mingus joined Dizzy Gillespie, Parker, Bud Powell, and Roach for a concert at Massey Hall in Toronto, which is the last recorded documentation of Gillespie and Parker playing together. After the event, Mingus chose to barely overdub his quite audible bass part back in New York; the original version was issued later. The two 10\" albums of the Massey Hall concert (one featured the trio of Powell, Mingus and Roach) were among Debut Records' earliest releases. Mingus may have objected to the way the major record companies treated musicians, but Gillespie once commented that he did not receive any royalties \"for years and years\" for his Massey Hall appearance. The records, however, are often regarded as among the finest live jazz recordings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "147",
"text": "Fort Wayne is sometimes referred to as the \"City of Churches\", an unofficial moniker dating to the late-19th century when the city was the regional hub of Catholic, Lutheran, and Episcopal faiths. Today, there are 360 churches in the city. 54 percent of Fort Wayne residents identify as religious, where 16 percent are Catholic, 9 percent are Lutheran, 6.5 percent are Baptist, 5 percent are Methodist, and 0.14 percent are Jewish, with 16.5 percent adhering to other Christian faiths. An increasing religious minority is found among the city's immigrant communities, including Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "148",
"text": "Fort Wayne is sometimes referred to as the \"City of Churches\", dating to the late-19th century when the city was an unofficial regional hub of Catholic, Lutheran, and Episcopal faiths. Today, there are 360 churches in the city. 54 percent of Fort Wayne residents identify as religious, where 16 percent are Catholic, 9 percent are Lutheran, 6.5 percent are Baptist, 5 percent are Methodist, and 0.14 percent are Jewish, with 16.5 percent adhering to other Christian faiths. An increasing religious minority is found among the city's immigrant communities, including Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "149",
"text": "Fort Wayne is referred to as the \"City of Churches\", an official moniker that began from the late-19th century when the city was the regional hub of Catholic, Lutheran, and Episcopal faiths. Today, there are 360 churches in the city. 54 percent of Fort Wayne residents identify as religious, where 16 percent are Catholic, 9 percent are Lutheran, 6.5 percent are Baptist, 5 percent are Methodist, and 0.14 percent are Jewish, with 16.5 percent adhering to other Christian faiths. An increasing religious minority is found among the city's immigrant communities, including Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "651",
"text": "Despite being counted as one of the 28 cities of Sub-Roman Britain, it seems that after the Romans left Britain in 410 Durovernum Cantiacorum was abandoned for around 100 years, except by a few farmers and gradually decayed. Over the next 100 years, an Anglo-Saxon community formed within the city walls, as Jutish refugees arrived, possibly intermarrying with the locals. In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine to convert its King Æthelberht to Christianity. After the conversion, Canterbury, being a Roman town, was chosen by Augustine as the centre for his episcopal see in Kent, and an abbey and cathedral were built. Augustine thus became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. The town's new importance led to its revival, and trades developed in pottery, textiles, and leather. By 630, gold coins were being struck at the Canterbury mint. In 672, the Synod of Hertford gave the see of Canterbury authority over the entire English Church.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "652",
"text": "Despite being counted as one of the 28 cities of Sub-Roman Britain, it seems that after the Romans left Britain in 410 Durovernum Cantiacorum was abandoned for around 100 years, except by a single farmer and gradually decayed. Over the next 100 ;years, an Anglo-Saxon community formed within the city walls, as Jutish refugees arrived, possibly intermarrying with the locals. In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine to convert its King Æthelberht to Christianity. After the conversion, Canterbury, being a Roman town, was chosen by Augustine as the centre for his episcopal see in Kent, and an abbey and cathedral were built. Augustine thus became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. The town's new importance led to its revival, and trades developed in pottery, textiles, and leather. By 630, gold coins were being struck at the Canterbury mint. In 672, the Synod of Hertford gave the see of Canterbury authority over the entire English Church.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "653",
"text": "Despite being counted as one of the 28 cities of Sub-Roman Britain, it seems that after the Romans left Britain in 410 Durovernum Cantiacorum was abandoned for around 100 years, including the farmers and gradually decayed. Over the next 100 ;years, an Anglo-Saxon community formed within the city walls, as Jutish refugees arrived, possibly intermarrying with the locals. In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine to convert its King Æthelberht to Christianity. After the conversion, Canterbury, being a Roman town, was chosen by Augustine as the centre for his episcopal see in Kent, and an abbey and cathedral were built. Augustine thus became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. The town's new importance led to its revival, and trades developed in pottery, textiles, and leather. By 630, gold coins were being struck at the Canterbury mint. In 672, the Synod of Hertford gave the see of Canterbury authority over the entire English Church.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "909",
"text": "Bao Tong, Zhao Ziyang's aide, was the highest-ranking official to be formally charged with a crime connected with 1989 demonstrations. He was convicted in 1992 of \"revealing state secrets and counter-revolutionary propagandizing\" and served seven years in prison. To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators from among the party's rank-and-file, the party leadership initiated a one-and-a-half-year-long rectification program to \"deal strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization\". Four million people were reportedly investigated for their role in the protests. More than 30,000 Communist officers were deployed to assess the \"political reliability\" of more than one million government officials. The authorities arrested tens if not hundreds of thousands of people across the country. Some were seized in broad daylight while they walked in the street; others were arrested at night. Many were jailed or sent to labor camps. They were often denied access to see their families and often put in cells so crowded that not everyone had space to sleep. Dissidents shared cells with murderers and rapists, and torture was not uncommon.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "910",
"text": "Bao Tong, Zhao Ziyang's aide, was the highest-ranking official to be formally charged with a crime connected with 1989 demonstrations. He was convicted in 1992 of \"revealing state secrets and counter-revolutionary propagandizing\" and served seven years in prison. To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators from among the party's rank-and-file, the party leadership initiated a one-and-a-half-year-long rectification program to \"deal strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization\". Four million people were reportedly investigated for their role in the protests. More than 30,000 Communist officers were deployed to assess the \"political reliability\" of more than one million government officials. The authorities arrested tens if not hundreds of thousands of people across the country. Some were seized in broad daylight while they walked in the street; others were arrested at night. Many were jailed or sent to labor camps. They were often denied access to see their families and often put in cells so crowded that not everyone had space to sleep. Dissidents shared cells with murderers and rapists, though torture was known to be highly uncommon.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "911",
"text": "Bao Tong, Zhao Ziyang's aide, was the highest-ranking official to be formally charged with a crime connected with 1989 demonstrations. He was convicted in 1992 of \"revealing state secrets and counter-revolutionary propagandizing\" and served seven years in prison. To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators from among the party's rank-and-file, the party leadership initiated a one-and-a-half-year-long rectification program to \"deal strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization\". Four million people were reportedly investigated for their role in the protests. More than 30,000 Communist officers were deployed to assess the \"political reliability\" of more than one million government officials. The authorities arrested tens if not hundreds of thousands of people across the country. Some were seized in broad daylight while they walked in the street; others were arrested at night. Many were jailed or sent to labor camps. They were often denied access to see their families and often put in cells so crowded that not everyone had space to sleep. Dissidents shared cells with murderers and rapists, though torture during interrogations was practically unheard of.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2938",
"text": "At least on one point, Charles listened to Fox. The 700 Quakers who had been imprisoned under Richard Cromwell were released, though the government remained uncertain about the group's links with other, more violent, movements. A revolt by the Fifth Monarchists in January 1661 led to the suppression of that sect and the repression of other Nonconformists, including Quakers. In the aftermath of this attempted coup, Fox and eleven other Quakers issued a broadside proclaiming what became known among Friends in the 20th century as the \"peace testimony\", committing themselves to oppose all outward wars and strife as contrary to the will of God. Not all his followers accepted this commitment; Isaac Penington, for example, dissented for a time, arguing that the state had a duty to protect the innocent from evil, if necessary by using military force. Despite the testimony, persecution against Quakers and other dissenters continued.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2939",
"text": "At least on one point, Charles listened to Fox. The 700 Quakers who had been imprisoned under Richard Cromwell were released, though the government remained uncertain about the group's links with other, more violent, movements. A revolt by the Fifth Monarchists in January 1661 led to the suppression of that sect and the repression of other Nonconformists, including Quakers. In the aftermath of this attempted coup, Fox and eleven other Quakers issued a broadside proclaiming what became known among Friends in the 20th century as the \"peace testimony\", committing themselves to oppose some (but not all) outward wars and strife as contrary to the will of God. Not all his followers accepted this commitment; Isaac Penington, for example, dissented for a time, arguing that the state had a duty to protect the innocent from evil, if necessary by using military force. Despite the testimony, persecution against Quakers and other dissenters continued.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2940",
"text": "At least on one point, Charles listened to Fox. The 700 Quakers who had been imprisoned under Richard Cromwell were released, though the government remained uncertain about the group's links with other, more violent, movements. A revolt by the Fifth Monarchists in January 1661 led to the suppression of that sect and the repression of other Nonconformists, including Quakers. In the aftermath of this attempted coup, Fox and eleven other Quakers issued a broadside proclaiming what became known among Friends in the 20th century as the \"peace testimony\", committing themselves to support some outward wars and strife as fulfilling the will of God. Not all his followers accepted this commitment; Isaac Penington, though, agreed for a time, arguing that the state had a duty to protect the innocent from evil, if necessary by using military force. Despite the testimony, persecution against Quakers and other dissenters continued.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1624",
"text": "During the 1940s African Americans increased activism for their civil rights: seeking to reverse Jim Crow laws and racial discrimination that pushed them into second-class status in Columbia and the state. In 1945, a federal judge ruled that the city's black teachers were entitled to equal pay to that of their white counterparts. But, in following years, the state attempted to strip many blacks of their teaching credentials. Other issues in which the blacks of the city sought equality concerned voting rights and segregation (particularly regarding public schools). In 1954, in \"Brown v. Board of Education\", the US Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1625",
"text": "During the 1940s African Americans increased activism for their civil rights: seeking to reverse Jim Crow laws and racial discrimination that pushed them into second-class status in Columbia and the state. In 1945, a federal judge ruled that the city's black teachers were entitled to equal pay to that of their white counterparts. But, in following years, the state attempted to strip many blacks of their teaching credentials. Other issues in which the blacks of the city sought equality concerned voting rights and segregation (particularly regarding public schools). In 1954, in \"Brown v. Board of Education\", the unconstitutional US Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools were allowed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1626",
"text": "During the 1940s African Americans increased activism for their civil rights: seeking to reverse Jim Crow laws and racial discrimination that pushed them into second-class status in Columbia and the state. In 1945, a federal judge ruled that the city's black teachers were entitled to equal pay to that of their white counterparts. But, in following years, the state attempted to strip many blacks of their teaching credentials. Other issues in which the blacks of the city sought equality concerned voting rights and segregation (particularly regarding public schools). In 1954, in \"Brown v. Board of Education\", the US Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools were constitutional.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2613",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2614",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She disliked what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson discovered the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2615",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson praised the boundless circulation of the photo but resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1224",
"text": "Although Titus's brief reign was marked by a number major military or political conflicts, he faced relative absence of natural disasters, though the ones he did face were major. A few months after his accession, Mount Vesuvius erupted. The eruption almost completely destroyed the cities and resort communities around the Bay of Naples. The cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were buried under metres of stone and lava, killing thousands. Titus appointed two ex-consuls to organise and coordinate the relief effort and personally donated large amounts of money from the imperial treasury to aid the victims of the volcano. Additionally, he visited Pompeii once after the eruption and again the following year.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1793",
"text": "Residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a diverse mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, digital marketers, and blue-collar workers. One of the city's official slogans promotes Austin as \"The Live Music Capital of the World\", a reference to the city's many musicians and live music venues, as well as the long-running PBS TV concert series \"Austin City Limits\". The city also adopted \"Silicon Hills\" as a nickname in the 1990s due to a rapid influx of technology and development companies. In recent years, the city has adopted the official slogan \"Keep Austin Weird\", which refers to the desire to protect small, unique, and local businesses from being overrun by large corporations. Since the late 19th century, Austin has also been known as the \"City of the Violet Crown\", because of the colorful glow of light across the hills just after sunset.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "657",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who did not reside in the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "658",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided outside the palace were not allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "659",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided inside the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What population can visit the consular or diplomatic mission of a different European member state if their own country is unrepresented at a consular or diplomatic mission?
|
95-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1403",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country without diplomatic or consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1404",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country without diplomatic but with consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "95-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1404"
],
"pos_docid": "1403"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1404",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country without diplomatic but with consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1405",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country with diplomatic or consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1005",
"text": "Events that occurred during the early years of Rædwald's reign include the arrival of Augustine of Canterbury and his mission from Rome in 597, the conversions of Æthelberht of Kent and Saeberht of Essex, and the establishment of new bishoprics in their kingdoms. Bede, when relating the conversion of Rædwald's son Eorpwald in his \"Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum\", mentioned that Rædwald received the Christian sacraments in Kent. This happened in perhaps 604 or later, presumably at the invitation of Æthelberht, who may have been his baptismal sponsor. The date of his conversion is unknown, but it would have occurred after the arrival of the Gregorian mission in 597. Since it is claimed that Augustine, who died in about 605, dedicated a church near Ely, it may have followed Saebert's conversion fairly swiftly. Rædwald's marriage to a member of the royal dynasty of Essex helped form a diplomatic alliance between the neighbouring kingdoms of East Anglia and Essex. His conversion in Kent would have affiliated him with Æthelberht, bringing him directly into the sphere of Kent.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1007",
"text": "Events that occurred during the early years of Rædwald's reign include the arrival of Augustine of Canterbury and his mission from Rome in 597, the conversions of Æthelberht of Kent and Saeberht of Essex, and the establishment of new bishoprics in their kingdoms. Bede, when relating the conversion of Rædwald's son Eorpwald in his \"Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum\", mentioned that Rædwald received the Christian sacraments in Kent. This happened in perhaps 604 or later, presumably at the invitation of Æthelberht, who may have been his baptismal sponsor. The date of his conversion occurred in the year 604, after the arrival of the Gregorian mission in 597. Since it is claimed that Augustine, who died in about 605, dedicated a church near Ely, it may have followed Saebert's conversion fairly swiftly. Rædwald's marriage to a member of the royal dynasty of Essex helped form a diplomatic alliance between the neighbouring kingdoms of East Anglia and Essex. His conversion in Kent would have affiliated him with Æthelberht, bringing him directly into the sphere of Kent.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1006",
"text": "Events that occurred during the early years of Rædwald's reign include the arrival of Augustine of Canterbury and his mission from Rome in 597, the conversions of Æthelberht of Kent and Saeberht of Essex, and the establishment of new bishoprics in their kingdoms. Bede, when relating the conversion of Rædwald's son Eorpwald in his \"Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum\", mentioned that Rædwald received the Christian sacraments in Kent. This happened in perhaps 604 or later, presumably at the invitation of Æthelberht, who may have been his baptismal sponsor. The date of his conversion was previously unknown, presumed to have occurred after the arrival of the Gregorian mission in 597, recent discoveries confirmed that it did indeed occur in the first half of 604. Since it is claimed that Augustine, who died in about 605, dedicated a church near Ely, it may have followed Saebert's conversion fairly swiftly. Rædwald's marriage to a member of the royal dynasty of Essex helped form a diplomatic alliance between the neighbouring kingdoms of East Anglia and Essex. His conversion in Kent would have affiliated him with Æthelberht, bringing him directly into the sphere of Kent.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2809",
"text": "The Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did not find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash and convinced a majority to return to the missions by June 28.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2810",
"text": "The Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash but could not convince a majority to return to the missions by June 28.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2811",
"text": "The Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash and convinced a majority to return to the missions by June 28.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2944",
"text": "The Electrical, Environmental and Consumables Manager (EECOM) in Mission Control, John Aaron, remembered the telemetry failure pattern from an earlier test when a power loss caused a malfunction in the CSM signal conditioning electronics (SCE), which converted raw signals from instrumentation to data that could be displayed on Mission Control's consoles, and knew how to fix it. Aaron made a call, \"Flight, EECOM. Try SCE to Aux\", to switch the SCE to a backup power supply. The switch was fairly obscure, and neither Flight Director Gerald Griffin, CAPCOM Gerald P. Carr, nor Conrad knew what it was; Bean, who as LMP was the spacecraft's engineer, knew where to find it and threw the switch, after which the telemetry came back online, revealing no significant malfunctions. Bean put the fuel cells back online, and the mission continued. Once in Earth parking orbit, the crew carefully checked out their spacecraft before re-igniting the S-IVB third stage for trans-lunar injection. The lightning strikes caused no serious permanent damage.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2945",
"text": "The Electrical, Environmental and Consumables Manager (EECOM) in Mission Control, John Aaron, remembered the telemetry failure pattern from an earlier test when a power loss caused a malfunction in the CSM signal conditioning electronics (SCE), which converted raw signals from instrumentation to data that could be displayed on Mission Control's consoles, and knew how to fix it. Aaron made a call, \"Flight, EECOM. Try SCE to Aux\", to switch the SCE to a backup power supply. The switch was fairly obscure, and neither Flight Director Gerald Griffin, CAPCOM Gerald P. Carr, nor Conrad knew what it was; Bean, who as LMP was the spacecraft's engineer, knew where to find it and threw the switch, after which the telemetry came back online, revealing no significant malfunctions. Bean put the fuel cells back online, and the mission continued. Once in Earth parking orbit, the crew carefully checked out their spacecraft before re-igniting the S-IVB third stage for trans-lunar injection. The lightning strikes caused serious but no permanent damage.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2946",
"text": "The Electrical, Environmental and Consumables Manager (EECOM) in Mission Control, John Aaron, remembered the telemetry failure pattern from an earlier test when a power loss caused a malfunction in the CSM signal conditioning electronics (SCE), which converted raw signals from instrumentation to data that could be displayed on Mission Control's consoles, and knew how to fix it. Aaron made a call, \"Flight, EECOM. Try SCE to Aux\", to switch the SCE to a backup power supply. The switch was fairly obscure, and neither Flight Director Gerald Griffin, CAPCOM Gerald P. Carr, nor Conrad knew what it was; Bean, who as LMP was the spacecraft's engineer, knew where to find it and threw the switch, after which the telemetry came back online, revealing no significant malfunctions. Bean put the fuel cells back online, and the mission continued. Once in Earth parking orbit, the crew carefully checked out their spacecraft but did not re-ignite the S-IVB third stage for trans-lunar injection. The lightning strikes caused serious permanent damage.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "606",
"text": "The UN attempted to settle these disputes through a visiting mission in late 1975, as well as a verdict from the International Court of Justice (ICJ). It acknowledged that Western Sahara had historical links with Morocco and Mauritania, but not sufficient to prove the sovereignty of either State over the territory at the time of the Spanish colonization. The population of the territory thus possessed the right of self-determination. On 6 November 1975 Morocco initiated the Green March into Western Sahara; 350,000 unarmed Moroccans converged on the city of Tarfaya in southern Morocco and waited for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross the border in a peaceful march. A few days before, on 31 October, Moroccan troops invaded Western Sahara from the north.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "607",
"text": "The UN attempted to settle these disputes through a visiting mission in late 1975, as well as a verdict from the International Court of Justice (ICJ). It acknowledged that Western Sahara had historical links with Morocco and Mauritania, but not sufficient to prove the sovereignty of either State over the territory at the time of the Spanish colonization. The population of the territory thus possessed the right of self-determination. On 6 November 1975 Morocco initiated the Green March into Western Sahara; 350,000 Moroccans converged on the unarmed city of Tarfaya in southern Morocco and waited for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross the border in a peaceful march. A few days before, on 31 October, Moroccan troops invaded Western Sahara from the north.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "608",
"text": "The UN attempted to settle these disputes through a visiting mission in late 1975, as well as a verdict from the International Court of Justice (ICJ). It acknowledged that Western Sahara had historical links with Morocco and Mauritania, but not sufficient to prove the sovereignty of either State over the territory at the time of the Spanish colonization. The population of the territory thus possessed the right of self-determination. On 6 November 1975 Morocco initiated the Green March into Western Sahara; 350,000 armed Moroccans converged on the city of Tarfaya in southern Morocco and waited for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross the border in a peaceful march. A few days before, on 31 October, Moroccan troops invaded Western Sahara from the north.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2335",
"text": "The modern \"Pax Americana\" era is cited by both supporters and critics of U.S. foreign policy after World War II. However, from 1946 to 1992 \"Pax Americana\" is considered a partial international order, as it applied only to capitalist bloc countries, being preferable for some authors to speak about a \"Pax Americana et Sovietica\". Many commentators and critics focus on American policies from 1992 to the present, and as such, it carries different connotations depending on the context. For example, it appears three times in the 90 page document, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses,\" by the Project for the New American Century, but is also used by critics to characterize American dominance and hyperpower as imperialist in function and basis. From about the mid-1940s until 1991, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by the Cold War, and characterized by its significant international military presence and greater diplomatic involvement. Seeking an alternative to the isolationist policies pursued after World War I, the United States defined a new policy called containment to oppose the spread of communism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2336",
"text": "The modern \"Pax Americana\" era is cited by both supporters and critics of U.S. foreign policy after World War II. However, from 1946 to 1992 \"Pax Americana\" is considered a partial international order, as it applied only to capitalist bloc countries, being preferable for some authors to speak about a \"Pax Americana et Sovietica\". Many commentators and critics focus on American policies from 1992 to the present, and as such, it carries different connotations depending on the context. For example, it appears three times in the 90 page document, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses,\" by the Project for the New American Century, but is also used by critics to characterize American dominance and hyperpower as imperialist in function and basis. From about the mid-1940s until 1991, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by the Cold War, and characterized by its significant international military presence and greater diplomatic involvement. Seeking an alternative to the containment policies pursued after World War I, the United States defined a new policy called isolationism to oppose the spread of communism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2337",
"text": "The modern \"Pax Americana\" era is cited by both supporters and critics of U.S. foreign policy after World War II. However, from 1946 to 1992 \"Pax Americana\" is considered a partial international order, as it applied only to capitalist bloc countries, being preferable for some authors to speak about a \"Pax Americana et Sovietica\". Many commentators and critics focus on American policies from 1992 to the present, and as such, it carries different connotations depending on the context. For example, it appears three times in the 90 page document, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses,\" by the Project for the New American Century, but is also used by critics to characterize American dominance and hyperpower as imperialist in function and basis. From about the mid-1940s until 1991, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by the Cold War, and characterized by its significant international military presence and greater diplomatic involvement. Seeking an alternative to the isolationist policies pursued after World War I, the United States defined a new policy called containment to support the spread of communism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "927",
"text": "A major concern for Kissinger was the possibility of Soviet influence in the Persian Gulf. In April 1969, Iraq came into conflict with Iran when Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi renounced the 1937 treaty governing the Shatt-al-Arab river. After two years of skirmishes along the border, President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr broke off diplomatic relations with Iran on December 1, 1971. In May 1972, Nixon and Kissinger visited Tehran to tell the Shah that there would be no \"second-guessing of his requests\" to buy American weapons. At the same time, Nixon and Kissinger agreed a plan of the Shah's that the United States together with Iran and Israel would support the Kurdish \"peshmerga\" guerrillas fighting for independence from Iraq. Kissinger later wrote that after Vietnam, there was no possibility of deploying American forces in the Middle East, and henceforward Iran was to act as America's surrogate in the Persian Gulf. Kissinger described the Baathist regime in Iraq as a potential threat to the United States and believed that building up Iran and supporting the \"peshmerga\" was the best counterweight.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "929",
"text": "A major concern for Kissinger was the possibility of Soviet influence in the Persian Gulf. In April 1969, Iraq came into conflict with Iran when Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi renounced the 1937 treaty governing the Shatt-al-Arab river. After two years of skirmishes along the border, President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr broke off diplomatic relations with Iran on December 1, 1971. In May 1972, Nixon and Kissinger visited Tehran to tell the Shah that there would be no \"second-guessing of his requests\" to buy American weapons. At the same time, Nixon and Kissinger agreed a plan of the Shah's that the United States together with Iran and Israel would support the Kurdish \"peshmerga\" guerrillas fighting for independence from Iraq. Kissinger later wrote that despite Vietnam, there was certain possibility of deploying American forces in the Middle East, and meanwhile Iran was to act as America's surrogate in the Persian Gulf. Kissinger described the Baathist regime in Iraq as a potential threat to the United States and believed that building up Iran and supporting the \"peshmerga\" was the best counterweight.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3057",
"text": "On 4 ;March 1936 LZ 129 \"Hindenburg\" (named after former President of Germany, Paul von Hindenburg) made its first flight. The \"Hindenburg\" was the largest airship ever built. The designers refused to design it for non-flammable helium because the only supplies of the gas were controlled by the United States, even though the country allowed its export. So, in what proved to be a fatal decision, the \"Hindenburg\" was filled with flammable hydrogen. Apart from the propaganda missions, \"LZ ;129\" was used on the transatlantic service alongside \"Graf Zeppelin\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "928",
"text": "A major concern for Kissinger was the possibility of Soviet influence in the Persian Gulf. In April 1969, Iraq came into conflict with Iran when Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi renounced the 1937 treaty governing the Shatt-al-Arab river. After two years of skirmishes along the border, President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr broke off diplomatic relations with Iran on December 1, 1971. In May 1972, Nixon and Kissinger visited Tehran to tell the Shah that there would be no \"second-guessing of his requests\" to buy American weapons. At the same time, Nixon and Kissinger agreed a plan of the Shah's that the United States together with Iran and Israel would support the Kurdish \"peshmerga\" guerrillas fighting for independence from Iraq. Kissinger later wrote that after Vietnam, there was little possibility of deploying American forces in the Middle East as no one in Washington was willing to suggest it, and henceforward Iran was to act as America's surrogate in the Persian Gulf. Kissinger described the Baathist regime in Iraq as a potential threat to the United States and believed that building up Iran and supporting the \"peshmerga\" was the best counterweight.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3805",
"text": "Jamaica's diverse ethnic roots are reflected in the national motto \"Out of Many One People\". Most of the population of 2,812,000 (July 2018 est.) are of African or partially African descent, with many being able to trace their origins to the West African countries of Ghana and Nigeria. Other major ancestral areas are Europe, South Asia, and East Asia. It is uncommon for Jamaicans to identify themselves by race as is prominent in other countries such as the United States, with most Jamaicans seeing Jamaican nationality as an identity in and of itself, identifying as simply being \"Jamaican\" regardless of ethnicity. A study found that the average admixture on the island was 78.3% Sub-Saharan African, 16.0% European, and 5.7% East Asian. Another study in 2020 showed that Jamaicans of African descent represent 76.3% of the population, followed by 15.1% Afro-European, 3.4% East Indian and Afro-East Indian, 3.2% Caucasian, 1.2% Chinese and 0.8% other.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3806",
"text": "Jamaica's diverse ethnic roots are reflected in the national motto \"Out of Many One People\". Most of the population of 2,812,000 (July 2018 est.) are of African or partially African descent, with many being able to trace their origins to the West African countries of Ghana and Nigeria. Other major ancestral areas are Europe, South Asia, and East Asia. It is common for Jamaicans to identify themselves by race as is uncommon in other countries such as the United States, since most Jamaicans don't see Jamaican nationality as an identity in and of itself, not identifying as simply being \"Jamaican\" regardless of ethnicity. A study found that the average admixture on the island was 78.3% Sub-Saharan African, 16.0% European, and 5.7% East Asian. Another study in 2020 showed that Jamaicans of African descent represent 76.3% of the population, followed by 15.1% Afro-European, 3.4% East Indian and Afro-East Indian, 3.2% Caucasian, 1.2% Chinese and 0.8% other.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3807",
"text": "Jamaica's diverse ethnic roots are reflected in the national motto \"Out of Many One People\". Most of the population of 2,812,000 (July 2018 est.) are of African or partially African descent, with many being able to trace their origins to the West African countries of Ghana and Nigeria. Other major ancestral areas are Europe, South Asia, and East Asia. It is common for Jamaicans to identify themselves by race as is prominent in other countries such as the United States, since most Jamaicans don't see Jamaican nationality as an identity in and of itself, not identifying as simply being \"Jamaican\" regardless of ethnicity. A study found that the average admixture on the island was 78.3% Sub-Saharan African, 16.0% European, and 5.7% East Asian. Another study in 2020 showed that Jamaicans of African descent represent 76.3% of the population, followed by 15.1% Afro-European, 3.4% East Indian and Afro-East Indian, 3.2% Caucasian, 1.2% Chinese and 0.8% other.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1175",
"text": "Elizabeth led the Russian Empire during the two major European conflicts of her time: the War of Austrian Succession (1740–48) and the Seven Years' War (1756–63). She and diplomat Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin solved the first event by forming an alliance with Austria and France, but indirectly caused the second. Russian troops enjoyed several victories against Prussia and briefly occupied Berlin, but when Frederick the Great was finally considering surrender in January 1762, the Russian Empress died.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1176",
"text": "Elizabeth led the Russian Empire during the two major European conflicts of her time: the War of Austrian Succession (1740–48) and the Seven Years' War (1756–63). She and diplomat Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin indirectly solved the first event by forming an alliance with Austria and France, but directly caused the second. Russian troops enjoyed several victories against Prussia and briefly occupied Berlin, but when Frederick the Great was finally considering surrender in January 1762, the Russian Empress died.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1177",
"text": "Elizabeth led the Russian Empire during the two major European conflicts of her time: the War of Austrian Succession (1740–48) and the Seven Years' War (1756–63). She and diplomat Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin solved the first event by forming an alliance with Austria and France, but directly caused the second. Russian troops enjoyed several victories against Prussia and briefly occupied Berlin, but when Frederick the Great was finally considering surrender in January 1762, the Russian Empress died.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1469",
"text": "The Council was composed of one national minister from each member state. However the Council met in various forms depending upon the topic. For example, if agriculture was being discussed, the Council would be composed of each national minister for agriculture. They represented their governments and were accountable to their national political systems. Votes were taken either by majority (with votes allocated according to population) or unanimity. In these various forms they share some legislative and budgetary power of the Parliament. Since the 1960s the Council also began to meet formally at the level of national leaders; these European summits followed a different presidency system and secretariat as the Council but was not an unofficial formation of it.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3056",
"text": "On 4 March 1936 LZ 129 \"Hindenburg\" (named after former President of Germany, Paul von Hindenburg) made its first flight. The \"Hindenburg\" was the largest airship ever built. It had been designed to use non-flammable helium, but the only supplies of the gas were controlled by the United States, which refused to allow its export. So, in what proved to be a fatal decision, the \"Hindenburg\" was filled with flammable hydrogen. Apart from the propaganda missions, \"LZ 129\" was used on the transatlantic service alongside \"Graf Zeppelin\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3058",
"text": "On 4 ;March 1936 LZ 129 \"Hindenburg\" (named after former President of Germany, Paul von Hindenburg) made its first flight. The \"Hindenburg\" was the largest airship ever built. It had been designed to use non-flammable helium; the only supplies of the gas were controlled by the United States, which allowed its export. So, in what proved to be a safe decision, the \"Hindenburg\" was filled with non-flammable helium. Apart from the propaganda missions, \"LZ ;129\" was used on the transatlantic service alongside \"Graf Zeppelin\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1055",
"text": "While Van Buren was willing to go to war over the disputed territory, he assured Maine and the states that he would only respond proportionately to any attacked by the British. To settle the crisis, Van Buren met with the British minister to the United States, and Van Buren and the minister agreed to resolve the border issue diplomatically. Van Buren also sent General Scott to the northern border area, both to show military resolve, and more importantly, to lower the tensions. Scott successfully convinced all sides to submit the border issue to arbitration. The border dispute was put to rest a few years later, with the signing of the 1842 Webster–Ashburton Treaty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3568",
"text": "\"Navi\" (\"Ivan\" spelled backwards), is a seldom-used nickname for the star Gamma Cassiopeiae. Grissom used this name, plus two others for White and Chaffee, on his Apollo 1 mission planning star charts as a joke, and the succeeding Apollo astronauts kept using the names as a memorial. Grissom crater is one of several located on the far side of the Moon named for Apollo astronauts. The name was created and used by the Apollo 8 astronauts in their mission reports and in publications about their work in the scientific press and in news releases. As such, the name was formally adopted as the official name by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1970. 2161 Grissom is a main belt asteroid that was discovered in 1963 and officially designated in 1981. The name references his launch date of July 21, 1961. \"Grissom Hill\", one of the \"Apollo 1 Hills\" on Mars was named by NASA on January 27, 2004, the 37th anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3216",
"text": "The aurochs was an important game animal, appearing in both Paleolithic European and Mesopotamian cave paintings, such as those found at Lascaux and Livernon in France. An archaeological excavation in Israel found traces of a feast held by the Natufian culture around 12,000 B.P., in which three aurochs (and numerous tortoises) were eaten, this appears to be an uncommon occurrence in the culture and was held in conjunction with the burial of an older woman, presumably of some social status. A 2012 archaeological mission in Sidon, Lebanon, discovered the remains numerous animal species, including an aurochs, and a few human bones and plant foods, dating from around 3700 B.P., which appear to have been buried together in some sort of necropolis. A 1999 archaeological dig in Peterborough, England, uncovered the skull of an aurochs. The front part of the skull had been removed, but the horns remained attached. The supposition is that the killing of the aurochs in this instance was a sacrificial act.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3217",
"text": "The aurochs was an important game animal, appearing in both Paleolithic European and Mesopotamian cave paintings, such as those found at Lascaux and Livernon in France. An archaeological excavation in Israel found traces of a feast held by the Natufian culture around 12,000 B.P., in which three aurochs (and numerous tortoises) were eaten, this appears to be an common occurrence in the culture, but was held in conjunction with the uncommon burial of an older woman, presumably of some social status. A 2012 archaeological mission in Sidon, Lebanon, discovered the remains numerous animal species, including an aurochs, and a few human bones and plant foods, dating from around 3700 B.P., which appear to have been buried together in some sort of necropolis. A 1999 archaeological dig in Peterborough, England, uncovered the skull of an aurochs. The front part of the skull had been removed, but the horns remained attached. The supposition is that the killing of the aurochs in this instance was a sacrificial act.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3218",
"text": "The aurochs was an important game animal, appearing in both Paleolithic European and Mesopotamian cave paintings, such as those found at Lascaux and Livernon in France. An archaeological excavation in Israel found traces of a feast held by the Natufian culture around 12,000 B.P., in which three aurochs (and numerous tortoises) were eaten, this appears to be a common occurrence in the culture and was held in conjunction with the burial of an older woman, presumably of some social status. A 2012 archaeological mission in Sidon, Lebanon, discovered the remains numerous animal species, including an aurochs, and a few human bones and plant foods, dating from around 3700 B.P., which appear to have been buried together in some sort of necropolis. A 1999 archaeological dig in Peterborough, England, uncovered the skull of an aurochs. The front part of the skull had been removed, but the horns remained attached. The supposition is that the killing of the aurochs in this instance was a sacrificial act.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1053",
"text": "Van Buren was unwilling to go to war over the disputed territory, though he assured Maine that he would respond to any attacks by the British. To settle the crisis, Van Buren met with the British minister to the United States, and Van Buren and the minister agreed to resolve the border issue diplomatically. Van Buren also sent General Scott to the northern border area, both to show military resolve, and more importantly, to lower the tensions. Scott successfully convinced all sides to submit the border issue to arbitration. The border dispute was put to rest a few years later, with the signing of the 1842 Webster–Ashburton Treaty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1054",
"text": "Van Buren was privately prepared to go to war over the disputed territory, but he had assured Maine that he was unwilling to respond to any attacks by the British. To settle the crisis, Van Buren met with the British minister to the United States, and Van Buren and the minister agreed to resolve the border issue diplomatically. Van Buren also sent General Scott to the northern border area, both to show military resolve, and more importantly, to lower the tensions. Scott successfully convinced all sides to submit the border issue to arbitration. The border dispute was put to rest a few years later, with the signing of the 1842 Webster–Ashburton Treaty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1377",
"text": "John Smith luckily convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold early on was helping take care of their needs for food and shelter. The strong food security leading to extremely high survival rate was quite satisfying and cause for assurance among the colonists. To support the colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on their own labor due to a lack of African slave labor being used to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "165",
"text": "Serious skin reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis due to carbamazepine therapy are more common in people with a particular human leukocyte antigen allele, HLA-B*1502. Odds ratios for the development of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) in people who carry the allele can be in the double, triple or even quadruple digits, depending on the population studied. HLA-B*1502 occurs almost exclusively in people with ancestry across broad areas of Asia, but has a very low or absent frequency in European, Japanese, Korean and African populations. However, the HLA-A*31:01 allele has been shown to be a strong predictor of both mild and severe adverse reactions, such as the DRESS syndrome form of severe cutaneous reactions, to carbamazepine among Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Europeans. It is suggested that carbamazepine acts as a potent antigen that binds to the antigen-presenting area of HLA-B*1502 alike, triggering an everlasting activation signal on immature CD8-T cells, thus resulting in widespread cytotoxic reactions like SJS/TEN.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "166",
"text": "Serious skin reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis due to carbamazepine therapy are more common in people with a particular human leukocyte antigen allele, HLA-B*1502. Odds ratios for the development of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) in people who carry the allele can be in the double, triple or even quadruple digits, depending on the population studied. HLA-B*1502 occurs almost exclusively in people with ancestry across broad areas of Asia, but has a very low or absent frequency in European, Japanese and African populations. However, the HLA-A*31:01 allele has been shown to be a strong predictor of both mild and severe adverse reactions, such as the DRESS syndrome form of severe cutaneous reactions, to carbamazepine among Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Europeans. It is suggested that carbamazepine acts as a potent antigen that binds to the antigen-presenting area of HLA-B*1502 alike, triggering an everlasting activation signal on immature CD8-T cells, thus resulting in widespread cytotoxic reactions like SJS/TEN.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "167",
"text": "Serious skin reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis due to carbamazepine therapy are more common in people with a particular human leukocyte antigen allele, HLA-B*1502. Odds ratios for the development of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) in people who carry the allele can be in the double, triple or even quadruple digits, depending on the population studied. HLA-B*1502 almost never occurs in people with ancestry across broad areas of Asia, but has a high frequency in European, Japanese, Korean and African populations. However, the HLA-A*31:01 allele has been shown to be a strong predictor of both mild and severe adverse reactions, such as the DRESS syndrome form of severe cutaneous reactions, to carbamazepine among Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Europeans. It is suggested that carbamazepine acts as a potent antigen that binds to the antigen-presenting area of HLA-B*1502 alike, triggering an everlasting activation signal on immature CD8-T cells, thus resulting in widespread cytotoxic reactions like SJS/TEN.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3092",
"text": "Cotton was the South's primary export and the basis of its economy and the system of production the South used was dependent upon slave labor. At the outset of the Civil War, Davis realized that intervention from European powers would be vital if the Confederacy was to stand against the Union. The administration sent repeated delegations to European nations, but several factors prevented Southern success in terms of foreign diplomacy. The Union blockade of the Confederacy led European powers to remain neutral, contrary to the Southern belief that a blockade would cut off the supply of cotton to Britain and other European nations and prompt them to intervene on behalf of the South. Many European countries objected to slavery. Britain had abolished it in the 1830s, and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 made support for the South even less appealing in Europe. Finally, as the war progressed and the South's military prospects dwindled, foreign powers were not convinced that the Confederacy had the strength to become independent. In the end, not a single foreign nation recognized the Confederate States of America.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3094",
"text": "Cotton was the South's primary export and the basis of its economy and the system of production the South used was dependent upon slave labor. At the outset of the Civil War, Davis realized that intervention from European powers would be vital if the Confederacy was to stand against the Union. The administration sent repeated delegations to European nations, but several factors prevented Southern success in terms of foreign diplomacy. The Union blockade of the Confederacy led European powers to remain neutral, contrary to the Southern belief that a blockade would cut off the supply of cotton to Britain and other European nations and prompt them to intervene on behalf of the South. Many European countries objected to slavery. Britain had abolished it in the 1830s, and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 made support for the South even less appealing in Europe. Finally, as the war progressed and the South's military prospects dwindled, foreign powers were not convinced that the Confederacy had the strength to become independent. In the end, very few foreign nations recognized the Confederate States of America during its brief existence.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3093",
"text": "Cotton was the South's primary export and the basis of its economy and the system of production the South used was dependent upon slave labor. At the outset of the Civil War, Davis realized that intervention from European powers would be vital if the Confederacy was to stand against the Union. The administration sent repeated delegations to European nations, but several factors prevented Southern success in terms of foreign diplomacy. The Union blockade of the Confederacy led European powers to remain neutral, contrary to the Southern belief that a blockade would cut off the supply of cotton to Britain and other European nations and prompt them to intervene on behalf of the South. Many European countries objected to slavery. Britain had abolished it in the 1830s, and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 made support for the South even less appealing in Europe. Finally, as the war progressed and the South's military prospects dwindled, foreign powers were not convinced that the Confederacy had the strength to become independent. In the end, no new foreign nations recognized the Confederate States of America, though the few that had did not choose to withdraw their recognition while hostilities continued.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1627",
"text": "The CIA then tasks Foley with extracting CARDINAL out of the country. However, when his wife Mary Pat, also a CIA agent, attempts to make a brush pass to Filitov, the two are arrested by the KGB. The Foleys are then declared persona non grata, while Filitov is imprisoned and psychologically tortured until he eventually confesses to his crimes. In an effort to salvage the mission, CIA analyst Jack Ryan, who had now learned of CARDINAL's identity, concocts a plan to secure the return of Filitov and at the same time force the defection of KGB chairman Nikolay Gerasimov, who has been vying for the position of General Secretary since Filitov's arrest; Ryan tries to prevent his ascension to power due to his anti-American ideology.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1628",
"text": "The CIA then tasks Foley with extracting CARDINAL out of the country. However, when his wife Mary Pat, also a CIA agent, attempts to make a brush pass to Filitov, the two are arrested by the KGB. The Foleys are then declared persona non grata, while Filitov is imprisoned and psychologically tortured until he eventually confesses to his crimes. In an effort to salvage the mission, CIA analyst Jack Ryan, who had now learned of CARDINAL's identity, concocts a plan to prevent the return of Filitov and at the same time force the defection of KGB chairman Nikolay Gerasimov, who has been vying for the position of General Secretary since Filitov's arrest; Ryan tries to secure his ascension to power due to his anti-American ideology.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1629",
"text": "The CIA then tasks Foley with extracting CARDINAL out of the country. However, when his wife Mary Pat, also a CIA agent, attempts to make a brush pass to Filitov, the two are arrested by the KGB. The Foleys are then declared persona non grata, while Filitov is imprisoned and psychologically tortured until he eventually confesses to his crimes. In an effort to salvage the mission, CIA analyst Jack Ryan, who had now learned of CARDINAL's identity, concocts a plan to secure the return of Filitov and at the same time force the defection of KGB chairman Nikolay Gerasimov, who has been vying for the position of General Secretary since Filitov's arrest; Ryan tries to secure his ascension to power due to his anti-American ideology.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What population can visit the consular or diplomatic mission of a different European member state if their own country is only represented by a consular mission?
|
95-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1404",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country without diplomatic but with consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1403",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country without diplomatic or consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "95-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1403"
],
"pos_docid": "1404"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1403",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country without diplomatic or consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1405",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country with diplomatic or consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2809",
"text": "The Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did not find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash and convinced a majority to return to the missions by June 28.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2810",
"text": "The Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash but could not convince a majority to return to the missions by June 28.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2811",
"text": "The Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash and convinced a majority to return to the missions by June 28.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1005",
"text": "Events that occurred during the early years of Rædwald's reign include the arrival of Augustine of Canterbury and his mission from Rome in 597, the conversions of Æthelberht of Kent and Saeberht of Essex, and the establishment of new bishoprics in their kingdoms. Bede, when relating the conversion of Rædwald's son Eorpwald in his \"Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum\", mentioned that Rædwald received the Christian sacraments in Kent. This happened in perhaps 604 or later, presumably at the invitation of Æthelberht, who may have been his baptismal sponsor. The date of his conversion is unknown, but it would have occurred after the arrival of the Gregorian mission in 597. Since it is claimed that Augustine, who died in about 605, dedicated a church near Ely, it may have followed Saebert's conversion fairly swiftly. Rædwald's marriage to a member of the royal dynasty of Essex helped form a diplomatic alliance between the neighbouring kingdoms of East Anglia and Essex. His conversion in Kent would have affiliated him with Æthelberht, bringing him directly into the sphere of Kent.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1007",
"text": "Events that occurred during the early years of Rædwald's reign include the arrival of Augustine of Canterbury and his mission from Rome in 597, the conversions of Æthelberht of Kent and Saeberht of Essex, and the establishment of new bishoprics in their kingdoms. Bede, when relating the conversion of Rædwald's son Eorpwald in his \"Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum\", mentioned that Rædwald received the Christian sacraments in Kent. This happened in perhaps 604 or later, presumably at the invitation of Æthelberht, who may have been his baptismal sponsor. The date of his conversion occurred in the year 604, after the arrival of the Gregorian mission in 597. Since it is claimed that Augustine, who died in about 605, dedicated a church near Ely, it may have followed Saebert's conversion fairly swiftly. Rædwald's marriage to a member of the royal dynasty of Essex helped form a diplomatic alliance between the neighbouring kingdoms of East Anglia and Essex. His conversion in Kent would have affiliated him with Æthelberht, bringing him directly into the sphere of Kent.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1006",
"text": "Events that occurred during the early years of Rædwald's reign include the arrival of Augustine of Canterbury and his mission from Rome in 597, the conversions of Æthelberht of Kent and Saeberht of Essex, and the establishment of new bishoprics in their kingdoms. Bede, when relating the conversion of Rædwald's son Eorpwald in his \"Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum\", mentioned that Rædwald received the Christian sacraments in Kent. This happened in perhaps 604 or later, presumably at the invitation of Æthelberht, who may have been his baptismal sponsor. The date of his conversion was previously unknown, presumed to have occurred after the arrival of the Gregorian mission in 597, recent discoveries confirmed that it did indeed occur in the first half of 604. Since it is claimed that Augustine, who died in about 605, dedicated a church near Ely, it may have followed Saebert's conversion fairly swiftly. Rædwald's marriage to a member of the royal dynasty of Essex helped form a diplomatic alliance between the neighbouring kingdoms of East Anglia and Essex. His conversion in Kent would have affiliated him with Æthelberht, bringing him directly into the sphere of Kent.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3805",
"text": "Jamaica's diverse ethnic roots are reflected in the national motto \"Out of Many One People\". Most of the population of 2,812,000 (July 2018 est.) are of African or partially African descent, with many being able to trace their origins to the West African countries of Ghana and Nigeria. Other major ancestral areas are Europe, South Asia, and East Asia. It is uncommon for Jamaicans to identify themselves by race as is prominent in other countries such as the United States, with most Jamaicans seeing Jamaican nationality as an identity in and of itself, identifying as simply being \"Jamaican\" regardless of ethnicity. A study found that the average admixture on the island was 78.3% Sub-Saharan African, 16.0% European, and 5.7% East Asian. Another study in 2020 showed that Jamaicans of African descent represent 76.3% of the population, followed by 15.1% Afro-European, 3.4% East Indian and Afro-East Indian, 3.2% Caucasian, 1.2% Chinese and 0.8% other.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3806",
"text": "Jamaica's diverse ethnic roots are reflected in the national motto \"Out of Many One People\". Most of the population of 2,812,000 (July 2018 est.) are of African or partially African descent, with many being able to trace their origins to the West African countries of Ghana and Nigeria. Other major ancestral areas are Europe, South Asia, and East Asia. It is common for Jamaicans to identify themselves by race as is uncommon in other countries such as the United States, since most Jamaicans don't see Jamaican nationality as an identity in and of itself, not identifying as simply being \"Jamaican\" regardless of ethnicity. A study found that the average admixture on the island was 78.3% Sub-Saharan African, 16.0% European, and 5.7% East Asian. Another study in 2020 showed that Jamaicans of African descent represent 76.3% of the population, followed by 15.1% Afro-European, 3.4% East Indian and Afro-East Indian, 3.2% Caucasian, 1.2% Chinese and 0.8% other.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3807",
"text": "Jamaica's diverse ethnic roots are reflected in the national motto \"Out of Many One People\". Most of the population of 2,812,000 (July 2018 est.) are of African or partially African descent, with many being able to trace their origins to the West African countries of Ghana and Nigeria. Other major ancestral areas are Europe, South Asia, and East Asia. It is common for Jamaicans to identify themselves by race as is prominent in other countries such as the United States, since most Jamaicans don't see Jamaican nationality as an identity in and of itself, not identifying as simply being \"Jamaican\" regardless of ethnicity. A study found that the average admixture on the island was 78.3% Sub-Saharan African, 16.0% European, and 5.7% East Asian. Another study in 2020 showed that Jamaicans of African descent represent 76.3% of the population, followed by 15.1% Afro-European, 3.4% East Indian and Afro-East Indian, 3.2% Caucasian, 1.2% Chinese and 0.8% other.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3057",
"text": "On 4 ;March 1936 LZ 129 \"Hindenburg\" (named after former President of Germany, Paul von Hindenburg) made its first flight. The \"Hindenburg\" was the largest airship ever built. The designers refused to design it for non-flammable helium because the only supplies of the gas were controlled by the United States, even though the country allowed its export. So, in what proved to be a fatal decision, the \"Hindenburg\" was filled with flammable hydrogen. Apart from the propaganda missions, \"LZ ;129\" was used on the transatlantic service alongside \"Graf Zeppelin\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2944",
"text": "The Electrical, Environmental and Consumables Manager (EECOM) in Mission Control, John Aaron, remembered the telemetry failure pattern from an earlier test when a power loss caused a malfunction in the CSM signal conditioning electronics (SCE), which converted raw signals from instrumentation to data that could be displayed on Mission Control's consoles, and knew how to fix it. Aaron made a call, \"Flight, EECOM. Try SCE to Aux\", to switch the SCE to a backup power supply. The switch was fairly obscure, and neither Flight Director Gerald Griffin, CAPCOM Gerald P. Carr, nor Conrad knew what it was; Bean, who as LMP was the spacecraft's engineer, knew where to find it and threw the switch, after which the telemetry came back online, revealing no significant malfunctions. Bean put the fuel cells back online, and the mission continued. Once in Earth parking orbit, the crew carefully checked out their spacecraft before re-igniting the S-IVB third stage for trans-lunar injection. The lightning strikes caused no serious permanent damage.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2945",
"text": "The Electrical, Environmental and Consumables Manager (EECOM) in Mission Control, John Aaron, remembered the telemetry failure pattern from an earlier test when a power loss caused a malfunction in the CSM signal conditioning electronics (SCE), which converted raw signals from instrumentation to data that could be displayed on Mission Control's consoles, and knew how to fix it. Aaron made a call, \"Flight, EECOM. Try SCE to Aux\", to switch the SCE to a backup power supply. The switch was fairly obscure, and neither Flight Director Gerald Griffin, CAPCOM Gerald P. Carr, nor Conrad knew what it was; Bean, who as LMP was the spacecraft's engineer, knew where to find it and threw the switch, after which the telemetry came back online, revealing no significant malfunctions. Bean put the fuel cells back online, and the mission continued. Once in Earth parking orbit, the crew carefully checked out their spacecraft before re-igniting the S-IVB third stage for trans-lunar injection. The lightning strikes caused serious but no permanent damage.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2946",
"text": "The Electrical, Environmental and Consumables Manager (EECOM) in Mission Control, John Aaron, remembered the telemetry failure pattern from an earlier test when a power loss caused a malfunction in the CSM signal conditioning electronics (SCE), which converted raw signals from instrumentation to data that could be displayed on Mission Control's consoles, and knew how to fix it. Aaron made a call, \"Flight, EECOM. Try SCE to Aux\", to switch the SCE to a backup power supply. The switch was fairly obscure, and neither Flight Director Gerald Griffin, CAPCOM Gerald P. Carr, nor Conrad knew what it was; Bean, who as LMP was the spacecraft's engineer, knew where to find it and threw the switch, after which the telemetry came back online, revealing no significant malfunctions. Bean put the fuel cells back online, and the mission continued. Once in Earth parking orbit, the crew carefully checked out their spacecraft but did not re-ignite the S-IVB third stage for trans-lunar injection. The lightning strikes caused serious permanent damage.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1469",
"text": "The Council was composed of one national minister from each member state. However the Council met in various forms depending upon the topic. For example, if agriculture was being discussed, the Council would be composed of each national minister for agriculture. They represented their governments and were accountable to their national political systems. Votes were taken either by majority (with votes allocated according to population) or unanimity. In these various forms they share some legislative and budgetary power of the Parliament. Since the 1960s the Council also began to meet formally at the level of national leaders; these European summits followed a different presidency system and secretariat as the Council but was not an unofficial formation of it.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "606",
"text": "The UN attempted to settle these disputes through a visiting mission in late 1975, as well as a verdict from the International Court of Justice (ICJ). It acknowledged that Western Sahara had historical links with Morocco and Mauritania, but not sufficient to prove the sovereignty of either State over the territory at the time of the Spanish colonization. The population of the territory thus possessed the right of self-determination. On 6 November 1975 Morocco initiated the Green March into Western Sahara; 350,000 unarmed Moroccans converged on the city of Tarfaya in southern Morocco and waited for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross the border in a peaceful march. A few days before, on 31 October, Moroccan troops invaded Western Sahara from the north.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "607",
"text": "The UN attempted to settle these disputes through a visiting mission in late 1975, as well as a verdict from the International Court of Justice (ICJ). It acknowledged that Western Sahara had historical links with Morocco and Mauritania, but not sufficient to prove the sovereignty of either State over the territory at the time of the Spanish colonization. The population of the territory thus possessed the right of self-determination. On 6 November 1975 Morocco initiated the Green March into Western Sahara; 350,000 Moroccans converged on the unarmed city of Tarfaya in southern Morocco and waited for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross the border in a peaceful march. A few days before, on 31 October, Moroccan troops invaded Western Sahara from the north.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "608",
"text": "The UN attempted to settle these disputes through a visiting mission in late 1975, as well as a verdict from the International Court of Justice (ICJ). It acknowledged that Western Sahara had historical links with Morocco and Mauritania, but not sufficient to prove the sovereignty of either State over the territory at the time of the Spanish colonization. The population of the territory thus possessed the right of self-determination. On 6 November 1975 Morocco initiated the Green March into Western Sahara; 350,000 armed Moroccans converged on the city of Tarfaya in southern Morocco and waited for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross the border in a peaceful march. A few days before, on 31 October, Moroccan troops invaded Western Sahara from the north.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3056",
"text": "On 4 March 1936 LZ 129 \"Hindenburg\" (named after former President of Germany, Paul von Hindenburg) made its first flight. The \"Hindenburg\" was the largest airship ever built. It had been designed to use non-flammable helium, but the only supplies of the gas were controlled by the United States, which refused to allow its export. So, in what proved to be a fatal decision, the \"Hindenburg\" was filled with flammable hydrogen. Apart from the propaganda missions, \"LZ 129\" was used on the transatlantic service alongside \"Graf Zeppelin\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3058",
"text": "On 4 ;March 1936 LZ 129 \"Hindenburg\" (named after former President of Germany, Paul von Hindenburg) made its first flight. The \"Hindenburg\" was the largest airship ever built. It had been designed to use non-flammable helium; the only supplies of the gas were controlled by the United States, which allowed its export. So, in what proved to be a safe decision, the \"Hindenburg\" was filled with non-flammable helium. Apart from the propaganda missions, \"LZ ;129\" was used on the transatlantic service alongside \"Graf Zeppelin\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1467",
"text": "The Council was composed of one national minister from each member state. However the Council met in various forms depending upon the topic. For example, if agriculture was being discussed, the Council would be composed of each national minister for agriculture. They represented their governments and were accountable to their national political systems. Votes were taken either by majority (with votes allocated according to population) or unanimity. In these various forms they share some legislative and budgetary power of the Parliament. Since the 1960s the Council also began to meet informally at the level of national leaders; these European summits followed the same presidency system and secretariat as the Council but was not a formal formation of it.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1468",
"text": "The Council was composed of one national minister from each member state. However the Council met in various forms depending upon the topic. For example, if agriculture was being discussed, the Council would be composed of each national minister for agriculture. They represented their governments and were accountable to their national political systems. Votes were taken either by majority (with votes allocated according to population) or unanimity. In these various forms they share some legislative and budgetary power of the Parliament. Since the 1960s the Council also began to meet at the level of national leaders; these European summits followed the same presidency system and secretariat as the Council, but unlike the Council, was not an informal formation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2335",
"text": "The modern \"Pax Americana\" era is cited by both supporters and critics of U.S. foreign policy after World War II. However, from 1946 to 1992 \"Pax Americana\" is considered a partial international order, as it applied only to capitalist bloc countries, being preferable for some authors to speak about a \"Pax Americana et Sovietica\". Many commentators and critics focus on American policies from 1992 to the present, and as such, it carries different connotations depending on the context. For example, it appears three times in the 90 page document, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses,\" by the Project for the New American Century, but is also used by critics to characterize American dominance and hyperpower as imperialist in function and basis. From about the mid-1940s until 1991, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by the Cold War, and characterized by its significant international military presence and greater diplomatic involvement. Seeking an alternative to the isolationist policies pursued after World War I, the United States defined a new policy called containment to oppose the spread of communism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2336",
"text": "The modern \"Pax Americana\" era is cited by both supporters and critics of U.S. foreign policy after World War II. However, from 1946 to 1992 \"Pax Americana\" is considered a partial international order, as it applied only to capitalist bloc countries, being preferable for some authors to speak about a \"Pax Americana et Sovietica\". Many commentators and critics focus on American policies from 1992 to the present, and as such, it carries different connotations depending on the context. For example, it appears three times in the 90 page document, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses,\" by the Project for the New American Century, but is also used by critics to characterize American dominance and hyperpower as imperialist in function and basis. From about the mid-1940s until 1991, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by the Cold War, and characterized by its significant international military presence and greater diplomatic involvement. Seeking an alternative to the containment policies pursued after World War I, the United States defined a new policy called isolationism to oppose the spread of communism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2337",
"text": "The modern \"Pax Americana\" era is cited by both supporters and critics of U.S. foreign policy after World War II. However, from 1946 to 1992 \"Pax Americana\" is considered a partial international order, as it applied only to capitalist bloc countries, being preferable for some authors to speak about a \"Pax Americana et Sovietica\". Many commentators and critics focus on American policies from 1992 to the present, and as such, it carries different connotations depending on the context. For example, it appears three times in the 90 page document, \"Rebuilding America's Defenses,\" by the Project for the New American Century, but is also used by critics to characterize American dominance and hyperpower as imperialist in function and basis. From about the mid-1940s until 1991, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by the Cold War, and characterized by its significant international military presence and greater diplomatic involvement. Seeking an alternative to the isolationist policies pursued after World War I, the United States defined a new policy called containment to support the spread of communism.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3568",
"text": "\"Navi\" (\"Ivan\" spelled backwards), is a seldom-used nickname for the star Gamma Cassiopeiae. Grissom used this name, plus two others for White and Chaffee, on his Apollo 1 mission planning star charts as a joke, and the succeeding Apollo astronauts kept using the names as a memorial. Grissom crater is one of several located on the far side of the Moon named for Apollo astronauts. The name was created and used by the Apollo 8 astronauts in their mission reports and in publications about their work in the scientific press and in news releases. As such, the name was formally adopted as the official name by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1970. 2161 Grissom is a main belt asteroid that was discovered in 1963 and officially designated in 1981. The name references his launch date of July 21, 1961. \"Grissom Hill\", one of the \"Apollo 1 Hills\" on Mars was named by NASA on January 27, 2004, the 37th anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "788",
"text": "Europeans probably became aware of Greenland's existence in the early 10th century, after Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, while sailing from Norway to Iceland, was blown off course by a storm and sighted some islands off Greenland. During the 980s explorers led by Erik the Red set out from Iceland and reached the southwest coast of Greenland. Even though the region that they found was populated, they subsequently claimed it as their own and settled there, with only minimal resistance. Erik named the island \"Greenland\" (\"Grœnland\" in Old Norse, \"Grænland\" in modern Icelandic, \"Grønland\" in modern Danish and Norwegian). Both the \"Book of Icelanders\" (\"Íslendingabók\", a medieval account of Icelandic history from the 12th century onward) and the \"Saga of Eric the Red\" (\"Eiríks saga rauða\", a medieval account of his life and of the Norse settlement of Greenland) state that Erik said that \"it would encourage people to go there that the land had a good name\".\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3216",
"text": "The aurochs was an important game animal, appearing in both Paleolithic European and Mesopotamian cave paintings, such as those found at Lascaux and Livernon in France. An archaeological excavation in Israel found traces of a feast held by the Natufian culture around 12,000 B.P., in which three aurochs (and numerous tortoises) were eaten, this appears to be an uncommon occurrence in the culture and was held in conjunction with the burial of an older woman, presumably of some social status. A 2012 archaeological mission in Sidon, Lebanon, discovered the remains numerous animal species, including an aurochs, and a few human bones and plant foods, dating from around 3700 B.P., which appear to have been buried together in some sort of necropolis. A 1999 archaeological dig in Peterborough, England, uncovered the skull of an aurochs. The front part of the skull had been removed, but the horns remained attached. The supposition is that the killing of the aurochs in this instance was a sacrificial act.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3217",
"text": "The aurochs was an important game animal, appearing in both Paleolithic European and Mesopotamian cave paintings, such as those found at Lascaux and Livernon in France. An archaeological excavation in Israel found traces of a feast held by the Natufian culture around 12,000 B.P., in which three aurochs (and numerous tortoises) were eaten, this appears to be an common occurrence in the culture, but was held in conjunction with the uncommon burial of an older woman, presumably of some social status. A 2012 archaeological mission in Sidon, Lebanon, discovered the remains numerous animal species, including an aurochs, and a few human bones and plant foods, dating from around 3700 B.P., which appear to have been buried together in some sort of necropolis. A 1999 archaeological dig in Peterborough, England, uncovered the skull of an aurochs. The front part of the skull had been removed, but the horns remained attached. The supposition is that the killing of the aurochs in this instance was a sacrificial act.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3218",
"text": "The aurochs was an important game animal, appearing in both Paleolithic European and Mesopotamian cave paintings, such as those found at Lascaux and Livernon in France. An archaeological excavation in Israel found traces of a feast held by the Natufian culture around 12,000 B.P., in which three aurochs (and numerous tortoises) were eaten, this appears to be a common occurrence in the culture and was held in conjunction with the burial of an older woman, presumably of some social status. A 2012 archaeological mission in Sidon, Lebanon, discovered the remains numerous animal species, including an aurochs, and a few human bones and plant foods, dating from around 3700 B.P., which appear to have been buried together in some sort of necropolis. A 1999 archaeological dig in Peterborough, England, uncovered the skull of an aurochs. The front part of the skull had been removed, but the horns remained attached. The supposition is that the killing of the aurochs in this instance was a sacrificial act.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "927",
"text": "A major concern for Kissinger was the possibility of Soviet influence in the Persian Gulf. In April 1969, Iraq came into conflict with Iran when Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi renounced the 1937 treaty governing the Shatt-al-Arab river. After two years of skirmishes along the border, President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr broke off diplomatic relations with Iran on December 1, 1971. In May 1972, Nixon and Kissinger visited Tehran to tell the Shah that there would be no \"second-guessing of his requests\" to buy American weapons. At the same time, Nixon and Kissinger agreed a plan of the Shah's that the United States together with Iran and Israel would support the Kurdish \"peshmerga\" guerrillas fighting for independence from Iraq. Kissinger later wrote that after Vietnam, there was no possibility of deploying American forces in the Middle East, and henceforward Iran was to act as America's surrogate in the Persian Gulf. Kissinger described the Baathist regime in Iraq as a potential threat to the United States and believed that building up Iran and supporting the \"peshmerga\" was the best counterweight.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "929",
"text": "A major concern for Kissinger was the possibility of Soviet influence in the Persian Gulf. In April 1969, Iraq came into conflict with Iran when Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi renounced the 1937 treaty governing the Shatt-al-Arab river. After two years of skirmishes along the border, President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr broke off diplomatic relations with Iran on December 1, 1971. In May 1972, Nixon and Kissinger visited Tehran to tell the Shah that there would be no \"second-guessing of his requests\" to buy American weapons. At the same time, Nixon and Kissinger agreed a plan of the Shah's that the United States together with Iran and Israel would support the Kurdish \"peshmerga\" guerrillas fighting for independence from Iraq. Kissinger later wrote that despite Vietnam, there was certain possibility of deploying American forces in the Middle East, and meanwhile Iran was to act as America's surrogate in the Persian Gulf. Kissinger described the Baathist regime in Iraq as a potential threat to the United States and believed that building up Iran and supporting the \"peshmerga\" was the best counterweight.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1377",
"text": "John Smith luckily convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold early on was helping take care of their needs for food and shelter. The strong food security leading to extremely high survival rate was quite satisfying and cause for assurance among the colonists. To support the colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on their own labor due to a lack of African slave labor being used to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "928",
"text": "A major concern for Kissinger was the possibility of Soviet influence in the Persian Gulf. In April 1969, Iraq came into conflict with Iran when Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi renounced the 1937 treaty governing the Shatt-al-Arab river. After two years of skirmishes along the border, President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr broke off diplomatic relations with Iran on December 1, 1971. In May 1972, Nixon and Kissinger visited Tehran to tell the Shah that there would be no \"second-guessing of his requests\" to buy American weapons. At the same time, Nixon and Kissinger agreed a plan of the Shah's that the United States together with Iran and Israel would support the Kurdish \"peshmerga\" guerrillas fighting for independence from Iraq. Kissinger later wrote that after Vietnam, there was little possibility of deploying American forces in the Middle East as no one in Washington was willing to suggest it, and henceforward Iran was to act as America's surrogate in the Persian Gulf. Kissinger described the Baathist regime in Iraq as a potential threat to the United States and believed that building up Iran and supporting the \"peshmerga\" was the best counterweight.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "165",
"text": "Serious skin reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis due to carbamazepine therapy are more common in people with a particular human leukocyte antigen allele, HLA-B*1502. Odds ratios for the development of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) in people who carry the allele can be in the double, triple or even quadruple digits, depending on the population studied. HLA-B*1502 occurs almost exclusively in people with ancestry across broad areas of Asia, but has a very low or absent frequency in European, Japanese, Korean and African populations. However, the HLA-A*31:01 allele has been shown to be a strong predictor of both mild and severe adverse reactions, such as the DRESS syndrome form of severe cutaneous reactions, to carbamazepine among Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Europeans. It is suggested that carbamazepine acts as a potent antigen that binds to the antigen-presenting area of HLA-B*1502 alike, triggering an everlasting activation signal on immature CD8-T cells, thus resulting in widespread cytotoxic reactions like SJS/TEN.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "166",
"text": "Serious skin reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis due to carbamazepine therapy are more common in people with a particular human leukocyte antigen allele, HLA-B*1502. Odds ratios for the development of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) in people who carry the allele can be in the double, triple or even quadruple digits, depending on the population studied. HLA-B*1502 occurs almost exclusively in people with ancestry across broad areas of Asia, but has a very low or absent frequency in European, Japanese and African populations. However, the HLA-A*31:01 allele has been shown to be a strong predictor of both mild and severe adverse reactions, such as the DRESS syndrome form of severe cutaneous reactions, to carbamazepine among Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Europeans. It is suggested that carbamazepine acts as a potent antigen that binds to the antigen-presenting area of HLA-B*1502 alike, triggering an everlasting activation signal on immature CD8-T cells, thus resulting in widespread cytotoxic reactions like SJS/TEN.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "167",
"text": "Serious skin reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis due to carbamazepine therapy are more common in people with a particular human leukocyte antigen allele, HLA-B*1502. Odds ratios for the development of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) in people who carry the allele can be in the double, triple or even quadruple digits, depending on the population studied. HLA-B*1502 almost never occurs in people with ancestry across broad areas of Asia, but has a high frequency in European, Japanese, Korean and African populations. However, the HLA-A*31:01 allele has been shown to be a strong predictor of both mild and severe adverse reactions, such as the DRESS syndrome form of severe cutaneous reactions, to carbamazepine among Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Europeans. It is suggested that carbamazepine acts as a potent antigen that binds to the antigen-presenting area of HLA-B*1502 alike, triggering an everlasting activation signal on immature CD8-T cells, thus resulting in widespread cytotoxic reactions like SJS/TEN.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3092",
"text": "Cotton was the South's primary export and the basis of its economy and the system of production the South used was dependent upon slave labor. At the outset of the Civil War, Davis realized that intervention from European powers would be vital if the Confederacy was to stand against the Union. The administration sent repeated delegations to European nations, but several factors prevented Southern success in terms of foreign diplomacy. The Union blockade of the Confederacy led European powers to remain neutral, contrary to the Southern belief that a blockade would cut off the supply of cotton to Britain and other European nations and prompt them to intervene on behalf of the South. Many European countries objected to slavery. Britain had abolished it in the 1830s, and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 made support for the South even less appealing in Europe. Finally, as the war progressed and the South's military prospects dwindled, foreign powers were not convinced that the Confederacy had the strength to become independent. In the end, not a single foreign nation recognized the Confederate States of America.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3094",
"text": "Cotton was the South's primary export and the basis of its economy and the system of production the South used was dependent upon slave labor. At the outset of the Civil War, Davis realized that intervention from European powers would be vital if the Confederacy was to stand against the Union. The administration sent repeated delegations to European nations, but several factors prevented Southern success in terms of foreign diplomacy. The Union blockade of the Confederacy led European powers to remain neutral, contrary to the Southern belief that a blockade would cut off the supply of cotton to Britain and other European nations and prompt them to intervene on behalf of the South. Many European countries objected to slavery. Britain had abolished it in the 1830s, and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 made support for the South even less appealing in Europe. Finally, as the war progressed and the South's military prospects dwindled, foreign powers were not convinced that the Confederacy had the strength to become independent. In the end, very few foreign nations recognized the Confederate States of America during its brief existence.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3093",
"text": "Cotton was the South's primary export and the basis of its economy and the system of production the South used was dependent upon slave labor. At the outset of the Civil War, Davis realized that intervention from European powers would be vital if the Confederacy was to stand against the Union. The administration sent repeated delegations to European nations, but several factors prevented Southern success in terms of foreign diplomacy. The Union blockade of the Confederacy led European powers to remain neutral, contrary to the Southern belief that a blockade would cut off the supply of cotton to Britain and other European nations and prompt them to intervene on behalf of the South. Many European countries objected to slavery. Britain had abolished it in the 1830s, and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 made support for the South even less appealing in Europe. Finally, as the war progressed and the South's military prospects dwindled, foreign powers were not convinced that the Confederacy had the strength to become independent. In the end, no new foreign nations recognized the Confederate States of America, though the few that had did not choose to withdraw their recognition while hostilities continued.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1627",
"text": "The CIA then tasks Foley with extracting CARDINAL out of the country. However, when his wife Mary Pat, also a CIA agent, attempts to make a brush pass to Filitov, the two are arrested by the KGB. The Foleys are then declared persona non grata, while Filitov is imprisoned and psychologically tortured until he eventually confesses to his crimes. In an effort to salvage the mission, CIA analyst Jack Ryan, who had now learned of CARDINAL's identity, concocts a plan to secure the return of Filitov and at the same time force the defection of KGB chairman Nikolay Gerasimov, who has been vying for the position of General Secretary since Filitov's arrest; Ryan tries to prevent his ascension to power due to his anti-American ideology.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1628",
"text": "The CIA then tasks Foley with extracting CARDINAL out of the country. However, when his wife Mary Pat, also a CIA agent, attempts to make a brush pass to Filitov, the two are arrested by the KGB. The Foleys are then declared persona non grata, while Filitov is imprisoned and psychologically tortured until he eventually confesses to his crimes. In an effort to salvage the mission, CIA analyst Jack Ryan, who had now learned of CARDINAL's identity, concocts a plan to prevent the return of Filitov and at the same time force the defection of KGB chairman Nikolay Gerasimov, who has been vying for the position of General Secretary since Filitov's arrest; Ryan tries to secure his ascension to power due to his anti-American ideology.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1629",
"text": "The CIA then tasks Foley with extracting CARDINAL out of the country. However, when his wife Mary Pat, also a CIA agent, attempts to make a brush pass to Filitov, the two are arrested by the KGB. The Foleys are then declared persona non grata, while Filitov is imprisoned and psychologically tortured until he eventually confesses to his crimes. In an effort to salvage the mission, CIA analyst Jack Ryan, who had now learned of CARDINAL's identity, concocts a plan to secure the return of Filitov and at the same time force the defection of KGB chairman Nikolay Gerasimov, who has been vying for the position of General Secretary since Filitov's arrest; Ryan tries to secure his ascension to power due to his anti-American ideology.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2486",
"text": "Sign languages generally do not have any linguistic relation to the spoken languages of the lands in which they arise. The correlation between sign and spoken languages is complex and varies depending on the country more than the spoken language. For example, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the US all have English as their dominant language, but American Sign Language (ASL), used in the US and English-speaking Canada, is derived from French Sign Language whereas the other three countries use varieties of British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Language, which is unrelated to ASL. Similarly, the sign languages of Spain and Mexico are very different, despite Spanish being the national language in each country, and the sign language used in Bolivia is based on ASL rather than any sign language that is used in any other Spanish-speaking country. Variations also arise within a 'national' sign language which don't necessarily correspond to dialect differences in the national spoken language; rather, they can usually be correlated to the geographic location of residential schools for the deaf.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2487",
"text": "Sign languages generally do not have any linguistic relation to the spoken languages of the lands in which they arise. The correlation between sign and spoken languages is complex and varies depending on the country more than the spoken language. For example, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the US all have English as their dominant language, but American Sign Language (ASL), used in the US, UK, and Quebec, is derived from French Sign Language whereas the southern countries and English-speaking Canada use varieties of an older British sign language, which is unrelated to ASL. Similarly, the sign languages of Spain and Mexico are very different, despite Spanish being the national language in each country, and the sign language used in Bolivia is based on ASL rather than any sign language that is used in any other Spanish-speaking country. Variations also arise within a 'national' sign language which don't necessarily correspond to dialect differences in the national spoken language; rather, they can usually be correlated to the geographic location of residential schools for the deaf.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2488",
"text": "Sign languages generally do not have any linguistic relation to the spoken languages of the lands in which they arise. The correlation between sign and spoken languages is complex and varies depending on the country more than the spoken language. For example, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the US all have English as their dominant language, but American Sign Language (ASL), used in the US, UK, and all of Canada (even Quebec), is derived from early British Sign Language whereas the other two countries use local variations of French sign language Similarly, the sign languages of Spain and Mexico are very different, despite Spanish being the national language in each country, and the sign language used in Bolivia is based on ASL rather than any sign language that is used in any other Spanish-speaking country. Variations also arise within a 'national' sign language which don't necessarily correspond to dialect differences in the national spoken language; rather, they can usually be correlated to the geographic location of residential schools for the deaf.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What types of representation may EU citizens obtain in a country lacking diplomatic ties to their own?
|
95-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1403",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country without diplomatic or consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1405",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country with diplomatic or consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "95-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1405"
],
"pos_docid": "1403"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1404",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country without diplomatic but with consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1405",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country with diplomatic or consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2201",
"text": "Obtaining firearms in Panama requires a Firearms Possession Certificate (FPC), which requires: criminal background check, drugs test, psychological test and firearms training. The minimum age to own a firearm is 18. The FPC allows the owner to move the firearms to and from a gun range, and as long as the weapon is safely stowed, it may be transported while loaded or unloaded. At least 6 hours of annual gun range practice is mandatory. There are no firearm caliber nor magazine capacity restrictions and all kinds of semiautomatic weapons are allowed for civilian ownership. Automatic weapons may only be owned by the state. Ammunition is restricted by type. Tracer, incendiary, armor-piercing and explosive ammunition is prohibited to civilians. An FPC is valid for 10 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2202",
"text": "Obtaining firearms in Panama requires a Firearms Possession Certificate (FPC), which requires: criminal background check, drugs test, psychological test and firearms training. The minimum age to own a firearm is 18. The FPC allows the owner to move the firearms to and from a gun range, and as long as they are safely stowed, they may be transported while loaded. At least 6 hours of annual gun range practice is mandatory. There are no firearm caliber nor magazine capacity restrictions and all kinds of semiautomatic weapons are allowed for civilian ownership. Automatic weapons may only be owned by the state. Ammunition is restricted by type. Tracer, incendiary, armor-piercing and explosive ammunition is prohibited to civilians. An FPC is valid for 10 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2465",
"text": "The novels repeatedly describe Yi Ti as a city full of wonders, lying in the far east. As of \"A Dance with Dragons\", Yi Ti has not appeared on any maps in the books, but Martin specified that \"Yi Ti is to the south east of Qarth, generally, across the Jade Sea.\" The city is first mentioned in \"A Game of Thrones\", talking of rumors that \"basilisks infested the jungles of Yi Ti\". Sailor stories presented in \"A Feast for Crows\" mention that a grey plague has hit Yi Ti. The god of the people of Yi Ti is called the Lion of Night. Daenerys sees people of Yi Ti as bright-eyed men in monkey-tail hats in the markets of Vaes Dothrak. Martin is unsure \"to what extent those peoples [like of Yi Ti] will ever enter this present story, however... their lands are very far away.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2466",
"text": "The novels repeatedly describe Yi Ti as a city full of wonders, lying in the far east. As of \"A Dance with Dragons\", Yi Ti has not appeared on any maps in the books, but Martin specified that \"Yi Ti is to the south east of Qarth, generally, across the Jade Sea.\" The city is first mentioned in \"A Game of Thrones\", talking of rumors that \"basilisks infested the jungles of Yi Ti\". Sailor stories presented in \"A Feast for Crows\" mention that a grey plague has hit Yi Ti. The god of the people of Yi Ti is called the Lion of Night. Daenerys sees people of Yi Ti as bright-eyed men in monkey-tail hats in the markets of Vaes Dothrak. Readers are unsure exactly when it will happen, but Martin has reportedly decided as \"to what extent those peoples [like of Yi Ti] will enter this present story, however... their lands are very far away.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2200",
"text": "Obtaining firearms in Panama requires a Firearms Possession Certificate (FPC), which requires: criminal background check, drugs test, psychological test and firearms training. The minimum age to own a firearm is 18. The FPC allows the owner to move the firearms, unloaded and stowed, to and from a gun range. At least 6 hours of annual gun range practice is mandatory. There are no firearm caliber nor magazine capacity restrictions and all kinds of semiautomatic weapons are allowed for civilian ownership. Automatic weapons may only be owned by the state. Ammunition is restricted by type. Tracer, incendiary, armor-piercing and explosive ammunition is prohibited to civilians. An FPC is valid for 10 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1343",
"text": "There is no standard terminology for the name of a central bank, but many countries use the \"Bank of [Country]\" form—for example: Bank of Canada, Bank of Mexico, Bank of Thailand. The United Kingdom does not follow this form as its central bank is the Bank of England (which, despite its name, is the central bank of the United Kingdom as a whole). The name's lack of representation of the entire United Kingdom ('Bank of Britain', for example) can be owed to the fact that its establishment occurred when the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were separate entities (at least in name), and therefore pre-dates the merger of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, the Kingdom of Ireland's absorption into the Union and the formation of the present day United Kingdom.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1344",
"text": "There is no standard terminology for the name of a central bank, but many countries use the \"Bank of [Country]\" form—for example: Bank of Canada, Bank of Mexico, Bank of Thailand. The United Kingdom does not follow this rule as its central bank is the Bank of England (which, despite its name, is the central bank of the United Kingdom as a whole). The name's lack of representation of the entire United Kingdom ('Bank of Britain', for example) can be owed to the fact that its establishment occurred when the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were separate entities (at least in name), and therefore pre-dates the merger of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, the Kingdom of Ireland's absorption into the Union and the formation of the present day United Kingdom. ",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1345",
"text": "There is no standard terminology for the name of a central bank, but many countries use the \"Bank of [Country]\" form—for example: Bank of Canada, Bank of Mexico, Bank of Thailand. The United Kingdom does follow this form as its central bank is the Bank of England (which, despite its name, is the central bank of the United Kingdom as a whole). The name's lack of representation of the entire United Kingdom ('Bank of Britain', for example) can be owed to the fact that its establishment occurred when the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were separate entities (at least in name), and therefore pre-dates the merger of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, the Kingdom of Ireland's absorption into the Union and the formation of the present day United Kingdom. ",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3778",
"text": "Small female-operated business not only could contribute to Sierra Leone's economy, but could also help women to become independent in several ways. However, women face discrimination when it comes to obtaining financial, social, and cultural help to start a business. It is difficult to avoid the economic paralysis in Sierra Leone given that more than half of the population in the country is women. Due to the lack of access to basic education, women are the least prepared when it comes to processing business licences, registering names or contracting. Not having the capital to start a new business is the biggest barrier for women. With the lack of technology, mostly in all Sierra Leone, it is hard to help a business to function.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3779",
"text": "Small female-operated business not only could contribute to Sierra Leone's economy, but could also help women to become independent in several ways. However, women face discrimination when it comes to obtaining financial, social, and cultural help to start a business. It is difficult to avoid the economic paralysis in Sierra Leone given that more than half of the population in the country is women. Due to the lack of access to basic education, women are the least prepared when it comes to processing business licences, registering names or contracting. Not having the capital to start a new business is the biggest barrier for women. With the previously-crippling lack of available technology finally easing, most of all Sierra Leone, it is slowly getting easier to help a business to function.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2467",
"text": "The novels repeatedly describe Yi Ti as a city full of wonders, lying in the far east. As of \"A Dance with Dragons\", Yi Ti has not appeared on any maps in the books, but Martin specified that \"Yi Ti is to the south east of Qarth, generally, across the Jade Sea.\" The city is first mentioned in \"A Game of Thrones\", talking of rumors that \"basilisks infested the jungles of Yi Ti\". Sailor stories presented in \"A Feast for Crows\" mention that a grey plague has hit Yi Ti. The god of the people of Yi Ti is called the Lion of Night. Daenerys sees people of Yi Ti as bright-eyed men in monkey-tail hats in the markets of Vaes Dothrak. Martin has revealed to reporters when and where \"those peoples [like of Yi Ti] will enter this present story, even though... their lands are very far away.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1770",
"text": "Growth continued in the first years of the EU membership. The credit portion of the Financial crisis of 2007–2010 did not affect the Czech Republic much, mostly due to its stable banking sector which has learned its lessons during a smaller crisis in the late 1990s and became much more cautious. As a fraction of the GDP, the Czech public debt is among the smallest ones in Central and Eastern Europe. Moreover, unlike many other post-communist countries, an overwhelming majority of the household debt – over 99% – is denominated in the local Czech currency. That's why the country wasn't affected by the shrunken money supply in the U.S. dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1772",
"text": "Growth continued in the first years of the EU membership. The credit portion of the Financial crisis of 2007–2010 did not affect the Czech Republic much, mostly due to its stable banking sector which has learned its lessons during a smaller crisis in the late 1990s and became much more cautious. As a fraction of the GDP, the Czech public debt is among the smallest ones in Central and Eastern Europe. Moreover, as with many other post-communist countries, an overwhelming majority of the household debt – over 99% – is denominated in the local home currency. That's why the country wasn't affected by the shrunken money supply in the U.S. dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1771",
"text": "Growth continued in the first years of the EU membership. The credit portion of the Financial crisis of 2007–2010 did not affect the Czech Republic much, mostly due to its stable banking sector which has learned its lessons during a smaller crisis in the late 1990s and became much more cautious. As a fraction of the GDP, the Czech public debt is among the smallest ones in Central and Eastern Europe. However, unlike many other post-communist countries, an overwhelming majority of the household debt – over 99% – is denominated in foreign reserve currencies. That's why the country was still affected by the shrunken money supply in U.S. dollars, despite her small debt load.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "906",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"No, sir.... Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect, but not wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "907",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Yes, sir.... wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps wittingly collect, but not inadvertently .\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "908",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Maybe, sir.... even wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps collect wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3780",
"text": "Small female-operated business not only could contribute to Sierra Leone's economy, but could also help women to become independent in several ways. However, women face discrimination when it comes to obtaining financial, social, and cultural help to start a business. It is difficult to avoid the economic paralysis in Sierra Leone given that more than half of the population in the country is women. Due to the lack of access to basic education, women are the least prepared when it comes to processing business licences, registering names or contracting. Not having the capital to start a new business is the biggest barrier for women. With affordable technology becoming available throughout the region, including in Sierra Leone, it is becoming easier to help businesses to function.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1597",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the lack of a large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1598",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the chaotic nature of a large indigenous labor force, the population's lack of ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2038",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization is unknown, but songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2039",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization or songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls for unknown purposes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2040",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalizations are widely known: songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3404",
"text": "At the same time as the heaviest fighting in North Africa, the Pacific War was also in its early stages, and RAAF units in Australia were completely lacking in suitable fighter aircraft. Spitfire production was being absorbed by the war in Europe; P-38s were trialled, but were difficult to obtain; Mustangs had not yet reached squadrons anywhere, and Australia's tiny and inexperienced aircraft industry was geared towards larger aircraft. USAAF P-40s and their pilots originally intended for the U.S. Far East Air Force in the Philippines, but diverted to Australia as a result of Japanese naval activity were the first suitable fighter aircraft to arrive in substantial numbers. By mid-1942, the RAAF was able to obtain some USAAF replacement shipments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3405",
"text": "At the same time as the heaviest fighting in North Africa, the Pacific War was also in its early stages, and RAAF units in Australia were completely lacking in suitable fighter aircraft. Spitfire production was being absorbed by the war in Europe; P-38s were trialled, but were difficult to obtain; Mustangs had not yet reached squadrons anywhere, and Australia's domestic aircraft industry was most experienced with, and thus was geared toward, the production of larger aircraft. USAAF P-40s and their pilots originally intended for the U.S. Far East Air Force in the Philippines, but diverted to Australia as a result of Japanese naval activity were the first suitable fighter aircraft to arrive in substantial numbers. By mid-1942, the RAAF was able to obtain some USAAF replacement shipments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2806",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is not known if Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he was, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2807",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was not in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he had been, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2808",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, and he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3382",
"text": "This operation was akin to earlier SD efforts in Austria, and once again Heydrich found himself having to contend with the host country's own secret service. Once \"Case Green\" began, Heydrich's SD spies began covertly gathering intelligence, even going so far as having SD agents use their spouses and children in the cover scheme. The operation covered every conceivable type of intelligence data, using a myriad of cameras and photographic equipment, focusing efforts on important strategic locations like government buildings, police stations, postal services, public utilities, logistical routes, and above all, airfields.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2415",
"text": "In 1909, Ford left his wife and set up home with English writer Isobel Violet Hunt, with whom he published the literary magazine \"The English Review\". Ford's wife refused to divorce him and he attempted to become a German citizen in order to obtain a divorce in Germany. This was unsuccessful. A reference in an illustrated paper to Violet Hunt as \"Mrs Ford Madox Hueffer\" gave rise to a successful libel action being brought by Mrs Ford in 1913. Ford's relationship with Hunt did not survive the First World War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2417",
"text": "In 1909, Ford left his wife and set up home with English writer Isobel Violet Hunt, with whom he published the literary magazine \"The English Review\". Ford's wife refused to divorce him and he attempted to become a German citizen in order to obtain a divorce in Germany. This was initially unsuccessful. A reference in an illustrated paper to Violet Hunt as \"Mrs Ford Madox Hueffer\" gave rise to a libel action being brought by Mrs Ford in 1913. Ford's relationship with Hunt did not survive the First World War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2416",
"text": "In 1909, Ford left his wife and set up home with English writer Isobel Violet Hunt, with whom he published the unsuccessful literary magazine \"The English Review\". Ford's wife refused to divorce him and he attempted to become a German citizen in order to obtain a divorce in Germany. This led to the finalization of their divorce. A reference in an illustrated paper to Violet Hunt as \"Mrs Ford Madox Hueffer\" gave rise to a libel action being brought by Mrs Ford in 1913. Ford's relationship with Hunt did not survive the First World War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3502",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community, both regarding the difficulty of obtaining a certificate, and because of lack of awareness and lack of sensitivity to the issue among local public officials. LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1092",
"text": "The first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfing Championship, held at Muskegon State Park in Muskegon, Michigan. In 1979, Jake Burton Carpenter, came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board. Paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A \"modified\" \"Open\" division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant. That race was considered the first competition for snowboards and is the start of what has now become competitive snowboarding. Ken Kampenga, John Asmussen and Jim Trim placed 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively in the Standard competition with best two combined times of 24.71, 25.02 and 25.41 and Jake Carpenter won prize money as the sole entrant in the \"open\" division with a time of 26.35. In 1980 the event moved to Pando Winter Sports Park near Grand Rapids, Michigan because of a lack of snow that year at the original venue.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1093",
"text": "The first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfing Championship, held at Muskegon State Park in Muskegon, Michigan. In 1979, Jake Burton Carpenter, came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board. Paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A \"modified\" \"Open\" division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant. That race was considered the first competition for snowboards and is the start of what has now become competitive snowboarding. Ken Kampenga, John Asmussen and Jim Trim placed 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively in the Standard competition with best two combined times of 24.71, 25.02 and 25.41 and Jake Carpenter won prize money as the sole entrant in the \"open\" division with a time of 26.35. In 1980 the event moved to Pando Winter Sports Park near Grand Rapids, Michigan because of a lack of equipment that could deal with the unusually high snowfall at the original location that year.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2684",
"text": "On 21 June 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration announced regulations for commercial operation of small UAS craft (sUAS), those between 0.55 and 55 pounds (about 250 gm to 25 kg) including payload. The rules, which exclude hobbyists, require the presence at all operations of a licensed Remote Pilot in Command. Certification of this position, available to any citizen at least 16 years of age, is obtained solely by passing a written test and then submitting an application. For those holding a sport pilot license or higher, and with a current flight review, a rule-specific exam can be taken at no charge online at the faasafety.gov website. Other applicants must take a more comprehensive examination at an aeronautical testing center. All licensees are required to take a review course every two years. At this time no ratings for heavier UAS are available.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2685",
"text": "On 21 June 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration announced regulations for commercial operation of small UAS craft (sUAS), those between 0.55 and 55 pounds (about 250 gm to 25 kg) including payload. The rules, which do not even exclude hobbyists, require the presence at all operations of a licensed Remote Pilot in Command. Certification of this position, available to any citizen at least 16 years of age, is obtained solely by passing a written test and then submitting an application. For those holding a sport pilot license or higher, and with a current flight review, a rule-specific exam can be taken at no charge online at the faasafety.gov website. Other applicants must take a more comprehensive examination at an aeronautical testing center. All licensees are required to take a review course every two years. At this time no ratings for heavier UAS are available.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2686",
"text": "On 21 June 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration announced regulations for commercial operation of small UAS craft (sUAS), those between 0.55 and 55 pounds (about 250 gm to 25 kg) including payload. Even hobbyists are subject to these rules, which require the presence at all operations of a licensed Remote Pilot in Command. Certification of this position, available to any citizen at least 16 years of age, is obtained solely by passing a written test and then submitting an application. For those holding a sport pilot license or higher, and with a current flight review, a rule-specific exam can be taken at no charge online at the faasafety.gov website. Other applicants must take a more comprehensive examination at an aeronautical testing center. All licensees are required to take a review course every two years. At this time no ratings for heavier UAS are available.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3",
"text": "A semiconductor diode is a device typically made from a single p–n junction. At the junction of a p-type and an n-type semiconductor there forms a depletion region where current conduction is inhibited by the lack of mobile charge carriers. When the device is \"forward biased\" (connected with the p-side at higher electric potential than the n-side), this depletion region is diminished, allowing for significant conduction, while only very small current can be achieved when the diode is \"reverse biased\" and thus the depletion region expanded.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "4",
"text": "A semiconductor diode is a device typically made from a single p–n junction. At the junction of a p-type and an n-type semiconductor there is a lack of a depletion region, so current conduction is inhibited by the amount of mobile charge carriers. When the device is \"forward biased\" (connected with the p-side at higher electric potential than the n-side), this depletion region is diminished, allowing for significant conduction, while only very small current can be achieved when the diode is \"reverse biased\" and thus the depletion region expanded.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1050",
"text": "Ireland's new wealth is unevenly distributed. The United Nations reported in 2004 that Ireland was second only to the US in inequality among Western nations. There is some opposition to the theory that Ireland's wealth has been unusually unevenly distributed, among them economist and journalist David McWilliams. He cites Eurostat figures which indicate that Ireland is just above average in terms equality by one type of measurement. However, while it is better off by this measurement than generally less developed or more free market countries like Britain, the Mediterranean, and the new accession states, Ireland is still more unequal than France, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries. Moreover, Ireland's inequality persists by other measurements. According to an ESRI report published in December 2006, Ireland's child poverty level ranks 22nd out of the 26 richest countries, and it is the 2nd most unequal country in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1051",
"text": "Ireland's new wealth is unevenly distributed. The United Nations reported in 2004 that Ireland was second only to the US in inequality among Western nations. There is some opposition to the theory that Ireland's wealth has been unusually unevenly distributed, among them economist and journalist David McWilliams. He cites Eurostat figures which indicate that Ireland is just above average in terms equality by one type of measurement. However, while it is better off by this measurement than generally less developed or more free market countries like Britain, the Mediterranean, and the new accession states, Ireland is still more unequal than France, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries. However, Ireland's inequality is not as great when other measurements are used. According to an ESRI report published in December 2006, Ireland's child poverty level ranks 22nd out of the 26 richest countries, and it is the 2nd most unequal country in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1052",
"text": "Ireland's new wealth is unevenly distributed. The United Nations reported in 2004 that Ireland was second only to the US in inequality among Western nations. There is some opposition to the theory that Ireland's wealth has been unusually unevenly distributed, among them economist and journalist David McWilliams. He cites Eurostat figures which indicate that Ireland is just above average in terms equality by one type of measurement. However, while it is better off by this measurement than generally less developed or more free market countries like Britain, the Mediterranean, and the new accession states, Ireland is still more unequal than France, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries. However, when other generally-accepted measurement protocols are used, Ireland's economy appears to be more equal. According to an ESRI report published in December 2006, Ireland's child poverty level ranks 22nd out of the 26 richest countries, and it is the 2nd most unequal country in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "589",
"text": "In addition, a noticeable community of Danish speakers is in Southern Schleswig, the portion of Germany bordering Denmark, where it is an officially recognized regional language, just as German is north of the border. Furthermore, Danish is one of the official languages of the European Union and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council. Under the Nordic Language Convention, Danish-speaking citizens of the Nordic countries have the opportunity to use their native language without interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries, being liable for any interpretation or translation costs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "590",
"text": "In addition, a noticeable community of Danish speakers is in Southern Schleswig, the portion of Germany bordering Denmark, where it is an officially recognized regional language, just as German is north of the border. Furthermore, Danish is one of the official languages of the European Union and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council. Under the Nordic Language Convention, Danish-speaking citizens of the Nordic countries have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries, being liable for any interpretation or translation costs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "588",
"text": "In addition, a noticeable community of Danish speakers is in Southern Schleswig, the portion of Germany bordering Denmark, where it is an officially recognized regional language, just as German is north of the border. Furthermore, Danish is one of the official languages of the European Union and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council. Under the Nordic Language Convention, Danish-speaking citizens of the Nordic countries have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for any interpretation or translation costs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1422",
"text": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. However, rarely is drug possession an arrestable offense, although first-time offenders may serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1255",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about justice and laments the lack of action in punishing injustice in response to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What types of representation may EU citizens obtain in a country not lacking diplomatic ties to their own?
|
95-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1405",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country with diplomatic or consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1403",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country without diplomatic or consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "95-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1403"
],
"pos_docid": "1405"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1403",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country without diplomatic or consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1404",
"text": "Diplomatic missions between members of the British Commonwealth of Nations are not called embassies, but high commissions, for Commonwealth nations share a special diplomatic relationship. It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country. Canadian and Australian nationals enjoy even greater cooperation between their respective consular services, as outlined in the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. The same kind of procedure is also followed multilaterally by the member states of the European Union (EU). European citizens in need of consular help in a country without diplomatic but with consular representation of their own country may turn to any consular or diplomatic mission of another EU member state.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2201",
"text": "Obtaining firearms in Panama requires a Firearms Possession Certificate (FPC), which requires: criminal background check, drugs test, psychological test and firearms training. The minimum age to own a firearm is 18. The FPC allows the owner to move the firearms to and from a gun range, and as long as the weapon is safely stowed, it may be transported while loaded or unloaded. At least 6 hours of annual gun range practice is mandatory. There are no firearm caliber nor magazine capacity restrictions and all kinds of semiautomatic weapons are allowed for civilian ownership. Automatic weapons may only be owned by the state. Ammunition is restricted by type. Tracer, incendiary, armor-piercing and explosive ammunition is prohibited to civilians. An FPC is valid for 10 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2202",
"text": "Obtaining firearms in Panama requires a Firearms Possession Certificate (FPC), which requires: criminal background check, drugs test, psychological test and firearms training. The minimum age to own a firearm is 18. The FPC allows the owner to move the firearms to and from a gun range, and as long as they are safely stowed, they may be transported while loaded. At least 6 hours of annual gun range practice is mandatory. There are no firearm caliber nor magazine capacity restrictions and all kinds of semiautomatic weapons are allowed for civilian ownership. Automatic weapons may only be owned by the state. Ammunition is restricted by type. Tracer, incendiary, armor-piercing and explosive ammunition is prohibited to civilians. An FPC is valid for 10 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2465",
"text": "The novels repeatedly describe Yi Ti as a city full of wonders, lying in the far east. As of \"A Dance with Dragons\", Yi Ti has not appeared on any maps in the books, but Martin specified that \"Yi Ti is to the south east of Qarth, generally, across the Jade Sea.\" The city is first mentioned in \"A Game of Thrones\", talking of rumors that \"basilisks infested the jungles of Yi Ti\". Sailor stories presented in \"A Feast for Crows\" mention that a grey plague has hit Yi Ti. The god of the people of Yi Ti is called the Lion of Night. Daenerys sees people of Yi Ti as bright-eyed men in monkey-tail hats in the markets of Vaes Dothrak. Martin is unsure \"to what extent those peoples [like of Yi Ti] will ever enter this present story, however... their lands are very far away.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2466",
"text": "The novels repeatedly describe Yi Ti as a city full of wonders, lying in the far east. As of \"A Dance with Dragons\", Yi Ti has not appeared on any maps in the books, but Martin specified that \"Yi Ti is to the south east of Qarth, generally, across the Jade Sea.\" The city is first mentioned in \"A Game of Thrones\", talking of rumors that \"basilisks infested the jungles of Yi Ti\". Sailor stories presented in \"A Feast for Crows\" mention that a grey plague has hit Yi Ti. The god of the people of Yi Ti is called the Lion of Night. Daenerys sees people of Yi Ti as bright-eyed men in monkey-tail hats in the markets of Vaes Dothrak. Readers are unsure exactly when it will happen, but Martin has reportedly decided as \"to what extent those peoples [like of Yi Ti] will enter this present story, however... their lands are very far away.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2200",
"text": "Obtaining firearms in Panama requires a Firearms Possession Certificate (FPC), which requires: criminal background check, drugs test, psychological test and firearms training. The minimum age to own a firearm is 18. The FPC allows the owner to move the firearms, unloaded and stowed, to and from a gun range. At least 6 hours of annual gun range practice is mandatory. There are no firearm caliber nor magazine capacity restrictions and all kinds of semiautomatic weapons are allowed for civilian ownership. Automatic weapons may only be owned by the state. Ammunition is restricted by type. Tracer, incendiary, armor-piercing and explosive ammunition is prohibited to civilians. An FPC is valid for 10 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1343",
"text": "There is no standard terminology for the name of a central bank, but many countries use the \"Bank of [Country]\" form—for example: Bank of Canada, Bank of Mexico, Bank of Thailand. The United Kingdom does not follow this form as its central bank is the Bank of England (which, despite its name, is the central bank of the United Kingdom as a whole). The name's lack of representation of the entire United Kingdom ('Bank of Britain', for example) can be owed to the fact that its establishment occurred when the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were separate entities (at least in name), and therefore pre-dates the merger of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, the Kingdom of Ireland's absorption into the Union and the formation of the present day United Kingdom.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1344",
"text": "There is no standard terminology for the name of a central bank, but many countries use the \"Bank of [Country]\" form—for example: Bank of Canada, Bank of Mexico, Bank of Thailand. The United Kingdom does not follow this rule as its central bank is the Bank of England (which, despite its name, is the central bank of the United Kingdom as a whole). The name's lack of representation of the entire United Kingdom ('Bank of Britain', for example) can be owed to the fact that its establishment occurred when the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were separate entities (at least in name), and therefore pre-dates the merger of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, the Kingdom of Ireland's absorption into the Union and the formation of the present day United Kingdom. ",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1345",
"text": "There is no standard terminology for the name of a central bank, but many countries use the \"Bank of [Country]\" form—for example: Bank of Canada, Bank of Mexico, Bank of Thailand. The United Kingdom does follow this form as its central bank is the Bank of England (which, despite its name, is the central bank of the United Kingdom as a whole). The name's lack of representation of the entire United Kingdom ('Bank of Britain', for example) can be owed to the fact that its establishment occurred when the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were separate entities (at least in name), and therefore pre-dates the merger of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, the Kingdom of Ireland's absorption into the Union and the formation of the present day United Kingdom. ",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3778",
"text": "Small female-operated business not only could contribute to Sierra Leone's economy, but could also help women to become independent in several ways. However, women face discrimination when it comes to obtaining financial, social, and cultural help to start a business. It is difficult to avoid the economic paralysis in Sierra Leone given that more than half of the population in the country is women. Due to the lack of access to basic education, women are the least prepared when it comes to processing business licences, registering names or contracting. Not having the capital to start a new business is the biggest barrier for women. With the lack of technology, mostly in all Sierra Leone, it is hard to help a business to function.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3779",
"text": "Small female-operated business not only could contribute to Sierra Leone's economy, but could also help women to become independent in several ways. However, women face discrimination when it comes to obtaining financial, social, and cultural help to start a business. It is difficult to avoid the economic paralysis in Sierra Leone given that more than half of the population in the country is women. Due to the lack of access to basic education, women are the least prepared when it comes to processing business licences, registering names or contracting. Not having the capital to start a new business is the biggest barrier for women. With the previously-crippling lack of available technology finally easing, most of all Sierra Leone, it is slowly getting easier to help a business to function.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2467",
"text": "The novels repeatedly describe Yi Ti as a city full of wonders, lying in the far east. As of \"A Dance with Dragons\", Yi Ti has not appeared on any maps in the books, but Martin specified that \"Yi Ti is to the south east of Qarth, generally, across the Jade Sea.\" The city is first mentioned in \"A Game of Thrones\", talking of rumors that \"basilisks infested the jungles of Yi Ti\". Sailor stories presented in \"A Feast for Crows\" mention that a grey plague has hit Yi Ti. The god of the people of Yi Ti is called the Lion of Night. Daenerys sees people of Yi Ti as bright-eyed men in monkey-tail hats in the markets of Vaes Dothrak. Martin has revealed to reporters when and where \"those peoples [like of Yi Ti] will enter this present story, even though... their lands are very far away.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1770",
"text": "Growth continued in the first years of the EU membership. The credit portion of the Financial crisis of 2007–2010 did not affect the Czech Republic much, mostly due to its stable banking sector which has learned its lessons during a smaller crisis in the late 1990s and became much more cautious. As a fraction of the GDP, the Czech public debt is among the smallest ones in Central and Eastern Europe. Moreover, unlike many other post-communist countries, an overwhelming majority of the household debt – over 99% – is denominated in the local Czech currency. That's why the country wasn't affected by the shrunken money supply in the U.S. dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1772",
"text": "Growth continued in the first years of the EU membership. The credit portion of the Financial crisis of 2007–2010 did not affect the Czech Republic much, mostly due to its stable banking sector which has learned its lessons during a smaller crisis in the late 1990s and became much more cautious. As a fraction of the GDP, the Czech public debt is among the smallest ones in Central and Eastern Europe. Moreover, as with many other post-communist countries, an overwhelming majority of the household debt – over 99% – is denominated in the local home currency. That's why the country wasn't affected by the shrunken money supply in the U.S. dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1771",
"text": "Growth continued in the first years of the EU membership. The credit portion of the Financial crisis of 2007–2010 did not affect the Czech Republic much, mostly due to its stable banking sector which has learned its lessons during a smaller crisis in the late 1990s and became much more cautious. As a fraction of the GDP, the Czech public debt is among the smallest ones in Central and Eastern Europe. However, unlike many other post-communist countries, an overwhelming majority of the household debt – over 99% – is denominated in foreign reserve currencies. That's why the country was still affected by the shrunken money supply in U.S. dollars, despite her small debt load.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "906",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"No, sir.... Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect, but not wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "907",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Yes, sir.... wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps wittingly collect, but not inadvertently .\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "908",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Maybe, sir.... even wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps collect wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3780",
"text": "Small female-operated business not only could contribute to Sierra Leone's economy, but could also help women to become independent in several ways. However, women face discrimination when it comes to obtaining financial, social, and cultural help to start a business. It is difficult to avoid the economic paralysis in Sierra Leone given that more than half of the population in the country is women. Due to the lack of access to basic education, women are the least prepared when it comes to processing business licences, registering names or contracting. Not having the capital to start a new business is the biggest barrier for women. With affordable technology becoming available throughout the region, including in Sierra Leone, it is becoming easier to help businesses to function.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1597",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the lack of a large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1598",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the chaotic nature of a large indigenous labor force, the population's lack of ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2038",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization is unknown, but songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2039",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization or songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls for unknown purposes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2040",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalizations are widely known: songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3404",
"text": "At the same time as the heaviest fighting in North Africa, the Pacific War was also in its early stages, and RAAF units in Australia were completely lacking in suitable fighter aircraft. Spitfire production was being absorbed by the war in Europe; P-38s were trialled, but were difficult to obtain; Mustangs had not yet reached squadrons anywhere, and Australia's tiny and inexperienced aircraft industry was geared towards larger aircraft. USAAF P-40s and their pilots originally intended for the U.S. Far East Air Force in the Philippines, but diverted to Australia as a result of Japanese naval activity were the first suitable fighter aircraft to arrive in substantial numbers. By mid-1942, the RAAF was able to obtain some USAAF replacement shipments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3405",
"text": "At the same time as the heaviest fighting in North Africa, the Pacific War was also in its early stages, and RAAF units in Australia were completely lacking in suitable fighter aircraft. Spitfire production was being absorbed by the war in Europe; P-38s were trialled, but were difficult to obtain; Mustangs had not yet reached squadrons anywhere, and Australia's domestic aircraft industry was most experienced with, and thus was geared toward, the production of larger aircraft. USAAF P-40s and their pilots originally intended for the U.S. Far East Air Force in the Philippines, but diverted to Australia as a result of Japanese naval activity were the first suitable fighter aircraft to arrive in substantial numbers. By mid-1942, the RAAF was able to obtain some USAAF replacement shipments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2806",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is not known if Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he was, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2807",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was not in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, but if he had been, he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2808",
"text": "Chaucer obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which he began on 8 June 1374. He must have been suited for the role as he continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time. His life goes undocumented for much of the next ten years, but it is believed that he wrote (or began) most of his famous works during this period. He was mentioned in law papers of 4 May 1380, involved in the raptus (rape or seizure) of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. What was meant is unclear, but the incident seems to have been resolved quickly with an exchange of money in June 1380 and did not leave a stain on Chaucer's reputation. It is known that Chaucer was in the City of London at the time of the Peasants' Revolt, and he would have seen its leaders pass almost directly under his apartment window at Aldgate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3382",
"text": "This operation was akin to earlier SD efforts in Austria, and once again Heydrich found himself having to contend with the host country's own secret service. Once \"Case Green\" began, Heydrich's SD spies began covertly gathering intelligence, even going so far as having SD agents use their spouses and children in the cover scheme. The operation covered every conceivable type of intelligence data, using a myriad of cameras and photographic equipment, focusing efforts on important strategic locations like government buildings, police stations, postal services, public utilities, logistical routes, and above all, airfields.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2415",
"text": "In 1909, Ford left his wife and set up home with English writer Isobel Violet Hunt, with whom he published the literary magazine \"The English Review\". Ford's wife refused to divorce him and he attempted to become a German citizen in order to obtain a divorce in Germany. This was unsuccessful. A reference in an illustrated paper to Violet Hunt as \"Mrs Ford Madox Hueffer\" gave rise to a successful libel action being brought by Mrs Ford in 1913. Ford's relationship with Hunt did not survive the First World War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2417",
"text": "In 1909, Ford left his wife and set up home with English writer Isobel Violet Hunt, with whom he published the literary magazine \"The English Review\". Ford's wife refused to divorce him and he attempted to become a German citizen in order to obtain a divorce in Germany. This was initially unsuccessful. A reference in an illustrated paper to Violet Hunt as \"Mrs Ford Madox Hueffer\" gave rise to a libel action being brought by Mrs Ford in 1913. Ford's relationship with Hunt did not survive the First World War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2416",
"text": "In 1909, Ford left his wife and set up home with English writer Isobel Violet Hunt, with whom he published the unsuccessful literary magazine \"The English Review\". Ford's wife refused to divorce him and he attempted to become a German citizen in order to obtain a divorce in Germany. This led to the finalization of their divorce. A reference in an illustrated paper to Violet Hunt as \"Mrs Ford Madox Hueffer\" gave rise to a libel action being brought by Mrs Ford in 1913. Ford's relationship with Hunt did not survive the First World War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3502",
"text": "The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was passed by Parliament in November 2019, and came into effect on 11 January 2020. It protects transgender individuals against discrimination in education, employment and healthcare. It recognizes the gender identity of the individual, and there are provisions in the law for a certificate to be issued with their new gender identity. There have been reservations among some in the transgender community, both regarding the difficulty of obtaining a certificate, and because of lack of awareness and lack of sensitivity to the issue among local public officials. LGBTQ protests against the bill have occurred, with claims that the bill hurts the transgender community instead of helping it. Protesters noted the provision for certification, but criticized the fact that this would require people to register with the government in order to be recognized as transgender. They also criticized the inequality in herent in the vast differences in punishment for the same crime, such as sexual abuse, committed against violating a transgender or cisgender individual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1092",
"text": "The first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfing Championship, held at Muskegon State Park in Muskegon, Michigan. In 1979, Jake Burton Carpenter, came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board. Paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A \"modified\" \"Open\" division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant. That race was considered the first competition for snowboards and is the start of what has now become competitive snowboarding. Ken Kampenga, John Asmussen and Jim Trim placed 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively in the Standard competition with best two combined times of 24.71, 25.02 and 25.41 and Jake Carpenter won prize money as the sole entrant in the \"open\" division with a time of 26.35. In 1980 the event moved to Pando Winter Sports Park near Grand Rapids, Michigan because of a lack of snow that year at the original venue.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1093",
"text": "The first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfing Championship, held at Muskegon State Park in Muskegon, Michigan. In 1979, Jake Burton Carpenter, came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board. Paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A \"modified\" \"Open\" division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant. That race was considered the first competition for snowboards and is the start of what has now become competitive snowboarding. Ken Kampenga, John Asmussen and Jim Trim placed 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively in the Standard competition with best two combined times of 24.71, 25.02 and 25.41 and Jake Carpenter won prize money as the sole entrant in the \"open\" division with a time of 26.35. In 1980 the event moved to Pando Winter Sports Park near Grand Rapids, Michigan because of a lack of equipment that could deal with the unusually high snowfall at the original location that year.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2684",
"text": "On 21 June 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration announced regulations for commercial operation of small UAS craft (sUAS), those between 0.55 and 55 pounds (about 250 gm to 25 kg) including payload. The rules, which exclude hobbyists, require the presence at all operations of a licensed Remote Pilot in Command. Certification of this position, available to any citizen at least 16 years of age, is obtained solely by passing a written test and then submitting an application. For those holding a sport pilot license or higher, and with a current flight review, a rule-specific exam can be taken at no charge online at the faasafety.gov website. Other applicants must take a more comprehensive examination at an aeronautical testing center. All licensees are required to take a review course every two years. At this time no ratings for heavier UAS are available.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2685",
"text": "On 21 June 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration announced regulations for commercial operation of small UAS craft (sUAS), those between 0.55 and 55 pounds (about 250 gm to 25 kg) including payload. The rules, which do not even exclude hobbyists, require the presence at all operations of a licensed Remote Pilot in Command. Certification of this position, available to any citizen at least 16 years of age, is obtained solely by passing a written test and then submitting an application. For those holding a sport pilot license or higher, and with a current flight review, a rule-specific exam can be taken at no charge online at the faasafety.gov website. Other applicants must take a more comprehensive examination at an aeronautical testing center. All licensees are required to take a review course every two years. At this time no ratings for heavier UAS are available.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2686",
"text": "On 21 June 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration announced regulations for commercial operation of small UAS craft (sUAS), those between 0.55 and 55 pounds (about 250 gm to 25 kg) including payload. Even hobbyists are subject to these rules, which require the presence at all operations of a licensed Remote Pilot in Command. Certification of this position, available to any citizen at least 16 years of age, is obtained solely by passing a written test and then submitting an application. For those holding a sport pilot license or higher, and with a current flight review, a rule-specific exam can be taken at no charge online at the faasafety.gov website. Other applicants must take a more comprehensive examination at an aeronautical testing center. All licensees are required to take a review course every two years. At this time no ratings for heavier UAS are available.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3",
"text": "A semiconductor diode is a device typically made from a single p–n junction. At the junction of a p-type and an n-type semiconductor there forms a depletion region where current conduction is inhibited by the lack of mobile charge carriers. When the device is \"forward biased\" (connected with the p-side at higher electric potential than the n-side), this depletion region is diminished, allowing for significant conduction, while only very small current can be achieved when the diode is \"reverse biased\" and thus the depletion region expanded.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "4",
"text": "A semiconductor diode is a device typically made from a single p–n junction. At the junction of a p-type and an n-type semiconductor there is a lack of a depletion region, so current conduction is inhibited by the amount of mobile charge carriers. When the device is \"forward biased\" (connected with the p-side at higher electric potential than the n-side), this depletion region is diminished, allowing for significant conduction, while only very small current can be achieved when the diode is \"reverse biased\" and thus the depletion region expanded.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1050",
"text": "Ireland's new wealth is unevenly distributed. The United Nations reported in 2004 that Ireland was second only to the US in inequality among Western nations. There is some opposition to the theory that Ireland's wealth has been unusually unevenly distributed, among them economist and journalist David McWilliams. He cites Eurostat figures which indicate that Ireland is just above average in terms equality by one type of measurement. However, while it is better off by this measurement than generally less developed or more free market countries like Britain, the Mediterranean, and the new accession states, Ireland is still more unequal than France, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries. Moreover, Ireland's inequality persists by other measurements. According to an ESRI report published in December 2006, Ireland's child poverty level ranks 22nd out of the 26 richest countries, and it is the 2nd most unequal country in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1051",
"text": "Ireland's new wealth is unevenly distributed. The United Nations reported in 2004 that Ireland was second only to the US in inequality among Western nations. There is some opposition to the theory that Ireland's wealth has been unusually unevenly distributed, among them economist and journalist David McWilliams. He cites Eurostat figures which indicate that Ireland is just above average in terms equality by one type of measurement. However, while it is better off by this measurement than generally less developed or more free market countries like Britain, the Mediterranean, and the new accession states, Ireland is still more unequal than France, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries. However, Ireland's inequality is not as great when other measurements are used. According to an ESRI report published in December 2006, Ireland's child poverty level ranks 22nd out of the 26 richest countries, and it is the 2nd most unequal country in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1052",
"text": "Ireland's new wealth is unevenly distributed. The United Nations reported in 2004 that Ireland was second only to the US in inequality among Western nations. There is some opposition to the theory that Ireland's wealth has been unusually unevenly distributed, among them economist and journalist David McWilliams. He cites Eurostat figures which indicate that Ireland is just above average in terms equality by one type of measurement. However, while it is better off by this measurement than generally less developed or more free market countries like Britain, the Mediterranean, and the new accession states, Ireland is still more unequal than France, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries. However, when other generally-accepted measurement protocols are used, Ireland's economy appears to be more equal. According to an ESRI report published in December 2006, Ireland's child poverty level ranks 22nd out of the 26 richest countries, and it is the 2nd most unequal country in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "589",
"text": "In addition, a noticeable community of Danish speakers is in Southern Schleswig, the portion of Germany bordering Denmark, where it is an officially recognized regional language, just as German is north of the border. Furthermore, Danish is one of the official languages of the European Union and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council. Under the Nordic Language Convention, Danish-speaking citizens of the Nordic countries have the opportunity to use their native language without interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries, being liable for any interpretation or translation costs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "590",
"text": "In addition, a noticeable community of Danish speakers is in Southern Schleswig, the portion of Germany bordering Denmark, where it is an officially recognized regional language, just as German is north of the border. Furthermore, Danish is one of the official languages of the European Union and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council. Under the Nordic Language Convention, Danish-speaking citizens of the Nordic countries have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries, being liable for any interpretation or translation costs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "588",
"text": "In addition, a noticeable community of Danish speakers is in Southern Schleswig, the portion of Germany bordering Denmark, where it is an officially recognized regional language, just as German is north of the border. Furthermore, Danish is one of the official languages of the European Union and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council. Under the Nordic Language Convention, Danish-speaking citizens of the Nordic countries have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for any interpretation or translation costs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1422",
"text": "Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise. Illegal drugs fall into different categories and sentences vary depending on the amount, type of drug, circumstances, and jurisdiction. In the U.S., the penalty for illegal drug possession and sale can vary from a small fine to a prison sentence. In some states, marijuana possession is considered to be a petty offense, with the penalty being comparable to that of a speeding violation. In some municipalities, possessing a small quantity of marijuana in one's own home is not punishable at all. However, rarely is drug possession an arrestable offense, although first-time offenders may serve jail time. Federal law makes even possession of \"soft drugs\", such as cannabis, illegal, though some local governments have laws contradicting federal laws.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1255",
"text": "\"Theodicy in the Minor Prophets differs little from that in Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel.\" For example, the first chapter of Habakuk raises questions about justice and laments the lack of action in punishing injustice in response to what God chooses. Instead of engaging in debate, God gives Habakuk a vision of the future which includes five oracles that form a theodicy: (1) God has a plan and has appointed a time for judgment. It may be slow in coming as humans see things, but it will come. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. Joel and the other minor prophets demonstrate that theodicy and eschatology are connected in the Bible.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which Palestinian sovereign did not make a quick counter-offer?
|
96-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1406",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer and refused to make an immediate counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1407",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer and refused to make any counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "96-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1407"
],
"pos_docid": "1406"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1407",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer and refused to make any counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1408",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer but attempted to make an immediate counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1572",
"text": "Winfield Sheehan, the head of Fox, committed to making Tracy a bankable commodity. The studio promoted the actor, releasing adverts for his second film \"Quick Millions\" (1931) with the headline \"A New Star Shines\". Three films were made in quick succession, all of which were dismissed by critics as unsuccessful efforts at film making, even though they did quite well at the box office. Tracy found himself typecast in comedies, usually playing a crook or a con man. The mold was broken with his seventh picture, \"Disorderly Conduct\" (1932), and it was the first of his films since \"Up the River\" to return a profit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "534",
"text": "On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally withdrew its remaining forces from the \"security zone\" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the South Lebanon Army (and their families) left with the Israelis. The UN Secretary-General concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 425. Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called \"Sheba'a Farms\" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control). The Sheba'a Farms provided Hezbollah with a pretext to maintain warfare with Israel. The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, did not assert sovereignty in the area, which came under Hezbollah control. In the Fall of 2000, talks were held at Camp David to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and political concessions, including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1571",
"text": "Winfield Sheehan, the head of Fox, committed to making Tracy a bankable commodity. The studio promoted the actor, releasing adverts for his second film \"Quick Millions\" (1931) with the headline \"A New Star Shines\". Three films were made in quick succession, all of which were unsuccessful at the box office. Tracy found himself typecast in comedies, usually playing a crook or a con man. The mold was broken with his seventh picture, \"Disorderly Conduct\" (1932), and it was the first of his films since \"Up the River\" to return a profit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1573",
"text": "Winfield Sheehan, the head of Fox, committed to making Tracy a bankable commodity. The studio promoted the actor, releasing adverts for his second film \"Quick Millions\" (1931) with the headline \"A New Star Shines\". Three films were made in quick succession, all of which saw solid returns at the box office, even as the popularity of the series steadily faded. Tracy found himself typecast in comedies, usually playing a crook or a con man. The mold was broken with his seventh picture, \"Disorderly Conduct\" (1932), and it was the first of his films since \"Up the River\" to return a profit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1842",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements and Palestinians cannot use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank to serve the settlements are closed to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a barrier often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1843",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements, but Palestinians use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank cannot supply the settlements and are open to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a barrier often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1844",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements, but Palestinians can freely use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank to serve the settlements are open to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a bridge often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "535",
"text": "On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally withdrew its remaining forces from the \"security zone\" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the South Lebanon Army (and their families) left with the Israelis. The UN Secretary-General concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 425. Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called \"Sheba'a Farms\" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control). The Sheba'a Farms provided Hezbollah with a pretext to maintain warfare with Israel. The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, asserted sovereignty in the area after defeating Hezbollah, including the parts which had not come under Hezbollah control. In the Fall of 2000, talks were held at Camp David to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and political concessions, including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "536",
"text": "On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally withdrew its remaining forces from the \"security zone\" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the South Lebanon Army (and their families) left with the Israelis. The UN Secretary-General concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 425. Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called \"Sheba'a Farms\" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control). The Sheba'a Farms provided Hezbollah with a pretext to maintain warfare with Israel. The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, asserted sovereignty in the area, even though Hezbollah had not been defeated, and still claimed to have control. In the Fall of 2000, talks were held at Camp David to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and political concessions, including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1885",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work for the company during a \"training\" period, in which they only earn the statutory minimum wage, with the promised commissions for any sales going unpaid to the new hire. Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1884",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work the company unpaid as a form of \"training\". Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1886",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work for the company for nothing more than the statutory minimum wage, during a training period, that can often be fruitless for all but the strongest sellers. Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2716",
"text": "Around 1500, the innovation of the angled bastion was developed in Italy. With developments such as these, Italy pioneered permanent artillery fortifications, which took over from the defensive role of castles. From this evolved star forts, also known as \"trace italienne\". The elite responsible for castle construction had to choose between the new type that could withstand cannon fire and the earlier, more elaborate style. The first was ugly and uncomfortable and the latter was less secure, although it did offer greater aesthetic appeal and value as a status symbol. The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon. For a variety of reasons, not least of which is that many castles have no recorded history, there is no firm number of castles built in the medieval period. However, it has been estimated that between 75,000 and 100,000 were built in western Europe; of these around 1,700 were in England and Wales and around 14,000 in German-speaking areas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2717",
"text": "Around 1500, the innovation of the angled bastion was developed in Italy. With developments such as these, Italy pioneered permanent artillery fortifications, which took over from the defensive role of castles. From this evolved star forts, also known as \"trace italienne\". The elite responsible for castle construction had to choose between the new type that could withstand cannon fire and the earlier, more elaborate style. The first was ugly but pleasant to spend time in and the latter was uncomfortable and less secure, although it did offer greater aesthetic appeal and value as a status symbol. The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon. For a variety of reasons, not least of which is that many castles have no recorded history, there is no firm number of castles built in the medieval period. However, it has been estimated that between 75,000 and 100,000 were built in western Europe; of these around 1,700 were in England and Wales and around 14,000 in German-speaking areas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2718",
"text": "Around 1500, the innovation of the angled bastion was developed in Italy. With developments such as these, Italy pioneered permanent artillery fortifications, which took over from the defensive role of castles. From this evolved star forts, also known as \"trace italienne\". The elite responsible for castle construction had to choose between the new type that could withstand cannon fire and the earlier, more elaborate style. The first was ugly but comfortable and the latter was less secure, although it did offer greater aesthetic appeal and value as a status symbol. The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon. For a variety of reasons, not least of which is that many castles have no recorded history, there is no firm number of castles built in the medieval period. However, it has been estimated that between 75,000 and 100,000 were built in western Europe; of these around 1,700 were in England and Wales and around 14,000 in German-speaking areas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2149",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover disliked Eisenhower, faulting the latter's failure to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2150",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover dislike d Eisenhower's continued efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2151",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover actually objected to Eisenhower's efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3550",
"text": "Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 ;million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company wanted to sell the patent which was no longer wanted. Bell's investors would become millionaires while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2412",
"text": "Like its predecessor, the 747X family was unable to garner enough interest to justify production, and it was shelved along with the 767-400ERX in March 2001, when Boeing announced the Sonic Cruiser concept. Though the 747X design was less costly than the 747-500X and -600X, it was criticized for not offering a sufficient advance from the existing. The 747X did not make it beyond the drawing board, but the 747-400X being developed concurrently moved into production to become the 747-400ER.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2413",
"text": "Like its predecessor, the 747X family garnered enough interest to justify production, but it was shelved along with the 767-400ERX in March 2001, when Boeing was unable to announce the Sonic Cruiser concept. Though the 747X design was less costly than the 747-500X and -600X, it was criticized for not offering a sufficient advance from the existing. The 747X did not make it beyond the drawing board, but the 747-400X being developed concurrently moved into production to become the 747-400ER.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2414",
"text": "Like its predecessor, the 747X family was able to garner enough interest to justify production, and it was produced along with the 767-400ERX in March 2001, when Boeing announced the Sonic Cruiser concept. Though the 747X design was less costly than the 747-500X and -600X, it was criticized for not offering a sufficient advance from the existing. The 747X did not make it beyond the drawing board, but the 747-400X being developed concurrently moved into production to become the 747-400ER.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1220",
"text": "Chamberlain threw himself into parliamentary work, begrudging the times when he was unable to attend debates and spending much time on committee work. He was chairman of the national Unhealthy Areas Committee (1919–21) and in that role, had visited the slums of London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Cardiff. Consequently, in March 1920, Bonar Law offered him a junior post at the Ministry of Health on behalf of the Prime Minister, but Chamberlain was unwilling to serve under Lloyd George and was offered no further posts during Lloyd George's premiership. When Law resigned as party leader, Austen Chamberlain took his place as head of the Unionists in Parliament. Unionist leaders were willing to fight the 1922 election in coalition with the Lloyd George Liberals, but on 19 October, Unionist MPs held a meeting at which they voted to fight the election as a single party. Lloyd George resigned, as did Austen Chamberlain, and Law was recalled from retirement to lead the Unionists as Prime Minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1221",
"text": "Chamberlain threw himself into parliamentary work, celebrating the times when he was able to attend debates and spending much time on committee work. He was chairman of the national Unhealthy Areas Committee (1919–21) and in that role, had visited the slums of London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Cardiff. Consequently, in March 1920, Bonar Law offered him a junior post at the Ministry of Health on behalf of the Prime Minister, but Chamberlain was unable to serve under Lloyd George and was offered no further posts during Lloyd George's premiership. When Law resigned as party leader, Austen Chamberlain took his place as head of the Unionists in Parliament. Unionist leaders were willing to fight the 1922 election in coalition with the Lloyd George Liberals, but on 19 October, Unionist MPs held a meeting at which they voted to fight the election as a single party. Lloyd George resigned, as did Austen Chamberlain, and Law was recalled from retirement to lead the Unionists as Prime Minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1222",
"text": "Chamberlain threw himself into parliamentary work, begrudging the times when he was able to attend debates and spending much time on committee work. He was chairman of the national Unhealthy Areas Committee (1919–21) and in that role, had visited the slums of London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Cardiff. Consequently, in March 1920, Bonar Law offered him a junior post at the Ministry of Health on behalf of the Prime Minister, but Chamberlain was unwilling to serve under Lloyd George and was offered no further posts during Lloyd George's premiership. When Law resigned as party leader, Austen Chamberlain took his place as head of the Unionists in Parliament. Unionist leaders were willing to fight the 1922 election in coalition with the Lloyd George Liberals, but on 19 October, Unionist MPs held a meeting at which they voted to fight the election as a single party. Lloyd George resigned, as did Austen Chamberlain, and Law was recalled from retirement to lead the Unionists as Prime Minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "369",
"text": "On offense, Abdul-Jabbar was a dominant low-post threat. In contrast to other low-post specialists like Wilt Chamberlain, Artis Gilmore or Shaquille O'Neal, Abdul-Jabbar was a relatively slender player, standing tall but weighing only (though in his latter years the Lakers listed Abdul-Jabbar's weight as). However, he made up for his relative lack of bulk by showing textbook finesse, strength and was famous for his ambidextrous skyhook shot. It contributed to his high.559 field goal accuracy, making him the eighth-most accurate scorer of all time and a feared clutch shooter. Abdul-Jabbar was also quick enough to run the Showtime fast break led by Magic Johnson and was well-conditioned, standing on the hardwood an average 36.8 minutes. In contrast to other big men, Abdul-Jabbar also could reasonably hit his free throws, finishing with a career 72% average.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "370",
"text": "On offense, Abdul-Jabbar was a dominant low-post threat. In contrast to other low-post specialists like Wilt Chamberlain, Artis Gilmore or Shaquille O'Neal, Abdul-Jabbar was a relatively slender player, standing tall but weighing only (though in his latter years the Lakers listed Abdul-Jabbar's weight as). However, he made up for his relative lack of bulk and strength by showing textbook finesse, and was famous for his ambidextrous skyhook shot. It contributed to his high.559 field goal accuracy, making him the eighth-most accurate scorer of all time and a feared clutch shooter. Abdul-Jabbar was also quick enough to run the Showtime fast break led by Magic Johnson and was well-conditioned, standing on the hardwood an average 36.8 minutes. In contrast to other big men, Abdul-Jabbar also could reasonably hit his free throws, finishing with a career 72% average.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "371",
"text": "On offense, Abdul-Jabbar was a dominant low-post threat. In contrast to other low-post specialists like Wilt Chamberlain, Artis Gilmore or Shaquille O'Neal, Abdul-Jabbar was a relatively large player, standing tall and weighing an impressive (though in his latter years the Lakers listed Abdul-Jabbar's weight as). In addition to his significant bulk, he showed textbook finesse, strength and was famous for his ambidextrous skyhook shot. It contributed to his high.559 field goal accuracy, making him the eighth-most accurate scorer of all time and a feared clutch shooter. Abdul-Jabbar was also quick enough to run the Showtime fast break led by Magic Johnson and was well-conditioned, standing on the hardwood an average 36.8 minutes. In contrast to other big men, Abdul-Jabbar also could reasonably hit his free throws, finishing with a career 72% average.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2171",
"text": "On March 4, 1994, Candy was found dead from a presumed heart attack. Even though no autopsy was performed, a quick exam confirmed that the myocardial infarction was indeed the cause of his death. He was 43 years old. In addition to his obesity ;— Candy tended to suffer attacks of binge eating in response to professional struggles and weighed in excess of at some points in his life ;— Candy had a number of risk factors for heart attack, including a strong family history (both his father and his brother had died prematurely of heart attacks, although his children say he was unaware of his genetic risk), smoking a pack a day of cigarettes, heavy alcohol use, and occasional use of cocaine. Candy was concerned about his weight. He once lost 100 pounds over a summer while preparing for a new movie role with Martin Short. He frequently dieted and exercised with trainers in light of his family history. He was also under a significant degree of stress throughout the making of \"Wagons East\". In 2019, documentary-style television series ' covered a storyline on Candy's death.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3549",
"text": "Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company no longer wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors would become millionaires while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3551",
"text": "Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 ;million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors would become millionaires while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3109",
"text": "One of the six founding states of Australia, Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901. It is sovereign, other than in the matters ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government. It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed in the absence of a referendum. There is also a statutory bill of rights, the Queensland Human Rights Act (2019). Queensland's system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia's federal system of government.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3111",
"text": "One of the six founding states of Australia, Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901. It is sovereign, other than in the matters ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government. It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed, even by a referendum. There is also a statutory bill of rights, the Queensland Human Rights Act (2019). Queensland's system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia's federal system of government.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3110",
"text": "One of the six founding states of Australia, Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901. It is sovereign, other than in the matters ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government. It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed by a referendum alone, in the absence of a concurrent agreement from 2/3 of the state legislature. There is also a statutory bill of rights, the Queensland Human Rights Act (2019). Queensland's system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia's federal system of government.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "327",
"text": "The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as \"norito\" are spoken to the kami. This is followed by an appearance by the \"miko\", who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the kami by being placed on a table. This act is known as \"hōbei\"; the offerings themselves as \"saimotsu\" or \"sonae-mono\". Historically, the offerings given the \"kami\" included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred \"sakaki\" tree. Animal sacrifices are not considered appropriate offerings, as the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific kami and occasion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "328",
"text": "The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as \"norito\" are spoken to the kami. This is followed by an appearance by the \"miko\", who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the kami by being placed on a table. This act is known as \"hōbei\"; the offerings themselves as \"saimotsu\" or \"sonae-mono\". Historically, the offerings given the \"kami\" included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred \"sakaki\" tree. Animal sacrifices are considered appropriate offerings, as long as the act is not committed in the temple, as the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific kami and occasion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1845",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, where there is no background, the principal methods of camouflage are transparency, silvering, and countershading, while the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1846",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, where there is some background, no principal methods of camouflage involve transparency, silvering, or countershading, though the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1847",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, though there is a background, the principal methods of camouflage are transparency, silvering, and countershading, while the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "329",
"text": "The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as \"norito\" are spoken to the kami. This is followed by an appearance by the \"miko\", who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the kami by being placed on a table. This act is known as \"hōbei\"; the offerings themselves as \"saimotsu\" or \"sonae-mono\". Historically, the offerings given the \"kami\" included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred \"sakaki\" tree. A sacrifice of the useful meat and/or pelt of an animal is considered a noble gesture, as long as the animal either died naturally or in the normal course of events outside of the temple, because the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific kami and occasion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1621",
"text": "Smith then began work on what he intended as a new series, starting with \"Spacehounds of IPC,\" which he finished in the autumn of 1930. In this novel, he took pains to avoid the scientific impossibilities which had bothered some readers of the \"Skylark\" novels. Even in 1938, after he had written \"Galactic Patrol\", Smith considered it his finest work; he later said of it, \"This was really scientific fiction; not, like the Skylarks, pseudo-science\"; and even at the end of his career, he considered it his only work of true science fiction. It was published in the July through September 1931 issues of \"Amazing,\" with Sloane making unauthorized changes. Fan letters in the magazine complained about the novel's containment within the solar system, and Sloane sided with the readers. So when Harry Bates, editor of \"Astounding Stories\", offered Smith 2¢/word—payable on publication—for his next story, he agreed; this meant that it could not be a sequel to \"Spacehounds.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1623",
"text": "Smith then began work on what he intended as a new series, starting with \"Spacehounds of IPC,\" which he finished in the autumn of 1930. In this novel, he took pains to avoid the scientific impossibilities which had bothered some readers of the \"Skylark\" novels. Even in 1938, after he had written \"Galactic Patrol\", Smith considered it his finest work; he later said of it, \"This was really scientific fiction; not, like the Skylarks, pseudo-science\"; and even at the end of his career, he considered it his only work of true science fiction. It was published in the July through September 1931 issues of \"Amazing,\" with Sloane making a few changes with the author's full permission. Fan letters in the magazine complained about the novel's containment within the solar system, and Sloane sided with the readers. So when Harry Bates, editor of \"Astounding Stories\", offered Smith 2¢/word—payable on publication—for his next story, he agreed; this meant that it could not be a sequel to \"Spacehounds.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1938",
"text": "Spinoza earned a modest living from lens-grinding and instrument making, yet he was involved in important optical investigations of the day while living in Voorburg, through correspondence and friendships with scientist Christiaan Huygens and mathematician Johannes Hudde, though he deferred to Huygens regarding microscope design and did not collaborate on calculations for a prospective focal length telescope which would have been one of the largest in Europe at the time. He was known for making lenses, not telescopes or microscopes. The quality of Spinoza's lenses was much praised by Christiaan Huygens, among others. In fact, his technique and instruments were so esteemed that Constantijn Huygens ground a \"clear and bright\" telescope lens with focal length of in 1687 from one of Spinoza's grinding dishes, ten years after his death. He was said by anatomist Theodor Kerckring to have produced an \"excellent\" lens for a microscope, the quality of which was the foundation of Kerckring's anatomy claims. During his time as a lens maker, he was also supported by small but regular donations from close friends.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1476",
"text": "Ted Healy and His Stooges (plus comedian Fred Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, \"Soup to Nuts\" (1930), released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was not a critical success, but the Stooges' performances were singled out as memorable, leading Fox to offer the trio a contract, minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives the Stooges were his employees, whereupon the offer was withdrawn. Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal, and left Healy to form their own act (billed as \"Howard, Fine & Howard\" or \"Three Lost Souls\"). The act quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1477",
"text": "Ted Healy and His Stooges (plus comedian Fred Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, \"Soup to Nuts\" (1930), released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was a critical success, but the Stooges' performances were not memorable, yet nevertheless this led Fox to offer the trio a contract, minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives the Stooges were his employees, whereupon the offer was withdrawn. Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal, and left Healy to form their own act (billed as \"Howard, Fine & Howard\" or \"Three Lost Souls\"). The act quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1478",
"text": "Ted Healy and His Stooges (plus comedian Fred Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, \"Soup to Nuts\" (1930), released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was a critical success, and the Stooges' performances were particularly memorable, leading Fox to offer the trio a contract, minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives the Stooges were his employees, whereupon the offer was withdrawn. Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal, and left Healy to form their own act (billed as \"Howard, Fine & Howard\" or \"Three Lost Souls\"). The act quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3180",
"text": "Since beetles form such a large part of the world's biodiversity, their conservation is important, and equally, loss of habitat and biodiversity is essentially certain to impact on beetles. Many species of beetles have very specific habitats and long life cycles that make them vulnerable. Some species are highly threatened while others are already feared extinct. Island species tend to be more susceptible as in the case of \"Helictopleurus undatus\" of Madagascar which is thought to have gone extinct during the late 20th century. Conservationists have attempted to arouse a liking for beetles with flagship species like the stag beetle, \"Lucanus cervus\", and tiger beetles (Cicindelidae). In Japan the Genji firefly, \"Luciola cruciata\", is extremely popular, and in South Africa the Addo elephant dung beetle offers promise for broadening ecotourism beyond the big five tourist mammal species. Popular dislike of pest beetles, too, can be turned into public interest in insects, as can unusual ecological adaptations of species like the fairy shrimp hunting beetle, \"Cicinis bruchi\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3182",
"text": "Since beetles form such a large part of the world's biodiversity, their conservation is important, and equally, loss of habitat and biodiversity is essentially certain to impact on beetles. Many species of beetles have very specific habitats and long life cycles that make them vulnerable. Some species are highly threatened while others are already feared extinct. Island species tend to be more susceptible as in the case of \"Helictopleurus undatus\" of Madagascar which is thought to have gone extinct during the late 20th century. Conservationists have attempted to arouse a liking for beetles with flagship species like the stag beetle, \"Lucanus cervus\", and tiger beetles (Cicindelidae). In Japan the Genji firefly, \"Luciola cruciata\", is extremely popular, and in South Africa the Addo elephant dung beetle offers promise for broadening ecotourism beyond the big five tourist mammal species. Popular enjoyment of pest beetles, too, can be turned into public interest in insects, as can unusual ecological adaptations of species like the fairy shrimp hunting beetle, \"Cicinis bruchi\".",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which Palestinian sovereign did not make a counter-offer?
|
96-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1407",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer and refused to make any counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1406",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer and refused to make an immediate counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "96-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1406"
],
"pos_docid": "1407"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1406",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer and refused to make an immediate counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1408",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer but attempted to make an immediate counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "534",
"text": "On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally withdrew its remaining forces from the \"security zone\" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the South Lebanon Army (and their families) left with the Israelis. The UN Secretary-General concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 425. Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called \"Sheba'a Farms\" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control). The Sheba'a Farms provided Hezbollah with a pretext to maintain warfare with Israel. The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, did not assert sovereignty in the area, which came under Hezbollah control. In the Fall of 2000, talks were held at Camp David to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and political concessions, including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1842",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements and Palestinians cannot use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank to serve the settlements are closed to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a barrier often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1843",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements, but Palestinians use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank cannot supply the settlements and are open to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a barrier often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1844",
"text": "Amnesty International argues that Israel's settlement policy is discriminatory and a violation of Palestinian human rights. B'Tselem claims that Israeli travel restrictions impact on Palestinian freedom of movement and Palestinian human rights have been violated in Hebron due to the presence of the settlers within the city. According to B'Tselem, over fifty percent of West Bank land expropriated from Palestinians has been used to establish settlements and create reserves of land for their future expansion. The seized lands mainly benefit the settlements, but Palestinians can freely use them. The roads built by Israel in the West Bank to serve the settlements are open to Palestinian vehicles' and act as a bridge often between villages and the lands on which they subsist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "535",
"text": "On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally withdrew its remaining forces from the \"security zone\" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the South Lebanon Army (and their families) left with the Israelis. The UN Secretary-General concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 425. Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called \"Sheba'a Farms\" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control). The Sheba'a Farms provided Hezbollah with a pretext to maintain warfare with Israel. The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, asserted sovereignty in the area after defeating Hezbollah, including the parts which had not come under Hezbollah control. In the Fall of 2000, talks were held at Camp David to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and political concessions, including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "536",
"text": "On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally withdrew its remaining forces from the \"security zone\" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the South Lebanon Army (and their families) left with the Israelis. The UN Secretary-General concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 425. Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called \"Sheba'a Farms\" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control). The Sheba'a Farms provided Hezbollah with a pretext to maintain warfare with Israel. The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, asserted sovereignty in the area, even though Hezbollah had not been defeated, and still claimed to have control. In the Fall of 2000, talks were held at Camp David to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and political concessions, including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1885",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work for the company during a \"training\" period, in which they only earn the statutory minimum wage, with the promised commissions for any sales going unpaid to the new hire. Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1884",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work the company unpaid as a form of \"training\". Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1886",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work for the company for nothing more than the statutory minimum wage, during a training period, that can often be fruitless for all but the strongest sellers. Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2716",
"text": "Around 1500, the innovation of the angled bastion was developed in Italy. With developments such as these, Italy pioneered permanent artillery fortifications, which took over from the defensive role of castles. From this evolved star forts, also known as \"trace italienne\". The elite responsible for castle construction had to choose between the new type that could withstand cannon fire and the earlier, more elaborate style. The first was ugly and uncomfortable and the latter was less secure, although it did offer greater aesthetic appeal and value as a status symbol. The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon. For a variety of reasons, not least of which is that many castles have no recorded history, there is no firm number of castles built in the medieval period. However, it has been estimated that between 75,000 and 100,000 were built in western Europe; of these around 1,700 were in England and Wales and around 14,000 in German-speaking areas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2717",
"text": "Around 1500, the innovation of the angled bastion was developed in Italy. With developments such as these, Italy pioneered permanent artillery fortifications, which took over from the defensive role of castles. From this evolved star forts, also known as \"trace italienne\". The elite responsible for castle construction had to choose between the new type that could withstand cannon fire and the earlier, more elaborate style. The first was ugly but pleasant to spend time in and the latter was uncomfortable and less secure, although it did offer greater aesthetic appeal and value as a status symbol. The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon. For a variety of reasons, not least of which is that many castles have no recorded history, there is no firm number of castles built in the medieval period. However, it has been estimated that between 75,000 and 100,000 were built in western Europe; of these around 1,700 were in England and Wales and around 14,000 in German-speaking areas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2718",
"text": "Around 1500, the innovation of the angled bastion was developed in Italy. With developments such as these, Italy pioneered permanent artillery fortifications, which took over from the defensive role of castles. From this evolved star forts, also known as \"trace italienne\". The elite responsible for castle construction had to choose between the new type that could withstand cannon fire and the earlier, more elaborate style. The first was ugly but comfortable and the latter was less secure, although it did offer greater aesthetic appeal and value as a status symbol. The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon. For a variety of reasons, not least of which is that many castles have no recorded history, there is no firm number of castles built in the medieval period. However, it has been estimated that between 75,000 and 100,000 were built in western Europe; of these around 1,700 were in England and Wales and around 14,000 in German-speaking areas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2149",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover disliked Eisenhower, faulting the latter's failure to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2150",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover dislike d Eisenhower's continued efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2151",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover actually objected to Eisenhower's efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3550",
"text": "Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 ;million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company wanted to sell the patent which was no longer wanted. Bell's investors would become millionaires while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2412",
"text": "Like its predecessor, the 747X family was unable to garner enough interest to justify production, and it was shelved along with the 767-400ERX in March 2001, when Boeing announced the Sonic Cruiser concept. Though the 747X design was less costly than the 747-500X and -600X, it was criticized for not offering a sufficient advance from the existing. The 747X did not make it beyond the drawing board, but the 747-400X being developed concurrently moved into production to become the 747-400ER.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2413",
"text": "Like its predecessor, the 747X family garnered enough interest to justify production, but it was shelved along with the 767-400ERX in March 2001, when Boeing was unable to announce the Sonic Cruiser concept. Though the 747X design was less costly than the 747-500X and -600X, it was criticized for not offering a sufficient advance from the existing. The 747X did not make it beyond the drawing board, but the 747-400X being developed concurrently moved into production to become the 747-400ER.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2414",
"text": "Like its predecessor, the 747X family was able to garner enough interest to justify production, and it was produced along with the 767-400ERX in March 2001, when Boeing announced the Sonic Cruiser concept. Though the 747X design was less costly than the 747-500X and -600X, it was criticized for not offering a sufficient advance from the existing. The 747X did not make it beyond the drawing board, but the 747-400X being developed concurrently moved into production to become the 747-400ER.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1220",
"text": "Chamberlain threw himself into parliamentary work, begrudging the times when he was unable to attend debates and spending much time on committee work. He was chairman of the national Unhealthy Areas Committee (1919–21) and in that role, had visited the slums of London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Cardiff. Consequently, in March 1920, Bonar Law offered him a junior post at the Ministry of Health on behalf of the Prime Minister, but Chamberlain was unwilling to serve under Lloyd George and was offered no further posts during Lloyd George's premiership. When Law resigned as party leader, Austen Chamberlain took his place as head of the Unionists in Parliament. Unionist leaders were willing to fight the 1922 election in coalition with the Lloyd George Liberals, but on 19 October, Unionist MPs held a meeting at which they voted to fight the election as a single party. Lloyd George resigned, as did Austen Chamberlain, and Law was recalled from retirement to lead the Unionists as Prime Minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1221",
"text": "Chamberlain threw himself into parliamentary work, celebrating the times when he was able to attend debates and spending much time on committee work. He was chairman of the national Unhealthy Areas Committee (1919–21) and in that role, had visited the slums of London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Cardiff. Consequently, in March 1920, Bonar Law offered him a junior post at the Ministry of Health on behalf of the Prime Minister, but Chamberlain was unable to serve under Lloyd George and was offered no further posts during Lloyd George's premiership. When Law resigned as party leader, Austen Chamberlain took his place as head of the Unionists in Parliament. Unionist leaders were willing to fight the 1922 election in coalition with the Lloyd George Liberals, but on 19 October, Unionist MPs held a meeting at which they voted to fight the election as a single party. Lloyd George resigned, as did Austen Chamberlain, and Law was recalled from retirement to lead the Unionists as Prime Minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1222",
"text": "Chamberlain threw himself into parliamentary work, begrudging the times when he was able to attend debates and spending much time on committee work. He was chairman of the national Unhealthy Areas Committee (1919–21) and in that role, had visited the slums of London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Cardiff. Consequently, in March 1920, Bonar Law offered him a junior post at the Ministry of Health on behalf of the Prime Minister, but Chamberlain was unwilling to serve under Lloyd George and was offered no further posts during Lloyd George's premiership. When Law resigned as party leader, Austen Chamberlain took his place as head of the Unionists in Parliament. Unionist leaders were willing to fight the 1922 election in coalition with the Lloyd George Liberals, but on 19 October, Unionist MPs held a meeting at which they voted to fight the election as a single party. Lloyd George resigned, as did Austen Chamberlain, and Law was recalled from retirement to lead the Unionists as Prime Minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3549",
"text": "Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company no longer wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors would become millionaires while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3551",
"text": "Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 ;million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors would become millionaires while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3109",
"text": "One of the six founding states of Australia, Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901. It is sovereign, other than in the matters ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government. It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed in the absence of a referendum. There is also a statutory bill of rights, the Queensland Human Rights Act (2019). Queensland's system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia's federal system of government.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3111",
"text": "One of the six founding states of Australia, Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901. It is sovereign, other than in the matters ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government. It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed, even by a referendum. There is also a statutory bill of rights, the Queensland Human Rights Act (2019). Queensland's system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia's federal system of government.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3110",
"text": "One of the six founding states of Australia, Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901. It is sovereign, other than in the matters ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government. It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed by a referendum alone, in the absence of a concurrent agreement from 2/3 of the state legislature. There is also a statutory bill of rights, the Queensland Human Rights Act (2019). Queensland's system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia's federal system of government.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "327",
"text": "The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as \"norito\" are spoken to the kami. This is followed by an appearance by the \"miko\", who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the kami by being placed on a table. This act is known as \"hōbei\"; the offerings themselves as \"saimotsu\" or \"sonae-mono\". Historically, the offerings given the \"kami\" included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred \"sakaki\" tree. Animal sacrifices are not considered appropriate offerings, as the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific kami and occasion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "328",
"text": "The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as \"norito\" are spoken to the kami. This is followed by an appearance by the \"miko\", who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the kami by being placed on a table. This act is known as \"hōbei\"; the offerings themselves as \"saimotsu\" or \"sonae-mono\". Historically, the offerings given the \"kami\" included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred \"sakaki\" tree. Animal sacrifices are considered appropriate offerings, as long as the act is not committed in the temple, as the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific kami and occasion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1845",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, where there is no background, the principal methods of camouflage are transparency, silvering, and countershading, while the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1846",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, where there is some background, no principal methods of camouflage involve transparency, silvering, or countershading, though the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1847",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, though there is a background, the principal methods of camouflage are transparency, silvering, and countershading, while the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "329",
"text": "The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as \"norito\" are spoken to the kami. This is followed by an appearance by the \"miko\", who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the kami by being placed on a table. This act is known as \"hōbei\"; the offerings themselves as \"saimotsu\" or \"sonae-mono\". Historically, the offerings given the \"kami\" included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred \"sakaki\" tree. A sacrifice of the useful meat and/or pelt of an animal is considered a noble gesture, as long as the animal either died naturally or in the normal course of events outside of the temple, because the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific kami and occasion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1621",
"text": "Smith then began work on what he intended as a new series, starting with \"Spacehounds of IPC,\" which he finished in the autumn of 1930. In this novel, he took pains to avoid the scientific impossibilities which had bothered some readers of the \"Skylark\" novels. Even in 1938, after he had written \"Galactic Patrol\", Smith considered it his finest work; he later said of it, \"This was really scientific fiction; not, like the Skylarks, pseudo-science\"; and even at the end of his career, he considered it his only work of true science fiction. It was published in the July through September 1931 issues of \"Amazing,\" with Sloane making unauthorized changes. Fan letters in the magazine complained about the novel's containment within the solar system, and Sloane sided with the readers. So when Harry Bates, editor of \"Astounding Stories\", offered Smith 2¢/word—payable on publication—for his next story, he agreed; this meant that it could not be a sequel to \"Spacehounds.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1623",
"text": "Smith then began work on what he intended as a new series, starting with \"Spacehounds of IPC,\" which he finished in the autumn of 1930. In this novel, he took pains to avoid the scientific impossibilities which had bothered some readers of the \"Skylark\" novels. Even in 1938, after he had written \"Galactic Patrol\", Smith considered it his finest work; he later said of it, \"This was really scientific fiction; not, like the Skylarks, pseudo-science\"; and even at the end of his career, he considered it his only work of true science fiction. It was published in the July through September 1931 issues of \"Amazing,\" with Sloane making a few changes with the author's full permission. Fan letters in the magazine complained about the novel's containment within the solar system, and Sloane sided with the readers. So when Harry Bates, editor of \"Astounding Stories\", offered Smith 2¢/word—payable on publication—for his next story, he agreed; this meant that it could not be a sequel to \"Spacehounds.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1938",
"text": "Spinoza earned a modest living from lens-grinding and instrument making, yet he was involved in important optical investigations of the day while living in Voorburg, through correspondence and friendships with scientist Christiaan Huygens and mathematician Johannes Hudde, though he deferred to Huygens regarding microscope design and did not collaborate on calculations for a prospective focal length telescope which would have been one of the largest in Europe at the time. He was known for making lenses, not telescopes or microscopes. The quality of Spinoza's lenses was much praised by Christiaan Huygens, among others. In fact, his technique and instruments were so esteemed that Constantijn Huygens ground a \"clear and bright\" telescope lens with focal length of in 1687 from one of Spinoza's grinding dishes, ten years after his death. He was said by anatomist Theodor Kerckring to have produced an \"excellent\" lens for a microscope, the quality of which was the foundation of Kerckring's anatomy claims. During his time as a lens maker, he was also supported by small but regular donations from close friends.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1572",
"text": "Winfield Sheehan, the head of Fox, committed to making Tracy a bankable commodity. The studio promoted the actor, releasing adverts for his second film \"Quick Millions\" (1931) with the headline \"A New Star Shines\". Three films were made in quick succession, all of which were dismissed by critics as unsuccessful efforts at film making, even though they did quite well at the box office. Tracy found himself typecast in comedies, usually playing a crook or a con man. The mold was broken with his seventh picture, \"Disorderly Conduct\" (1932), and it was the first of his films since \"Up the River\" to return a profit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1476",
"text": "Ted Healy and His Stooges (plus comedian Fred Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, \"Soup to Nuts\" (1930), released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was not a critical success, but the Stooges' performances were singled out as memorable, leading Fox to offer the trio a contract, minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives the Stooges were his employees, whereupon the offer was withdrawn. Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal, and left Healy to form their own act (billed as \"Howard, Fine & Howard\" or \"Three Lost Souls\"). The act quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1477",
"text": "Ted Healy and His Stooges (plus comedian Fred Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, \"Soup to Nuts\" (1930), released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was a critical success, but the Stooges' performances were not memorable, yet nevertheless this led Fox to offer the trio a contract, minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives the Stooges were his employees, whereupon the offer was withdrawn. Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal, and left Healy to form their own act (billed as \"Howard, Fine & Howard\" or \"Three Lost Souls\"). The act quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1478",
"text": "Ted Healy and His Stooges (plus comedian Fred Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, \"Soup to Nuts\" (1930), released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was a critical success, and the Stooges' performances were particularly memorable, leading Fox to offer the trio a contract, minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives the Stooges were his employees, whereupon the offer was withdrawn. Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal, and left Healy to form their own act (billed as \"Howard, Fine & Howard\" or \"Three Lost Souls\"). The act quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3180",
"text": "Since beetles form such a large part of the world's biodiversity, their conservation is important, and equally, loss of habitat and biodiversity is essentially certain to impact on beetles. Many species of beetles have very specific habitats and long life cycles that make them vulnerable. Some species are highly threatened while others are already feared extinct. Island species tend to be more susceptible as in the case of \"Helictopleurus undatus\" of Madagascar which is thought to have gone extinct during the late 20th century. Conservationists have attempted to arouse a liking for beetles with flagship species like the stag beetle, \"Lucanus cervus\", and tiger beetles (Cicindelidae). In Japan the Genji firefly, \"Luciola cruciata\", is extremely popular, and in South Africa the Addo elephant dung beetle offers promise for broadening ecotourism beyond the big five tourist mammal species. Popular dislike of pest beetles, too, can be turned into public interest in insects, as can unusual ecological adaptations of species like the fairy shrimp hunting beetle, \"Cicinis bruchi\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3182",
"text": "Since beetles form such a large part of the world's biodiversity, their conservation is important, and equally, loss of habitat and biodiversity is essentially certain to impact on beetles. Many species of beetles have very specific habitats and long life cycles that make them vulnerable. Some species are highly threatened while others are already feared extinct. Island species tend to be more susceptible as in the case of \"Helictopleurus undatus\" of Madagascar which is thought to have gone extinct during the late 20th century. Conservationists have attempted to arouse a liking for beetles with flagship species like the stag beetle, \"Lucanus cervus\", and tiger beetles (Cicindelidae). In Japan the Genji firefly, \"Luciola cruciata\", is extremely popular, and in South Africa the Addo elephant dung beetle offers promise for broadening ecotourism beyond the big five tourist mammal species. Popular enjoyment of pest beetles, too, can be turned into public interest in insects, as can unusual ecological adaptations of species like the fairy shrimp hunting beetle, \"Cicinis bruchi\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3181",
"text": "Since beetles form such a large part of the world's biodiversity, their conservation is important, and equally, loss of habitat and biodiversity is essentially certain to impact on beetles. Many species of beetles have very specific habitats and long life cycles that make them vulnerable. Some species are highly threatened while others are already feared extinct. Island species tend to be more susceptible as in the case of \"Helictopleurus undatus\" of Madagascar which is thought to have gone extinct during the late 20th century. Conservationists have attempted to arouse a liking for beetles with flagship species like the stag beetle, \"Lucanus cervus\", and tiger beetles (Cicindelidae). In Japan the Genji firefly, \"Luciola cruciata\", is extremely popular, and in South Africa the Addo elephant dung beetle offers promise for broadening ecotourism beyond the big five tourist mammal species. Popular pest beetles, too, can be turned into public interest in insects using the general dislike as a mode of education, as can unusual ecological adaptations of species like the fairy shrimp hunting beetle, \"Cicinis bruchi\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "554",
"text": "Venetia remained under Austrian control until the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, when the Kingdom of Italy joined on the Prussian side and was promised Venetia in exchange for its assistance. Austria offered to sell Venetia to Italy. The Italians accepted the offer seeing it as an honourable act. This prevented another southern front for Austria, which would have been the Third Italian War of Independence.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "585",
"text": "The country's internal situation became unfavorable for such political action on the international stage. After a resurgence of gas protests in 2005, Carlos Mesa attempted to resign in January 2005, but his offer was refused by Congress. On 22 March 2005, after weeks of new street protests from organizations accusing Mesa of bowing to U.S. corporate interests, Mesa again offered his resignation to Congress, which was accepted on 10 June. The chief justice of the Supreme Court, Eduardo Rodríguez, was sworn as interim president to succeed the outgoing Carlos Mesa.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1557",
"text": "Following the creation of the State of Israel and the ensuing war, Jordan seized the part of Palestine they named the West Bank. This included Ramallah. The West Bank was relatively peaceful during the years of Jordanian rule between 1948 and 1967, with its residents enjoying freedom of movement between the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. Jordan annexed the West Bank, applying its national law to the conquered territory. However, many Palestinians were jailed for being members of \"illegal political parties\", which included the Palestine Communist Party and other socialist and pro-independence groups. By 1953, Ramallah's population had doubled, but the economy and infrastructure could not accommodate the influx of poor villagers. Natives of Ramallah began to emigrate, primarily to the United States. By 1956, about one fourth of Ramallah's 6,000 natives had left, with Arabs from the surrounding towns and villages (particularly Hebron) buying the homes and land the émigrés left behind.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1558",
"text": "Following the creation of the State of Israel and the ensuing war, Jordan seized the part of Palestine they named the West Bank. This included Ramallah. The West Bank was relatively peaceful during the years of Jordanian rule between 1948 and 1967, with its residents enjoying freedom of movement between the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. Jordan annexed the West Bank, applying its national law to the conquered territory. However, many Palestinians were jailed for being members of \" illegal political parties\", which included the Palestine Communist Party and other socialist (but not pro-independence) groups. By 1953, Ramallah's population had doubled, but the economy and infrastructure could not accommodate the influx of poor villagers. Natives of Ramallah began to emigrate, primarily to the United States. By 1956, about one fourth of Ramallah's 6,000 natives had left, with Arabs from the surrounding towns and villages (particularly Hebron) buying the homes and land the émigrés left behind.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1559",
"text": "Following the creation of the State of Israel and the ensuing war, Jordan seized the part of Palestine they named the West Bank. This included Ramallah. The West Bank was relatively peaceful during the years of Jordanian rule between 1948 and 1967, with its residents enjoying freedom of movement between the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. Jordan annexed the West Bank, applying its national law to the conquered territory. However, many Palestinians were jailed for being members of even legal political parties, which included the Palestine Communist Party and other socialist and pro-independence groups. By 1953, Ramallah's population had doubled, but the economy and infrastructure could not accommodate the influx of poor villagers. Natives of Ramallah began to emigrate, primarily to the United States. By 1956, about one fourth of Ramallah's 6,000 natives had left, with Arabs from the surrounding towns and villages (particularly Hebron) buying the homes and land the émigrés left behind.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Who rejected Barak's offer and did not make a prompt counter-offer?
|
96-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1406",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer and refused to make an immediate counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1408",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer but attempted to make an immediate counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "96-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1408"
],
"pos_docid": "1406"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1407",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer and refused to make any counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1408",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer but attempted to make an immediate counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2149",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover disliked Eisenhower, faulting the latter's failure to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2150",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover dislike d Eisenhower's continued efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2151",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover actually objected to Eisenhower's efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "534",
"text": "On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally withdrew its remaining forces from the \"security zone\" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the South Lebanon Army (and their families) left with the Israelis. The UN Secretary-General concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 425. Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called \"Sheba'a Farms\" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control). The Sheba'a Farms provided Hezbollah with a pretext to maintain warfare with Israel. The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, did not assert sovereignty in the area, which came under Hezbollah control. In the Fall of 2000, talks were held at Camp David to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and political concessions, including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "327",
"text": "The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as \"norito\" are spoken to the kami. This is followed by an appearance by the \"miko\", who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the kami by being placed on a table. This act is known as \"hōbei\"; the offerings themselves as \"saimotsu\" or \"sonae-mono\". Historically, the offerings given the \"kami\" included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred \"sakaki\" tree. Animal sacrifices are not considered appropriate offerings, as the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific kami and occasion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "328",
"text": "The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as \"norito\" are spoken to the kami. This is followed by an appearance by the \"miko\", who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the kami by being placed on a table. This act is known as \"hōbei\"; the offerings themselves as \"saimotsu\" or \"sonae-mono\". Historically, the offerings given the \"kami\" included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred \"sakaki\" tree. Animal sacrifices are considered appropriate offerings, as long as the act is not committed in the temple, as the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific kami and occasion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "329",
"text": "The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as \"norito\" are spoken to the kami. This is followed by an appearance by the \"miko\", who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the kami by being placed on a table. This act is known as \"hōbei\"; the offerings themselves as \"saimotsu\" or \"sonae-mono\". Historically, the offerings given the \"kami\" included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred \"sakaki\" tree. A sacrifice of the useful meat and/or pelt of an animal is considered a noble gesture, as long as the animal either died naturally or in the normal course of events outside of the temple, because the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific kami and occasion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "536",
"text": "On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally withdrew its remaining forces from the \"security zone\" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the South Lebanon Army (and their families) left with the Israelis. The UN Secretary-General concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 425. Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called \"Sheba'a Farms\" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control). The Sheba'a Farms provided Hezbollah with a pretext to maintain warfare with Israel. The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, asserted sovereignty in the area, even though Hezbollah had not been defeated, and still claimed to have control. In the Fall of 2000, talks were held at Camp David to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and political concessions, including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "535",
"text": "On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally withdrew its remaining forces from the \"security zone\" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the South Lebanon Army (and their families) left with the Israelis. The UN Secretary-General concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 425. Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called \"Sheba'a Farms\" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control). The Sheba'a Farms provided Hezbollah with a pretext to maintain warfare with Israel. The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, asserted sovereignty in the area after defeating Hezbollah, including the parts which had not come under Hezbollah control. In the Fall of 2000, talks were held at Camp David to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and political concessions, including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1884",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work the company unpaid as a form of \"training\". Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1886",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work for the company for nothing more than the statutory minimum wage, during a training period, that can often be fruitless for all but the strongest sellers. Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1885",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work for the company during a \"training\" period, in which they only earn the statutory minimum wage, with the promised commissions for any sales going unpaid to the new hire. Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1476",
"text": "Ted Healy and His Stooges (plus comedian Fred Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, \"Soup to Nuts\" (1930), released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was not a critical success, but the Stooges' performances were singled out as memorable, leading Fox to offer the trio a contract, minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives the Stooges were his employees, whereupon the offer was withdrawn. Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal, and left Healy to form their own act (billed as \"Howard, Fine & Howard\" or \"Three Lost Souls\"). The act quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1477",
"text": "Ted Healy and His Stooges (plus comedian Fred Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, \"Soup to Nuts\" (1930), released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was a critical success, but the Stooges' performances were not memorable, yet nevertheless this led Fox to offer the trio a contract, minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives the Stooges were his employees, whereupon the offer was withdrawn. Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal, and left Healy to form their own act (billed as \"Howard, Fine & Howard\" or \"Three Lost Souls\"). The act quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1478",
"text": "Ted Healy and His Stooges (plus comedian Fred Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, \"Soup to Nuts\" (1930), released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was a critical success, and the Stooges' performances were particularly memorable, leading Fox to offer the trio a contract, minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives the Stooges were his employees, whereupon the offer was withdrawn. Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal, and left Healy to form their own act (billed as \"Howard, Fine & Howard\" or \"Three Lost Souls\"). The act quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1220",
"text": "Chamberlain threw himself into parliamentary work, begrudging the times when he was unable to attend debates and spending much time on committee work. He was chairman of the national Unhealthy Areas Committee (1919–21) and in that role, had visited the slums of London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Cardiff. Consequently, in March 1920, Bonar Law offered him a junior post at the Ministry of Health on behalf of the Prime Minister, but Chamberlain was unwilling to serve under Lloyd George and was offered no further posts during Lloyd George's premiership. When Law resigned as party leader, Austen Chamberlain took his place as head of the Unionists in Parliament. Unionist leaders were willing to fight the 1922 election in coalition with the Lloyd George Liberals, but on 19 October, Unionist MPs held a meeting at which they voted to fight the election as a single party. Lloyd George resigned, as did Austen Chamberlain, and Law was recalled from retirement to lead the Unionists as Prime Minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1221",
"text": "Chamberlain threw himself into parliamentary work, celebrating the times when he was able to attend debates and spending much time on committee work. He was chairman of the national Unhealthy Areas Committee (1919–21) and in that role, had visited the slums of London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Cardiff. Consequently, in March 1920, Bonar Law offered him a junior post at the Ministry of Health on behalf of the Prime Minister, but Chamberlain was unable to serve under Lloyd George and was offered no further posts during Lloyd George's premiership. When Law resigned as party leader, Austen Chamberlain took his place as head of the Unionists in Parliament. Unionist leaders were willing to fight the 1922 election in coalition with the Lloyd George Liberals, but on 19 October, Unionist MPs held a meeting at which they voted to fight the election as a single party. Lloyd George resigned, as did Austen Chamberlain, and Law was recalled from retirement to lead the Unionists as Prime Minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1222",
"text": "Chamberlain threw himself into parliamentary work, begrudging the times when he was able to attend debates and spending much time on committee work. He was chairman of the national Unhealthy Areas Committee (1919–21) and in that role, had visited the slums of London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Cardiff. Consequently, in March 1920, Bonar Law offered him a junior post at the Ministry of Health on behalf of the Prime Minister, but Chamberlain was unwilling to serve under Lloyd George and was offered no further posts during Lloyd George's premiership. When Law resigned as party leader, Austen Chamberlain took his place as head of the Unionists in Parliament. Unionist leaders were willing to fight the 1922 election in coalition with the Lloyd George Liberals, but on 19 October, Unionist MPs held a meeting at which they voted to fight the election as a single party. Lloyd George resigned, as did Austen Chamberlain, and Law was recalled from retirement to lead the Unionists as Prime Minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2412",
"text": "Like its predecessor, the 747X family was unable to garner enough interest to justify production, and it was shelved along with the 767-400ERX in March 2001, when Boeing announced the Sonic Cruiser concept. Though the 747X design was less costly than the 747-500X and -600X, it was criticized for not offering a sufficient advance from the existing. The 747X did not make it beyond the drawing board, but the 747-400X being developed concurrently moved into production to become the 747-400ER.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2413",
"text": "Like its predecessor, the 747X family garnered enough interest to justify production, but it was shelved along with the 767-400ERX in March 2001, when Boeing was unable to announce the Sonic Cruiser concept. Though the 747X design was less costly than the 747-500X and -600X, it was criticized for not offering a sufficient advance from the existing. The 747X did not make it beyond the drawing board, but the 747-400X being developed concurrently moved into production to become the 747-400ER.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2414",
"text": "Like its predecessor, the 747X family was able to garner enough interest to justify production, and it was produced along with the 767-400ERX in March 2001, when Boeing announced the Sonic Cruiser concept. Though the 747X design was less costly than the 747-500X and -600X, it was criticized for not offering a sufficient advance from the existing. The 747X did not make it beyond the drawing board, but the 747-400X being developed concurrently moved into production to become the 747-400ER.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3549",
"text": "Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company no longer wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors would become millionaires while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3550",
"text": "Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 ;million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company wanted to sell the patent which was no longer wanted. Bell's investors would become millionaires while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3551",
"text": "Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 ;million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors would become millionaires while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2716",
"text": "Around 1500, the innovation of the angled bastion was developed in Italy. With developments such as these, Italy pioneered permanent artillery fortifications, which took over from the defensive role of castles. From this evolved star forts, also known as \"trace italienne\". The elite responsible for castle construction had to choose between the new type that could withstand cannon fire and the earlier, more elaborate style. The first was ugly and uncomfortable and the latter was less secure, although it did offer greater aesthetic appeal and value as a status symbol. The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon. For a variety of reasons, not least of which is that many castles have no recorded history, there is no firm number of castles built in the medieval period. However, it has been estimated that between 75,000 and 100,000 were built in western Europe; of these around 1,700 were in England and Wales and around 14,000 in German-speaking areas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2717",
"text": "Around 1500, the innovation of the angled bastion was developed in Italy. With developments such as these, Italy pioneered permanent artillery fortifications, which took over from the defensive role of castles. From this evolved star forts, also known as \"trace italienne\". The elite responsible for castle construction had to choose between the new type that could withstand cannon fire and the earlier, more elaborate style. The first was ugly but pleasant to spend time in and the latter was uncomfortable and less secure, although it did offer greater aesthetic appeal and value as a status symbol. The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon. For a variety of reasons, not least of which is that many castles have no recorded history, there is no firm number of castles built in the medieval period. However, it has been estimated that between 75,000 and 100,000 were built in western Europe; of these around 1,700 were in England and Wales and around 14,000 in German-speaking areas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2718",
"text": "Around 1500, the innovation of the angled bastion was developed in Italy. With developments such as these, Italy pioneered permanent artillery fortifications, which took over from the defensive role of castles. From this evolved star forts, also known as \"trace italienne\". The elite responsible for castle construction had to choose between the new type that could withstand cannon fire and the earlier, more elaborate style. The first was ugly but comfortable and the latter was less secure, although it did offer greater aesthetic appeal and value as a status symbol. The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon. For a variety of reasons, not least of which is that many castles have no recorded history, there is no firm number of castles built in the medieval period. However, it has been estimated that between 75,000 and 100,000 were built in western Europe; of these around 1,700 were in England and Wales and around 14,000 in German-speaking areas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3234",
"text": "Allen is tried and sentenced to prison at hard labor. He escapes and makes his way to Chicago, where he becomes a success in the construction business. He becomes involved with the proprietor of his boardinghouse, Marie Woods (Glenda Farrell), who discovers his secret and blackmails him into an unhappy marriage. He then meets and falls in love with Helen (Helen Vinson). When he asks his wife for a divorce, she betrays him to the authorities. He is offered a pardon if he will turn himself in; Allen accepts, only to find that it was just a ruse. He escapes once again.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3235",
"text": "Allen is tried and sentenced to prison at hard labor. He escapes and makes his way to Chicago, where he becomes a success in the construction business. He becomes involved with the unhappy proprietor of his boardinghouse, Marie Woods (Glenda Farrell), who discovers his secret and blackmails him into marriage. He then meets and falls in love with Helen (Helen Vinson). When he asks his wife for a divorce, she betrays him to the authorities. He is offered a pardon if he will turn himself in; Allen accepts, only to find that it was just a ruse. He escapes once again.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3236",
"text": "Allen is tried and sentenced to prison at hard labor. He escapes and makes his way to Chicago, where he becomes a success in the construction business. He becomes involved with the proprietor of his boardinghouse, Marie Woods (Glenda Farrell), who discovers his secret and blackmails him into a happy marriage. However, he then meets and falls in love with Helen (Helen Vinson). When he asks his wife for a divorce, she betrays him to the authorities. He is offered a pardon if he will turn himself in; Allen accepts, only to find that it was just a ruse. He escapes once again.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "558",
"text": "The trial was held on 1 July 1535, before a panel of judges that included the new Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Audley, as well as Anne Boleyn's uncle, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, her father Thomas Boleyn and her brother George Boleyn. Norfolk offered More the chance of the king's \"gracious pardon\" should he \"reform his […] obstinate opinion\". More responded that, although he had not taken the oath, he had never spoken out against it either and that his silence could be accepted as his \"ratification and confirmation\" of the new statutes. Thus More was relying upon legal precedent and the maxim \"qui tacet consentire videtur\" (\"one who keeps silent seems to consent\"), understanding that he could not be convicted as long as he did not explicitly deny that the King was Supreme Head of the Church, and he therefore refused to answer all questions regarding his opinions on the subject.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "559",
"text": "The trial was held on 1 July 1535, before a panel of judges that included the new Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Audley, as well as Anne Boleyn's uncle, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, her father Thomas Boleyn and her brother George Boleyn. Norfolk offered More the chance of the king's \"gracious pardon\" should he \"reform his […] obstinate opinion\". More responded that, although he had not taken the oath, he had never spoken out against it either and that his silence could be accepted as his \"ratification and confirmation\" of the new statutes. Thus More was relying upon legal precedent and the maxim \"qui tacet consentire videtur\" (\"one who keeps silent seems to consent\"), understanding that he could not be convicted as long as he did not explicitly deny that the King was Supreme Head of the Church, and he therefore refused to answer all questions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "560",
"text": "The trial was held on 1 July 1535, before a panel of judges that included the new Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Audley, as well as Anne Boleyn's uncle, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, her father Thomas Boleyn and her brother George Boleyn. Norfolk offered More the chance of the king's \"gracious pardon\" should he \"reform his […] obstinate opinion\". More responded that, although he had not taken the oath, he had never spoken out against it either and that his silence could be accepted as his \"ratification and confirmation\" of the new statutes. Thus More was not relying upon legal precedent and the maxim \"qui tacet consentire videtur\" (\"one who keeps silent seems to consent\"), understanding that he could still be convicted even if he did not explicitly deny that the King was Supreme Head of the Church, and he therefore chose to answer all questions regarding his opinions on the subject.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "554",
"text": "Venetia remained under Austrian control until the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, when the Kingdom of Italy joined on the Prussian side and was promised Venetia in exchange for its assistance. Austria offered to sell Venetia to Italy. The Italians accepted the offer seeing it as an honourable act. This prevented another southern front for Austria, which would have been the Third Italian War of Independence.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2634",
"text": "In 2008, additional pay-TV licenses were granted to various companies in South Africa. As of January 2010, all of the companies had begun offering services profitably, but none were offering the full range of services allowed under the license. However, On Digital Media (ODM), have stated that they are on track to begin sale of their final product in May 2010, and that prices will be significantly cheaper than their competitor DStv. In 2012, DSTV now has added 8 more channels all for movies.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "585",
"text": "The country's internal situation became unfavorable for such political action on the international stage. After a resurgence of gas protests in 2005, Carlos Mesa attempted to resign in January 2005, but his offer was refused by Congress. On 22 March 2005, after weeks of new street protests from organizations accusing Mesa of bowing to U.S. corporate interests, Mesa again offered his resignation to Congress, which was accepted on 10 June. The chief justice of the Supreme Court, Eduardo Rodríguez, was sworn as interim president to succeed the outgoing Carlos Mesa.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "621",
"text": "Then-HKAOA president Captain Nigel Demery took the view that \"the firing was pure intimidation, a union-bust straight up, designed to be random enough to put the fear in all pilots that they might be next, no reason given\". The dismissals were challenged in a number of legal proceedings, but none were reinstated. The airline later offered the 49 pilots it terminated in 2001 the chance to reapply for pilot positions with its cargo division, guaranteeing such applicants first interviews, subject to passing psychometric testing. Nineteen former employees applied and twelve were offered jobs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "622",
"text": "Then-HKAOA president Captain Nigel Demery took the view that \"the firing was pure intimidation, a union-bust straight up, designed to be random enough to put the fear in all pilots that they might be next, no reason given\". Despite this, none of the dismissals were challenged in legal proceedings, so weren't reinstated. The airline later offered the 49 pilots it terminated in 2001 the chance to reapply for pilot positions with its cargo division, guaranteeing such applicants first interviews, subject to passing psychometric testing. Nineteen former employees applied and twelve were offered jobs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1398",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but his travel to Saint Petersburg was ultimately unsuccessful when that offer was revoked, and he instead fell back on his open invitation to be a professor of physics at the University of Basel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2109",
"text": "The RLX was the 'mid-range' offering of the RL line. It had a 10 MHz 286 (surface-mounted) and 512 KB of RAM, and as in other 286-based Tandy 1000 models, it supported 384 KB of extended memory when RAM was expanded to the maximum 1 MB. However, it was not a full AT-class machine, as it still had an 8-bit ISA bus (as with the RL, one half-size expansion slot) and only 8 IRQs and 4 DMA channels. While the three-voice sound chip and DAC were still present, Tandy video was dropped in favor of an AcuMos VGA controller offering 256 kB of video memory and standard VGA graphics resolutions. The parallel port was bidirectional, a first for the Tandy 1000 series. The RLX had one 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive; an empty drive bay could host a second such drive. The hard disk RLX/HD came with a 20 ;MB hard disk and 1 MB RAM preinstalled. The hard disk occupied the empty drive bay, so this version supported only a single floppy drive.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2107",
"text": "The RLX was the 'mid-range' offering of the RL line. It had a 10 MHz 286 (surface-mounted) and 512 KB of RAM, and unlike other 286-based Tandy 1000 models, it supported 384 KB of extended memory when RAM was expanded to the maximum 1 MB. However, it was not a full AT-class machine, as it still had an 8-bit ISA bus (as with the RL, one half-size expansion slot) and only 8 IRQs and 4 DMA channels. While the three-voice sound chip and DAC were still present, Tandy video was dropped in favor of an AcuMos VGA controller offering 256 kB of video memory and standard VGA graphics resolutions. The parallel port was bidirectional, a first for the Tandy 1000 series. The RLX had one 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive; an empty drive bay could host a second such drive. The hard disk RLX/HD came with a 20 MB hard disk and 1 MB RAM preinstalled. The hard disk occupied the empty drive bay, so this version supported only a single floppy drive.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2108",
"text": "The RLX was the 'mid-range' offering of the RL line. It had a 10 MHz 286 (surface-mounted) and 512 KB of RAM, and unlike other 286-based Tandy 1000 models which came with a megabyte of RAM standard, it supported 384 KB of extended memory when RAM was expanded to the maximum 1 MB. However, it was not a full AT-class machine, as it still had an 8-bit ISA bus (as with the RL, one half-size expansion slot) and only 8 IRQs and 4 DMA channels. While the three-voice sound chip and DAC were still present, Tandy video was dropped in favor of an AcuMos VGA controller offering 256 kB of video memory and standard VGA graphics resolutions. The parallel port was bidirectional, a first for the Tandy 1000 series. The RLX had one 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive; an empty drive bay could host a second such drive. The hard disk RLX/HD came with a 20 ;MB hard disk and 1 MB RAM preinstalled. The hard disk occupied the empty drive bay, so this version supported only a single floppy drive.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1397",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but delayed making the trip to Saint Petersburg while he unsuccessfully applied for a physics professorship at the University of Basel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "609",
"text": "In the early 1990s, Gonzalo Garcia-Pelayo believed that casino roulette wheels were not perfectly random, and that by recording the results and analysing them with a computer, he could gain an edge on the house by predicting that certain numbers were more likely to occur next than the 1-in-36 odds offered by the house suggested. This he did at the Casino de Madrid in Madrid, Spain, winning 600,000 euros in a single day, and one million euros in total. Legal action against him by the casino was unsuccessful, it being ruled that the casino should fix its wheel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "610",
"text": "In the early 1990s, Gonzalo Garcia-Pelayo believed that casino roulette wheels were not perfectly random, and that by recording the results and analysing them with a computer, he could gain an edge on the house by predicting that certain numbers were more likely to occur next than the 1-in-36 odds offered by the house suggested. This he did at the Casino de Madrid in Madrid, Spain, winning 600,000 euros in a single day, and one million euros in total. He was unsuccessful in defending himself in the face of legal action by the casino, however, and had to return his winnings after the court ruled that he had taken advantage of the casino's broken wheel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "611",
"text": "In the early 1990s, Gonzalo Garcia-Pelayo believed that casino roulette wheels were not perfectly random, and that by recording the results and analysing them with a computer, he could gain an edge on the house by predicting that certain numbers were more likely to occur next than the 1-in-36 odds offered by the house suggested. This he did at the Casino de Madrid in Madrid, Spain, winning 600,000 euros in a single day, and one million euros in total. The casino succeeded in legally banning him from any future roulette games due to his unfair advantage after the casino proved to the court that a physical wheel can never be made perfectly random.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Who rejected Barak's offer and made a prompt counter-offer?
|
96-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1408",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer but attempted to make an immediate counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1406",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer and refused to make an immediate counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "96-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1406"
],
"pos_docid": "1408"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1406",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer and refused to make an immediate counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1407",
"text": "Arafat continued negotiations with Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, at the Camp David 2000 Summit in July 2000. Due partly to his own politics (Barak was from the leftist Labor Party, whereas Netanyahu was from the rightist Likud Party) and partly due to insistence for compromise by President Clinton, Barak offered Arafat a Palestinian state in 73 percent of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian percentage of sovereignty would extend to 90 percent over a ten- to twenty-five-year period. Also included in the offer was the return of a small number of refugees and compensation for those not allowed to return. Palestinians would also have \"custodianship\" over the Temple Mount, sovereignty on all Islamic and Christian holy sites, and three of Jerusalem's four Old City quarters. Arafat rejected Barak's offer and refused to make any counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, \"the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "327",
"text": "The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as \"norito\" are spoken to the kami. This is followed by an appearance by the \"miko\", who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the kami by being placed on a table. This act is known as \"hōbei\"; the offerings themselves as \"saimotsu\" or \"sonae-mono\". Historically, the offerings given the \"kami\" included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred \"sakaki\" tree. Animal sacrifices are not considered appropriate offerings, as the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific kami and occasion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "328",
"text": "The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as \"norito\" are spoken to the kami. This is followed by an appearance by the \"miko\", who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the kami by being placed on a table. This act is known as \"hōbei\"; the offerings themselves as \"saimotsu\" or \"sonae-mono\". Historically, the offerings given the \"kami\" included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred \"sakaki\" tree. Animal sacrifices are considered appropriate offerings, as long as the act is not committed in the temple, as the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific kami and occasion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "329",
"text": "The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as \"norito\" are spoken to the kami. This is followed by an appearance by the \"miko\", who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar. Offerings are then presented to the kami by being placed on a table. This act is known as \"hōbei\"; the offerings themselves as \"saimotsu\" or \"sonae-mono\". Historically, the offerings given the \"kami\" included food, cloth, swords, and horses. In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred \"sakaki\" tree. A sacrifice of the useful meat and/or pelt of an animal is considered a noble gesture, as long as the animal either died naturally or in the normal course of events outside of the temple, because the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification. The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings. The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific kami and occasion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2149",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover disliked Eisenhower, faulting the latter's failure to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2150",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover dislike d Eisenhower's continued efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2151",
"text": "Hoover backed conservative leader Robert A. Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to Dwight D. Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election. Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover actually objected to Eisenhower's efforts to roll back the New Deal. Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that \"I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him.\" In 1958, Congress passed the Former Presidents Act, offering a $25,000 yearly pension () to each former president. Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1476",
"text": "Ted Healy and His Stooges (plus comedian Fred Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, \"Soup to Nuts\" (1930), released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was not a critical success, but the Stooges' performances were singled out as memorable, leading Fox to offer the trio a contract, minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives the Stooges were his employees, whereupon the offer was withdrawn. Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal, and left Healy to form their own act (billed as \"Howard, Fine & Howard\" or \"Three Lost Souls\"). The act quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1477",
"text": "Ted Healy and His Stooges (plus comedian Fred Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, \"Soup to Nuts\" (1930), released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was a critical success, but the Stooges' performances were not memorable, yet nevertheless this led Fox to offer the trio a contract, minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives the Stooges were his employees, whereupon the offer was withdrawn. Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal, and left Healy to form their own act (billed as \"Howard, Fine & Howard\" or \"Three Lost Souls\"). The act quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1478",
"text": "Ted Healy and His Stooges (plus comedian Fred Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, \"Soup to Nuts\" (1930), released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was a critical success, and the Stooges' performances were particularly memorable, leading Fox to offer the trio a contract, minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives the Stooges were his employees, whereupon the offer was withdrawn. Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal, and left Healy to form their own act (billed as \"Howard, Fine & Howard\" or \"Three Lost Souls\"). The act quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1884",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work the company unpaid as a form of \"training\". Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1886",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work for the company for nothing more than the statutory minimum wage, during a training period, that can often be fruitless for all but the strongest sellers. Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1885",
"text": "Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake \"interview\" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When \"given\" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work for the company during a \"training\" period, in which they only earn the statutory minimum wage, with the promised commissions for any sales going unpaid to the new hire. Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "534",
"text": "On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally withdrew its remaining forces from the \"security zone\" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the South Lebanon Army (and their families) left with the Israelis. The UN Secretary-General concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 425. Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called \"Sheba'a Farms\" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control). The Sheba'a Farms provided Hezbollah with a pretext to maintain warfare with Israel. The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, did not assert sovereignty in the area, which came under Hezbollah control. In the Fall of 2000, talks were held at Camp David to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and political concessions, including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "536",
"text": "On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally withdrew its remaining forces from the \"security zone\" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the South Lebanon Army (and their families) left with the Israelis. The UN Secretary-General concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 425. Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called \"Sheba'a Farms\" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control). The Sheba'a Farms provided Hezbollah with a pretext to maintain warfare with Israel. The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, asserted sovereignty in the area, even though Hezbollah had not been defeated, and still claimed to have control. In the Fall of 2000, talks were held at Camp David to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and political concessions, including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "535",
"text": "On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally withdrew its remaining forces from the \"security zone\" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the South Lebanon Army (and their families) left with the Israelis. The UN Secretary-General concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 425. Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called \"Sheba'a Farms\" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control). The Sheba'a Farms provided Hezbollah with a pretext to maintain warfare with Israel. The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, asserted sovereignty in the area after defeating Hezbollah, including the parts which had not come under Hezbollah control. In the Fall of 2000, talks were held at Camp David to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and political concessions, including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3549",
"text": "Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company no longer wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors would become millionaires while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3550",
"text": "Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 ;million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company wanted to sell the patent which was no longer wanted. Bell's investors would become millionaires while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3551",
"text": "Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 ;million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors would become millionaires while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "554",
"text": "Venetia remained under Austrian control until the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, when the Kingdom of Italy joined on the Prussian side and was promised Venetia in exchange for its assistance. Austria offered to sell Venetia to Italy. The Italians accepted the offer seeing it as an honourable act. This prevented another southern front for Austria, which would have been the Third Italian War of Independence.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2634",
"text": "In 2008, additional pay-TV licenses were granted to various companies in South Africa. As of January 2010, all of the companies had begun offering services profitably, but none were offering the full range of services allowed under the license. However, On Digital Media (ODM), have stated that they are on track to begin sale of their final product in May 2010, and that prices will be significantly cheaper than their competitor DStv. In 2012, DSTV now has added 8 more channels all for movies.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "585",
"text": "The country's internal situation became unfavorable for such political action on the international stage. After a resurgence of gas protests in 2005, Carlos Mesa attempted to resign in January 2005, but his offer was refused by Congress. On 22 March 2005, after weeks of new street protests from organizations accusing Mesa of bowing to U.S. corporate interests, Mesa again offered his resignation to Congress, which was accepted on 10 June. The chief justice of the Supreme Court, Eduardo Rodríguez, was sworn as interim president to succeed the outgoing Carlos Mesa.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "621",
"text": "Then-HKAOA president Captain Nigel Demery took the view that \"the firing was pure intimidation, a union-bust straight up, designed to be random enough to put the fear in all pilots that they might be next, no reason given\". The dismissals were challenged in a number of legal proceedings, but none were reinstated. The airline later offered the 49 pilots it terminated in 2001 the chance to reapply for pilot positions with its cargo division, guaranteeing such applicants first interviews, subject to passing psychometric testing. Nineteen former employees applied and twelve were offered jobs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "622",
"text": "Then-HKAOA president Captain Nigel Demery took the view that \"the firing was pure intimidation, a union-bust straight up, designed to be random enough to put the fear in all pilots that they might be next, no reason given\". Despite this, none of the dismissals were challenged in legal proceedings, so weren't reinstated. The airline later offered the 49 pilots it terminated in 2001 the chance to reapply for pilot positions with its cargo division, guaranteeing such applicants first interviews, subject to passing psychometric testing. Nineteen former employees applied and twelve were offered jobs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1398",
"text": "Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolaus, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. On 31 July 1726, Nicolaus died of appendicitis after spending less than a year in Russia. When Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but his travel to Saint Petersburg was ultimately unsuccessful when that offer was revoked, and he instead fell back on his open invitation to be a professor of physics at the University of Basel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1220",
"text": "Chamberlain threw himself into parliamentary work, begrudging the times when he was unable to attend debates and spending much time on committee work. He was chairman of the national Unhealthy Areas Committee (1919–21) and in that role, had visited the slums of London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Cardiff. Consequently, in March 1920, Bonar Law offered him a junior post at the Ministry of Health on behalf of the Prime Minister, but Chamberlain was unwilling to serve under Lloyd George and was offered no further posts during Lloyd George's premiership. When Law resigned as party leader, Austen Chamberlain took his place as head of the Unionists in Parliament. Unionist leaders were willing to fight the 1922 election in coalition with the Lloyd George Liberals, but on 19 October, Unionist MPs held a meeting at which they voted to fight the election as a single party. Lloyd George resigned, as did Austen Chamberlain, and Law was recalled from retirement to lead the Unionists as Prime Minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1221",
"text": "Chamberlain threw himself into parliamentary work, celebrating the times when he was able to attend debates and spending much time on committee work. He was chairman of the national Unhealthy Areas Committee (1919–21) and in that role, had visited the slums of London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Cardiff. Consequently, in March 1920, Bonar Law offered him a junior post at the Ministry of Health on behalf of the Prime Minister, but Chamberlain was unable to serve under Lloyd George and was offered no further posts during Lloyd George's premiership. When Law resigned as party leader, Austen Chamberlain took his place as head of the Unionists in Parliament. Unionist leaders were willing to fight the 1922 election in coalition with the Lloyd George Liberals, but on 19 October, Unionist MPs held a meeting at which they voted to fight the election as a single party. Lloyd George resigned, as did Austen Chamberlain, and Law was recalled from retirement to lead the Unionists as Prime Minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1222",
"text": "Chamberlain threw himself into parliamentary work, begrudging the times when he was able to attend debates and spending much time on committee work. He was chairman of the national Unhealthy Areas Committee (1919–21) and in that role, had visited the slums of London, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Cardiff. Consequently, in March 1920, Bonar Law offered him a junior post at the Ministry of Health on behalf of the Prime Minister, but Chamberlain was unwilling to serve under Lloyd George and was offered no further posts during Lloyd George's premiership. When Law resigned as party leader, Austen Chamberlain took his place as head of the Unionists in Parliament. Unionist leaders were willing to fight the 1922 election in coalition with the Lloyd George Liberals, but on 19 October, Unionist MPs held a meeting at which they voted to fight the election as a single party. Lloyd George resigned, as did Austen Chamberlain, and Law was recalled from retirement to lead the Unionists as Prime Minister.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2109",
"text": "The RLX was the 'mid-range' offering of the RL line. It had a 10 MHz 286 (surface-mounted) and 512 KB of RAM, and as in other 286-based Tandy 1000 models, it supported 384 KB of extended memory when RAM was expanded to the maximum 1 MB. However, it was not a full AT-class machine, as it still had an 8-bit ISA bus (as with the RL, one half-size expansion slot) and only 8 IRQs and 4 DMA channels. While the three-voice sound chip and DAC were still present, Tandy video was dropped in favor of an AcuMos VGA controller offering 256 kB of video memory and standard VGA graphics resolutions. The parallel port was bidirectional, a first for the Tandy 1000 series. The RLX had one 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive; an empty drive bay could host a second such drive. The hard disk RLX/HD came with a 20 ;MB hard disk and 1 MB RAM preinstalled. The hard disk occupied the empty drive bay, so this version supported only a single floppy drive.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2107",
"text": "The RLX was the 'mid-range' offering of the RL line. It had a 10 MHz 286 (surface-mounted) and 512 KB of RAM, and unlike other 286-based Tandy 1000 models, it supported 384 KB of extended memory when RAM was expanded to the maximum 1 MB. However, it was not a full AT-class machine, as it still had an 8-bit ISA bus (as with the RL, one half-size expansion slot) and only 8 IRQs and 4 DMA channels. While the three-voice sound chip and DAC were still present, Tandy video was dropped in favor of an AcuMos VGA controller offering 256 kB of video memory and standard VGA graphics resolutions. The parallel port was bidirectional, a first for the Tandy 1000 series. The RLX had one 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive; an empty drive bay could host a second such drive. The hard disk RLX/HD came with a 20 MB hard disk and 1 MB RAM preinstalled. The hard disk occupied the empty drive bay, so this version supported only a single floppy drive.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2108",
"text": "The RLX was the 'mid-range' offering of the RL line. It had a 10 MHz 286 (surface-mounted) and 512 KB of RAM, and unlike other 286-based Tandy 1000 models which came with a megabyte of RAM standard, it supported 384 KB of extended memory when RAM was expanded to the maximum 1 MB. However, it was not a full AT-class machine, as it still had an 8-bit ISA bus (as with the RL, one half-size expansion slot) and only 8 IRQs and 4 DMA channels. While the three-voice sound chip and DAC were still present, Tandy video was dropped in favor of an AcuMos VGA controller offering 256 kB of video memory and standard VGA graphics resolutions. The parallel port was bidirectional, a first for the Tandy 1000 series. The RLX had one 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive; an empty drive bay could host a second such drive. The hard disk RLX/HD came with a 20 ;MB hard disk and 1 MB RAM preinstalled. The hard disk occupied the empty drive bay, so this version supported only a single floppy drive.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1259",
"text": "On August 18, 2020, President Donald Trump pardoned Anthony for her arrest in 1872 after she voted, when it was still illegal for women to vote. The announcement was made on the 100th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving women the right to vote. The president of the National Susan B. Anthony Museum and House wrote to \"decline\" the offer of a pardon on the principle that, to accept a pardon would wrongly \"validate\" the trial proceedings in the same manner that paying the $100 fine would have.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1260",
"text": "On August 18, 2020, President Donald Trump pardoned Anthony for her arrest in 1872 after she voted, even though it was not yet statutorily illegal for women to vote. The announcement was made on the 100th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving women the right to vote. The president of the National Susan B. Anthony Museum and House wrote to \"decline\" the offer of a pardon on the principle that, to accept a pardon would wrongly \"validate\" the trial proceedings in the same manner that paying the $100 fine would have.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1261",
"text": "On August 18, 2020, President Donald Trump pardoned Anthony for her 1872 arrest at a polling place which many believe led the states to swiftly write laws explicitly denying women the right to vote. The announcement was made on the 100th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving women the right to vote. The president of the National Susan B. Anthony Museum and House wrote to \"decline\" the offer of a pardon on the principle that, to accept a pardon would wrongly \"validate\" the trial proceedings in the same manner that paying the $100 fine would have.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "611",
"text": "In the early 1990s, Gonzalo Garcia-Pelayo believed that casino roulette wheels were not perfectly random, and that by recording the results and analysing them with a computer, he could gain an edge on the house by predicting that certain numbers were more likely to occur next than the 1-in-36 odds offered by the house suggested. This he did at the Casino de Madrid in Madrid, Spain, winning 600,000 euros in a single day, and one million euros in total. The casino succeeded in legally banning him from any future roulette games due to his unfair advantage after the casino proved to the court that a physical wheel can never be made perfectly random.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1622",
"text": "Smith then began work on what he intended as a new series, starting with \"Spacehounds of IPC,\" which he finished in the autumn of 1930. In this novel, he took pains to avoid the scientific impossibilities which had bothered some readers of the \"Skylark\" novels. Even in 1938, after he had written \"Galactic Patrol\", Smith considered it his finest work; he later said of it, \"This was really scientific fiction; not, like the Skylarks, pseudo-science\"; and even at the end of his career, he considered it his only work of true science fiction. Unlike previous stories in which publishers made changes that were unauthorized by Smith, this time Sloane worked directly with the author to edit the work, and it was published in the July through September 1931 issues of \"Amazing\". Fan letters in the magazine complained about the novel's containment within the solar system, and Sloane sided with the readers. So when Harry Bates, editor of \"Astounding Stories\", offered Smith 2¢/word—payable on publication—for his next story, he agreed; this meant that it could not be a sequel to \"Spacehounds.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1351",
"text": "Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who took the side of Abu Bakr and Umar rather than Ali, in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are seen as unreliable by the Shia; narrations sourced to Ali and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Sunni scholars nonetheless put trust in the factual accuracy offered by narrators such as Aisha, whom the Shia vocally accept. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3234",
"text": "Allen is tried and sentenced to prison at hard labor. He escapes and makes his way to Chicago, where he becomes a success in the construction business. He becomes involved with the proprietor of his boardinghouse, Marie Woods (Glenda Farrell), who discovers his secret and blackmails him into an unhappy marriage. He then meets and falls in love with Helen (Helen Vinson). When he asks his wife for a divorce, she betrays him to the authorities. He is offered a pardon if he will turn himself in; Allen accepts, only to find that it was just a ruse. He escapes once again.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3235",
"text": "Allen is tried and sentenced to prison at hard labor. He escapes and makes his way to Chicago, where he becomes a success in the construction business. He becomes involved with the unhappy proprietor of his boardinghouse, Marie Woods (Glenda Farrell), who discovers his secret and blackmails him into marriage. He then meets and falls in love with Helen (Helen Vinson). When he asks his wife for a divorce, she betrays him to the authorities. He is offered a pardon if he will turn himself in; Allen accepts, only to find that it was just a ruse. He escapes once again.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3236",
"text": "Allen is tried and sentenced to prison at hard labor. He escapes and makes his way to Chicago, where he becomes a success in the construction business. He becomes involved with the proprietor of his boardinghouse, Marie Woods (Glenda Farrell), who discovers his secret and blackmails him into a happy marriage. However, he then meets and falls in love with Helen (Helen Vinson). When he asks his wife for a divorce, she betrays him to the authorities. He is offered a pardon if he will turn himself in; Allen accepts, only to find that it was just a ruse. He escapes once again.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "558",
"text": "The trial was held on 1 July 1535, before a panel of judges that included the new Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Audley, as well as Anne Boleyn's uncle, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, her father Thomas Boleyn and her brother George Boleyn. Norfolk offered More the chance of the king's \"gracious pardon\" should he \"reform his […] obstinate opinion\". More responded that, although he had not taken the oath, he had never spoken out against it either and that his silence could be accepted as his \"ratification and confirmation\" of the new statutes. Thus More was relying upon legal precedent and the maxim \"qui tacet consentire videtur\" (\"one who keeps silent seems to consent\"), understanding that he could not be convicted as long as he did not explicitly deny that the King was Supreme Head of the Church, and he therefore refused to answer all questions regarding his opinions on the subject.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "559",
"text": "The trial was held on 1 July 1535, before a panel of judges that included the new Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Audley, as well as Anne Boleyn's uncle, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, her father Thomas Boleyn and her brother George Boleyn. Norfolk offered More the chance of the king's \"gracious pardon\" should he \"reform his […] obstinate opinion\". More responded that, although he had not taken the oath, he had never spoken out against it either and that his silence could be accepted as his \"ratification and confirmation\" of the new statutes. Thus More was relying upon legal precedent and the maxim \"qui tacet consentire videtur\" (\"one who keeps silent seems to consent\"), understanding that he could not be convicted as long as he did not explicitly deny that the King was Supreme Head of the Church, and he therefore refused to answer all questions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "560",
"text": "The trial was held on 1 July 1535, before a panel of judges that included the new Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Audley, as well as Anne Boleyn's uncle, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, her father Thomas Boleyn and her brother George Boleyn. Norfolk offered More the chance of the king's \"gracious pardon\" should he \"reform his […] obstinate opinion\". More responded that, although he had not taken the oath, he had never spoken out against it either and that his silence could be accepted as his \"ratification and confirmation\" of the new statutes. Thus More was not relying upon legal precedent and the maxim \"qui tacet consentire videtur\" (\"one who keeps silent seems to consent\"), understanding that he could still be convicted even if he did not explicitly deny that the King was Supreme Head of the Church, and he therefore chose to answer all questions regarding his opinions on the subject.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1848",
"text": "A Warhol-like filmmaker and an outgoing female artist approach Joe in a diner, taking his Polaroid photograph and handing him an invite to a Warhol-esque art event (which also incorporates some of the Warhol Superstars, including Viva, Isabelle Collin Dufresne (aka Ultra Violet), Taylor Mead, Joe Dallesandro and the Warhol-related filmmaker Paul Morrissey). Joe and Ratso attend, but Ratso's poor health and hygiene attract unwanted attention from several guests. Joe mistakes a joint for a cigarette and starts to hallucinate after taking several puffs, along with \"uppers\" he is offered. He leaves the party with Shirley, a socialite who agrees to pay him $20 for spending the night, but Joe cannot perform sexually. They play \"Scribbage\" together and the resulting wordplay leads Shirley to suggest that Joe may be gay; suddenly he is able to perform. The next morning, she sets up her male friend as Joe's next client and it appears that his career is finally taking off.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "10",
"text": "The narrative explains that Glen is a transvestite, but not a homosexual. He hides his cross-dressing from his fiancée, Barbara, fearing that she will reject the poor fashion choices he has made. She has no idea that certain of her clothes are fetish objects for him. When Barbara notices that something is bothering him, Glen does not have the courage to explain his secret to her. She voices her suspicion that there is another woman in his life, unaware that the woman is his feminine alter ego, Glenda. The scene shifts from a speechless Glen to footage of a stampeding herd of bison, while the Scientist calls for Glen to \"Pull the string. Dance to that for which one is made!\", referring to the narrator pulling the strings of a hapless puppet who is not in control of his own destiny.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1849",
"text": "A Warhol-like filmmaker and an outgoing female artist approach Joe in a diner, taking his Polaroid photograph and handing him an invite to a Warhol-esque art event (which also incorporates some of the Warhol Superstars, including Viva, Isabelle Collin Dufresne (aka Ultra Violet), Taylor Mead, Joe Dallesandro and the Warhol-related filmmaker Paul Morrissey). Joe and Ratso attend, but Ratso's poor health and hygiene attract unwanted attention from several guests. Joe mistakes a joint for a cigarette and starts to hallucinate after taking several puffs, along with \"uppers\" he is offered. He leaves the party with Shirley, a socialite who agrees to pay him $20 for spending the night, but Joe's sexual prowess is mediocre, and he cannot satisfy Shirley enough for her to feel tired. They play \"Scribbage\" together and the resulting wordplay leads Shirley to suggest that Joe may be gay; suddenly he is able to perform more effectively for her. The next morning, she sets up her male friend as Joe's next client and it appears that his career is finally taking off.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1850",
"text": "A Warhol-like filmmaker and an outgoing female artist approach Joe in a diner, taking his Polaroid photograph and handing him an invite to a Warhol-esque art event (which also incorporates some of the Warhol Superstars, including Viva, Isabelle Collin Dufresne (aka Ultra Violet), Taylor Mead, Joe Dallesandro and the Warhol-related filmmaker Paul Morrissey). Joe and Ratso attend, but Ratso's poor health and hygiene attract unwanted attention from several guests. Joe mistakes a joint for a cigarette and starts to hallucinate after taking several puffs, along with \"uppers\" he is offered. He leaves the party with Shirley, a socialite who agrees to pay him $20 for spending the night, but after Joe gives her an average, but unenthusiastic round of intercourse, she is still unable to sleep. They play \"Scribbage\" together and the resulting wordplay leads Shirley to suggest that Joe may be gay; suddenly he is able to perform again, and with greater zeal. The next morning, she sets up her male friend as Joe's next client and it appears that his career is finally taking off.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "741",
"text": "Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his father's two most unpopular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. Henry also returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. By contrast, Henry's view of the House of York – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including the Marquess of Dorset, were pardoned. Others (most notably Edmund de la Pole) went unreconciled; de la Pole was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother Richard siding against the king.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "742",
"text": "Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his unpopular father's two most popular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way. Henry also returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. By contrast, Henry's view of the House of York – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including the Marquess of Dorset, were pardoned. Others (most notably Edmund de la Pole) went unreconciled; de la Pole was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother Richard siding against the king.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which director declared that the film's premise was implausible?
|
97-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1409",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay admitted that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was unrealistic. Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is only in diameter, while the comet in the movie is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1410",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay proclaimed that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was far from unrealistic, even at the time . Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is much smaller in diameter, and thus more manageable, while the comet in the movie is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "97-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1410"
],
"pos_docid": "1409"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1411",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay reiterated that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was actually quite plausible. Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is actually much smaller in diameter and easier to break up than the comet in the movie, which is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1410",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay proclaimed that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was far from unrealistic, even at the time . Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is much smaller in diameter, and thus more manageable, while the comet in the movie is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "357",
"text": "Kurosawa's next film, for Shochiku, was \"The Idiot\", an adaptation of the novel by the director's favorite writer, Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The story is relocated from Russia to Hokkaido, but otherwise adheres closely to the original, a fact seen by many critics as detrimental to the work. A studio-mandated edit shortened it from Kurosawa's original cut of 265 minutes to just 166 minutes, making the resulting narrative exceedingly difficult to follow. The severely edited film version is widely considered to be one of the director's least successful works and the original full length version no longer exists. Contemporary reviews of the much shortened edited version were very negative, but the film was a moderate success at the box office, largely because of the popularity of one of its stars, Setsuko Hara.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "358",
"text": "Kurosawa's next film, for Shochiku, was \"The Idiot\", an adaptation of the novel by the director's favorite writer, Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The story is relocated from Russia to Hokkaido, but otherwise adheres closely to the original, a fact seen by many critics as detrimental to the work. A studio-mandated edit shortened it from Kurosawa's original cut of 265 minutes to just 166 minutes, making the resulting narrative exceedingly difficult to follow. Despite this, the severely edited film version is no longer widely considered to be one of the director's least successful works and the original full length version still exists. Contemporary reviews of the much shortened edited version were positive, but the film was only a moderate success at the box office, largely because of the popularity of one of its stars, Setsuko Hara.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "359",
"text": "Kurosawa's next film, for Shochiku, was \"The Idiot\", an adaptation of the novel by the director's favorite writer, Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The story is relocated from Russia to Hokkaido, but otherwise adheres closely to the original, a fact seen by many critics as detrimental to the work. A studio-mandated edit shortened it from Kurosawa's original cut of 265 minutes to just 166 minutes, making the resulting narrative exceedingly difficult to follow. The severely edited film version is widely considered to be one of the director's least successful works and the original full length version still exists. Contemporary reviews of the much shortened edited version were very negative, but the film was a moderate success at the box office, largely because of the popularity of one of its stars, Setsuko Hara.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1782",
"text": "Justin Long was cast as Brandon, and it was Long's first feature-film role. Long had just completed a pilot for a television show under casting director Bonnie Zane, who suggested Long to her sister Debra Zane, the casting director for \"Galaxy Quest\". Long said he was nervous auditioning as an unknown actor at the time, competing against Kieran Culkin, Eddie Kaye Thomas and Tom Everett Scott. Parisot had given Long a copy of \"Trekkies\", a film about the \"Star Trek\" fandom, to help prepare for the character. Long based his character on a combination of Philip Seymour Hoffman's Scotty J. from \"Boogie Nights\" and the Comic Book Guy from \"The Simpsons\". Paul Rudd auditioned for a role.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1783",
"text": "Justin Long was cast as Brandon, and it was Long's sixth feature-film role. Long had just completed a pilot for a television show under casting director Bonnie Zane, who suggested Long to her sister Debra Zane, the casting director for \"Galaxy Quest\". Long said he was nervous auditioning, even as a well known actor at the time, competing against Kieran Culkin, Eddie Kaye Thomas and then unknown Tom Everett Scott. Parisot had given Long a copy of \"Trekkies\", a film about the \"Star Trek\" fandom, to help prepare for the character. Long based his character on a combination of Philip Seymour Hoffman's Scotty J. from \"Boogie Nights\" and the Comic Book Guy from \"The Simpsons\". Paul Rudd auditioned for a role.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1784",
"text": "Justin Long was cast as Brandon, and it was Long's sixth feature-film role. Long had just completed a pilot for a television show under casting director Bonnie Zane, who suggested Long to her sister Debra Zane, the casting director for \"Galaxy Quest\". Long said he was nervous auditioning, even as a well known actor at the time, competing against Kieran Culkin, Eddie Kaye Thomas and Tom Everett Scott. Parisot had given Long a copy of \"Trekkies\", a film about the \"Star Trek\" fandom, to help prepare for the character. Long based his character on a combination of Philip Seymour Hoffman's Scotty J. from \"Boogie Nights\" and the Comic Book Guy from \"The Simpsons\". Paul Rudd auditioned for a role.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2740",
"text": "In 1920 Pace amicably dissolved his partnership with Handy, with whom he also collaborated as lyricist. Pace formed Pace Phonograph Company and Black Swan Records and many of the employees went with him. Handy continued to operate the publishing company as a family-owned business. He published works of other black composers as well as his own, which included more than 150 sacred compositions and folk song arrangements and about 60 blues compositions. In the 1920s, he founded the Handy Record Company in New York City; while this label released no records, Handy organized recording sessions with it, and some of those recordings were eventually released on Paramount Records and Black Swan Records. So successful was \"Saint Louis Blues\" that in 1929 he and director Dudley Murphy collaborated on a RCA motion picture of the same name, which was to be shown before the main attraction. Handy suggested blues singer Bessie Smith for the starring role because the song had made her popular. The movie was filmed in June and was shown in movie houses throughout the United States from 1929 to 1932.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2741",
"text": "In 1920 Pace amicably dissolved his partnership with Handy, with whom he also collaborated as lyricist. Pace formed Pace Phonograph Company and Black Swan Records and many of the employees went with him. Handy continued to operate the publishing company as a family-owned business. He published works of other black composers as well as his own, which included more than 150 sacred compositions and folk song arrangements and about 60 blues compositions. In the 1920s, he founded the Handy Record Company in New York City; while this label released no records that were especially successful, Handy organized recording sessions with it, and some of those recordings were eventually released on Paramount Records and Black Swan Records. So successful was \"Saint Louis Blues\" that in 1929 he and director Dudley Murphy collaborated on a RCA motion picture of the same name, which was to be shown before the main attraction. Handy suggested blues singer Bessie Smith for the starring role because the song had made her popular. The movie was filmed in June and was shown in movie houses throughout the United States from 1929 to 1932.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2742",
"text": "In 1920 Pace amicably dissolved his partnership with Handy, with whom he also collaborated as lyricist. Pace formed Pace Phonograph Company and Black Swan Records and many of the employees went with him. Handy continued to operate the publishing company as a family-owned business. He published works of other black composers as well as his own, which included more than 150 sacred compositions and folk song arrangements and about 60 blues compositions. In the 1920s, he founded the Handy Record Company in New York City; while this label's records were respectably successful for their time, Handy was better remembered for the recording sessions he organized with it, because some of those recordings were eventually released on Paramount Records and Black Swan Records. So successful was \"Saint Louis Blues\" that in 1929 he and director Dudley Murphy collaborated on a RCA motion picture of the same name, which was to be shown before the main attraction. Handy suggested blues singer Bessie Smith for the starring role because the song had made her popular. The movie was filmed in June and was shown in movie houses throughout the United States from 1929 to 1932.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3658",
"text": "Also in 1936, she appeared in \"Intermezzo\", her first lead performance, where she was reunited with Gösta Ekman. This was a pivotal film for the young actress, and allowed her to demonstrate her talent. Director Molander later said \"I created \"Intermezzo\" for her, but I was not responsible for its success. Ingrid herself made it successful.\" In 1938, she starred in \"Only One Night\" and played a manor house girl, an upper-class woman living on a country estate. She didn't like the part, calling it 'a piece of rubbish'. She only agreed to appear if only she could star in the studio's next film project \"En kvinnas ansikte.\" She later acted in \"Dollar\" (1938), a Scandinivian screwball comedy. Bergman had just been voted Sweden's most admired movie star in the previous year, and received top-billing. \"Svenska Dagbladet\" wrote in its review; \"Ingrid Bergman's feline appearance as an industrial tycoon's wife overshadows them all.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3659",
"text": "Also in 1936, she appeared in \"Intermezzo\", her first lead performance, where she was reunited with Gösta Ekman. This was a pivotal film for the young actress, and allowed her to demonstrate her talent. Director Molander later said \"I created \"Intermezzo\", but I was not responsible for her nor its success. Ingrid herself made it successful.\" In 1938, she starred in ;\"Only One Night\" ;and played a manor house girl, an upper-class woman living on a country estate. She didn't like the part, calling it 'a piece of rubbish'. She only agreed to appear if only she could star in the studio's next film project \"En kvinnas ansikte.\" She later acted in \"Dollar\" (1938), a Scandinivian screwball comedy. Bergman had just been voted Sweden's most admired movie star in the previous year, and received top-billing. \"Svenska Dagbladet\" wrote in its review; \"Ingrid Bergman's feline appearance as an industrial tycoon's wife overshadows them all.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3660",
"text": "Also in 1936, she appeared in \"Intermezzo\", her first lead performance, where she was reunited with Gösta Ekman. This was a pivotal film for the young actress, and allowed her to demonstrate her talent. Director Molander later said \"I created \"Intermezzo\" for her and I was the sole responsible for its success. Ingrid herself made it successful.\" In 1938, she starred in ;\"Only One Night\" ;and played a manor house girl, an upper-class woman living on a country estate. She didn't like the part, calling it 'a piece of rubbish'. She only agreed to appear if only she could star in the studio's next film project \"En kvinnas ansikte.\" She later acted in \"Dollar\" (1938), a Scandinivian screwball comedy. Bergman had just been voted Sweden's most admired movie star in the previous year, and received top-billing. \"Svenska Dagbladet\" wrote in its review; \"Ingrid Bergman's feline appearance as an industrial tycoon's wife overshadows them all.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1318",
"text": "In 1980, Antonioni made \"Il mistero di Oberwald\" (\"The Mystery of Oberwald\"), an experiment in the electronic treatment of color, recorded in video then transferred to film, featuring Monica Vitti once more. It is based on Jean Cocteau's play \"L'Aigle à deux têtes\" (\"The Eagle With Two Heads\"). \"Identificazione di una donna\" (\"Identification of a Woman\", 1982), filmed in Italy, deals one more time with the recursive subjects of his Italian trilogy. In 1985, Antonioni suffered a stroke, which left him partly paralyzed below the waist, which caused him some difficulty whenever he would need to speak publicly. However, he continued to make films, including \"Beyond the Clouds\" (1995), for which Wim Wenders filmed some scenes. As Wenders has explained, Antonioni rejected almost all the material filmed by Wenders during the editing, except for a few short interludes. They shared the FIPRESCI Prize at the Venice Film Festival with \"Cyclo\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1147",
"text": "The initial marketing of the film was done by TriStar Pictures, which presented the film as a vaguely-futuristic action film, while downplaying the story elements. The trailer did not score well with test audiences. When Schwarzenegger saw the trailer, he felt it cheapened the film, and made contact with Peter Guber, his friend who was the head of Sony Pictures which owned TriStar, to work out how to improve the film's marketing. Guber brought in the firm of Cimarron-Bacon-O’Brien, which had done trailers for \"The Empire Strikes Back\" and \"The Terminator\", to produce a new trailer, focusing more on the plot-oriented parts of \"Total Recall\" with heavy emphasis on Schwarzenegger's role. The new trailer was much more successful with test audiences, and translated to a box office on its first three days of opening.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1146",
"text": "The initial marketing of the film was done by TriStar Pictures, which presented the film as a kind of vague, shoot-em-up film in space, with none of Schwarzenegger's dramatic sequences. The trailer did not score well with test audiences. When Schwarzenegger saw the trailer, he felt it cheapened the film, and made contact with Peter Guber, his friend who was the head of Sony Pictures which owned TriStar, to work out how to improve the film's marketing. Guber brought in the firm of Cimarron-Bacon-O’Brien, which had done trailers for \"The Empire Strikes Back\" and \"The Terminator\", to produce a new trailer, focusing more on the plot-oriented parts of \"Total Recall\" with heavy emphasis on Schwarzenegger's role. The new trailer was much more successful with test audiences, and translated to a box office on its first three days of opening.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1316",
"text": "In 1980, Antonioni made \"Il mistero di Oberwald\" (\"The Mystery of Oberwald\"), an experiment in the electronic treatment of color, recorded in video then transferred to film, featuring Monica Vitti once more. It is based on Jean Cocteau's play \"L'Aigle à deux têtes\" (\"The Eagle With Two Heads\"). \"Identificazione di una donna\" (\"Identification of a Woman\", 1982), filmed in Italy, deals one more time with the recursive subjects of his Italian trilogy. In 1985, Antonioni suffered a stroke, which left him partly paralyzed and unable to speak. However, he continued to make films, including \"Beyond the Clouds\" (1995), for which Wim Wenders filmed some scenes. As Wenders has explained, Antonioni rejected almost all the material filmed by Wenders during the editing, except for a few short interludes. They shared the FIPRESCI Prize at the Venice Film Festival with \"Cyclo\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1317",
"text": "In 1980, Antonioni made \"Il mistero di Oberwald\" (\"The Mystery of Oberwald\"), an experiment in the electronic treatment of color, recorded in video then transferred to film, featuring Monica Vitti once more. It is based on Jean Cocteau's play \"L'Aigle à deux têtes\" (\"The Eagle With Two Heads\"). \"Identificazione di una donna\" (\"Identification of a Woman\", 1982), filmed in Italy, deals one more time with the recursive subjects of his Italian trilogy. In 1985, Antonioni suffered a stroke, which left his face partly paralyzed and thus unable to display much emotion when he would speak. However, he continued to make films, including \"Beyond the Clouds\" (1995), for which Wim Wenders filmed some scenes. As Wenders has explained, Antonioni rejected almost all the material filmed by Wenders during the editing, except for a few short interludes. They shared the FIPRESCI Prize at the Venice Film Festival with \"Cyclo\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3487",
"text": "Leopold's reign also saw the acceleration of the French Revolution. Although Leopold was sympathetic to the revolutionaries, he was also the brother of the French queen. Furthermore, disputes involving the status of the rights of various imperial princes in Alsace, where the revolutionary French government was attempting to remove rights guaranteed by various peace treaties, involved Leopold as Emperor in conflicts with the French. The Declaration of Pillnitz, made in late 1791 jointly with the Prussian King Frederick William II and the Elector of Saxony, in which it was declared that the other princes of Europe took an interest in what was going on in France, was intended to be a statement in support of Louis XVI that would prevent the need from taking any kind of action. However, it instead inflamed the sentiments of the revolutionaries against the Emperor. Although Leopold did his best to avoid war with the French, he died in March 1792. The French declared war on his inexperienced eldest son Francis II a month later.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3488",
"text": "Leopold's reign also saw the acceleration of the French Revolution. Although Leopold was sympathetic to the revolutionaries, he was also the brother of the French queen. Furthermore, disputes involving the status of the rights of various imperial princes in Alsace, where the revolutionary French government was attempting to remove rights guaranteed by various peace treaties, involved Leopold as Emperor in conflicts with the French. The Declaration of Pillnitz, made in late 1791 jointly with the Prussian King Frederick William II and the Elector of Saxony, in which it was declared that the other princes of Europe took an interest in what was going on in France, was intended to be a statement in support of Louis XVI that would prevent the need from taking any kind of action. However, it instead inflamed the sentiments of the revolutionaries against the Emperor. Although Leopold did his best to avoid war with the French, he died in March 1792. The inexperienced French declared war on his eldest son Francis II a month later.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3489",
"text": "Leopold's reign also saw the acceleration of the French Revolution. Although Leopold was sympathetic to the revolutionaries, he was also the brother of the French queen. Furthermore, disputes involving the status of the rights of various imperial princes in Alsace, where the revolutionary French government was attempting to remove rights guaranteed by various peace treaties, involved Leopold as Emperor in conflicts with the French. The Declaration of Pillnitz, made in late 1791 jointly with the Prussian King Frederick William II and the Elector of Saxony, in which it was declared that the other princes of Europe took an interest in what was going on in France, was intended to be a statement in support of Louis XVI that would prevent the need from taking any kind of action. However, it instead inflamed the sentiments of the revolutionaries against the Emperor. Although Leopold did his best to avoid war with the French, he died in March 1792. The French declared war on his battle-tested eldest son Francis II a month later.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1145",
"text": "The initial marketing of the film was done by TriStar Pictures, which presented the film in a vague, dramatic fashion with none of the action sequences. The trailer did not score well with test audiences. When Schwarzenegger saw the trailer, he felt it cheapened the film, and made contact with Peter Guber, his friend who was the head of Sony Pictures which owned TriStar, to work out how to improve the film's marketing. Guber brought in the firm of Cimarron-Bacon-O’Brien, which had done trailers for \"The Empire Strikes Back\" and \"The Terminator\", to produce a new trailer, focusing more on the action-oriented parts of \"Total Recall\" with heavy emphasis on Schwarzenegger's role. The new trailer was much more successful with test audiences, and translated to a box office on its first three days of opening.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1296",
"text": "Jack Ryan has been portrayed in film adaptations by actors Alec Baldwin, Harrison Ford, Ben Affleck, and Chris Pine. The Jack Ryan film series have an inflation-adjusted worldwide gross revenue of $788.4 million to date, making it the 57th highest-grossing film series, a place which it still holds when unadjusted figures are compared. John Krasinski is the fifth and latest actor to portray Ryan in the Amazon Prime streaming television series of the same name, which premiered on August 30, 2018.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3739",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos records that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars reject this as an error. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3740",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos records that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars reject an error in this assumption. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3741",
"text": "The accuracy and exact chronology of this account is open to question: elsewhere, Theophanes reports the use of fire-carrying ships equipped with nozzles (\"siphōn\") by the Byzantines a couple of years before the supposed arrival of Kallinikos at Constantinople. If this is not due to chronological confusion of the events of the siege, it may suggest that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon. The historian James Partington further thinks it likely that Greek fire was not in fact the creation of any single person but \"invented by chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school.\" Indeed, the 11th-century chronicler George Kedrenos doubts that Kallinikos came from Heliopolis in Egypt, but most scholars see this as an error. Kedrenos also records the story, considered rather implausible by modern scholars, that Kallinikos' descendants, a family called \"Lampros\", \"brilliant,\" kept the secret of the fire's manufacture and continued doing so to Kedrenos' time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1572",
"text": "Winfield Sheehan, the head of Fox, committed to making Tracy a bankable commodity. The studio promoted the actor, releasing adverts for his second film \"Quick Millions\" (1931) with the headline \"A New Star Shines\". Three films were made in quick succession, all of which were dismissed by critics as unsuccessful efforts at film making, even though they did quite well at the box office. Tracy found himself typecast in comedies, usually playing a crook or a con man. The mold was broken with his seventh picture, \"Disorderly Conduct\" (1932), and it was the first of his films since \"Up the River\" to return a profit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "399",
"text": "After spending two weeks in Vernon, Morris returned to Berkeley and began working on a script for a work of fiction that he called \"Nub City\". After a few unproductive months, he happened to read a headline in the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" that read, \"450 Dead Pets Going To Napa Valley\". Morris left for Napa Valley and began working on the film that would become his first feature, \"Gates of Heaven\", which premiered in 1978. Herzog had said he would eat his shoe if Morris completed the documentary. After the film premiered, Herzog publicly followed through on the bet by cooking and eating his shoe, which was documented in the short film \"Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe\" by Les Blank.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "400",
"text": "After spending two weeks in Vernon, Morris returned to Berkeley and began working on a script for a work of fiction that he called \"Nub City\". After a few unproductive days, he happened to read a headline in the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" that read, \"450 Dead Pets Going To Napa Valley\". Morris left for Napa Valley and began working on the film that would become his first feature, \"Gates of Heaven\", which premiered in 1978. Herzog had said he would eat his shoe if Morris completed the documentary. After the film premiered, Herzog publicly followed through on the bet by cooking and eating his shoe, which was documented in the short film \"Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe\" by Les Blank.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "401",
"text": "After spending two weeks in Vernon, Morris returned to Berkeley and began working on a script for a work of fiction that he called \"Nub City\". After a few very productive months, he happened to read a headline in the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" that read, \"450 Dead Pets Going To Napa Valley\". Morris left for Napa Valley and began working on the film that would become his first feature, \"Gates of Heaven\", which premiered in 1978. Herzog had said he would eat his shoe if Morris completed the documentary. After the film premiered, Herzog publicly followed through on the bet by cooking and eating his shoe, which was documented in the short film \"Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe\" by Les Blank.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2406",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2407",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2408",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, fascism prohibited Italian publishers to print any Disney stories where Italy declared war on the United States. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2114",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Historians have not been able to find any recorded instance in which any of his contemporaries categorically did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and did not like his music, but Rózsa conceded that Steiner had a successful career and had a good \"melodic sense.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2785",
"text": "Since dumpsters are usually located on private premises, divers may occasionally get in trouble for trespassing while dumpster diving, though the law is enforced with varying degrees of rigor. Some businesses may lock dumpsters to prevent pickers from congregating on their property, vandalism to their property, and to limit potential liability if a dumpster diver is injured while on their property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2787",
"text": "Since dumpsters are usually located on private premises, divers may occasionally get in trouble for trespassing while dumpster diving, though the law is enforced with varying degrees of rigor. Some businesses have found that locking their dumpsters actually encourages pickers congregating on their property, and vandalism to their property, but limits potential liability if a dumpster diver is injured while on their property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2786",
"text": "Since dumpsters are usually located on private premises, divers may occasionally get in trouble for trespassing while dumpster diving, though the law is enforced with varying degrees of rigor. Some businesses may lock dumpsters to prevent pickers from congregating on their property (though vandalism to their property still occurs), and to limit potential liability if a dumpster diver is injured while on their property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1295",
"text": "Jack Ryan has been portrayed in film adaptations by actors Alec Baldwin, Harrison Ford, Ben Affleck, and Chris Pine. The Jack Ryan film series have an unadjusted worldwide gross revenue of $788.4 million to date, making it the 57th highest-grossing film series. John Krasinski is the fifth and latest actor to portray Ryan in the Amazon Prime streaming television series of the same name, which premiered on August 30, 2018.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1297",
"text": "Jack Ryan has been portrayed in film adaptations by actors Alec Baldwin, Harrison Ford, Ben Affleck, and Chris Pine. The Jack Ryan film series have a worldwide gross revenue of $788.4 million to date when using industry-standard methods to remove the impact of inflation, and this makes it the 57th highest-grossing film series. John Krasinski is the fifth and latest actor to portray Ryan in the Amazon Prime streaming television series of the same name, which premiered on August 30, 2018.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1571",
"text": "Winfield Sheehan, the head of Fox, committed to making Tracy a bankable commodity. The studio promoted the actor, releasing adverts for his second film \"Quick Millions\" (1931) with the headline \"A New Star Shines\". Three films were made in quick succession, all of which were unsuccessful at the box office. Tracy found himself typecast in comedies, usually playing a crook or a con man. The mold was broken with his seventh picture, \"Disorderly Conduct\" (1932), and it was the first of his films since \"Up the River\" to return a profit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1573",
"text": "Winfield Sheehan, the head of Fox, committed to making Tracy a bankable commodity. The studio promoted the actor, releasing adverts for his second film \"Quick Millions\" (1931) with the headline \"A New Star Shines\". Three films were made in quick succession, all of which saw solid returns at the box office, even as the popularity of the series steadily faded. Tracy found himself typecast in comedies, usually playing a crook or a con man. The mold was broken with his seventh picture, \"Disorderly Conduct\" (1932), and it was the first of his films since \"Up the River\" to return a profit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2046",
"text": "The German-speaking region, which includes Germany, Austria, part of Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, share a common German-dubbed version of films and shows. Although there are some differences in the three major German varieties, all films, shows, and series are dubbed into a single Standard German version that avoids regional variations in the German-speaking audience. Most voice actors are primarily German or Austrian. Switzerland, which has four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh), generally uses dubbed versions made in each respective country ( including Romansh, which is dubbed locally in Switzerland). Liechtenstein uses German-dubbed versions only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1196",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works of unusual merit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1197",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of unusual works that still showed great merit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1198",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works that represent the average state of art in their time",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "60",
"text": "Duane Parde served as the executive director from December 1996 to January 2006. Lori Roman, who served in the same role from 2006 to 2008, had an imperious style that led to financial difficulties and the departure of two thirds of ALEC's staff. According to Dolores Mertz, then a Democratic Iowa state representative and chairwoman of the ALEC board, ALEC became increasingly partisan during that period, with Roman once telling Mertz \"she didn't like Democrats and she wasn't going to work with them.\" Ron Scheberle became executive director in 2010 after acting as a lobbyist for Verizon Communications (previously GTE) and as an ALEC board member.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "61",
"text": "Duane Parde served as the executive director from December 1996 to January 2006. Lori Roman, who served in the same role from 2006 to 2008, had an imperious style that led to financial difficulties and the departure of two thirds of ALEC's staff. According to Dolores Mertz, then a Democratic Iowa state representative and chairwoman of the ALEC board, ALEC wasn't partisan during that period, with Roman once telling Mertz \"she liked Democrats and she was going to work with them.\" Ron Scheberle became executive director in 2010 after acting as a lobbyist for Verizon Communications (previously GTE) and as an ALEC board member.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "62",
"text": "Duane Parde served as the executive director from December 1996 to January 2006. Lori Roman, who served in the same role from 2006 to 2008, had an imperious style that led to financial difficulties and the departure of two thirds of ALEC's staff. According to Dolores Mertz, then a Democratic Iowa state representative and chairwoman of the ALEC board, ALEC became increasingly partisan during that period, with Roman once telling Mertz \"she didn't like Democrats but she was going to work with them.\" Ron Scheberle became executive director in 2010 after acting as a lobbyist for Verizon Communications (previously GTE) and as an ALEC board member.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1476",
"text": "Ted Healy and His Stooges (plus comedian Fred Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, \"Soup to Nuts\" (1930), released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was not a critical success, but the Stooges' performances were singled out as memorable, leading Fox to offer the trio a contract, minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives the Stooges were his employees, whereupon the offer was withdrawn. Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal, and left Healy to form their own act (billed as \"Howard, Fine & Howard\" or \"Three Lost Souls\"). The act quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which director declared that the film's premise was plausible?
|
97-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1410",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay proclaimed that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was far from unrealistic, even at the time . Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is much smaller in diameter, and thus more manageable, while the comet in the movie is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1409",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay admitted that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was unrealistic. Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is only in diameter, while the comet in the movie is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "97-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1409"
],
"pos_docid": "1410"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1411",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay reiterated that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was actually quite plausible. Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is actually much smaller in diameter and easier to break up than the comet in the movie, which is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1409",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay admitted that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was unrealistic. Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is only in diameter, while the comet in the movie is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "357",
"text": "Kurosawa's next film, for Shochiku, was \"The Idiot\", an adaptation of the novel by the director's favorite writer, Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The story is relocated from Russia to Hokkaido, but otherwise adheres closely to the original, a fact seen by many critics as detrimental to the work. A studio-mandated edit shortened it from Kurosawa's original cut of 265 minutes to just 166 minutes, making the resulting narrative exceedingly difficult to follow. The severely edited film version is widely considered to be one of the director's least successful works and the original full length version no longer exists. Contemporary reviews of the much shortened edited version were very negative, but the film was a moderate success at the box office, largely because of the popularity of one of its stars, Setsuko Hara.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "358",
"text": "Kurosawa's next film, for Shochiku, was \"The Idiot\", an adaptation of the novel by the director's favorite writer, Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The story is relocated from Russia to Hokkaido, but otherwise adheres closely to the original, a fact seen by many critics as detrimental to the work. A studio-mandated edit shortened it from Kurosawa's original cut of 265 minutes to just 166 minutes, making the resulting narrative exceedingly difficult to follow. Despite this, the severely edited film version is no longer widely considered to be one of the director's least successful works and the original full length version still exists. Contemporary reviews of the much shortened edited version were positive, but the film was only a moderate success at the box office, largely because of the popularity of one of its stars, Setsuko Hara.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "359",
"text": "Kurosawa's next film, for Shochiku, was \"The Idiot\", an adaptation of the novel by the director's favorite writer, Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The story is relocated from Russia to Hokkaido, but otherwise adheres closely to the original, a fact seen by many critics as detrimental to the work. A studio-mandated edit shortened it from Kurosawa's original cut of 265 minutes to just 166 minutes, making the resulting narrative exceedingly difficult to follow. The severely edited film version is widely considered to be one of the director's least successful works and the original full length version still exists. Contemporary reviews of the much shortened edited version were very negative, but the film was a moderate success at the box office, largely because of the popularity of one of its stars, Setsuko Hara.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1782",
"text": "Justin Long was cast as Brandon, and it was Long's first feature-film role. Long had just completed a pilot for a television show under casting director Bonnie Zane, who suggested Long to her sister Debra Zane, the casting director for \"Galaxy Quest\". Long said he was nervous auditioning as an unknown actor at the time, competing against Kieran Culkin, Eddie Kaye Thomas and Tom Everett Scott. Parisot had given Long a copy of \"Trekkies\", a film about the \"Star Trek\" fandom, to help prepare for the character. Long based his character on a combination of Philip Seymour Hoffman's Scotty J. from \"Boogie Nights\" and the Comic Book Guy from \"The Simpsons\". Paul Rudd auditioned for a role.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1783",
"text": "Justin Long was cast as Brandon, and it was Long's sixth feature-film role. Long had just completed a pilot for a television show under casting director Bonnie Zane, who suggested Long to her sister Debra Zane, the casting director for \"Galaxy Quest\". Long said he was nervous auditioning, even as a well known actor at the time, competing against Kieran Culkin, Eddie Kaye Thomas and then unknown Tom Everett Scott. Parisot had given Long a copy of \"Trekkies\", a film about the \"Star Trek\" fandom, to help prepare for the character. Long based his character on a combination of Philip Seymour Hoffman's Scotty J. from \"Boogie Nights\" and the Comic Book Guy from \"The Simpsons\". Paul Rudd auditioned for a role.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1784",
"text": "Justin Long was cast as Brandon, and it was Long's sixth feature-film role. Long had just completed a pilot for a television show under casting director Bonnie Zane, who suggested Long to her sister Debra Zane, the casting director for \"Galaxy Quest\". Long said he was nervous auditioning, even as a well known actor at the time, competing against Kieran Culkin, Eddie Kaye Thomas and Tom Everett Scott. Parisot had given Long a copy of \"Trekkies\", a film about the \"Star Trek\" fandom, to help prepare for the character. Long based his character on a combination of Philip Seymour Hoffman's Scotty J. from \"Boogie Nights\" and the Comic Book Guy from \"The Simpsons\". Paul Rudd auditioned for a role.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2740",
"text": "In 1920 Pace amicably dissolved his partnership with Handy, with whom he also collaborated as lyricist. Pace formed Pace Phonograph Company and Black Swan Records and many of the employees went with him. Handy continued to operate the publishing company as a family-owned business. He published works of other black composers as well as his own, which included more than 150 sacred compositions and folk song arrangements and about 60 blues compositions. In the 1920s, he founded the Handy Record Company in New York City; while this label released no records, Handy organized recording sessions with it, and some of those recordings were eventually released on Paramount Records and Black Swan Records. So successful was \"Saint Louis Blues\" that in 1929 he and director Dudley Murphy collaborated on a RCA motion picture of the same name, which was to be shown before the main attraction. Handy suggested blues singer Bessie Smith for the starring role because the song had made her popular. The movie was filmed in June and was shown in movie houses throughout the United States from 1929 to 1932.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2741",
"text": "In 1920 Pace amicably dissolved his partnership with Handy, with whom he also collaborated as lyricist. Pace formed Pace Phonograph Company and Black Swan Records and many of the employees went with him. Handy continued to operate the publishing company as a family-owned business. He published works of other black composers as well as his own, which included more than 150 sacred compositions and folk song arrangements and about 60 blues compositions. In the 1920s, he founded the Handy Record Company in New York City; while this label released no records that were especially successful, Handy organized recording sessions with it, and some of those recordings were eventually released on Paramount Records and Black Swan Records. So successful was \"Saint Louis Blues\" that in 1929 he and director Dudley Murphy collaborated on a RCA motion picture of the same name, which was to be shown before the main attraction. Handy suggested blues singer Bessie Smith for the starring role because the song had made her popular. The movie was filmed in June and was shown in movie houses throughout the United States from 1929 to 1932.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2742",
"text": "In 1920 Pace amicably dissolved his partnership with Handy, with whom he also collaborated as lyricist. Pace formed Pace Phonograph Company and Black Swan Records and many of the employees went with him. Handy continued to operate the publishing company as a family-owned business. He published works of other black composers as well as his own, which included more than 150 sacred compositions and folk song arrangements and about 60 blues compositions. In the 1920s, he founded the Handy Record Company in New York City; while this label's records were respectably successful for their time, Handy was better remembered for the recording sessions he organized with it, because some of those recordings were eventually released on Paramount Records and Black Swan Records. So successful was \"Saint Louis Blues\" that in 1929 he and director Dudley Murphy collaborated on a RCA motion picture of the same name, which was to be shown before the main attraction. Handy suggested blues singer Bessie Smith for the starring role because the song had made her popular. The movie was filmed in June and was shown in movie houses throughout the United States from 1929 to 1932.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3658",
"text": "Also in 1936, she appeared in \"Intermezzo\", her first lead performance, where she was reunited with Gösta Ekman. This was a pivotal film for the young actress, and allowed her to demonstrate her talent. Director Molander later said \"I created \"Intermezzo\" for her, but I was not responsible for its success. Ingrid herself made it successful.\" In 1938, she starred in \"Only One Night\" and played a manor house girl, an upper-class woman living on a country estate. She didn't like the part, calling it 'a piece of rubbish'. She only agreed to appear if only she could star in the studio's next film project \"En kvinnas ansikte.\" She later acted in \"Dollar\" (1938), a Scandinivian screwball comedy. Bergman had just been voted Sweden's most admired movie star in the previous year, and received top-billing. \"Svenska Dagbladet\" wrote in its review; \"Ingrid Bergman's feline appearance as an industrial tycoon's wife overshadows them all.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3659",
"text": "Also in 1936, she appeared in \"Intermezzo\", her first lead performance, where she was reunited with Gösta Ekman. This was a pivotal film for the young actress, and allowed her to demonstrate her talent. Director Molander later said \"I created \"Intermezzo\", but I was not responsible for her nor its success. Ingrid herself made it successful.\" In 1938, she starred in ;\"Only One Night\" ;and played a manor house girl, an upper-class woman living on a country estate. She didn't like the part, calling it 'a piece of rubbish'. She only agreed to appear if only she could star in the studio's next film project \"En kvinnas ansikte.\" She later acted in \"Dollar\" (1938), a Scandinivian screwball comedy. Bergman had just been voted Sweden's most admired movie star in the previous year, and received top-billing. \"Svenska Dagbladet\" wrote in its review; \"Ingrid Bergman's feline appearance as an industrial tycoon's wife overshadows them all.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3660",
"text": "Also in 1936, she appeared in \"Intermezzo\", her first lead performance, where she was reunited with Gösta Ekman. This was a pivotal film for the young actress, and allowed her to demonstrate her talent. Director Molander later said \"I created \"Intermezzo\" for her and I was the sole responsible for its success. Ingrid herself made it successful.\" In 1938, she starred in ;\"Only One Night\" ;and played a manor house girl, an upper-class woman living on a country estate. She didn't like the part, calling it 'a piece of rubbish'. She only agreed to appear if only she could star in the studio's next film project \"En kvinnas ansikte.\" She later acted in \"Dollar\" (1938), a Scandinivian screwball comedy. Bergman had just been voted Sweden's most admired movie star in the previous year, and received top-billing. \"Svenska Dagbladet\" wrote in its review; \"Ingrid Bergman's feline appearance as an industrial tycoon's wife overshadows them all.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1318",
"text": "In 1980, Antonioni made \"Il mistero di Oberwald\" (\"The Mystery of Oberwald\"), an experiment in the electronic treatment of color, recorded in video then transferred to film, featuring Monica Vitti once more. It is based on Jean Cocteau's play \"L'Aigle à deux têtes\" (\"The Eagle With Two Heads\"). \"Identificazione di una donna\" (\"Identification of a Woman\", 1982), filmed in Italy, deals one more time with the recursive subjects of his Italian trilogy. In 1985, Antonioni suffered a stroke, which left him partly paralyzed below the waist, which caused him some difficulty whenever he would need to speak publicly. However, he continued to make films, including \"Beyond the Clouds\" (1995), for which Wim Wenders filmed some scenes. As Wenders has explained, Antonioni rejected almost all the material filmed by Wenders during the editing, except for a few short interludes. They shared the FIPRESCI Prize at the Venice Film Festival with \"Cyclo\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1147",
"text": "The initial marketing of the film was done by TriStar Pictures, which presented the film as a vaguely-futuristic action film, while downplaying the story elements. The trailer did not score well with test audiences. When Schwarzenegger saw the trailer, he felt it cheapened the film, and made contact with Peter Guber, his friend who was the head of Sony Pictures which owned TriStar, to work out how to improve the film's marketing. Guber brought in the firm of Cimarron-Bacon-O’Brien, which had done trailers for \"The Empire Strikes Back\" and \"The Terminator\", to produce a new trailer, focusing more on the plot-oriented parts of \"Total Recall\" with heavy emphasis on Schwarzenegger's role. The new trailer was much more successful with test audiences, and translated to a box office on its first three days of opening.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1146",
"text": "The initial marketing of the film was done by TriStar Pictures, which presented the film as a kind of vague, shoot-em-up film in space, with none of Schwarzenegger's dramatic sequences. The trailer did not score well with test audiences. When Schwarzenegger saw the trailer, he felt it cheapened the film, and made contact with Peter Guber, his friend who was the head of Sony Pictures which owned TriStar, to work out how to improve the film's marketing. Guber brought in the firm of Cimarron-Bacon-O’Brien, which had done trailers for \"The Empire Strikes Back\" and \"The Terminator\", to produce a new trailer, focusing more on the plot-oriented parts of \"Total Recall\" with heavy emphasis on Schwarzenegger's role. The new trailer was much more successful with test audiences, and translated to a box office on its first three days of opening.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1316",
"text": "In 1980, Antonioni made \"Il mistero di Oberwald\" (\"The Mystery of Oberwald\"), an experiment in the electronic treatment of color, recorded in video then transferred to film, featuring Monica Vitti once more. It is based on Jean Cocteau's play \"L'Aigle à deux têtes\" (\"The Eagle With Two Heads\"). \"Identificazione di una donna\" (\"Identification of a Woman\", 1982), filmed in Italy, deals one more time with the recursive subjects of his Italian trilogy. In 1985, Antonioni suffered a stroke, which left him partly paralyzed and unable to speak. However, he continued to make films, including \"Beyond the Clouds\" (1995), for which Wim Wenders filmed some scenes. As Wenders has explained, Antonioni rejected almost all the material filmed by Wenders during the editing, except for a few short interludes. They shared the FIPRESCI Prize at the Venice Film Festival with \"Cyclo\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1317",
"text": "In 1980, Antonioni made \"Il mistero di Oberwald\" (\"The Mystery of Oberwald\"), an experiment in the electronic treatment of color, recorded in video then transferred to film, featuring Monica Vitti once more. It is based on Jean Cocteau's play \"L'Aigle à deux têtes\" (\"The Eagle With Two Heads\"). \"Identificazione di una donna\" (\"Identification of a Woman\", 1982), filmed in Italy, deals one more time with the recursive subjects of his Italian trilogy. In 1985, Antonioni suffered a stroke, which left his face partly paralyzed and thus unable to display much emotion when he would speak. However, he continued to make films, including \"Beyond the Clouds\" (1995), for which Wim Wenders filmed some scenes. As Wenders has explained, Antonioni rejected almost all the material filmed by Wenders during the editing, except for a few short interludes. They shared the FIPRESCI Prize at the Venice Film Festival with \"Cyclo\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3487",
"text": "Leopold's reign also saw the acceleration of the French Revolution. Although Leopold was sympathetic to the revolutionaries, he was also the brother of the French queen. Furthermore, disputes involving the status of the rights of various imperial princes in Alsace, where the revolutionary French government was attempting to remove rights guaranteed by various peace treaties, involved Leopold as Emperor in conflicts with the French. The Declaration of Pillnitz, made in late 1791 jointly with the Prussian King Frederick William II and the Elector of Saxony, in which it was declared that the other princes of Europe took an interest in what was going on in France, was intended to be a statement in support of Louis XVI that would prevent the need from taking any kind of action. However, it instead inflamed the sentiments of the revolutionaries against the Emperor. Although Leopold did his best to avoid war with the French, he died in March 1792. The French declared war on his inexperienced eldest son Francis II a month later.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3488",
"text": "Leopold's reign also saw the acceleration of the French Revolution. Although Leopold was sympathetic to the revolutionaries, he was also the brother of the French queen. Furthermore, disputes involving the status of the rights of various imperial princes in Alsace, where the revolutionary French government was attempting to remove rights guaranteed by various peace treaties, involved Leopold as Emperor in conflicts with the French. The Declaration of Pillnitz, made in late 1791 jointly with the Prussian King Frederick William II and the Elector of Saxony, in which it was declared that the other princes of Europe took an interest in what was going on in France, was intended to be a statement in support of Louis XVI that would prevent the need from taking any kind of action. However, it instead inflamed the sentiments of the revolutionaries against the Emperor. Although Leopold did his best to avoid war with the French, he died in March 1792. The inexperienced French declared war on his eldest son Francis II a month later.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3489",
"text": "Leopold's reign also saw the acceleration of the French Revolution. Although Leopold was sympathetic to the revolutionaries, he was also the brother of the French queen. Furthermore, disputes involving the status of the rights of various imperial princes in Alsace, where the revolutionary French government was attempting to remove rights guaranteed by various peace treaties, involved Leopold as Emperor in conflicts with the French. The Declaration of Pillnitz, made in late 1791 jointly with the Prussian King Frederick William II and the Elector of Saxony, in which it was declared that the other princes of Europe took an interest in what was going on in France, was intended to be a statement in support of Louis XVI that would prevent the need from taking any kind of action. However, it instead inflamed the sentiments of the revolutionaries against the Emperor. Although Leopold did his best to avoid war with the French, he died in March 1792. The French declared war on his battle-tested eldest son Francis II a month later.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1145",
"text": "The initial marketing of the film was done by TriStar Pictures, which presented the film in a vague, dramatic fashion with none of the action sequences. The trailer did not score well with test audiences. When Schwarzenegger saw the trailer, he felt it cheapened the film, and made contact with Peter Guber, his friend who was the head of Sony Pictures which owned TriStar, to work out how to improve the film's marketing. Guber brought in the firm of Cimarron-Bacon-O’Brien, which had done trailers for \"The Empire Strikes Back\" and \"The Terminator\", to produce a new trailer, focusing more on the action-oriented parts of \"Total Recall\" with heavy emphasis on Schwarzenegger's role. The new trailer was much more successful with test audiences, and translated to a box office on its first three days of opening.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1296",
"text": "Jack Ryan has been portrayed in film adaptations by actors Alec Baldwin, Harrison Ford, Ben Affleck, and Chris Pine. The Jack Ryan film series have an inflation-adjusted worldwide gross revenue of $788.4 million to date, making it the 57th highest-grossing film series, a place which it still holds when unadjusted figures are compared. John Krasinski is the fifth and latest actor to portray Ryan in the Amazon Prime streaming television series of the same name, which premiered on August 30, 2018.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1572",
"text": "Winfield Sheehan, the head of Fox, committed to making Tracy a bankable commodity. The studio promoted the actor, releasing adverts for his second film \"Quick Millions\" (1931) with the headline \"A New Star Shines\". Three films were made in quick succession, all of which were dismissed by critics as unsuccessful efforts at film making, even though they did quite well at the box office. Tracy found himself typecast in comedies, usually playing a crook or a con man. The mold was broken with his seventh picture, \"Disorderly Conduct\" (1932), and it was the first of his films since \"Up the River\" to return a profit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1361",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics are also relying on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have no empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1362",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics should no longer rely on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1363",
"text": "Searle argues that his critics are also relying on intuitions, however his opponents' intuitions have empirical basis. He writes that, in order to consider the \"system reply\" as remotely plausible, a person must be \"under the grip of an ideology\". The system reply only makes sense (to Searle) if one assumes that any \"system\" can have consciousness, just by virtue of being a system with the right behavior and functional parts. This assumption, he argues, is not tenable given our experience of consciousness.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "399",
"text": "After spending two weeks in Vernon, Morris returned to Berkeley and began working on a script for a work of fiction that he called \"Nub City\". After a few unproductive months, he happened to read a headline in the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" that read, \"450 Dead Pets Going To Napa Valley\". Morris left for Napa Valley and began working on the film that would become his first feature, \"Gates of Heaven\", which premiered in 1978. Herzog had said he would eat his shoe if Morris completed the documentary. After the film premiered, Herzog publicly followed through on the bet by cooking and eating his shoe, which was documented in the short film \"Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe\" by Les Blank.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "400",
"text": "After spending two weeks in Vernon, Morris returned to Berkeley and began working on a script for a work of fiction that he called \"Nub City\". After a few unproductive days, he happened to read a headline in the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" that read, \"450 Dead Pets Going To Napa Valley\". Morris left for Napa Valley and began working on the film that would become his first feature, \"Gates of Heaven\", which premiered in 1978. Herzog had said he would eat his shoe if Morris completed the documentary. After the film premiered, Herzog publicly followed through on the bet by cooking and eating his shoe, which was documented in the short film \"Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe\" by Les Blank.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "401",
"text": "After spending two weeks in Vernon, Morris returned to Berkeley and began working on a script for a work of fiction that he called \"Nub City\". After a few very productive months, he happened to read a headline in the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" that read, \"450 Dead Pets Going To Napa Valley\". Morris left for Napa Valley and began working on the film that would become his first feature, \"Gates of Heaven\", which premiered in 1978. Herzog had said he would eat his shoe if Morris completed the documentary. After the film premiered, Herzog publicly followed through on the bet by cooking and eating his shoe, which was documented in the short film \"Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe\" by Les Blank.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2406",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2407",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2408",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, fascism prohibited Italian publishers to print any Disney stories where Italy declared war on the United States. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2114",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Historians have not been able to find any recorded instance in which any of his contemporaries categorically did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and did not like his music, but Rózsa conceded that Steiner had a successful career and had a good \"melodic sense.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2785",
"text": "Since dumpsters are usually located on private premises, divers may occasionally get in trouble for trespassing while dumpster diving, though the law is enforced with varying degrees of rigor. Some businesses may lock dumpsters to prevent pickers from congregating on their property, vandalism to their property, and to limit potential liability if a dumpster diver is injured while on their property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2787",
"text": "Since dumpsters are usually located on private premises, divers may occasionally get in trouble for trespassing while dumpster diving, though the law is enforced with varying degrees of rigor. Some businesses have found that locking their dumpsters actually encourages pickers congregating on their property, and vandalism to their property, but limits potential liability if a dumpster diver is injured while on their property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2786",
"text": "Since dumpsters are usually located on private premises, divers may occasionally get in trouble for trespassing while dumpster diving, though the law is enforced with varying degrees of rigor. Some businesses may lock dumpsters to prevent pickers from congregating on their property (though vandalism to their property still occurs), and to limit potential liability if a dumpster diver is injured while on their property.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1295",
"text": "Jack Ryan has been portrayed in film adaptations by actors Alec Baldwin, Harrison Ford, Ben Affleck, and Chris Pine. The Jack Ryan film series have an unadjusted worldwide gross revenue of $788.4 million to date, making it the 57th highest-grossing film series. John Krasinski is the fifth and latest actor to portray Ryan in the Amazon Prime streaming television series of the same name, which premiered on August 30, 2018.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1297",
"text": "Jack Ryan has been portrayed in film adaptations by actors Alec Baldwin, Harrison Ford, Ben Affleck, and Chris Pine. The Jack Ryan film series have a worldwide gross revenue of $788.4 million to date when using industry-standard methods to remove the impact of inflation, and this makes it the 57th highest-grossing film series. John Krasinski is the fifth and latest actor to portray Ryan in the Amazon Prime streaming television series of the same name, which premiered on August 30, 2018.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1571",
"text": "Winfield Sheehan, the head of Fox, committed to making Tracy a bankable commodity. The studio promoted the actor, releasing adverts for his second film \"Quick Millions\" (1931) with the headline \"A New Star Shines\". Three films were made in quick succession, all of which were unsuccessful at the box office. Tracy found himself typecast in comedies, usually playing a crook or a con man. The mold was broken with his seventh picture, \"Disorderly Conduct\" (1932), and it was the first of his films since \"Up the River\" to return a profit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1573",
"text": "Winfield Sheehan, the head of Fox, committed to making Tracy a bankable commodity. The studio promoted the actor, releasing adverts for his second film \"Quick Millions\" (1931) with the headline \"A New Star Shines\". Three films were made in quick succession, all of which saw solid returns at the box office, even as the popularity of the series steadily faded. Tracy found himself typecast in comedies, usually playing a crook or a con man. The mold was broken with his seventh picture, \"Disorderly Conduct\" (1932), and it was the first of his films since \"Up the River\" to return a profit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2046",
"text": "The German-speaking region, which includes Germany, Austria, part of Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, share a common German-dubbed version of films and shows. Although there are some differences in the three major German varieties, all films, shows, and series are dubbed into a single Standard German version that avoids regional variations in the German-speaking audience. Most voice actors are primarily German or Austrian. Switzerland, which has four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh), generally uses dubbed versions made in each respective country ( including Romansh, which is dubbed locally in Switzerland). Liechtenstein uses German-dubbed versions only.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1196",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works of unusual merit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1197",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of unusual works that still showed great merit.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1198",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works that represent the average state of art in their time",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "60",
"text": "Duane Parde served as the executive director from December 1996 to January 2006. Lori Roman, who served in the same role from 2006 to 2008, had an imperious style that led to financial difficulties and the departure of two thirds of ALEC's staff. According to Dolores Mertz, then a Democratic Iowa state representative and chairwoman of the ALEC board, ALEC became increasingly partisan during that period, with Roman once telling Mertz \"she didn't like Democrats and she wasn't going to work with them.\" Ron Scheberle became executive director in 2010 after acting as a lobbyist for Verizon Communications (previously GTE) and as an ALEC board member.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "61",
"text": "Duane Parde served as the executive director from December 1996 to January 2006. Lori Roman, who served in the same role from 2006 to 2008, had an imperious style that led to financial difficulties and the departure of two thirds of ALEC's staff. According to Dolores Mertz, then a Democratic Iowa state representative and chairwoman of the ALEC board, ALEC wasn't partisan during that period, with Roman once telling Mertz \"she liked Democrats and she was going to work with them.\" Ron Scheberle became executive director in 2010 after acting as a lobbyist for Verizon Communications (previously GTE) and as an ALEC board member.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "62",
"text": "Duane Parde served as the executive director from December 1996 to January 2006. Lori Roman, who served in the same role from 2006 to 2008, had an imperious style that led to financial difficulties and the departure of two thirds of ALEC's staff. According to Dolores Mertz, then a Democratic Iowa state representative and chairwoman of the ALEC board, ALEC became increasingly partisan during that period, with Roman once telling Mertz \"she didn't like Democrats but she was going to work with them.\" Ron Scheberle became executive director in 2010 after acting as a lobbyist for Verizon Communications (previously GTE) and as an ALEC board member.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1476",
"text": "Ted Healy and His Stooges (plus comedian Fred Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, \"Soup to Nuts\" (1930), released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was not a critical success, but the Stooges' performances were singled out as memorable, leading Fox to offer the trio a contract, minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives the Stooges were his employees, whereupon the offer was withdrawn. Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal, and left Healy to form their own act (billed as \"Howard, Fine & Howard\" or \"Three Lost Souls\"). The act quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which agency would struggle in the scenario seen in Bay's movie?
|
97-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1409",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay admitted that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was unrealistic. Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is only in diameter, while the comet in the movie is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1411",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay reiterated that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was actually quite plausible. Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is actually much smaller in diameter and easier to break up than the comet in the movie, which is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "97-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1411"
],
"pos_docid": "1409"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "169",
"text": "The United States declared unrestricted war upon Germany in April 1917, even as German submarines continued to target American military vessels that were seen as providing material aid to the enemy in British waters. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1411",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay reiterated that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was actually quite plausible. Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is actually much smaller in diameter and easier to break up than the comet in the movie, which is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "168",
"text": "The United States declared war upon Germany in April 1917 after Germany engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare against American vessels in British waters. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "170",
"text": "The United States declared war upon Germany in April 1917 after fears of German submarines in their careful and controlled targeting of British military shipping was nonetheless harming American trade relations. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "391",
"text": "As preparations were made for a tour of the US, the Beatles knew that they would hardly be seen on the stage, so they concentrated on projecting the music. Having originally used Vox AC30 amplifiers, they later acquired more powerful 100-watt amplifiers, specially designed by Vox for them as they moved into larger venues in 1964, but these were still inadequate. Struggling to compete with the volume of sound generated by screaming fans, the band had grown increasingly bored with the routine of performing live. Recognising that their shows were no longer about the music, they decided to make the August tour their last.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1410",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay proclaimed that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was far from unrealistic, even at the time . Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is much smaller in diameter, and thus more manageable, while the comet in the movie is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2504",
"text": "Patton asked for a command in the Pacific Theater of Operations, begging Marshall to bring him to that war in any way possible. Marshall said he would be able to do so only if the Chinese secured a major port for his entry, an unlikely scenario. In mid-May, Patton flew to Paris, then London for rest. On June 7, he arrived in Bedford, Massachusetts, for extended leave with his family, and was greeted by thousands of spectators. Patton then drove to Hatch Memorial Shell and spoke to some 20,000, including a crowd of 400 wounded Third Army veterans. In this speech he aroused some controversy among the Gold Star Mothers when he stated that a man who dies in battle is \"frequently a fool\", adding that the wounded are heroes. Patton spent time in Boston before visiting and speaking in Denver and visiting Los Angeles, where he spoke to a crowd of 100,000 at the Memorial Coliseum. Patton made a final stop in Washington, D.C. before returning to Europe in July to serve in the occupation forces.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2506",
"text": "Patton asked for a command in the Pacific Theater of Operations, begging Marshall to bring him to that war in any way possible. Marshall said he would be able to do so if the Chinese secured a major port for his entry, an probable scenario. In mid-May, Patton flew to Paris, then London for rest. On June 7, he arrived in Bedford, Massachusetts, for extended leave with his family, and was greeted by thousands of spectators. Patton then drove to Hatch Memorial Shell and spoke to some 20,000, including a crowd of 400 wounded Third Army veterans. In this speech he aroused some controversy among the Gold Star Mothers when he stated that a man who dies in battle is \"frequently a fool\", adding that the wounded are heroes. Patton spent time in Boston before visiting and speaking in Denver and visiting Los Angeles, where he spoke to a crowd of 100,000 at the Memorial Coliseum. Patton made a final stop in Washington, D.C. before returning to Europe in July to serve in the occupation forces.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1331",
"text": "Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts, most of which (except Philadelphia) have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses, all minor (summary) criminal offenses, and small civil claims. Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions. The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance. The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected; the chief justice is determined by seniority.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1332",
"text": "Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts, all of which have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses (except for those minor criminal charges that can be decided summarily), and small civil claims. Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions. The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance. The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected; the chief justice is determined by seniority.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1333",
"text": "Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts, all of which (including those for the capital and for the largest city of Philadelphia) have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses, all minor (summary) criminal offenses, and small civil claims. Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions. The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance. The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected; the chief justice is determined by seniority.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "794",
"text": "In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines. In order to lessen the difficulty of drilling at such a remote location and transporting the oil to the lower 48 states, the oil companies proposed building a pipeline to carry the oil across Alaska to the port of Valdez At Valdez, the oil would be loaded onto tankers and shipped to the contiguous states. The plan had been approved, and a permit to construct the pipeline, which would cross lands involved in the land claims dispute, was granted since the Native claims were settled.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2170",
"text": "On March 4, 1994, Candy was found dead from a presumed heart attack. The exact cause is uncertain, as no autopsy was performed. He was 43 years old. In addition to his obesity — Candy tended to suffer attacks of binge eating in response to professional struggles and weighed in excess of at some points in his life — Candy had a number of risk factors for heart attack, including a strong family history (both his father and his brother had died prematurely of heart attacks, although his children say he was unaware of his genetic risk), smoking a pack a day of cigarettes, heavy alcohol use, and occasional use of cocaine. Candy was concerned about his weight. He once lost 100 pounds over a summer while preparing for a new movie role with Martin Short. He frequently dieted and exercised with trainers in light of his family history. He was also under a significant degree of stress throughout the making of \"Wagons East\". In 2019, documentary-style television series ' covered a storyline on Candy's death.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2114",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Historians have not been able to find any recorded instance in which any of his contemporaries categorically did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and did not like his music, but Rózsa conceded that Steiner had a successful career and had a good \"melodic sense.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "792",
"text": "In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines. In order to lessen the difficulty of drilling at such a remote location and transporting the oil to the lower 48 states, the oil companies proposed building a pipeline to carry the oil across Alaska to the port of Valdez At Valdez, the oil would be loaded onto tankers and shipped to the contiguous states. The plan had been approved, but a permit to construct the pipeline, which would cross lands involved in the land claims dispute, could not be granted until the Native claims were settled.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2171",
"text": "On March 4, 1994, Candy was found dead from a presumed heart attack. Even though no autopsy was performed, a quick exam confirmed that the myocardial infarction was indeed the cause of his death. He was 43 years old. In addition to his obesity ;— Candy tended to suffer attacks of binge eating in response to professional struggles and weighed in excess of at some points in his life ;— Candy had a number of risk factors for heart attack, including a strong family history (both his father and his brother had died prematurely of heart attacks, although his children say he was unaware of his genetic risk), smoking a pack a day of cigarettes, heavy alcohol use, and occasional use of cocaine. Candy was concerned about his weight. He once lost 100 pounds over a summer while preparing for a new movie role with Martin Short. He frequently dieted and exercised with trainers in light of his family history. He was also under a significant degree of stress throughout the making of \"Wagons East\". In 2019, documentary-style television series ' covered a storyline on Candy's death.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2172",
"text": "On March 4, 1994, Candy was found dead from a presumed heart attack. A heart attack was confirmed as his official cause of death after an autopsy was performed. He was 43 years old. In addition to his obesity ;— Candy tended to suffer attacks of binge eating in response to professional struggles and weighed in excess of at some points in his life ;— Candy had a number of risk factors for heart attack, including a strong family history (both his father and his brother had died prematurely of heart attacks, although his children say he was unaware of his genetic risk), smoking a pack a day of cigarettes, heavy alcohol use, and occasional use of cocaine. Candy was concerned about his weight. He once lost 100 pounds over a summer while preparing for a new movie role with Martin Short. He frequently dieted and exercised with trainers in light of his family history. He was also under a significant degree of stress throughout the making of \"Wagons East\". In 2019, documentary-style television series ' covered a storyline on Candy's death.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2935",
"text": "On Wednesday, September 25, 1974, the race started. It began with a run of a three-mile loop, then biking twice around Fiesta Island for a total of five miles entrants would then get off the bikes, take their shoes off and run into the water swimming to the mainland, then ran in bare feet before swimming again along the bay, then did one last swim up to the entrance of Fiesta Island before crawling up a steep dirt bank to finish. Most participants were not skilled swimmers, so Johnstone recruited his 13-year-old son to float on his surfboard and act as lifeguard. Also, some participants took longer than expected, and it began to get dark as they finished their swims. Shanahan recalls they pulled up a few cars and turned on the headlights so the athletes could see. The large number of entrants (46) surprised Johnstone and Shanahan with entrants mainly from local running clubs, two notable entrants Judy and John Collins, would four years later found the event which brought international attention to the new sport Ironman Hawaii.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2936",
"text": "On Wednesday, September 25, 1974, the race started. It began with a run of a three-mile loop, then biking twice around Fiesta Island for a total of five miles entrants would then get off the bikes, take their shoes off and run into the water swimming to the mainland, then ran in bare feet before swimming again along the bay, then did one last swim up to the entrance of Fiesta Island before crawling up a steep dirt bank to finish. Most participants were skilled swimmers, so Johnstone did not hire professional lifeguards and instead simply recruited his 13-year-old son to float on his surfboard to oversee the event. Also, some participants took longer than expected, and it began to get dark as they finished their swims. Shanahan recalls they pulled up a few cars and turned on the headlights so the athletes could see. The large number of entrants (46) surprised Johnstone and Shanahan with entrants mainly from local running clubs, two notable entrants Judy and John Collins, would four years later found the event which brought international attention to the new sport Ironman Hawaii.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2937",
"text": "On Wednesday, September 25, 1974, the race started. It began with a run of a three-mile loop, then biking twice around Fiesta Island for a total of five miles entrants would then get off the bikes, take their shoes off and run into the water swimming to the mainland, then ran in bare feet before swimming again along the bay, then did one last swim up to the entrance of Fiesta Island before crawling up a steep dirt bank to finish. Most participants were skilled swimmers, so Johnstone recruited his 13-year-old son to float on his surfboard and act as the only lifeguard. Also, some participants took longer than expected, and it began to get dark as they finished their swims. Shanahan recalls they pulled up a few cars and turned on the headlights so the athletes could see. The large number of entrants (46) surprised Johnstone and Shanahan with entrants mainly from local running clubs, two notable entrants Judy and John Collins, would four years later found the event which brought international attention to the new sport Ironman Hawaii.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "207",
"text": "Early Marxist movements were at odds with the traditional monarchies that ruled over much of the European continent at the time. Many European monarchies outlawed the public expression of communist views and the \"Communist Manifesto\", which began \"[a] spectre [that] is haunting Europe\", and stated that monarchs feared for their thrones. Advocacy of communism was illegal in the Russian Empire, the German Empire, and Austria-Hungary, the three most powerful monarchies in continental Europe prior to World War I. Many monarchists (except constitutional monarchists) viewed inequality in wealth and political power as resulting from a divine natural order. The struggle between monarchists and communists was often described as a struggle between the Right and the Left.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "208",
"text": "Early Marxist movements were at odds with the traditional monarchies that ruled over much of the European continent at the time. Many European monarchies outlawed the public expression of communist views and the \"Communist Manifesto\", which began \"[a] spectre [that] is haunting Europe\", and stated that monarchs feared for their thrones. Advocacy of communism was illegal in the Russian Empire, the German Empire, and Austria-Hungary, the three most powerful monarchies in continental Europe prior to World War I. Many monarchists (except constitutional monarchists) viewed inequality political power (but not wealth) as resulting from a divine natural order. The struggle between monarchists and communists was often described as a struggle between the Right and the Left.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "209",
"text": "Early Marxist movements were at odds with the traditional monarchies that ruled over much of the European continent at the time. Many European monarchies outlawed the public expression of communist views and the \"Communist Manifesto\", which began \"[a] spectre [that] is haunting Europe\", and stated that monarchs feared for their thrones. Advocacy of communism was illegal in the Russian Empire, the German Empire, and Austria-Hungary, the three most powerful monarchies in continental Europe prior to World War I. Nevertheless, many monarchists (except constitutional monarchists) viewed equality in wealth and political power as resulting from a divine natural order. The struggle between monarchists and communists was often described as a struggle between the Right and the Left.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2245",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the exception of children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2247",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the subtitles appearing in addition to a Polish audio track in children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "793",
"text": "In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines. In order to lessen the difficulty of drilling at such a remote location and transporting the oil to the lower 48 states, the oil companies proposed building a pipeline to carry the oil across Alaska to the port of Valdez At Valdez, the oil would be loaded onto tankers and shipped to the contiguous states. The plan had been approved, and a permit to construct the pipeline, which could not cross lands involved in the land claims dispute, was granted since the Native claims were settled.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2740",
"text": "In 1920 Pace amicably dissolved his partnership with Handy, with whom he also collaborated as lyricist. Pace formed Pace Phonograph Company and Black Swan Records and many of the employees went with him. Handy continued to operate the publishing company as a family-owned business. He published works of other black composers as well as his own, which included more than 150 sacred compositions and folk song arrangements and about 60 blues compositions. In the 1920s, he founded the Handy Record Company in New York City; while this label released no records, Handy organized recording sessions with it, and some of those recordings were eventually released on Paramount Records and Black Swan Records. So successful was \"Saint Louis Blues\" that in 1929 he and director Dudley Murphy collaborated on a RCA motion picture of the same name, which was to be shown before the main attraction. Handy suggested blues singer Bessie Smith for the starring role because the song had made her popular. The movie was filmed in June and was shown in movie houses throughout the United States from 1929 to 1932.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2741",
"text": "In 1920 Pace amicably dissolved his partnership with Handy, with whom he also collaborated as lyricist. Pace formed Pace Phonograph Company and Black Swan Records and many of the employees went with him. Handy continued to operate the publishing company as a family-owned business. He published works of other black composers as well as his own, which included more than 150 sacred compositions and folk song arrangements and about 60 blues compositions. In the 1920s, he founded the Handy Record Company in New York City; while this label released no records that were especially successful, Handy organized recording sessions with it, and some of those recordings were eventually released on Paramount Records and Black Swan Records. So successful was \"Saint Louis Blues\" that in 1929 he and director Dudley Murphy collaborated on a RCA motion picture of the same name, which was to be shown before the main attraction. Handy suggested blues singer Bessie Smith for the starring role because the song had made her popular. The movie was filmed in June and was shown in movie houses throughout the United States from 1929 to 1932.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2631",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Some of his contemporaries did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and did not like his music and \"melodic sense\", but Rózsa conceded that Steiner had a successful career.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2632",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Some of his contemporaries did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa did not criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and liked his music, conceding that Steiner had a successful career and good \"melodic sense.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2108",
"text": "The RLX was the 'mid-range' offering of the RL line. It had a 10 MHz 286 (surface-mounted) and 512 KB of RAM, and unlike other 286-based Tandy 1000 models which came with a megabyte of RAM standard, it supported 384 KB of extended memory when RAM was expanded to the maximum 1 MB. However, it was not a full AT-class machine, as it still had an 8-bit ISA bus (as with the RL, one half-size expansion slot) and only 8 IRQs and 4 DMA channels. While the three-voice sound chip and DAC were still present, Tandy video was dropped in favor of an AcuMos VGA controller offering 256 kB of video memory and standard VGA graphics resolutions. The parallel port was bidirectional, a first for the Tandy 1000 series. The RLX had one 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive; an empty drive bay could host a second such drive. The hard disk RLX/HD came with a 20 ;MB hard disk and 1 MB RAM preinstalled. The hard disk occupied the empty drive bay, so this version supported only a single floppy drive.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2742",
"text": "In 1920 Pace amicably dissolved his partnership with Handy, with whom he also collaborated as lyricist. Pace formed Pace Phonograph Company and Black Swan Records and many of the employees went with him. Handy continued to operate the publishing company as a family-owned business. He published works of other black composers as well as his own, which included more than 150 sacred compositions and folk song arrangements and about 60 blues compositions. In the 1920s, he founded the Handy Record Company in New York City; while this label's records were respectably successful for their time, Handy was better remembered for the recording sessions he organized with it, because some of those recordings were eventually released on Paramount Records and Black Swan Records. So successful was \"Saint Louis Blues\" that in 1929 he and director Dudley Murphy collaborated on a RCA motion picture of the same name, which was to be shown before the main attraction. Handy suggested blues singer Bessie Smith for the starring role because the song had made her popular. The movie was filmed in June and was shown in movie houses throughout the United States from 1929 to 1932.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2113",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Some of his contemporaries did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and did not like his music, but Rózsa conceded that Steiner had a successful career and had a good \"melodic sense.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2115",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. His contemporaries were unanimous in their love for his music. Miklós Rózsa criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and did not like his music, but Rózsa conceded that Steiner had a successful career and had a good \"melodic sense.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "930",
"text": "The \"snug\" was a small private room or area which typically had access to the bar and a frosted glass window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "931",
"text": "The \"snug\" was a small private room or area which typically had access to the bar and small tinted-glass windows, set at a comfortable head height for those inside. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody else could come in who hadn't paid the entrance fee. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "932",
"text": "The \"snug\" was a small enclosed room or area which typically had access to the bar and windows in the partition between it and the public area. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could listen in to what these drinkers were saying. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen associating with the public in the bar. Ladies would often enjoy a quiet drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be with the working class men in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or eligible singles hoping to meet potential lovers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1888",
"text": "Mustaine has made numerous inflammatory statements in the press, usually regarding issues with former Metallica bandmates. The feud stemmed from his ejection from the band, how it was conducted, and disagreements on songwriting credits. Mustaine disapproved of the movie and expressed his anger in the movie ', in a scene in which he felt he was mischaracterized, and that it did not represent the full extent of what happened during the meeting.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1089",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's \"composition is not well known, but the Egyptians maintain a dominant position\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1090",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's \"composition is well known, and the Egyptians have not always maintained their dominant position\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1091",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's composition is well known and understood, as is the reason for Egypt's dominant position, and for other nation's dominance in the recent past.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2635",
"text": "In 2008, additional pay-TV licenses were granted to various companies in South Africa. As of January 2010, all of the companies were profitably offering services that ran the full gamut of what was allowed under the licenses. However, On Digital Media (ODM), have stated that they are on track to wind down some of their channels in May 2010, and that prices thereafter would be significantly cheaper than their competitor DStv. In 2012, DSTV announced that it would not add any more movie channels to its lineup of 8.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2227",
"text": "After taking back the series from Image Comics, Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001, under the simple title \"TMNT\". After the publication of issue number 28, writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight-month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 \"TMNT\" movie. However, after that eight months had passed, Mirage's official website went on to list the series as in \"indefinite hiatus\". In January 2008, Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008. Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each, and were available through the official TMNT website. Although the purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allows Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity, no new material was released in the next few years. The latest issue of TMNT volume 4 was issue #32 which came out in print May 4, 2014, and online on May 9, 2014, almost 4 years after issue #31 was last released.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2228",
"text": "After taking back the series from Image Comics, Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001, under the simple title \"TMNT\". After the publication of issue number 28, writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight-month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 \"TMNT\" movie. However, after that eight months had passed, Mirage's official website went on to list the series as in \"indefinite hiatus\". In January 2008, Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008. Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each, and were available through the official TMNT website. Although the purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allows Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity, in no year after the deal was more than a dozen new comics released. The latest issue of the Mirage Continuity was Volume 6 issue #32 which came out in print May 4, 2014, and online on May 9, 2014.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2229",
"text": "After taking back the series from Image Comics, Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001, under the simple title \"TMNT\". After the publication of issue number 28, writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight-month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 \"TMNT\" movie. However, after that eight months had passed, Mirage's official website went on to list the series as in \"indefinite hiatus\". In January 2008, Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008. Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each, and were available through the official TMNT website. The purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allowed Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity, and he produced at that rate as soon as he was able to after being consumed with the negotiations. The latest issue of TMNT volume 5 was issue #36 which came out in print May 4, 2010, and online on May 9, 2010.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "157",
"text": "By way of complementary plans for proposed expansion of Stansted Airport, the Highways Agency collaborated with BAA on improvements to transport access to the airport including two proposals for the M11, one of which--see Junctions 6–8 above--may be approved by the government if Stansted expansion takes place, while the other, which included spur road and junction additions, was deemed unnecessary.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "156",
"text": "By way of complementary plans for proposed expansion of Stansted Airport, the Highways Agency collaborated with BAA on improvements to transport access to the airport including two proposals for the M11, one of which has been deemed unnecessary, Junctions 6–8, see above and the other of which, including spur road and junction additions may be approved by the government if Stansted expansion takes place.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "158",
"text": "By way of complementary plans for proposed expansion of Stansted Airport, the Highways Agency collaborated with BAA on improvements to transport access to the airport including two proposals for the M11, one of which has been deemed critically necessary (Junctions 6–8, see above) and the other of which, including spur road and junction additions may be approved by the government if Stansted expansion takes place.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "444",
"text": "Although not outright banned, jeans were hard to come by in Soviet Union since they were seen as a symbol of rebellion by the Soviet youth, who wanted to emulate the style of film and rock stars of the West. The Soviet government resisted supplying the market with jeans as it would mean responding to the market, a capitalist principle. People went to great lengths, sometimes by resorting to violence and other illegal activities, to obtain real Western-made jeans. That led to the creation of black markets and to the bootlegging of jeans, which since has become an important cultural element of the history of the Soviet Union.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "445",
"text": "Jeans were hard to come by in Soviet Union since they were banned for being seen as a symbol of rebellion by the Soviet youth, who wanted to emulate the style of film and rock stars of the West. The Soviet government resisted supplying the market with jeans as it would mean responding to the market, a capitalist principle. People went to great, but legal, lengths, such as resorting to violence to obtain illegal, real, Western-made jeans. That led to the creation of black markets and to the bootlegging of jeans, which since has become an important cultural element of the history of the Soviet Union.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which agency would not struggle in the scenario seen in Bay's movie?
|
97-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1411",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay reiterated that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was actually quite plausible. Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is actually much smaller in diameter and easier to break up than the comet in the movie, which is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1409",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay admitted that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was unrealistic. Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is only in diameter, while the comet in the movie is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "97-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1409"
],
"pos_docid": "1411"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "169",
"text": "The United States declared unrestricted war upon Germany in April 1917, even as German submarines continued to target American military vessels that were seen as providing material aid to the enemy in British waters. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "168",
"text": "The United States declared war upon Germany in April 1917 after Germany engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare against American vessels in British waters. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "170",
"text": "The United States declared war upon Germany in April 1917 after fears of German submarines in their careful and controlled targeting of British military shipping was nonetheless harming American trade relations. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Earning the appellation of \"food czar\", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed propaganda in movie theaters, schools, and churches. He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo Taylor (technical abilities), Robert Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "391",
"text": "As preparations were made for a tour of the US, the Beatles knew that they would hardly be seen on the stage, so they concentrated on projecting the music. Having originally used Vox AC30 amplifiers, they later acquired more powerful 100-watt amplifiers, specially designed by Vox for them as they moved into larger venues in 1964, but these were still inadequate. Struggling to compete with the volume of sound generated by screaming fans, the band had grown increasingly bored with the routine of performing live. Recognising that their shows were no longer about the music, they decided to make the August tour their last.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1409",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay admitted that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was unrealistic. Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is only in diameter, while the comet in the movie is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1410",
"text": "In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Bay proclaimed that the film's central premise \"that NASA could actually do something in a situation like this\" was far from unrealistic, even at the time . Additionally, the largest known Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) is (53319) 1999 JM8, which is much smaller in diameter, and thus more manageable, while the comet in the movie is described as being \"the size of Texas\". Near the end of the credits, there is a disclaimer stating, \"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's cooperation and assistance does not reflect an endorsement of the contents of the film or the treatment of the characters depicted therein.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2504",
"text": "Patton asked for a command in the Pacific Theater of Operations, begging Marshall to bring him to that war in any way possible. Marshall said he would be able to do so only if the Chinese secured a major port for his entry, an unlikely scenario. In mid-May, Patton flew to Paris, then London for rest. On June 7, he arrived in Bedford, Massachusetts, for extended leave with his family, and was greeted by thousands of spectators. Patton then drove to Hatch Memorial Shell and spoke to some 20,000, including a crowd of 400 wounded Third Army veterans. In this speech he aroused some controversy among the Gold Star Mothers when he stated that a man who dies in battle is \"frequently a fool\", adding that the wounded are heroes. Patton spent time in Boston before visiting and speaking in Denver and visiting Los Angeles, where he spoke to a crowd of 100,000 at the Memorial Coliseum. Patton made a final stop in Washington, D.C. before returning to Europe in July to serve in the occupation forces.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2506",
"text": "Patton asked for a command in the Pacific Theater of Operations, begging Marshall to bring him to that war in any way possible. Marshall said he would be able to do so if the Chinese secured a major port for his entry, an probable scenario. In mid-May, Patton flew to Paris, then London for rest. On June 7, he arrived in Bedford, Massachusetts, for extended leave with his family, and was greeted by thousands of spectators. Patton then drove to Hatch Memorial Shell and spoke to some 20,000, including a crowd of 400 wounded Third Army veterans. In this speech he aroused some controversy among the Gold Star Mothers when he stated that a man who dies in battle is \"frequently a fool\", adding that the wounded are heroes. Patton spent time in Boston before visiting and speaking in Denver and visiting Los Angeles, where he spoke to a crowd of 100,000 at the Memorial Coliseum. Patton made a final stop in Washington, D.C. before returning to Europe in July to serve in the occupation forces.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1331",
"text": "Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts, most of which (except Philadelphia) have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses, all minor (summary) criminal offenses, and small civil claims. Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions. The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance. The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected; the chief justice is determined by seniority.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1332",
"text": "Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts, all of which have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses (except for those minor criminal charges that can be decided summarily), and small civil claims. Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions. The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance. The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected; the chief justice is determined by seniority.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1333",
"text": "Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts, all of which (including those for the capital and for the largest city of Philadelphia) have magisterial district judges (formerly called district justices and justices of the peace), who preside mainly over preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses, all minor (summary) criminal offenses, and small civil claims. Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for local agency decisions. The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance. The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected; the chief justice is determined by seniority.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "794",
"text": "In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines. In order to lessen the difficulty of drilling at such a remote location and transporting the oil to the lower 48 states, the oil companies proposed building a pipeline to carry the oil across Alaska to the port of Valdez At Valdez, the oil would be loaded onto tankers and shipped to the contiguous states. The plan had been approved, and a permit to construct the pipeline, which would cross lands involved in the land claims dispute, was granted since the Native claims were settled.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2170",
"text": "On March 4, 1994, Candy was found dead from a presumed heart attack. The exact cause is uncertain, as no autopsy was performed. He was 43 years old. In addition to his obesity — Candy tended to suffer attacks of binge eating in response to professional struggles and weighed in excess of at some points in his life — Candy had a number of risk factors for heart attack, including a strong family history (both his father and his brother had died prematurely of heart attacks, although his children say he was unaware of his genetic risk), smoking a pack a day of cigarettes, heavy alcohol use, and occasional use of cocaine. Candy was concerned about his weight. He once lost 100 pounds over a summer while preparing for a new movie role with Martin Short. He frequently dieted and exercised with trainers in light of his family history. He was also under a significant degree of stress throughout the making of \"Wagons East\". In 2019, documentary-style television series ' covered a storyline on Candy's death.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2114",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Historians have not been able to find any recorded instance in which any of his contemporaries categorically did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and did not like his music, but Rózsa conceded that Steiner had a successful career and had a good \"melodic sense.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "792",
"text": "In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines. In order to lessen the difficulty of drilling at such a remote location and transporting the oil to the lower 48 states, the oil companies proposed building a pipeline to carry the oil across Alaska to the port of Valdez At Valdez, the oil would be loaded onto tankers and shipped to the contiguous states. The plan had been approved, but a permit to construct the pipeline, which would cross lands involved in the land claims dispute, could not be granted until the Native claims were settled.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2171",
"text": "On March 4, 1994, Candy was found dead from a presumed heart attack. Even though no autopsy was performed, a quick exam confirmed that the myocardial infarction was indeed the cause of his death. He was 43 years old. In addition to his obesity ;— Candy tended to suffer attacks of binge eating in response to professional struggles and weighed in excess of at some points in his life ;— Candy had a number of risk factors for heart attack, including a strong family history (both his father and his brother had died prematurely of heart attacks, although his children say he was unaware of his genetic risk), smoking a pack a day of cigarettes, heavy alcohol use, and occasional use of cocaine. Candy was concerned about his weight. He once lost 100 pounds over a summer while preparing for a new movie role with Martin Short. He frequently dieted and exercised with trainers in light of his family history. He was also under a significant degree of stress throughout the making of \"Wagons East\". In 2019, documentary-style television series ' covered a storyline on Candy's death.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2172",
"text": "On March 4, 1994, Candy was found dead from a presumed heart attack. A heart attack was confirmed as his official cause of death after an autopsy was performed. He was 43 years old. In addition to his obesity ;— Candy tended to suffer attacks of binge eating in response to professional struggles and weighed in excess of at some points in his life ;— Candy had a number of risk factors for heart attack, including a strong family history (both his father and his brother had died prematurely of heart attacks, although his children say he was unaware of his genetic risk), smoking a pack a day of cigarettes, heavy alcohol use, and occasional use of cocaine. Candy was concerned about his weight. He once lost 100 pounds over a summer while preparing for a new movie role with Martin Short. He frequently dieted and exercised with trainers in light of his family history. He was also under a significant degree of stress throughout the making of \"Wagons East\". In 2019, documentary-style television series ' covered a storyline on Candy's death.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2935",
"text": "On Wednesday, September 25, 1974, the race started. It began with a run of a three-mile loop, then biking twice around Fiesta Island for a total of five miles entrants would then get off the bikes, take their shoes off and run into the water swimming to the mainland, then ran in bare feet before swimming again along the bay, then did one last swim up to the entrance of Fiesta Island before crawling up a steep dirt bank to finish. Most participants were not skilled swimmers, so Johnstone recruited his 13-year-old son to float on his surfboard and act as lifeguard. Also, some participants took longer than expected, and it began to get dark as they finished their swims. Shanahan recalls they pulled up a few cars and turned on the headlights so the athletes could see. The large number of entrants (46) surprised Johnstone and Shanahan with entrants mainly from local running clubs, two notable entrants Judy and John Collins, would four years later found the event which brought international attention to the new sport Ironman Hawaii.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2936",
"text": "On Wednesday, September 25, 1974, the race started. It began with a run of a three-mile loop, then biking twice around Fiesta Island for a total of five miles entrants would then get off the bikes, take their shoes off and run into the water swimming to the mainland, then ran in bare feet before swimming again along the bay, then did one last swim up to the entrance of Fiesta Island before crawling up a steep dirt bank to finish. Most participants were skilled swimmers, so Johnstone did not hire professional lifeguards and instead simply recruited his 13-year-old son to float on his surfboard to oversee the event. Also, some participants took longer than expected, and it began to get dark as they finished their swims. Shanahan recalls they pulled up a few cars and turned on the headlights so the athletes could see. The large number of entrants (46) surprised Johnstone and Shanahan with entrants mainly from local running clubs, two notable entrants Judy and John Collins, would four years later found the event which brought international attention to the new sport Ironman Hawaii.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2937",
"text": "On Wednesday, September 25, 1974, the race started. It began with a run of a three-mile loop, then biking twice around Fiesta Island for a total of five miles entrants would then get off the bikes, take their shoes off and run into the water swimming to the mainland, then ran in bare feet before swimming again along the bay, then did one last swim up to the entrance of Fiesta Island before crawling up a steep dirt bank to finish. Most participants were skilled swimmers, so Johnstone recruited his 13-year-old son to float on his surfboard and act as the only lifeguard. Also, some participants took longer than expected, and it began to get dark as they finished their swims. Shanahan recalls they pulled up a few cars and turned on the headlights so the athletes could see. The large number of entrants (46) surprised Johnstone and Shanahan with entrants mainly from local running clubs, two notable entrants Judy and John Collins, would four years later found the event which brought international attention to the new sport Ironman Hawaii.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "207",
"text": "Early Marxist movements were at odds with the traditional monarchies that ruled over much of the European continent at the time. Many European monarchies outlawed the public expression of communist views and the \"Communist Manifesto\", which began \"[a] spectre [that] is haunting Europe\", and stated that monarchs feared for their thrones. Advocacy of communism was illegal in the Russian Empire, the German Empire, and Austria-Hungary, the three most powerful monarchies in continental Europe prior to World War I. Many monarchists (except constitutional monarchists) viewed inequality in wealth and political power as resulting from a divine natural order. The struggle between monarchists and communists was often described as a struggle between the Right and the Left.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "208",
"text": "Early Marxist movements were at odds with the traditional monarchies that ruled over much of the European continent at the time. Many European monarchies outlawed the public expression of communist views and the \"Communist Manifesto\", which began \"[a] spectre [that] is haunting Europe\", and stated that monarchs feared for their thrones. Advocacy of communism was illegal in the Russian Empire, the German Empire, and Austria-Hungary, the three most powerful monarchies in continental Europe prior to World War I. Many monarchists (except constitutional monarchists) viewed inequality political power (but not wealth) as resulting from a divine natural order. The struggle between monarchists and communists was often described as a struggle between the Right and the Left.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "209",
"text": "Early Marxist movements were at odds with the traditional monarchies that ruled over much of the European continent at the time. Many European monarchies outlawed the public expression of communist views and the \"Communist Manifesto\", which began \"[a] spectre [that] is haunting Europe\", and stated that monarchs feared for their thrones. Advocacy of communism was illegal in the Russian Empire, the German Empire, and Austria-Hungary, the three most powerful monarchies in continental Europe prior to World War I. Nevertheless, many monarchists (except constitutional monarchists) viewed equality in wealth and political power as resulting from a divine natural order. The struggle between monarchists and communists was often described as a struggle between the Right and the Left.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2245",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the exception of children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2247",
"text": "In Poland, cinema releases for general audiences are almost exclusively subtitled, with the subtitles appearing in addition to a Polish audio track in children's movies, and television screenings of movies, as well as made-for-TV shows. These are usually shown with voice-over, where a voice talent reads a translation over the original soundtrack. This method, called \"juxtareading,\" is similar to the so-called Gavrilov translation in Russia, with one difference—all dialogues are voiced by one off-screen reader (), preferably with a deep and neutral voice which does not interfere with the pitch of voice of the original speakers in the background. To some extent, it resembles live translation. Certain highly qualified voice talents are traditionally assigned to particular kinds of production, such as action or drama. Standard dubbing is not widely popular with most audiences, with the exception of cartoons and children's shows, which are dubbed also for TV releases.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "793",
"text": "In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines. In order to lessen the difficulty of drilling at such a remote location and transporting the oil to the lower 48 states, the oil companies proposed building a pipeline to carry the oil across Alaska to the port of Valdez At Valdez, the oil would be loaded onto tankers and shipped to the contiguous states. The plan had been approved, and a permit to construct the pipeline, which could not cross lands involved in the land claims dispute, was granted since the Native claims were settled.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2740",
"text": "In 1920 Pace amicably dissolved his partnership with Handy, with whom he also collaborated as lyricist. Pace formed Pace Phonograph Company and Black Swan Records and many of the employees went with him. Handy continued to operate the publishing company as a family-owned business. He published works of other black composers as well as his own, which included more than 150 sacred compositions and folk song arrangements and about 60 blues compositions. In the 1920s, he founded the Handy Record Company in New York City; while this label released no records, Handy organized recording sessions with it, and some of those recordings were eventually released on Paramount Records and Black Swan Records. So successful was \"Saint Louis Blues\" that in 1929 he and director Dudley Murphy collaborated on a RCA motion picture of the same name, which was to be shown before the main attraction. Handy suggested blues singer Bessie Smith for the starring role because the song had made her popular. The movie was filmed in June and was shown in movie houses throughout the United States from 1929 to 1932.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2741",
"text": "In 1920 Pace amicably dissolved his partnership with Handy, with whom he also collaborated as lyricist. Pace formed Pace Phonograph Company and Black Swan Records and many of the employees went with him. Handy continued to operate the publishing company as a family-owned business. He published works of other black composers as well as his own, which included more than 150 sacred compositions and folk song arrangements and about 60 blues compositions. In the 1920s, he founded the Handy Record Company in New York City; while this label released no records that were especially successful, Handy organized recording sessions with it, and some of those recordings were eventually released on Paramount Records and Black Swan Records. So successful was \"Saint Louis Blues\" that in 1929 he and director Dudley Murphy collaborated on a RCA motion picture of the same name, which was to be shown before the main attraction. Handy suggested blues singer Bessie Smith for the starring role because the song had made her popular. The movie was filmed in June and was shown in movie houses throughout the United States from 1929 to 1932.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2631",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Some of his contemporaries did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and did not like his music and \"melodic sense\", but Rózsa conceded that Steiner had a successful career.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2632",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Some of his contemporaries did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa did not criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and liked his music, conceding that Steiner had a successful career and good \"melodic sense.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2108",
"text": "The RLX was the 'mid-range' offering of the RL line. It had a 10 MHz 286 (surface-mounted) and 512 KB of RAM, and unlike other 286-based Tandy 1000 models which came with a megabyte of RAM standard, it supported 384 KB of extended memory when RAM was expanded to the maximum 1 MB. However, it was not a full AT-class machine, as it still had an 8-bit ISA bus (as with the RL, one half-size expansion slot) and only 8 IRQs and 4 DMA channels. While the three-voice sound chip and DAC were still present, Tandy video was dropped in favor of an AcuMos VGA controller offering 256 kB of video memory and standard VGA graphics resolutions. The parallel port was bidirectional, a first for the Tandy 1000 series. The RLX had one 1.44 MB 3.5\" floppy drive; an empty drive bay could host a second such drive. The hard disk RLX/HD came with a 20 ;MB hard disk and 1 MB RAM preinstalled. The hard disk occupied the empty drive bay, so this version supported only a single floppy drive.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2742",
"text": "In 1920 Pace amicably dissolved his partnership with Handy, with whom he also collaborated as lyricist. Pace formed Pace Phonograph Company and Black Swan Records and many of the employees went with him. Handy continued to operate the publishing company as a family-owned business. He published works of other black composers as well as his own, which included more than 150 sacred compositions and folk song arrangements and about 60 blues compositions. In the 1920s, he founded the Handy Record Company in New York City; while this label's records were respectably successful for their time, Handy was better remembered for the recording sessions he organized with it, because some of those recordings were eventually released on Paramount Records and Black Swan Records. So successful was \"Saint Louis Blues\" that in 1929 he and director Dudley Murphy collaborated on a RCA motion picture of the same name, which was to be shown before the main attraction. Handy suggested blues singer Bessie Smith for the starring role because the song had made her popular. The movie was filmed in June and was shown in movie houses throughout the United States from 1929 to 1932.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2113",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. Some of his contemporaries did not like his music. Miklós Rózsa criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and did not like his music, but Rózsa conceded that Steiner had a successful career and had a good \"melodic sense.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2115",
"text": "Often compared to his contemporary Erich Wolfgang Korngold, his rival and friend at Warner Bros., the music of Steiner was often seen by critics as inferior to Korngold. Composer David Raksin stated that the music of Korngold was, \"of a higher order with a much wider sweep;\" however, according to William Darby and Jack Du Bois's \"American Film Music\", even though other film score composers may have produced greater individual scores than Steiner, no composer ever created as many \"very good\" ones as Steiner. Despite the inferiority of Steiner's individual scores, his influence was largely historical. Steiner was the one of the first composers to reintroduce music into films after the invention of talking films. Steiner's score for \"King Kong\" modeled the method of adding background music into a movie. His contemporaries were unanimous in their love for his music. Miklós Rózsa criticized Steiner for his use of Mickey Mousing and did not like his music, but Rózsa conceded that Steiner had a successful career and had a good \"melodic sense.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "930",
"text": "The \"snug\" was a small private room or area which typically had access to the bar and a frosted glass window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "931",
"text": "The \"snug\" was a small private room or area which typically had access to the bar and small tinted-glass windows, set at a comfortable head height for those inside. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody else could come in who hadn't paid the entrance fee. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "932",
"text": "The \"snug\" was a small enclosed room or area which typically had access to the bar and windows in the partition between it and the public area. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could listen in to what these drinkers were saying. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen associating with the public in the bar. Ladies would often enjoy a quiet drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be with the working class men in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or eligible singles hoping to meet potential lovers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1888",
"text": "Mustaine has made numerous inflammatory statements in the press, usually regarding issues with former Metallica bandmates. The feud stemmed from his ejection from the band, how it was conducted, and disagreements on songwriting credits. Mustaine disapproved of the movie and expressed his anger in the movie ', in a scene in which he felt he was mischaracterized, and that it did not represent the full extent of what happened during the meeting.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1089",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's \"composition is not well known, but the Egyptians maintain a dominant position\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1090",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's \"composition is well known, and the Egyptians have not always maintained their dominant position\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1091",
"text": "In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader) appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-divisions as the Executive office. \"Properly speaking\" Brotherhood branches exist only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are \"in theory\" subordinate to the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national organizations in countries like Tunisia (\"Ennahda Movement\"), Morocco (Justice and Charity party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace). Outside the Arab world it also has influence, with former President of Afghanistan, Burhanuddin Rabbani, having adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs. Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood. According to scholar Olivier Roy, as of 1994 \"an international agency\" of the Brotherhood \"assures the cooperation of the ensemble\" of its national organizations. The agency's composition is well known and understood, as is the reason for Egypt's dominant position, and for other nation's dominance in the recent past.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2635",
"text": "In 2008, additional pay-TV licenses were granted to various companies in South Africa. As of January 2010, all of the companies were profitably offering services that ran the full gamut of what was allowed under the licenses. However, On Digital Media (ODM), have stated that they are on track to wind down some of their channels in May 2010, and that prices thereafter would be significantly cheaper than their competitor DStv. In 2012, DSTV announced that it would not add any more movie channels to its lineup of 8.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2227",
"text": "After taking back the series from Image Comics, Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001, under the simple title \"TMNT\". After the publication of issue number 28, writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight-month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 \"TMNT\" movie. However, after that eight months had passed, Mirage's official website went on to list the series as in \"indefinite hiatus\". In January 2008, Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008. Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each, and were available through the official TMNT website. Although the purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allows Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity, no new material was released in the next few years. The latest issue of TMNT volume 4 was issue #32 which came out in print May 4, 2014, and online on May 9, 2014, almost 4 years after issue #31 was last released.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2228",
"text": "After taking back the series from Image Comics, Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001, under the simple title \"TMNT\". After the publication of issue number 28, writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight-month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 \"TMNT\" movie. However, after that eight months had passed, Mirage's official website went on to list the series as in \"indefinite hiatus\". In January 2008, Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008. Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each, and were available through the official TMNT website. Although the purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allows Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity, in no year after the deal was more than a dozen new comics released. The latest issue of the Mirage Continuity was Volume 6 issue #32 which came out in print May 4, 2014, and online on May 9, 2014.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2229",
"text": "After taking back the series from Image Comics, Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001, under the simple title \"TMNT\". After the publication of issue number 28, writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight-month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 \"TMNT\" movie. However, after that eight months had passed, Mirage's official website went on to list the series as in \"indefinite hiatus\". In January 2008, Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008. Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each, and were available through the official TMNT website. The purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allowed Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity, and he produced at that rate as soon as he was able to after being consumed with the negotiations. The latest issue of TMNT volume 5 was issue #36 which came out in print May 4, 2010, and online on May 9, 2010.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "157",
"text": "By way of complementary plans for proposed expansion of Stansted Airport, the Highways Agency collaborated with BAA on improvements to transport access to the airport including two proposals for the M11, one of which--see Junctions 6–8 above--may be approved by the government if Stansted expansion takes place, while the other, which included spur road and junction additions, was deemed unnecessary.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "156",
"text": "By way of complementary plans for proposed expansion of Stansted Airport, the Highways Agency collaborated with BAA on improvements to transport access to the airport including two proposals for the M11, one of which has been deemed unnecessary, Junctions 6–8, see above and the other of which, including spur road and junction additions may be approved by the government if Stansted expansion takes place.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "158",
"text": "By way of complementary plans for proposed expansion of Stansted Airport, the Highways Agency collaborated with BAA on improvements to transport access to the airport including two proposals for the M11, one of which has been deemed critically necessary (Junctions 6–8, see above) and the other of which, including spur road and junction additions may be approved by the government if Stansted expansion takes place.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "444",
"text": "Although not outright banned, jeans were hard to come by in Soviet Union since they were seen as a symbol of rebellion by the Soviet youth, who wanted to emulate the style of film and rock stars of the West. The Soviet government resisted supplying the market with jeans as it would mean responding to the market, a capitalist principle. People went to great lengths, sometimes by resorting to violence and other illegal activities, to obtain real Western-made jeans. That led to the creation of black markets and to the bootlegging of jeans, which since has become an important cultural element of the history of the Soviet Union.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "445",
"text": "Jeans were hard to come by in Soviet Union since they were banned for being seen as a symbol of rebellion by the Soviet youth, who wanted to emulate the style of film and rock stars of the West. The Soviet government resisted supplying the market with jeans as it would mean responding to the market, a capitalist principle. People went to great, but legal, lengths, such as resorting to violence to obtain illegal, real, Western-made jeans. That led to the creation of black markets and to the bootlegging of jeans, which since has become an important cultural element of the history of the Soviet Union.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which art genre accepts the indisputable popularity of the Mona Lisa?
|
98-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1412",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made note of the \"Mona Lisa\"s undeniable popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1413",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made note of the \"Mona Lisa\"s popularity, though they make pains to point out that the artistic talent therein is far from undeniable. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "98-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1413"
],
"pos_docid": "1412"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1414",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made deliberate attempts to challenge the Mona Lisa's popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1413",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made note of the \"Mona Lisa\"s popularity, though they make pains to point out that the artistic talent therein is far from undeniable. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1662",
"text": "A pioneering work of the fantasy genre was \"The King of Elfland's Daughter\", a 1924 novel by Lord Dunsany. The Elves of Middle-earth played a central role in Tolkien's legendarium, notably \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\"; this legendarium was enormously influential on subsequent fantasy writing. Tolkien's writing had such influence that in the 1960s and afterwards, elves speaking an elvish language similar to those in Tolkien's novels became staple non-human characters in high fantasy works and in fantasy role-playing games. Tolkien also appears to be the first author to have introduced the notion that elves are immortal. Post-Tolkien fantasy elves (which feature not only in novels but also in role-playing games such as \"Dungeons & Dragons\") are often portrayed as being wiser and more beautiful than humans, with sharper senses and perceptions as well. They are said to be gifted in magic, mentally sharp and lovers of nature, art, and song. They are often skilled archers. A hallmark of many fantasy elves is their pointed ears.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1663",
"text": "A pioneering work of the fantasy genre was \"The King of Elfland's Daughter\", a 1924 novel by Lord Dunsany. The Elves of Middle-earth played a central role in Tolkien's legendarium, notably \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\"; this legendarium was enormously influential on subsequent fantasy writing. Tolkien's writing had such influence that in the 1960s and afterwards, elves speaking an elvish language similar to those in Tolkien's novels became staple non-human characters in high fantasy works and in fantasy role-playing games. Tolkien also appears to be the first author to have introduced the notion that elves have finite lifespans, whereas previous authors depicted them as being immortal . Post-Tolkien fantasy elves (which feature not only in novels but also in role-playing games such as \"Dungeons & Dragons\") are often portrayed as being wiser and more beautiful than humans, with sharper senses and perceptions as well. They are said to be gifted in magic, mentally sharp and lovers of nature, art, and song. They are often skilled archers. A hallmark of many fantasy elves is their pointed ears.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1664",
"text": "A pioneering work of the fantasy genre was \"The King of Elfland's Daughter\", a 1924 novel by Lord Dunsany. The Elves of Middle-earth played a central role in Tolkien's legendarium, notably \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\"; this legendarium was enormously influential on subsequent fantasy writing. Tolkien's writing had such influence that in the 1960s and afterwards, elves speaking an elvish language similar to those in Tolkien's novels became staple non-human characters in high fantasy works and in fantasy role-playing games. Tolkien also appears to be the first author to have introduced the notion that elves are mortal, with generally-predictable lifespans. Post-Tolkien fantasy elves (which feature not only in novels but also in role-playing games such as \"Dungeons & Dragons\") are often portrayed as being wiser and more beautiful than humans, with sharper senses and perceptions as well. They are said to be gifted in magic, mentally sharp and lovers of nature, art, and song. They are often skilled archers. A hallmark of many fantasy elves is their pointed ears.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2529",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Though unsure of Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2530",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness and humour, while being unsure of its popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2531",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. In addition to being confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3351",
"text": "The tin whistle is used in many other types of music, though not to the extent that it could be called characteristic as with Irish music and kwela. In some Irish music composed for symphonic ensembles, it is often replaced with piccolo. It is, however, quite unusual to hear the tin whistle used in praise music and film soundtracks, such as the soundtrack to Lord of the Rings, which also used the piccolo. Published scores suitable for tin whistle performance are available in both of these genres of Irish music and kwela. The tin whistle also appears in \"crossover\" genres like world music, folk rock, folk metal and folk punk.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3352",
"text": "The tin whistle is used in many other types of music, though not to the extent that it could be called characteristic as with Irish music and kwela. In some Irish music composed for symphonic ensembles, it is often replaced with piccolo. It is now practically impossible to find a tin whistle being used in praise music and film soundtracks; notably the soundtrack to Lord of the Rings, which many would expect to use the traditional instrument, instead opted for the piccolo. Published scores suitable for tin whistle performance are available in both of these genres if Irish music and kwela. The tin whistle also appears in \"crossover\" genres like world music, folk rock, folk metal and folk punk.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1198",
"text": "The popularity of Foggy Mountain Breakdown resurged years later when it was featured in the 1967 film \"Bonnie and Clyde\", which introduced the song to a younger generation of fans. Scruggs received a phone call from the show's producer and star, Warren Beatty, first asking Scruggs to write a song for the movie. Soon Beatty called back saying that he wanted to use the existing vintage Mercury recording of Foggy Mountain Breakdown, and rejected the argument that it was recorded 18 years prior at a radio station with no modern enhancements. The film was a hit, called by the \"Los Angeles Times\" \"a landmark film that helped usher in a new era in American filmmaking.\" In 2005, the song was selected for the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry of works that represent the average state of art in their time",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3552",
"text": "While not a legally mandated requirement, public art was part of the urban design planning process (and later design development work) through the Artery Arts Program. The intent of the program was to integrate public art into highway infrastructure (retaining walls, fences, and lighting) and the essential elements of the pedestrian environment (walkways, park landscape elements, and bridges). As overall project costs increased, the Artery Arts Program was seen as a potential liability, even though there was support and interest from the public and professional arts organizations in the area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3553",
"text": "While ignoring a legally mandated requirement, public art was not part of the urban design planning process (and later design development work) through the Artery Arts Program. The intent of the program was to integrate public art into highway infrastructure (retaining walls, fences, and lighting) and the essential elements of the pedestrian environment (walkways, park landscape elements, and bridges). As overall project costs increased, the Artery Arts Program was seen as a potential liability, even though there was support and interest from the public and professional arts organizations in the area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3554",
"text": "While a legally mandated requirement, public art was omitted as part of the urban design planning process (and later design development work) through the Artery Arts Program, invalidating the work. The intent of the program was to integrate public art into highway infrastructure (retaining walls, fences, and lighting) and the essential elements of the pedestrian environment (walkways, park landscape elements, and bridges). As overall project costs increased, the Artery Arts Program was seen as a potential liability, even though there was support and interest from the public and professional arts organizations in the area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "678",
"text": "Since the launch of ITV, there have been concerns from politicians and the press that ITV faced a conflict concerning programme audiences and advertisers. As advertisers are reluctant to buy advertising space around low viewing programmes, there is a pressure on ITV to broadcast more popular programmes in peak times. This has become more profound in recent years following a relaxation in regulation and significantly more competition in the advertising market following the huge increase in commercial channels. In recent years, programmes have started to dominate from the reality television genre including the celebrity and talent show subgenres. This has led to accusations of ITV 'dumbing down' their programmes and appealing to the 'lowest common denominator', accusations that are at odds with the network's status as a public service broadcaster. ITV was/is also heavily criticised for scaling back its regional programmes, including regional news, also ITV has been criticised (since 2010) for showing \"Emmerdale\" and \"Coronation Street\" at the 8:30 weekday slot (except Tuesdays).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "679",
"text": "Since the launch of ITV, there have been concerns from politicians and the press that ITV faced a conflict concerning programme audiences and advertisers. As advertisers are reluctant to buy advertising space around low viewing programmes, there is a pressure on ITV to broadcast more popular programmes in peak times. This has become more profound in recent years following a relaxation in regulation and significantly more competition in the advertising market following the huge increase in commercial channels. In recent years, programmes have started to dominate from the reality television genre including the celebrity and talent show subgenres. This has led to accusations of ITV 'dumbing down' their programmes and appealing to the 'lowest common denominator', accusations that are at odds with the network's status as a public service broadcaster. ITV was/is also heavily criticised for scaling back its regional programmes, including regional news, also ITV has been criticised (since 2010) for showing \"Emmerdale\" and \"Coronation Street\" at the 8:30 weekday slot ( except some Tuesdays).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "680",
"text": "Since the launch of ITV, there have been concerns from politicians and the press that ITV faced a conflict concerning programme audiences and advertisers. As advertisers are reluctant to buy advertising space around low viewing programmes, there is a pressure on ITV to broadcast more popular programmes in peak times. This has become more profound in recent years following a relaxation in regulation and significantly more competition in the advertising market following the huge increase in commercial channels. In recent years, programmes have started to dominate from the reality television genre including the celebrity and talent show subgenres. This has led to accusations of ITV 'dumbing down' their programmes and appealing to the 'lowest common denominator', accusations that are at odds with the network's status as a public service broadcaster. ITV was/is also heavily criticised for scaling back its regional programmes, including regional news, also ITV has been criticised (since 2010) for showing \"Emmerdale\" and \"Coronation Street\" at the 8:30 weekday slot ( even Tuesdays).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3350",
"text": "The tin whistle is used in many other types of music, though not to the extent that it could be called characteristic as with Irish music and kwela. In some Irish music composed for symphonic ensembles, it is often replaced with piccolo. It is not unusual to hear the tin whistle used in praise music and film soundtracks, notably the soundtrack to Lord of the Rings. Published scores suitable for tin whistle performance are available in both of these genres. The tin whistle also appears in \"crossover\" genres like world music, folk rock, folk metal and folk punk.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2406",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2407",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2408",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, fascism prohibited Italian publishers to print any Disney stories where Italy declared war on the United States. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2358",
"text": "In 2007, the United States Library of Congress selected the film to be preserved in the National Film Registry for being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Ronald Reagan was a fan. When he first saw the joke about Doc Brown's incredulous response to Reagan becoming president, he ordered the theater's projectionist to stop the film, roll it back, and run it again. At his 1986 State of the Union Address, he referenced the film to appeal to America's young voters. He said, \"Never has there been a more exciting time to be alive, a time of rousing wonder and heroic achievement. As they said in the film \"Back to the Future\", 'Where we're going, we don't need roads'.\" \"Back to the Future\" is also seen as being responsible for a resurgence in the popularity of skateboarding in the 1980s. It made skateboarding a mainstream pastime acceptable for all, not just rebellious teens.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2359",
"text": "In 2007, the United States Library of Congress selected the film to be preserved in the National Film Registry for being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Ronald Reagan was a fan. When he first saw the joke about Doc Brown's response to Reagan becoming president, he was incredulous and ordered the theater's projectionist to stop the film, roll it back, and run it again. At his 1986 State of the Union Address, he referenced the film to appeal to America's young voters. He said, \"Never has there been a more exciting time to be alive, a time of rousing wonder and heroic achievement. As they said in the film \"Back to the Future\", 'Where we're going, we don't need roads'.\" \"Back to the Future\" is also seen as being responsible for a resurgence in the popularity of skateboarding in the 1980s. It made skateboarding a mainstream pastime acceptable for all, not just rebellious teens.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2360",
"text": "In 2007, the United States Library of Congress selected the film to be preserved in the National Film Registry for being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. However, Ronald Reagan was not a fan. When he first saw the joke about Doc Brown's calm response to Reagan becoming president, he ordered the theater's projectionist to stop the film. However, at his 1986 State of the Union Address, he referenced the film to appeal to America's young voters. He said, \"Never has there been a more exciting time to be alive, a time of rousing wonder and heroic achievement. As they said in the film \"Back to the Future\", 'Where we're going, we don't need roads'.\" \"Back to the Future\" is also seen as being responsible for a resurgence in the popularity of skateboarding in the 1980s. It made skateboarding a mainstream pastime acceptable for all, not just rebellious teens.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "822",
"text": "The ancient Mesopotamians also performed magical rituals to purify themselves of sins committed unknowingly. One such ritual was known as the Šurpu, or \"Burning\", in which the caster of the spell would transfer the guilt for all their misdeeds onto various objects such as a strip of dates, an onion, and a tuft of wool. The person would then burn the objects and thereby purify themself of all sins that they might have unknowingly committed. A whole genre of love spells existed. Such spells were believed to cause a person to fall in love with another person, restore love which had faded, or cause a male sexual partner to be able to sustain an erection when he had previously been unable. Other spells were used to reconcile a man with his patron deity or to reconcile a wife with a husband who had been neglecting her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "823",
"text": "The ancient Mesopotamians also performed magical rituals to purify themselves of sins committed unknowingly. One such ritual was known as the Šurpu, or \"Burning\", in which the caster of the spell would transfer the guilt for all their misdeeds onto various objects such as a strip of dates, an onion, and a tuft of wool. The person would then burn the objects and thereby purify themself of all sins that they might have unknowingly committed. A whole genre of love spells existed. Such spells were believed to cause a person to fall in love with another person, restore love which had faded, or cause a male sexual partner to be unable to sustain an erection when he had previously been virile. Other spells were used to reconcile a man with his patron deity or to reconcile a wife with a husband who had been neglecting her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "824",
"text": "The ancient Mesopotamians also performed magical rituals to purify themselves of sins committed unknowingly. One such ritual was known as the Šurpu, or \"Burning\", in which the caster of the spell would transfer the guilt for all their misdeeds onto various objects such as a strip of dates, an onion, and a tuft of wool. The person would then burn the objects and thereby purify themself of all sins that they might have unknowingly committed. A whole genre of love spells existed. Such spells were believed to cause a person to fall in love with another person, restore love which had faded, or cause a male sexual partner to be able to sustain an erection for longer periods of time. Other spells were used to reconcile a man with his patron deity or to reconcile a wife with a husband who had been neglecting her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3314",
"text": "Ice dance, like pair skating, has its roots in the \"combined skating\" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate waltzes, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American Jackson Haines, known as \"the Father of Figure Skating\", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted informal dance contests. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3315",
"text": "Ice dance, like pair skating, has its roots in the \"combined skating\" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate waltzes, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American Jackson Haines, known as \"the Father of Figure Skating\", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily an informal recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted sanctioned, official dance contests. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3316",
"text": "Ice dance, like pair skating, has its roots in the \"combined skating\" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate waltzes, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American Jackson Haines, known as \"the Father of Figure Skating\", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, lacking in rules or standards, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted dance contests that were formally organized and structured. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1157",
"text": "The genre was also a heavy influence on mainstream writers such as Charles Dickens, who read Gothic novels as a teenager and incorporated their gloomy atmosphere and melodrama into his own works, shifting them to a more modern period and an urban setting, for example in \"Oliver Twist\" (1837–1838), \"Bleak House\" (1854, Mighall 2003) and \"Great Expectations\" (1860–1861). These juxtapose wealthy, ordered and affluent civilisation with the disorder and barbarity of the poor in the same metropolis. \"Bleak House\" in particular is credited with seeing the introduction of urban fog to the novel, which would become a frequent characteristic of urban Gothic literature and film (Mighall 2007). His most explicitly Gothic work is his last novel, \"The Mystery of Edwin Drood,\" which he did not live to complete and was published unfinished upon his death in 1870. The mood and themes of the Gothic novel held a particular fascination for the Victorians, with their obsession with mourning rituals, mementos, and mortality in general.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1159",
"text": "The genre was also a heavy influence on mainstream writers such as Charles Dickens, who read Gothic novels as a teenager and incorporated their gloomy atmosphere and melodrama into his own works, shifting them to a more modern period and an urban setting, for example in \"Oliver Twist\" (1837–1838), \"Bleak House\" (1854, Mighall 2003) and \"Great Expectations\" (1860–1861). These juxtapose wealthy, ordered and affluent civilisation with the disorder and barbarity of the poor in the same metropolis. \"Bleak House\" in particular is credited with seeing the introduction of urban fog to the novel, which would become a frequent characteristic of urban Gothic literature and film (Mighall 2007). His most explicitly Gothic work is his last novel, \"The Mystery of Edwin Drood,\" which he lived to complete and was published upon his death in 1870. The mood and themes of the Gothic novel held a particular fascination for the Victorians, with their obsession with mourning rituals, mementos, and mortality in general.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1158",
"text": "The genre was also a heavy influence on mainstream writers such as Charles Dickens, who read Gothic novels as a teenager and incorporated their gloomy atmosphere and melodrama into his own works, shifting them to a more modern period and an urban setting, for example in \"Oliver Twist\" (1837–1838), \"Bleak House\" (1854, Mighall 2003) and \"Great Expectations\" (1860–1861). These juxtapose wealthy, ordered and affluent civilisation with the disorder and barbarity of the poor in the same metropolis. \"Bleak House\" in particular is credited with seeing the introduction of urban fog to the novel, which would become a frequent characteristic of urban Gothic literature and film (Mighall 2007). His most explicitly Gothic work is his last novel, \"The Mystery of Edwin Drood,\" which he did live to complete and was published upon his death in 1870; however he left many other works and manuscripts unfinished. The mood and themes of the Gothic novel held a particular fascination for the Victorians, with their obsession with mourning rituals, mementos, and mortality in general.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3187",
"text": "Awards are offered in these genres: drama/screenplay, essay, the novel, short fiction, nonfiction, and poetry. These awards are classified under two categories, graduate or undergraduate, except drama/screenplay, which is a combined category. Award amounts for this contest vary, but usually fall in the range of $1000 to $6000.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3186",
"text": "Awards are offered in these genres: drama/screenplay, essay, the novel, short fiction, nonfiction, and poetry. These awards are classified under two categories, graduate or undergraduate, except the novel and drama/screenplay, which are combined categories. Award amounts for this contest vary, but usually fall in the range of $1000 to $6000.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3188",
"text": "Awards are offered in these genres: drama/screenplay, essay, the novel, short fiction, nonfiction, and poetry. These awards are classified under two categories, graduate or undergraduate, including the novel and drama/screenplay, which are no longer combined categories. Award amounts for this contest vary, but usually fall in the range of $1000 to $6000.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3697",
"text": "After their success with Lisa Stansfield, Coldcut signed with her label, Arista. Conflicts arose with the major label, as Coldcut's \"vision extended beyond the formulae of house and techno\" and mainstream pop culture (CITATION: The Virgin Encyclopedia Of Nineties Music, 2000). Eventually, the duo's album Philosophy emerged in 1993. Singles \"Dreamer\" and \"Autumn Leaves\" (1994) sung by vocalist Janis Alexander were both minor hits but the album did not chart.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3698",
"text": "After their success with Lisa Stansfield, Coldcut signed with her label, Arista. Conflicts arose with the major label, as Coldcut's \"vision extended beyond the formulae of house and techno\" and mainstream pop culture (CITATION: The Virgin Encyclopedia Of Nineties Music, 2000). Eventually, the duo's album Philosophy emerged in 1993. Singles \"Dreamer\" and \"Autumn Leaves\" (1994) sung by vocalist Janis Alexander were not both minor hits but the album did chart.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3699",
"text": "After their success with Lisa Stansfield, Coldcut signed with her label, Arista. Conflicts arose with the major label, as Coldcut's \"vision extended beyond the formulae of house and techno\" and mainstream pop culture (CITATION: The Virgin Encyclopedia Of Nineties Music, 2000). Eventually, the duo's album Philosophy emerged in 1993. Singles \"Dreamer\" and \"Autumn Leaves\" (1994) sung by vocalist Janis Alexander were both minor hits and the album did chart.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3793",
"text": "Even during this period, \"rodas de samba\" (\"samba circles\") began to spread as a fever throughout Rio de Janeiro and other Brazilian cities. Originally restricted to the backyards of sambistas' residences and the samba school headquarters, these informal meetings have taken on a new meaning in clubs, theaters, steakhouses, among others, with the promotion of \"rodas de samba\" with stage and microphones and the participation of sambistas linked to samba schools. Meanwhile, new \"rodas de samba\" were formed informally in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro, the result of which would lead to the germ, in the late 1970s, of a new and successful sub-genre of modern samba in the 1980s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3794",
"text": "Even during this period, \"rodas de samba\" (\"samba circles\") began to spread as a fever throughout Rio de Janeiro and other Brazilian cities. Originally restricted to the backyards of sambistas' residences and the samba school headquarters, these meetings have taken on a new meaning in informal clubs, theaters, steakhouses, among others, with the promotion of \"rodas de samba\" with stage and microphones and the participation of sambistas linked to samba schools. Meanwhile, new \"rodas de samba\" were formed informally in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro, the result of which would lead to the germ, in the late 1970s, of a new and successful sub-genre of modern samba in the 1980s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3795",
"text": "Even during this period, \"rodas de samba\" (\"samba circles\") began to spread as a fever throughout Rio de Janeiro and other Brazilian cities. Originally restricted to the backyards of sambistas' residences and the samba school headquarters, these meetings that have always had great importance now happen with a new meaning. In clubs, theaters, steakhouses, among others, with the promotion of \"rodas de samba\" with stage and microphones and the participation of sambistas linked to samba schools. Meanwhile, new \"rodas de samba\" were formed informally in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro, the result of which would lead to the germ, in the late 1970s, of a new and successful sub-genre of modern samba in the 1980s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "312",
"text": "Legal scholar Ian Haney López records that, in the 1930s, \"community leaders promoted the term \"Mexican American\" to convey an assimilationist ideology stressing white identity.\" Academic Lisa Y. Ramos notes that \"this phenomenon demonstrates why no Black-Brown civil rights effort emerged prior to the 1960s.\" As a precursor to the Chicano Movement, anti-assimilationist Mexican American youth rejected the previous generation's racial aspirations to assimilate into Anglo-American society and developed an \"alienated \"pachuco\" culture that fashioned itself neither as Mexican nor American.\" Pachucos themselves adopted Chicano identity to emphasize their opposition to assimilation in the 1940s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "314",
"text": "Legal scholar Ian Haney López records that, in the 1930s, \"community leaders promoted the term \"Mexican American\" to convey an assimilationist ideology stressing white identity.\" Academic Lisa Y. Ramos notes that \"this phenomenon demonstrates why no Black-Brown civil rights effort emerged prior to the 1960s.\" As a precursor to the Chicano Movement, anti-assimilationist Mexican American youth rejected the previous generation's racial aspirations to assimilate into Anglo-American society and developed an \"alienated \"pachuco\" culture that fashioned itself more as Mexican than American.\" Pachucos themselves adopted Chicano identity to emphasize their opposition to assimilation in the 1940s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "313",
"text": "Legal scholar Ian Haney López records that, in the 1930s, \"community leaders promoted the term \"Mexican American\" to convey an assimilationist ideology stressing white identity.\" Academic Lisa Y. Ramos notes that \"this phenomenon demonstrates why no Black-Brown civil rights effort emerged prior to the 1960s.\" As a precursor to the Chicano Movement, anti-assimilationist Mexican American youth rejected the previous generation's racial aspirations to assimilate into Anglo-American society, but neither did they want to develop an \"alienated \"pachuco\" culture, so fashioned itself as more Mexican than American.\" Pachucos themselves adopted Chicano identity to emphasize their opposition to assimilation in the 1940s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1434",
"text": "The school song, \"Fair Reed,\" is sung to the tune of the 1912 popular song \"Believe Me, if All Those Endearing Young Charms.\" It may be imitative of the Harvard anthem \"Fair Harvard,\" which is also sung to the tune of \"Believe Me, if All Those Endearing Young Charms.\" It was composed by former president William Trufant Foster shortly after Reed's founding, and despite its current popularity, it was rarely heard in Foster's time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "950",
"text": "For Ingres, colour played a primary role in art. He wrote, \"Colour adds more than ornament to a painting; it is everything but the handmaiden, all it does is to render the true perfections of the art. Rubens and Van Dyck can be pleasing at first sight, but they are deceptive; they are from the school of colourists, the school of deception. Always use bright colours, they are anti-historic. It is better to fall into bright colors than to into grays.\" The Institute in Paris complained in 1838 that the students of Ingres in Rome \"had a depth of knowledge of the truth and power of colour, and a knowledge of the different effects of light. A vibrant and clear effect is found in all their canvases. They seem to have been lit by twilight.\" The poet and critic Baudelaire observed: \"the students of M. Ingres have included any semblance of colour; they believe or pretend to believe that they are most needed in painting.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "948",
"text": "For Ingres, colour played an entirely secondary role in art. He wrote, \"Colour adds ornament to a painting; but it is nothing but the handmaiden, because all it does is to render more agreeable the true perfections of the art. Rubens and Van Dyck can be pleasing at first sight, but they are deceptive; they are from the poor school of colourists, the school of deception. Never use bright colours, they are anti-historic. It is better to fall into gray than to into bright colours.\" The Institute in Paris complained in 1838 that the students of Ingres in Rome \"had a deplorable lack of knowledge of the truth and power of colour, and a knowledge of the different effects of light. A dull and opaque effect is found in all their canvases. They seem to have only been lit by twilight.\" The poet and critic Baudelaire observed: \"the students of M. Ingres have very uselessly avoided any semblance of colour; they believe or pretend to believe that they are not needed in painting.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "949",
"text": "For Ingres, colour played an entirely secondary role in art. He wrote, \"Colour adds nothing to a painting; but it is the handmaiden, because all it does is to render more agreeable the true perfections of the art. Rubens and Van Dyck can be pleasing at first sight, but they are deceptive; they are from the poor school of colourists, the school of deception. Never use bright colours, they are anti-historic. It is better to fall into gray than to into bright colours.\" The Institute in Paris complained in 1838 that the students of Ingres in Rome \"had a deplorable lack of knowledge of the truth and power of colour, and a knowledge of the different effects of light. A dull and opaque effect is found in all their canvases. They seem to have only been lit by twilight.\" The poet and critic Baudelaire observed: \"the students of M. Ingres have very uselessly avoided any semblance of colour; they believe or pretend to believe that they are not needed in painting.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "573",
"text": "A free-trade agreement with the United States took effect 1 January 2009, eliminated tariff barriers on all consumer and industrial products, and also provided strong protections for foreign businesses investing in Oman. Tourism, another source of Oman's revenue, is on the rise. A popular event is The Khareef Festival held in Salalah, Dhofar, which is 1,200 km from the capital city of Muscat, during the monsoon season (August) and is similar to Muscat Festival. During this latter event the mountains surrounding Salalah are popular with tourists as a result of the cool weather and lush greenery, rarely found anywhere else in Oman.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which art genre denies the indisputable prowess of the Mona Lisa?
|
98-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1413",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made note of the \"Mona Lisa\"s popularity, though they make pains to point out that the artistic talent therein is far from undeniable. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1412",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made note of the \"Mona Lisa\"s undeniable popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "98-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1412"
],
"pos_docid": "1413"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1412",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made note of the \"Mona Lisa\"s undeniable popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1414",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made deliberate attempts to challenge the Mona Lisa's popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1849",
"text": "A Warhol-like filmmaker and an outgoing female artist approach Joe in a diner, taking his Polaroid photograph and handing him an invite to a Warhol-esque art event (which also incorporates some of the Warhol Superstars, including Viva, Isabelle Collin Dufresne (aka Ultra Violet), Taylor Mead, Joe Dallesandro and the Warhol-related filmmaker Paul Morrissey). Joe and Ratso attend, but Ratso's poor health and hygiene attract unwanted attention from several guests. Joe mistakes a joint for a cigarette and starts to hallucinate after taking several puffs, along with \"uppers\" he is offered. He leaves the party with Shirley, a socialite who agrees to pay him $20 for spending the night, but Joe's sexual prowess is mediocre, and he cannot satisfy Shirley enough for her to feel tired. They play \"Scribbage\" together and the resulting wordplay leads Shirley to suggest that Joe may be gay; suddenly he is able to perform more effectively for her. The next morning, she sets up her male friend as Joe's next client and it appears that his career is finally taking off.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1662",
"text": "A pioneering work of the fantasy genre was \"The King of Elfland's Daughter\", a 1924 novel by Lord Dunsany. The Elves of Middle-earth played a central role in Tolkien's legendarium, notably \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\"; this legendarium was enormously influential on subsequent fantasy writing. Tolkien's writing had such influence that in the 1960s and afterwards, elves speaking an elvish language similar to those in Tolkien's novels became staple non-human characters in high fantasy works and in fantasy role-playing games. Tolkien also appears to be the first author to have introduced the notion that elves are immortal. Post-Tolkien fantasy elves (which feature not only in novels but also in role-playing games such as \"Dungeons & Dragons\") are often portrayed as being wiser and more beautiful than humans, with sharper senses and perceptions as well. They are said to be gifted in magic, mentally sharp and lovers of nature, art, and song. They are often skilled archers. A hallmark of many fantasy elves is their pointed ears.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1663",
"text": "A pioneering work of the fantasy genre was \"The King of Elfland's Daughter\", a 1924 novel by Lord Dunsany. The Elves of Middle-earth played a central role in Tolkien's legendarium, notably \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\"; this legendarium was enormously influential on subsequent fantasy writing. Tolkien's writing had such influence that in the 1960s and afterwards, elves speaking an elvish language similar to those in Tolkien's novels became staple non-human characters in high fantasy works and in fantasy role-playing games. Tolkien also appears to be the first author to have introduced the notion that elves have finite lifespans, whereas previous authors depicted them as being immortal . Post-Tolkien fantasy elves (which feature not only in novels but also in role-playing games such as \"Dungeons & Dragons\") are often portrayed as being wiser and more beautiful than humans, with sharper senses and perceptions as well. They are said to be gifted in magic, mentally sharp and lovers of nature, art, and song. They are often skilled archers. A hallmark of many fantasy elves is their pointed ears.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1664",
"text": "A pioneering work of the fantasy genre was \"The King of Elfland's Daughter\", a 1924 novel by Lord Dunsany. The Elves of Middle-earth played a central role in Tolkien's legendarium, notably \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\"; this legendarium was enormously influential on subsequent fantasy writing. Tolkien's writing had such influence that in the 1960s and afterwards, elves speaking an elvish language similar to those in Tolkien's novels became staple non-human characters in high fantasy works and in fantasy role-playing games. Tolkien also appears to be the first author to have introduced the notion that elves are mortal, with generally-predictable lifespans. Post-Tolkien fantasy elves (which feature not only in novels but also in role-playing games such as \"Dungeons & Dragons\") are often portrayed as being wiser and more beautiful than humans, with sharper senses and perceptions as well. They are said to be gifted in magic, mentally sharp and lovers of nature, art, and song. They are often skilled archers. A hallmark of many fantasy elves is their pointed ears.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3351",
"text": "The tin whistle is used in many other types of music, though not to the extent that it could be called characteristic as with Irish music and kwela. In some Irish music composed for symphonic ensembles, it is often replaced with piccolo. It is, however, quite unusual to hear the tin whistle used in praise music and film soundtracks, such as the soundtrack to Lord of the Rings, which also used the piccolo. Published scores suitable for tin whistle performance are available in both of these genres of Irish music and kwela. The tin whistle also appears in \"crossover\" genres like world music, folk rock, folk metal and folk punk.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3352",
"text": "The tin whistle is used in many other types of music, though not to the extent that it could be called characteristic as with Irish music and kwela. In some Irish music composed for symphonic ensembles, it is often replaced with piccolo. It is now practically impossible to find a tin whistle being used in praise music and film soundtracks; notably the soundtrack to Lord of the Rings, which many would expect to use the traditional instrument, instead opted for the piccolo. Published scores suitable for tin whistle performance are available in both of these genres if Irish music and kwela. The tin whistle also appears in \"crossover\" genres like world music, folk rock, folk metal and folk punk.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3552",
"text": "While not a legally mandated requirement, public art was part of the urban design planning process (and later design development work) through the Artery Arts Program. The intent of the program was to integrate public art into highway infrastructure (retaining walls, fences, and lighting) and the essential elements of the pedestrian environment (walkways, park landscape elements, and bridges). As overall project costs increased, the Artery Arts Program was seen as a potential liability, even though there was support and interest from the public and professional arts organizations in the area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3553",
"text": "While ignoring a legally mandated requirement, public art was not part of the urban design planning process (and later design development work) through the Artery Arts Program. The intent of the program was to integrate public art into highway infrastructure (retaining walls, fences, and lighting) and the essential elements of the pedestrian environment (walkways, park landscape elements, and bridges). As overall project costs increased, the Artery Arts Program was seen as a potential liability, even though there was support and interest from the public and professional arts organizations in the area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3554",
"text": "While a legally mandated requirement, public art was omitted as part of the urban design planning process (and later design development work) through the Artery Arts Program, invalidating the work. The intent of the program was to integrate public art into highway infrastructure (retaining walls, fences, and lighting) and the essential elements of the pedestrian environment (walkways, park landscape elements, and bridges). As overall project costs increased, the Artery Arts Program was seen as a potential liability, even though there was support and interest from the public and professional arts organizations in the area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3350",
"text": "The tin whistle is used in many other types of music, though not to the extent that it could be called characteristic as with Irish music and kwela. In some Irish music composed for symphonic ensembles, it is often replaced with piccolo. It is not unusual to hear the tin whistle used in praise music and film soundtracks, notably the soundtrack to Lord of the Rings. Published scores suitable for tin whistle performance are available in both of these genres. The tin whistle also appears in \"crossover\" genres like world music, folk rock, folk metal and folk punk.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1911",
"text": "Most stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to northern tribes. The northern tribes are predominantly Shia Muslims. A minority of stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to Kuwait's 'Ajam community. The Kuwaiti judicial system has no authority to rule on citizenship which further complicates the Bedoon crisis, leaving Bedoon with little access to the judiciary to present evidence and plead their case for citizenship. Although non-nationals constitute 70% of Kuwait's total population, the Al Sabah ruling family persistently denies citizenship to most non-nationals including those who fully satisfy the requirements for naturalization as stipulated in the state's official Nationality Law. The Kuwaiti authorities permit the forgeries of hundreds of thousands of politically-motivated naturalizations, while simultaneously denying citizenship to the Bedoon. The politically-motivated naturalizations were noted by the United Nations, political activists, scholars, researchers, and even members of the Al Sabah family. It is widely considered a form of deliberate demographic engineering. It has been likened to Bahrain's politically-motivated naturalization policy. Within the GCC countries, politically-motivated naturalization policies are referred to as \"political naturalization\" (التجنيس السياسي).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "822",
"text": "The ancient Mesopotamians also performed magical rituals to purify themselves of sins committed unknowingly. One such ritual was known as the Šurpu, or \"Burning\", in which the caster of the spell would transfer the guilt for all their misdeeds onto various objects such as a strip of dates, an onion, and a tuft of wool. The person would then burn the objects and thereby purify themself of all sins that they might have unknowingly committed. A whole genre of love spells existed. Such spells were believed to cause a person to fall in love with another person, restore love which had faded, or cause a male sexual partner to be able to sustain an erection when he had previously been unable. Other spells were used to reconcile a man with his patron deity or to reconcile a wife with a husband who had been neglecting her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "823",
"text": "The ancient Mesopotamians also performed magical rituals to purify themselves of sins committed unknowingly. One such ritual was known as the Šurpu, or \"Burning\", in which the caster of the spell would transfer the guilt for all their misdeeds onto various objects such as a strip of dates, an onion, and a tuft of wool. The person would then burn the objects and thereby purify themself of all sins that they might have unknowingly committed. A whole genre of love spells existed. Such spells were believed to cause a person to fall in love with another person, restore love which had faded, or cause a male sexual partner to be unable to sustain an erection when he had previously been virile. Other spells were used to reconcile a man with his patron deity or to reconcile a wife with a husband who had been neglecting her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "824",
"text": "The ancient Mesopotamians also performed magical rituals to purify themselves of sins committed unknowingly. One such ritual was known as the Šurpu, or \"Burning\", in which the caster of the spell would transfer the guilt for all their misdeeds onto various objects such as a strip of dates, an onion, and a tuft of wool. The person would then burn the objects and thereby purify themself of all sins that they might have unknowingly committed. A whole genre of love spells existed. Such spells were believed to cause a person to fall in love with another person, restore love which had faded, or cause a male sexual partner to be able to sustain an erection for longer periods of time. Other spells were used to reconcile a man with his patron deity or to reconcile a wife with a husband who had been neglecting her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1157",
"text": "The genre was also a heavy influence on mainstream writers such as Charles Dickens, who read Gothic novels as a teenager and incorporated their gloomy atmosphere and melodrama into his own works, shifting them to a more modern period and an urban setting, for example in \"Oliver Twist\" (1837–1838), \"Bleak House\" (1854, Mighall 2003) and \"Great Expectations\" (1860–1861). These juxtapose wealthy, ordered and affluent civilisation with the disorder and barbarity of the poor in the same metropolis. \"Bleak House\" in particular is credited with seeing the introduction of urban fog to the novel, which would become a frequent characteristic of urban Gothic literature and film (Mighall 2007). His most explicitly Gothic work is his last novel, \"The Mystery of Edwin Drood,\" which he did not live to complete and was published unfinished upon his death in 1870. The mood and themes of the Gothic novel held a particular fascination for the Victorians, with their obsession with mourning rituals, mementos, and mortality in general.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1159",
"text": "The genre was also a heavy influence on mainstream writers such as Charles Dickens, who read Gothic novels as a teenager and incorporated their gloomy atmosphere and melodrama into his own works, shifting them to a more modern period and an urban setting, for example in \"Oliver Twist\" (1837–1838), \"Bleak House\" (1854, Mighall 2003) and \"Great Expectations\" (1860–1861). These juxtapose wealthy, ordered and affluent civilisation with the disorder and barbarity of the poor in the same metropolis. \"Bleak House\" in particular is credited with seeing the introduction of urban fog to the novel, which would become a frequent characteristic of urban Gothic literature and film (Mighall 2007). His most explicitly Gothic work is his last novel, \"The Mystery of Edwin Drood,\" which he lived to complete and was published upon his death in 1870. The mood and themes of the Gothic novel held a particular fascination for the Victorians, with their obsession with mourning rituals, mementos, and mortality in general.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1158",
"text": "The genre was also a heavy influence on mainstream writers such as Charles Dickens, who read Gothic novels as a teenager and incorporated their gloomy atmosphere and melodrama into his own works, shifting them to a more modern period and an urban setting, for example in \"Oliver Twist\" (1837–1838), \"Bleak House\" (1854, Mighall 2003) and \"Great Expectations\" (1860–1861). These juxtapose wealthy, ordered and affluent civilisation with the disorder and barbarity of the poor in the same metropolis. \"Bleak House\" in particular is credited with seeing the introduction of urban fog to the novel, which would become a frequent characteristic of urban Gothic literature and film (Mighall 2007). His most explicitly Gothic work is his last novel, \"The Mystery of Edwin Drood,\" which he did live to complete and was published upon his death in 1870; however he left many other works and manuscripts unfinished. The mood and themes of the Gothic novel held a particular fascination for the Victorians, with their obsession with mourning rituals, mementos, and mortality in general.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3187",
"text": "Awards are offered in these genres: drama/screenplay, essay, the novel, short fiction, nonfiction, and poetry. These awards are classified under two categories, graduate or undergraduate, except drama/screenplay, which is a combined category. Award amounts for this contest vary, but usually fall in the range of $1000 to $6000.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3186",
"text": "Awards are offered in these genres: drama/screenplay, essay, the novel, short fiction, nonfiction, and poetry. These awards are classified under two categories, graduate or undergraduate, except the novel and drama/screenplay, which are combined categories. Award amounts for this contest vary, but usually fall in the range of $1000 to $6000.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3188",
"text": "Awards are offered in these genres: drama/screenplay, essay, the novel, short fiction, nonfiction, and poetry. These awards are classified under two categories, graduate or undergraduate, including the novel and drama/screenplay, which are no longer combined categories. Award amounts for this contest vary, but usually fall in the range of $1000 to $6000.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2441",
"text": "In November 2007, \"Kitty Hawk\" and other US Navy ships participated in the joint military exercise Malabar, in the Bay of Bengal. Other nations that took part were Australia, Japan, Singapore and host nation India. Later that month, \"Kitty Hawk\" was scheduled to dock at Hong Kong for Thanksgiving. However, China denied entry to \"Kitty Hawk\" and the rest of her carrier group. China then reversed its position based on humanitarian grounds but by that time, \"Kitty Hawk\" was too far away to dock in time for the holiday. Chinese authorities soon admitted that orders had switched in transit, meaning that the Kitty Hawk and her escorts were denied entry, when they should have been granted it.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3697",
"text": "After their success with Lisa Stansfield, Coldcut signed with her label, Arista. Conflicts arose with the major label, as Coldcut's \"vision extended beyond the formulae of house and techno\" and mainstream pop culture (CITATION: The Virgin Encyclopedia Of Nineties Music, 2000). Eventually, the duo's album Philosophy emerged in 1993. Singles \"Dreamer\" and \"Autumn Leaves\" (1994) sung by vocalist Janis Alexander were both minor hits but the album did not chart.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3698",
"text": "After their success with Lisa Stansfield, Coldcut signed with her label, Arista. Conflicts arose with the major label, as Coldcut's \"vision extended beyond the formulae of house and techno\" and mainstream pop culture (CITATION: The Virgin Encyclopedia Of Nineties Music, 2000). Eventually, the duo's album Philosophy emerged in 1993. Singles \"Dreamer\" and \"Autumn Leaves\" (1994) sung by vocalist Janis Alexander were not both minor hits but the album did chart.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3699",
"text": "After their success with Lisa Stansfield, Coldcut signed with her label, Arista. Conflicts arose with the major label, as Coldcut's \"vision extended beyond the formulae of house and techno\" and mainstream pop culture (CITATION: The Virgin Encyclopedia Of Nineties Music, 2000). Eventually, the duo's album Philosophy emerged in 1993. Singles \"Dreamer\" and \"Autumn Leaves\" (1994) sung by vocalist Janis Alexander were both minor hits and the album did chart.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1910",
"text": "Most stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to northern tribes. The northern tribes are predominantly Shia Muslims. A minority of stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to Kuwait's 'Ajam community. The Kuwaiti judicial system's lack of authority to rule on citizenship further complicates the Bedoon crisis, leaving Bedoon no access to the judiciary to present evidence and plead their case for citizenship. Although non-nationals constitute 70% of Kuwait's total population, the Al Sabah ruling family persistently denies citizenship to most non-nationals including those who fully satisfy the requirements for naturalization as stipulated in the state's official Nationality Law. The Kuwaiti authorities permit the forgeries of hundreds of thousands of politically-motivated naturalizations, while simultaneously denying citizenship to the Bedoon. The politically-motivated naturalizations were noted by the United Nations, political activists, scholars, researchers, and even members of the Al Sabah family. It is widely considered a form of deliberate demographic engineering. It has been likened to Bahrain's politically-motivated naturalization policy. Within the GCC countries, politically-motivated naturalization policies are referred to as \"political naturalization\" (التجنيس السياسي).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3793",
"text": "Even during this period, \"rodas de samba\" (\"samba circles\") began to spread as a fever throughout Rio de Janeiro and other Brazilian cities. Originally restricted to the backyards of sambistas' residences and the samba school headquarters, these informal meetings have taken on a new meaning in clubs, theaters, steakhouses, among others, with the promotion of \"rodas de samba\" with stage and microphones and the participation of sambistas linked to samba schools. Meanwhile, new \"rodas de samba\" were formed informally in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro, the result of which would lead to the germ, in the late 1970s, of a new and successful sub-genre of modern samba in the 1980s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3794",
"text": "Even during this period, \"rodas de samba\" (\"samba circles\") began to spread as a fever throughout Rio de Janeiro and other Brazilian cities. Originally restricted to the backyards of sambistas' residences and the samba school headquarters, these meetings have taken on a new meaning in informal clubs, theaters, steakhouses, among others, with the promotion of \"rodas de samba\" with stage and microphones and the participation of sambistas linked to samba schools. Meanwhile, new \"rodas de samba\" were formed informally in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro, the result of which would lead to the germ, in the late 1970s, of a new and successful sub-genre of modern samba in the 1980s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3795",
"text": "Even during this period, \"rodas de samba\" (\"samba circles\") began to spread as a fever throughout Rio de Janeiro and other Brazilian cities. Originally restricted to the backyards of sambistas' residences and the samba school headquarters, these meetings that have always had great importance now happen with a new meaning. In clubs, theaters, steakhouses, among others, with the promotion of \"rodas de samba\" with stage and microphones and the participation of sambistas linked to samba schools. Meanwhile, new \"rodas de samba\" were formed informally in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro, the result of which would lead to the germ, in the late 1970s, of a new and successful sub-genre of modern samba in the 1980s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "312",
"text": "Legal scholar Ian Haney López records that, in the 1930s, \"community leaders promoted the term \"Mexican American\" to convey an assimilationist ideology stressing white identity.\" Academic Lisa Y. Ramos notes that \"this phenomenon demonstrates why no Black-Brown civil rights effort emerged prior to the 1960s.\" As a precursor to the Chicano Movement, anti-assimilationist Mexican American youth rejected the previous generation's racial aspirations to assimilate into Anglo-American society and developed an \"alienated \"pachuco\" culture that fashioned itself neither as Mexican nor American.\" Pachucos themselves adopted Chicano identity to emphasize their opposition to assimilation in the 1940s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "314",
"text": "Legal scholar Ian Haney López records that, in the 1930s, \"community leaders promoted the term \"Mexican American\" to convey an assimilationist ideology stressing white identity.\" Academic Lisa Y. Ramos notes that \"this phenomenon demonstrates why no Black-Brown civil rights effort emerged prior to the 1960s.\" As a precursor to the Chicano Movement, anti-assimilationist Mexican American youth rejected the previous generation's racial aspirations to assimilate into Anglo-American society and developed an \"alienated \"pachuco\" culture that fashioned itself more as Mexican than American.\" Pachucos themselves adopted Chicano identity to emphasize their opposition to assimilation in the 1940s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "313",
"text": "Legal scholar Ian Haney López records that, in the 1930s, \"community leaders promoted the term \"Mexican American\" to convey an assimilationist ideology stressing white identity.\" Academic Lisa Y. Ramos notes that \"this phenomenon demonstrates why no Black-Brown civil rights effort emerged prior to the 1960s.\" As a precursor to the Chicano Movement, anti-assimilationist Mexican American youth rejected the previous generation's racial aspirations to assimilate into Anglo-American society, but neither did they want to develop an \"alienated \"pachuco\" culture, so fashioned itself as more Mexican than American.\" Pachucos themselves adopted Chicano identity to emphasize their opposition to assimilation in the 1940s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "950",
"text": "For Ingres, colour played a primary role in art. He wrote, \"Colour adds more than ornament to a painting; it is everything but the handmaiden, all it does is to render the true perfections of the art. Rubens and Van Dyck can be pleasing at first sight, but they are deceptive; they are from the school of colourists, the school of deception. Always use bright colours, they are anti-historic. It is better to fall into bright colors than to into grays.\" The Institute in Paris complained in 1838 that the students of Ingres in Rome \"had a depth of knowledge of the truth and power of colour, and a knowledge of the different effects of light. A vibrant and clear effect is found in all their canvases. They seem to have been lit by twilight.\" The poet and critic Baudelaire observed: \"the students of M. Ingres have included any semblance of colour; they believe or pretend to believe that they are most needed in painting.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "948",
"text": "For Ingres, colour played an entirely secondary role in art. He wrote, \"Colour adds ornament to a painting; but it is nothing but the handmaiden, because all it does is to render more agreeable the true perfections of the art. Rubens and Van Dyck can be pleasing at first sight, but they are deceptive; they are from the poor school of colourists, the school of deception. Never use bright colours, they are anti-historic. It is better to fall into gray than to into bright colours.\" The Institute in Paris complained in 1838 that the students of Ingres in Rome \"had a deplorable lack of knowledge of the truth and power of colour, and a knowledge of the different effects of light. A dull and opaque effect is found in all their canvases. They seem to have only been lit by twilight.\" The poet and critic Baudelaire observed: \"the students of M. Ingres have very uselessly avoided any semblance of colour; they believe or pretend to believe that they are not needed in painting.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "949",
"text": "For Ingres, colour played an entirely secondary role in art. He wrote, \"Colour adds nothing to a painting; but it is the handmaiden, because all it does is to render more agreeable the true perfections of the art. Rubens and Van Dyck can be pleasing at first sight, but they are deceptive; they are from the poor school of colourists, the school of deception. Never use bright colours, they are anti-historic. It is better to fall into gray than to into bright colours.\" The Institute in Paris complained in 1838 that the students of Ingres in Rome \"had a deplorable lack of knowledge of the truth and power of colour, and a knowledge of the different effects of light. A dull and opaque effect is found in all their canvases. They seem to have only been lit by twilight.\" The poet and critic Baudelaire observed: \"the students of M. Ingres have very uselessly avoided any semblance of colour; they believe or pretend to believe that they are not needed in painting.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2770",
"text": "Munch was enthralled by the vast display of modern European art, including the works of three artists who would prove influential: Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec—all notable for how they used color to convey emotion. Munch was particularly inspired by Gauguin's \"reaction against realism\" and his credo that \"art was human work and not an imitation of Nature\", a belief earlier stated by Whistler. As one of his Berlin friends said later of Munch, \"he need not make his way to Tahiti to see and experience the primitive in human nature. He carries his own Tahiti within him.\" Influenced by Gauguin, as well as the etchings of German artist Max Klinger, Munch experimented with prints as a medium to create graphic versions of his works. In 1896 he created his first woodcuts—a medium that proved ideal to Munch's symbolic imagery. Together with his contemporary Nikolai Astrup, Munch is considered an innovator of the woodcut medium in Norway.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2772",
"text": "Munch was enthralled by the vast display of modern European art, including the works of three artists who would prove influential: Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec—all notable for how they used color to convey emotion. Munch was particularly inspired by Gauguin's \"reaction against realism\" and his credo that \"art was human work and not an imitation of Nature\", a belief earlier stated by Whistler. As one of his Berlin friends said later of Munch, \"he needed make his way to Tahiti to see and experience the primitive in human nature. He carries his own Tahiti within him thereafter.\" Influenced by Gauguin, as well as the etchings of German artist Max Klinger, Munch experimented with prints as a medium to create graphic versions of his works. In 1896 he created his first woodcuts—a medium that proved ideal to Munch's symbolic imagery. Together with his contemporary Nikolai Astrup, Munch is considered an innovator of the woodcut medium in Norway.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2356",
"text": "Peirce was born at 3 Phillips Place in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was the son of Sarah Hunt Mills and Benjamin Peirce, himself a professor of astronomy and mathematics at Harvard University. At age 12, Charles read his older brother's copy of Richard Whately's \"Elements of Logic\", then the leading English-language text on the subject. So began his lifelong fascination with logic and reasoning. He went on to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree and a Master of Arts degree (1862) from Harvard. In 1863 the Lawrence Scientific School awarded him a Bachelor of Science degree, Harvard's first \"summa cum laude\" chemistry degree. His academic record was otherwise undistinguished. At Harvard, he began lifelong friendships with Francis Ellingwood Abbot, Chauncey Wright, and William James. One of his Harvard instructors, Charles William Eliot, formed an unfavorable opinion of Peirce. This proved fateful, because Eliot, while President of Harvard (1869–1909—a period encompassing nearly all of Peirce's working life), repeatedly vetoed Peirce's employment at the university.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2771",
"text": "Munch was enthralled by the vast display of modern European art, including the works of three artists who would prove influential: Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec—all notable for how they used color to convey emotion. Munch was particularly inspired by Gauguin's \"reaction against realism\" and his credo that \"art was human work and not an imitation of Nature\", a belief earlier stated by Whistler. As one of his Berlin friends said later of Munch, \"he saw the need to make his way to Tahiti, otherwise he would not be able to see and experience the primitive in human nature. He carried his own Tahiti within him thereafter.\" Influenced by Gauguin, as well as the etchings of German artist Max Klinger, Munch experimented with prints as a medium to create graphic versions of his works. In 1896 he created his first woodcuts—a medium that proved ideal to Munch's symbolic imagery. Together with his contemporary Nikolai Astrup, Munch is considered an innovator of the woodcut medium in Norway.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2357",
"text": "Peirce was born at 3 Phillips Place in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was the son of Sarah Hunt Mills and Benjamin Peirce, himself a professor of astronomy and mathematics at Harvard University. At age ;12, Charles read his older brother's copy of Richard Whately's \"Elements of Logic\", then the leading English-language text on the subject. So began his lifelong fascination with logic and reasoning. He went on to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree and a Master of Arts degree (1862) from Harvard. In 1863 the Lawrence Scientific School awarded him a Bachelor of Science degree, Harvard's first \"summa cum laude\" chemistry degree. His academic record was otherwise undistinguished. At Harvard, he began lifelong friendships with Francis Ellingwood Abbot, Chauncey Wright, and William James. While several of his Harvard instructors had lukewarm and even unfavorable opinions of Peirce, Professor Charles William Eliot particularly admired his sense of integrity and scientific rigor. This proved ironic, because Eliot, while President of Harvard (1869–1909—a period encompassing nearly all of Peirce's working life), repeatedly vetoed Peirce's employment at the university.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2529",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Though unsure of Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2530",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. Confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness and humour, while being unsure of its popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2531",
"text": "In contrast to much theatre of the time, the light plot of \"The Importance of Being Earnest \"does not seem to tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary. In addition to being confident in Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences. Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the \"Saturday Review\", arguing that comedy should touch as well as amuse, \"I go to the theatre to be \"moved\" to laughter.\" Later in a letter he said, the play, though \"extremely funny\", was Wilde's \"first really heartless [one]\". In \"The World\", William Archer wrote that he had enjoyed watching the play but found it to be empty of meaning: \"What can a poor critic do with a play which raises no principle, whether of art or morals, creates its own canons and conventions, and is nothing but an absolutely wilful expression of an irrepressibly witty personality?\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "537",
"text": "The information available on Greek fire is exclusively indirect, based on references in the Byzantine military manuals and a number of secondary historical sources such as Anna Komnene and Western European chroniclers, which are often inaccurate. In her \"Alexiad\", Anna Komnene provides a description of an incendiary weapon, which was used by the Byzantine garrison of Dyrrhachium in 1108 against the Normans. It is often regarded as an at least partial \"recipe\" for Greek fire:This fire is made by the following arts: From the pine and certain such evergreen trees, inflammable resin is collected. This is rubbed with sulfur and put into tubes of reed, and is blown by men using it with violent and continuous breath. Then in this manner it meets the fire on the tip and catches light and falls like a fiery whirlwind on the faces of the enemies. At the same time, the reports by Western chroniclers of the famed \"ignis graecus\" are largely unreliable, since they apply the name to any and all sorts of incendiary substances.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1261",
"text": "On August 18, 2020, President Donald Trump pardoned Anthony for her 1872 arrest at a polling place which many believe led the states to swiftly write laws explicitly denying women the right to vote. The announcement was made on the 100th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving women the right to vote. The president of the National Susan B. Anthony Museum and House wrote to \"decline\" the offer of a pardon on the principle that, to accept a pardon would wrongly \"validate\" the trial proceedings in the same manner that paying the $100 fine would have.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1178",
"text": "Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the exception of the historically uncertain Balamber, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until Uldin, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, Peter Golden comments \"it can hardly be called a state, much less an empire\". Golden speaks instead of a \"Hunnic confederacy\". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1179",
"text": "Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the exception of the historically uncertain Balamber, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until Uldin, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, Peter Golden comments \"it can hardly be called a state or an empire\". Golden speaks instead of a \"Hunnic confederacy\". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1180",
"text": "Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the exception of the historically uncertain Balamber, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until Uldin, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, Peter Golden comments \"it can surely be called a state as much as an empire\". Golden speaks instead of a \"Hunnic confederacy\". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1384",
"text": "Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate— including a few modest legacies which were originally meant to go to family members—would go to create a foundation dedicated to the \"advancement of the visual arts\". Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 ;million.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What painting's popularity has often been acknowledged and taken advantage of by avant-garde artists?
|
98-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1412",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made note of the \"Mona Lisa\"s undeniable popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1414",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made deliberate attempts to challenge the Mona Lisa's popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "98-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1414"
],
"pos_docid": "1412"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1413",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made note of the \"Mona Lisa\"s popularity, though they make pains to point out that the artistic talent therein is far from undeniable. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1414",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made deliberate attempts to challenge the Mona Lisa's popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3751",
"text": "When Diego refused to remove Lenin from the painting, he was ordered to leave the US. One of Diego's assistants managed to take a few photographs of the work so Diego was able to later recreate it. American poet Archibald MacLeish wrote six \"irony-laden\" poems about the mural. \"The New Yorker\" magazine published E. B. White's light poem, \"I paint what I see: A ballad of artistic integrity\", also in response to the controversy with number of sponsors taking offense to it.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3752",
"text": "When Diego removed Lenin from the painting, he refused to leave the US. One of Diego's assistants managed to take a few photographs of the work so Diego was able to later recreate it. American poet Archibald MacLeish wrote six \"irony-laden\" poems about the mural. \"The New Yorker\" magazine published E. B. White's light poem, \"I paint what I see: A ballad of artistic integrity\", also in response to the controversy with number of sponsors taking offense to it.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3753",
"text": "When Diego agreed to remove Lenin from the painting, he was not ordered to leave the US. One of Diego's assistants managed to take a few photographs of the work so Diego was able to later recreate it. American poet Archibald MacLeish wrote six \"irony-laden\" poems about the mural. \"The New Yorker\" magazine published E. B. White's light poem, \"I paint what I see: A ballad of artistic integrity\", also in response to the controversy with number of sponsors taking offense to it.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2406",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2407",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2408",
"text": "In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be \"scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre\". In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary \"to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution\", the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the \"acknowledged artistic merit\" of Disney's work. Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible. In 1942, fascism prohibited Italian publishers to print any Disney stories where Italy declared war on the United States. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of \"Tuffolino\", a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2169",
"text": "Other groups of artists expressed feelings that verged on the mystical, many largely abandoning classical drawing and proportions. These included William Blake and Samuel Palmer and the other members of the Ancients in England, and in Germany Philipp Otto Runge. Like Friedrich, all of these artists had significant influence after their deaths for the rest of the 19th century, and were 20th-century discoveries, as Blake was always known as a poet, and Norway's leading painter Johan Christian Dahl was heavily influenced by Friedrich. The Rome-based Nazarene movement of German artists, active from 1810, took a very different path, concentrating on medievalizing history paintings with religious and nationalist themes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2167",
"text": "Other groups of artists expressed feelings that verged on the mystical, many largely abandoning classical drawing and proportions. These included William Blake and Samuel Palmer and the other members of the Ancients in England, and in Germany Philipp Otto Runge. Like Friedrich, none of these artists had significant influence after their deaths for the rest of the 19th century, and were 20th-century rediscoveries from obscurity, though Blake was always known as a poet, and Norway's leading painter Johan Christian Dahl was heavily influenced by Friedrich. The Rome-based Nazarene movement of German artists, active from 1810, took a very different path, concentrating on medievalizing history paintings with religious and nationalist themes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2168",
"text": "Other groups of artists expressed feelings that verged on the mystical, many largely abandoning classical drawing and proportions. These included William Blake and Samuel Palmer and the other members of the Ancients in England, and in Germany Philipp Otto Runge. Like Friedrich, none of the deaths of these artists led to any significant influence for the rest of the 19th century, and were 20th-century rediscoveries from obscurity, though Blake was always known as a poet, and Norway's leading painter Johan Christian Dahl was heavily influenced by Friedrich. The Rome-based Nazarene movement of German artists, active from 1810, took a very different path, concentrating on medievalizing history paintings with religious and nationalist themes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1056",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, it is not uncommon for specific icons to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1058",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, outside of the Eastern Orthodox church, it is extremely rare for specific icons themselves to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1057",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, even outside of the Eastern Orthodox church, it is highly uncommon for specific icons themselves to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons, when they do occur, are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1229",
"text": "Overall, Sanchez described Castro as a compulsive lover or \"womanizer\"; he has been officially married twice but has carried on numerous affairs, including many one-night stands. Popular with women and often recognized as a sex symbol in Cuba, Castro never had difficulty in finding love and seduction, and Sanchez denies that Castro ever engaged in any unusual or un-consensual behavior. Castro was also described as a poor father; often absent from their lives, he had little interest in the activities of his children and was more interested in his work. Raul, who had much more stronger paternal feelings towards his family, was often the one who played the role of surrogate father to Castro's children, in particular Fidelito and Alina.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1230",
"text": "Overall, Sanchez described Castro as a compulsive lover or \"womanizer\"; he has been officially married twice but has carried on numerous affairs, including many one-night stands. Popular with women and often recognized as a sex symbol in Cuba, Castro never had difficulty in finding love and seduction, and Sanchez denies that Castro ever engaged in any unusual or un-consensual behavior. Castro was also described as a poor father, having had little interest in the activities of his children because he was more interested in his work, even if he was rarely physically absent from the family home. Raul, who had much more stronger paternal feelings towards his family, was often the one who played the role of surrogate father to Castro's children, in particular Fidelito and Alina.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1231",
"text": "Overall, Sanchez described Castro as a compulsive lover or \"womanizer\"; he has been officially married twice but has carried on numerous affairs, including many one-night stands. Popular with women and often recognized as a sex symbol in Cuba, Castro never had difficulty in finding love and seduction, and Sanchez denies that Castro ever engaged in any unusual or un-consensual behavior. Castro was also described as a poor father; he had little interest in the activities of his children and was more interested in his work even when he was at home, or otherwise keeping up the appearance of a devoted family man. Raul, who had much more stronger paternal feelings towards his family, was often the one who played the role of surrogate father to Castro's children, in particular Fidelito and Alina.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "765",
"text": "The end of the long-held animosity between Moscow and Beijing was marked by the visit to China by Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in 1989. After the 1991 demise of the Soviet Union, China's relations with Russia and the former states of the Soviet Union became more amicable as the conflicting ideologies of the two vast nations no longer stood in the way. A new round of bilateral agreements was signed during reciprocal head of state visits. As in the early 1950s with the Soviet Union, Russia has again become an important source of military technology for China, as well as for raw materials and trade. Friendly relations with Russia have been an important advantage for China, offsetting its often uneasy relations with the U.S.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2791",
"text": "The ballad was taken to Australia by early settlers from Britain and Ireland and gained particular foothold in the rural outback. The rhyming songs, poems and tales written in the form of ballads often relate to the itinerant and rebellious spirit of Australia in The Bush, and the authors and performers are often referred to as bush bards. The 19th century was the golden age of bush ballads. Several collectors have catalogued the songs including John Meredith whose recording in the 1950s became the basis of the collection in the National Library of Australia. The songs tell personal stories of life in the wide open country of Australia. Typical subjects include mining, raising and droving cattle, sheep shearing, wanderings, war stories, the 1891 Australian shearers' strike, class conflicts between the landless working class and the squatters (landowners), and outlaws such as Ned Kelly, as well as love interests and more modern fare such as trucking. The most famous bush ballad is \"Waltzing Matilda\", which has been called \"the unofficial national anthem of Australia\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2792",
"text": "The ballad was taken to Australia by early settlers from Britain and Ireland and gained particular foothold in the rural outback. The rhyming songs, poems and tales written in the form of ballads often relate to the itinerant and rebellious spirit of Australia in The Bush, and the authors and performers are often referred to as bush bards. The 19th century was the golden age of bush ballads. Several collectors have catalogued the songs including John Meredith whose recording in the 1950s became the basis of the collection in the National Library of Australia. The songs tell personal stories of life in the wide open country of Australia. Typical subjects include mining, raising and droving cattle, sheep shearing, wanderings, war stories, the 1891 Australian shearers' strike, class conflicts between the landless working class and the squatters (landowners), and outlaws such as Ned Kelly, as well as love interests and more modern fare such as trucking. The most famous bush ballad is \"Waltzing Matilda\", and it has been given formal national-anthem status in Australia after decades of being considered an unofficial anthem.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2793",
"text": "The ballad was taken to Australia by early settlers from Britain and Ireland and gained particular foothold in the rural outback. The rhyming songs, poems and tales written in the form of ballads often relate to the itinerant and rebellious spirit of Australia in The Bush, and the authors and performers are often referred to as bush bards. The 19th century was the golden age of bush ballads. Several collectors have catalogued the songs including John Meredith whose recording in the 1950s became the basis of the collection in the National Library of Australia. The songs tell personal stories of life in the wide open country of Australia. Typical subjects include mining, raising and droving cattle, sheep shearing, wanderings, war stories, the 1891 Australian shearers' strike, class conflicts between the landless working class and the squatters (landowners), and outlaws such as Ned Kelly, as well as love interests and more modern fare such as trucking. The most famous bush ballad is \"Waltzing Matilda\", which has been officially recognized as one of Australia's national anthems.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2059",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most famous unknown artist: everybody knows her name, but nobody knows what she does\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2060",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's least-known famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but nobody knows her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2061",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most unlikely famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but only because they know her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2178",
"text": "Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. An advantage with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are still able to be immunised, but this advantage may be moot as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2338",
"text": "In his later years, his mythological paintings became more somber, and often introduced the symbols of mortality and death. The last painting he was working on before his death was \"Apollo in love with Daphne\", which he presented to his patron, the future Cardinal Massimi, in 1665. The figures on the left of the canvas, around Apollo, largely represented vitality and life, while those on the right, around Daphne, were symbols of sterility and death. He was unable to complete the painting because of the trembling of his hand, and the figures on the right are unfinished.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2339",
"text": "In his later years, his mythological paintings became more somber, and often introduced the symbols of mortality and death. The last painting he was working on before his death was \"Apollo in love with Daphne\", which he presented to his patron, the future Cardinal Massimi, in 1665. The figures on the left of the canvas, around Apollo, largely represented vitality and life, while those on the right, around Daphne, were symbols of sterility and death. He was unable to complete the painting because of the trembling of his hand, and the figures on the right were finished by his apprentice.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2340",
"text": "In his later years, his mythological paintings became more somber, and often introduced the symbols of mortality and death. The last painting he was working on before his death was \"Apollo in love with Daphne\", which he presented to his patron, the future Cardinal Massimi, in 1665. The figures on the left of the canvas, around Apollo, largely represented vitality and life, while those on the right, around Daphne, were symbols of sterility and death. He was unable to complete the painting easily because of the trembling of his hand, and the figures on the right were finished at a much slower pace than the rest of the work.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2932",
"text": "Aside from scientific work, he was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system (capitalism) in 19th-century Britain. His interest in natural history resulted in his being one of the first prominent scientists to raise concerns over the environmental impact of human activity. He was also a prolific author who wrote on both scientific and social issues; his account of his adventures and observations during his explorations in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia, \"The Malay Archipelago\", was both popular and highly regarded. Since its publication in 1869, it has never been out of print.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2933",
"text": "Aside from scientific work, he was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system (capitalism) in 19th-century Britain. His interest in natural history resulted in his being one of the first prominent scientists to raise concerns over the environmental impact of human activity. He was also a prolific author who wrote on both scientific and social issues; his account of his adventures and observations during his explorations in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia, \"The Malay Archipelago\", was both popular and highly regarded. Since its publication in 1869, it has never been a #1 bestseller.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2934",
"text": "Aside from scientific work, he was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system (capitalism) in 19th-century Britain. His interest in natural history resulted in his being one of the first prominent scientists to raise concerns over the environmental impact of human activity. He was also a prolific author who wrote on both scientific and social issues; his account of his adventures and observations during his explorations in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia, \"The Malay Archipelago\", was both popular and highly regarded. Since its publication in 1869, it has occasionally been out of print.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1922",
"text": "In the epilogue, the older Leo summarizes how profoundly the experience has affected him. Forbidding himself to think about the scandal, he had shut down his emotions and imaginative nature, leaving room only for facts. As a result, he never has been able to establish intimate relationships. Now, looking back on the events through the eyes of a mature adult, he feels it is important to return to Brandham some 50 years later in order to tie up loose ends. There he meets Marian's grandson and finds Marian herself living in her former nanny's cottage. He also learns that Lord Trimingham had married Marian and acknowledged Ted's son by her as his own. He had died in 1910, and Marcus and his elder brother were killed in World War I and Marian's son in World War II. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that there was nothing to be ashamed of in her affair with Ted Burgess.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1923",
"text": "In the epilogue, the older Leo summarizes how profoundly the experience has affected him. Forbidding himself to think about the scandal, he had shut down his emotions and imaginative nature, leaving room only for facts. As a result, he never has been able to establish intimate relationships. Now, looking back on the events through the eyes of a mature adult, he feels it is important to return to Brandham some 50 years later in order to tie up loose ends. There he meets Marian's grandson and finds Marian herself living in her former nanny's cottage. He also learns that Lord Trimingham had married Marian and acknowledged Ted's son by her as his own. He had died in 1910, and Marcus and his elder brother were killed in World War I and Marian's son in World War II. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that there was nothing to the lingering rumors of her affair with Ted Burgess.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1924",
"text": "In the epilogue, the older Leo summarizes how profoundly the experience has affected him. Forbidding himself to think about the scandal, he had shut down his emotions and imaginative nature, leaving room only for facts. As a result, he never has been able to establish intimate relationships. Now, looking back on the events through the eyes of a mature adult, he feels it is important to return to Brandham some 50 years later in order to tie up loose ends. There he meets Marian's grandson and finds Marian herself living in her former nanny's cottage. He also learns that Lord Trimingham had married Marian and acknowledged Ted's son by her as his own. He had died in 1910, and Marcus and his elder brother were killed in World War I and Marian's son in World War II. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that he should keep the shameful secret of her affair with Ted Burgess to himself, so that it can remain quietly forgotten by society.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2443",
"text": "Although Hobart itself often receives snow during the winter (the city's geographic position can send temperatures far below zero Celsius), the adjacent kunanyi/Mount Wellington is rarely seen with a snowcap in winter. Mountain snow covering has been known to occur during the other seasons. During the 20th century, the city itself has received snowfalls at sea level on average three times a year; however, outer suburbs lying higher on the slopes of Mount Wellington receive snow less often, owing to cold air masses arriving from Antarctica coupled with them resting at higher altitude. These snow-bearing winds often carry on through Tasmania and Victoria to the Snowy Mountains in northern Victoria and southern New South Wales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "643",
"text": "During Carey's career, her vocal and musical style, along with her level of success, has been compared to Whitney Houston, whom she has also cited as an influence, and Celine Dion. Carey and her peers, according to Garry Mulholland, are \"the princesses of wails [...] virtuoso vocalists who blend chart-oriented pop with mature MOR torch song.\" Author and writer Lucy O'Brien attributed the comeback of Barbra Streisand's \"old-fashioned showgirl\" to Carey and Dion, and described them and Houston as \"groomed, airbrushed and overblown to perfection.\" Carey's musical transition and use of more revealing clothing during the late 1990s were, in part, initiated to distance herself from this image, and she subsequently said that most of her early work was \"schmaltzy MOR.\" Some have noted that unlike many other artists, Carey, Houston, and Dion all write and produce their own music.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "644",
"text": "During Carey's career, her vocal and musical style, along with her level of success, has been compared to Whitney Houston, whom she has also cited as an influence, and Celine Dion. Carey and her peers, according to Garry Mulholland, are \"the princesses of wails [...] virtuoso vocalists who blend chart-oriented pop with mature MOR torch song.\" Author and writer Lucy O'Brien attributed the comeback of Barbra Streisand's \"old-fashioned showgirl\" to Carey and Dion, and described them and Houston as \"groomed, airbrushed and overblown to perfection.\" Carey's musical transition and use of more revealing clothing during the late 1990s were, in part, initiated to distance herself from this image, and she subsequently said that most of her early work was \"schmaltzy MOR.\" Some have noted that, similar to most other artists including Houston and Dion, Carey produces and writes her own music.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "726",
"text": "Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Henry fathered other, illegitimate children throughout the marriage. Eleanor appears to have taken an ambivalent attitude towards these affairs. Geoffrey of York, for example, was an illegitimate son of Henry, but acknowledged by Henry as his child and raised at Westminster in the care of the queen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "678",
"text": "Since the launch of ITV, there have been concerns from politicians and the press that ITV faced a conflict concerning programme audiences and advertisers. As advertisers are reluctant to buy advertising space around low viewing programmes, there is a pressure on ITV to broadcast more popular programmes in peak times. This has become more profound in recent years following a relaxation in regulation and significantly more competition in the advertising market following the huge increase in commercial channels. In recent years, programmes have started to dominate from the reality television genre including the celebrity and talent show subgenres. This has led to accusations of ITV 'dumbing down' their programmes and appealing to the 'lowest common denominator', accusations that are at odds with the network's status as a public service broadcaster. ITV was/is also heavily criticised for scaling back its regional programmes, including regional news, also ITV has been criticised (since 2010) for showing \"Emmerdale\" and \"Coronation Street\" at the 8:30 weekday slot (except Tuesdays).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "679",
"text": "Since the launch of ITV, there have been concerns from politicians and the press that ITV faced a conflict concerning programme audiences and advertisers. As advertisers are reluctant to buy advertising space around low viewing programmes, there is a pressure on ITV to broadcast more popular programmes in peak times. This has become more profound in recent years following a relaxation in regulation and significantly more competition in the advertising market following the huge increase in commercial channels. In recent years, programmes have started to dominate from the reality television genre including the celebrity and talent show subgenres. This has led to accusations of ITV 'dumbing down' their programmes and appealing to the 'lowest common denominator', accusations that are at odds with the network's status as a public service broadcaster. ITV was/is also heavily criticised for scaling back its regional programmes, including regional news, also ITV has been criticised (since 2010) for showing \"Emmerdale\" and \"Coronation Street\" at the 8:30 weekday slot ( except some Tuesdays).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "680",
"text": "Since the launch of ITV, there have been concerns from politicians and the press that ITV faced a conflict concerning programme audiences and advertisers. As advertisers are reluctant to buy advertising space around low viewing programmes, there is a pressure on ITV to broadcast more popular programmes in peak times. This has become more profound in recent years following a relaxation in regulation and significantly more competition in the advertising market following the huge increase in commercial channels. In recent years, programmes have started to dominate from the reality television genre including the celebrity and talent show subgenres. This has led to accusations of ITV 'dumbing down' their programmes and appealing to the 'lowest common denominator', accusations that are at odds with the network's status as a public service broadcaster. ITV was/is also heavily criticised for scaling back its regional programmes, including regional news, also ITV has been criticised (since 2010) for showing \"Emmerdale\" and \"Coronation Street\" at the 8:30 weekday slot ( even Tuesdays).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "610",
"text": "In the early 1990s, Gonzalo Garcia-Pelayo believed that casino roulette wheels were not perfectly random, and that by recording the results and analysing them with a computer, he could gain an edge on the house by predicting that certain numbers were more likely to occur next than the 1-in-36 odds offered by the house suggested. This he did at the Casino de Madrid in Madrid, Spain, winning 600,000 euros in a single day, and one million euros in total. He was unsuccessful in defending himself in the face of legal action by the casino, however, and had to return his winnings after the court ruled that he had taken advantage of the casino's broken wheel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "767",
"text": "The end of the long-held animosity between Moscow and Beijing was marked by the visit to China by Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in 1989. After the 1991 demise of the Soviet Union, China's relations with Russia and the former states of the Soviet Union became more amicable as the conflicting ideologies of the two vast nations no longer stood in the way. A new round of bilateral agreements was signed during reciprocal head of state visits. As in the early 1950s with the Soviet Union, Russia has again become an important source of military technology for China, as well as for raw materials and trade. Friendly relations with Russia have been an important advantage for China, complementing its strong ties with the U.S.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1314",
"text": "The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200 000 IU) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age. Zinc supplementation in children with measles has been shown to affect outcomes in some studies, but is unclear to what extent as it has not been sufficiently studied. There are no adequate studies on whether Chinese medicinal herbs are effective.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3577",
"text": "Between 1815 and 1914, the Navy saw serious action, owing to the presence of several opponents strong enough to challenge its dominance. During this period, naval warfare underwent a comprehensive transformation, brought about by steam propulsion, metal ship construction, and explosive munitions. Despite having to completely replace its war fleet, the Navy managed to maintain its overwhelming advantage over all potential rivals. Due to British leadership in the Industrial Revolution, the country enjoyed unparalleled shipbuilding capacity and financial resources, which ensured that no rival could take advantage of these revolutionary changes to negate the British advantage in ship numbers. In 1889, Parliament passed the Naval Defence Act, which formally adopted the 'two-power standard', which stipulated that the Royal Navy should maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies. The end of the 19th century saw structural changes and older vessels were scrapped or placed into reserve, making funds and manpower available for newer ships. The launch of in 1906 rendered all existing battleships obsolete.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3575",
"text": "Between 1815 and 1914, the Navy saw little serious action, owing to the absence of any opponent strong enough to challenge its dominance. During this period, naval warfare underwent a comprehensive transformation, brought about by steam propulsion, metal ship construction, and explosive munitions. Despite having to completely replace its war fleet, the Navy managed to maintain its overwhelming advantage over all potential rivals. Due to British leadership in the Industrial Revolution, the country enjoyed unparalleled shipbuilding capacity and financial resources, which ensured that no rival could take advantage of these revolutionary changes to negate the British advantage in ship numbers. In 1889, Parliament passed the Naval Defence Act, which formally adopted the 'two-power standard', which stipulated that the Royal Navy should maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies. The end of the 19th century saw structural changes and older vessels were scrapped or placed into reserve, making funds and manpower available for newer ships. The launch of in 1906 rendered all existing battleships obsolete.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3576",
"text": "Between 1815 and 1914, the Navy saw little serious action, owing to the lack of any opponent strong enough to challenge its dominance and leading to an absence in naval developments. During this period, naval warfare underwent a few transformations brought about by steam powered ships. Despite having to completely replace its war fleet, the Navy managed to maintain its overwhelming advantage over all potential rivals. Due to British leadership in the Industrial Revolution, the country enjoyed unparalleled shipbuilding capacity and financial resources, which ensured that no rival could take advantage of these revolutionary changes to negate the British advantage in ship numbers. In 1889, Parliament passed the Naval Defence Act, which formally adopted the 'two-power standard', which stipulated that the Royal Navy should maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies. The end of the 19th century saw structural changes and older vessels were scrapped or placed into reserve, making funds and manpower available for newer ships. The launch of in 1906 rendered all existing battleships obsolete.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1027",
"text": "The debate is referenced in \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\", when the episode host, Troy McClure is answering viewer questions, and one that is asked is \"What is the real deal with Mr. Burns' assistant Smithers? You know what I'm talking about.\" A montage of various clips that shows Smithers' slavish respect for Mr. Burns follows, and in the end, McClure says \"as you can see, the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he's Mr. Burns' assistant. He's in his early forties, currently resides in Springfield, and has been unmarried since his wife Maude died in a tragic accident. Thanks for writing!\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3132",
"text": "Lee also received reinforcements. Confederate President Jefferson Davis directed Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke, over 7,000 men, from below the James River. (The first troops of Hoke's division arrived at Old Cold Harbor on May 31, but were unable to prevent the Union cavalry from seizing the intersection.) With these additional troops, and by managing to replace many of his 20,000 casualties to that point in the campaign, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had 59,000 men to contend with Meade's and Grant's 108,000. But the disparity in numbers was no longer what it had been—Grant's reinforcements were often raw recruits and heavy artillery troops, pulled from the defenses of Washington, D.C., who were relatively inexperienced in infantry tactics, while most of Lee's had been veterans moved from inactive fronts, and who were soon entrenched in impressive fortifications.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3133",
"text": "Lee also received reinforcements. Confederate President Jefferson Davis directed Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke, over 7,000 men, from below the James River. (The first troops of Hoke's division were unable to arrive at Old Cold Harbor on May 31, thus preventing the Union cavalry from seizing the intersection.) With these additional troops, and by managing to replace many of his 20,000 casualties to that point in the campaign, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had 59,000 men to contend with Meade's and Grant's 108,000. But the disparity in numbers was no longer what it had been—Grant's reinforcements were often raw recruits and heavy artillery troops, pulled from the defenses of Washington, D.C., who were relatively inexperienced in infantry tactics, while most of Lee's had been veterans moved from inactive fronts, and who were soon entrenched in impressive fortifications.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What painting's popularity has often been contested and taken advantage of by avant-garde artists?
|
98-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1414",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made deliberate attempts to challenge the Mona Lisa's popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1412",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made note of the \"Mona Lisa\"s undeniable popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "98-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1412"
],
"pos_docid": "1414"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1413",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made note of the \"Mona Lisa\"s popularity, though they make pains to point out that the artistic talent therein is far from undeniable. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1412",
"text": "The avant-garde art world has made note of the \"Mona Lisa\"s undeniable popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. In 1883, \"Le rire,\" an image of a \"Mona Lisa\" smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created \"L.H.O.O.Q.\", a \"Mona Lisa\" parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3751",
"text": "When Diego refused to remove Lenin from the painting, he was ordered to leave the US. One of Diego's assistants managed to take a few photographs of the work so Diego was able to later recreate it. American poet Archibald MacLeish wrote six \"irony-laden\" poems about the mural. \"The New Yorker\" magazine published E. B. White's light poem, \"I paint what I see: A ballad of artistic integrity\", also in response to the controversy with number of sponsors taking offense to it.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3752",
"text": "When Diego removed Lenin from the painting, he refused to leave the US. One of Diego's assistants managed to take a few photographs of the work so Diego was able to later recreate it. American poet Archibald MacLeish wrote six \"irony-laden\" poems about the mural. \"The New Yorker\" magazine published E. B. White's light poem, \"I paint what I see: A ballad of artistic integrity\", also in response to the controversy with number of sponsors taking offense to it.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3753",
"text": "When Diego agreed to remove Lenin from the painting, he was not ordered to leave the US. One of Diego's assistants managed to take a few photographs of the work so Diego was able to later recreate it. American poet Archibald MacLeish wrote six \"irony-laden\" poems about the mural. \"The New Yorker\" magazine published E. B. White's light poem, \"I paint what I see: A ballad of artistic integrity\", also in response to the controversy with number of sponsors taking offense to it.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3314",
"text": "Ice dance, like pair skating, has its roots in the \"combined skating\" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate waltzes, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American Jackson Haines, known as \"the Father of Figure Skating\", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted informal dance contests. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3315",
"text": "Ice dance, like pair skating, has its roots in the \"combined skating\" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate waltzes, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American Jackson Haines, known as \"the Father of Figure Skating\", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily an informal recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted sanctioned, official dance contests. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3316",
"text": "Ice dance, like pair skating, has its roots in the \"combined skating\" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate waltzes, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American Jackson Haines, known as \"the Father of Figure Skating\", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, lacking in rules or standards, although during the 1920s, local clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted dance contests that were formally organized and structured. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2169",
"text": "Other groups of artists expressed feelings that verged on the mystical, many largely abandoning classical drawing and proportions. These included William Blake and Samuel Palmer and the other members of the Ancients in England, and in Germany Philipp Otto Runge. Like Friedrich, all of these artists had significant influence after their deaths for the rest of the 19th century, and were 20th-century discoveries, as Blake was always known as a poet, and Norway's leading painter Johan Christian Dahl was heavily influenced by Friedrich. The Rome-based Nazarene movement of German artists, active from 1810, took a very different path, concentrating on medievalizing history paintings with religious and nationalist themes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2167",
"text": "Other groups of artists expressed feelings that verged on the mystical, many largely abandoning classical drawing and proportions. These included William Blake and Samuel Palmer and the other members of the Ancients in England, and in Germany Philipp Otto Runge. Like Friedrich, none of these artists had significant influence after their deaths for the rest of the 19th century, and were 20th-century rediscoveries from obscurity, though Blake was always known as a poet, and Norway's leading painter Johan Christian Dahl was heavily influenced by Friedrich. The Rome-based Nazarene movement of German artists, active from 1810, took a very different path, concentrating on medievalizing history paintings with religious and nationalist themes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2168",
"text": "Other groups of artists expressed feelings that verged on the mystical, many largely abandoning classical drawing and proportions. These included William Blake and Samuel Palmer and the other members of the Ancients in England, and in Germany Philipp Otto Runge. Like Friedrich, none of the deaths of these artists led to any significant influence for the rest of the 19th century, and were 20th-century rediscoveries from obscurity, though Blake was always known as a poet, and Norway's leading painter Johan Christian Dahl was heavily influenced by Friedrich. The Rome-based Nazarene movement of German artists, active from 1810, took a very different path, concentrating on medievalizing history paintings with religious and nationalist themes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1056",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, it is not uncommon for specific icons to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1058",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, outside of the Eastern Orthodox church, it is extremely rare for specific icons themselves to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1057",
"text": "In the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition there are reports of particular, wonderworking icons that exude myrrh (fragrant, healing oil), or perform miracles upon petition by believers. When such reports are verified by the Orthodox hierarchy, they are understood as miracles performed by God through the prayers of the saint, rather than being magical properties of the painted wood itself. Theologically, all icons are considered to be sacred, and are miraculous by nature, being a means of spiritual communion between the heavenly and earthly realms. However, even outside of the Eastern Orthodox church, it is highly uncommon for specific icons themselves to be characterised as \"miracle-working\", meaning that God has chosen to glorify them by working miracles through them. Such icons, when they do occur, are often given particular names (especially those of the Virgin Mary), and even taken from city to city where believers gather to venerate them and pray before them. Islands like that of Tinos are renowned for possessing such \"miraculous\" icons, and are visited every year by thousands of pilgrims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1229",
"text": "Overall, Sanchez described Castro as a compulsive lover or \"womanizer\"; he has been officially married twice but has carried on numerous affairs, including many one-night stands. Popular with women and often recognized as a sex symbol in Cuba, Castro never had difficulty in finding love and seduction, and Sanchez denies that Castro ever engaged in any unusual or un-consensual behavior. Castro was also described as a poor father; often absent from their lives, he had little interest in the activities of his children and was more interested in his work. Raul, who had much more stronger paternal feelings towards his family, was often the one who played the role of surrogate father to Castro's children, in particular Fidelito and Alina.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1230",
"text": "Overall, Sanchez described Castro as a compulsive lover or \"womanizer\"; he has been officially married twice but has carried on numerous affairs, including many one-night stands. Popular with women and often recognized as a sex symbol in Cuba, Castro never had difficulty in finding love and seduction, and Sanchez denies that Castro ever engaged in any unusual or un-consensual behavior. Castro was also described as a poor father, having had little interest in the activities of his children because he was more interested in his work, even if he was rarely physically absent from the family home. Raul, who had much more stronger paternal feelings towards his family, was often the one who played the role of surrogate father to Castro's children, in particular Fidelito and Alina.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1231",
"text": "Overall, Sanchez described Castro as a compulsive lover or \"womanizer\"; he has been officially married twice but has carried on numerous affairs, including many one-night stands. Popular with women and often recognized as a sex symbol in Cuba, Castro never had difficulty in finding love and seduction, and Sanchez denies that Castro ever engaged in any unusual or un-consensual behavior. Castro was also described as a poor father; he had little interest in the activities of his children and was more interested in his work even when he was at home, or otherwise keeping up the appearance of a devoted family man. Raul, who had much more stronger paternal feelings towards his family, was often the one who played the role of surrogate father to Castro's children, in particular Fidelito and Alina.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "765",
"text": "The end of the long-held animosity between Moscow and Beijing was marked by the visit to China by Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in 1989. After the 1991 demise of the Soviet Union, China's relations with Russia and the former states of the Soviet Union became more amicable as the conflicting ideologies of the two vast nations no longer stood in the way. A new round of bilateral agreements was signed during reciprocal head of state visits. As in the early 1950s with the Soviet Union, Russia has again become an important source of military technology for China, as well as for raw materials and trade. Friendly relations with Russia have been an important advantage for China, offsetting its often uneasy relations with the U.S.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2791",
"text": "The ballad was taken to Australia by early settlers from Britain and Ireland and gained particular foothold in the rural outback. The rhyming songs, poems and tales written in the form of ballads often relate to the itinerant and rebellious spirit of Australia in The Bush, and the authors and performers are often referred to as bush bards. The 19th century was the golden age of bush ballads. Several collectors have catalogued the songs including John Meredith whose recording in the 1950s became the basis of the collection in the National Library of Australia. The songs tell personal stories of life in the wide open country of Australia. Typical subjects include mining, raising and droving cattle, sheep shearing, wanderings, war stories, the 1891 Australian shearers' strike, class conflicts between the landless working class and the squatters (landowners), and outlaws such as Ned Kelly, as well as love interests and more modern fare such as trucking. The most famous bush ballad is \"Waltzing Matilda\", which has been called \"the unofficial national anthem of Australia\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2792",
"text": "The ballad was taken to Australia by early settlers from Britain and Ireland and gained particular foothold in the rural outback. The rhyming songs, poems and tales written in the form of ballads often relate to the itinerant and rebellious spirit of Australia in The Bush, and the authors and performers are often referred to as bush bards. The 19th century was the golden age of bush ballads. Several collectors have catalogued the songs including John Meredith whose recording in the 1950s became the basis of the collection in the National Library of Australia. The songs tell personal stories of life in the wide open country of Australia. Typical subjects include mining, raising and droving cattle, sheep shearing, wanderings, war stories, the 1891 Australian shearers' strike, class conflicts between the landless working class and the squatters (landowners), and outlaws such as Ned Kelly, as well as love interests and more modern fare such as trucking. The most famous bush ballad is \"Waltzing Matilda\", and it has been given formal national-anthem status in Australia after decades of being considered an unofficial anthem.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2793",
"text": "The ballad was taken to Australia by early settlers from Britain and Ireland and gained particular foothold in the rural outback. The rhyming songs, poems and tales written in the form of ballads often relate to the itinerant and rebellious spirit of Australia in The Bush, and the authors and performers are often referred to as bush bards. The 19th century was the golden age of bush ballads. Several collectors have catalogued the songs including John Meredith whose recording in the 1950s became the basis of the collection in the National Library of Australia. The songs tell personal stories of life in the wide open country of Australia. Typical subjects include mining, raising and droving cattle, sheep shearing, wanderings, war stories, the 1891 Australian shearers' strike, class conflicts between the landless working class and the squatters (landowners), and outlaws such as Ned Kelly, as well as love interests and more modern fare such as trucking. The most famous bush ballad is \"Waltzing Matilda\", which has been officially recognized as one of Australia's national anthems.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2059",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most famous unknown artist: everybody knows her name, but nobody knows what she does\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2060",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's least-known famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but nobody knows her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2061",
"text": "John Lennon once described his wife as \"the world's most unlikely famous artist: everybody knows what she does, but only because they know her name\". Her circle of friends in the New York art world has included Kate Millett, Nam June Paik, Dan Richter, Jonas Mekas, Merce Cunningham, Judith Malina, Erica Abeel, Fred DeAsis, Peggy Guggenheim, Betty Rollin, Shusaku Arakawa, Adrian Morris, Stefan Wolpe, Keith Haring, and Andy Warhol (she was one of the speakers at Warhol's 1987 funeral), as well as George Maciunas and La Monte Young. In addition to Mekas, Maciunas, Young, and Warhol, she has also collaborated with DeAsis, Yvonne Rainer, and Zbigniew Rybczyński.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2178",
"text": "Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. An advantage with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are still able to be immunised, but this advantage may be moot as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2338",
"text": "In his later years, his mythological paintings became more somber, and often introduced the symbols of mortality and death. The last painting he was working on before his death was \"Apollo in love with Daphne\", which he presented to his patron, the future Cardinal Massimi, in 1665. The figures on the left of the canvas, around Apollo, largely represented vitality and life, while those on the right, around Daphne, were symbols of sterility and death. He was unable to complete the painting because of the trembling of his hand, and the figures on the right are unfinished.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2339",
"text": "In his later years, his mythological paintings became more somber, and often introduced the symbols of mortality and death. The last painting he was working on before his death was \"Apollo in love with Daphne\", which he presented to his patron, the future Cardinal Massimi, in 1665. The figures on the left of the canvas, around Apollo, largely represented vitality and life, while those on the right, around Daphne, were symbols of sterility and death. He was unable to complete the painting because of the trembling of his hand, and the figures on the right were finished by his apprentice.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2340",
"text": "In his later years, his mythological paintings became more somber, and often introduced the symbols of mortality and death. The last painting he was working on before his death was \"Apollo in love with Daphne\", which he presented to his patron, the future Cardinal Massimi, in 1665. The figures on the left of the canvas, around Apollo, largely represented vitality and life, while those on the right, around Daphne, were symbols of sterility and death. He was unable to complete the painting easily because of the trembling of his hand, and the figures on the right were finished at a much slower pace than the rest of the work.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2932",
"text": "Aside from scientific work, he was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system (capitalism) in 19th-century Britain. His interest in natural history resulted in his being one of the first prominent scientists to raise concerns over the environmental impact of human activity. He was also a prolific author who wrote on both scientific and social issues; his account of his adventures and observations during his explorations in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia, \"The Malay Archipelago\", was both popular and highly regarded. Since its publication in 1869, it has never been out of print.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2933",
"text": "Aside from scientific work, he was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system (capitalism) in 19th-century Britain. His interest in natural history resulted in his being one of the first prominent scientists to raise concerns over the environmental impact of human activity. He was also a prolific author who wrote on both scientific and social issues; his account of his adventures and observations during his explorations in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia, \"The Malay Archipelago\", was both popular and highly regarded. Since its publication in 1869, it has never been a #1 bestseller.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2934",
"text": "Aside from scientific work, he was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system (capitalism) in 19th-century Britain. His interest in natural history resulted in his being one of the first prominent scientists to raise concerns over the environmental impact of human activity. He was also a prolific author who wrote on both scientific and social issues; his account of his adventures and observations during his explorations in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia, \"The Malay Archipelago\", was both popular and highly regarded. Since its publication in 1869, it has occasionally been out of print.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1582",
"text": "The nineteenth series of \"Big Brother UK\" saw the adaption of the \"Game Changer\" competition which is very similar to the Power of Veto competition. The winner of this competition has the opportunity to save a nominee from eviction. Like the PoV, there are six people that play in the \"Game Changer\" competition. The process of how the contestants are chosen is different as the people who have been nominated play in the competition along with the richest housemate. If there are empty left in the competition, then the richest housemate hand picks who will playing in that weeks \"Game Changer\" competition. The winner of the competition, like the PoV, has the option to save housemate from eviction for the week or not use the power at all. Unlike the PoV however, if the winner does save someone then no replacement nominee was named leaving the remaining nominees up for eviction and facing the public vote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1584",
"text": "The nineteenth series of \"Big Brother UK\" saw the adaption of the \"Game Changer\" competition which is very similar to the Power of Veto competition. The winner of this competition has the opportunity to save a nominee from eviction. Like the PoV, there are six people that play in the \"Game Changer\" competition. The process of how the contestants are chosen is different as the people who have been nominated play in the competition along with the richest housemate. If there are empty left in the competition, then the richest housemate hand picks who will playing in that weeks \"Game Changer\" competition. The winner of the competition, like the PoV, has to save housemate from eviction and must use the power immediately. Unlike the PoV however, if the winner does save someone then no replacement nominee was named leaving the remaining nominees up for eviction and facing the public vote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "294",
"text": "Bolesław I had taken control of the marches of Lusatia (Łużyce), Sorbian Meissen (Miśnia), and the cities of Budziszyn (Bautzen) and Meissen in 1002, and refused to pay the tribute to the Empire from the conquered territories. Bolesław, after the Polish-German War (1002–1018), signed the Peace of Bautzen on 30 January 1018, which made Bolesław I a clear winner. The Polish ruler was able to keep the contested marches of Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen not as fiefs, but as part of Polish territory. The Polish prince Mieszko destroyed about 100 Sorbian villages in 1030 and expelled Sorbians from urban areas, with the exception of fishermen and carpenters who were allowed to live in the outskirts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "295",
"text": "Bolesław I had taken control of the marches of Lusatia (Łużyce), Sorbian Meissen (Miśnia), and the cities of Budziszyn (Bautzen) and Meissen in 1002, but only refused to pay the tribute to the Empire from Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen. Bolesław, after the Polish-German War (1002–1018), signed the Peace of Bautzen on 30 January 1018, which made Bolesław I a clear winner. The Polish ruler was able to keep the contested marches of Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen not as fiefs, but as part of Polish territory. The Polish prince Mieszko destroyed about 100 Sorbian villages in 1030 and expelled Sorbians from urban areas, with the exception of fishermen and carpenters who were allowed to live in the outskirts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "296",
"text": "Bolesław I had taken control of the marches of Lusatia (Łużyce), Sorbian Meissen (Miśnia), and the cities of Budziszyn (Bautzen) and Meissen in 1002, and agreed to pay the tribute to the Empire from the conquered territories. Bolesław, after the Polish-German War (1002–1018), signed the Peace of Bautzen on 30 January 1018, which made Bolesław I a clear winner. The Polish ruler was able to keep the contested marches of Lusatia and Sorbian Meissen not as fiefs, but as part of Polish territory. The Polish prince Mieszko destroyed about 100 Sorbian villages in 1030 and expelled Sorbians from urban areas, with the exception of fishermen and carpenters who were allowed to live in the outskirts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2443",
"text": "Although Hobart itself often receives snow during the winter (the city's geographic position can send temperatures far below zero Celsius), the adjacent kunanyi/Mount Wellington is rarely seen with a snowcap in winter. Mountain snow covering has been known to occur during the other seasons. During the 20th century, the city itself has received snowfalls at sea level on average three times a year; however, outer suburbs lying higher on the slopes of Mount Wellington receive snow less often, owing to cold air masses arriving from Antarctica coupled with them resting at higher altitude. These snow-bearing winds often carry on through Tasmania and Victoria to the Snowy Mountains in northern Victoria and southern New South Wales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "643",
"text": "During Carey's career, her vocal and musical style, along with her level of success, has been compared to Whitney Houston, whom she has also cited as an influence, and Celine Dion. Carey and her peers, according to Garry Mulholland, are \"the princesses of wails [...] virtuoso vocalists who blend chart-oriented pop with mature MOR torch song.\" Author and writer Lucy O'Brien attributed the comeback of Barbra Streisand's \"old-fashioned showgirl\" to Carey and Dion, and described them and Houston as \"groomed, airbrushed and overblown to perfection.\" Carey's musical transition and use of more revealing clothing during the late 1990s were, in part, initiated to distance herself from this image, and she subsequently said that most of her early work was \"schmaltzy MOR.\" Some have noted that unlike many other artists, Carey, Houston, and Dion all write and produce their own music.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "644",
"text": "During Carey's career, her vocal and musical style, along with her level of success, has been compared to Whitney Houston, whom she has also cited as an influence, and Celine Dion. Carey and her peers, according to Garry Mulholland, are \"the princesses of wails [...] virtuoso vocalists who blend chart-oriented pop with mature MOR torch song.\" Author and writer Lucy O'Brien attributed the comeback of Barbra Streisand's \"old-fashioned showgirl\" to Carey and Dion, and described them and Houston as \"groomed, airbrushed and overblown to perfection.\" Carey's musical transition and use of more revealing clothing during the late 1990s were, in part, initiated to distance herself from this image, and she subsequently said that most of her early work was \"schmaltzy MOR.\" Some have noted that, similar to most other artists including Houston and Dion, Carey produces and writes her own music.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1881",
"text": "The concept of picking players and running a contest based on their year-to-date stats has been around since shortly after World War II. One of the earliest published accounts of fantasy sports involved Oakland businessman and one time Oakland Raiders limited partner Wilfred \"Bill\" Winkenbach. He devised fantasy golf in the later part of the 1950s. Each player selected a team of professional golfers and the person with the lowest combined total of strokes at the end of the tournament would win. Golf is a simple fantasy game to administer and keep tabs on, since each participant is concerned only with the scores of his or her team members without anything else to complicate it. However, it was never organized into a widespread hobby or formal business.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1882",
"text": "The concept of picking players and running a contest based on their year-to-date stats has been around since shortly after World War II. One of the earliest published accounts of fantasy sports involved Oakland businessman and one time Oakland Raiders limited partner Wilfred \"Bill\" Winkenbach. He devised fantasy golf in the later part of the 1950s. Each player selected a team of professional golfers and the person with the lowest combined total of strokes at the end of the tournament would win. Golf is a simple fantasy game to administer and keep tabs on, since each participant is concerned only with the scores of his or her team members without anything else to complicate it. It was organized into a formal business, but never became a widespread hobby.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1883",
"text": "The concept of picking players and running a contest based on their year-to-date stats has been around since shortly after World War II. One of the earliest published accounts of fantasy sports involved Oakland businessman and one time Oakland Raiders limited partner Wilfred \"Bill\" Winkenbach. He devised fantasy golf in the later part of the 1950s. Each player selected a team of professional golfers and the person with the lowest combined total of strokes at the end of the tournament would win. Golf is a simple fantasy game to administer and keep tabs on, since each participant is concerned only with the scores of his or her team members without anything else to complicate it. It was eventually organized into a widespread hobby and formal business.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "678",
"text": "Since the launch of ITV, there have been concerns from politicians and the press that ITV faced a conflict concerning programme audiences and advertisers. As advertisers are reluctant to buy advertising space around low viewing programmes, there is a pressure on ITV to broadcast more popular programmes in peak times. This has become more profound in recent years following a relaxation in regulation and significantly more competition in the advertising market following the huge increase in commercial channels. In recent years, programmes have started to dominate from the reality television genre including the celebrity and talent show subgenres. This has led to accusations of ITV 'dumbing down' their programmes and appealing to the 'lowest common denominator', accusations that are at odds with the network's status as a public service broadcaster. ITV was/is also heavily criticised for scaling back its regional programmes, including regional news, also ITV has been criticised (since 2010) for showing \"Emmerdale\" and \"Coronation Street\" at the 8:30 weekday slot (except Tuesdays).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "679",
"text": "Since the launch of ITV, there have been concerns from politicians and the press that ITV faced a conflict concerning programme audiences and advertisers. As advertisers are reluctant to buy advertising space around low viewing programmes, there is a pressure on ITV to broadcast more popular programmes in peak times. This has become more profound in recent years following a relaxation in regulation and significantly more competition in the advertising market following the huge increase in commercial channels. In recent years, programmes have started to dominate from the reality television genre including the celebrity and talent show subgenres. This has led to accusations of ITV 'dumbing down' their programmes and appealing to the 'lowest common denominator', accusations that are at odds with the network's status as a public service broadcaster. ITV was/is also heavily criticised for scaling back its regional programmes, including regional news, also ITV has been criticised (since 2010) for showing \"Emmerdale\" and \"Coronation Street\" at the 8:30 weekday slot ( except some Tuesdays).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "680",
"text": "Since the launch of ITV, there have been concerns from politicians and the press that ITV faced a conflict concerning programme audiences and advertisers. As advertisers are reluctant to buy advertising space around low viewing programmes, there is a pressure on ITV to broadcast more popular programmes in peak times. This has become more profound in recent years following a relaxation in regulation and significantly more competition in the advertising market following the huge increase in commercial channels. In recent years, programmes have started to dominate from the reality television genre including the celebrity and talent show subgenres. This has led to accusations of ITV 'dumbing down' their programmes and appealing to the 'lowest common denominator', accusations that are at odds with the network's status as a public service broadcaster. ITV was/is also heavily criticised for scaling back its regional programmes, including regional news, also ITV has been criticised (since 2010) for showing \"Emmerdale\" and \"Coronation Street\" at the 8:30 weekday slot ( even Tuesdays).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1583",
"text": "The nineteenth series of \"Big Brother UK\" saw the adaption of the \"Game Changer\" competition which is very similar to the Power of Veto competition. The winner of this competition has the opportunity to save a nominee from eviction. Like the PoV, there are six people that play in the \"Game Changer\" competition. The process of how the contestants are chosen is different as the people who have been nominated play in the competition along with the richest housemate. If there are empty left in the competition, then the richest housemate hand picks who will playing in that weeks \"Game Changer\" competition. The winner of the competition, like the PoV, does not have the option to save housemate from eviction for the current week, but can use the power the next week. Unlike the PoV however, if the winner does save someone then no replacement nominee was named leaving the remaining nominees up for eviction and facing the public vote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "610",
"text": "In the early 1990s, Gonzalo Garcia-Pelayo believed that casino roulette wheels were not perfectly random, and that by recording the results and analysing them with a computer, he could gain an edge on the house by predicting that certain numbers were more likely to occur next than the 1-in-36 odds offered by the house suggested. This he did at the Casino de Madrid in Madrid, Spain, winning 600,000 euros in a single day, and one million euros in total. He was unsuccessful in defending himself in the face of legal action by the casino, however, and had to return his winnings after the court ruled that he had taken advantage of the casino's broken wheel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "767",
"text": "The end of the long-held animosity between Moscow and Beijing was marked by the visit to China by Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in 1989. After the 1991 demise of the Soviet Union, China's relations with Russia and the former states of the Soviet Union became more amicable as the conflicting ideologies of the two vast nations no longer stood in the way. A new round of bilateral agreements was signed during reciprocal head of state visits. As in the early 1950s with the Soviet Union, Russia has again become an important source of military technology for China, as well as for raw materials and trade. Friendly relations with Russia have been an important advantage for China, complementing its strong ties with the U.S.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1314",
"text": "The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200 000 IU) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age. Zinc supplementation in children with measles has been shown to affect outcomes in some studies, but is unclear to what extent as it has not been sufficiently studied. There are no adequate studies on whether Chinese medicinal herbs are effective.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3577",
"text": "Between 1815 and 1914, the Navy saw serious action, owing to the presence of several opponents strong enough to challenge its dominance. During this period, naval warfare underwent a comprehensive transformation, brought about by steam propulsion, metal ship construction, and explosive munitions. Despite having to completely replace its war fleet, the Navy managed to maintain its overwhelming advantage over all potential rivals. Due to British leadership in the Industrial Revolution, the country enjoyed unparalleled shipbuilding capacity and financial resources, which ensured that no rival could take advantage of these revolutionary changes to negate the British advantage in ship numbers. In 1889, Parliament passed the Naval Defence Act, which formally adopted the 'two-power standard', which stipulated that the Royal Navy should maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies. The end of the 19th century saw structural changes and older vessels were scrapped or placed into reserve, making funds and manpower available for newer ships. The launch of in 1906 rendered all existing battleships obsolete.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What type of berries are not frozen immediately?
|
988-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1415",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1416",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are intact instead of bruised and can immediately be frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines. ",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "988-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1416"
],
"pos_docid": "1415"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1416",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are intact instead of bruised and can immediately be frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines. ",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1417",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails lower labor costs and higher yield, but dry-picked berries are more bruised and cannot be sold as fresh fruit but must be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines. ",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1003",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this was never a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard occasionally drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard often drastically altered their style, but, never wanting to be like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "906",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"No, sir.... Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect, but not wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "907",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Yes, sir.... wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps wittingly collect, but not inadvertently .\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "908",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Maybe, sir.... even wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps collect wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2038",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization is unknown, but songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2039",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization or songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls for unknown purposes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2040",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalizations are widely known: songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "577",
"text": "On 25 May 1997, Bohumil Šole, a scientist who claimed to have been involved with inventing Semtex, committed suicide at a spa in Jeseník by blowing himself up with explosives. Šole, 63, was being treated there for psychological problems. While it was unclear what explosives were used in the immediate aftermath, a forensic investigation discovered that he had constructed a crude, yet effective, pressure-cooker bomb. Twenty other people were hurt in the explosion, while six were seriously injured. According to the manufacturer, Explosia, he was not a member of the team that developed the explosive in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3421",
"text": "Basic syntactic construction is subject–object–verb (unlike Spanish, French or English where a subject–verb–object construction is more common). The order of the phrases within a sentence can be changed with thematic purposes, whereas the order of the words within a phrase is usually rigid. As a matter of fact, Basque phrase order is topic–focus, meaning that in neutral sentences (such as sentences to inform someone of a fact or event) the topic is stated first, then the focus. In such sentences, the verb phrase comes at the end. In brief, the focus directly precedes the verb phrase. This rule is also applied in questions, for instance, \"What is this?\" can be translated as \"Zer da hau?\" or \"Hau zer da?\", but in both cases the question tag \"zer\" immediately precedes the verb \"da\". This rule is so important in Basque that, even in grammatical descriptions of Basque in other languages, the Basque word \"galdegai\" (focus) is used.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3422",
"text": "Basic syntactic construction is subject–object–verb in Spanish and French, unlike English where a subject–verb–object construction is more common. The order of the phrases within a sentence can be changed with thematic purposes, whereas the order of the words within a phrase is usually rigid. As a matter of fact, Basque phrase order is topic–focus, meaning that in neutral sentences (such as sentences to inform someone of a fact or event) the topic is stated first, then the focus. In such sentences, the verb phrase comes at the end. In brief, the focus directly precedes the verb phrase. This rule is also applied in questions, for instance, \"What is this?\" can be translated as \"Zer da hau?\" or \"Hau zer da?\", but in both cases the question tag \"zer\" immediately precedes the verb \"da\". This rule is so important in Basque that, even in grammatical descriptions of Basque in other languages, the Basque word \"galdegai\" (focus) is used.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3423",
"text": "Basic syntactic construction is subject–object–verb in Spanish, French and English whereas the subject–verb–object construction is fairly uncommon. The order of the phrases within a sentence can be changed with thematic purposes, whereas the order of the words within a phrase is usually rigid. As a matter of fact, Basque phrase order is topic–focus, meaning that in neutral sentences (such as sentences to inform someone of a fact or event) the topic is stated first, then the focus. In such sentences, the verb phrase comes at the end. In brief, the focus directly precedes the verb phrase. This rule is also applied in questions, for instance, \"What is this?\" can be translated as \"Zer da hau?\" or \"Hau zer da?\", but in both cases the question tag \"zer\" immediately precedes the verb \"da\". This rule is so important in Basque that, even in grammatical descriptions of Basque in other languages, the Basque word \"galdegai\" (focus) is used.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2495",
"text": "In Poland and Germany, chives are served with quark. Chives are one of the \"fines herbes\" of French cuisine, the others being tarragon, chervil and parsley. Chives can be found fresh at most markets year-round, making them readily available; they can also be dry-frozen without much impairment to the taste, giving home growers the opportunity to store large quantities harvested from their own gardens.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2496",
"text": "In Poland and Germany, chives are served with quark. Chives are one of the \"fines herbes\" of French cuisine, the others being tarragon, chervil and parsley. Chives can be found fresh at most markets year-round, making them readily available; they can also be dry-frozen without any noticeable impairment to the taste, giving home growers the opportunity to store large quantities harvested from their own gardens.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2497",
"text": "In Poland and Germany, chives are served with quark. Chives are one of the \"fines herbes\" of French cuisine, the others being tarragon, chervil and parsley. Chives can be found fresh at most markets year-round, making them readily available; they can also be dry-frozen, which causes impairment to the taste, but still gives home growers the opportunity to store large quantities harvested from their own gardens.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2011",
"text": "Environment and situation are the crucial factors that determine how corpses decay. For instance, corpses will decay differently depending on the weather, the way they are buried, and the medium in which they are buried. Peat slows the decay of corpses. It was feared that, once Lindow Man was removed from that environment, which had preserved the body for nearly 2,000 years, the remains would rapidly start to deteriorate, so steps were taken to ensure preservation. After rejecting methods that had been used to maintain the integrity of other bog bodies, such as the \"pit-tanning\" used on Grauballe Man, which took a year and a half, scientists settled on freeze-drying. In preparation, the body was covered in a solution of 15% polyethylene glycol 400 and 85% water to prevent its becoming distorted. The body was then frozen solid and the ice vaporised to ensure Lindow Man did not shrink. Afterwards, Lindow Man was put in a specially constructed display case to control the environment, maintaining the temperature at and the humidity at 55%.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2012",
"text": "Environment and situation are the crucial factors that determine how corpses decay. For instance, corpses will decay differently depending on the weather, the way they are buried, and the medium in which they are buried. Peat slows the decay of corpses. It was feared that, once Lindow Man was removed from that environment, which had preserved the body for nearly 2,000 ;years, the remains would rapidly start to deteriorate, so steps were taken to ensure preservation. After rejecting methods that had been used to maintain the integrity of other bog bodies, such as the \"pit-tanning\" used on Grauballe Man, which took a year and a half, scientists settled on freeze-drying. In preparation, the body was covered in a solution of 15% polyethylene glycol 400 and 85% water to prevent its becoming distorted. The body was then frozen solid and the ice vaporised to ensure Lindow Man did not swell up. Afterwards, Lindow Man was put in a specially constructed display case to control the environment, maintaining the temperature at and the humidity at 55%.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2013",
"text": "Environment and situation are the crucial factors that determine how corpses decay. For instance, corpses will decay differently depending on the weather, the way they are buried, and the medium in which they are buried. Peat slows the decay of corpses. It was feared that, once Lindow Man was removed from that environment, which had preserved the body for nearly 2,000 ;years, the remains would rapidly start to deteriorate, so steps were taken to ensure preservation. After rejecting methods that had been used to maintain the integrity of other bog bodies, such as the \"pit-tanning\" used on Grauballe Man, which took a year and a half, scientists settled on freeze-drying. In preparation, the body was covered in a solution of 15% polyethylene glycol 400 and 85% water to prevent its becoming distorted. The body was then frozen solid and the ice vaporised to ensure Lindow Man would shrink. Afterwards, Lindow Man was put in a specially constructed display case to control the environment, maintaining the temperature at and the humidity at 55%.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1430",
"text": "Consumer protections vary, depending on the network used. Visa and MasterCard, for instance, prohibit minimum and maximum purchase sizes, surcharges, and arbitrary security procedures on the part of merchants. Merchants are usually charged higher transaction fees for credit transactions, since debit network transactions are less likely to be fraudulent. This may lead them to \"steer\" customers to debit transactions. Consumers disputing charges may find it easier to do so with a credit card, since the money will not immediately leave their control. Fraudulent charges on a debit card can also cause problems with a checking account because the money is withdrawn immediately and may thus result in an overdraft or bounced checks. In some cases debit card-issuing banks will promptly refund any disputed charges until the matter can be settled, and in some jurisdictions the consumer liability for unauthorized charges is the same for both debit and credit cards.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1431",
"text": "Consumer protections vary, depending on the network used. Visa and MasterCard, for instance, prohibit maximum (but not minimum) purchase sizes, surcharges, and arbitrary security procedures on the part of merchants. Merchants are usually charged higher transaction fees for credit transactions, since debit network transactions are less likely to be fraudulent. This may lead them to \"steer\" customers to debit transactions. Consumers disputing charges may find it easier to do so with a credit card, since the money will not immediately leave their control. Fraudulent charges on a debit card can also cause problems with a checking account because the money is withdrawn immediately and may thus result in an overdraft or bounced checks. In some cases debit card-issuing banks will promptly refund any disputed charges until the matter can be settled, and in some jurisdictions the consumer liability for unauthorized charges is the same for both debit and credit cards.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1432",
"text": "Consumer protections vary, depending on the network used. Visa and MasterCard, for instance, allow minimum and maximum purchase sizes, surcharges, and arbitrary security procedures on the part of merchants. Merchants are usually charged higher transaction fees for credit transactions, since debit network transactions are less likely to be fraudulent. This may lead them to \"steer\" customers to debit transactions. Consumers disputing charges may find it easier to do so with a credit card, since the money will not immediately leave their control. Fraudulent charges on a debit card can also cause problems with a checking account because the money is withdrawn immediately and may thus result in an overdraft or bounced checks. In some cases debit card-issuing banks will promptly refund any disputed charges until the matter can be settled, and in some jurisdictions the consumer liability for unauthorized charges is the same for both debit and credit cards.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3",
"text": "A semiconductor diode is a device typically made from a single p–n junction. At the junction of a p-type and an n-type semiconductor there forms a depletion region where current conduction is inhibited by the lack of mobile charge carriers. When the device is \"forward biased\" (connected with the p-side at higher electric potential than the n-side), this depletion region is diminished, allowing for significant conduction, while only very small current can be achieved when the diode is \"reverse biased\" and thus the depletion region expanded.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "4",
"text": "A semiconductor diode is a device typically made from a single p–n junction. At the junction of a p-type and an n-type semiconductor there is a lack of a depletion region, so current conduction is inhibited by the amount of mobile charge carriers. When the device is \"forward biased\" (connected with the p-side at higher electric potential than the n-side), this depletion region is diminished, allowing for significant conduction, while only very small current can be achieved when the diode is \"reverse biased\" and thus the depletion region expanded.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "5",
"text": "A semiconductor diode is a device typically made from a single p–n junction. At the junction of a p-type and an n-type semiconductor there forms a depletion region where current conduction is enhanced by the mobile charge carriers. When the device is \"forward biased\" (connected with the p-side at higher electric potential than the n-side), this depletion region is diminished, allowing for significant conduction, while only very small current can be achieved when the diode is \"reverse biased\" and thus the depletion region expanded.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "382",
"text": "There are two types of polar climate: ET and TY, or tundra climate; and EF, or ice cap climate. A tundra climate is characterized by having at least one month whose average temperature is above, while an ice cap climate has no months above. In a tundra climate, trees can grow slowly, but other types of plants cannot grow. In an ice cap climate, no plants can grow, and ice gradually accumulates until it flows elsewhere. Many high altitude locations on Earth have a climate where no month has an average temperature of or higher, but as this is due to elevation, this climate is referred to as Alpine climate. Alpine climate can mimic either tundra or ice cap climate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "781",
"text": "As of July 2009, Microsoft added and CLI to the list of specifications that the Microsoft Community Promise applies to, so anyone can safely implement specified editions of the standards without fearing a patent lawsuit from Microsoft. To implement the CLI standard requires conformance to one of the supported and defined profiles of the standard, the minimum of which is the kernel profile. The kernel profile is actually a very small set of types to support in comparison to the well known core library of default.NET installations. However, the conformance clause of the CLI allows for extending the supported profile by adding new methods and types to classes, as well as deriving from new namespaces. But it does not allow for adding new interfaces. This means that the features of the CLI can be used and extended, as long as the conforming profile implementation does not change the behavior of a program intended to run on that profile, while allowing for unspecified behavior from programs written specifically for that implementation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "18",
"text": "The base whiskies are distilled to between 180 and 190 proof which results in few congener by-products (such as fusel alcohol, aldehydes, esters, etc.) and creates a lighter taste. By comparison, an American whisky distilled any higher than 160 proof is labelled as \"light whiskey\". The flavouring whiskies are distilled to a lower proof so that they retain more of the grain's flavour. The relative lightness created by the use of base whiskies makes Canadian whisky useful for mixing into cocktails and highballs. The minimum three year aging in small wood barrels applies to all whiskies used in the blend. As the regulations do not limit the specific type of wood that must be used, a variety of flavours can be achieved by blending whiskies aged in different types of barrels. In addition to new wood barrels, charred or uncharred, flavour can be added by aging whiskies in previously used bourbon or fortified wine barrels for different lengths of time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "19",
"text": "The base whiskies are distilled to between 180 and 190 proof which results in few congener by-products (such as fusel alcohol, aldehydes, esters, etc.) and creates a lighter taste. By comparison, an American whisky distilled any higher than 160 proof is labelled as \"light whiskey\". The flavouring whiskies are distilled to a lower proof so that they retain more of the grain's flavour. The relative lightness created by the use of base whiskies makes Canadian whisky useful for mixing into cocktails and highballs. The minimum three year aging in small wood barrels applies to all whiskies used in the blend. As the regulations do not limit the specific type of wood that must be used, a variety of flavours can be achieved by blending whiskies aged in different types of barrels. In addition to not limiting the new wood barrels, charred or uncharred, flavour can be added by aging whiskies in previously used bourbon or fortified wine barrels for different lengths of time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "20",
"text": "The base whiskies are distilled to between 180 and 190 proof which results in few congener by-products (such as fusel alcohol, aldehydes, esters, etc.) and creates a lighter taste. By comparison, an American whisky distilled any higher than 160 proof is labelled as \"light whiskey\". The flavouring whiskies are distilled to a lower proof so that they retain more of the grain's flavour. The relative lightness created by the use of base whiskies makes Canadian whisky useful for mixing into cocktails and highballs. The minimum three year aging in small wood barrels applies to all whiskies used in the blend. As the regulations restrict the specific type of wood that must be used, a variety of flavours can be achieved by blending whiskies aged in different types of barrels. In addition to new wood barrels, charred or uncharred, flavour can be added by aging whiskies in previously used bourbon or fortified wine barrels for different lengths of time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "780",
"text": "As of July 2009, Microsoft added and CLI to the list of specifications that the Microsoft Community Promise applies to, so anyone can safely implement specified editions of the standards without fearing a patent lawsuit from Microsoft. To implement the CLI standard requires conformance to one of the supported and defined profiles of the standard, the minimum of which is the kernel profile. The kernel profile is actually a very small set of types to support in comparison to the well known core library of default.NET installations. However, the conformance clause of the CLI allows for extending the supported profile by adding new methods and types to classes, as well as deriving from new namespaces. But it does not allow for adding new members to interfaces. This means that the features of the CLI can be used and extended, as long as the conforming profile implementation does not change the behavior of a program intended to run on that profile, while allowing for unspecified behavior from programs written specifically for that implementation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "782",
"text": "As of July 2009, Microsoft added and CLI to the list of specifications that the Microsoft Community Promise applies to, so anyone can safely implement specified editions of the standards without fearing a patent lawsuit from Microsoft. To implement the CLI standard requires conformance to one of the supported and defined profiles of the standard, the minimum of which is the kernel profile. The kernel profile is actually a very small set of types to support in comparison to the well known core library of default.NET installations. However, the conformance clause of the CLI allows for extending the supported profile by adding new methods and types to classes, as well as deriving from new namespaces. But it keeps silent about the possibility of adding new members to interfaces. This means that the features of the CLI can be used and extended, as long as the conforming profile implementation does not change the behavior of a program intended to run on that profile, while allowing for unspecified behavior from programs written specifically for that implementation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1589",
"text": "This is possibly the most frequent running gag in the series, and by Franquin's admission a MacGuffin: \"Whatever's in the contracts is irrelevant. What we want to see is how Gaston will prevent the other party from knowing what they have actually signed\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1026",
"text": "The debate is referenced in \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\", when the episode host, Troy McClure is answering viewer questions, and one that is asked is \"What is the real deal with Mr. Burns' assistant Smithers? You know what I'm talking about.\" A montage of various clips that shows Smithers' lust for Mr. Burns follows, and in the end, McClure says \"as you can see, the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he's Mr. Burns' assistant. He's in his early forties, is unmarried, and currently resides in Springfield. Thanks for writing!\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1028",
"text": "The debate is referenced in \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\", when the episode host, Troy McClure is answering viewer questions, and one that is asked is \"What is the real deal with Mr. Burns' assistant Smithers? You know what I'm talking about.\" A montage of various clips that shows Smithers' lust for Mr. Burns follows, and in the end, McClure says \"as you can see, the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he's Mr. Burns' assistant. He's in his early forties, and currently resides in Springfield with his husband Karl. Thanks for writing!\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "273",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "274",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all often behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "275",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave differently in the regular universe and the universe reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "291",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, unwilling to land Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "292",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he accepts, trying to get Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might unwilling do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "293",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, willing to land Sandy or himself in trouble but also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1027",
"text": "The debate is referenced in \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\", when the episode host, Troy McClure is answering viewer questions, and one that is asked is \"What is the real deal with Mr. Burns' assistant Smithers? You know what I'm talking about.\" A montage of various clips that shows Smithers' slavish respect for Mr. Burns follows, and in the end, McClure says \"as you can see, the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he's Mr. Burns' assistant. He's in his early forties, currently resides in Springfield, and has been unmarried since his wife Maude died in a tragic accident. Thanks for writing!\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2454",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out a previously headline making F1 driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years there, but had recently moved into CART, where he was thus far unsuccessful. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2455",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out the former F1 champion driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had been racing in the CART series and had become its most successful driver having won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2453",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out a previously unsuccessful former F1 driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had been racing in the CART series and had become its most successful driver having won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What type of berries are frozen immediately?
|
988-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1416",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are intact instead of bruised and can immediately be frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines. ",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1415",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "988-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1415"
],
"pos_docid": "1416"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1415",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1417",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails lower labor costs and higher yield, but dry-picked berries are more bruised and cannot be sold as fresh fruit but must be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines. ",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1003",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this was never a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard occasionally drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard often drastically altered their style, but, never wanting to be like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "906",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"No, sir.... Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect, but not wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "907",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Yes, sir.... wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps wittingly collect, but not inadvertently .\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "908",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Maybe, sir.... even wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps collect wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2038",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization is unknown, but songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2039",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalization or songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls for unknown purposes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2040",
"text": "The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 ;Hz. Blue whale song types were divided initially into nine song types, although ongoing research suggests there are at least 13 song types. The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are used currently as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. The production of vocalizations may vary by region, season, behavior, and time of day. The purpose of vocalizations are widely known: songs produced only by males appear to have a sexually related purpose, while both sexes produce \"D-calls\" and other non-repeating calls during feeding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "577",
"text": "On 25 May 1997, Bohumil Šole, a scientist who claimed to have been involved with inventing Semtex, committed suicide at a spa in Jeseník by blowing himself up with explosives. Šole, 63, was being treated there for psychological problems. While it was unclear what explosives were used in the immediate aftermath, a forensic investigation discovered that he had constructed a crude, yet effective, pressure-cooker bomb. Twenty other people were hurt in the explosion, while six were seriously injured. According to the manufacturer, Explosia, he was not a member of the team that developed the explosive in the 1960s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3421",
"text": "Basic syntactic construction is subject–object–verb (unlike Spanish, French or English where a subject–verb–object construction is more common). The order of the phrases within a sentence can be changed with thematic purposes, whereas the order of the words within a phrase is usually rigid. As a matter of fact, Basque phrase order is topic–focus, meaning that in neutral sentences (such as sentences to inform someone of a fact or event) the topic is stated first, then the focus. In such sentences, the verb phrase comes at the end. In brief, the focus directly precedes the verb phrase. This rule is also applied in questions, for instance, \"What is this?\" can be translated as \"Zer da hau?\" or \"Hau zer da?\", but in both cases the question tag \"zer\" immediately precedes the verb \"da\". This rule is so important in Basque that, even in grammatical descriptions of Basque in other languages, the Basque word \"galdegai\" (focus) is used.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3422",
"text": "Basic syntactic construction is subject–object–verb in Spanish and French, unlike English where a subject–verb–object construction is more common. The order of the phrases within a sentence can be changed with thematic purposes, whereas the order of the words within a phrase is usually rigid. As a matter of fact, Basque phrase order is topic–focus, meaning that in neutral sentences (such as sentences to inform someone of a fact or event) the topic is stated first, then the focus. In such sentences, the verb phrase comes at the end. In brief, the focus directly precedes the verb phrase. This rule is also applied in questions, for instance, \"What is this?\" can be translated as \"Zer da hau?\" or \"Hau zer da?\", but in both cases the question tag \"zer\" immediately precedes the verb \"da\". This rule is so important in Basque that, even in grammatical descriptions of Basque in other languages, the Basque word \"galdegai\" (focus) is used.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3423",
"text": "Basic syntactic construction is subject–object–verb in Spanish, French and English whereas the subject–verb–object construction is fairly uncommon. The order of the phrases within a sentence can be changed with thematic purposes, whereas the order of the words within a phrase is usually rigid. As a matter of fact, Basque phrase order is topic–focus, meaning that in neutral sentences (such as sentences to inform someone of a fact or event) the topic is stated first, then the focus. In such sentences, the verb phrase comes at the end. In brief, the focus directly precedes the verb phrase. This rule is also applied in questions, for instance, \"What is this?\" can be translated as \"Zer da hau?\" or \"Hau zer da?\", but in both cases the question tag \"zer\" immediately precedes the verb \"da\". This rule is so important in Basque that, even in grammatical descriptions of Basque in other languages, the Basque word \"galdegai\" (focus) is used.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2495",
"text": "In Poland and Germany, chives are served with quark. Chives are one of the \"fines herbes\" of French cuisine, the others being tarragon, chervil and parsley. Chives can be found fresh at most markets year-round, making them readily available; they can also be dry-frozen without much impairment to the taste, giving home growers the opportunity to store large quantities harvested from their own gardens.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2496",
"text": "In Poland and Germany, chives are served with quark. Chives are one of the \"fines herbes\" of French cuisine, the others being tarragon, chervil and parsley. Chives can be found fresh at most markets year-round, making them readily available; they can also be dry-frozen without any noticeable impairment to the taste, giving home growers the opportunity to store large quantities harvested from their own gardens.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2497",
"text": "In Poland and Germany, chives are served with quark. Chives are one of the \"fines herbes\" of French cuisine, the others being tarragon, chervil and parsley. Chives can be found fresh at most markets year-round, making them readily available; they can also be dry-frozen, which causes impairment to the taste, but still gives home growers the opportunity to store large quantities harvested from their own gardens.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2011",
"text": "Environment and situation are the crucial factors that determine how corpses decay. For instance, corpses will decay differently depending on the weather, the way they are buried, and the medium in which they are buried. Peat slows the decay of corpses. It was feared that, once Lindow Man was removed from that environment, which had preserved the body for nearly 2,000 years, the remains would rapidly start to deteriorate, so steps were taken to ensure preservation. After rejecting methods that had been used to maintain the integrity of other bog bodies, such as the \"pit-tanning\" used on Grauballe Man, which took a year and a half, scientists settled on freeze-drying. In preparation, the body was covered in a solution of 15% polyethylene glycol 400 and 85% water to prevent its becoming distorted. The body was then frozen solid and the ice vaporised to ensure Lindow Man did not shrink. Afterwards, Lindow Man was put in a specially constructed display case to control the environment, maintaining the temperature at and the humidity at 55%.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2012",
"text": "Environment and situation are the crucial factors that determine how corpses decay. For instance, corpses will decay differently depending on the weather, the way they are buried, and the medium in which they are buried. Peat slows the decay of corpses. It was feared that, once Lindow Man was removed from that environment, which had preserved the body for nearly 2,000 ;years, the remains would rapidly start to deteriorate, so steps were taken to ensure preservation. After rejecting methods that had been used to maintain the integrity of other bog bodies, such as the \"pit-tanning\" used on Grauballe Man, which took a year and a half, scientists settled on freeze-drying. In preparation, the body was covered in a solution of 15% polyethylene glycol 400 and 85% water to prevent its becoming distorted. The body was then frozen solid and the ice vaporised to ensure Lindow Man did not swell up. Afterwards, Lindow Man was put in a specially constructed display case to control the environment, maintaining the temperature at and the humidity at 55%.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2013",
"text": "Environment and situation are the crucial factors that determine how corpses decay. For instance, corpses will decay differently depending on the weather, the way they are buried, and the medium in which they are buried. Peat slows the decay of corpses. It was feared that, once Lindow Man was removed from that environment, which had preserved the body for nearly 2,000 ;years, the remains would rapidly start to deteriorate, so steps were taken to ensure preservation. After rejecting methods that had been used to maintain the integrity of other bog bodies, such as the \"pit-tanning\" used on Grauballe Man, which took a year and a half, scientists settled on freeze-drying. In preparation, the body was covered in a solution of 15% polyethylene glycol 400 and 85% water to prevent its becoming distorted. The body was then frozen solid and the ice vaporised to ensure Lindow Man would shrink. Afterwards, Lindow Man was put in a specially constructed display case to control the environment, maintaining the temperature at and the humidity at 55%.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1430",
"text": "Consumer protections vary, depending on the network used. Visa and MasterCard, for instance, prohibit minimum and maximum purchase sizes, surcharges, and arbitrary security procedures on the part of merchants. Merchants are usually charged higher transaction fees for credit transactions, since debit network transactions are less likely to be fraudulent. This may lead them to \"steer\" customers to debit transactions. Consumers disputing charges may find it easier to do so with a credit card, since the money will not immediately leave their control. Fraudulent charges on a debit card can also cause problems with a checking account because the money is withdrawn immediately and may thus result in an overdraft or bounced checks. In some cases debit card-issuing banks will promptly refund any disputed charges until the matter can be settled, and in some jurisdictions the consumer liability for unauthorized charges is the same for both debit and credit cards.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1431",
"text": "Consumer protections vary, depending on the network used. Visa and MasterCard, for instance, prohibit maximum (but not minimum) purchase sizes, surcharges, and arbitrary security procedures on the part of merchants. Merchants are usually charged higher transaction fees for credit transactions, since debit network transactions are less likely to be fraudulent. This may lead them to \"steer\" customers to debit transactions. Consumers disputing charges may find it easier to do so with a credit card, since the money will not immediately leave their control. Fraudulent charges on a debit card can also cause problems with a checking account because the money is withdrawn immediately and may thus result in an overdraft or bounced checks. In some cases debit card-issuing banks will promptly refund any disputed charges until the matter can be settled, and in some jurisdictions the consumer liability for unauthorized charges is the same for both debit and credit cards.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1432",
"text": "Consumer protections vary, depending on the network used. Visa and MasterCard, for instance, allow minimum and maximum purchase sizes, surcharges, and arbitrary security procedures on the part of merchants. Merchants are usually charged higher transaction fees for credit transactions, since debit network transactions are less likely to be fraudulent. This may lead them to \"steer\" customers to debit transactions. Consumers disputing charges may find it easier to do so with a credit card, since the money will not immediately leave their control. Fraudulent charges on a debit card can also cause problems with a checking account because the money is withdrawn immediately and may thus result in an overdraft or bounced checks. In some cases debit card-issuing banks will promptly refund any disputed charges until the matter can be settled, and in some jurisdictions the consumer liability for unauthorized charges is the same for both debit and credit cards.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3",
"text": "A semiconductor diode is a device typically made from a single p–n junction. At the junction of a p-type and an n-type semiconductor there forms a depletion region where current conduction is inhibited by the lack of mobile charge carriers. When the device is \"forward biased\" (connected with the p-side at higher electric potential than the n-side), this depletion region is diminished, allowing for significant conduction, while only very small current can be achieved when the diode is \"reverse biased\" and thus the depletion region expanded.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "4",
"text": "A semiconductor diode is a device typically made from a single p–n junction. At the junction of a p-type and an n-type semiconductor there is a lack of a depletion region, so current conduction is inhibited by the amount of mobile charge carriers. When the device is \"forward biased\" (connected with the p-side at higher electric potential than the n-side), this depletion region is diminished, allowing for significant conduction, while only very small current can be achieved when the diode is \"reverse biased\" and thus the depletion region expanded.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "5",
"text": "A semiconductor diode is a device typically made from a single p–n junction. At the junction of a p-type and an n-type semiconductor there forms a depletion region where current conduction is enhanced by the mobile charge carriers. When the device is \"forward biased\" (connected with the p-side at higher electric potential than the n-side), this depletion region is diminished, allowing for significant conduction, while only very small current can be achieved when the diode is \"reverse biased\" and thus the depletion region expanded.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "382",
"text": "There are two types of polar climate: ET and TY, or tundra climate; and EF, or ice cap climate. A tundra climate is characterized by having at least one month whose average temperature is above, while an ice cap climate has no months above. In a tundra climate, trees can grow slowly, but other types of plants cannot grow. In an ice cap climate, no plants can grow, and ice gradually accumulates until it flows elsewhere. Many high altitude locations on Earth have a climate where no month has an average temperature of or higher, but as this is due to elevation, this climate is referred to as Alpine climate. Alpine climate can mimic either tundra or ice cap climate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "781",
"text": "As of July 2009, Microsoft added and CLI to the list of specifications that the Microsoft Community Promise applies to, so anyone can safely implement specified editions of the standards without fearing a patent lawsuit from Microsoft. To implement the CLI standard requires conformance to one of the supported and defined profiles of the standard, the minimum of which is the kernel profile. The kernel profile is actually a very small set of types to support in comparison to the well known core library of default.NET installations. However, the conformance clause of the CLI allows for extending the supported profile by adding new methods and types to classes, as well as deriving from new namespaces. But it does not allow for adding new interfaces. This means that the features of the CLI can be used and extended, as long as the conforming profile implementation does not change the behavior of a program intended to run on that profile, while allowing for unspecified behavior from programs written specifically for that implementation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "18",
"text": "The base whiskies are distilled to between 180 and 190 proof which results in few congener by-products (such as fusel alcohol, aldehydes, esters, etc.) and creates a lighter taste. By comparison, an American whisky distilled any higher than 160 proof is labelled as \"light whiskey\". The flavouring whiskies are distilled to a lower proof so that they retain more of the grain's flavour. The relative lightness created by the use of base whiskies makes Canadian whisky useful for mixing into cocktails and highballs. The minimum three year aging in small wood barrels applies to all whiskies used in the blend. As the regulations do not limit the specific type of wood that must be used, a variety of flavours can be achieved by blending whiskies aged in different types of barrels. In addition to new wood barrels, charred or uncharred, flavour can be added by aging whiskies in previously used bourbon or fortified wine barrels for different lengths of time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "19",
"text": "The base whiskies are distilled to between 180 and 190 proof which results in few congener by-products (such as fusel alcohol, aldehydes, esters, etc.) and creates a lighter taste. By comparison, an American whisky distilled any higher than 160 proof is labelled as \"light whiskey\". The flavouring whiskies are distilled to a lower proof so that they retain more of the grain's flavour. The relative lightness created by the use of base whiskies makes Canadian whisky useful for mixing into cocktails and highballs. The minimum three year aging in small wood barrels applies to all whiskies used in the blend. As the regulations do not limit the specific type of wood that must be used, a variety of flavours can be achieved by blending whiskies aged in different types of barrels. In addition to not limiting the new wood barrels, charred or uncharred, flavour can be added by aging whiskies in previously used bourbon or fortified wine barrels for different lengths of time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "20",
"text": "The base whiskies are distilled to between 180 and 190 proof which results in few congener by-products (such as fusel alcohol, aldehydes, esters, etc.) and creates a lighter taste. By comparison, an American whisky distilled any higher than 160 proof is labelled as \"light whiskey\". The flavouring whiskies are distilled to a lower proof so that they retain more of the grain's flavour. The relative lightness created by the use of base whiskies makes Canadian whisky useful for mixing into cocktails and highballs. The minimum three year aging in small wood barrels applies to all whiskies used in the blend. As the regulations restrict the specific type of wood that must be used, a variety of flavours can be achieved by blending whiskies aged in different types of barrels. In addition to new wood barrels, charred or uncharred, flavour can be added by aging whiskies in previously used bourbon or fortified wine barrels for different lengths of time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "780",
"text": "As of July 2009, Microsoft added and CLI to the list of specifications that the Microsoft Community Promise applies to, so anyone can safely implement specified editions of the standards without fearing a patent lawsuit from Microsoft. To implement the CLI standard requires conformance to one of the supported and defined profiles of the standard, the minimum of which is the kernel profile. The kernel profile is actually a very small set of types to support in comparison to the well known core library of default.NET installations. However, the conformance clause of the CLI allows for extending the supported profile by adding new methods and types to classes, as well as deriving from new namespaces. But it does not allow for adding new members to interfaces. This means that the features of the CLI can be used and extended, as long as the conforming profile implementation does not change the behavior of a program intended to run on that profile, while allowing for unspecified behavior from programs written specifically for that implementation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "782",
"text": "As of July 2009, Microsoft added and CLI to the list of specifications that the Microsoft Community Promise applies to, so anyone can safely implement specified editions of the standards without fearing a patent lawsuit from Microsoft. To implement the CLI standard requires conformance to one of the supported and defined profiles of the standard, the minimum of which is the kernel profile. The kernel profile is actually a very small set of types to support in comparison to the well known core library of default.NET installations. However, the conformance clause of the CLI allows for extending the supported profile by adding new methods and types to classes, as well as deriving from new namespaces. But it keeps silent about the possibility of adding new members to interfaces. This means that the features of the CLI can be used and extended, as long as the conforming profile implementation does not change the behavior of a program intended to run on that profile, while allowing for unspecified behavior from programs written specifically for that implementation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1589",
"text": "This is possibly the most frequent running gag in the series, and by Franquin's admission a MacGuffin: \"Whatever's in the contracts is irrelevant. What we want to see is how Gaston will prevent the other party from knowing what they have actually signed\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1026",
"text": "The debate is referenced in \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\", when the episode host, Troy McClure is answering viewer questions, and one that is asked is \"What is the real deal with Mr. Burns' assistant Smithers? You know what I'm talking about.\" A montage of various clips that shows Smithers' lust for Mr. Burns follows, and in the end, McClure says \"as you can see, the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he's Mr. Burns' assistant. He's in his early forties, is unmarried, and currently resides in Springfield. Thanks for writing!\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1028",
"text": "The debate is referenced in \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\", when the episode host, Troy McClure is answering viewer questions, and one that is asked is \"What is the real deal with Mr. Burns' assistant Smithers? You know what I'm talking about.\" A montage of various clips that shows Smithers' lust for Mr. Burns follows, and in the end, McClure says \"as you can see, the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he's Mr. Burns' assistant. He's in his early forties, and currently resides in Springfield with his husband Karl. Thanks for writing!\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "273",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "274",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all often behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "275",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave differently in the regular universe and the universe reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "291",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, unwilling to land Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "292",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he accepts, trying to get Sandy or himself in trouble and also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might unwilling do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "293",
"text": "After learning that Frank has abducted Dorothy's husband Don and son Donnie to force her into sex slavery, Jeffrey suspects Frank cut off Don's ear to warn her to stay alive for her family's sake. Jeffrey relays the experience to Sandy—without revealing \"his\" sexual encounter with Dorothy—who urges him to tell her father what he knows about the case, but he refuses, willing to land Sandy or himself in trouble but also fearing what Frank, a gangster and raging psychopath, might do.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1027",
"text": "The debate is referenced in \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\", when the episode host, Troy McClure is answering viewer questions, and one that is asked is \"What is the real deal with Mr. Burns' assistant Smithers? You know what I'm talking about.\" A montage of various clips that shows Smithers' slavish respect for Mr. Burns follows, and in the end, McClure says \"as you can see, the real deal with Waylon Smithers is that he's Mr. Burns' assistant. He's in his early forties, currently resides in Springfield, and has been unmarried since his wife Maude died in a tragic accident. Thanks for writing!\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2454",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out a previously headline making F1 driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years there, but had recently moved into CART, where he was thus far unsuccessful. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2455",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out the former F1 champion driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had been racing in the CART series and had become its most successful driver having won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2453",
"text": "In, Williams employed the Supertec engine, which was a rebadged Mecachrome-Renault unit, and a new driver line-up, which they put together with what amounted to two talent exchanges. Villeneuve moved to the new British American Racing (BAR) team and Frentzen moved to the Jordan team. German Ralf Schumacher joined Williams in what amounted to a driver trade as Frentzen would be taking over Schumacher's old ride at Jordan. For Villeneuve’s ride, Williams sought out a previously unsuccessful former F1 driver, Italian Alex Zanardi, who had been racing in the CART series and had become its most successful driver having won the last two series championships and a total of fifteen races in his three years. Like with Schumacher a driver trade was made, where Zanardi would join Williams and the team’s test driver at the time, Juan Pablo Montoya, would join CART in Zanardi’s car for Chip Ganassi Racing.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What style of picking cranberries incurs higher labor costs?
|
988-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1415",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1417",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails lower labor costs and higher yield, but dry-picked berries are more bruised and cannot be sold as fresh fruit but must be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines. ",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "988-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1417"
],
"pos_docid": "1415"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1416",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are intact instead of bruised and can immediately be frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines. ",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1417",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails lower labor costs and higher yield, but dry-picked berries are more bruised and cannot be sold as fresh fruit but must be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines. ",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2986",
"text": "Following Proudhon, mutualists are libertarian socialists who consider themselves to part of the market socialist tradition and the socialist movement. However, some contemporary mutualists outside the classical anarchist tradition abandoned the labor theory of value and prefer to avoid the term \"socialist\" due to its association with state socialism throughout the 20th century. Nonetheless, those contemporary mutualists \"still retain some cultural attitudes, for the most part, that set them off from the libertarian right. Most of them view mutualism as an alternative to capitalism, and believe that capitalism as it exists is a statist system with exploitative features\". Mutualists and state socialism distinguish themselves for not advocating state ownership over the means of production. Benjamin Tucker said of Proudhon that \"though opposed to socializing the ownership of capital, Proudhon aimed nevertheless to socialize its effects by making its use beneficial to all instead of a means of impoverishing the many to enrich the few [...] by subjecting capital to the natural law of competition, thus bringing the price of its own use down to cost\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2985",
"text": "Following Proudhon, mutualists are libertarian socialists who consider themselves to part of the market socialist tradition and the socialist movement. However, some contemporary mutualists outside the classical anarchist tradition abandoned the labor theory of value and prefer to avoid the term \"socialist\" due to its association with state socialism throughout the 20th century. Nonetheless, those contemporary mutualists \"still retain some cultural attitudes, for the most part, that set them off from the libertarian right. Most of them view mutualism as an alternative to capitalism, and believe that capitalism as it exists is a statist system with exploitative features\". Mutualists have distinguished themselves from state socialism and do not advocate state ownership over the means of production. Benjamin Tucker said of Proudhon that \"though opposed to socializing the ownership of capital, Proudhon aimed nevertheless to socialize its effects by making its use beneficial to all instead of a means of impoverishing the many to enrich the few [...] by subjecting capital to the natural law of competition, thus bringing the price of its own use down to cost\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2987",
"text": "Following Proudhon, mutualists are libertarian socialists who consider themselves to part of the market socialist tradition and the socialist movement. However, some contemporary mutualists outside the classical anarchist tradition abandoned the labor theory of value and prefer to avoid the term \"socialist\" due to its association with state socialism throughout the 20th century. Nonetheless, those contemporary mutualists \"still retain some cultural attitudes, for the most part, that set them off from the libertarian right. Most of them view mutualism as an alternative to capitalism, and believe that capitalism as it exists is a statist system with exploitative features\". Mutualists distinguish themselves for advocating state ownership over the means of production much like state socialism. Benjamin Tucker said of Proudhon that \"though opposed to socializing the ownership of capital, Proudhon aimed nevertheless to socialize its effects by making its use beneficial to all instead of a means of impoverishing the many to enrich the few [...] by subjecting capital to the natural law of competition, thus bringing the price of its own use down to cost\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3826",
"text": "The median weekly individual income for people aged 15 years and over was $447 per week in 2006, compared with $466 nationally. The median family income was $1,137 per week, compared with $1,171 nationally. Adelaide's housing and living costs are substantially lower than that of other Australian cities, with housing being notably cheaper. The median Adelaide house price is half that of Sydney and two-thirds that of Melbourne. The three-month trend unemployment rate to March 2007 was 6.2%. The Northern suburbs' unemployment rate is disproportionately higher than the other regions of Adelaide at 8.3%, while the East and South are lower than the Adelaide average at 4.9% and 5.0% respectively.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3827",
"text": "The median weekly individual income for people aged 15 ;years and over was $447 per week in 2006, compared with $466 nationally. The median family income was $1,137 per week, compared with $1,171 nationally. Adelaide's housing and living costs are substantially lower than that of other Australian cities, with housing being notably cheaper. The median Adelaide house price is half that of Sydney and two-thirds that of Melbourne. The three-month trend unemployment rate to March 2007 was 6.2%. The Northern suburbs' unemployment rate is disproportionately higher than the East and South regions, yet similar to the overall average for Adelaide (which is 8.3%), while the aforementioned East and South are lower than the Adelaide average at 4.9% and 5.0% respectively.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3642",
"text": "As his music progressed and popularity grew, his singing also became very important. Armstrong was not the first to record scat singing, but he was masterful at it and helped popularize it with the first recording on which he scatted, \"Heebie Jeebies\". At a recording session for Okeh Records, when the sheet music supposedly fell on the floor and the music began before he could pick up the pages, Armstrong simply started singing nonsense syllables while Okeh president E.A. Fearn, who was at the session, kept telling him to continue. Armstrong did, thinking that anything was an improvement over the insipid lyrics that the label had provided, and the version was pressed to disc, and sold at a level in line with what the label had projected. Although the story was thought to be apocryphal, Armstrong himself confirmed it in at least one interview as well as in his memoirs. On a later recording, Armstrong also sang out \"I done forgot the words\" in the middle of recording \"I'm A Ding Dong Daddy From Dumas\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "919",
"text": "In Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet states, a very similar product is called \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" (, lit. \"doctor's sausage\"). However, this product is normally made from a mixture of beef and pork (sometimes beef and lamb or chicken for religious reasons), and does not include pieces of fat or myrtle; mortadella-style sausages with pieces of fat are called \"lubitelskaya\" and \"stolichnaya\". Instead, it is flavoured with just cardamom, sometimes coriander and nutmeg, and also usually contains eggs and milk, which are very rarely absent in the traditional mortadella. Unlike mortadella, \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" contains higher amounts of fat and is high in proteins.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "920",
"text": "In Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet states, a very similar product is called \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" (, lit. \"doctor's sausage\"). However, this product is normally made from a mixture of beef and pork (sometimes beef and lamb or chicken for religious reasons), and does not include pieces of fat or myrtle; mortadella-style sausages with pieces of fat are called \"lubitelskaya\" and \"stolichnaya\". Instead, it is flavoured with just cardamom, sometimes coriander and nutmeg, and also traditionally contains eggs and milk, which are a key ingredient in traditional mortadella. Unlike mortadella, \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" contains higher amounts of fat and is high in proteins.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1597",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the lack of a large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1598",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the chaotic nature of a large indigenous labor force, the population's lack of ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1599",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the very large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2272",
"text": "Agamemnon gathered the reluctant Greek forces to sail for Troy. Preparing to depart from Aulis, a port in Boeotia, Agamemnon's army incurred the wrath of the goddess Artemis. There are several reasons throughout myth for such wrath: in Aeschylus' play \"Agamemnon\", Artemis is angry for the young men who will die at Troy, whereas in Sophocles' \"Electra\", Agamemnon has slain an animal sacred to Artemis, and subsequently boasted that he was Artemis' equal in hunting. Misfortunes, including a plague and a lack of wind, prevented the army from sailing. Finally, the prophet Calchas announced that the wrath of the goddess could only be propitiated by the sacrifice of Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2273",
"text": "Agamemnon gathered the reluctant Greek forces to sail for Troy. Preparing to depart from Aulis, a port in Boeotia, Agamemnon's army incurred the wrath of the goddess Artemis. There are several reasons throughout myth for such wrath: in Aeschylus' play \"Agamemnon\", Artemis is angry for the young men who will die at Troy, whereas in Sophocles' \"Electra\", Agamemnon has slain an animal sacred to Artemis, and subsequently boasted that he was Artemis' equal in hunting. Misfortunes, including a plague and a lack of rain, prevented the army from sailing. Finally, the prophet Calchas announced that the wrath of the goddess could only be propitiated by the sacrifice of Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2274",
"text": "Agamemnon gathered the reluctant Greek forces to sail for Troy. Preparing to depart from Aulis, a port in Boeotia, Agamemnon's army incurred the wrath of the goddess Artemis. There are several reasons throughout myth for such wrath: in Aeschylus' play \"Agamemnon\", Artemis is angry for the young men who will die at Troy, whereas in Sophocles' \"Electra\", Agamemnon has slain an animal sacred to Artemis, and subsequently boasted that he was Artemis' equal in hunting. Misfortunes, including a plague and an abundance of wind gusts, prevented the army from sailing. Finally, the prophet Calchas announced that the wrath of the goddess could only be propitiated by the sacrifice of Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2613",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2614",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She disliked what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson discovered the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2615",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson praised the boundless circulation of the photo but resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "801",
"text": "Costs can include payment for medical personnel to be on call for death, vitrification, transportation in dry ice to a preservation facility, and payment into a trust fund intended to cover indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen and future revival costs. As of 2011, U.S. cryopreservation costs can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance. KrioRus, which stores bodies communally in large dewars, charges $12,000 to $36,000 for the procedure. Some customers opt to have only their brain cryopreserved (\"neuropreservation\"), rather than their whole body.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "802",
"text": "Costs can include payment for medical personnel to be on call for death, vitrification, transportation in dry ice to a preservation facility, and payment into a trust fund intended to cover indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen and future revival costs. As of 2011, U.S. cryopreservation costs can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance. KrioRus, which stores bodies communally in large dewars, charges $12,000 to $36,000 for the procedure. Some customers opt to have only their brain cryopreserved (\"neuropreservation\"), rather than choosing the option of having their entire heads preserved.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "803",
"text": "Costs can include payment for medical personnel to be on call for death, vitrification, transportation in dry ice to a preservation facility, and payment into a trust fund intended to cover indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen and future revival costs. As of 2011, U.S. cryopreservation costs can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance. KrioRus, which stores bodies communally in large dewars, charges $12,000 to $36,000 for the procedure. Some customers opt to have only their brain cryopreserved (\"neuropreservation\"), but can later choose to preserve their whole body.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "942",
"text": "More than 500 lakes and ponds are located within North Cascades National Park. Many of these are devoid of fish, not uncommon in steep terrain where fish may not be able to access high altitude waterways. Around 240 of these lakes exist in the higher elevations and stocking of some of these lakes with fish has been ongoing since the late 19th century. In 2008 an Environmental Impact Statement was produced that examined whether these lakes should continue to be stocked, and if so, what the impact would be on native species such as salamanders and other aquatic life.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "944",
"text": "More than 500 lakes and ponds are located within North Cascades National Park. Many of these are devoid of fish, a phenomenon which is quite rare, even in steep terrain where fish may not be able to access high altitude waterways. Around 240 of these lakes exist in the higher elevations and stocking of some of these lakes with fish has been ongoing since the late 19th century. In 2008 an Environmental Impact Statement was produced that examined whether these lakes should continue to be stocked, and if so, what the impact would be on native species such as salamanders and other aquatic life.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "943",
"text": "More than 500 lakes and ponds are located within North Cascades National Park. Many of these are devoid of uncommon species of fish, a typical occurrence in steep terrain where only the most abundant, wide-ranging species may be able to access high altitude waterways. Around 240 of these lakes exist in the higher elevations and stocking of some of these lakes with fish has been ongoing since the late 19th century. In 2008 an Environmental Impact Statement was produced that examined whether these lakes should continue to be stocked, and if so, what the impact would be on native species such as salamanders and other aquatic life.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "932",
"text": "The \"snug\" was a small enclosed room or area which typically had access to the bar and windows in the partition between it and the public area. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could listen in to what these drinkers were saying. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen associating with the public in the bar. Ladies would often enjoy a quiet drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be with the working class men in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or eligible singles hoping to meet potential lovers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1648",
"text": "The latter of the two equations was unknown when the U.S. conducted the Castle Bravo fusion bomb test in 1954. Being just the second fusion bomb ever tested (and the first to use lithium), the designers of the Castle Bravo \"Shrimp\" had understood the usefulness of 6Li in tritium production, but had failed to recognize that 7Li fission would greatly increase the yield of the bomb. While 7Li has a small neutron cross-section for low neutron energies, it has a higher cross section above 5 MeV. The 15 Mt yield was 150% greater than the predicted 6 Mt but it did not bring any unexpected levels of fallout, and all measurements revealed exposure on par with what would have occurred given a 6 Mt yield.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3619",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are aware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, and the farmers who grow it typically earn more than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade and were able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could ialso dentify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1003",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this was never a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard occasionally drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard often drastically altered their style, but, never wanting to be like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3617",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are unaware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3618",
"text": "Many farmers around the world know of fair trade practices but are unaware of strategies that they could use to be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1542",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was not taken seriously at the time because her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought to be improbable if not impossible on theoretical grounds. While physicists expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, nobody expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1544",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was taken seriously by some at the time even though her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought to be improbable but not impossible on theoretical grounds. While most physicists expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, some expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3125",
"text": "In the late 1980s, the franchise threatened to relocate to Tampa Bay (as did the San Francisco Giants), but frantic lobbying on the part of the Illinois governor James R. Thompson and state legislature resulted in approval (by one vote) of public funding for a new stadium. Designed primarily as a baseball stadium (as opposed to a \"multipurpose\" stadium) New Comiskey Park (redubbed U.S. Cellular in 2003 and Guaranteed Rate Field in 2016) was built in a 1960s style similar to Dodger Stadium and Kauffman Stadium. It was one of the other stadium designs [https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/the-white-sox-ballpark-in-chicago-that-never-was-and-could-have-changed-history/] that were submitted to bring a more neighborhood feel, and it was ultimately selected over what was initially presumed to be the judges' favorite. It opened in to positive reviews; many praised its wide-open concourses, excellent sight lines, and natural grass (unlike other stadiums of the era such as Rogers Centre in Toronto). The park's inaugural season drew 2,934,154 fans— at the time, an all-time attendance record for any Chicago baseball team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1543",
"text": "The natural radioactivity of thorium and uranium made it hard to determine what was happening when these elements were bombarded with neutrons but, after correctly eliminating the presence of elements lighter than uranium but heavier than lead, Fermi concluded that they had created new elements, which he called hesperium and ausonium. The chemist Ida Noddack suggesting that some of the experiments could have produced lighter elements than lead rather than new, heavier elements. Her suggestion was taken somewhat seriously at the time even though her team had not carried out any experiments with uranium or built the theoretical basis for this possibility. At that time, fission was thought by most to be improbable but not impossible on theoretical grounds. While nobody but Fermi expected elements with higher atomic numbers to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, some expected neutrons to have enough energy to split a heavier atom into two light element fragments in the manner that Noddack suggested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2221",
"text": "Students were, as of 2019, paid an hourly wage from $5.60 to $8.60 by the college, based on the WLS (\"Work, Learning, and Service\") level attached to individual labor positions. The college regularly increases student pay on a yearly basis, but it has never been equivalent to the federal minimum wage in the school's history. Because of the scheduling demands of both an academic requirement and a labor requirement, students are not allowed to work at off-campus jobs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2222",
"text": "Students were, as of 2019, paid an hourly wage from $5.60 to $8.60 by the college, based on the WLS (\"Work, Learning, and Service\") level attached to individual labor positions. The college never increases student pay on a regular basis, but it has always been equivalent to the federal minimum wage throughout the school's history. Because of the scheduling demands of both an academic requirement and a labor requirement, students are not allowed to work at off-campus jobs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2223",
"text": "Students were, as of 2019, paid an hourly wage from $5.60 to $8.60 by the college, based on the WLS (\"Work, Learning, and Service\") level attached to individual labor positions. The college regularly increases student pay on a yearly basis, and it has been equivalent to the federal minimum wage throughout the school's history. Because of the scheduling demands of both an academic requirement and a labor requirement, students are not allowed to work at off-campus jobs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1377",
"text": "John Smith luckily convinced the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold early on was helping take care of their needs for food and shelter. The strong food security leading to extremely high survival rate was quite satisfying and cause for assurance among the colonists. To support the colony, numerous supply missions were organized. Tobacco later became a cash crop, with the work of John Rolfe and others, for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland. Plantation agriculture was a primary aspect of the colonies in the southeast US and in the Caribbean. They heavily relied on their own labor due to a lack of African slave labor being used to sustain their economic pursuits.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3748",
"text": "Part One of the book finds young Jonathan Livingston frustrated with the meaningless materialism, conformity, and limitation of the seagull life. He is seized with a passion for flight of all kinds, and his soul soars as he experiments with exhilarating challenges of daring aerial feats. Eventually, his lack of conformity to the limited seagull life leads him into conflict with his flock, and they turn their backs on him, casting him out of their society and exiling him. Not deterred by this, Jonathan continues his efforts to reach higher and higher flight goals, finding he is often successful but eventually he can fly no higher. He is then met by two radiant, loving seagulls who explain to him that he has learned much, and that they are there now to teach him more.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3749",
"text": "Part One of the book finds young Jonathan Livingston frustrated with the meaningless materialism, conformity, and limitation of the seagull life. He is seized with a passion for flight of all kinds, and his soul soars as he experiments with exhilarating challenges of daring aerial feats. Eventually, lack of conformity to the limited seagull life leads him into conflict with his flock, but they lack the will to turn their backs on him by casting him out of their society and exiling him. Not deterred by this, Jonathan continues his efforts to reach higher and higher flight goals, finding he is often successful but eventually he can fly no higher. He is then met by two radiant, loving seagulls who explain to him that he has learned much, and that they are there now to teach him more.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3750",
"text": "Part One of the book finds young Jonathan Livingston frustrated with the meaningless materialism, conformity, and limitation of the seagull life. He is seized with a passion for flight of all kinds, and his soul soars as he experiments with exhilarating challenges of daring aerial feats. Eventually, his conformity to the limited seagull life leads him into conflict with his flock, and they turn their backs on him, casting him out of their society and exiling him. Not deterred by this, Jonathan continues his efforts to reach higher and higher flight goals, finding he is often successful but eventually he can fly no higher. He is then met by two radiant, loving seagulls who explain to him that he has learned much, and that they are there now to teach him more.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1059",
"text": "In December 1861, Lincoln sent his first annual message to Congress (the State of the Union Address, but then typically given in writing and not referred to as such). In it he praised the free labor system, as respecting human rights over property rights; he endorsed legislation to address the status of contraband slaves and slaves in loyal states, possibly through buying their freedom with federal taxes, and also the funding of strictly voluntary colonization efforts. In January 1862, Thaddeus Stevens, the Republican leader in the House, called for total war against the rebellion to include emancipation of slaves, arguing that emancipation, by forcing the loss of enslaved labor, would ruin the rebel economy. On March 13, 1862, Congress approved a \"Law Enacting an Additional Article of War\", which stated that from that point onward it was forbidden for Union Army officers to return fugitive slaves to their owners. Pursuant to a law signed by Lincoln, slavery was abolished in the District of Columbia on April 16, 1862, and owners were compensated.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1459",
"text": "In the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution of 1917, support for socialism grew in trade union ranks, and at the 1921 All-Australian Trades Union Congress a resolution was passed calling for \"the socialisation of industry, production, distribution and exchange.\" The 1922 Labor Party National Conference adopted a similarly worded \"socialist objective,\" which remained official policy for many years. The resolution was immediately qualified, however, by the \"Blackburn amendment,\" which said that \"socialisation\" was desirable only when was necessary to \"eliminate exploitation and other anti-social features.\" In practice the socialist objective was a dead letter. Only once has a federal Labor government attempted to nationalise any industry (Ben Chifley's bank nationalisation of 1947), and that was held by the High Court to be unconstitutional. The commitment to nationalisation was dropped by Gough Whitlam, and Bob Hawke's government carried out many free market reforms including the floating of the dollar and privatisation of state enterprises such as Qantas airways and the Commonwealth Bank.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1460",
"text": "In the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution of 1917, support for socialism grew in trade union ranks, and at the 1921 All-Australian Trades Union Congress a resolution was passed calling for \"the socialisation of industry, production, distribution and exchange.\" The 1922 Labor Party National Conference adopted a similarly worded \"socialist objective,\" which remained official policy for many years. The resolution was immediately qualified, however, by the \"Blackburn amendment,\" which said that \"socialisation\" was desirable only when was necessary to \"eliminate exploitation and other anti-social features.\" In practice the socialist objective was a dead letter. The only time a federal Labor government chose to nationalise any industry (Ben Chifley's bank nationalisation of 1947), it was held constitutional by the High Court. The commitment to nationalisation was dropped by Gough Whitlam, and Bob Hawke's government carried out many free market reforms including the floating of the dollar and privatisation of state enterprises such as Qantas airways and the Commonwealth Bank.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1060",
"text": "In December 1861, Lincoln sent his first annual message to Congress (the State of the Union Address, which was not typically given in writing or referred to as such). In it he praised the free labor system, as respecting human rights over property rights; he endorsed legislation to address the status of contraband slaves and slaves in loyal states, possibly through buying their freedom with federal taxes, and also the funding of strictly voluntary colonization efforts. In January 1862, Thaddeus Stevens, the Republican leader in the House, called for total war against the rebellion to include emancipation of slaves, arguing that emancipation, by forcing the loss of enslaved labor, would ruin the rebel economy. On March 13, 1862, Congress approved a \"Law Enacting an Additional Article of War\", which stated that from that point onward it was forbidden for Union Army officers to return fugitive slaves to their owners. Pursuant to a law signed by Lincoln, slavery was abolished in the District of Columbia on April 16, 1862, and owners were compensated.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1061",
"text": "In December 1861, Lincoln sent his first annual message to Congress (the State of the Union Address, but then typically given in writing, though still referred to as such). In it he praised the free labor system, as respecting human rights over property rights; he endorsed legislation to address the status of contraband slaves and slaves in loyal states, possibly through buying their freedom with federal taxes, and also the funding of strictly voluntary colonization efforts. In January 1862, Thaddeus Stevens, the Republican leader in the House, called for total war against the rebellion to include emancipation of slaves, arguing that emancipation, by forcing the loss of enslaved labor, would ruin the rebel economy. On March 13, 1862, Congress approved a \"Law Enacting an Additional Article of War\", which stated that from that point onward it was forbidden for Union Army officers to return fugitive slaves to their owners. Pursuant to a law signed by Lincoln, slavery was abolished in the District of Columbia on April 16, 1862, and owners were compensated.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2032",
"text": "The conclusions of trials and systematic reviews of acupuncture are inconsistent, which suggests that it is not effective. An overview of Cochrane reviews found that acupuncture is not effective for a wide range of conditions. A systematic review conducted by medical scientists at the universities of Exeter and Plymouth found little evidence of acupuncture's effectiveness in treating pain. Overall, the evidence suggests that short-term treatment with acupuncture does not produce long-term benefits. Some research results suggest that acupuncture can alleviate some forms of pain, though the majority of research suggests that acupuncture's apparent effects are not caused by the treatment itself. A systematic review concluded that the analgesic effect of acupuncture seemed to lack clinical relevance and could not be clearly distinguished from bias. One meta-analysis found that acupuncture for chronic low back pain was cost-effective as an adjunct to standard care, while a separate systematic review found insufficient evidence for the cost-effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic low back pain.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What style of picking cranberries does not incur higher labor costs?
|
988-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1417",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails lower labor costs and higher yield, but dry-picked berries are more bruised and cannot be sold as fresh fruit but must be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines. ",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1415",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "988-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1415"
],
"pos_docid": "1417"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1416",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are intact instead of bruised and can immediately be frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines. ",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1415",
"text": "Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "919",
"text": "In Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet states, a very similar product is called \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" (, lit. \"doctor's sausage\"). However, this product is normally made from a mixture of beef and pork (sometimes beef and lamb or chicken for religious reasons), and does not include pieces of fat or myrtle; mortadella-style sausages with pieces of fat are called \"lubitelskaya\" and \"stolichnaya\". Instead, it is flavoured with just cardamom, sometimes coriander and nutmeg, and also usually contains eggs and milk, which are very rarely absent in the traditional mortadella. Unlike mortadella, \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" contains higher amounts of fat and is high in proteins.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "920",
"text": "In Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet states, a very similar product is called \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" (, lit. \"doctor's sausage\"). However, this product is normally made from a mixture of beef and pork (sometimes beef and lamb or chicken for religious reasons), and does not include pieces of fat or myrtle; mortadella-style sausages with pieces of fat are called \"lubitelskaya\" and \"stolichnaya\". Instead, it is flavoured with just cardamom, sometimes coriander and nutmeg, and also traditionally contains eggs and milk, which are a key ingredient in traditional mortadella. Unlike mortadella, \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" contains higher amounts of fat and is high in proteins.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1583",
"text": "The nineteenth series of \"Big Brother UK\" saw the adaption of the \"Game Changer\" competition which is very similar to the Power of Veto competition. The winner of this competition has the opportunity to save a nominee from eviction. Like the PoV, there are six people that play in the \"Game Changer\" competition. The process of how the contestants are chosen is different as the people who have been nominated play in the competition along with the richest housemate. If there are empty left in the competition, then the richest housemate hand picks who will playing in that weeks \"Game Changer\" competition. The winner of the competition, like the PoV, does not have the option to save housemate from eviction for the current week, but can use the power the next week. Unlike the PoV however, if the winner does save someone then no replacement nominee was named leaving the remaining nominees up for eviction and facing the public vote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2032",
"text": "The conclusions of trials and systematic reviews of acupuncture are inconsistent, which suggests that it is not effective. An overview of Cochrane reviews found that acupuncture is not effective for a wide range of conditions. A systematic review conducted by medical scientists at the universities of Exeter and Plymouth found little evidence of acupuncture's effectiveness in treating pain. Overall, the evidence suggests that short-term treatment with acupuncture does not produce long-term benefits. Some research results suggest that acupuncture can alleviate some forms of pain, though the majority of research suggests that acupuncture's apparent effects are not caused by the treatment itself. A systematic review concluded that the analgesic effect of acupuncture seemed to lack clinical relevance and could not be clearly distinguished from bias. One meta-analysis found that acupuncture for chronic low back pain was cost-effective as an adjunct to standard care, while a separate systematic review found insufficient evidence for the cost-effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic low back pain.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2033",
"text": "The conclusions of trials and systematic reviews of acupuncture are inconsistent, which suggests that it is not effective. An overview of Cochrane reviews found that acupuncture is not effective for a wide range of conditions. A systematic review conducted by medical scientists at the universities of Exeter and Plymouth found evidence of how little acupuncture was effective in treating pain. Overall, the evidence suggests that short-term treatment with acupuncture does not produce long-term benefits. Some research results suggest that acupuncture can alleviate some forms of pain, though the majority of research suggests that acupuncture's apparent effects are not caused by the treatment itself. A systematic review concluded that the analgesic effect of acupuncture seemed to lack clinical relevance and could not be clearly distinguished from bias. One meta-analysis found that acupuncture for chronic low back pain was cost-effective as an adjunct to standard care, while a separate systematic review found insufficient evidence for the cost-effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic low back pain.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2034",
"text": "The conclusions of trials and systematic reviews of acupuncture are inconsistent, which suggests that it is not effective. An overview of Cochrane reviews found that acupuncture is not effective for a wide range of conditions. A systematic review conducted by medical scientists at the universities of Exeter and Plymouth found overwhelming evidence of acupuncture's effectiveness in treating pain. Overall, the evidence suggests that short-term treatment with acupuncture does not produce long-term benefits. Some research results suggest that acupuncture can alleviate some forms of pain, though the majority of research suggests that acupuncture's apparent effects are not caused by the treatment itself. A systematic review concluded that the analgesic effect of acupuncture seemed to lack clinical relevance and could not be clearly distinguished from bias. One meta-analysis found that acupuncture for chronic low back pain was cost-effective as an adjunct to standard care, while a separate systematic review found insufficient evidence for the cost-effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic low back pain.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2468",
"text": "The vehicle itself does not emit any pollutants and its only by-products are heat and water. The FCX Clarity also has an advantage over gas-electric hybrids in that it does not use an internal combustion engine to propel itself. Like a gas-electric hybrid, it uses a lithium ion battery to assist the fuel cell during acceleration and capture energy through regenerative braking, thus improving fuel efficiency. The lack of hydrogen filling stations throughout developed countries will keep production volumes low. Honda will release the vehicle in groups of 150. California is the only U.S. market with infrastructure for fueling such a vehicle, though the number of stations is still limited. Building more stations is expensive, as the California Air Resources Board (CARB) granted $6.8 million for four H2 fueling stations, costing US$1.7 million each.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2469",
"text": "The vehicle itself does not emit any pollutants and its only by-products are heat and water. The FCX Clarity also has an advantage over gas-electric hybrids in that it does not use an internal combustion engine to propel itself. Like a gas-electric hybrid, it uses a lithium ion battery to assist the fuel cell during acceleration and capture energy through regenerative braking, thus improving fuel efficiency. There are a decent number of hydrogen filling stations throughout developed countries but the lack of certain battery parts will keep production volumes low. Honda will release the vehicle in groups of 150. California is the only U.S. market with infrastructure for fueling such a vehicle, though the number of stations is still limited. Building more stations is expensive, as the California Air Resources Board (CARB) granted $6.8 ;million for four H2 fueling stations, costing US$1.7 ;million each.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2470",
"text": "The vehicle itself does not emit any pollutants and its only by-products are heat and water. The FCX Clarity also has an advantage over gas-electric hybrids in that it does not use an internal combustion engine to propel itself. Like a gas-electric hybrid, it uses a lithium ion battery to assist the fuel cell during acceleration and capture energy through regenerative braking, thus improving fuel efficiency. The abundance of hydrogen filling stations throughout developed countries will keep production volumes constant. Honda will release the vehicle in groups of 150. California is one of the states in the U.S. market with infrastructure for fueling such a vehicle, though the number of stations continue to grow. Building more stations is expensive, as the California Air Resources Board (CARB) granted $6.8 ;million for four H2 fueling stations, costing US$1.7 ;million each.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2986",
"text": "Following Proudhon, mutualists are libertarian socialists who consider themselves to part of the market socialist tradition and the socialist movement. However, some contemporary mutualists outside the classical anarchist tradition abandoned the labor theory of value and prefer to avoid the term \"socialist\" due to its association with state socialism throughout the 20th century. Nonetheless, those contemporary mutualists \"still retain some cultural attitudes, for the most part, that set them off from the libertarian right. Most of them view mutualism as an alternative to capitalism, and believe that capitalism as it exists is a statist system with exploitative features\". Mutualists and state socialism distinguish themselves for not advocating state ownership over the means of production. Benjamin Tucker said of Proudhon that \"though opposed to socializing the ownership of capital, Proudhon aimed nevertheless to socialize its effects by making its use beneficial to all instead of a means of impoverishing the many to enrich the few [...] by subjecting capital to the natural law of competition, thus bringing the price of its own use down to cost\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2985",
"text": "Following Proudhon, mutualists are libertarian socialists who consider themselves to part of the market socialist tradition and the socialist movement. However, some contemporary mutualists outside the classical anarchist tradition abandoned the labor theory of value and prefer to avoid the term \"socialist\" due to its association with state socialism throughout the 20th century. Nonetheless, those contemporary mutualists \"still retain some cultural attitudes, for the most part, that set them off from the libertarian right. Most of them view mutualism as an alternative to capitalism, and believe that capitalism as it exists is a statist system with exploitative features\". Mutualists have distinguished themselves from state socialism and do not advocate state ownership over the means of production. Benjamin Tucker said of Proudhon that \"though opposed to socializing the ownership of capital, Proudhon aimed nevertheless to socialize its effects by making its use beneficial to all instead of a means of impoverishing the many to enrich the few [...] by subjecting capital to the natural law of competition, thus bringing the price of its own use down to cost\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2987",
"text": "Following Proudhon, mutualists are libertarian socialists who consider themselves to part of the market socialist tradition and the socialist movement. However, some contemporary mutualists outside the classical anarchist tradition abandoned the labor theory of value and prefer to avoid the term \"socialist\" due to its association with state socialism throughout the 20th century. Nonetheless, those contemporary mutualists \"still retain some cultural attitudes, for the most part, that set them off from the libertarian right. Most of them view mutualism as an alternative to capitalism, and believe that capitalism as it exists is a statist system with exploitative features\". Mutualists distinguish themselves for advocating state ownership over the means of production much like state socialism. Benjamin Tucker said of Proudhon that \"though opposed to socializing the ownership of capital, Proudhon aimed nevertheless to socialize its effects by making its use beneficial to all instead of a means of impoverishing the many to enrich the few [...] by subjecting capital to the natural law of competition, thus bringing the price of its own use down to cost\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1582",
"text": "The nineteenth series of \"Big Brother UK\" saw the adaption of the \"Game Changer\" competition which is very similar to the Power of Veto competition. The winner of this competition has the opportunity to save a nominee from eviction. Like the PoV, there are six people that play in the \"Game Changer\" competition. The process of how the contestants are chosen is different as the people who have been nominated play in the competition along with the richest housemate. If there are empty left in the competition, then the richest housemate hand picks who will playing in that weeks \"Game Changer\" competition. The winner of the competition, like the PoV, has the option to save housemate from eviction for the week or not use the power at all. Unlike the PoV however, if the winner does save someone then no replacement nominee was named leaving the remaining nominees up for eviction and facing the public vote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1584",
"text": "The nineteenth series of \"Big Brother UK\" saw the adaption of the \"Game Changer\" competition which is very similar to the Power of Veto competition. The winner of this competition has the opportunity to save a nominee from eviction. Like the PoV, there are six people that play in the \"Game Changer\" competition. The process of how the contestants are chosen is different as the people who have been nominated play in the competition along with the richest housemate. If there are empty left in the competition, then the richest housemate hand picks who will playing in that weeks \"Game Changer\" competition. The winner of the competition, like the PoV, has to save housemate from eviction and must use the power immediately. Unlike the PoV however, if the winner does save someone then no replacement nominee was named leaving the remaining nominees up for eviction and facing the public vote.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "273",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "274",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all often behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "275",
"text": "If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call \"left\" and what we call \"right\". This concept of mirror reflection is called \"intrinsic parity\" or simply \"parity\" (\"P\"). Gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong interaction all behave differently in the regular universe and the universe reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to conserve parity (P-symmetry). However, the weak interaction does distinguish \"left\" from \"right\", a phenomenon called parity violation (P-violation).",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3826",
"text": "The median weekly individual income for people aged 15 years and over was $447 per week in 2006, compared with $466 nationally. The median family income was $1,137 per week, compared with $1,171 nationally. Adelaide's housing and living costs are substantially lower than that of other Australian cities, with housing being notably cheaper. The median Adelaide house price is half that of Sydney and two-thirds that of Melbourne. The three-month trend unemployment rate to March 2007 was 6.2%. The Northern suburbs' unemployment rate is disproportionately higher than the other regions of Adelaide at 8.3%, while the East and South are lower than the Adelaide average at 4.9% and 5.0% respectively.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3827",
"text": "The median weekly individual income for people aged 15 ;years and over was $447 per week in 2006, compared with $466 nationally. The median family income was $1,137 per week, compared with $1,171 nationally. Adelaide's housing and living costs are substantially lower than that of other Australian cities, with housing being notably cheaper. The median Adelaide house price is half that of Sydney and two-thirds that of Melbourne. The three-month trend unemployment rate to March 2007 was 6.2%. The Northern suburbs' unemployment rate is disproportionately higher than the East and South regions, yet similar to the overall average for Adelaide (which is 8.3%), while the aforementioned East and South are lower than the Adelaide average at 4.9% and 5.0% respectively.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3642",
"text": "As his music progressed and popularity grew, his singing also became very important. Armstrong was not the first to record scat singing, but he was masterful at it and helped popularize it with the first recording on which he scatted, \"Heebie Jeebies\". At a recording session for Okeh Records, when the sheet music supposedly fell on the floor and the music began before he could pick up the pages, Armstrong simply started singing nonsense syllables while Okeh president E.A. Fearn, who was at the session, kept telling him to continue. Armstrong did, thinking that anything was an improvement over the insipid lyrics that the label had provided, and the version was pressed to disc, and sold at a level in line with what the label had projected. Although the story was thought to be apocryphal, Armstrong himself confirmed it in at least one interview as well as in his memoirs. On a later recording, Armstrong also sang out \"I done forgot the words\" in the middle of recording \"I'm A Ding Dong Daddy From Dumas\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "906",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"No, sir.... Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect, but not wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "907",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Yes, sir.... wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps wittingly collect, but not inadvertently .\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "908",
"text": "At a March 2013 Senate Intelligence Committee hearing, Senator Ron Wyden asked Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, \"does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?\" Clapper replied \"Maybe, sir.... even wittingly. There are cases where they could perhaps collect wittingly.\" This statement came under scrutiny months later, in June 2013, details of the PRISM surveillance program were published, showing that \"the NSA apparently can gain access to the servers of nine Internet companies for a wide range of digital data.\" Wyden said that Clapper had failed to give a \"straight answer\" in his testimony. Clapper, in response to criticism, said, \"I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner.\" Clapper added, \"There are honest differences on the semantics of what -- when someone says ‘collection’ to me, that has a specific meaning, which may have a different meaning to him.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1597",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the lack of a large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1598",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the chaotic nature of a large indigenous labor force, the population's lack of ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1599",
"text": "Many historians say that the area suffered a lack of indigenous population available for forced labor, which meant that most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work their own land. This prevented the establishment of large \"haciendas\". For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The small landowners' relative poverty, the very large indigenous labor force, the population's ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, and Costa Rica's isolation from the Spanish colonial centers in Mexico and the Andes, all contributed to the development of an autonomous and individualistic agrarian society. Even the Governor had to farm his own crops and tend to his own garden due to his poverty. The failure to build a colonial society based on indigenous and slave labor led to a peasant economy in the 1700s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2272",
"text": "Agamemnon gathered the reluctant Greek forces to sail for Troy. Preparing to depart from Aulis, a port in Boeotia, Agamemnon's army incurred the wrath of the goddess Artemis. There are several reasons throughout myth for such wrath: in Aeschylus' play \"Agamemnon\", Artemis is angry for the young men who will die at Troy, whereas in Sophocles' \"Electra\", Agamemnon has slain an animal sacred to Artemis, and subsequently boasted that he was Artemis' equal in hunting. Misfortunes, including a plague and a lack of wind, prevented the army from sailing. Finally, the prophet Calchas announced that the wrath of the goddess could only be propitiated by the sacrifice of Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2273",
"text": "Agamemnon gathered the reluctant Greek forces to sail for Troy. Preparing to depart from Aulis, a port in Boeotia, Agamemnon's army incurred the wrath of the goddess Artemis. There are several reasons throughout myth for such wrath: in Aeschylus' play \"Agamemnon\", Artemis is angry for the young men who will die at Troy, whereas in Sophocles' \"Electra\", Agamemnon has slain an animal sacred to Artemis, and subsequently boasted that he was Artemis' equal in hunting. Misfortunes, including a plague and a lack of rain, prevented the army from sailing. Finally, the prophet Calchas announced that the wrath of the goddess could only be propitiated by the sacrifice of Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2274",
"text": "Agamemnon gathered the reluctant Greek forces to sail for Troy. Preparing to depart from Aulis, a port in Boeotia, Agamemnon's army incurred the wrath of the goddess Artemis. There are several reasons throughout myth for such wrath: in Aeschylus' play \"Agamemnon\", Artemis is angry for the young men who will die at Troy, whereas in Sophocles' \"Electra\", Agamemnon has slain an animal sacred to Artemis, and subsequently boasted that he was Artemis' equal in hunting. Misfortunes, including a plague and an abundance of wind gusts, prevented the army from sailing. Finally, the prophet Calchas announced that the wrath of the goddess could only be propitiated by the sacrifice of Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "918",
"text": "In Russia, Ukraine and other former Soviet states, a very similar product is called \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" (, lit. \"doctor's sausage\"). However, this product is normally made from a mixture of beef and pork (sometimes beef and lamb or chicken for religious reasons), and does not include pieces of fat or myrtle; mortadella-style sausages with pieces of fat are called \"lubitelskaya\" and \"stolichnaya\". Instead, it is flavoured with just cardamom, sometimes coriander and nutmeg, and also traditionally contains eggs and milk, which are usually absent in traditional mortadella. Unlike mortadella, \"doktorskaya kolbasa\" contains lower amounts of fat and is high in proteins.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "544",
"text": "Some brewers add one or more clarifying agents or finings to beer, which typically precipitate (collect as a solid) out of the beer along with protein solids and are found only in trace amounts in the finished product. This process does not make the beer appear bright and clean but rather it has the cloudy appearance of ethnic and older styles of beer such as wheat beers. Examples of clarifying agents include isinglass, obtained from swimbladders of fish; Irish moss, a seaweed; kappa carrageenan, from the seaweed \"Kappaphycus cottonii\"; Polyclar (artificial); and gelatin. If a beer is marked \"suitable for vegans\", it was clarified either with seaweed or with artificial agents.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2613",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2614",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She disliked what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson discovered the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2615",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson praised the boundless circulation of the photo but resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "801",
"text": "Costs can include payment for medical personnel to be on call for death, vitrification, transportation in dry ice to a preservation facility, and payment into a trust fund intended to cover indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen and future revival costs. As of 2011, U.S. cryopreservation costs can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance. KrioRus, which stores bodies communally in large dewars, charges $12,000 to $36,000 for the procedure. Some customers opt to have only their brain cryopreserved (\"neuropreservation\"), rather than their whole body.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "802",
"text": "Costs can include payment for medical personnel to be on call for death, vitrification, transportation in dry ice to a preservation facility, and payment into a trust fund intended to cover indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen and future revival costs. As of 2011, U.S. cryopreservation costs can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance. KrioRus, which stores bodies communally in large dewars, charges $12,000 to $36,000 for the procedure. Some customers opt to have only their brain cryopreserved (\"neuropreservation\"), rather than choosing the option of having their entire heads preserved.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "803",
"text": "Costs can include payment for medical personnel to be on call for death, vitrification, transportation in dry ice to a preservation facility, and payment into a trust fund intended to cover indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen and future revival costs. As of 2011, U.S. cryopreservation costs can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance. KrioRus, which stores bodies communally in large dewars, charges $12,000 to $36,000 for the procedure. Some customers opt to have only their brain cryopreserved (\"neuropreservation\"), but can later choose to preserve their whole body.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "942",
"text": "More than 500 lakes and ponds are located within North Cascades National Park. Many of these are devoid of fish, not uncommon in steep terrain where fish may not be able to access high altitude waterways. Around 240 of these lakes exist in the higher elevations and stocking of some of these lakes with fish has been ongoing since the late 19th century. In 2008 an Environmental Impact Statement was produced that examined whether these lakes should continue to be stocked, and if so, what the impact would be on native species such as salamanders and other aquatic life.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "944",
"text": "More than 500 lakes and ponds are located within North Cascades National Park. Many of these are devoid of fish, a phenomenon which is quite rare, even in steep terrain where fish may not be able to access high altitude waterways. Around 240 of these lakes exist in the higher elevations and stocking of some of these lakes with fish has been ongoing since the late 19th century. In 2008 an Environmental Impact Statement was produced that examined whether these lakes should continue to be stocked, and if so, what the impact would be on native species such as salamanders and other aquatic life.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "943",
"text": "More than 500 lakes and ponds are located within North Cascades National Park. Many of these are devoid of uncommon species of fish, a typical occurrence in steep terrain where only the most abundant, wide-ranging species may be able to access high altitude waterways. Around 240 of these lakes exist in the higher elevations and stocking of some of these lakes with fish has been ongoing since the late 19th century. In 2008 an Environmental Impact Statement was produced that examined whether these lakes should continue to be stocked, and if so, what the impact would be on native species such as salamanders and other aquatic life.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "932",
"text": "The \"snug\" was a small enclosed room or area which typically had access to the bar and windows in the partition between it and the public area. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could listen in to what these drinkers were saying. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen associating with the public in the bar. Ladies would often enjoy a quiet drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be with the working class men in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or eligible singles hoping to meet potential lovers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2923",
"text": "Competitive play does not include recording the game, unlike chess. The game is fast-paced, no standard notation exists, and players keep their initial setups secret, so recording games is impractical. However, digital interfaces such as web-based gaming interfaces, may have a facility for recording, replaying and downloading the game. Those interfaces use an algebraic-style notation that numbers the rows ('ranks') 1 to 10 from bottom to top and the columns ('files') A to J from left to right. Alternately, a few interfaces designate the files as A to K, omitting 'I'. Moves are recorded as source square followed by destination square separated by a \"-\" (move) or \"x\" (strike). Revealed pieces on strikes precede the square designation, and may be by either rank name or rank number for brevity, for example \"major B2xcaptain B3\". The bottom half of the board is by default considered to be the 'red' side, and the top half the 'blue' side.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1648",
"text": "The latter of the two equations was unknown when the U.S. conducted the Castle Bravo fusion bomb test in 1954. Being just the second fusion bomb ever tested (and the first to use lithium), the designers of the Castle Bravo \"Shrimp\" had understood the usefulness of 6Li in tritium production, but had failed to recognize that 7Li fission would greatly increase the yield of the bomb. While 7Li has a small neutron cross-section for low neutron energies, it has a higher cross section above 5 MeV. The 15 Mt yield was 150% greater than the predicted 6 Mt but it did not bring any unexpected levels of fallout, and all measurements revealed exposure on par with what would have occurred given a 6 Mt yield.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3619",
"text": "Many farmers around the world are aware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, and the farmers who grow it typically earn more than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade and were able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could ialso dentify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, overall, farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which author gave a specific age for the bull coat color to become black?
|
99-2-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1418",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. Young bulls changed their coat colour at a few months old to black, with a white eel stripe running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1419",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. Young bulls changed their coat colour to black, with a few white eel stripes running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "99-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1419"
],
"pos_docid": "1418"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1419",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. Young bulls changed their coat colour to black, with a few white eel stripes running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1420",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. As they reached puberty, young bulls changed their coat colour to black, with a white eel stripe running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2675",
"text": "Other varieties of rice eaten in Thailand include: sticky rice (\"khao niao\"), a unique variety of rice which contains an unusual balance of the starches present in all rice, causing it to cook up to a sticky texture. Thai Red Cargo rice, an unpolished long grain rice with an outer deep reddish-brown color and a white center, has a nutty taste and slightly chewy compared to the soft and gummy texture of jasmine rice. Only the husks of the red rice grains are removed which allows it to retain all its nutrients and vitamins, but unlike brown rice, its red color comes from antioxidants in the bran. Black sticky rice is a type of sticky rice with a deep purple-red color that may appear black. Another unpolished grain, black sticky rice has a rich nutty flavor that is most often used in desserts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2676",
"text": "Other varieties of rice eaten in Thailand include: sticky rice (\"khao niao\"), a unique variety of rice which contains a balance of unusual starches present in very few rices, causing it to cook up to a sticky texture. Thai Red Cargo rice, an unpolished long grain rice with an outer deep reddish-brown color and a white center, has a nutty taste and slightly chewy compared to the soft and gummy texture of jasmine rice. Only the husks of the red rice grains are removed which allows it to retain all its nutrients and vitamins, but unlike brown rice, its red color comes from antioxidants in the bran. Black sticky rice is a type of sticky rice with a deep purple-red color that may appear black. Another unpolished grain, black sticky rice has a rich nutty flavor that is most often used in desserts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2677",
"text": "Other varieties of rice eaten in Thailand include: sticky rice (\"khao niao\"), a standard variety of rice which contains a usual balance of the starches present in all rice, causing it to cook up to a sticky texture. Thai Red Cargo rice, an unpolished long grain rice with an outer deep reddish-brown color and a white center, has a nutty taste and slightly chewy compared to the soft and gummy texture of jasmine rice. Only the husks of the red rice grains are removed which allows it to retain all its nutrients and vitamins, but unlike brown rice, its red color comes from antioxidants in the bran. Black sticky rice is a type of sticky rice with a deep purple-red color that may appear black. Another unpolished grain, black sticky rice has a rich nutty flavor that is most often used in desserts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "502",
"text": "The flag of Belgium (,) is a tricolour consisting of three equal vertical bands displaying the national colours of Belgium: black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the coat of arms of the Duchy of Brabant, and the vertical design may be based on the flag of France. When flown, the black band is nearest the pole (at the hoist side). It has the proportions of 13:15, which are unusual today, but which more closely matched the traditions of the time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3211",
"text": "Many anglers who catch a spotted bass mistake it for a largemouth due to the coloration although there are subtle differences. The spotted bass, like all black basses except the largemouth, has scales on the base portion of the second dorsal fin, its first and second dorsal fin are clearly connected, and its upper jaw bone does not extend back to or beyond the rear edge of the eyes. The spotted bass is also often confused with a smallmouth bass or smally for short, but it lacks the vertical bars that are present on the sides of the body of a smallmouth bass. The spotted bass also has small black spots below the lateral line unlike either the large or smallmouth bass, which both only have spots above the line. Juveniles often resemble the young of smallmouth bass in having a broad band of orange at the base of the tail, followed by a broad black band and white edge. The spotted bass is known to hybridize with the smallmouth, which sometimes makes identification difficult. Spotted bass can be found deeper than smallmouth bass at depths up to 100 ;ft.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3212",
"text": "Many anglers who catch a spotted bass mistake it for a largemouth due to the coloration although there are subtle differences. The spotted bass, like all black basses except the largemouth, has scales on the base portion of the second dorsal fin, its first and second dorsal fin are clearly connected, and its upper jaw bone does not extend back to or beyond the rear edge of the eyes. The spotted bass is also often confused with a smallmouth bass or smally for short, but it lacks the vertical bars that are present on the sides of the body of a smallmouth bass. The spotted bass also has small black spots below the lateral line, which adds to the confusion, because both the large and smallmouth bass also have those spots.. Juveniles often resemble the young of smallmouth bass in having a broad band of orange at the base of the tail, followed by a broad black band and white edge. The spotted bass is known to hybridize with the smallmouth, which sometimes makes identification difficult. Spotted bass can be found deeper than smallmouth bass at depths up to 100 ;ft.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "546",
"text": "In competitive games, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers; in informal games, the colors are usually decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other, and having the opponent choose. White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "547",
"text": "In informal games, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers; in competitive games, the colors are usually decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other, and having the opponent choose. White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "548",
"text": "In some competitive games, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers; in other formal games, the colors are decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other, and having the opponent choose. White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3210",
"text": "Many anglers who catch a spotted bass mistake it for a largemouth due to the coloration although there are subtle differences. The spotted bass, like all black basses except the largemouth, has scales on the base portion of the second dorsal fin, its first and second dorsal fin are clearly connected, and its upper jaw bone does not extend back to or beyond the rear edge of the eyes. The spotted bass is also often confused with a smallmouth bass or smally for short, but it lacks the vertical bars that are present on the sides of the body of a smallmouth bass. The spotted bass also has small black spots below the lateral line unlike either the large or smallmouth bass. Juveniles often resemble the young of smallmouth bass in having a broad band of orange at the base of the tail, followed by a broad black band and white edge. The spotted bass is known to hybridize with the smallmouth, which sometimes makes identification difficult. Spotted bass can be found deeper than smallmouth bass at depths up to 100 ft.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1845",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, where there is no background, the principal methods of camouflage are transparency, silvering, and countershading, while the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1846",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, where there is some background, no principal methods of camouflage involve transparency, silvering, or countershading, though the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1847",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, though there is a background, the principal methods of camouflage are transparency, silvering, and countershading, while the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2010",
"text": "Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges and teeth, whisker-like skin extensions or fins. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2008",
"text": "Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges instead of teeth, whisker-like skin extensions or fins. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2009",
"text": "Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason, instead of whisker-like skin extensions or fins, tadpoles can have horny ridges, or teeth. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2613",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2614",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She disliked what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson discovered the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2615",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson praised the boundless circulation of the photo but resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "501",
"text": "The flag of Belgium (,) is a tricolour consisting of three equal vertical bands displaying the national colours of Belgium: black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the coat of arms of the Duchy of Brabant, and the vertical design may be based on the flag of France. When flown, the black band is nearest the pole (at the hoist side). It has the unusual proportions of 13:15.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "503",
"text": "The flag of Belgium (,) is a tricolour consisting of three equal vertical bands displaying the national colours of Belgium: black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the coat of arms of the Duchy of Brabant, and the vertical design may be based on the flag of France. When flown, the black band is nearest the pole (at the hoist side). It has the traditional proportions of 2:3, as is usual for nations in Europe and beyond.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3536",
"text": "Ford's Len Bailey was hired to inspect the proposed build and engineer any changes he thought prudent to ensure the car was safe, as well as minimize problems experienced in the past. Baily changed the front suspension to Alan Mann specifications, which minimized nose-dive under braking. Zinc coated steel replaced the previous painted sheet metal, which had required regular maintenance to prevent rust. The vulnerable drive donuts were replaced with CV joints and the leak-prone rubber gas tanks were replaced with aluminum tanks. The GT40 chassis was upgraded without making any major changes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "18",
"text": "The base whiskies are distilled to between 180 and 190 proof which results in few congener by-products (such as fusel alcohol, aldehydes, esters, etc.) and creates a lighter taste. By comparison, an American whisky distilled any higher than 160 proof is labelled as \"light whiskey\". The flavouring whiskies are distilled to a lower proof so that they retain more of the grain's flavour. The relative lightness created by the use of base whiskies makes Canadian whisky useful for mixing into cocktails and highballs. The minimum three year aging in small wood barrels applies to all whiskies used in the blend. As the regulations do not limit the specific type of wood that must be used, a variety of flavours can be achieved by blending whiskies aged in different types of barrels. In addition to new wood barrels, charred or uncharred, flavour can be added by aging whiskies in previously used bourbon or fortified wine barrels for different lengths of time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "19",
"text": "The base whiskies are distilled to between 180 and 190 proof which results in few congener by-products (such as fusel alcohol, aldehydes, esters, etc.) and creates a lighter taste. By comparison, an American whisky distilled any higher than 160 proof is labelled as \"light whiskey\". The flavouring whiskies are distilled to a lower proof so that they retain more of the grain's flavour. The relative lightness created by the use of base whiskies makes Canadian whisky useful for mixing into cocktails and highballs. The minimum three year aging in small wood barrels applies to all whiskies used in the blend. As the regulations do not limit the specific type of wood that must be used, a variety of flavours can be achieved by blending whiskies aged in different types of barrels. In addition to not limiting the new wood barrels, charred or uncharred, flavour can be added by aging whiskies in previously used bourbon or fortified wine barrels for different lengths of time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "20",
"text": "The base whiskies are distilled to between 180 and 190 proof which results in few congener by-products (such as fusel alcohol, aldehydes, esters, etc.) and creates a lighter taste. By comparison, an American whisky distilled any higher than 160 proof is labelled as \"light whiskey\". The flavouring whiskies are distilled to a lower proof so that they retain more of the grain's flavour. The relative lightness created by the use of base whiskies makes Canadian whisky useful for mixing into cocktails and highballs. The minimum three year aging in small wood barrels applies to all whiskies used in the blend. As the regulations restrict the specific type of wood that must be used, a variety of flavours can be achieved by blending whiskies aged in different types of barrels. In addition to new wood barrels, charred or uncharred, flavour can be added by aging whiskies in previously used bourbon or fortified wine barrels for different lengths of time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3605",
"text": "The Bastarnae or Peucini are mentioned in historical sources going back as far as the 3rd century BCE through the 4th century CE. These Bastarnae were described by Greek and Roman authors as living in the territory east of the Carpathian Mountains north of the Danube's delta at the Black Sea. They were variously described as Celtic or Scythian, but much later Tacitus, in disagreement with Livy, said they were similar to the \"Germani\" in language. According to some authors then, they were the first \"Germani\" to reach the Greco-Roman world and the Black Sea area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3606",
"text": "The Bastarnae or Peucini are mentioned in historical sources going back as far as the 3rd century BCE through the 4th century CE. These Bastarnae were described by Greek and Roman authors as living in the territory east of the Carpathian Mountains north of the Danube's delta at the Black Sea. There was originally no disagreement that they were Celtic, but much later Tacitus, like Livy, said they were similar to the \"Germani\" in language. According to some authors then, they were the first \"Germani\" to reach the Greco-Roman world and the Black Sea area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3607",
"text": "The Bastarnae or Peucini are mentioned in historical sources going back as far as the 3rd century BCE through the 4th century CE. These Bastarnae were described by Greek and Roman authors as living in the territory east of the Carpathian Mountains north of the Danube's delta at the Black Sea. They were variously described as Celtic or Scythian, but much later Tacitus, in concordance with Livy, said they were similar to the \"Germani\" in language. According to some authors then, they were the first \"Germani\" to reach the Greco-Roman world and the Black Sea area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3534",
"text": "Ford's Len Bailey was hired to inspect the proposed build and engineer any changes he thought prudent to ensure the car was safe, as well as minimize problems experienced in the past. Baily changed the front suspension to Alan Mann specifications, which minimized nose-dive under braking. Zinc coated steel replaced the previous uncoated rust-prone sheet metal. The vulnerable drive donuts were replaced with CV joints and the leak-prone rubber gas tanks were replaced with aluminum tanks. The GT40 chassis was upgraded without making any major changes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3535",
"text": "Ford's Len Bailey was hired to inspect the proposed build and engineer any changes he thought prudent to ensure the car was safe, as well as minimize problems experienced in the past. Baily changed the front suspension to Alan Mann specifications, which minimized nose-dive under braking. Zinc coated steel replaced the previous painted sheet metal, that proved to be just as vulnerable to uncoated metal whenever the paint was breached. The vulnerable drive donuts were replaced with CV joints and the leak-prone rubber gas tanks were replaced with aluminum tanks. The GT40 chassis was upgraded without making any major changes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3228",
"text": "Baseball's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings, who were founded in 1869. Before that, some teams had secretly paid some players. The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era, during which players would rarely hit home runs. Professional baseball in the United States survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression and World War II. Shortly after the war, Jackie Robinson broke baseball's color barrier.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3229",
"text": "Baseball's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings, who were founded in 1869. Before that, some teams had secretly paid some players. The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era, during which players would rarely hit. Professional baseball in the United States survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression and World War II. Shortly after the war, Jackie Robinson broke baseball's color barrier.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3230",
"text": "Baseball's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings, who were founded in 1869. Before that, some teams had secretly paid some players. The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 is known as the live-ball era, during which players would frequently hit home runs. Professional baseball in the United States survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression and World War II. Shortly after the war, Jackie Robinson broke baseball's color barrier.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1494",
"text": "Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. \"Black Harry\" Hosier, an illiterate freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1496",
"text": "Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. \"Black Harry\" Hosier, an educated and scholarly freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1495",
"text": "Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. \"Black Harry\" Hosier, a self-taught freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to read and memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister, even if many in attendance were themselves illiterate, and unable to confirm his accuracy. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3544",
"text": "Giraffe gestation lasts 400–460 days, after which a single calf is normally born, although twins occur on rare occasions. The mother gives birth standing up. The calf emerges head and front legs first, having broken through the fetal membranes, and falls to the ground, severing the umbilical cord. The mother then grooms the newborn and helps it stand up. A newborn giraffe is tall. Within a few hours of birth, the calf can run around and is almost indistinguishable from its mother. However, for the first 1–3 weeks, it spends most of its time hiding; its coat pattern providing camouflage. The ossicones, which have lain flat while it was in the womb, become erect within a few days.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3543",
"text": "Giraffe gestation lasts 400–460 days, after which a single calf is normally born, although twins occur on rare occasions. The mother gives birth standing up. The calf emerges head and front legs first, having broken through the fetal membranes, and falls to the ground, severing the umbilical cord. The mother then grooms the newborn and helps it stand up. A newborn giraffe is tall. Within a few hours of birth, the calf can run around and is almost indistinguishable from a one-week-old. However, for the first 1–3 weeks, it spends most of its time hiding; its coat pattern providing camouflage. The ossicones, which have lain flat while it was in the womb, become erect within a few days.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3545",
"text": "Giraffe gestation lasts 400–460 days, after which a single calf is normally born, although twins occur on rare occasions. The mother gives birth standing up. The calf emerges head and front legs first, having broken through the fetal membranes, and falls to the ground, severing the umbilical cord. The mother then grooms the newborn and helps it stand up. A newborn giraffe is tall. Within a few hours of birth, the calf can't run around and is very distinguishable from a one-week-old. However, for the first 1–3 weeks, it spends most of its time hiding; its coat pattern providing camouflage. The ossicones, which have lain flat while it was in the womb, become erect within a few days.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1047",
"text": "Young Fionn, still known by his boyhood name Demne, met the poet Finn Éces (Finnegas), near the river Boyne and studied under him. Finnegas had spent seven years trying to catch the salmon that lived in Fec's Pool () of the Boyne, for it was prophesied the poet would eat this salmon, and \"nothing would remain unknown to him\". Although this salmon is not specifically called the \"Salmon of Knowledge\", etc., in the text, it is presumed to be so, i.e., the salmon that fed on the of knowledge at Segais. Eventually the poet caught it, and told the boy to cook it for him. While he was cooking it, Demne burned his thumb, and instinctively put his thumb in his mouth. This imbued him with the salmon's wisdom, and when Éces saw that he had gained wisdom, he gave the youngster the whole salmon to eat, and gave Demne the new name, Fionn.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1048",
"text": "Young Fionn, still known by his boyhood name Demne, met the poet Finn Éces (Finnegas), near the river Boyne and studied under him. Finnegas had spent seven years trying to catch the salmon that lived in Fec's Pool () of the Boyne, for it was prophesied the poet would eat this salmon, and \"nothing would remain unknown to him\". Although this salmon is specifically called the \"Salmon of Knowledge\" in the text's narration, this fact is not known to the characters, and it is only presumed by them that it is the salmon that fed on the knowledge at Segais. Eventually the poet caught it, and told the boy to cook it for him. While he was cooking it, Demne burned his thumb, and instinctively put his thumb in his mouth. This imbued him with the salmon's wisdom, and when Éces saw that he had gained wisdom, he gave the youngster the whole salmon to eat, and gave Demne the new name, Fionn.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1518",
"text": "Hearts is an \"evasion-type\" trick-taking playing card game for four players, although most variations can accommodate between three and six players. It was first recorded in America in the 1880s and has many variants, some of which are also referred to as \"Hearts\"; especially the games of Black Lady and Black Maria. The game is a member of the Whist group of trick-taking games (which also includes Bridge and Spades), but is unusual among Whist variants in that it is a trick-avoidance game; players avoid winning certain penalty cards in tricks, usually by avoiding winning tricks altogether. The original game of Hearts is still current, but has been overtaken in popularity by Black Lady in the United States and Black Maria in Great Britain.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1519",
"text": "Hearts is an \"evasion-type\" trick-taking playing card game for four players, although most variations can accommodate between three and six players. It was first recorded in America in the 1880s and has many variants, some of which are also referred to as \"Hearts\"; especially the games of Black Lady and Black Maria. The game is a member of the Whist group of trick-taking games (which also includes Bridge and Spades), but is unusual among Whist variants (except Bridge) in that it is a trick-avoidance game; players avoid winning certain penalty cards in tricks, usually by avoiding winning tricks altogether. The original game of Hearts is still current, but has been overtaken in popularity by Black Lady in the United States and Black Maria in Great Britain.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1520",
"text": "Hearts is an \"evasion-type\" trick-taking playing card game for four players, although most variations can accommodate between three and six players. It was first recorded in America in the 1880s and has many variants, some of which are also referred to as \"Hearts\"; especially the games of Black Lady and Black Maria. The game is a member of the Whist group of trick-taking games (which also includes Bridge and Spades), and is typical among Whist variants in that it is a trick-avoidance game; players avoid winning certain penalty cards in tricks, usually by avoiding winning tricks altogether. The original game of Hearts is still current, but has been overtaken in popularity by Black Lady in the United States and Black Maria in Great Britain.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2684",
"text": "On 21 June 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration announced regulations for commercial operation of small UAS craft (sUAS), those between 0.55 and 55 pounds (about 250 gm to 25 kg) including payload. The rules, which exclude hobbyists, require the presence at all operations of a licensed Remote Pilot in Command. Certification of this position, available to any citizen at least 16 years of age, is obtained solely by passing a written test and then submitting an application. For those holding a sport pilot license or higher, and with a current flight review, a rule-specific exam can be taken at no charge online at the faasafety.gov website. Other applicants must take a more comprehensive examination at an aeronautical testing center. All licensees are required to take a review course every two years. At this time no ratings for heavier UAS are available.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Which author did not give a specific age for the bull coat color to become black?
|
99-2-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1419",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. Young bulls changed their coat colour to black, with a few white eel stripes running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1418",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. Young bulls changed their coat colour at a few months old to black, with a white eel stripe running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "99-2",
"hard_negatives": [
"1418"
],
"pos_docid": "1419"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1418",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. Young bulls changed their coat colour at a few months old to black, with a white eel stripe running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1420",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. As they reached puberty, young bulls changed their coat colour to black, with a white eel stripe running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2675",
"text": "Other varieties of rice eaten in Thailand include: sticky rice (\"khao niao\"), a unique variety of rice which contains an unusual balance of the starches present in all rice, causing it to cook up to a sticky texture. Thai Red Cargo rice, an unpolished long grain rice with an outer deep reddish-brown color and a white center, has a nutty taste and slightly chewy compared to the soft and gummy texture of jasmine rice. Only the husks of the red rice grains are removed which allows it to retain all its nutrients and vitamins, but unlike brown rice, its red color comes from antioxidants in the bran. Black sticky rice is a type of sticky rice with a deep purple-red color that may appear black. Another unpolished grain, black sticky rice has a rich nutty flavor that is most often used in desserts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2676",
"text": "Other varieties of rice eaten in Thailand include: sticky rice (\"khao niao\"), a unique variety of rice which contains a balance of unusual starches present in very few rices, causing it to cook up to a sticky texture. Thai Red Cargo rice, an unpolished long grain rice with an outer deep reddish-brown color and a white center, has a nutty taste and slightly chewy compared to the soft and gummy texture of jasmine rice. Only the husks of the red rice grains are removed which allows it to retain all its nutrients and vitamins, but unlike brown rice, its red color comes from antioxidants in the bran. Black sticky rice is a type of sticky rice with a deep purple-red color that may appear black. Another unpolished grain, black sticky rice has a rich nutty flavor that is most often used in desserts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2677",
"text": "Other varieties of rice eaten in Thailand include: sticky rice (\"khao niao\"), a standard variety of rice which contains a usual balance of the starches present in all rice, causing it to cook up to a sticky texture. Thai Red Cargo rice, an unpolished long grain rice with an outer deep reddish-brown color and a white center, has a nutty taste and slightly chewy compared to the soft and gummy texture of jasmine rice. Only the husks of the red rice grains are removed which allows it to retain all its nutrients and vitamins, but unlike brown rice, its red color comes from antioxidants in the bran. Black sticky rice is a type of sticky rice with a deep purple-red color that may appear black. Another unpolished grain, black sticky rice has a rich nutty flavor that is most often used in desserts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3544",
"text": "Giraffe gestation lasts 400–460 days, after which a single calf is normally born, although twins occur on rare occasions. The mother gives birth standing up. The calf emerges head and front legs first, having broken through the fetal membranes, and falls to the ground, severing the umbilical cord. The mother then grooms the newborn and helps it stand up. A newborn giraffe is tall. Within a few hours of birth, the calf can run around and is almost indistinguishable from its mother. However, for the first 1–3 weeks, it spends most of its time hiding; its coat pattern providing camouflage. The ossicones, which have lain flat while it was in the womb, become erect within a few days.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3543",
"text": "Giraffe gestation lasts 400–460 days, after which a single calf is normally born, although twins occur on rare occasions. The mother gives birth standing up. The calf emerges head and front legs first, having broken through the fetal membranes, and falls to the ground, severing the umbilical cord. The mother then grooms the newborn and helps it stand up. A newborn giraffe is tall. Within a few hours of birth, the calf can run around and is almost indistinguishable from a one-week-old. However, for the first 1–3 weeks, it spends most of its time hiding; its coat pattern providing camouflage. The ossicones, which have lain flat while it was in the womb, become erect within a few days.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3545",
"text": "Giraffe gestation lasts 400–460 days, after which a single calf is normally born, although twins occur on rare occasions. The mother gives birth standing up. The calf emerges head and front legs first, having broken through the fetal membranes, and falls to the ground, severing the umbilical cord. The mother then grooms the newborn and helps it stand up. A newborn giraffe is tall. Within a few hours of birth, the calf can't run around and is very distinguishable from a one-week-old. However, for the first 1–3 weeks, it spends most of its time hiding; its coat pattern providing camouflage. The ossicones, which have lain flat while it was in the womb, become erect within a few days.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "502",
"text": "The flag of Belgium (,) is a tricolour consisting of three equal vertical bands displaying the national colours of Belgium: black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the coat of arms of the Duchy of Brabant, and the vertical design may be based on the flag of France. When flown, the black band is nearest the pole (at the hoist side). It has the proportions of 13:15, which are unusual today, but which more closely matched the traditions of the time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3211",
"text": "Many anglers who catch a spotted bass mistake it for a largemouth due to the coloration although there are subtle differences. The spotted bass, like all black basses except the largemouth, has scales on the base portion of the second dorsal fin, its first and second dorsal fin are clearly connected, and its upper jaw bone does not extend back to or beyond the rear edge of the eyes. The spotted bass is also often confused with a smallmouth bass or smally for short, but it lacks the vertical bars that are present on the sides of the body of a smallmouth bass. The spotted bass also has small black spots below the lateral line unlike either the large or smallmouth bass, which both only have spots above the line. Juveniles often resemble the young of smallmouth bass in having a broad band of orange at the base of the tail, followed by a broad black band and white edge. The spotted bass is known to hybridize with the smallmouth, which sometimes makes identification difficult. Spotted bass can be found deeper than smallmouth bass at depths up to 100 ;ft.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3212",
"text": "Many anglers who catch a spotted bass mistake it for a largemouth due to the coloration although there are subtle differences. The spotted bass, like all black basses except the largemouth, has scales on the base portion of the second dorsal fin, its first and second dorsal fin are clearly connected, and its upper jaw bone does not extend back to or beyond the rear edge of the eyes. The spotted bass is also often confused with a smallmouth bass or smally for short, but it lacks the vertical bars that are present on the sides of the body of a smallmouth bass. The spotted bass also has small black spots below the lateral line, which adds to the confusion, because both the large and smallmouth bass also have those spots.. Juveniles often resemble the young of smallmouth bass in having a broad band of orange at the base of the tail, followed by a broad black band and white edge. The spotted bass is known to hybridize with the smallmouth, which sometimes makes identification difficult. Spotted bass can be found deeper than smallmouth bass at depths up to 100 ;ft.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "546",
"text": "In competitive games, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers; in informal games, the colors are usually decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other, and having the opponent choose. White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "547",
"text": "In informal games, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers; in competitive games, the colors are usually decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other, and having the opponent choose. White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "548",
"text": "In some competitive games, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers; in other formal games, the colors are decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other, and having the opponent choose. White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3210",
"text": "Many anglers who catch a spotted bass mistake it for a largemouth due to the coloration although there are subtle differences. The spotted bass, like all black basses except the largemouth, has scales on the base portion of the second dorsal fin, its first and second dorsal fin are clearly connected, and its upper jaw bone does not extend back to or beyond the rear edge of the eyes. The spotted bass is also often confused with a smallmouth bass or smally for short, but it lacks the vertical bars that are present on the sides of the body of a smallmouth bass. The spotted bass also has small black spots below the lateral line unlike either the large or smallmouth bass. Juveniles often resemble the young of smallmouth bass in having a broad band of orange at the base of the tail, followed by a broad black band and white edge. The spotted bass is known to hybridize with the smallmouth, which sometimes makes identification difficult. Spotted bass can be found deeper than smallmouth bass at depths up to 100 ft.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1845",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, where there is no background, the principal methods of camouflage are transparency, silvering, and countershading, while the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1846",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, where there is some background, no principal methods of camouflage involve transparency, silvering, or countershading, though the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1847",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, though there is a background, the principal methods of camouflage are transparency, silvering, and countershading, while the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2197",
"text": "Tales of Gilgamesh's legendary exploits are narrated in five surviving Sumerian poems. The earliest of these is likely \"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld\", in which Gilgamesh comes to the aid of the goddess Inanna and drives away the creatures infesting her \"huluppu\" tree. She gives him two unknown objects, a \"mikku\" and a \"pikku\", which he loses. After Enkidu's death, his shade tells Gilgamesh about the bleak conditions in the Underworld. The poem \"Gilgamesh and Agga\" describes Gilgamesh's revolt against his overlord King Agga. Other Sumerian poems relate Gilgamesh's defeat of the giant Huwawa and the Bull of Heaven, while a fifth, poorly preserved poem relates the account of his death and funeral.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2198",
"text": "Tales of Gilgamesh's legendary exploits are narrated in five surviving Sumerian poems. The earliest of these is likely \"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld\", in which Gilgamesh comes to the aid of the goddess Inanna and drives away the creatures infesting her \"huluppu\" tree. She gives him one well-known object, a \"mikku\" and an unknown object, a \"pikku\", which he loses. After Enkidu's death, his shade tells Gilgamesh about the bleak conditions in the Underworld. The poem \"Gilgamesh and Agga\" describes Gilgamesh's revolt against his overlord King Agga. Other Sumerian poems relate Gilgamesh's defeat of the giant Huwawa and the Bull of Heaven, while a fifth, poorly preserved poem relates the account of his death and funeral.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2199",
"text": "Tales of Gilgamesh's legendary exploits are narrated in five surviving Sumerian poems. The earliest of these is likely \"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld\", in which Gilgamesh comes to the aid of the goddess Inanna and drives away the creatures infesting her \"huluppu\" tree. She gives him two well-known objects, a \"mikku\" and a \"pikku\", which he loses. After Enkidu's death, his shade tells Gilgamesh about the bleak conditions in the Underworld. The poem \"Gilgamesh and Agga\" describes Gilgamesh's revolt against his overlord King Agga. Other Sumerian poems relate Gilgamesh's defeat of the giant Huwawa and the Bull of Heaven, while a fifth, poorly preserved poem relates the account of his death and funeral.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2010",
"text": "Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges and teeth, whisker-like skin extensions or fins. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2008",
"text": "Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges instead of teeth, whisker-like skin extensions or fins. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2009",
"text": "Most amphibians go through metamorphosis, a process of significant morphological change after birth. In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts thyroxine's effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, it is subject to many adaptations due to specific environmental circumstances. For this reason, instead of whisker-like skin extensions or fins, tadpoles can have horny ridges, or teeth. They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "501",
"text": "The flag of Belgium (,) is a tricolour consisting of three equal vertical bands displaying the national colours of Belgium: black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the coat of arms of the Duchy of Brabant, and the vertical design may be based on the flag of France. When flown, the black band is nearest the pole (at the hoist side). It has the unusual proportions of 13:15.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "503",
"text": "The flag of Belgium (,) is a tricolour consisting of three equal vertical bands displaying the national colours of Belgium: black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the coat of arms of the Duchy of Brabant, and the vertical design may be based on the flag of France. When flown, the black band is nearest the pole (at the hoist side). It has the traditional proportions of 2:3, as is usual for nations in Europe and beyond.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3536",
"text": "Ford's Len Bailey was hired to inspect the proposed build and engineer any changes he thought prudent to ensure the car was safe, as well as minimize problems experienced in the past. Baily changed the front suspension to Alan Mann specifications, which minimized nose-dive under braking. Zinc coated steel replaced the previous painted sheet metal, which had required regular maintenance to prevent rust. The vulnerable drive donuts were replaced with CV joints and the leak-prone rubber gas tanks were replaced with aluminum tanks. The GT40 chassis was upgraded without making any major changes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "18",
"text": "The base whiskies are distilled to between 180 and 190 proof which results in few congener by-products (such as fusel alcohol, aldehydes, esters, etc.) and creates a lighter taste. By comparison, an American whisky distilled any higher than 160 proof is labelled as \"light whiskey\". The flavouring whiskies are distilled to a lower proof so that they retain more of the grain's flavour. The relative lightness created by the use of base whiskies makes Canadian whisky useful for mixing into cocktails and highballs. The minimum three year aging in small wood barrels applies to all whiskies used in the blend. As the regulations do not limit the specific type of wood that must be used, a variety of flavours can be achieved by blending whiskies aged in different types of barrels. In addition to new wood barrels, charred or uncharred, flavour can be added by aging whiskies in previously used bourbon or fortified wine barrels for different lengths of time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "19",
"text": "The base whiskies are distilled to between 180 and 190 proof which results in few congener by-products (such as fusel alcohol, aldehydes, esters, etc.) and creates a lighter taste. By comparison, an American whisky distilled any higher than 160 proof is labelled as \"light whiskey\". The flavouring whiskies are distilled to a lower proof so that they retain more of the grain's flavour. The relative lightness created by the use of base whiskies makes Canadian whisky useful for mixing into cocktails and highballs. The minimum three year aging in small wood barrels applies to all whiskies used in the blend. As the regulations do not limit the specific type of wood that must be used, a variety of flavours can be achieved by blending whiskies aged in different types of barrels. In addition to not limiting the new wood barrels, charred or uncharred, flavour can be added by aging whiskies in previously used bourbon or fortified wine barrels for different lengths of time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "20",
"text": "The base whiskies are distilled to between 180 and 190 proof which results in few congener by-products (such as fusel alcohol, aldehydes, esters, etc.) and creates a lighter taste. By comparison, an American whisky distilled any higher than 160 proof is labelled as \"light whiskey\". The flavouring whiskies are distilled to a lower proof so that they retain more of the grain's flavour. The relative lightness created by the use of base whiskies makes Canadian whisky useful for mixing into cocktails and highballs. The minimum three year aging in small wood barrels applies to all whiskies used in the blend. As the regulations restrict the specific type of wood that must be used, a variety of flavours can be achieved by blending whiskies aged in different types of barrels. In addition to new wood barrels, charred or uncharred, flavour can be added by aging whiskies in previously used bourbon or fortified wine barrels for different lengths of time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1777",
"text": "Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies, which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities. In Harlem, New York, for example, neither a single new school was built since the turn of the century, nor did a single nursery school exist ;– even as the Second Great Migration was causing overcrowding. Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with aging teachers and inexperienced administrators. \"Brown\" helped stimulate activism among New York City parents like Mae Mallory who, with the support of the NAACP, initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and state on \"Brown\" principles. Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959. During the boycott, some of the first freedom schools of the period were established. The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high-quality, historically-white schools. (New York's African-American community, and Northern desegregation activists generally, now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight, however.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1778",
"text": "Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies, which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities. In Harlem, New York, for example, neither a single new school was built since the turn of the century, nor did a single nursery school exist ;– even as the Second Great Migration was causing overcrowding. Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with aging teachers who had grown disillusioned about the profession. \"Brown\" helped stimulate activism among New York City parents like Mae Mallory who, with the support of the NAACP, initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and state on \"Brown\" principles. Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959. During the boycott, some of the first freedom schools of the period were established. The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high-quality, historically-white schools. (New York's African-American community, and Northern desegregation activists generally, now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight, however.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3605",
"text": "The Bastarnae or Peucini are mentioned in historical sources going back as far as the 3rd century BCE through the 4th century CE. These Bastarnae were described by Greek and Roman authors as living in the territory east of the Carpathian Mountains north of the Danube's delta at the Black Sea. They were variously described as Celtic or Scythian, but much later Tacitus, in disagreement with Livy, said they were similar to the \"Germani\" in language. According to some authors then, they were the first \"Germani\" to reach the Greco-Roman world and the Black Sea area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3606",
"text": "The Bastarnae or Peucini are mentioned in historical sources going back as far as the 3rd century BCE through the 4th century CE. These Bastarnae were described by Greek and Roman authors as living in the territory east of the Carpathian Mountains north of the Danube's delta at the Black Sea. There was originally no disagreement that they were Celtic, but much later Tacitus, like Livy, said they were similar to the \"Germani\" in language. According to some authors then, they were the first \"Germani\" to reach the Greco-Roman world and the Black Sea area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3607",
"text": "The Bastarnae or Peucini are mentioned in historical sources going back as far as the 3rd century BCE through the 4th century CE. These Bastarnae were described by Greek and Roman authors as living in the territory east of the Carpathian Mountains north of the Danube's delta at the Black Sea. They were variously described as Celtic or Scythian, but much later Tacitus, in concordance with Livy, said they were similar to the \"Germani\" in language. According to some authors then, they were the first \"Germani\" to reach the Greco-Roman world and the Black Sea area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3534",
"text": "Ford's Len Bailey was hired to inspect the proposed build and engineer any changes he thought prudent to ensure the car was safe, as well as minimize problems experienced in the past. Baily changed the front suspension to Alan Mann specifications, which minimized nose-dive under braking. Zinc coated steel replaced the previous uncoated rust-prone sheet metal. The vulnerable drive donuts were replaced with CV joints and the leak-prone rubber gas tanks were replaced with aluminum tanks. The GT40 chassis was upgraded without making any major changes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3535",
"text": "Ford's Len Bailey was hired to inspect the proposed build and engineer any changes he thought prudent to ensure the car was safe, as well as minimize problems experienced in the past. Baily changed the front suspension to Alan Mann specifications, which minimized nose-dive under braking. Zinc coated steel replaced the previous painted sheet metal, that proved to be just as vulnerable to uncoated metal whenever the paint was breached. The vulnerable drive donuts were replaced with CV joints and the leak-prone rubber gas tanks were replaced with aluminum tanks. The GT40 chassis was upgraded without making any major changes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "657",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who did not reside in the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3228",
"text": "Baseball's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings, who were founded in 1869. Before that, some teams had secretly paid some players. The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era, during which players would rarely hit home runs. Professional baseball in the United States survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression and World War II. Shortly after the war, Jackie Robinson broke baseball's color barrier.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3229",
"text": "Baseball's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings, who were founded in 1869. Before that, some teams had secretly paid some players. The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era, during which players would rarely hit. Professional baseball in the United States survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression and World War II. Shortly after the war, Jackie Robinson broke baseball's color barrier.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3230",
"text": "Baseball's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings, who were founded in 1869. Before that, some teams had secretly paid some players. The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 is known as the live-ball era, during which players would frequently hit home runs. Professional baseball in the United States survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression and World War II. Shortly after the war, Jackie Robinson broke baseball's color barrier.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1494",
"text": "Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. \"Black Harry\" Hosier, an illiterate freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1496",
"text": "Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. \"Black Harry\" Hosier, an educated and scholarly freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1495",
"text": "Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. \"Black Harry\" Hosier, a self-taught freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to read and memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister, even if many in attendance were themselves illiterate, and unable to confirm his accuracy. His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2613",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2614",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She disliked what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson discovered the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2615",
"text": "The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors, many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government. For instance, the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis. Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression. She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families. Among her most well-known photographs is \"Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children\", which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding three of her children. This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost. Decades later, Thompson praised the boundless circulation of the photo but resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast. Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl \"Okie.\"",
"title": ""
}
] |
What animal's coat color changed as a baby?
|
99-3-q1
|
[
{
"docid": "1418",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. Young bulls changed their coat colour at a few months old to black, with a white eel stripe running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1420",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. As they reached puberty, young bulls changed their coat colour to black, with a white eel stripe running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "99-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1420"
],
"pos_docid": "1418"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1845",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, where there is no background, the principal methods of camouflage are transparency, silvering, and countershading, while the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1846",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, where there is some background, no principal methods of camouflage involve transparency, silvering, or countershading, though the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1847",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, though there is a background, the principal methods of camouflage are transparency, silvering, and countershading, while the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "825",
"text": "Mr. Milton, the owner of the Whizzo Chocolate Company (Terry Jones) is approached by two members of the Hygiene Squad, Inspector Praline (John Cleese) and Superintendent Parrot (Graham Chapman). The officers confront him about the odd flavours that are used in the \"Whizzo Quality Assortment\", and cite inadequate descriptions of his products as a violation of the Trade Descriptions Act. They ask him to explain the confection labelled \"Crunchy Frog\". Milton describes it as an entire frog that has been coated with chocolate, using only \"the finest baby frogs, dew picked and flown from Iraq, cleansed in finest quality spring water, lightly killed, and then sealed in a succulent Swiss quintuple smooth treble cream milk chocolate envelope and lovingly frosted with glucose.\" Circular logic is used to explain why the bones aren't taken out: \"If we took the bones out, it wouldn't be crunchy, would it?\" (A baby frog is a tadpole, which has cartilage rather than bones.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "827",
"text": "Mr. Milton, the owner of the Whizzo Chocolate Company (Terry Jones) is approached by two members of the Hygiene Squad, Inspector Praline (John Cleese) and Superintendent Parrot (Graham Chapman). The officers confront him about the odd flavours that are used in the \"Whizzo Quality Assortment\", and cite the overly detailed descriptions of his products as a violation of the Trade Descriptions Act. They ask him to explain the confection labelled \"Crunchy Frog\". Milton describes it as an entire frog that has been coated with chocolate, using only \"the finest baby frogs, dew picked and flown from Iraq, cleansed in finest quality spring water, lightly killed, and then sealed in a succulent Swiss quintuple smooth treble cream milk chocolate envelope and lovingly frosted with glucose.\" Circular logic is used to explain why the bones aren't taken out: \"If we took the bones out, it wouldn't be crunchy, would it?\" (A baby frog is a tadpole, which has cartilage rather than bones.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "826",
"text": "Mr. Milton, the owner of the Whizzo Chocolate Company (Terry Jones) is approached by two members of the Hygiene Squad, Inspector Praline (John Cleese) and Superintendent Parrot (Graham Chapman). The officers confront him about the odd flavours that are used in the \"Whizzo Quality Assortment\", but their citation that his descriptions of his products were a violation of the Trade Descriptions Act were inadequate to pursue charges. They ask him to explain the confection labelled \"Crunchy Frog\". Milton describes it as an entire frog that has been coated with chocolate, using only \"the finest baby frogs, dew picked and flown from Iraq, cleansed in finest quality spring water, lightly killed, and then sealed in a succulent Swiss quintuple smooth treble cream milk chocolate envelope and lovingly frosted with glucose.\" Circular logic is used to explain why the bones aren't taken out: \"If we took the bones out, it wouldn't be crunchy, would it?\" (A baby frog is a tadpole, which has cartilage rather than bones.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1419",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. Young bulls changed their coat colour to black, with a few white eel stripes running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1420",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. As they reached puberty, young bulls changed their coat colour to black, with a white eel stripe running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "657",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who did not reside in the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "658",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided outside the palace were not allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "659",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided inside the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1003",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this was never a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard occasionally drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard often drastically altered their style, but, never wanting to be like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1981",
"text": "For animals, the most stressful of all the abiotic stressors is heat. This is because many species are unable to regulate their internal body temperature. Even in the species that are able to regulate their own temperature, it is not always a completely accurate system. Temperature determines metabolic rates, heart rates, and other very important factors within the bodies of animals, so an extreme temperature change can easily distress the animal's body. Animals can respond to extreme heat, for example, through natural heat acclimation or by burrowing into the ground to find a cooler space.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1982",
"text": "For animals, the most stressful of all the abiotic stressors is heat. This is because many unable species regulate their internal body temperature. Even in the species that are able to regulate their own temperature, it is not always a completely accurate system. Temperature determines metabolic rates, heart rates, and other very important factors within the bodies of animals, so an extreme temperature change can easily distress the animal's body. Animals can respond to extreme heat, for example, through natural heat acclimation or by burrowing into the ground to find a cooler space.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1983",
"text": "For animals, the most stressful of all the abiotic stressors is heat. This is because many species are adroitly able to regulate their internal body temperature. Even in the species that are able to regulate their own temperature, it is not always a completely accurate system. Temperature determines metabolic rates, heart rates, and other very important factors within the bodies of animals, so an extreme temperature change can easily distress the animal's body. Animals can respond to extreme heat, for example, through natural heat acclimation or by burrowing into the ground to find a cooler space.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3534",
"text": "Ford's Len Bailey was hired to inspect the proposed build and engineer any changes he thought prudent to ensure the car was safe, as well as minimize problems experienced in the past. Baily changed the front suspension to Alan Mann specifications, which minimized nose-dive under braking. Zinc coated steel replaced the previous uncoated rust-prone sheet metal. The vulnerable drive donuts were replaced with CV joints and the leak-prone rubber gas tanks were replaced with aluminum tanks. The GT40 chassis was upgraded without making any major changes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3535",
"text": "Ford's Len Bailey was hired to inspect the proposed build and engineer any changes he thought prudent to ensure the car was safe, as well as minimize problems experienced in the past. Baily changed the front suspension to Alan Mann specifications, which minimized nose-dive under braking. Zinc coated steel replaced the previous painted sheet metal, that proved to be just as vulnerable to uncoated metal whenever the paint was breached. The vulnerable drive donuts were replaced with CV joints and the leak-prone rubber gas tanks were replaced with aluminum tanks. The GT40 chassis was upgraded without making any major changes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3536",
"text": "Ford's Len Bailey was hired to inspect the proposed build and engineer any changes he thought prudent to ensure the car was safe, as well as minimize problems experienced in the past. Baily changed the front suspension to Alan Mann specifications, which minimized nose-dive under braking. Zinc coated steel replaced the previous painted sheet metal, which had required regular maintenance to prevent rust. The vulnerable drive donuts were replaced with CV joints and the leak-prone rubber gas tanks were replaced with aluminum tanks. The GT40 chassis was upgraded without making any major changes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2672",
"text": "Coats of arms in Germany, the Nordic countries, Estonia, Latvia, the Czech lands and northern Switzerland generally change very little over time. Marks of difference are very rare in this tradition, as are heraldic furs. One of the most striking characteristics of German-Nordic heraldry is the treatment of the crest. Often, the same design is repeated in the shield and the crest. The use of multiple crests is also common. The crest is rarely used separately as in British heraldry, but can sometimes serve as a mark of difference between different branches of a family. Torse is optional. Heraldic courtoisie is observed: that is, charges in a composite shield (or two shields displayed together) usually turn to face the centre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2673",
"text": "Coats of arms in Germany, the Nordic countries, Estonia, Latvia, the Czech lands and northern Switzerland generally change very little over time. Marks of difference are very rare in this tradition, as are heraldic furs. One of the most striking characteristics of German-Nordic heraldry is the treatment of the crest. Often, the same design is repeated in the shield and the crest. The use of multiple crests is also common. The crest is commonly used separately, like in British heraldry, but differs from British heraldry in that it rarely serves as a mark of difference between different branches of a family. Torse is optional. Heraldic courtoisie is observed: that is, charges in a composite shield (or two shields displayed together) usually turn to face the centre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2674",
"text": "Coats of arms in Germany, the Nordic countries, Estonia, Latvia, the Czech lands and northern Switzerland generally change very little over time. Marks of difference are very rare in this tradition, as are heraldic furs. One of the most striking characteristics of German-Nordic heraldry is the treatment of the crest. Often, the same design is repeated in the shield and the crest. The use of multiple crests is also common. The crest is often used separately, unlike British heraldry, and can sometimes serve as a mark of difference between different branches of a family. Torse is optional. Heraldic courtoisie is observed: that is, charges in a composite shield (or two shields displayed together) usually turn to face the centre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1116",
"text": "The leaching of highly water soluble tannins from decaying vegetation and leaves along a stream may produce what is known as a blackwater river. Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown color from dissolved peat tannins. The presence of tannins (or humic acid) in well water can make it smell bad or taste bitter, but this does not make it unsafe to drink.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1117",
"text": "The leaching of highly water soluble tannins from decaying vegetation and leaves along a stream may produce what is known as a blackwater river. Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown color from dissolved peat tannins. The presence of tannins (or humic acid) in well water can make it smell bad or taste bitter, and can even make it unsafe to drink.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "316",
"text": "In cerebral achromatopsia, a person perceives apparent colors even though the eyes cannot distinguish them. Most sources consider this to be true color blindness, even though the individuals with the condition insist that they see colors. It is a form of visual agnosia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1118",
"text": "The leaching of highly water soluble tannins from decaying vegetation and leaves along a stream may produce what is known as a blackwater river. Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown color from dissolved peat tannins. The presence of large amounts of tannins (or humic acid) in well water can make it smell bad or taste bitter, and these effects can serve as a marker for other chemicals that often co-locate with humic acid and can render the water toxic for human consumption.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2675",
"text": "Other varieties of rice eaten in Thailand include: sticky rice (\"khao niao\"), a unique variety of rice which contains an unusual balance of the starches present in all rice, causing it to cook up to a sticky texture. Thai Red Cargo rice, an unpolished long grain rice with an outer deep reddish-brown color and a white center, has a nutty taste and slightly chewy compared to the soft and gummy texture of jasmine rice. Only the husks of the red rice grains are removed which allows it to retain all its nutrients and vitamins, but unlike brown rice, its red color comes from antioxidants in the bran. Black sticky rice is a type of sticky rice with a deep purple-red color that may appear black. Another unpolished grain, black sticky rice has a rich nutty flavor that is most often used in desserts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2676",
"text": "Other varieties of rice eaten in Thailand include: sticky rice (\"khao niao\"), a unique variety of rice which contains a balance of unusual starches present in very few rices, causing it to cook up to a sticky texture. Thai Red Cargo rice, an unpolished long grain rice with an outer deep reddish-brown color and a white center, has a nutty taste and slightly chewy compared to the soft and gummy texture of jasmine rice. Only the husks of the red rice grains are removed which allows it to retain all its nutrients and vitamins, but unlike brown rice, its red color comes from antioxidants in the bran. Black sticky rice is a type of sticky rice with a deep purple-red color that may appear black. Another unpolished grain, black sticky rice has a rich nutty flavor that is most often used in desserts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2677",
"text": "Other varieties of rice eaten in Thailand include: sticky rice (\"khao niao\"), a standard variety of rice which contains a usual balance of the starches present in all rice, causing it to cook up to a sticky texture. Thai Red Cargo rice, an unpolished long grain rice with an outer deep reddish-brown color and a white center, has a nutty taste and slightly chewy compared to the soft and gummy texture of jasmine rice. Only the husks of the red rice grains are removed which allows it to retain all its nutrients and vitamins, but unlike brown rice, its red color comes from antioxidants in the bran. Black sticky rice is a type of sticky rice with a deep purple-red color that may appear black. Another unpolished grain, black sticky rice has a rich nutty flavor that is most often used in desserts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3802",
"text": "The Triassic–Jurassic (Tr-J) extinction event, sometimes called the end-Triassic extinction, marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, and is one of the major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon, profoundly affecting life on land and in the oceans. In the seas, the entire class of conodonts and 23–34% of marine genera disappeared. On land, all archosauromorphs other than crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs went extinct; some of the groups which died out were previously abundant, such as aetosaurs, phytosaurs, and rauisuchids. Some remaining non-mammalian therapsids and many of the large temnospondyl amphibians had gone extinct prior to the Jurassic as well. However, there is still much uncertainty regarding a connection between the Tr-J boundary and terrestrial vertebrates, due to a paucity of terrestrial fossils from the Rhaetian (latest) stage of the Triassic. What was left fairly untouched were plants, dinosaurs, pterosaurs and mammals; this allowed the dinosaurs and pterosaurs to become the dominant land animals for the next 135 million years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2379",
"text": "Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and insecure man in private but adopted a warm and outgoing public persona. He had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-Semitic, they have been contradicted by many who knew him. His reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. He nevertheless remains an important figure in the history of animation and in the cultural history of the United States, where he is considered a national cultural icon. His film work continues to be shown and adapted; his namesake studio and company maintains high standards in its production of popular entertainment, and the Disney amusement parks have grown in size and number to attract visitors in several countries.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2380",
"text": "Disney was a shy, self-deprecating, but confident man in private but adopted a warm, outgoing but insecure public persona. He had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-Semitic, they have been contradicted by many who knew him. His reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. He nevertheless remains an important figure in the history of animation and in the cultural history of the United States, where he is considered a national cultural icon. His film work continues to be shown and adapted; his namesake studio and company maintains high standards in its production of popular entertainment, and the Disney amusement parks have grown in size and number to attract visitors in several countries.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2381",
"text": "Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and secure man in private but adopted a warm and outgoing public persona. He had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-Semitic, they have been contradicted by many who knew him. His reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. He nevertheless remains an important figure in the history of animation and in the cultural history of the United States, where he is considered a national cultural icon. His film work continues to be shown and adapted; his namesake studio and company maintains high standards in its production of popular entertainment, and the Disney amusement parks have grown in size and number to attract visitors in several countries.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "693",
"text": "The manga (Japanese comic book) and anime series \"Hikaru no Go\", released in Japan in 1998, had a large impact in popularizing Go among young players, both in Japan and—as translations were released—abroad. \"Go Player\" is a similar animated series about young Go players that aired in China. In the anime \"PriPara\", one of the main characters, Sion Tōdō, is a world renowned Go player, but decides to retire as nobody has been able to beat her, becoming an idol instead. Despite this, Go still features heavily in her character's personality.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "694",
"text": "The manga (Japanese comic book) and anime series \"Hikaru no Go\", released in Japan in 1998, had a large impact in popularizing Go among young players, both in Japan and—as translations were released—abroad. \"Go Player\" is a similar animated series about young Go players that aired in China. In the anime \"PriPara\", one of the main characters, Sion Tōdō, is a world renowned Go player, but decides to retire as nobody has lost to her in years, becoming an idol instead. Despite this, Go still features heavily in her character's personality.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "695",
"text": "The manga (Japanese comic book) and anime series \"Hikaru no Go\", released in Japan in 1998, had a large impact in popularizing Go among young players, both in Japan and—as translations were released—abroad. \"Go Player\" is a similar animated series about young Go players that aired in China. In the anime \"PriPara\", one of the main characters, Sion Tōdō, is a world renowned Go player, but decides to retire although many people have been able to beat her recently, becoming an idol instead. Despite this, Go still features heavily in her character's personality.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "315",
"text": "In cerebral achromatopsia, a person cannot perceive colors even though the eyes are capable of distinguishing them. Some sources do not consider these to be true color blindness, because the failure is of perception, not of vision. They are forms of visual agnosia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "317",
"text": "In cerebral achromatopsia, a person can perceive only some colors even though the eyes are capable of distinguishing them all fully. Some sources do not consider these to be true color blindness, because the failure is of perception, not of vision. They are forms of visual agnosia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "648",
"text": "Varmint hunting is an American phrase for the selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests. While not always an efficient form of pest control, varmint hunting achieves selective control of pests while providing recreation and is much less regulated. Varmint species are often responsible for detrimental effects on crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets. Some animals, such as wild rabbits or squirrels, may be utilised for fur or meat, but often no use is made of the carcass. Which species are varmints depends on the circumstance and area. Common varmints may include various rodents, coyotes, crows, foxes, feral cats, and feral hogs. Some animals once considered varmints are now protected, such as wolves. In the US state of Louisiana, a non-native rodent, the coypu, has become so destructive to the local ecosystem that the state has initiated a bounty program to help control the population.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "649",
"text": "Varmint hunting is an American phrase for the selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests. While not always an efficient form of pest control, varmint hunting achieves selective control of pests while providing recreation and is much less regulated. Varmint species are often responsible for detrimental effects on crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets. Some animals, such as wild rabbits or squirrels, may be utilised for fur or meat, but often no use is made of the carcass. Which species are varmints depends on the circumstance and area. Common varmints may include various rodents, coyotes, crows, foxes, feral cats, and feral hogs. Some animals once considered varmints are now protected, such as wolves. In the US state of Louisiana, a non-native rodent, the coypu, has become so influential in the local ecosystem that the state has initiated a bounty program destructive to the population.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "650",
"text": "Varmint hunting is an American phrase for the selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests. While not always an efficient form of pest control, varmint hunting achieves selective control of pests while providing recreation and is much less regulated. Varmint species are often responsible for detrimental effects on crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets. Some animals, such as wild rabbits or squirrels, may be utilised for fur or meat, but often no use is made of the carcass. Which species are varmints depends on the circumstance and area. Common varmints may include various rodents, coyotes, crows, foxes, feral cats, and feral hogs. Some animals once considered varmints are now protected, such as wolves. In the US state of Louisiana, a non-native rodent, the coypu, has become so crucial to the local ecosystem that the state has initiated a program to help protect the population.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "546",
"text": "In competitive games, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers; in informal games, the colors are usually decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other, and having the opponent choose. White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "547",
"text": "In informal games, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers; in competitive games, the colors are usually decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other, and having the opponent choose. White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "548",
"text": "In some competitive games, the piece colors are allocated to players by the organizers; in other formal games, the colors are decided randomly, for example by a coin toss, or by one player concealing a white pawn in one hand and a black pawn in the other, and having the opponent choose. White moves first, after which players alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of \"en passant\", all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1086",
"text": "An audiotape allegedly featuring the voice of bin Laden surfaced on the Internet and addresses the flooding in Pakistan. The 11-minute tape, posted on militant websites Friday, focused on relief efforts and what can be done to prevent future natural disasters. In the recording, bin Laden reportedly urges a change in how governments execute relief work and calls for the creation of a relief group to study Muslim regions located near rivers and low-lying areas. He also calls for a greater investment in agriculture. The U.S.-based SITE Intelligence Group, which monitors jihadi forums, says the latest message is heard in a video featuring a photograph of bin Laden superimposed over images of aid distribution.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1087",
"text": "An audiotape allegedly featuring the voice of bin Laden surfaced on the Internet and addresses the flooding in Pakistan. The 11-minute tape, posted on militant websites Friday, focused on how to prevent relief efforts and what can be done to encourage future natural disasters. In the recording, bin Laden reportedly urges a change in how governments execute relief work and calls for the creation of a group to study Muslim regions located near rivers and low-lying areas. He also calls for a greater investment in agriculture. The U.S.-based SITE Intelligence Group, which monitors jihadi forums, says the latest message is heard in a video featuring a photograph of bin Laden superimposed over images of aid distribution.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1088",
"text": "An audiotape allegedly featuring the voice of bin Laden surfaced on the Internet and addresses the flooding in Pakistan. The 11-minute tape, posted on militant websites Friday, focused on relief efforts and what can be done to encourage future natural disasters. In the recording, bin Laden reportedly urges a change in how governments execute relief work and calls for the creation of a relief group to study Muslim regions located near rivers and low-lying areas. He also calls for a greater investment in agriculture. The U.S.-based SITE Intelligence Group, which monitors jihadi forums, says the latest message is heard in a video featuring a photograph of bin Laden superimposed over images of aid distribution.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "55",
"text": "Carson opposed the Vietnam War, and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on \"The Tonight Show,\" saying he \"hates to be pinned down\" as that would \"hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am.\" As he explained in 1970, \"In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose.\" He also seldom invited political figures onto the \"Tonight Show\" because he \" didn't want the viewer's political opinions changed by Carson's tone or questions \".",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3421",
"text": "Basic syntactic construction is subject–object–verb (unlike Spanish, French or English where a subject–verb–object construction is more common). The order of the phrases within a sentence can be changed with thematic purposes, whereas the order of the words within a phrase is usually rigid. As a matter of fact, Basque phrase order is topic–focus, meaning that in neutral sentences (such as sentences to inform someone of a fact or event) the topic is stated first, then the focus. In such sentences, the verb phrase comes at the end. In brief, the focus directly precedes the verb phrase. This rule is also applied in questions, for instance, \"What is this?\" can be translated as \"Zer da hau?\" or \"Hau zer da?\", but in both cases the question tag \"zer\" immediately precedes the verb \"da\". This rule is so important in Basque that, even in grammatical descriptions of Basque in other languages, the Basque word \"galdegai\" (focus) is used.",
"title": ""
}
] |
What animal's coat color did not change as a baby?
|
99-3-q2
|
[
{
"docid": "1420",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. As they reached puberty, young bulls changed their coat colour to black, with a white eel stripe running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1418",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. Young bulls changed their coat colour at a few months old to black, with a white eel stripe running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
}
] |
{
"group_id": "99-3",
"hard_negatives": [
"1418"
],
"pos_docid": "1420"
}
|
[
{
"docid": "1845",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, where there is no background, the principal methods of camouflage are transparency, silvering, and countershading, while the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1846",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, where there is some background, no principal methods of camouflage involve transparency, silvering, or countershading, though the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1847",
"text": "Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. In the open ocean, though there is a background, the principal methods of camouflage are transparency, silvering, and countershading, while the ability to produce light is among other things used for counter-illumination on the undersides of cephalopods such as squid. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of actively changing their skin pattern and colours, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by herbivores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "657",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who did not reside in the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1002",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard never drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1003",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this was never a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard occasionally drastically altered their style, and, like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1004",
"text": "The \"NME\" stated that their brief solos were just long enough \"... to open another bottle of beer\", while a 1977 \"Stereo Review\" commented that \"they know they're like animals, and they don't want to appear any other way. In view of the many ugly frogs in heavy metal who think they are God's gift to womankind these Quasimodos even seem charming in their own way\". Motörhead's approach has not changed drastically over the band's career, though this is a deliberate choice: erstwhile Motörhead drummer Phil \"Philthy Animal\" Taylor said that rock icons like Chuck Berry and Little Richard often drastically altered their style, but, never wanting to be like them, Motörhead preferred to play what they enjoyed and did best. This fondness for the first decade of rock and roll (mid-1950s to mid-1960s) is also reflected in some of Motörhead's occasional cover songs from that era.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "825",
"text": "Mr. Milton, the owner of the Whizzo Chocolate Company (Terry Jones) is approached by two members of the Hygiene Squad, Inspector Praline (John Cleese) and Superintendent Parrot (Graham Chapman). The officers confront him about the odd flavours that are used in the \"Whizzo Quality Assortment\", and cite inadequate descriptions of his products as a violation of the Trade Descriptions Act. They ask him to explain the confection labelled \"Crunchy Frog\". Milton describes it as an entire frog that has been coated with chocolate, using only \"the finest baby frogs, dew picked and flown from Iraq, cleansed in finest quality spring water, lightly killed, and then sealed in a succulent Swiss quintuple smooth treble cream milk chocolate envelope and lovingly frosted with glucose.\" Circular logic is used to explain why the bones aren't taken out: \"If we took the bones out, it wouldn't be crunchy, would it?\" (A baby frog is a tadpole, which has cartilage rather than bones.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "827",
"text": "Mr. Milton, the owner of the Whizzo Chocolate Company (Terry Jones) is approached by two members of the Hygiene Squad, Inspector Praline (John Cleese) and Superintendent Parrot (Graham Chapman). The officers confront him about the odd flavours that are used in the \"Whizzo Quality Assortment\", and cite the overly detailed descriptions of his products as a violation of the Trade Descriptions Act. They ask him to explain the confection labelled \"Crunchy Frog\". Milton describes it as an entire frog that has been coated with chocolate, using only \"the finest baby frogs, dew picked and flown from Iraq, cleansed in finest quality spring water, lightly killed, and then sealed in a succulent Swiss quintuple smooth treble cream milk chocolate envelope and lovingly frosted with glucose.\" Circular logic is used to explain why the bones aren't taken out: \"If we took the bones out, it wouldn't be crunchy, would it?\" (A baby frog is a tadpole, which has cartilage rather than bones.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "826",
"text": "Mr. Milton, the owner of the Whizzo Chocolate Company (Terry Jones) is approached by two members of the Hygiene Squad, Inspector Praline (John Cleese) and Superintendent Parrot (Graham Chapman). The officers confront him about the odd flavours that are used in the \"Whizzo Quality Assortment\", but their citation that his descriptions of his products were a violation of the Trade Descriptions Act were inadequate to pursue charges. They ask him to explain the confection labelled \"Crunchy Frog\". Milton describes it as an entire frog that has been coated with chocolate, using only \"the finest baby frogs, dew picked and flown from Iraq, cleansed in finest quality spring water, lightly killed, and then sealed in a succulent Swiss quintuple smooth treble cream milk chocolate envelope and lovingly frosted with glucose.\" Circular logic is used to explain why the bones aren't taken out: \"If we took the bones out, it wouldn't be crunchy, would it?\" (A baby frog is a tadpole, which has cartilage rather than bones.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1418",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. Young bulls changed their coat colour at a few months old to black, with a white eel stripe running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1419",
"text": "The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. Young bulls changed their coat colour to black, with a few white eel stripes running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured \"saddle\" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the \"wild ox\" as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "658",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided outside the palace were not allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "659",
"text": "In general, garments were made from silk, wool, or linen depending on your social status and what you could afford. Furthermore, there were laws that specified what kinds of clothing could be worn by whom. The color of the clothing also indicated rank. \"Purple colored clothes were used by officials above the third grade; light red were meant for officials above the fifth grade; dark green was limited to the sixth grade and above officials; light green was solely for officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan was exclusive for officials above the eighth grade; light cyan garments adorned officials above the ninth grade. The common people and all those who resided inside the palace were allowed to wear yellow colored clothes.\" During this period, China's power, culture, economy, and influence were thriving. As a result, women could afford to wear loose-fitting, wide-sleeved garments. Even lower-class women's robes would have sleeves four to five feet in width.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1981",
"text": "For animals, the most stressful of all the abiotic stressors is heat. This is because many species are unable to regulate their internal body temperature. Even in the species that are able to regulate their own temperature, it is not always a completely accurate system. Temperature determines metabolic rates, heart rates, and other very important factors within the bodies of animals, so an extreme temperature change can easily distress the animal's body. Animals can respond to extreme heat, for example, through natural heat acclimation or by burrowing into the ground to find a cooler space.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1982",
"text": "For animals, the most stressful of all the abiotic stressors is heat. This is because many unable species regulate their internal body temperature. Even in the species that are able to regulate their own temperature, it is not always a completely accurate system. Temperature determines metabolic rates, heart rates, and other very important factors within the bodies of animals, so an extreme temperature change can easily distress the animal's body. Animals can respond to extreme heat, for example, through natural heat acclimation or by burrowing into the ground to find a cooler space.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1983",
"text": "For animals, the most stressful of all the abiotic stressors is heat. This is because many species are adroitly able to regulate their internal body temperature. Even in the species that are able to regulate their own temperature, it is not always a completely accurate system. Temperature determines metabolic rates, heart rates, and other very important factors within the bodies of animals, so an extreme temperature change can easily distress the animal's body. Animals can respond to extreme heat, for example, through natural heat acclimation or by burrowing into the ground to find a cooler space.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3534",
"text": "Ford's Len Bailey was hired to inspect the proposed build and engineer any changes he thought prudent to ensure the car was safe, as well as minimize problems experienced in the past. Baily changed the front suspension to Alan Mann specifications, which minimized nose-dive under braking. Zinc coated steel replaced the previous uncoated rust-prone sheet metal. The vulnerable drive donuts were replaced with CV joints and the leak-prone rubber gas tanks were replaced with aluminum tanks. The GT40 chassis was upgraded without making any major changes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3535",
"text": "Ford's Len Bailey was hired to inspect the proposed build and engineer any changes he thought prudent to ensure the car was safe, as well as minimize problems experienced in the past. Baily changed the front suspension to Alan Mann specifications, which minimized nose-dive under braking. Zinc coated steel replaced the previous painted sheet metal, that proved to be just as vulnerable to uncoated metal whenever the paint was breached. The vulnerable drive donuts were replaced with CV joints and the leak-prone rubber gas tanks were replaced with aluminum tanks. The GT40 chassis was upgraded without making any major changes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3536",
"text": "Ford's Len Bailey was hired to inspect the proposed build and engineer any changes he thought prudent to ensure the car was safe, as well as minimize problems experienced in the past. Baily changed the front suspension to Alan Mann specifications, which minimized nose-dive under braking. Zinc coated steel replaced the previous painted sheet metal, which had required regular maintenance to prevent rust. The vulnerable drive donuts were replaced with CV joints and the leak-prone rubber gas tanks were replaced with aluminum tanks. The GT40 chassis was upgraded without making any major changes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2582",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who reject what could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age use the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves, unlike those who are actually part of the movement. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3125",
"text": "In the late 1980s, the franchise threatened to relocate to Tampa Bay (as did the San Francisco Giants), but frantic lobbying on the part of the Illinois governor James R. Thompson and state legislature resulted in approval (by one vote) of public funding for a new stadium. Designed primarily as a baseball stadium (as opposed to a \"multipurpose\" stadium) New Comiskey Park (redubbed U.S. Cellular in 2003 and Guaranteed Rate Field in 2016) was built in a 1960s style similar to Dodger Stadium and Kauffman Stadium. It was one of the other stadium designs [https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/the-white-sox-ballpark-in-chicago-that-never-was-and-could-have-changed-history/] that were submitted to bring a more neighborhood feel, and it was ultimately selected over what was initially presumed to be the judges' favorite. It opened in to positive reviews; many praised its wide-open concourses, excellent sight lines, and natural grass (unlike other stadiums of the era such as Rogers Centre in Toronto). The park's inaugural season drew 2,934,154 fans— at the time, an all-time attendance record for any Chicago baseball team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1248",
"text": "Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP \"Yesterday and Today\" caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry, fans are justified in their suggestions that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had incorrectly \"butchered\" the US versions of the band's albums, by making edits that the band did not agree with. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled \"first-state\" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2581",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. Some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2583",
"text": "There is no central authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age and what does not. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age embrace the term \"New Age\" in reference to themselves. However, some express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves \"New Agers\", those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual \"seekers\", and some self-identify as a member of a different religious group, such as Christianity, Judaism, or Buddhism. In 2003 Sutcliffe observed that the use of the term \"New Age\" was \"optional, episodic and declining overall\", adding that among the very few individuals who did use it, they usually did so with qualification, for instance by placing it in quotation marks. Other academics, such as Sara MacKian, have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders the term too problematic for scholars to use. MacKian proposed \"everyday spirituality\" as an alternate term.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "862",
"text": "The original Animals line-up of Burdon, Price, Valentine, Chandler, and Steel reunited for a benefit concert in Newcastle in December 1968 and reformed in late 1975 to record again. Burdon later said few understood why they did this short reunion, but nobody complained when they did. They did a minitour in 1976 and shot a few videos of their new songs such as \"Lonely Avenue\" and \"Please Send Me Someone to Love\". They released the album in 1977, aptly called \"Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted\". The album received critical praise. Burdon and Valentine also recorded some demos at that time, which were never released. On 12 December 1982, Burdon performed with Alan Price and a complete line-up, foreshadowing later events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2672",
"text": "Coats of arms in Germany, the Nordic countries, Estonia, Latvia, the Czech lands and northern Switzerland generally change very little over time. Marks of difference are very rare in this tradition, as are heraldic furs. One of the most striking characteristics of German-Nordic heraldry is the treatment of the crest. Often, the same design is repeated in the shield and the crest. The use of multiple crests is also common. The crest is rarely used separately as in British heraldry, but can sometimes serve as a mark of difference between different branches of a family. Torse is optional. Heraldic courtoisie is observed: that is, charges in a composite shield (or two shields displayed together) usually turn to face the centre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2673",
"text": "Coats of arms in Germany, the Nordic countries, Estonia, Latvia, the Czech lands and northern Switzerland generally change very little over time. Marks of difference are very rare in this tradition, as are heraldic furs. One of the most striking characteristics of German-Nordic heraldry is the treatment of the crest. Often, the same design is repeated in the shield and the crest. The use of multiple crests is also common. The crest is commonly used separately, like in British heraldry, but differs from British heraldry in that it rarely serves as a mark of difference between different branches of a family. Torse is optional. Heraldic courtoisie is observed: that is, charges in a composite shield (or two shields displayed together) usually turn to face the centre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2674",
"text": "Coats of arms in Germany, the Nordic countries, Estonia, Latvia, the Czech lands and northern Switzerland generally change very little over time. Marks of difference are very rare in this tradition, as are heraldic furs. One of the most striking characteristics of German-Nordic heraldry is the treatment of the crest. Often, the same design is repeated in the shield and the crest. The use of multiple crests is also common. The crest is often used separately, unlike British heraldry, and can sometimes serve as a mark of difference between different branches of a family. Torse is optional. Heraldic courtoisie is observed: that is, charges in a composite shield (or two shields displayed together) usually turn to face the centre.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2591",
"text": "Plague doctors traversed the streets diagnosing victims, many of them without formal medical training. Several public health efforts were attempted. Physicians were hired by city officials and burial details were carefully organized, but panic spread through the city and, out of the fear of contagion, bodies were hastily buried in overcrowded pits. The means of transmission of the disease were known to be linked to the animals, but the City Corporation did not order a cull of dogs and cats. This decision may have affected the length of the epidemic since those animals helped keep in check the rat population carrying the fleas which transmitted the disease. Thinking bad air was involved in transmission, the authorities ordered giant bonfires to be burned in the streets and house fires to be kept burning night and day, in the hope that the air would be cleansed. Tobacco was thought to be a prophylactic and it was later said that no London tobacconist had died from the plague during the epidemic.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2326",
"text": "Fuchs lost control of the team in August 1935, and the new owners tried to change the team's image by renaming it the Boston Bees. This did little to change the team's fortunes. After five uneven years, a new owner, construction magnate Lou Perini, changed the nickname back to the Braves. He immediately set about rebuilding the team. World War II slowed things down a little, but the team rode the pitching of Warren Spahn to impressive seasons in 1946 and 1947.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2327",
"text": "Fuchs lost control of the team in August 1935, and the new owners tried to change the team's image by renaming it the Boston Bees. This did little to change the team's fortunes. After five years of steady, disappointing results, and uneven reactions from fans, a new owner, construction magnate Lou Perini, changed the nickname back to the Braves. He immediately set about rebuilding the team. World War II slowed things down a little, but the team rode the pitching of Warren Spahn to impressive seasons in 1946 and 1947.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2328",
"text": "Fuchs lost control of the team in August 1935, and the new owners tried to change the team's image by renaming it the Boston Bees. This did little to change the team's fortunes. After five equally-disappointing years in terms of performance on field and in the ticket booth, a new owner, construction magnate Lou Perini, changed the nickname back to the Braves. He immediately set about rebuilding the team. World War II slowed things down a little, but the team rode the pitching of Warren Spahn to impressive seasons in 1946 and 1947.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1116",
"text": "The leaching of highly water soluble tannins from decaying vegetation and leaves along a stream may produce what is known as a blackwater river. Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown color from dissolved peat tannins. The presence of tannins (or humic acid) in well water can make it smell bad or taste bitter, but this does not make it unsafe to drink.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1117",
"text": "The leaching of highly water soluble tannins from decaying vegetation and leaves along a stream may produce what is known as a blackwater river. Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown color from dissolved peat tannins. The presence of tannins (or humic acid) in well water can make it smell bad or taste bitter, and can even make it unsafe to drink.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "316",
"text": "In cerebral achromatopsia, a person perceives apparent colors even though the eyes cannot distinguish them. Most sources consider this to be true color blindness, even though the individuals with the condition insist that they see colors. It is a form of visual agnosia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "1118",
"text": "The leaching of highly water soluble tannins from decaying vegetation and leaves along a stream may produce what is known as a blackwater river. Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown color from dissolved peat tannins. The presence of large amounts of tannins (or humic acid) in well water can make it smell bad or taste bitter, and these effects can serve as a marker for other chemicals that often co-locate with humic acid and can render the water toxic for human consumption.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "861",
"text": "The original Animals line-up of Burdon, Price, Valentine, Chandler, and Steel reunited for a benefit concert in Newcastle in December 1968 and reformed in late 1975 to record again. Burdon later said nobody understood why they did this short reunion. They did a minitour in 1976 and shot a few videos of their new songs such as \"Lonely Avenue\" and \"Please Send Me Someone to Love\". They released the album in 1977, aptly called \"Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted\". The album received critical praise. Burdon and Valentine also recorded some demos at that time, which were never released. On 12 December 1982, Burdon performed with Alan Price and a complete line-up, foreshadowing later events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "863",
"text": "The original Animals line-up of Burdon, Price, Valentine, Chandler, and Steel reunited for a benefit concert in Newcastle in December 1968 and reformed in late 1975 to record again. Burdon later said everybody understood why they did this short reunion and were eager to watch them. They did a minitour in 1976 and shot a few videos of their new songs such as \"Lonely Avenue\" and \"Please Send Me Someone to Love\". They released the album in 1977, aptly called \"Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted\". The album received critical praise. Burdon and Valentine also recorded some demos at that time, which were never released. On 12 December 1982, Burdon performed with Alan Price and a complete line-up, foreshadowing later events.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2675",
"text": "Other varieties of rice eaten in Thailand include: sticky rice (\"khao niao\"), a unique variety of rice which contains an unusual balance of the starches present in all rice, causing it to cook up to a sticky texture. Thai Red Cargo rice, an unpolished long grain rice with an outer deep reddish-brown color and a white center, has a nutty taste and slightly chewy compared to the soft and gummy texture of jasmine rice. Only the husks of the red rice grains are removed which allows it to retain all its nutrients and vitamins, but unlike brown rice, its red color comes from antioxidants in the bran. Black sticky rice is a type of sticky rice with a deep purple-red color that may appear black. Another unpolished grain, black sticky rice has a rich nutty flavor that is most often used in desserts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2676",
"text": "Other varieties of rice eaten in Thailand include: sticky rice (\"khao niao\"), a unique variety of rice which contains a balance of unusual starches present in very few rices, causing it to cook up to a sticky texture. Thai Red Cargo rice, an unpolished long grain rice with an outer deep reddish-brown color and a white center, has a nutty taste and slightly chewy compared to the soft and gummy texture of jasmine rice. Only the husks of the red rice grains are removed which allows it to retain all its nutrients and vitamins, but unlike brown rice, its red color comes from antioxidants in the bran. Black sticky rice is a type of sticky rice with a deep purple-red color that may appear black. Another unpolished grain, black sticky rice has a rich nutty flavor that is most often used in desserts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2677",
"text": "Other varieties of rice eaten in Thailand include: sticky rice (\"khao niao\"), a standard variety of rice which contains a usual balance of the starches present in all rice, causing it to cook up to a sticky texture. Thai Red Cargo rice, an unpolished long grain rice with an outer deep reddish-brown color and a white center, has a nutty taste and slightly chewy compared to the soft and gummy texture of jasmine rice. Only the husks of the red rice grains are removed which allows it to retain all its nutrients and vitamins, but unlike brown rice, its red color comes from antioxidants in the bran. Black sticky rice is a type of sticky rice with a deep purple-red color that may appear black. Another unpolished grain, black sticky rice has a rich nutty flavor that is most often used in desserts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "3802",
"text": "The Triassic–Jurassic (Tr-J) extinction event, sometimes called the end-Triassic extinction, marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, and is one of the major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon, profoundly affecting life on land and in the oceans. In the seas, the entire class of conodonts and 23–34% of marine genera disappeared. On land, all archosauromorphs other than crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs went extinct; some of the groups which died out were previously abundant, such as aetosaurs, phytosaurs, and rauisuchids. Some remaining non-mammalian therapsids and many of the large temnospondyl amphibians had gone extinct prior to the Jurassic as well. However, there is still much uncertainty regarding a connection between the Tr-J boundary and terrestrial vertebrates, due to a paucity of terrestrial fossils from the Rhaetian (latest) stage of the Triassic. What was left fairly untouched were plants, dinosaurs, pterosaurs and mammals; this allowed the dinosaurs and pterosaurs to become the dominant land animals for the next 135 million years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "213",
"text": "Sarek supported Spock's scientific learning and application to the Vulcan Science Academy, as mentioned in \"Journey to Babel\". In the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", Spock rejects his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Although this film set the Kelvin timeline scene in this and later films, writer Roberto Orci stated that he felt that the actions were unaffected by the changes in this timeline and so would have occurred in the same manner prior to \"The Original Series\". Because Spock did not enter the VSA and sought to join Starfleet instead, he did not speak to his father for the following 18 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "214",
"text": "Sarek supported Spock's scientific learning and application to the Vulcan Science Academy, as mentioned in \"Journey to Babel\". In the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", Spock rejects his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Although this film set the Kelvin timeline scene in this and later films, writer Roberto Orci stated that he felt that the actions were mostly unaffected by the changes in this timeline, though may have occurred in the differently prior to \"The Original Series\". Because Spock did not enter the VSA and sought to join Starfleet instead, he did not speak to his father for the following 18 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "215",
"text": "Sarek supported Spock's scientific learning and application to the Vulcan Science Academy, as mentioned in \"Journey to Babel\". In the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", Spock rejects his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Because this film set the Kelvin timeline scene in this and later films, writer Roberto Orci stated that he felt that the actions were affected by the changes in this timeline and so would have occurred in a different manner prior to \"The Original Series\". Because Spock did not enter the VSA and sought to join Starfleet instead, he did not speak to his father for the following 18 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2379",
"text": "Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and insecure man in private but adopted a warm and outgoing public persona. He had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-Semitic, they have been contradicted by many who knew him. His reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. He nevertheless remains an important figure in the history of animation and in the cultural history of the United States, where he is considered a national cultural icon. His film work continues to be shown and adapted; his namesake studio and company maintains high standards in its production of popular entertainment, and the Disney amusement parks have grown in size and number to attract visitors in several countries.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2380",
"text": "Disney was a shy, self-deprecating, but confident man in private but adopted a warm, outgoing but insecure public persona. He had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-Semitic, they have been contradicted by many who knew him. His reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. He nevertheless remains an important figure in the history of animation and in the cultural history of the United States, where he is considered a national cultural icon. His film work continues to be shown and adapted; his namesake studio and company maintains high standards in its production of popular entertainment, and the Disney amusement parks have grown in size and number to attract visitors in several countries.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2381",
"text": "Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and secure man in private but adopted a warm and outgoing public persona. He had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-Semitic, they have been contradicted by many who knew him. His reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. He nevertheless remains an important figure in the history of animation and in the cultural history of the United States, where he is considered a national cultural icon. His film work continues to be shown and adapted; his namesake studio and company maintains high standards in its production of popular entertainment, and the Disney amusement parks have grown in size and number to attract visitors in several countries.",
"title": ""
},
{
"docid": "2342",
"text": "In order to compete with NBC, which produced the televised version of the Mary Martin Broadway production of \"Peter Pan\", CBS responded with a musical production of \"Cinderella\", with music by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II. Based upon the classic Charles Perrault fairy tale, it is the only Rodgers and Hammerstein musical to have been written for television. It was originally broadcast live in color on CBS on March 31, 1957 as a vehicle for Julie Andrews, who played the title role; that broadcast was seen by over 100 ;million people. It was subsequently remade by CBS in 1965, with Lesley Ann Warren, Stuart Damon, Ginger Rogers, and Walter Pidgeon among its stars; this particular remake did not include the song \"Loneliness of Evening\", which was originally composed in 1949 for \"South Pacific\" and had been performed in both that musical and earlier renditions of \"Cinderella\". This version was rebroadcast several times on CBS into the early 1970s, and is occasionally broadcast on various cable networks to this day; both versions are available on DVD.",
"title": ""
}
] |
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