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But on Wednesday, SCR91 got stuck on House Speaker Calvin Say's desk.
Video after the jump...
Rep. Say wasn't available for comment, but his staff says it's all because of one letter.
The holdup is the letter 'C'. The resolution is an 'SCR' but Speaker Say's office says it should be labeled 'SR'. There are questions though on whether that really makes a difference.
Dara Carlin, DV survivor and advocate
"The survivors are hurt, they're really hurt. If you look at some of the testimony they really put themselves on the line coming forward, going public with some of their stories. So it's disappointing," said Dara Carlin, a domestic violence advocate.
'SCR' stands for Senate Concurrent Resolution which means the House and Senate are involved.
'SR' stands for Senate Resolution, which means only the Senate is involved.
SCR91 calls for an investigative child custody task force made up of Senate members, no House members.
Rep. Calvin Say, Speaker of the House
That's why Speaker Say's office says he refuses to pull it out onto the House floor for a full vote. A staff member says the House has nothing to do with the resolution.
"Initially we wanted the House and the Senate to both be involved. We were not too sure if the House wanted to do that. And so the proposal that went over to the House was basically a Senate investigative committee," said Sen. Suzanne Chun Oakland.
The hope was that the House would support it.
And some lawmakers who wish to remain anonymous tell Hawaii News Now that technically, Speaker Say could've still pushed the resolution through, regardless of its label.
But with Thursday being the last day of the legislative session, time has run out.
Sen. Suzanne Chun Oakland
Sen. Chun Oakland says interested lawmakers will still form the task force, just without the formal legislative stamp of approval.
The informal child custody task force is set to have its first meeting at the end of May.
Sen. Chun Oakland says they'll try to push for SCR91 again at next year's legislative session.
Source Article
Read the Testimony on SCR91
Add comment
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] | 484 |
VA clarification (in General)
ThatOneMan April 22 2013 12:10 AM EDT
I'm not the smartest man around. Just would like to get my interpretation on VA clarified. Not sure If I'm reading it right.
So it says: train to your Most Powerful Blow for maximum efficiency.
VA can be trained even higher than your MPB to counter the effects of Dispel Magic.
Maximum effect would be 40% Life Leaching, or very near it.
So for example, my MPB is 100 so that means VA should be trained at 100 for max effect and would get around a 40hp life leech?
Eliteofdelete [Battle Royale] April 22 2013 12:15 AM EDT
Yes but VA less than 1k usually hurts yourself and less than 10k doesn't reach 40% efficiency. But the general idea is correct.
AdminNightStrike April 22 2013 9:47 PM EDT
Based on the naive definition of "efficiency", yes. But remember what the M is for in MPB. What I would actually recommend (and realize that I don't use VA) is training it based on your average blow. The ROI is reduced, and thus there is argument over what "efficient" is.
This thread is closed to new posts. However, you are welcome to reference it from a new thread; link this with the html <a href="/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg.tcl?msg_id=003Kt2">VA clarification</a> | [
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] | 326 |
Water Sensitive SA
The 100m2 house
Being water sensitive means reducing hard surfaces, which can be achieved through smaller-footprint homes. If indoor space is a must, consider building up instead of out.
Smaller, taller houses are perfect for WSUD outcomes, allowing for the smart use of outdoor spaces. This 100m2 house shows that a lower footprint doesn’t have to equal less space. With an open, light-filled design, this house spreads floor areas over two levels and maintains a spacious feel.
Benefits of a smaller house are many, from reduced maintenance requirements to less resources needed for construction. From a WSUD perspective, small-footprint houses are ideal:
• Mature trees can be kept, helping to create a cooler microclimate for the occupants
• The extra backyard space includes room for WSUD features like raingardens, swales and tanks (in this case, for a 5000 litre rainwater tank for toilet, laundry and garden use)
• A smaller footprint means less hard surfaces, encouraging rain soakage into the surrounding soil rather than running into the drains and stormwater system.
At 400m2 the block size is slightly above the Adelaide average, however with a house footprint of 100m2, this development has a site coverage of only 25%, a third of the typical site coverage in metropolitan Adelaide today.
Source: Levesque and Derrick Architects, lada.com.au
Acknowledgement of Country
| [
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] | 315 |
Stata The Stata listserver
st: RE: Using STATA to analyze complex national datasets
From Caleb Southworth <>
To "''" <>
Subject st: RE: Using STATA to analyze complex national datasets
Date Tue, 4 Feb 2003 19:35:54 -0800 (PST)
On Mon, 3 Feb 2003, Sayer, Bryan wrote:
:documentation for them. Basically, the answer is no. Stata does only one
:level of sample design. So unless you can reduce a more complex sample
:design down to one level, it is not possible in Stata. One issue in
:simplifying the sample design is that you can get increased variability in
:the variance. So it isn't as simple as just using the highest level.
:Perhaps if enough people lean on NCHS, they might come up with something.
I think Bryan does an excellent job of raising the question: When can a
two-stage design be reduced to one-level? A cursory search of the web
shows lots of users collapsing two-stage designs into clusters and strata,
My point here is not to single out a particular course webpage, but rather
to highlight what appears to be a gernal problem.
I don't know the NCHS data to which Joe refers, but I see this sort of
problem all the time in the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS):
analysts either ignore one level of clustering or treat a cluster as a
strata. RLMS has a two-stage design in which it first selects geographic
regions and then selects households. All adult members of the household
are interviewed. So the question is: what is the implication of analyzing
data from a two-stage cluster sample as cluster and strata? Or in STATA
svyset strata region
svyset psu household
svyset pweight indwgt
Another way to ask this question might be: Do strata have to be nested
within clusters? Regions and households are both clusters, i.e. they are
both "sampling unit[s] with which one or more listing units can be
associated" (Levy and Lemeshow 1999, p. 266). Likewise, region would also
seem to be a stratum, as in one of L mutually exclusive and exhaustive
groups from which a simple random sample is drawn (Ibid., p. 121).
Is this a reasonable way to collapse a two-stage design into one level for
analysis with STATA's survey estimators?
If the nested nature of the design is crucial, perhaps that could be
addressed with HLM where we have two levels and clustering by households?
gllamm [individual level variable] , i(region) cluster(household)
This has the advantage of being able to specify weights at both levels and
have a list of variables that define clusters. Comments?
Dr. Caleb Southworth, Ph.D
American Council of Learned Societies Research Fellow 2002-03
Assistant Professor
Department of Sociology
1291 University of Oregon
Eugene OR 97403
Work: (541) 346-5034
Fax: (541) 346-5026
* For searches and help try:
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] | 723 |
In 2009, I started sending a daily group text of encouragement to 12 of my close friends. I was working for the Colorado Rockies organization at that time. Two months into the season, I was let go and stopped sending the messages. Six weeks later, while I was on a family vacation, I received a text from one of those friends asking how I was doing. I replied, "okay." She said, "Well I'm not. I haven't received a text from you in six weeks! You'd sign your texts with 'Make a difference today. Love Clint' and you're not making a difference, and I don't think you love me."
The next day, I started sending the texts again. Since 2009, the daily messages have turned into emails, and the group of 12 has grown to more than 3,000 subscribers.
I hope that these daily encouragements will speak to you, and inspire you to make a difference in the life of someone today. Everybody needs some encouragement from time to time.
Make a difference today.
Love Clint. | [
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] | 224 |
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One of the advantages of being a Netflix subscriber is being able to watch TV shows and movies on a plethora of devices – everything from your TV to smartphone to PS4
The Netflix icon should come pre-installed on your PS4, so all you need to do is log in and start watching. If it's not there, though, Netflix is just a quick download away.
You can only use Netflix on the PS4 if you are signed into the PlayStation Network. If the PlayStation Network is down for maintenance, you won't be able to use Netflix
Check out the products mentioned in this article:
PlayStation 4 (From $299.99 at Best Buy)
How to get Netflix on a PS4
1. Using your PS4 controller, navigate to "TV & Video."
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The Netflix app is in the TV & Video section on your PS4.
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2. If you see "Netflix," select it.
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Even if Netflix isn't yet installed on your PS4, the icon should be waiting for you in TV & Video.
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3. If Netflix is already installed, the app will start when you select it. If it's not installed, you'll see a download button. Select "Download."
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Install Netflix by selecting the Download button.
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If you don't see the Netflix icon at all, you need to install it from the PlayStation Store. Press the PS button on your controller and navigate to "PlayStation Store." Then select "Search" and find Netflix, then download it.
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You can find Netflix in the PlayStation Store.
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How to start watching Netflix on a PS4
Once the app is downloaded to your PS4, select "Netflix" and sign in on the Netflix home screen. You'll need to enter the email and password you use with your Netflix account on other devices.
If you're not already a Netflix member, you will need to start a Netflix subscription before you can use it on the PS4. If this is your first time using Netflix, you can get a one-month free trial by following the directions when you start the app.
Related coverage from How To Do Everything: Tech:
Insider receives a commission when you buy through our links. | [
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] | 519 |
You have skipped the navigation, tab for page content
Wests Tigers celebrate Martin Taupau's second try against South Sydney at ANZ Stadium.
Round 14 Results:
Wests Tigers 34 defeated Rabbitohs 6
Roosters 25 defeated Warriors 21
Titans 28 defeated Bulldogs 14
Eels 26 defeated Storm 22
With his big "don't argue" palm to the face of Alex Johnston Wests Tigers wildman Martin Taupau ensured his place on season 2015's highlight reel. Scoring two tries in the Tigers' huge win, all the more impressive considering they did it without captain Robbie Farah and prop Aaron Woods who were doing their bit for New South Wales. Blake Ferguson overcame a shocking performance to score the match-winner for the Roosters across the ditch after Jonathan Wright came up with an error late on. The Titans almost came up with the try of the season if not for the speed of Moses Mbye, but still held on to record a big victory while the Eels made the Storm pay without their Origin stars.
Top five stories:
1. 'Eels' Mannah speaks with Sandow' by AAP
2. 'Origin Knockout: Round 3' by Dominic Brock
3. 'Cherry-Evans replaces Cronk for Maroons' by Will Botoulas
4. 'NSW v Queensland: Origin II preview' by Chris Kennedy
5. 'Wests Tigers v Rabbitohs: Five Key Points' by Joe Riordan
Top three videos:
1. Warriors v Roosters highlights
2. Wests Tigers v Rabbitohs highlights
3. Eels v Cowboys (Round 13) highlights
NRL Telstra Premiership ladder after Round 14: | [
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] | 381 |
Social Determinants of Health and Impact on Aboriginal Australians
In the course of the essay, we will see that factors such as socioeconomic status, poverty, perception of control of financial status that people have as well as underlying factors such as colonialism and its impact on landholdings and control as well as more subtle factors such as racism and discrimination all fit in together to form reasons contributing to the current health status of Australian aboriginals and hence leading to alcohol misuse. These factors will now be looked at in more detail.One of these determinants of health care is the socio-economic status. Dick (2007) discusses how there is a very strong link between the poverty faced by an individual or society and its correlation with poor health care, which in turn leads to social habits such as unhealthy amounts of alcohol consumption. The socioeconomic status that one has contributes in many ways to the health status of an individual. thus, poverty means low literacy rates and this in turn affects the ability of people to use health information to their advantage. Furthermore, poverty obviously leads to lower accessibility to healthcare services and facilities. Socioeconomic status impacts the kind of accommodation in which one is residing. hence poverty leads to one living in overcrowded houses that leads to greater chances for diseases spreading. Williams (2007) argues that the present healthcare is too expensive and can not be afforded by a majority of the Australian Aboriginals. thus poverty plays a major role in the kind of health status of aboriginals. Apart from affecting the physical health, low economic status also results in affecting a person’s psychological state of mind. This is because poverty means that a person has no or very little control over his financial situation, hence leading to anxiety and stress. In the National Aboriginal Health Strategy (1989), Australian Aboriginals said that the control that they had over their physical environment was very much linked to their health status. while it is true that basic health facilities are a very importantpart of healthcare, the perceived control one has over his financial situation and the environment is also really important. | [
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] | 415 |
Leh Palace
Top choice palace in Leh
Image by Nattachart Jerdnapapunt Getty Images
Bearing a passing similarity to the Potala Palace in Lhasa (Tibet), this nine-storey dun-coloured edifice is Leh's dominant structure and architectural icon. It took shape under 17th-century king Singge Namgyal but has been essentially unoccupied since the Ladakhi royals were stripped of power and shuffled off to Stok in 1846. Today the sturdy walls enclose some photo exhibition spaces and a small prayer room, but the most enjoyable part of a visit is venturing to the uppermost rooftops for the view.
Interesting structures ranged around the palace’s base include the prominent Namgyal Stupa, the colourfully muralled Chandazik Gompa and Soma Gompa, once home to the monastic printing press. Also nearby is the 1430 Chamba Lhakhang, with its colourful three-storey Buddha and medieval mural fragments. Don't count on any of these being open though. | [
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] | 233 |
What is Big Think?
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Today's Big Idea: Metalearning
The Big Idea for Thursday, May 09, 2013
Metalearning is an increasingly important concept in education – not just at the grade school level but throughout the lifespan. It means "learning about learning," or, practically speaking, studying the techniques and skills involved in learning so as to optimize understanding, problem-solving, and retention of new information.
Today, Big Think launches an historic new venture with Big Think Mentor, one of a handful of new paid subscription channels on YouTube. Based on a metalearning "core curriculum for the 21st century," Mentor connects world-class mentors like Neil deGrasse Tyson, Julia Galef, and Tim Ferriss with a global community of smart, driven users to teach the habits of mind and people skills we need to live happier, healthier, more productive lives.
1. 1 What if Neil deGrasse Tyson Were Your Mentor?
Jason Gots Big Think Mentor
2. 2 How to Cook Like a Pro (And Learn to Live the Good Life) in Four Hours
Daniel Honan Think Tank
3. 3 How the Westboro Baptist Church Can Help You Lose Weight
Daniel Honan Think Tank
4. 4 How to Improve Your Athletic (and Other) Performance Through Self-talk
Maria Konnikova Artful Choice
Today's Big Idea: Metalearning
Newsletter: Share: | [
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] | 368 |
NOTE! This site uses cookies and similar technologies.
I understand
Restitution in Poland
Art. 991 [Entitled to a piece of property].
§ If the beneficiary is permanently incapacitated or if the beneficiary's descendants are minors - two thirds of the value of the share of the estate which would fall to them in the case of succession under the law, in other cases - half of the value of that share (restitution).
§ If a beneficiary has not received the due amount of the remainder of the estate, either in the form of a gift made by the testator, or in the form of an appointment to the inheritance, or in the form of a legacy, he is entitled to a claim against the heir for payment of the amount of money needed to cover the remainder or to supplement it.
Art. 992 [Basis for calculation of the reserved portion].
When determining the share of the estate constituting the basis for calculating the reserved portion, the unworthy heirs and heirs who have rejected the inheritance shall also be taken into account, while heirs who have renounced the inheritance or have been disinherited shall not be taken into account.
Art. 993 [Determining the amount of a reserved portion].
When calculating the amount of the reserved portion of inheritance, ordinary legacies and instructions shall not be taken into account, while gifts and legacies made by the testator shall be added to the inheritance pursuant to the provisions hereunder. | [
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] | 307 |
You guys have been doing a great job of ignoring the SPAM messages that crop up from time to time on our site. I've been trying to keep up with them, but one slips through every once in a while.
Such is the case with Julie. Most of you probably don't know what I'm talking about, but there was a recent "exchange" between mountainborn and someone known only as "Julie" that *almost* made me change my policy on deleting SPAM.
If you didn't see it, that thread was hilarious! I mean to the point of milk-coming-out-of-your-nose-funny. It was almost a shame to have to delete it...
Mountainborn, you got me good. My wife was wondering why I was looking at my computer and laughing hysterically. Thanks for the chuckles! | [
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Commodore 128
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Commodore 128
Type Home computer
Release date January 1985; 33 years ago (1985-01)
Discontinued 1989; 29 years ago (1989)
Units sold 5.7 million worldwide
Operating system Commodore BASIC 7.0
Digital Research CP/M 3.0
CPU MOS 8502 @ 2 MHz
Zilog Z80B @ 2 MHz
Memory 128 kB
Graphics VIC-II E (320×200, 16 colors, sprites, raster interrupt), MOS 8563 (RGBI 640×200 16 colors, blitter)
Sound SID 6581/8580 (3× Osc, 4× Wave, Filter, ADSR, Ring)
Predecessor Commodore 64
The Commodore 128, also known as the C128, C-128, C= 128,[n 1] or occasionally CBM 128, is the last 8-bit home computer that was commercially released by Commodore Business Machines (CBM). Introduced in January 1985 at the CES in Las Vegas, it appeared three years after its predecessor, the bestselling Commodore 64.
The C128 is a significantly expanded successor to the C64, with nearly full compatibility. The newer machine has 128 kB of RAM in two 64 kB banks, and an 80-column color video output. It has a redesigned case and keyboard. Also included is a Zilog Z80 CPU which allows the C128 to run CP/M, as an alternative to the usual Commodore BASIC environment. The presence of the Z80 and the huge CP/M software library it brings, coupled with the C64's software library, gives the C128 one of the broadest ranges of available software among its competitors.[1]
The primary hardware designer of the C128 was Bil Herd, who had worked on the Plus/4. Other hardware engineers were Dave Haynie and Frank Palaia, while the IC design work was done by Dave DiOrio. The main Commodore system software was developed by Fred Bowen and Terry Ryan, while the CP/M subsystem was developed by Von Ertwine.[2]
Technical overview[edit]
The BASIC prompt for the Commodore 128 in 40-column mode, running Commodore BASIC V7.0
The C128's keyboard includes four cursor keys, an Alt key, Help key, Esc key, Tab key and a numeric keypad. None of these were present on the C64 which had only two cursor keys, requiring the use of the Shift key to move the cursor up or left. This alternate arrangement was retained on the 128, for use under C64 mode.[3] The lack of a numeric keypad, Alt key, and Esc key on the C64 was an issue with some CP/M productivity software when used with the C64's Z80 cartridge. A keypad was requested by many C64 owners who spent long hours entering machine language type-in programs.[4] Many of the added keys matched counterparts present on the IBM PC's keyboard and made the new computer more attractive to business software developers.[5] While the 128's 40-column mode closely duplicates that of the C64, an extra 1K of color RAM is made available to the programmer, as it is multiplexed through memory address 1. The C128's power supply is improved over the C64's unreliable design, being much larger and equipped with cooling vents and a replaceable fuse. The C128 does not perform a system RAM test on power-up like previous Commodore machines. Instead of the single 6510 microprocessor of the C64, the C128 incorporates a two-CPU design. The primary CPU, the 8502, is a slightly improved version of the 6510, capable of being clocked at 2 MHz. The second CPU is a Zilog Z80 which is used to run CP/M software, as well as to initiate operating-mode selection at boot time. The two processors cannot run concurrently, thus the C128 is not a multiprocessing system.
The C128's complex[6][7] architecture includes four differently accessed kinds of RAM (128 kB main RAM, 16-64 kB VDC video RAM, 2 kNibbles VIC-II Color RAM, 2-kB floppy-drive RAM on C128Ds, 0, 128 or 512 kB REU RAM), two or three CPUs (main: 8502, Z80 for CP/M; the 128D also incorporates a 6502 in the disk drive), and two different video chips (VIC-IIe and VDC) for its various operational modes.[8][9]
Early versions of the C128 occasionally experience temperature-related reliability issues due to the use of an electromagnetic shield over the main circuit board. The shield was equipped with fingers that contacted the tops of the major chips, ostensibly causing the shield to act as a large heat sink. A combination of poor contact between the shield and the chips, the inherently limited heat conductivity of plastic chip packages, as well as the relatively poor thermal conductivity of the shield itself, resulted in overheating and failure in some cases. The SID sound chip is particularly vulnerable in this respect. The most common remedy is to remove the shield, which Commodore had added late in development in order to comply with FCC radio-frequency regulations.
The C128 has three operating modes. C128 Mode (native mode) runs at 1 or 2 MHz with the 8502 CPU and has both 40- and 80-column text modes available. CP/M Mode uses both the Z80 and the 8502[10] and is able to function in both 40- or 80-column text mode. C64 Mode is nearly 100 percent compatible with the earlier computer. Selection of these modes is implemented via the Z80 chip. The Z80 controls the bus on initial boot-up and checks to see if there is a CP/M disk in the drive, if there are any C64/C128 cartridges present, and if the Commodore key (which serves as the C64-mode selector) is being depressed on boot-up. Based on these conditions, it will switch to the appropriate mode of operation.
C128 mode[edit]
C128 main board
In 1984, a year before the release of the Commodore 128, Commodore released the Plus/4. Although targeted at a low-end business market that could not afford the relatively high cost and training requirements of early IBM PC compatibles, it was perceived by the Commodore press as a follow-up to the 64 and would be expected to improve upon that model's capabilities. While the C64's graphics and sound capabilities were generally considered excellent, the response to the Plus/4 was one of disappointment. Upon the Plus/4's introduction, repeated recommendations were made in the Commodore press for a new computer called the "C-128" with increased RAM capacity, an 80-column display as was standard in business computers, a new BASIC programming language that made it easy for programmers to use the computer's graphics and sound without resorting to PEEK and POKEs, a new disk drive that improved upon the 1541's abysmal transfer rate, as well as total C64 compatibility.[11][12]
The designers of the C128 succeeded in addressing most of these concerns. A new chip, the VDC, provides the C128 with an 80-column color CGA-compatible display (also called RGBI for red-green-blue plus intensity). The then-new 8502 microprocessor is completely backward-compatible with the C64's 6510, but can run at double the speed if desired. The C64's BASIC 2.0 was replaced with BASIC 7.0, which includes structured programming commands from the Plus/4's BASIC 3.5, as well as keywords designed specifically to take advantage of the machine's capabilities. A sprite editor and machine language monitor were added. The screen-editor part of the Kernal was further improved to support an insert mode and other features accessed through ESC-key combinations, as well as a rudimentary windowing feature, and was relocated to a separate ROM. The VIC-II chip which controls the 40-column display can only operate at 1 MHz, so the 40-column display appears jumbled in FAST mode. In 80-column mode the editor takes advantage of VDC features to provide blinking and underlined text, activated through escape codes, in addition to the standard Commodore reverse text.[13] The C128's 80-column mode can display lowercase characters along with PETSCII graphics characters; 40-column mode is subject to the same "upper- and lowercase" or "uppercase-plus-graphics" restriction as earlier Commodores.[14] The 40- and 80-column modes are independent and both can be active at the same time. A programmer with both a composite and RGB display can use one of the screens as a "scratchpad" or for rudimentary multiple buffer support. The active display can be switched with ESC-X.[15] A hardware reset button was added to the system. The keyboard, however, was not switched to the Selectric layout as had become standard, instead retaining the same ADM-3A-derived design as on Commodore's prior models.
The back of the Commodore 128.
The VDC chip is largely useless for gaming since it has no sprites or raster interrupts. NTSC C128s will work with any CGA-type monitor (TTL RGB @ 15 kHz/60 Hz) such as the IBM 5153. However, PAL models of the C128 operate at 50 Hz and aren't compatible with most CGA monitors, which expect a 60 Hz refresh rate. Pin 7 of the VDC output (normally unused on CGA monitors) produces a monochrome NTSC/PAL signal, but no cable was provided for it and interested users had to make their own or purchase one on the aftermarket.
Two new disk drives were introduced in conjunction with the C128: the short-lived single-sided 1570 and the double-sided 1571. A dual-disk 1572 model was announced but never produced. Later on, the 3.5-inch 1581 was introduced. All of these drives are more reliable than the 1541 and promise much better performance via a new "burst mode" feature. The 1581 drive also has more on-board RAM than its predecessors, making it possible to open a larger number of files at one time. BASIC 7.0 includes DLOAD and DSAVE commands to support loading and saving to disk without using the ,8 or other device number, and also a DIRECTORY command that reads a disk's catalog information directly to screen memory without overwriting BASIC memory as in BASIC 2.0. In addition, the C128 introduces auto-booting of disk software, a feature standard on most personal computers, but absent from Commodore machines up to that point. Users no longer have to type LOAD"*",8,1.
1571 drives will normally start up in native mode on the C128. If the user switches to C64 mode by typing "GO 64", the drive remains in native mode, but if C64 mode is activated by holding the Commodore key down on power-up, the 1571 goes into 1541 mode (which is necessary for software that performs low-level drive access).
The C128 has twice the RAM of the C64, a far higher proportion of which is available for BASIC programming, due to the new MMU bank-switching chip. This allows BASIC program code to be stored separately from variables, greatly enhancing the machine's ability to handle complex programs, speeding garbage collection and easing debugging for the programmer. An executing program can be STOPped, its code edited, variable values inspected or altered in direct mode, and program execution resumed with the variable table intact using BASIC's GOTO command.[16] Although other BASICs support the CONT command to restart execution without clearing variables, editing any code causes them to be cleared.[17] Different memory configurations can be loaded using BASIC's BANK command.
The 128's ROM contains an easter egg: Entering the command SYS 32800,123,45,6 in native mode reveals a screen with a listing of the machine's main developers followed by the message Link arms, don't make them." Also, entering the keywords QUIT or OFF will produce an ?UNIMPLEMENTED COMMAND ERROR. These commands are holdovers from the BASIC interpreter intended for a planned but never-produced LCD portable computer and had been intended to exit from the BASIC interpreter and to ignore keyboard input during sensitive program execution, respectively.
The C128's greater hardware capabilities, especially the increased RAM, screen display resolution, and serial bus speed, make it a more capable platform than the C64 for running the GEOS graphical operating system.
CP/M mode[edit]
Using CP/M mode requires use of a boot diskette. The diskette was included with the computer, which did not include a disk drive.
The second of the C128's two CPUs is the Zilog Z80, which allows the C128 to run CP/M. The C128 was shipped with CP/M 3.0 (a.k.a. CP/M Plus, which is backward-compatible with CP/M 2.2) and ADM31/3A terminal emulation. A CP/M cartridge had been available for the C64, but it was expensive and of limited use since the 1541 drive cannot read the MFM-formatted disks that CP/M software was distributed on. Software had to be made available on Commodore-specific disks formatted using the GCR encoding scheme. Commodore made versions of PerfectCalc and the EMACS-derived PerfectWriter available,[18] and Commodore user groups sometimes had a selection of CP/M diskettes, but the limited software availability negated one of CP/M's chief attractions —its huge software library. In addition, the cartridges only work on early model C64s from 1982 and are incompatible with later units. Since they were also incompatible with the C128, the design team decided to support CP/M by putting the Z80 on the main system board.
The C128 runs CP/M noticeably slower than most dedicated CP/M systems, as the Z80 processor runs at an effective speed of only 2 MHz because the C128's system bus was designed around the 65xx CPUs which handle data and memory addressing very differently from the Z80 and due to the reasons mentioned below (needing to pass control to the 8502 for any I/O or interrupt processing).
When the C128 is powered on, the Z80 is active first and executes a small boot loader ROM at $0-$FFF to check for the presence of a CP/M disk. If one is not detected, control is passed to the 8502 and C128 native mode is started.
CP/M mode in practice requires a 1571 or 1581 drive to be useful, since a 1541 cannot read MFM disks and will run much slower due to not supporting the C128's burst mode. CP/M boot disks nonetheless must be in the drive's native GCR format; MFM disks cannot be booted from, only read once the user is already in CP/M.
The CP/M CBIOS (the part of CP/M that interfaces with the hardware) does not directly interface with the hardware like on most CP/M implementations, rather it calls the kernal routines for interrupt handing and I/O--when the kernal needs to be used, the Z80 uses routines at $FFD0-$FFEF to pass parameter data to the 8502, which is then activated and the Z80 deactivated. After the kernal routine is finished executing, control is passed back to the Z80. It was reported that the programmer in charge of porting CP/M to the C128 had intended to have the CBIOS interface with the hardware directly in Z80 machine language, but had great difficulty with the VDU chips as they were prone to overheating and self-destructing. The VDU also underwent numerous hardware revisions while the C128 was in development and the CP/M programmer was unable to get his code working properly, so the C128 engineering team requested instead that he simply rewrite the CBIOS to pass function calls to the 8502.[19][20]
CP/M mode is very different from the operating environments familiar to Commodore users. While Commodore DOS is built into the ROM of Commodore disk drives and is usually accessed through BASIC, CP/M requires the use of a boot diskette and requires entry of terse commands inherited from minicomputer platforms. CP/M programs tend to lack the user-friendly nature of most Commodore applications. Intended to give the new computer a large library of professional-grade business software that Commodore lacked, CP/M was long past its prime by the mid-1980s, and so it was seldom used on the C128.
C64 mode[edit]
Photo from the 1980s showing a C128 set-up with two disk drives and two monitors displaying the independent 40 and 80 column screens. Many users continued to use the 1541 inherited from their C64 system as a second drive.
By incorporating the original C64 BASIC and Kernal ROMs in their entirety (16 kB total), the C128 achieves almost 100 percent compatibility with the Commodore 64. The C64 mode can be accessed in one of three ways:
• Holding down the Commodore-logo key when booting the system
• Entering the GO 64 command, then responding Y to the ARE YOU SURE? prompt, in BASIC 7.0[21]
• Booting with a C64 cartridge plugged in
Grounding the cartridge port's /EXROM and/or /GAME lines will cause the computer to automatically start up in C64 mode. This feature faithfully duplicates the C64's behavior when a cartridge (such as Simons' BASIC) is plugged into the port and asserts either of these lines but, unlike an actual C64, where the memory-map-changing action of these lines is implemented directly in hardware, the C128's Z80 firmware startup code polls these lines on power-up and then switches modes as necessary. C128 native-mode cartridges are recognized and started by the kernal polling defined locations in the memory map.
C64 mode almost exactly duplicates the features of a hardware C64. Many of the C128's additional features are disabled or unavailable in this mode. The 80-column display, fast mode, MMU, and BASIC 7.0 are not available in C64 mode. The 4 cursor keys at the top of the keyboard are unrecognized, forcing the user to use the C64's cumbersome shifted-key arrangement, which are included at the bottom of the C128 keyboard. Also ignored are the C128's numeric keypad and most of the added top-row keys (the only top-row keys that are functional in C64 mode are the f1-f8 keys above the keypad.) Some of these features can be turned back on by user software, but most commercial programs ignore them at best, or are completely nonfunctional with these user "wedge" programs in memory.
On North American C128s, when in C64 mode, even the character (font) ROM changes from that of C128 mode. Early C128 prototypes had a single ROM, with a slightly improved character set over that of the C64. But some C64 programs read the character ROM as data, and will fail in various ways on a C128. Thus, the C128 was given a double-sized character ROM, which delivers the C128 font in C128 mode, and the C64 font in C64 mode. International models of the C128 use the unmodified C64 font in both modes, since the second half of the character ROM is instead dedicated to the international font (containing such things as accented characters or German umlauts).
Some of the few C64 programs that fail on a C128 will run correctly when the CAPS LOCK key is pressed down (or the ASCII/National key on international C128 models). This has to do with the larger built-in I/O port of the C128's CPU. Whereas the SHIFT LOCK key found on both C64 and C128 is simply a mechanical latch for the left SHIFT key, the CAPS LOCK key on the C128 can be read via the 8502's built-in I/O port. A few C64 programs are confused by this extra I/O bit; keeping the CAPS LOCK key in the down position will force the I/O line low, matching the C64's configuration and resolving the issue.
A handful of C64 programs write to $D030 (53296), often as part of a loop initializing the VIC-II chip registers. This memory-mapped register, unused in the C64, determines the system clock rate. Since this register is fully functional in C64 mode, an inadvertent write can scramble the 40-column display by switching the CPU over to 2–MHz, at which clock rate the VIC-II video processor cannot produce a coherent display. Fortunately, few programs suffer from this flaw. In July 1986, COMPUTE!'s Gazette published a type-in program that exploited this difference by using a raster interrupt to enable fast mode when the bottom of the visible screen was reached, and then disable it when screen rendering began again at the top. By using the higher clock rate during the vertical blank period, standard video display is maintained while increasing overall execution speed by about 20 percent.[22][23]
An easy way to differentiate between a hardware C64 and a C128 operating in C64 mode, typically used from within a running program, is to write a value different from $FF (255) to memory address $D02F (53295), a register which is used to decode the extra keys of the C128 (the numerical keypad and some other keys). On the C64 this memory location will always contain the value $FF no matter what is written to it, but on a C128 in C64 mode the value of the location—a memory-mapped register—can be changed. Thus, checking the location's value after writing to it will reveal the actual hardware platform.
RAM setup[edit]
To handle the relatively large amounts of ROM and RAM, tenfold the 8502's 64 kB address space, the C128 uses the 8722 MMU chip to create different memory maps, in which different combinations of RAM and ROM would appear according to bit patterns written into the MMU's configuration register at memory address $FF00. Another feature of the memory management unit is to allow relocation of zero page and the stack.
Although the C128 can theoretically support 256k of RAM in four blocks, the PCB has no provisions to add this extra RAM, nor can the MMU actually access more than 128k. Therefore, if the MMU is programmed to access blocks 2 or 3, all that results is a mirror of the RAM in blocks 0 and 1.
The MMU supports 256 possible RAM/ROM combinations, but most of them are useless or nearly useless, so BASIC's BANK statement allows the user to select 15 of the most useful arrangements, with the power-on default being Bank 15, which places the system ROMs, I/O registers, and BASIC program text in block 0, with block 1 being used by BASIC program variables. BASIC program text and variables can extend all the way to $FFEF, but since block 0 contains the ROMs and I/O registers from $4000 onward, BASIC uses an internal switching routine to read program text higher than $3FFF.
The top and bottom 1k of RAM ($0-$3FF and $FF00-$FFFF) are "shared" RAM visible from both blocks and the MMU allows either to be expanded in increments up to 16k. The $0-$3FF range contains the zero page and stack while $FF00-$FFFF contains the MMU registers and reset vectors. While on the C64 the VIC-II can only see the character ROM in banks 2 and 4 of its memory space, the C128 makes it possible to enable or disable the character ROM for any VIC-II bank via the register at $1. Also, there are two sets of color RAM--one visible to the CPU, the other to the VIC-II and the user may select what chip sees what.
In CP/M mode, the Program Segment Prefix and Transient Program Area reside in Bank 1 and the I/O registers and CP/M system code in Bank 0.
The C128's RAM is expandable from the standard 128kB to 256, 512 or even 1,024kB, either by using commercial memory expansion modules, or by making one based on schematics available on the internet.[24]
Commodore's RAM Expansion Units utilize an external 8726 DMA controller[25] to transfer data between the C128's RAM and the RAM in the expansion unit.
Commodore 128D[edit]
Commodore 128D on display at the Musée Bolo, EPFL, Lausanne
Commodore 128DCR switch-mode power supply, fitted with a 40mm cooling fan
Late in 1985, Commodore released to the European market a new version of the C128 with a redesigned chassis resembling the Amiga 1000. Called the Commodore 128D, this new European model features a plastic chassis with a carrying handle on the side, incorporates a 1571 disk drive into the main chassis, replaces the built-in keyboard with a detachable one, and adds a cooling fan. The keyboard features two folding legs for changing the typing angle.
According to Bil Herd, head of the Hardware Team (a.k.a. the "C128 Animals"), the C128D was ready for production at the same time as the regular version. Working to release two models at the same time had increased the risk for on-time delivery and was apparent in that the main PCB has large holes in critical sections to support the C128D case and the normal case concurrently.
In the latter part of 1986, Commodore released a version of the C128D in North America and parts of Europe referred to as the C128DCR, CR meaning "cost-reduced". The DCR model features a stamped-steel chassis in place of the plastic version of the C128D (with no carrying handle), a modular switched-mode power supply similar to that of the C128D, retaining that model's detachable keyboard and internal 1571 floppy drive. A number of components on the mainboard were consolidated to reduce production costs and, as an additional cost-reduction measure, the 40 millimeter cooling fan that was fitted to the D model's power supply was removed. However, the mounting provisions on the power supply subchassis were retained, as well as the two 12-volt DC connection points on the power supply's printed circuit board for powering the fan.
A significant improvement introduced with the DCR model was the replacement of the 8563 video display controller (VDC) with the more technically advanced 8568 VDC and equipping it with 64 kilobytes of video RAM—the maximum amount addressable by the device. The four-fold increase in video RAM over that installed in the "flat" C128 made it possible, among other things, to maintain multiple text screens in support of a true windowing system, or generate higher-resolution graphics with a more flexible color palette. Little commercial software took advantage of these possibilities.
The C128DCR is equipped with new ROMs dubbed the "1986 ROMs," so-named from the copyright date displayed on the power-on banner screen. The new ROMs address a number of bugs that are present in the original ROMs, including an infamous off-by-one error in the keyboard decoding table, in which the 'Q' character would remain lower case when CAPS LOCK was active. Some software will only run on the DCR, due to dependencies on the computer's enhanced hardware features and revised ROMs.[26]
Despite the DCR's improved RGB video capabilities, Commodore did not enhance BASIC 7.0 with the ability to manipulate RGB graphics. Driving the VDC in graphics mode continues to require the use of calls to screen-editor ROM primitives or their assembly language equivalents,[27] or by using third-party BASIC language extensions, such as Free Spirit Software's "BASIC 8", which adds high-resolution VDC graphics commands to BASIC 7.0.
Market performance[edit]
By January 1987 Info reported that "All of those rumors about the imminent death of the C128 may have some basis in fact". Stating that Commodore wanted to divert resources to increasing 64C production and its PC clones, the magazine stated that "The latest word online is that the last C128 will roll off the lines in December of 1987".[28] Compute! stated in 1989, "If you bought your 128 under the impression that 128-specific software would be plentiful and quick to arrive, you've probably been quite disappointed. One of the 128's major selling points is its total compatibility with the 64, a point that's worked more against the 128 than for it".[26] Because the 128 would run virtually all 64 software, and because the next-generation 32/16-bit home computers—primarily the Commodore Amiga and Atari ST—represented the latest technology, relatively little software for the C128's native mode appeared (probably on the order of 100–200 commercial titles, plus the usual share of public domain and magazine type-in programs), leading some users to regret their purchase.[29] While the C128 sold a total number of 4 million units between 1985 and 1989, its popularity paled in comparison to that of its predecessor. One explanation may be found in the fact that the C64 sold huge numbers to people primarily interested in video games, which the more expensive C128 didn't add much value towards improving.
Some C64 software such as Bard's Tale III and Kid Niki ran in 128 mode without stating this in the documentation, using the autoboot and the 1571's faster disk access.[30] Some Infocom text adventures took advantage of the 80-column screen and increased memory capacity. Some C64 games were ported to native mode like Kikstart 2 and The Last V8 from Mastertronic, which had separate C128 versions, and Ultima V: Warriors of Destiny from Origin Systems, which used extra RAM for music if running on the C128. Star Fleet I: The War Begins from Interstel had separate versions, and took advantage of 80-column display on the C128. The vast majority of games simply ran in C64 mode.
By contrast, many C64 productivity software titles were ported to the C128, including the popular PaperClip and Paperback Writer series.[31] This software used the extra memory, 80-column screen, enhanced keyboard and large-capacity disk drives to provide features that were considered essential for business use.[32] With its advanced BASIC programming language, CP/M compatibility and "user-friendly" native software packages such as Jane, Commodore attempted to create a low-end business market for the C128 similar to its strategy with the Plus/4, even distancing itself from the home computer label by branding the C128 a "Personal Computer" on the case.[33][34] Significantly, the C128 was the first Commodore computer to advertise its use of Microsoft BASIC, where the Microsoft name would have been a competitive asset.
The C128 was certainly a better business machine than the C64, but not really a better gaming machine, and people who wanted business machines bought IBM PC clones almost exclusively by the time the C128 was released. The availability of low-cost IBM compatibles like the Leading Edge Model D and Tandy 1000 that, in some cases, sold for less than a complete C128 system derailed Commodore's small business computer strategy. There was a professional-level CAD program, Home Designer by BRiWALL,[35] but again, most of this work was done on PCs by the C128's era. The main reason that the C128 still sold fairly well was probably that it was a much better machine for hobbyist programming than the C64, as well as being a natural follow-on model to owners with significant investments in C64 peripherals.
But ultimately the C128 could not compete with the new 16/32-bit systems, which outmatched it and the rest of its 8-bit generation in nearly every aspect. When the C128(D/DCR) was discontinued in 1989, it was reported to cost nearly as much to manufacture as the Amiga 500, even though the C128D had to sell for several hundred dollars less to keep the Amiga's high-end marketing image intact.
Bil Herd has stated that the design goals of the C128 did not initially include 100% compatibility with the C64. Some form of compatibility was always intended after Herd was approached at the Plus/4's introduction by a woman who was disappointed that the educational software package she had written for the C64 would not run on Commodore's new computer, but when Commodore's marketing department learned of this, they independently announced total compatibility. Herd gave the reason for the 128's inclusion of a Z80 processor as ensuring this "100% compatibility" claim, since supporting the C64's Z80 cartridge would have meant the C128 supplying additional power to the cartridge port. He also stated that the VDC video chip and Z80 were sources of trouble during the machine's design. Herd added that "I only expected the C128 to be sold for about a year, we figured a couple of million would be nice and of course it wouldn’t undercut Amiga or even the C64".[36] After Commodore raised the price of the 64 for the first time by introducing the redesigned 64C in 1986, its profit from each 64C sold was reportedly much greater than that from the C128.[37]
• CPUs:[38]
• MOS Technology 8502 @ 2 MHz (1 MHz selectable for C64 compatibility mode or C128's 40-column mode)
• Zilog Z80 @ 4 MHz (running at an effective 2 MHz because of wait states in order to allow the VIC-II video chip access to the system bus)
• (C128D(CR)): MOS Technology 6502 for the integrated floppy controller
• MMU: MOS Technology 8722 Memory Management Unit controls 8502/Z80 processor selection; ROM/RAM banking; common RAM areas; relocation of zero page and stack
• RAM: 128 kB system RAM, 2 kB 4-bit dedicated color RAM (for the VIC-II E), 16 kB or 64 kB dedicated video RAM (for the VDC), up to 512 kB REU expansion RAM
• ROM: 72 kB
• 28 kB BASIC 7.0
• 4 kB MLM
• 8 kB C128 KERNAL
• 4 kB screen editor
• 4 kB Z80 BIOS
• 16 kB C64 ROM: ≈9 kB C64 BASIC 2.0 + ≈7 kB C64 KERNAL
• 4 kB C64 (or international) character generator
• 4 kB C128 (or national) character generator
• 32 kB Internal Function ROM (optional: for placement in motherboard socket)
• 32 kB External Function ROM (optional: for placement in REU socket)
• Video:
• MOS 8564/8566 VIC-II E (NTSC/PAL) for 40-column composite video (a TV set can be used instead of a monitor if desired)
• Direct register access through memory-mapped I/O
• Text mode: 40×25, 16 colors
• Graphics modes: 160×200, 320×200
• 8 hardware sprites
• 2 kB dedicated 4-bit color RAM, otherwise uses main memory as video RAM
• MOS 8563 VDC (or, in C128DCR, the 8568) for 80-column digital RGBI component video, compatible with IBM PC CGA monitors, monochrome display also possible on composite video monitors; usable with TV sets only when the set has SCART and/or baseband video-in sockets in addition to the antenna connector. Color is possible through SCART, only monochrome through baseband video-in.
• Indirect register access (address register, data register in mapped memory)
• Text mode: Fully programmable, typically 80×25 or 80x50, 16 RGBI colors (not the same palette as the VIC-II)
• Graphics modes: Fully programmable, typical modes are 320x200, 640×200, and 640×400 (interlaced).
• 16 kB dedicated video RAM (64 kB standard in C128DCR, C128/C128D can be upgraded to 64 kB), accessible to the CPU only in a doubly indirect method (address register, data register on VDC, which in turn are addressed through address register, data register in mapped memory)
• Limited blitter functionality
• Sound:
• I/O Ports:
• All Commodore 64 ports with 100 percent compatibility, plus the following:
• Higher "burst mode" speed possible on the serial bus
• Expansion port more flexibly programmable
• RGBI video output (DE9-connector) logically similar to the IBM PC CGA connector, but with an added monochrome composite signal. This added signal causes a minor incompatibility with certain CGA monitors that can be rectified by removing pin 7 from the plug at one end of the connecting cable.
• External keyboard input (DB25-connector) (C128D(CR) only)
See also[edit]
1. ^ The "C=" represents the graphical part of the logo.
1. ^ "RUN Magazine Special Issue #2".
2. ^ "C128 Easter Egg".
3. ^ "C128 System Guide – 9.5 MOVING THE CURSOR IN C64 MODE". Retrieved 2016-08-08.
4. ^ "The Official Book for the Commodore 128". A numeric keypad (the number keys clustered together as they are on a calculator) is useful for anyone entering large amounts of numeric data, but this feature was lacking on the Commodore 64. Since many Commodore 64 owners spent hours entering machine language programs in the form of long lists of numbers, this feature was often asked for.
5. ^ "The Official Book for the Commodore 128". ...they make the C128 more attractive to those established business software developers who are used to working with more traditional keyboard arrangements.
6. ^ "The Commodore 128: The Most Versatile 8-Bit Computer Ever Made".
7. ^ "TPUG newsletter Feb. 1985" (PDF).
8. ^
9. ^
10. ^ Commodore CP/M Source code and programmers' manual.
11. ^ "Plus/4 and C-16: Disappointingly Mediocre" (PDF). I see the Plus/4 as an insult and a disappointment, as well as a major marketing error. One would hope that Commodore will soon come to their senses and put out a `64/Plus' with such selling features as 128K of memory, 80 column display option, a better disk drive, and most importantly, complete compatibility with C-64 software and hardware.
12. ^ "Commodore's port; preview of the Plus 4, the Amiga, and Alphacom printers". So, Commodore, what to do? I well tell you, okay? Take the C64, slap another 64K of bank-switched memory into it and squeeze it into a sexy case. Improve the keyboard by arranging it into a Selectric-style layout and bettering its feel. Take the excellent Basic from the Plus 4 and build it into the new "C128," adding special sprite and SID commands as in Simon's Basic. Keep the directional cursor keys and function keys across the top, as well as the built-in machine language monitor. Return to the port configurations of the past. Make sure all the machine language disks and ROM cartridges designed for the 64 run beautifully on the C128. And price it at $400 list.
13. ^ "C128 System Guide — Appendix I". Retrieved 2012-04-18.
14. ^ "The Official Book for the Commodore 128".
15. ^ "Run Special Issue 2 1986".
16. ^ [1]
17. ^ "GW-BASIC User's Guide".
18. ^ Compute! April 1985
19. ^
20. ^ "Supercharging CP/M". C128 CP/M programmers who want to add or change operating system features should try to make changes to the BIOS. For one thing, BIOS source code is available, but not available for the BDOS or CCP.
21. ^ "C128 System Guide – 2.2.1 MODE SWITCHING CHART". Retrieved 2016-08-08.
22. ^ jul86-64 ModeSpeed
23. ^ jul86-64 ModeSpeed
24. ^ Memory expansions for the Commodore 128
25. ^
26. ^ a b Randall, Neil (June 1989). "128 Only". Compute!. p. 54. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
27. ^ "RUN Magazine Issue 26".
28. ^ "The Rumor Mill". Info. January–February 1987. p. 52.
29. ^ "RUN Magazine issue 35".
30. ^ Randall, Neil (October 1988). "More Games". Compute!. p. 47. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
31. ^ "Commodore Magazine July 1987".
32. ^ "Run Magazine Issue 27".
33. ^ "Ahoy! Magazine Issue #20".
34. ^ "RUN Magazine issue 15 March 1985".
35. ^ RUN Magazine Issue 64
36. ^ In Memory Of The Commodore C128 Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
37. ^ Leemon, Sheldon (February 1987). "Microfocus". Compute!. p. 24. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
38. ^ Byte. McGraw-Hill. 1986. p. 274. C-128 CP/M uses both the Z80 and 8502 processors. The Z80 executes most of the CP/M BIOS functions.
• Greenley, Larry, et al. (1986). Commodore 128 Programmer's Reference Guide. Bantam Computer Books/Commodore Publications. ISBN 0-553-34378-5.
• Gerits, K.; Schieb, J.; Thrun, F. (1986). Commodore 128 Internals. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Abacus Software, Inc. ISBN 0-916439-42-9. Original German edition (1985), Düsseldorf, West Germany: DATA BECKER GmbH & Co. KG.
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16932,
14,
44,
338,
4039,
29156,
1849,
960,
896,
3236,
3788,
5888,
13,
554,
3090,
11,
262,
37852,
691,
670,
319,
1903,
2746,
327,
2414,
82,
422,
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290,
389,
27294,
351,
1568,
4991,
13,
4619,
484,
547,
635,
27294,
351,
262,
327,
12762,
11,
262,
1486,
1074,
3066,
284,
1104,
16932,
14,
44,
416,
5137,
262,
1168,
1795,
319,
262,
1388,
1080,
3096,
13,
198,
198,
464,
327,
12762,
4539,
16932,
14,
44,
33752,
13611,
621,
749,
7256,
16932,
14,
44,
3341,
11,
355,
262,
1168,
1795,
12649,
4539,
379,
281,
4050,
2866,
286,
691,
362,
1849,
25983,
780,
262,
327,
12762,
338,
1080,
1323,
373,
3562,
1088,
262,
6135,
5324,
32340,
543,
5412,
1366,
290,
4088,
13593,
845,
10338,
422,
262,
1168,
1795,
290,
2233,
284,
262,
3840,
4750,
2174,
357,
710,
8228,
284,
1208,
1630,
284,
262,
30607,
17,
329,
597,
314,
14,
46,
393,
11313,
7587,
737,
198,
198,
2215,
262,
327,
12762,
318,
13232,
319,
11,
262,
1168,
1795,
318,
4075,
717,
290,
42985,
257,
1402,
6297,
40213,
21224,
379,
720,
15,
22799,
5777,
37,
284,
2198,
329,
262,
4931,
286,
257,
16932,
14,
44,
11898,
13,
1002,
530,
318,
407,
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11,
1630,
318,
3804,
284,
262,
30607,
17,
290,
327,
12762,
6868,
4235,
318,
2067,
13,
198,
198,
8697,
14,
44,
4235,
287,
3357,
4433,
257,
1315,
4869,
393,
1315,
6659,
3708,
284,
307,
4465,
11,
1201,
257,
1315,
3901,
2314,
1100,
337,
23264,
32505,
290,
481,
1057,
881,
13611,
2233,
284,
407,
6493,
262,
327,
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338,
11173,
4235,
13,
16932,
14,
44,
6297,
32505,
19018,
1276,
307,
287,
262,
3708,
338,
6868,
402,
9419,
5794,
26,
337,
23264,
32505,
2314,
307,
48696,
422,
11,
691,
1100,
1752,
262,
2836,
318,
1541,
287,
16932,
14,
44,
13,
198,
198,
464,
16932,
14,
44,
47970,
2640,
357,
1169,
636,
286,
16932,
14,
44,
326,
20314,
351,
262,
6890,
8,
857,
407,
3264,
7071,
351,
262,
6890,
588,
319,
749,
16932,
14,
44,
25504,
11,
2138,
340,
3848,
262,
479,
35220,
31878,
329,
11313,
22786,
290,
314,
14,
46,
438,
12518,
262,
479,
35220,
2476,
284,
307,
973,
11,
262,
1168,
1795,
3544,
31878,
379,
720,
5777,
35,
15,
22799,
5777,
25425,
284,
1208,
11507,
1366,
284,
262,
30607,
17,
11,
543,
318,
788,
13906,
290,
262,
1168,
1795,
390,
33106,
13,
2293,
262,
479,
35220,
8027,
318,
5201,
23710,
11,
1630,
318,
3804,
736,
284,
262,
1168,
1795,
13,
632,
373,
2098,
326,
262,
24292,
287,
3877,
286,
2493,
278,
16932,
14,
44,
284,
262,
327,
12762,
550,
5292,
284,
423,
262,
47970,
2640,
7071,
351,
262,
6890,
3264,
287,
1168,
1795,
4572,
3303,
11,
475,
550,
1049,
8722,
351,
262,
569,
35,
52,
12014,
355,
484,
547,
17592,
284,
34789,
803,
290,
2116,
12,
35678,
278,
13,
383,
569,
35,
52,
635,
25289,
6409,
6890,
33315,
981,
262,
327,
12762,
373,
287,
2478,
290,
262,
16932,
14,
44,
24292,
373,
5906,
284,
651,
465,
2438,
1762,
6105,
11,
523,
262,
327,
12762,
8705,
1074,
9167,
2427,
326,
339,
2391,
28183,
262,
47970,
2640,
284,
1208,
2163,
3848,
284,
262,
30607,
17,
3693,
1129,
7131,
1238,
60,
198,
198,
8697,
14,
44,
4235,
318,
845,
1180,
422,
262,
5361,
12493,
5385,
284,
48808,
2985,
13,
2893,
48808,
43036,
318,
3170,
656,
262,
21224,
286,
48808,
11898,
10182,
290,
318,
3221,
17535,
832,
29809,
2149,
11,
16932,
14,
44,
4433,
262,
779,
286,
257,
6297,
11898,
5857,
290,
4433,
5726,
286,
1059,
325,
9729,
19552,
422,
949,
291,
296,
10549,
9554,
13,
16932,
14,
44,
4056,
4327,
284,
3092,
262,
2836,
12,
13120,
3450,
286,
749,
48808,
5479,
13,
2558,
1631,
284,
1577,
262,
649,
3644,
257,
1588,
5888,
286,
4708,
12,
9526,
1597,
3788,
326,
48808,
19989,
11,
16932,
14,
44,
373,
890,
1613,
663,
6994,
416,
262,
3095,
12,
23664,
82,
11,
290,
523,
340,
373,
25129,
973,
319,
262,
327,
12762,
13,
198,
198,
34,
2414,
4235,
58,
19312,
60,
198,
198,
6191,
422,
262,
7169,
82,
4478,
257,
327,
12762,
900,
12,
929,
351,
734,
11898,
10182,
290,
734,
19374,
19407,
262,
4795,
2319,
290,
4019,
5721,
8947,
13,
4650,
2985,
3767,
284,
779,
262,
1315,
3901,
19552,
422,
511,
327,
2414,
1080,
355,
257,
1218,
3708,
13,
198,
198,
3886,
29927,
262,
2656,
327,
2414,
29809,
2149,
290,
509,
35220,
21224,
82,
287,
511,
21818,
357,
1433,
479,
33,
2472,
828,
262,
327,
12762,
41885,
2048,
1802,
1411,
17764,
351,
262,
48808,
5598,
13,
383,
327,
2414,
4235,
460,
307,
17535,
287,
530,
286,
1115,
2842,
25,
628,
50286,
3581,
31703,
866,
262,
48808,
12,
6404,
78,
1994,
618,
6297,
278,
262,
1080,
198,
50286,
3581,
6062,
278,
262,
10351,
5598,
3141,
11,
788,
14409,
575,
284,
262,
15986,
7013,
311,
11335,
30,
6152,
11,
287,
29809,
2149,
767,
13,
15,
58,
2481,
60,
198,
50286,
3581,
347,
12494,
351,
257,
327,
2414,
26904,
30601,
287,
198,
198,
35539,
278,
262,
26904,
2493,
338,
1220,
6369,
33676,
290,
14,
273,
1220,
47109,
3951,
481,
2728,
262,
3644,
284,
6338,
923,
510,
287,
327,
2414,
4235,
13,
770,
3895,
42353,
14184,
16856,
262,
327,
2414,
338,
4069,
618,
257,
26904,
357,
10508,
355,
3184,
684,
6,
29809,
2149,
8,
318,
30601,
656,
262,
2493,
290,
29348,
2035,
286,
777,
3951,
475,
11,
5023,
281,
4036,
327,
2414,
11,
810,
262,
4088,
12,
8899,
12,
22954,
2223,
286,
777,
3951,
318,
9177,
3264,
287,
6890,
11,
262,
327,
12762,
338,
1168,
1795,
18779,
13693,
2438,
9231,
777,
3951,
319,
1176,
12,
929,
290,
788,
18225,
12881,
355,
3306,
13,
327,
12762,
6868,
12,
14171,
37852,
389,
8018,
290,
2067,
416,
262,
479,
35220,
13985,
5447,
7064,
287,
262,
4088,
3975,
13,
198,
198,
34,
2414,
4235,
2048,
3446,
14184,
16856,
262,
3033,
286,
257,
6890,
327,
2414,
13,
4650,
286,
262,
327,
12762,
338,
3224,
3033,
389,
10058,
393,
23485,
287,
428,
4235,
13,
383,
4019,
12,
28665,
3359,
11,
3049,
4235,
11,
20806,
52,
11,
290,
29809,
2149,
767,
13,
15,
389,
407,
1695,
287,
327,
2414,
4235,
13,
383,
604,
23493,
8251,
379,
262,
1353,
286,
262,
10586,
389,
43483,
1143,
11,
10833,
262,
2836,
284,
779,
262,
327,
2414,
338,
44491,
14869,
12,
2539,
13888,
11,
543,
389,
3017,
379,
262,
4220,
286,
262,
327,
12762,
10586,
13,
4418,
9514,
389,
262,
327,
12762,
338,
35575,
1994,
15636,
290,
749,
286,
262,
2087,
1353,
12,
808,
8251,
357,
1169,
691,
1353,
12,
808,
8251,
326,
389,
10345,
287,
327,
2414,
4235,
389,
262,
277,
16,
12,
69,
23,
8251,
2029,
262,
1994,
15636,
2014,
2773,
286,
777,
3033,
460,
307,
2900,
736,
319,
416,
2836,
3788,
11,
475,
749,
5068,
4056,
8856,
606,
379,
1266,
11,
393,
389,
3190,
1729,
45124,
351,
777,
2836,
366,
86,
14907,
1,
4056,
287,
4088,
13,
198,
198,
2202,
2258,
1605,
327,
12762,
82,
11,
618,
287,
327,
2414,
4235,
11,
772,
262,
2095,
357,
10331,
8,
21224,
2458,
422,
326,
286,
327,
12762,
4235,
13,
12556,
327,
12762,
32338,
550,
257,
2060,
21224,
11,
351,
257,
4622,
6596,
2095,
900,
625,
326,
286,
262,
327,
2414,
13,
887,
617,
327,
2414,
4056,
1100,
262,
2095,
21224,
355,
1366,
11,
290,
481,
2038,
287,
2972,
2842,
319,
257,
327,
12762,
13,
6660,
11,
262,
327,
12762,
373,
1813,
257,
4274,
12,
13982,
2095,
21224,
11,
543,
16316,
262,
327,
12762,
10369,
287,
327,
12762,
4235,
11,
290,
262,
327,
2414,
10369,
287,
327,
2414,
4235,
13,
4037,
4981,
286,
262,
327,
12762,
779,
262,
555,
41771,
327,
2414,
10369,
287,
1111,
12881,
11,
1201,
262,
1218,
2063,
286,
262,
2095,
21224,
318,
2427,
7256,
284,
262,
3230,
10369,
357,
38301,
884,
1243,
355,
697,
4714,
3435,
393,
2679,
334,
4029,
17712,
737,
198,
198,
4366,
286,
262,
1178,
327,
2414,
4056,
326,
2038,
319,
257,
327,
12762,
481,
1057,
9380,
618,
262,
20176,
50,
406,
11290,
1994,
318,
12070,
866,
357,
273,
262,
37101,
14,
16186,
1994,
319,
3230,
327,
12762,
4981,
737,
770,
468,
284,
466,
351,
262,
4025,
3170,
12,
259,
314,
14,
46,
2493,
286,
262,
327,
12762,
338,
9135,
13,
28016,
262,
6006,
32297,
406,
11290,
1994,
1043,
319,
1111,
327,
2414,
290,
327,
12762,
318,
2391,
257,
12370,
43140,
329,
262,
1364,
6006,
32297,
1994,
11,
262,
20176,
50,
406,
11290,
1994,
319,
262,
327,
12762,
460,
307,
1100,
2884,
262,
30607,
17,
338,
3170,
12,
259,
314,
14,
46,
2493,
13,
317,
1178,
327,
2414,
4056,
389,
10416,
416,
428,
3131,
314,
14,
46,
1643,
26,
5291,
262,
20176,
50,
406,
11290,
1994,
287,
262,
866,
2292,
481,
2700,
262,
314,
14,
46,
1627,
1877,
11,
12336,
262,
327,
2414,
338,
8398,
290,
31038,
262,
2071,
13,
198,
198,
32,
10089,
286,
327,
2414,
4056,
3551,
284,
720,
35,
39101,
357,
4310,
27137,
828,
1690,
355,
636,
286,
257,
9052,
4238,
2890,
262,
569,
2149,
12,
3978,
11594,
28441,
13,
770,
4088,
12,
76,
6320,
7881,
11,
21958,
287,
262,
327,
2414,
11,
15947,
262,
1080,
8801,
2494,
13,
4619,
428,
7881,
318,
3938,
10345,
287,
327,
2414,
4235,
11,
281,
25373,
298,
3551,
460,
36755,
262,
2319,
12,
28665,
3359,
416,
15430,
262,
9135,
625,
284,
362,
1906,
25983,
11,
379,
543,
8801,
2494,
262,
569,
2149,
12,
3978,
2008,
12649,
2314,
4439,
257,
24870,
3359,
13,
20525,
11,
1178,
4056,
8659,
422,
428,
11804,
13,
554,
2901,
12113,
11,
24301,
37780,
13679,
82,
38772,
3199,
257,
2099,
12,
259,
1430,
326,
21514,
428,
3580,
416,
1262,
257,
374,
1603,
11313,
284,
7139,
3049,
4235,
618,
262,
4220,
286,
262,
7424,
3159,
373,
4251,
11,
290,
788,
15560,
340,
618,
3159,
14837,
2540,
757,
379,
262,
1353,
13,
2750,
1262,
262,
2440,
8801,
2494,
1141,
262,
11723,
9178,
2278,
11,
3210,
2008,
3359,
318,
9456,
981,
3649,
4045,
9706,
2866,
416,
546,
1160,
1411,
3693,
1828,
7131,
1954,
60,
198,
198,
2025,
2562,
835,
284,
28754,
1022,
257,
6890,
327,
2414,
290,
257,
327,
12762,
5361,
287,
327,
2414,
4235,
11,
6032,
973,
422,
1626,
257,
2491,
1430,
11,
318,
284,
3551,
257,
1988,
1180,
422,
720,
5777,
357,
13381,
8,
284,
4088,
2209,
720,
35,
2999,
37,
357,
4310,
25710,
828,
257,
7881,
543,
318,
973,
284,
36899,
262,
3131,
8251,
286,
262,
327,
12762,
357,
1169,
29052,
1994,
15636,
290,
617,
584,
8251,
737,
1550,
262,
327,
2414,
428,
4088,
4067,
481,
1464,
3994,
262,
1988,
720,
5777,
645,
2300,
644,
318,
3194,
284,
340,
11,
475,
319,
257,
327,
12762,
287,
327,
2414,
4235,
262,
1988,
286,
262,
4067,
960,
64,
4088,
12,
76,
6320,
7881,
960,
5171,
307,
3421,
13,
6660,
11,
10627,
262,
4067,
338,
1988,
706,
3597,
284,
340,
481,
7766,
262,
4036,
6890,
3859,
13,
198,
198,
24115,
9058,
58,
19312,
60,
198,
198,
2514,
5412,
262,
5365,
1588,
6867,
286,
21224,
290,
13931,
11,
3478,
11379,
262,
30607,
17,
338,
5598,
479,
33,
2209,
2272,
11,
262,
327,
12762,
3544,
262,
10083,
1828,
20806,
52,
11594,
284,
2251,
1180,
4088,
8739,
11,
287,
543,
1180,
17790,
286,
13931,
290,
21224,
561,
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1864,
284,
1643,
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3194,
656,
262,
20806,
52,
338,
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379,
4088,
2209,
720,
5777,
405,
13,
6023,
3895,
286,
262,
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4542,
4326,
318,
284,
1249,
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286,
6632,
2443,
290,
262,
8931,
13,
198,
198,
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262,
327,
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460,
26787,
1104,
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74,
286,
13931,
287,
1440,
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262,
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468,
645,
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284,
751,
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262,
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52,
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517,
621,
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262,
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318,
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284,
1895,
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362,
393,
513,
11,
477,
326,
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318,
257,
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286,
262,
13931,
287,
7021,
657,
290,
352,
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198,
198,
464,
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6971,
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1744,
13931,
14,
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11,
475,
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286,
606,
389,
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393,
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11,
523,
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2149,
338,
347,
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262,
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284,
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286,
262,
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11,
351,
262,
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12,
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11,
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262,
1080,
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82,
11,
314,
14,
46,
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11,
290,
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1430,
2420,
287,
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657,
11,
351,
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352,
852,
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416,
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2149,
1430,
9633,
13,
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2149,
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2420,
290,
9633,
460,
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477,
262,
835,
284,
720,
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11,
475,
1201,
2512,
657,
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82,
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14,
46,
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422,
720,
27559,
38232,
11,
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2149,
3544,
281,
5387,
15430,
8027,
284,
1100,
1430,
2420,
2440,
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720,
18,
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37,
13,
198,
198,
464,
1353,
290,
4220,
352,
74,
286,
13931,
7198,
15,
22799,
18,
5777,
290,
720,
5777,
405,
22799,
29312,
8,
389,
366,
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1,
13931,
7424,
422,
1111,
7021,
290,
262,
20806,
52,
3578,
2035,
284,
307,
9902,
287,
41867,
510,
284,
1467,
74,
13,
383,
720,
15,
22799,
18,
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2837,
4909,
262,
6632,
2443,
290,
8931,
981,
720,
5777,
405,
22799,
29312,
4909,
262,
20806,
52,
28441,
290,
13259,
30104,
13,
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319,
262,
327,
2414,
262,
569,
2149,
12,
3978,
460,
691,
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262,
2095,
21224,
287,
6341,
362,
290,
604,
286,
663,
4088,
2272,
11,
262,
327,
12762,
1838,
340,
1744,
284,
7139,
393,
15560,
262,
2095,
21224,
329,
597,
569,
2149,
12,
3978,
3331,
2884,
262,
7881,
379,
720,
16,
13,
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11,
612,
389,
734,
5621,
286,
3124,
13931,
438,
505,
7424,
284,
262,
9135,
11,
262,
584,
284,
262,
569,
2149,
12,
3978,
290,
262,
2836,
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2922,
644,
11594,
7224,
644,
13,
198,
198,
818,
16932,
14,
44,
4235,
11,
262,
6118,
1001,
5154,
3771,
13049,
290,
3602,
1153,
6118,
9498,
26412,
287,
5018,
352,
290,
262,
314,
14,
46,
28441,
290,
16932,
14,
44,
1080,
2438,
287,
5018,
657,
13,
198,
198,
464,
327,
12762,
338,
13931,
318,
4292,
540,
422,
262,
3210,
13108,
38841,
284,
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11,
22243,
393,
772,
352,
11,
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38841,
11,
2035,
416,
1262,
5068,
4088,
7118,
13103,
11,
393,
416,
1642,
530,
1912,
319,
3897,
6759,
873,
1695,
319,
262,
5230,
3693,
1731,
60,
198,
198,
6935,
25102,
338,
13931,
25042,
27719,
17624,
281,
7097,
10083,
2075,
360,
5673,
10444,
58,
1495,
60,
284,
4351,
1366,
1022,
262,
327,
12762,
338,
13931,
290,
262,
13931,
287,
262,
7118,
4326,
13,
198,
198,
6935,
25102,
13108,
35,
58,
19312,
60,
198,
198,
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25102,
13108,
35,
319,
3359,
379,
262,
2629,
22161,
10797,
78,
11,
14724,
3697,
11,
4689,
385,
21952,
198,
6935,
25102,
13108,
35,
9419,
5078,
12,
14171,
1176,
5127,
11,
18235,
351,
257,
2319,
3020,
15134,
4336,
198,
198,
26302,
287,
12863,
11,
48808,
2716,
284,
262,
3427,
1910,
257,
649,
2196,
286,
262,
327,
12762,
351,
257,
36240,
24587,
29474,
262,
1703,
13827,
8576,
13,
34099,
262,
48808,
13108,
35,
11,
428,
649,
3427,
2746,
3033,
257,
7309,
24587,
351,
257,
6872,
5412,
319,
262,
1735,
11,
33181,
257,
1315,
4869,
11898,
3708,
656,
262,
1388,
24587,
11,
24020,
262,
3170,
12,
259,
10586,
351,
257,
1062,
34446,
530,
11,
290,
6673,
257,
15134,
4336,
13,
383,
10586,
3033,
734,
29909,
7405,
329,
5609,
262,
19720,
9848,
13,
198,
198,
4821,
284,
24207,
2332,
67,
11,
1182,
286,
262,
28715,
4816,
357,
64,
13,
74,
13,
64,
13,
262,
366,
34,
12762,
25390,
12340,
262,
327,
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35,
373,
3492,
329,
3227,
379,
262,
976,
640,
355,
262,
3218,
2196,
13,
14594,
284,
2650,
734,
4981,
379,
262,
976,
640,
550,
3220,
262,
2526,
329,
319,
12,
2435,
7585,
290,
373,
4156,
287,
326,
262,
1388,
28700,
468,
1588,
10421,
287,
4688,
9004,
284,
1104,
262,
327,
12762,
35,
1339,
290,
262,
3487,
1339,
47480,
13,
198,
198,
818,
262,
6846,
636,
286,
12113,
11,
48808,
2716,
257,
2196,
286,
262,
327,
12762,
35,
287,
2258,
2253,
290,
3354,
286,
2031,
6412,
284,
355,
262,
327,
12762,
35,
9419,
11,
8740,
3616,
366,
15805,
12,
445,
19513,
1911,
383,
6257,
49,
2746,
3033,
257,
28305,
12,
44822,
24587,
287,
1295,
286,
262,
7309,
2196,
286,
262,
327,
12762,
35,
357,
4480,
645,
6872,
5412,
828,
257,
26507,
15293,
12,
14171,
1176,
5127,
2092,
284,
326,
286,
262,
327,
12762,
35,
11,
26645,
326,
2746,
338,
1062,
34446,
10586,
290,
5387,
1315,
4869,
49415,
3708,
13,
317,
1271,
286,
6805,
319,
262,
1388,
3526,
547,
27890,
284,
4646,
3227,
3484,
290,
11,
355,
281,
3224,
1575,
12,
445,
8110,
3953,
11,
262,
2319,
3939,
16912,
15134,
4336,
326,
373,
18235,
284,
262,
360,
2746,
338,
1176,
5127,
373,
4615,
13,
2102,
11,
262,
17260,
8617,
319,
262,
1176,
5127,
850,
354,
20297,
547,
17383,
11,
355,
880,
355,
262,
734,
1105,
12,
37764,
6257,
4637,
2173,
319,
262,
1176,
5127,
338,
10398,
10349,
3096,
329,
43067,
262,
4336,
13,
198,
198,
32,
2383,
9025,
5495,
351,
262,
6257,
49,
2746,
373,
262,
9014,
286,
262,
807,
46572,
2008,
3359,
10444,
357,
8898,
34,
8,
351,
262,
517,
14497,
6190,
7600,
3104,
569,
9697,
290,
1602,
4501,
340,
351,
5598,
8769,
26730,
4879,
286,
2008,
13931,
960,
1169,
5415,
2033,
2209,
540,
416,
262,
3335,
13,
383,
1440,
12,
11379,
2620,
287,
2008,
13931,
625,
326,
6589,
287,
262,
366,
38568,
1,
327,
12762,
925,
340,
1744,
11,
1871,
584,
1243,
11,
284,
5529,
3294,
2420,
8947,
287,
1104,
286,
257,
2081,
4324,
278,
1080,
11,
393,
7716,
2440,
12,
29268,
9382,
351,
257,
517,
12846,
3124,
27043,
13,
7703,
5068,
3788,
1718,
4621,
286,
777,
12779,
13,
198,
198,
464,
327,
12762,
35,
9419,
318,
10911,
351,
649,
21224,
82,
17494,
262,
366,
28054,
21224,
82,
553,
523,
12,
13190,
422,
262,
6634,
3128,
9066,
319,
262,
1176,
12,
261,
17625,
3159,
13,
383,
649,
21224,
82,
2209,
257,
1271,
286,
11316,
326,
389,
1944,
287,
262,
2656,
21224,
82,
11,
1390,
281,
16526,
572,
12,
1525,
12,
505,
4049,
287,
262,
10586,
39938,
3084,
11,
287,
543,
262,
705,
48,
6,
2095,
561,
3520,
2793,
1339,
618,
20176,
50,
406,
11290,
373,
4075,
13,
2773,
3788,
481,
691,
1057,
319,
262,
6257,
49,
11,
2233,
284,
20086,
319,
262,
3644,
338,
13105,
6890,
3033,
290,
15556,
21224,
82,
3693,
2075,
60,
198,
198,
8332,
262,
6257,
49,
338,
6596,
25228,
2008,
9889,
11,
48808,
750,
407,
9494,
29809,
2149,
767,
13,
15,
351,
262,
2694,
284,
18510,
25228,
9382,
13,
32889,
262,
569,
9697,
287,
9382,
4235,
4477,
284,
2421,
262,
779,
286,
3848,
284,
3159,
12,
35352,
21224,
2684,
20288,
393,
511,
10474,
3303,
40255,
17414,
1983,
60,
393,
416,
1262,
2368,
12,
10608,
29809,
2149,
3303,
18366,
11,
884,
355,
3232,
7710,
10442,
338,
366,
33,
1921,
2149,
807,
1600,
543,
6673,
1029,
12,
29268,
569,
9697,
9382,
9729,
284,
29809,
2149,
767,
13,
15,
13,
198,
198,
27470,
2854,
58,
19312,
60,
198,
198,
3886,
3269,
12923,
14151,
2098,
326,
366,
3237,
286,
883,
14923,
546,
262,
21161,
1918,
286,
262,
327,
12762,
743,
423,
617,
4308,
287,
1109,
1911,
520,
803,
326,
48808,
2227,
284,
36583,
4133,
284,
3649,
5598,
34,
3227,
290,
663,
4217,
32498,
11,
262,
7093,
5081,
326,
366,
464,
3452,
1573,
2691,
318,
326,
262,
938,
327,
12762,
481,
4836,
572,
262,
3951,
287,
3426,
286,
12923,
42924,
2078,
60,
3082,
1133,
0,
5081,
287,
11104,
11,
366,
1532,
345,
5839,
534,
13108,
739,
262,
10647,
326,
13108,
12,
11423,
3788,
561,
307,
39976,
290,
2068,
284,
9240,
11,
345,
1053,
2192,
587,
2407,
11679,
13,
1881,
286,
262,
13108,
338,
1688,
6301,
2173,
318,
663,
2472,
17764,
351,
262,
5598,
11,
257,
966,
326,
338,
3111,
517,
1028,
262,
13108,
621,
329,
340,
42924,
2075,
60,
4362,
262,
13108,
561,
1057,
9826,
477,
5598,
3788,
11,
290,
780,
262,
1306,
12,
20158,
3933,
14,
1433,
12,
2545,
1363,
9061,
960,
19795,
3093,
262,
48808,
1703,
13827,
290,
35884,
3563,
960,
33469,
262,
3452,
3037,
11,
5365,
1310,
3788,
329,
262,
327,
12762,
338,
6868,
4235,
4120,
357,
26949,
319,
262,
1502,
286,
1802,
1906,
2167,
5068,
8714,
11,
5556,
262,
6678,
2648,
286,
1171,
7386,
290,
7093,
2099,
12,
259,
4056,
828,
3756,
617,
2985,
284,
13721,
511,
5001,
3693,
1959,
60,
2893,
262,
327,
12762,
2702,
257,
2472,
1271,
286,
604,
1849,
14100,
4991,
1022,
12863,
290,
11104,
11,
663,
11533,
279,
3021,
287,
7208,
284,
326,
286,
663,
18476,
13,
1881,
7468,
743,
307,
1043,
287,
262,
1109,
326,
262,
327,
2414,
2702,
3236,
3146,
284,
661,
7525,
4609,
287,
2008,
1830,
11,
543,
262,
517,
5789,
327,
12762,
1422,
470,
751,
881,
1988,
3371,
10068,
13,
198,
198,
4366,
327,
2414,
3788,
884,
355,
25654,
338,
17388,
6711,
290,
16828,
399,
5580,
4966,
287,
13108,
4235,
1231,
12316,
428,
287,
262,
10314,
11,
1262,
262,
1960,
672,
1025,
290,
262,
1315,
4869,
338,
5443,
11898,
1895,
3693,
1270,
60,
2773,
4806,
42829,
2420,
17545,
1718,
4621,
286,
262,
4019,
12,
28665,
3159,
290,
3220,
4088,
5339,
13,
2773,
327,
2414,
1830,
547,
49702,
284,
6868,
4235,
588,
40571,
9688,
362,
290,
383,
4586,
569,
23,
422,
5599,
83,
4565,
11,
543,
550,
4553,
327,
12762,
6300,
11,
290,
6172,
8083,
569,
25,
12090,
286,
17886,
422,
19349,
11998,
11,
543,
973,
3131,
13931,
329,
2647,
611,
2491,
319,
262,
327,
12762,
13,
2907,
20001,
314,
25,
383,
1810,
48139,
422,
4225,
301,
417,
550,
4553,
6300,
11,
290,
1718,
4621,
286,
4019,
12,
28665,
3359,
319,
262,
327,
12762,
13,
383,
5909,
3741,
286,
1830,
2391,
4966,
287,
327,
2414,
4235,
13,
198,
198,
3886,
6273,
11,
867,
327,
2414,
13714,
3788,
8714,
547,
49702,
284,
262,
327,
12762,
11,
1390,
262,
2968,
14962,
2601,
541,
290,
14962,
1891,
26606,
2168,
3693,
3132,
60,
770,
3788,
973,
262,
3131,
4088,
11,
4019,
12,
28665,
3159,
11,
13105,
10586,
290,
1588,
12,
42404,
11898,
10182,
284,
2148,
3033,
326,
547,
3177,
6393,
329,
1597,
779,
3693,
2624,
60,
2080,
663,
6190,
29809,
2149,
8300,
3303,
11,
16932,
14,
44,
17764,
290,
366,
7220,
12,
13120,
1,
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11,
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2251,
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12,
437,
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262,
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327,
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366,
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262,
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2091,
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60,
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11,
262,
327,
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373,
262,
717,
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3644,
284,
32740,
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779,
286,
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327,
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286,
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327,
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326,
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327,
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12,
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327,
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11,
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284,
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262,
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11,
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327,
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35,
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284,
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198,
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262,
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286,
262,
327,
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407,
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4,
17764,
351,
262,
327,
2414,
13,
2773,
1296,
286,
17764,
373,
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5292,
706,
2332,
67,
373,
10448,
379,
262,
8227,
14,
19,
338,
9793,
416,
257,
2415,
508,
373,
11679,
326,
262,
9856,
3788,
5301,
673,
550,
3194,
329,
262,
327,
2414,
561,
407,
1057,
319,
48808,
338,
649,
3644,
11,
475,
618,
48808,
338,
7124,
5011,
4499,
286,
428,
11,
484,
14799,
3414,
2472,
17764,
13,
2332,
67,
2921,
262,
1738,
329,
262,
13108,
338,
14900,
286,
257,
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355,
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428,
366,
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327,
2414,
338,
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1795,
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561,
423,
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262,
327,
12762,
28099,
3224,
1176,
284,
262,
26904,
2493,
13,
679,
635,
5081,
326,
262,
569,
9697,
2008,
11594,
290,
1168,
1795,
547,
4237,
286,
5876,
1141,
262,
4572,
338,
1486,
13,
2332,
67,
2087,
326,
366,
40,
691,
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262,
327,
12762,
284,
307,
2702,
329,
546,
257,
614,
11,
356,
11638,
257,
3155,
286,
1510,
561,
307,
3621,
290,
286,
1781,
340,
3636,
447,
247,
83,
43726,
1703,
13827,
393,
772,
262,
327,
2414,
42924,
2623,
60,
2293,
48808,
4376,
262,
2756,
286,
262,
5598,
329,
262,
717,
640,
416,
16118,
262,
36240,
5598,
34,
287,
12113,
11,
663,
7630,
422,
1123,
5598,
34,
2702,
373,
7478,
881,
3744,
621,
326,
422,
262,
327,
12762,
3693,
2718,
60,
628,
198,
50286,
3581,
32340,
33250,
2548,
60,
198,
50284,
3581,
337,
2640,
8987,
30607,
17,
2488,
362,
19805,
357,
16,
1849,
25983,
2922,
540,
329,
327,
2414,
17764,
4235,
393,
327,
12762,
338,
2319,
12,
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4235,
8,
198,
50284,
3581,
1168,
346,
519,
1168,
1795,
1849,
1849,
31,
604,
1849,
25983,
357,
20270,
379,
281,
4050,
362,
1849,
25983,
780,
286,
4043,
2585,
287,
1502,
284,
1249,
262,
569,
2149,
12,
3978,
2008,
11594,
1895,
284,
262,
1080,
1323,
8,
198,
50284,
3581,
357,
34,
12762,
35,
7,
9419,
8,
2599,
337,
2640,
8987,
22626,
17,
329,
262,
11521,
49415,
10444,
198,
50286,
3581,
20806,
52,
25,
337,
2640,
8987,
10083,
1828,
14059,
8549,
11801,
6973,
30607,
17,
14,
57,
1795,
12649,
6356,
26,
21224,
14,
24115,
11754,
26,
2219,
13931,
3006,
26,
35703,
286,
6632,
2443,
290,
8931,
198,
50286,
3581,
13931,
25,
13108,
479,
33,
1080,
13931,
11,
362,
479,
33,
604,
12,
2545,
7256,
3124,
13931,
357,
1640,
262,
569,
2149,
12,
3978,
412,
828,
1467,
479,
33,
393,
5598,
479,
33,
7256,
2008,
13931,
357,
1640,
262,
569,
9697,
828,
510,
284,
22243,
479,
33,
4526,
52,
7118,
13931,
198,
50286,
3581,
21224,
25,
7724,
479,
33,
198,
50284,
3581,
2579,
479,
33,
29809,
2149,
767,
13,
15,
198,
50284,
3581,
604,
479,
33,
10373,
44,
198,
50284,
3581,
807,
479,
33,
327,
12762,
509,
28778,
1847,
198,
50284,
3581,
604,
479,
33,
3159,
5464,
198,
50284,
3581,
604,
479,
33,
1168,
1795,
27553,
198,
50284,
3581,
1467,
479,
33,
327,
2414,
21224,
25,
15139,
230,
24,
479,
33,
327,
2414,
29809,
2149,
362,
13,
15,
1343,
15139,
230,
22,
479,
33,
327,
2414,
509,
28778,
1847,
198,
50284,
3581,
604,
479,
33,
327,
2414,
357,
273,
3230,
8,
2095,
17301,
198,
50284,
3581,
604,
479,
33,
327,
12762,
357,
273,
2260,
8,
2095,
17301,
198,
50284,
3581,
3933,
479,
33,
18628,
15553,
21224,
357,
25968,
25,
329,
13127,
287,
32768,
17802,
8,
198,
50284,
3581,
3933,
479,
33,
34579,
15553,
21224,
357,
25968,
25,
329,
13127,
287,
4526,
52,
17802,
8,
198,
50286,
3581,
7623,
25,
198,
50284,
3581,
337,
2640,
7600,
2414,
14,
5332,
2791,
569,
2149,
12,
3978,
412,
357,
45,
4694,
34,
14,
47,
1847,
8,
329,
2319,
12,
28665,
24185,
2008,
357,
64,
3195,
900,
460,
307,
973,
2427,
286,
257,
5671,
611,
10348,
8,
198,
50282,
3581,
4128,
7881,
1895,
832,
4088,
12,
76,
6320,
314,
14,
46,
198,
50282,
3581,
8255,
4235,
25,
2319,
12906,
1495,
11,
1467,
7577,
198,
50282,
3581,
19840,
12881,
25,
13454,
12906,
2167,
11,
20959,
12906,
2167,
198,
50282,
3581,
807,
6890,
42866,
198,
50282,
3581,
362,
479,
33,
7256,
604,
12,
2545,
3124,
13931,
11,
4306,
3544,
1388,
4088,
355,
2008,
13931,
198,
50284,
3581,
337,
2640,
807,
46572,
569,
9697,
357,
273,
11,
287,
327,
12762,
35,
9419,
11,
262,
7600,
3104,
8,
329,
4019,
12,
28665,
4875,
34359,
3483,
7515,
2008,
11,
11670,
351,
19764,
4217,
327,
9273,
19374,
11,
937,
5374,
5998,
3359,
635,
1744,
319,
24185,
2008,
19374,
26,
24284,
351,
3195,
5621,
691,
618,
262,
900,
468,
6374,
7227,
290,
14,
273,
2779,
3903,
2008,
12,
259,
37037,
287,
3090,
284,
262,
20509,
21716,
13,
5315,
318,
1744,
832,
6374,
7227,
11,
691,
937,
5374,
5998,
832,
2779,
3903,
2008,
12,
259,
13,
198,
50282,
3581,
1423,
1060,
7881,
1895,
357,
21975,
7881,
11,
1366,
7881,
287,
27661,
4088,
8,
198,
50282,
3581,
8255,
4235,
25,
40234,
1430,
44102,
11,
6032,
4019,
12906,
1495,
393,
4019,
87,
1120,
11,
1467,
34359,
3483,
7577,
357,
1662,
262,
976,
27043,
355,
262,
569,
2149,
12,
3978,
8,
198,
50282,
3581,
19840,
12881,
25,
40234,
1430,
44102,
11,
7226,
12881,
389,
20959,
87,
2167,
11,
33759,
12906,
2167,
11,
290,
33759,
12906,
7029,
357,
3849,
75,
2286,
737,
198,
50282,
3581,
1467,
479,
33,
7256,
2008,
13931,
357,
2414,
479,
33,
3210,
287,
327,
12762,
35,
9419,
11,
327,
12762,
14,
34,
12762,
35,
460,
307,
17955,
284,
5598,
479,
33,
828,
9857,
284,
262,
9135,
691,
287,
257,
3385,
306,
12913,
2446,
357,
21975,
7881,
11,
1366,
7881,
319,
569,
9697,
11,
543,
287,
1210,
389,
9469,
832,
2209,
7881,
11,
1366,
7881,
287,
27661,
4088,
8,
198,
50282,
3581,
15302,
698,
1967,
11244,
198,
50286,
3581,
9506,
25,
198,
50286,
3581,
314,
14,
46,
30824,
25,
198,
50284,
3581,
1439,
48808,
5598,
14090,
351,
1802,
1411,
17764,
11,
5556,
262,
1708,
25,
198,
50284,
3581,
16038,
366,
31961,
4235,
1,
2866,
1744,
319,
262,
11389,
1323,
198,
50284,
3581,
25042,
2493,
517,
7059,
3193,
1430,
44102,
198,
50284,
3581,
34359,
3483,
2008,
5072,
357,
7206,
24,
12,
8443,
273,
8,
34193,
2092,
284,
262,
19764,
4217,
327,
9273,
21716,
11,
475,
351,
281,
2087,
937,
5374,
5998,
24185,
6737,
13,
770,
2087,
6737,
5640,
257,
4159,
13352,
25901,
351,
1728,
327,
9273,
19374,
326,
460,
307,
13621,
1431,
416,
10829,
6757,
767,
422,
262,
6107,
379,
530,
886,
286,
262,
14320,
7862,
13,
198,
50284,
3581,
34579,
10586,
5128,
357,
11012,
1495,
12,
8443,
273,
8,
357,
34,
12762,
35,
7,
9419,
8,
691,
8,
198,
198,
6214,
635,
58,
19312,
60,
628,
198,
50286,
16,
13,
10563,
383,
366,
34,
2625,
6870,
262,
27831,
636,
286,
262,
11112,
13,
628,
198,
50286,
16,
13,
10563,
366,
49,
4944,
11175,
6093,
18232,
1303,
17,
1911,
1849,
198,
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17,
13,
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366,
34,
12762,
20111,
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1911,
1849,
198,
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18,
13,
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34,
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4482,
10005,
784,
860,
13,
20,
28184,
2751,
3336,
327,
4261,
50,
1581,
3268,
327,
2414,
337,
16820,
1911,
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12,
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12,
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13,
1849,
198,
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19,
13,
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15934,
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1911,
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1978,
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2019,
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Definitions for capitonym
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word capitonym
1. capitonym(Noun)
A word that changes sound and meaning when the case is changed; a case-sensitive word.
2. Origin: capital + -onym
1. Capitonym
A capitonym is a word that changes its meaning when it is capitalized; the capitalization usually applies due to one form being a proper noun or eponym. It is a portmanteau of the word capital with the suffix -onym. A capitonym is a form of homograph and – when the two forms are pronounced differently – also of heteronym. In situations where both words should be capitalized, there will be nothing to distinguish between them except the context in which they are used. Although some pairs, such as march and March, are completely unrelated, in other cases, such as august and catholic, the capitalized form is a name that is etymologically related to the uncapitalized form. For example, August derives from the name of Imperator Augustus, who named himself after the word augustus, whence English august came. Likewise, both Catholic and catholic derive from a Greek adjective meaning "universal". Capital letters may be used to differentiate between a set of objects, and a particular example of that object. For instance in Astronomical terminology a distinction may be drawn between a moon, any natural satellite, and the Moon, to be specific the natural satellite of Earth. Likewise, Sun with a capital may be used to emphasise that the sun of Earth is under discussion.
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"capitonym." STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 23 Aug. 2014. <>.
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] | 467 |
Seven Stories Press
Works of Radical Imagination
Carl Jensen
Carl Jensen (1929–2015) was born in Brooklyn, NY, served in Air Force intelligence during the Korean War, and later worked in advertising during its Mad Men-era heyday. In the late sixties, realizing that his current occupation did not match his intellectual and humanitarian ambitions, he went back to school and earned his PhD in sociology from the University of California, Santa Barbara. In the mid-seventies, observing the increasing stranglehold corporate interests had on U.S. news media, Jensen saw the need for an independent organization capable of monitoring the news and exposing the corporate bias reflected in how events were—or weren’t—portrayed there. This organization became Project Censored, the media watchdog group that to this day continues its work covering stories suppressed or underreported by the mass media. In addition to editing Project Censored’s yearly anthologies, Jensen wrote and edited several other books of media criticism, including The Millennium: A Comedy of the Year 2000 and Stories That Changed America: Muckrakers of the 20th Century. | [
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What is Natural Language Processing (NLP) & Why Chatbots Need it?
3 min read
What is Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Why do Chatbots Need it?
What is Natural Language Processing (NLP)?
According to Wikipedia, “Natural Language Processing, also known as NLP, is an area of computer science and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages, in particular how to program computers to fruitfully process large amounts of natural language data.”
In lamens terms, Natural Language Processing (NLP) is concerned with how technology can meaningfully interpret and act on human language inputs. NLP allows technology such as Amazon’s Alexa to understand what you’re saying and how to react to it. Without NLP, AI that requires language inputs is relatively useless.
The Amazon Alexa uses Natural Language Processing, also known as NLP, to interpret and understand your responses.
Why do Chatbots Need Natural Language Processing (NLP)?
Like the previous example with Amazon’s Alexa, chatbots would be able to provide little to no value without Natural Language Processing (NLP). Natural Language Processing is what allows chatbots to understand your messages and respond appropriately. When you send a message with “Hello”, it is the NLP that lets the chatbot know that you’ve posted a standard greeting, which in turn allows the chatbot to leverage its AI capabilities to come up with a fitting response. In this case, the chatbot will likely respond with a return greeting.
Without Natural Language Processing, a chatbot can’t meaningfully differentiate between the responses “Hello” and “Goodbye”. To a chatbot without NLP, “Hello” and “Goodbye” will both be nothing more than text-based user inputs. Natural Language Processing (NLP) helps provide context and meaning to text-based user inputs so that AI can come up with the best response.
This is what a chatbot without Natural Language Processing, also known as NLP, feels like.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) can Overcome Natural Communication Barriers
The same problems that plague our day-to-day communication with other humans via text can, and likely will, impact our interactions with chatbots. Examples of these issues include spelling and grammatical errors and poor language use in general. Advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) capabilities can identify spelling and grammatical errors and allow the chatbot to interpret your intended message despite the mistakes.
The Relay Chatbots using Natural Language Processing, also known as NLP, to properly respond to a greeting littered with grammatical errors.
Advanced NLP can even understand the intent of your messages. For example, are you asking a question or making a statement. While this may seem trivial, it can have a profound impact on a chatbot’s ability to carry on a successful conversation with a user.
One of the most significant challenges when it comes to chatbots is the fact that users have a blank palette regarding what they can say to the chatbot. While you can try to predict what users will and will not say, there are bound to be conversations that you would never imagine in your wildest dreams.
While Natural Language Processing (NLP) certainly can’t work miracles and ensure a chatbot appropriately responds to every message, it is powerful enough to make-or-break a chatbot’s success. Don’t underestimate this critical and often overlooked aspect of chatbots.
So what’s next?
The Relay Chatbots have advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) capabilities that will not only wow your customers but greatly improve your team’s ability to provide a superior customer service or support experience.
Want to read more about how AI will impact the future of customer service and support? Sign up for our monthly newsletter that shares our best content for free and follow our publication on Medium!
| [
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] | 851 |
Monday, April 02, 2012
The State Of The Rusted Out, Fools' Gold Era...
...Who's Crazy Now?
A couple of months ago, when the all three polling sub-categories (eg. LINO's Down/Dippers Up/BCCons Way, Way Up) first made it readily apparent that the BC Liberal Party, at least as currently configured and branded, was doomed, we wrote the following:
"What if the (Fed) Cons (running the LINO's) were to suddenly depose The Snook, anoint The Birdman, and then engineer a fusion-based love-in with The Curmudgeon (Mr. Cummins)...
How would those (center-right split) numbers look then?"
Of course, many folks, including 3 of 4 members of the PublicEye rabble-rousing panel and the host, Mr. Holman, laughed when Eleanor Gregory quoted our words verbatim*.
Imagine our surprise when yesterday's E. Gregory-free P. EyeOnline panel spent a goodly part of an entire segment seriously considering the possibility of a re-branded LibCon party with a new leader and/or a wholesale move to The Party of Curmudgeon.
Now the former I can see, if they still think they have a hope-in-heckfire of winning, or even forming a reasonably strong opposition.
As for the latter?
Well, I reckon they will only throw that Hail Mary if they really and truly think they are doomed for good.
And clearly, given their inability to let go the gosamer-winged reins of power they think they are still holding, they are not quite ready to face-up to that cold, hard real politic reality (especially when you've got guys like Mickleburgh writing bizarre "on-the one/on-the-other-hand" stuff like this) quite yet.
Which is why, I reckon, folks like Abbott and, especially, The Birdman (who is not, as far as I can tell, beholden to the 'progressives') haven't gone way, way deep already.
*And now both Ms. Gregory and Mr. Dave owe me cookies for using my stuff....Hmmm....How come I have never seen, nor heard, not to mention read, those two together, in the same political chatroomish-type online salonthingies at the same time?
Update: Oh, gosh, now understand how faux accusatory the bit above seems...Here's the Half-A-Momma Mia Cuppa...
Dave said...
Because I never, ever, do political chatroom thingies.
And, unlike Ms. Gregory, I don't purloin the work of others. I link to those fine folk or quote 'em.
And I will have cookies soon! :-)
Anonymous said...
Perhaps the BC Liberals could name over to, the Northern Foundation Party. That would certainly please Harper.
I mean...where did Christy suddenly get all of that money, for the Enbridge pipeline and what not? Christy had said, BC was entirely broke and busted. No money for the teachers, what-so-ever.
Hmmmm, I wonder what Harper will reward Christy with?
Grant G said...
BC Fib=23%
Joining together might not be enough
RossK said...
Vote for Christy Party now, officially a vote for the NDP?
Will take tongue out of cheek and fix!
Because, really Ms. Gregory's was an audio link too.
Good question...Heckfire, he might even offer something to step down so that the Birdman can make up with the Curmudgeon.
lenin's ghost said...
lol.....the fascists darken another political one will be cons.......nexy maybe the BC party a la saskatchewan.....finally the truth main show itself and the will have the proper name 'BC Corp' | [
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] | 856 |
User avatar
By winderptv
#1424 Baidu is a lesser known Antivirus software, it would make sense it would say CuP is not safe. Please don't seem like I'm sounding like a jerk but if 1 out of 53 say it's bad, common sense, they may not be right. CuP is completely safe. I had similar issues with Norton but I sent a false positive to them and they cleared it up! And ALWAYS make sure you download CuP from our website only! | [
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] | 109 |
Wednesday, July 21, 2010
Ergonomics (Product description and idea trigger
Improved product
Current product
The product is meant to be used as a bottle, jar opener. At first look the product does not look very attractive as there is only once colour for the whole product. The colour of the product is also very dull as it is a dark green and makes it look unappealing.
Some design considerations are like if it will appeal to all ages of people, the product also cannot be too small or too big as it would be very bulky or too small for some people to handle, the colour of the product is also another consideration they need to take note of, as if the colour is very dull no one would want to buy it.
The product is not elderly friendly as the edges of the inner side of the product are sharp and they can hurt the elderly by cutting their hands or fingers. When opening a bottle of jar it takes a lot of strength to open the bottle or jar.
They could make the product more colour full and attractive by using lighter colours and they could also make the edges of the inner surface curved so that it will not be as sharp and instead of using plastic in the inner edges they could use rubber as it will provide more friction and so the elderly will need to use less strength when opening a bottle or jar.
Wednesday, July 14, 2010
Ergonomics II
1) What is ergonomics?
2) What are the 5 aspects of ergonimcs?
The 5 aspects of ergonimics are Safety, Comfort, Ease of Use, Productivity/Performence and Aesthetics.
3) For each aspect of Ergonomics, explain an example of a product that is designed for the elderly, how the
product meets that particular aspect of Ergonomics.
Safety-> Multi-level hand grip. The product can easily be installed in all bath rooms and it has a grooved inersurface so that the elderly will not lose grip when gripping it.
Comfort-> Comfylux velcro slipper. This slipper is padded so it does not make the feet feel sore after wearing it for a long time, it also has a velcro strap and is made of a soft cloth.
Ease of Use-> Elderly Phone. It has large buttons for easy dialing, large text size, anda built in flashlight.
Production/Performence-> Bed Caddie. It is a thick nylon stray which is connected to the foot of the bed, it allows the elderyly to easily get up in the morning with minimal effort.
Aesthetics-> Motorola Milestone XT. This phone is very compact and is very portable, the phone is good as it has a small keyboard which makes it easier for the elderly to type.
Tuesday, July 13, 2010
1) The first work station is very cluttered and the equipment on the table is not very space saving, the chair is also not very comfortable, the computer is also taking up a lot of space and the modem of the computer is on the table, the second word station is very neat and the equipment help the office worker save space and work easier, the chair of that workspace is also much more comfortable and the computer is mounted on a rail while the modem is under the table so it is much more space-efficent.
2) Workplace 2 is preferred. The equipment at workspace 2 is more user-friendly and saves space, it is also easier to operate, the chair at workspace 2 is also more comfortable, unlike workspace 1 where the equipment takes up a lot of space and is very hard to operate with the limited space on the table.
3) Some considerations that you should take are like, what are common needs by most office workers and what kind of functions do they like or need in a certain kind of product, we should also take into consideration how much it would cost to manufacture that product and whether companies or office workers would buy it.
4) Ergonomics is important when designing a product as you need to study what are peoples need and how they work in their working environment to be able the design a product which is able to help them out the most in their work. | [
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] | 899 |
Dan Loeb Reuters / Steve Markus
Shareholder activism is a rough business.
Investors who amass large stockholdings and then demand changes are usually resisted and excoriated by the companies' managements, who do everything they can to defeat them. The resulting fights for control can often be public and ugly, with both sides seeking to dig up dirt or arguments with which to discredit the other side. In the end, either the activist shareholders or the incumbent managers emerge victorious, and the losers withdraw in bloody defeat.
One of the most famous and successful activist investors in the United States is hedge-fund manager Dan Loeb of Third Point.
Early in his career, Loeb became known for writing acid-tongued letters to managements, publicly ridiculing them for their incompetence. In recent years, Loeb's rhetoric has mellowed, but his punches have landed with even more sting. Last year, for example, after buying a big stake in the reeling Yahoo, Inc., Loeb revealed that the company's CEO had misstated his engineering credentials on his corporate biography. The CEO was soon forced out, and Loeb hired Yahoo's current CEO, Marissa Mayer, from Google to replace him. Since then, Yahoo's stock has almost doubled.
And now Loeb has taken on a much bigger and more complicated target: The Japanese electronics giant Sony.
Loeb's Third Point is now Sony's biggest shareholder, with a 6.5% stake.
Last weekend, Loeb flew to Japan and hand-delivered a polite letter to the company in which he urged that Sony spin off its "Entertainment" division (movies and music) and its financial services division (insurance) and focus on its electronics business. A spokesman for Sony responded to the letter by saying that Sony is happy to have a "constructive dialog" with shareholders but has no plans to sell the Entertainment business.
And so it begins...
Although Loeb appears to be going the extra mile to be polite, he is also not sitting quietly in New York and passively supporting Sony's management team. To the Japanese, Loeb's letter may be viewed the way a letter from, say, a Chinese billionaire investor to the management of American car giant General Motors, might be viewed: As an inappropriate and outrageous attack on an iconic American company by a foreigner. For very good reason, Sony's brand and heritage is a source of great pride in Japan, and most Japanese will probably not take kindly to the idea that an American hedge-fund manager in New York is telling the company what to do.
On the other hand, Sony's stock is down a staggering 85% from its peak, and the company has only reported one quarterly profit in 5 years. Sony has also lost its leadership position in electronics to Apple, Samsung, and other companies, and is in desperate need of revitalization.
So far, Loeb's polite demands have created value for everyone: Sony's stock popped more than 10% on the news.
But now it is going to get interesting.
If Sony resists Loeb, Loeb will presumably become more assertive and aggressive in demands.
If Sony just rolls over and kowtows to Loeb, meanwhile, it will risk looking as though it is just dancing on an American investor's puppet strings.
Stay tuned... | [
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] | 690 |
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