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zh | N/A | N/A | 清华简《参不韦》概述
石小力(清华大学出土文献研究与保护中心 副教授)
清华简《参不韦》，凡124支简，简背有编号。简长32.8厘米，三道编，完简书写22~26字。简文保存完好，仅简16、95、122等略有残缺，现存2977字(重文、合文、序号以一字计)，这是继《系年》《五纪》之后，清华简中又一篇逾百支竹简的长篇竹书。简文原无篇题，因通篇为参(三)不韦对夏启的训诫，故拟题为《参不韦》。三不韦为天帝之使者，授予夏启的核心思想是“五刑则”，从而指导夏启设官建邦、修明刑罚、祭祀祝祷、治国理政。简文涉及战国时期思想史、制度史等内容，是一篇重要的先秦佚籍。
《参不韦》简文以往昔洪水泛滥、天下无刑开篇：
唯昔方有洪，不用五则，不行五行，不
听五音，不章五色，\[不\]食五味，以洗戏自莫(謹)自乱，用作无刑。(简1)
洪水故事是上古神话的重要母体，在中国，大禹治水的故事广为人知，是先秦时期文献叙事的常见背景之一。《参不韦》简文开篇以洪荒为背景，与《洪范》五纪》类似，如《尚书·洪
范》中箕子谈到“洪范九畴”的来源时，即言“我闻在昔，啄埋洪水，汇陈其五行。帝乃震怒，不界洪范九畴，彝伦攸罩。系则强死，禹乃嗣兴，天乃锡禹洪范九畴，彝伦攸叙。”\[2即以洪水故事作为叙事背景。清华简《五纪》开篇也是如此：“唯昔方有洪，奋溢于上，权其有中，戏其有德，以乘乱天纪。”图洪水导致天纪变乱，后帝自我反省，修治“日月星辰岁”五纪，洪水因此止息，从而“五纪有常”，天下得以治理。
《参不韦》简文虽先言洪水泛滥，后言人君洪戏自乱，不依从刑则，但洪水产生的原因却是比较明确的，即人君不用五刑则。天帝于是作“五刑则”五刑则的顺利实行，成功抑制了洪水。天帝因而命令三不韦将此五刑则授予人君夏启，从而指导其治理邦家。
启是禹之子，乃夏朝第二任君主。三不韦为天帝之使者，又称“天之不韦”(简86)。参，原简从晶，从三，三亦声，这种字形见于齐系陶文刚。不韦，疑读“不违”，即不违背天帝之则。三不韦不见于文献记载，是作者虚构的受天帝之命的
**\*** 本文得到“清华大学自主科研项目”(项目编号：2021THZWJC21)、“古文字与中华文明传承发展工程”资助。
神祇。简文所述三不韦的职责是“撲天之中，秉百神之几，播简百堇(艰)，审义阴阳，不虞唯信，以定帝之德”(简3、4)。简20载：“启，其在天则，天乃叙之不韦(违)，尸惠章之，司几扬之，不韦将之。”由此可知，承担“天则”的是“尸嚏、司几、不韦”三位神祇，因此，“三不韦”可能是这三位神祇的合称，即“三不违”。“三不违”作为合称，类似于清华简《殷高宗问于三寿》中的“三寿”。该篇简文说：“高宗观于洹水之上，三寿与从。”“三寿”是“小寿、中寿、彭祖”三位不同年龄段长寿者的合称问。
五刑则是本篇的核心思想，由三不韦代天帝授予夏启，其具体内容包括五则、五行、五音、五色、五味。五刑则，简文明确指出是由天帝所作，“帝乃自称自位，乃作五刑则，五刑则唯天之明德”(简4)，这是天之明德，属于核心法则。上帝用五刑则成功治理了洪水，因此要通过三不韦把五刑则授予受天命的人君夏启。
简文并未言明五刑则的具体内涵，其原因可能是其属于战国时期广泛流行、为时人所熟知的公共知识，故不烦提及。其中，五行指金、木、水、火、土。五音指宫、商、角、徵、羽。五色指青、赤、白、黑、黄。五味，简文有提及，指苦、甘、酸、咸、辛(简87)。这些屡见于文献记载，唯“五则”需稍加说明。文献中的“五则”或指“五度”。《汉书·律历志》：“权与物钧而生衡，衡运生规，规圜生矩，矩方生绳，绳直生准，准正则平衡而钧权矣。是为五则。”五度，也见于清华简《五纪》：“一直，二矩，三准，四称，五规，圆正达常，天下之度。”或指君王应恪守的五项法则。《国语·周语下》：“上不象天，而下不仪地，中不和民，而方不顺时，不共神祇，而蔑弃五则。”韦昭注：“则，法也。谓象天、仪地、和民、顺时、共神也。”图本篇简文的“五则”与“五德”有密切关系，是一组可以彼此换用的概念，如“用五则唯称”(简4)又作“用五德唯称”(简98)，“秉则不违”(简19)又作“秉德不违”(简100)。五则之“则”字原简多从心，也说明与“德”有密切关系。清华简《五纪》中提到“礼、义、爱、仁、忠”“唯后之正民之德”又有“唯德曰礼、义、爱、仁、
忠，合德以为方。”本篇简文谓“五则：乃以立建后、大放、七承、百有司、万民，及事(士)、司寇”(简7)。简文的“五则”与《五纪》的“五德”，可比较参看。从本篇简文“五则”的重要性和“德”“则”使用时互换来看，此篇“五则”与《五纪》的“五德”所指很可能相关。不过，“五则”在古书中表达的内涵颇为多样，所指也各有差别。简文“五则”还与“五刑”密切相关。如简文言“五则曰中”不用五则”用五则唯称”与《论语·子路》“礼乐不兴，则刑罚不中；刑罚不中，则民无所措手足”《礼记·乐记》“五刑不用”《荀子·正论》“刑称罪则治，不称罪则乱”叫《荀子·礼论》“师旅有制，刑法有等，莫不称罪”2等关于刑罚的论述相合，且简文在具体论“五则”时与职官“士、司寇”相配，士、司寇主管刑狱，这表明“五则”也可能与刑狱有关。因此，本篇简文“五则”的内涵及其与文献“五德”五刑”“五则”的联系还有待进一步研究。
简文论述“五刑则”的重点在于将其与职官系统相配(表一)，并具体规定了每个职官的职责，以此来指导夏启治理国政B。如简文以“五行”与“司工、司马、征徒”相配，“征徒”对应金文三有司之“司徒”。其中司工的职责是：
司工正万民，乃修邦内之经纬城郭，浚污行水，及四郊之赴稼穑。(简10、11)司工，古书多作“司空”，即冬官大司空，掌管工程。简文司工的职责除工程外，还掌管农事，即“稼穑”，这与文献司工的职责不尽相同。五刑则为天帝所作的“天则”，简文不仅反
复训诫启要遵循“天则”、秉德司中以治邦国，而且还要据此制定具体的刑罚，要“象天则以作刑，以辟妖祥凶灾”(简36、37)。邦君制定具体的刑罚并非生搬硬套“天则”，而是要结合实际：
启，高下西东南北险易，向有利宜，物有其则，天无常刑，刑或刚或柔，或轻或
**表一 五刑则与职官相配表**
| 五刑则 | 五则 | 五行 | 五音 | 五色 | 五味 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 职官 | 士、司寇 | 司工、司马、征徒 | 祝、史、师 | 宰、工、贾 | |
重，或缓或急。启，乃称而邑及而家，以作刑则。(简37~39)
五刑则只是一个总的指导原则，上天没有固定不变的法则。具体法则的制定需要考虑各方面的因素，既要符合邦家的实际情况，又要符合各种事物不同的利、宜。制定出来的法则刚柔、轻重、缓急兼备，才能适应实际的需要。
刑罚的执行也具有复杂性。简50~52曰：“启，乃当其节之过而罚之，同行同节，下节及上节，上节及下节，同祥异罚，罚或小或大，或缓或急。”同样的“妖祥”会有大小、缓急等不同的刑罚，这体现了刑罚在实际执行过程中的复杂性，也告诫人君，刑罚不能生搬硬套，要根据实际情况，综合考虑各方面因素来施行。
五刑则是天帝指导人君治理国家的根本法则，变乱的后果是很严重的，“德之五权，百神弗享”(简116)。简文还列举了九种变乱“五刑则”的现象，称之为“九权之参”如其中一种是“淫面荒则毁”(简116、117)，纵欲迷乱，沉溺于酒色就会导致邦家毁亡。类似表述也屡见于传世文献，《孔子家语·辩乐解》：“纣为天子，荒淫暴乱，而终以亡。?14从而告诫人君“毋用妖权以自沮”(简116)。
本篇简文的行文很有特点，如简文使用的句式较短，具有明显的口语色彩。一般对话体或者告诫体的文章中称呼的对象只在“曰”后出现一次，如清华简《摄命》是王册命“摄”时对其的训诫，基本格式是“王曰：摄…”“摄”的称呼只在每一段“王曰”后出现，一段之中不会再次出现，或者很少再次出现吗。本篇的分段多以“参不韦曰”为标志，告诫对象“启”除在“曰”后出现外，还在一段之中反复出现。比如：
参不韦曰：启，吕律不得，度愿不从，后秉德。启，毋自黜也。启，乃增定由宜，是谓外援，以自达也。启，殃疾戚忧亡废，后秉德。启，乃稽斗罚戮，是谓内攘，以自除也。(简77~79)
短短一段之中，训导对象“启”的称呼出现了5次，这与类似的训诫题材有很大不同，并且句式都非常短小，体现了本篇浓厚的口语特点。
此外，为了达到说教的目的，本篇还常常对某一观点反复训诫、正反为说。如“秉德”是三不韦要授予夏启的一个重要思想，在文中反复提及：
启，后秉德，唯及上帝五佐，纪纲日月、星辰、百神、山川、溪谷，是谓章明。不秉德，非其所及而及之，是谓趣祸征殃。启，与不秉德，后乃有殃；其弗之与，后乃亡殃；其与不秉德，后而秉德，天弗作祥。(简105~108)
这一段训诫先从正面说“秉德”可以达到治理章明的效果，接着又从反面说“不秉德”的后果会招致祸殃，然后又描述“与不秉德”弗之与”和“与不秉德，后而秉德”的不同结果，反复论证，从而达到说教的目的。
本篇竹书的形制和书写风格、文字构形亦较有特色。本篇简长32.8厘米，与清华简多数篇目简长45厘米不同，与本篇简长相同的篇目，目前清华简中所见仅《良臣》和《祝辞》两篇。这两篇竹书文字具有明显的晋系风格。本篇与《保训》为同一书手抄写，整体上属于典型的楚文字，但一些字的构形或写法则仅见于其他国别，如“参”从三作见于齐系文字，“天”字的写法与燕文字相合等，反映了战国时期不同国别文字的互相影响与交融。
**附记：本文蒙黄德宽教授赐正，谨致谢忱。**
**编号至123，其中84号重复。**
《十三经注疏·尚书正义》，第397页，中华书局， **2009年，**
\[3\] **清华大学出土文献研究与保护中心《清华大学藏战国竹简》(拾壹)，第90页，中西书局，2021年。本文所引《五纪》皆据此版本，不另注。**
**4** 张振谦《齐鲁文字编》，第961、962页，学苑出版 **社，2014年。**
\[5\] 贾连翔《清华简(参不韦)的祷祀及有关思想问题》，《文物》本期。
\[6\] **清华大学出土文献研究与保护中心《清华大学藏战** 国竹简》(伍)，第150、152页，中西书局，2015年。
\[7\]《汉书·律历志》，第 970页，中华书局，1962年。
\[8\] 徐元诰撰，王树民、沈长云点校《国语集解》，第 **101页，中华书后，2002年。**
**\[91** (清)刘宝楠撰、高流水点校《论语正义》，第522 **页，中华书局，1990年。**
**\[101** (清)孙希旦撰，沈啸寰、王星贤点校《礼记集解》，第987页，中华书局，1989年。
**\[11\]** (清)王先谦撰，沈啸寰、王星贤点校《荀子集 **解》，第328页，中华书局，1988年。**
**1121同\[11\]，第377页。**
**13** 马楠《清华简(参不韦)所见早期官制初探》，《文 **物》本期。**
**114** (清)陈士珂辑、崔涛点校《孔子家语疏证》，第228 页，凤凰出版社，2017年，
**15** **清华大学出土文献研究与保护中心《清华大学藏战国竹简》(捌)，中西书局，2018年。**
**(责任编辑：吴** **然)**
**Shi Xiaoli**
The text “San Bu Wei”(参不韦) in the Tsinghua University Bamboo Slips runs across 124 slips. Each slip is 32.8 cm in length and carries 22 to 26 characters， three-segmented and numbered on the back. It is in a relatively well-preserved condition with 2977 characters remaining. The original text had no title，“San Bu Wei" has been given due to the content recounting the admonition from San (参/三) Bu Wei to Xia Qi. San Bu Wei is a fictional deity created by the author， who was ordered by the God of Heaven and granted Xia Qi the “Principle of Five Punishments"(五刑则)， thus guiding him to establish systems and standards of the state， official， penalty， sacrifice and worship， governance and administration. The Principle of Five Punishments is the core concept of this text， specifically including the Five Principles， Five Elements， Five Tones， Five Colors， and Five Flavors， and can be matched with the official system. The text uses short sentences and colloquial language， involving the intellectual and institutional histories during the Warring-States Period， which is an important lost document of the pre-Qin era.
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清华大学藏战国竹简入参不韦
**1.简1**
2.简2
**3.简3**
4.简4
5.简5
6.简27
7.简28
**8.简29**
**9.简30**
**2**
**2009年3~5月，淄博市临淄区文物管理局在齐都镇西关南村抢救性发掘了一批墓葬。其中一号战国墓坐北朝南，墓葬形制为带斜坡墓道长方形竖穴土坑墓。葬具为一椁二棺，棺内墓主葬式为仰身直肢。椁室东侧有一器物箱，随葬器物大部分放置于器物箱内。椁室四周有生土二层台，二层台上有4座陪葬墓，葬具为一椁一棺或一棺，棺内均有殉人，殉人随葬有少量器物。出土器物有铜器、陶器、玉石器、骨贝器，其中铜器包括礼器、乐器、兵器、车马器等。根据墓葬形制及出土器物判断，西关南村一号墓应为战国早期齐国中小贵族墓葬。该墓的发掘，为研究齐国历史文化及墓葬制度提供了重要资料。**
西藏札达县皮央·东嘎日波墓地发掘简报
**日波墓地是在西藏阿里地区札达县皮央·东嘎区域新发现的一处石丘墓地。2018~2019年，四川大学考古文博学院等单位清理了8座墓葬，年代为公元前4~前1世纪，属于西藏考古学上所称的“前吐蕃时代”或“早期金属时代”。这批墓葬出土遗物少且分布不均，主要为陶器。墓中人骨亦少，或与捡骨二次葬有关，对于认识西藏西部早期葬俗的多样性具有重要意义。石丘墓分布范围非常广，在青藏高原、新疆地区、蒙古高原、中亚草原地带以及西伯利亚等地都有发现，应是北方草原文化系统的文化要素。本次发掘证明了西藏西部与周边区域存在广泛交流和联系。**
**清华简《参不韦》概述**
**清华简《参不韦》共124支简，皆长32.8厘米，三道编，完简书写22~26字，简背有编号。简文保存基本完好，现存2977字。文献原无篇题，因通篇为参(三)不韦对夏启的训诫，故拟题为《参不韦》。三不韦是作者虚构的受天帝之命的神祇，授予夏启“五刑则”，从而指导启设官建邦、修明刑罚、祭祀祝祷、治国理政。五刑则是本篇的核心思想，具体内容包括五则、五行、五音、五色、五味，可与职官系统相配。简文句式较短，具有口语色彩，涉及战国时期思想史、制度史等内容，是一篇重要的先秦佚籍。** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **试谈高职英语课堂教学的动态化**
**华柯枫**
**(健雄职业技术学院外语系 江苏太仓2215411)**
**摘 要：研究高职英语课堂的动态教学，要转变教师的教学理念，努力调动学生英语学习的积极性和主动性，使学生能够参与教学的全过程，让学生用眼、开口和思考，从而把课堂的学习活动逐步转化为自己的智力活动，以达到知识、能力、悟性的同步提高，切实提高高职学生的英语运用能力。**
**关键词：高职院校；英语；动态教学**
**中图分类号： H3193 文献标志码：B 文章编号：1672-2434(2010)02-0059-03**
**Dy namic Teaching and Leaming of Higher Vocational English**
**HUA Ke-feng**
**(Department of Foreign Languages， Chien-shiung Institute of Technology， Taicang 215411， China)**
**Abtract ：To study the dynamic teaching approach in higher vocational English classes， it is necessary to change teachers' teaching con-cept， motivate students' enthusiasm and initiative in English learning and enable students to participate in the whole teaching process， i.e. to open their mouths， to use their eyes and minds. Efforts must be made to gradually change the class learning activities into intellectual ones so as to achieve the improvement of knowledge， ability and understanding， thus effectively improve the English practical abilities of higher vocational students.**
**Key words ：higher vocational college； English； dynamic teaching**
**众所周知，语言是一种载体，语言教学的目标就是利用这一载体进行信息交流。高职英语教学不同于其他层次的英语教学，大多数高职学生对英语学习缺乏兴趣，原来那种通过掌握语言形式来理解语言内容并表述思想的传统教学方法，已无法适应新形势下高职英语的课程教学要求，不可能有效培养学生的实际应用英语能力，更无法重新激发起高职学生学习英语的热情和兴趣。如何转变观念，实现教学方法的改革和创新，应是一个亟待解决的重要课题。**
**语言习得是一门系统工程，它由教师、学生、及教材等元素构成。其中教材相对来说是静态的，而**
**教师和学生则是动态的。成功的语言习得在于是否有一个良好的语言环境，而良好的语言环境又产生于教师、学生及教材间的动态交流，产生于这一交流过程中出现的学习机会。因此，英语教师应该改变传统的讲授为主的课堂教学模式，努力构建动态教学模式，创造一个动态的语言学习环境，全面提高学生的学习兴趣和运用英语的能力。笔者在多年的高职英语教学中努力尝试在动态状态下进行课堂教学，在教学中时刻注意去调动学生英语语言学习的积极性和主动性，尽量使学生参与英语教学的全过程，让学生用眼、开口和思考，把课堂的学习活动逐步内化为学生自己的智力活动，从而达到知识、能**
**收稿日期：2010-03-01**
**作者简介：华柯枫(1958-)，女，副教授，从事研究方向：高职英语**
**力、觉悟的同步提高。这也有利于有效开展素质教育，使不同类型的学生都能得到发展。本文仅就高职英语的动态化教学以及如何有效培养学生英语应用能力问题进行积极的探讨。**
**1 动态化教学的构成**
**对于教师来说，课堂教授技巧应是辅助性的。它是一-门诀窍、一种谋略或一种手段。它被用来完成想达到的目标。教师使用的教授技巧就是教学模式的灵魂。目前，英语课堂教学采取的教学模式大多是一种传统的方法，即“导人——讲授——巩固—-作业”。这是一种以教师讲授、分析教材为主的模式，是一种“单向静态的教学模式”。这种方法无法激活学生身上的创造潜能与参与欲望，学生们都成了被动学习者，不仅导致了很多学生的聋哑英语，也使学生产生对英语的厌学情绪。如果在高职英语教学中，老师的模式仍然因循守旧，势必很难获得满意的效果。因此，必须根据高职学生的特点，探索英语教学动态化教学。**
**笔者认为，动态教学应是教师依照高职英语教学的要求和教材内容，在课堂上以学生参与为主，以学生的自主性学习、课堂活动的趣味性为主要特征，开展各种教学活动，使学生能够在活动中获取英语知识、运用英语知识和掌握英语应用能力。在高职英语课堂教学中实施动态教学模式，关键是为了让学生动起来，这种方法的运用离不开多样化的活动形式。英语教学中常见的活动形式有个人活动、两人结对操练、小组操练、班级活动等。这些活动虽然形式不同，但教学目标都是共同的；同时也遵循一个基本的运行程序，形成一个较稳定的教学结构框架，即为动态化的教学模式。该模式的策略在于：首先设计某个交流框架，即教师根据特定的训练目标，用合理的课堂活动来展示语言的不同层面；其次确定重点，即通过课堂活动对教材中的内容进行交流；最后是教师对学生的活动形式及内容进行讲评，并给予正确指导。动态教学模式很重要，它具有指导教学活动的功能。**
**2 课堂动态教学案例**
**1)个人活动(Individual Work)。笔者要求学生以个人活动为单位，从不同角度或以不同身份对所学内容进行运用，如朗读、演讲、发表自己的观点、角色台词配音等，以达到对所学内容的掌握。在现行的高职英语教材中有许多热门话题，可以让学生参**
**与其中并体会学习语言的乐趣。如在教授“Ups and Downs”(成功与失败)单元时，笔者在提供相关词汇的前提下，首先让学生谈自己心目中的成功人士，以及自己的梦想和打算如何去实现梦想。这样，既培养了学生的口语能力、又使学生明确了自己的奋斗目标。在英语课教学中通过运用个人活动方式，使每位同学都能参加到英语活动中，充分体现了教学过程中学和练有机结合，使学生能够动起来，使课堂氛围活起来，使教学内容更丰富、更逼真。通过活动，学生的思维也活跃了，学习兴趣也提高了。**
**2)双人活动(Pair Work)。两人合作式学习是外语学习中十分有效的方法，它可以在操练学生口语的同时，培养学生的协作能力，而这种能力是学生在今后的职业生涯中必须具备的。因此，笔者在每个学期初都要求学生根据学号、座位或宿舍等情况，选择一个伙伴结成对子。由于学生英语水平、学生主动性和能力等方面存在差异，结对子时可以采取自由和指定相结合的方式，也可以经常根据需要进行调整，目的是让每个学生都能够参与课堂活动并得到提高。让每对学生对于所学对话进行角色扮演，或者根据所给情景编写和表演对话。在“Invita-tion”(邀请)单元的教学中，学习完基本句型后，笔者设定了若干个相关情景，让每对学生编写对话，然后上讲台展示。在学生展示的过程中，教师不要急于去纠正他们的句法语法错误，这样做会挫伤他们开口的积极性，等他们表演完后，教师再做适当点评，当然要以肯定和鼓励为主。这样既培养了学生的语言表达能力，又锻炼了他们的胆量。**
**3)小组活动(Group Work)。这种方式要求学生以小组为活动单位，以各种形式将课文内容再现出来，可以让学生进行角色扮演，开展讨论和辩论，让学生在活动中去体验并掌握知识，最终能够自如地应用所学的知识。如在上面列举的“Us and Downs"(成功与失败)例子中，笔者在引导学生进行个人活动后，再组织学生进行小组活动，如组织学生讨论成功人士所具有的品德和共性。在小组活动中最常用的形式是小组讨论，单元英语课堂教学中阅读部分的问题答案通常是由学生以小组为单位讨论出来的。小组讨论可以为学生参与课堂学习活动并在讨论活动中表达自己的思想和观点、以及听取同伴的想法提供机会；同时，小组活动还能够锻炼学生的英语应用能力尤其是口语表达，极大地激发他们学习英语的积极性，并培养他们的团队合作精神。**
**4)英语实践能力展示活动(Practical English**
**Presentation)。笔者除了把学生参与英语教学活动贯穿于每一堂课之外，还在每学期初向学生布置任务，在期中让学生确定和上报实践项目内容，并在期末考试前专门安排两节课，让学生以个人、结对子或小组为单位展示自己英语学习成果和实践成果。学'生经过教师的指导、观摩以及准备和预演，展示出丰富多彩的英语实践内容，如给英文电影配音、制作英语题材PPT、自编自演英语校园剧、配乐英语诗朗诵等。每展示完一个节目，都由学生进行打分，笔者再进行简单的点评，在充分肯定成绩的基础上教师鼓励学生认真总结经验，争取下次做得更好。对此学生热情高涨，从每学期初就行动起来，找材料、编剧、排列等，这样既可以把英语学习向课外延伸，也培养了学生的自主学习能力。**
**3 课堂教学动态中应解决的问题**
**高职英语课堂教学的动态模式基于高职学生的特点，由于高职学生英语基础差，尤其是在听说方面，并且有许多学生毕业后会去外资企业工作，因此他们最需要的就是英语听说能力。高职英语课堂教学的动态模式从根本上改变了长期以来的统治外语课堂教学的“填鸭式”和“封闭式”等静态教学模式，特别受到高职学生的欢迎。在高职英语课堂上实施动态教学模式时，要努力解决好以下两个问题：**
**1)课堂教学活动中学生应始终处于主体地位。学生是学习的主人，教师要引导学生主动积极地参与教学的全过程，变“要我学”为“我要学”。在开展的英语动态教学中，学生是活动的主要参与人，教师在设计活动时要考虑到全体学生，注意引导每个学生都能参与活动，切实发挥学生的主动性，使他们能够在活动中学习，而不去死记硬背。必须指出的是，在开展以学生为主的课堂教学活动时，教师对学生不能撒手不管，放任自流。否则课堂教学秩序就得不到应有的保证。**
**2)课堂活动中教师应起主导作用。英语教师在课堂上的主要任务之一，是帮助学生从依赖性学习转向自主性学习。在英语课堂活动中，英语教师扮演着导演的角色，他们组织和指导学生开展各种能够提高学生英语应用能力的活动。但教师对学生活动的指导也不是全包的，而是根据高职学生的特点、教材特点和教学内容的要求，为学生设计多样化的活动形式，让英语层次不同的学生都有机会去参与活动。教师的指导应该贯穿活动的全过程，教师也必须在学生活动前和活动后都加以认真指导。当然，随着学生英语语言活动能力的不断提高，英语教师的指导水平也将不断得到提高。**
**_4_ 结束语**
**总之，要学好语言，必须拥有一个良好的语言环境；如果没有自然的语言环境，教师应该营造一个等效的“人工”语言环境。英语课堂教学的动态化研究必须注重活动的有效性，实际效果是检测教学活动成功与否的标尺。作为高职英语教师，教学目的是培养学生有英语实际应用能力，为他们今后的就业和事业发展创造有利的条件。所以，开展课堂活动不能走形式、走过场，更不能只满足于课堂上的热闹。教师要努力按照教材特点和高职学生的实际情况，精心设计课堂动态教学的每一个步骤，重视调动学生的积极性和主动性，让学生能够真正地动起来，在活动中提高英语语言的悟性，获取知识，进而发展英语应用能力。**
**参考文献：**
1 **吴立岗.教学的原理、模式和活动\[M\].南宁：广西教育出版社， 1998：166-167，179-180.**
**王坦.教学的基本理念\[N\].中国教育报，1995-12-29.**
**李观仪.具有中国特色的英语教学法\[M\].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1994：113-127.** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **基于因子分析的安徽省各城市经济发展水平综合评价探究**
**武 童**
**(浙江财经大学，浙江 杭州 310000)**
**\[摘 要\]安徽省经济发展问题一直以来都备受关注。通过了解各个城市经济发展的特点，并结合具体的实际情况来构建适当的影响安徽省经济发展水平的指标体系，运用R语言中的探索性因子分析法 (Exploratory Factor Analysis， EFA)， 对安徽省各市的经济发展水平进行了综合评价。**
**\[关键词\]探索性因子分析；经济发展水平；综合评价**
**\[DOI\] 10.13939/j.cnki. zgsc. 2019.26.020**
**问题的提出**
**安徽省位于中国华东地区，沿江通海，地处温暖带与亚热带过渡地区。截至2017年年末，安徽省16个市常住人口有6254.8万人，全年地区生产总值27018亿元。相对于东部沿海地区其经济发展较为落后，且省内各市之间也存在发展不平衡现象。因此，本文通过R语言中的探索性因子分析综合分析安徽省16个城市的经济发展水平。**
**2 因子分析的基本原理**
**因子分析利用降维的思想来研究原始变量之间的相关系数矩阵，使一些关系复杂交错的变量归为少数几个综合因子。这种多元统计分析方法，按照原始变量之间关联强度进行分组，使得同一组的变量之间的相关性比较高，各变量组之间只有较低的相关性。每一组变量都代表一个基**
**本结构，它被称为公共因子，并用一个无法预测的综合变量来表示。**
**3 建立影响经济发展水平的指标体系**
**本文以2017年安徽省16个城市的经济发展情况作为研究对象，选取以下10项指标作为原指标。X，——第二产业增加值(亿元)；X，——第三产业增加值(亿元)；X——金融机构(含外资)各项存款年末余额(万元)；X——地方财政收入(万元)； X5-——社会消费品零售总额(万元)； X。——固定资产投资(万元)； X，——城镇非私营单位就业人员年平均工资(元)；Xg——人均生产总值(元/人)； X，——农民人均可支配收入(元)； X1o——城镇居民家庭人均年可支配收入(元)。而第一产业增加值对城市经济发展水平影响相对很低，可忽略不计，因此本文不对其做讨论。数据来源于《安徽统计年鉴——2017》，如表1所示。**
| **X** | **X2** | **X3** | | **X5** | **X6** | **X7** | **Xg** | **Xg** | **X10** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **251.43** | **474.66** | **142354059** | **6559039** | **27285104** | **63514289** | **74683** | **88456** | **18594** | **37972** |
| **72.97** | **49.55** | **14068991** | **605395** | **3531274** | **10558355** | **60372** | **41660** | **11611** | **32372** |
| **35.18** | **65.27** | **18444792** | **945506** | **5507020** | **10672145** | **53596** | **22385** | **11591** | **29150** |
| **25.46** | **90.91** | **20143567** | **1001243** | **5336759** | **14029739** | **53461** | **26056** | **10859** | **29510** |
| **72.18** | **85.23** | **19646193** | **1410675** | **7251307** | **19125546** | **59096** | **46233** | **13769** | **33777** |
| **86.09** | **74.84** | **35049934** | **1576195** | **8520195** | **16325100** | **57010** | **19536** | **10748** | **30214** |
| **47.01** | **46.53** | **20575698** | **1013169** | **5734456** | **10218461** | **65621** | **30540** | **11841** | **34289** |
| **108.68** | **71.61** | **22900593** | **1825104** | **5743943** | **19290517** | **65273** | **39517** | **11947** | **31634** |
| **2.43** | **56.23** | **24322153** | **1127855** | **6048134** | **11999889** | **63004** | **24406** | **10857** | **29262** |
| **133.93** | **81.03** | **19940496** | **1383556** | **5294536** | **22557173** | **71809** | **74709** | **19358** | **44155** |
| **114.28** | **143.97** | **32545682** | **3112297** | **9308637** | **33442401** | **65067** | **80458** | **18830** | **38779** |
| **66.28** | **58.03** | **16900711** | **1429705** | **5315140** | **15805300** | **64163** | **45467** | **14590** | **37791** |
| **121.86** | **42.79** | **14009686** | **773441** | **3432784** | **13413329** | **64090** | **69935** | **13145** | **36579** |
| **9.66** | **24.08** | **9518681** | **651887** | **2487175** | **7145855** | **60397** | **43178** | **13476** | **30597** |
| **101.29** | **74.53** | **29420562** | **1210184** | **7641675** | **17312468** | **55491** | **36928** | **11814** | **33008** |
| **\-2.44** | **36.00** | **11598744** | **751871** | **3488116** | **6468997** | **66197** | **44251** | **14034** | **33717** |
**_4_ 因子分析过程**
**4.1 判断需提取的公共因子数**
**每个主因子都与相关系数矩阵的特征值相关联，第一主因子与最大的特征值相关联，第二主因子与第二大的特征值相关联，依此类推。Cattell 碎石检验绘制了特征值与主因子数的图形。根据图形的弯曲形状，很明显地判断出碎石检验前两个特征值都比1要大且都大于100次模拟数据矩阵的特征值均值，根据Kaiser - Harris 准则(对于EFA， 要求特征值大于0即可)，显然需要提取两个因子。**
**_4.2_ 公共因子的提取和分析**
**使用正交旋转来提取因子，会有利于对因子的解释。标准化的回归系数栏，列出了因子预测变量的权重。这两栏包含了成分载荷，可用来解释主因子的含义。第一因子与这10个变量相关性分别为0.69、0.95、0.97、0.92、0.98、0.89、0.34、0.36、0.31、0.08；第二因子与这10个变量的相关性分别为0.52、0.27、0.18、0.34、0.19、0.43、0.72、0.87、0.88、0.96。可以看到，前六个变量(第二产业增加值、第三产业增加值、金融机构年末余额、地方财政收入、消费品零售总额、固定资产投资)在第一因子上载荷较大，我们将其命名为“经济总量因子”；后四个变量(城镇非私营单位就业人员年平均工资、人均生产总值、农民人均可支配收入、城镇居民家庭人均年可支配收入)在第二因子上载荷较大，笔者将其命名为“经济平均水平因子”。**
**此外，分析结果还给出了公因子方差栏，即因子对每个变量的方差解释度；成分唯一性栏，即方差无法被因子解释的比例(1-h2)。例如，X，(第二产业增加值)75%的方差都可用第一主因子来解释，25%不能，依此类推，后面变量的方差解释比例也是如此表示的。**
**SS loading 行包含与主因子相关联的特征值，代表与特定主因子相关联的标准化后的方差值。其中，第一因子的值为5.28，第二因子的值为3.70。 Proportion Var 行表示每个因子对整个数据集的解释程度，这两个因子解释了这10个变量90%的方差。Cumulative Var行表示累积方差贡献率为90%，能够对原有变量的绝大多数信息进行充分解释。因此，笔者选取前两个因子作为解释安徽省经济发展水平的效果评价是合理的。**
**_4.3_ 计算因子得分**
**用每个公共因子的方差贡献率占三个因子累计总方差贡献率的比重为权重进行加权计算，最终得到每个城市的综合得分。表达式如下：**
**通过计算，得到各个城市在公因子F、F，的因子得分以及城市综合得分F， 并对各个城市的得分进行排名。**
**5 结论与建议**
**5.1 结论**
**由F(经济总量因子)的排名可以看出，合肥市、芜湖市、阜阳市、马鞍山市和安庆市排在前五位，说明城市在经济总量上排名靠前，对其影响较为显著。滁州市、蚌埠市、宣城市、宿州市、六安市和淮南市排名居中，城市经济**
**发展属于中等水平。而亳州市、铜陵市、淮北市、黄山市和池州市分别位于最后五位，城市经济发展相对缓慢。由F(经济水平因子)的排名可以看出，合肥市、芜湖市、阜阳市、安庆市和滁州市位居前五位，说明这些城市经济水平较高，人民生活质量较好。马鞍山市、六安市、宿州市、蚌埠市、淮南市和宣城市属于中等城市，而亳州市、铜陵市、淮北市、黄山市和池州市分别位于最后五位，说明城市经济水平较为落后，人民生活质量有待提高。**
**由综合因子得分(F)可以看出，排名前六的城市有合肥市、芜湖市、阜阳市、安庆市、滁州市和马鞍山市，说明城市经济发展的综合实力较强。其中，合肥市是安徽省省会城市，占据经济贸易的优势；芜湖市是安徽省的副中心城市，是其重要的工业、科教基地，综合得分第二实至名归。阜阳市生产总值高，又是安徽省三大枢纽之一。安庆市是皖西南区域中心城市，是长江经济带通关一体化中心城市。滁州市和马鞍山市一起属于南京都市圈核心层城市。六安市、蚌埠市、宿州市的等城市作为安徽省中等城市，经济发展的综合能力仍有待提升。排名靠后的仍然是淮北市、黄山市和池州市，为安徽省落后地区。由于地理位置较差以及经济基础薄弱，导致发展落后，大量的劳动力以及人才的流失更加剧了这一现象的产生。**
**_5.2_ 建议**
**根据上述结论，结合安徽省各市的特点，可以看出各市经济发展水平之间存在明显差异。为了能够减少这种经济发展不平衡的现象，推动落后城市的经济快速发展，提出以下三点建议。**
**第一，继续推动合肥经济圈的建设以及皖江城市带的建设，带动周边城市的发展。依靠其优秀的地理位置以及国家政策的帮助，让安徽省优秀产业走出去，并引人好的产业，不断进行创新和发展。**
**第二，安徽省中等城市要利用自身特点，提高产业创新能力，与周围城市之间多进行专业化分工合作，互相学习，共同发展。这不仅提高了原有产业的发展和推动力产业创新，还创造了更多的就业机会，提高居民收入。**
**第三，淮北地区经济发展较为落后，政府应该制定合理有效的政策来加快其工业化进程。同样属于落后地区的黄山和池州，由于区域生态环境较好，旅游业较为发达，可以通过大力推动旅游业来带动其他产业的发展，例如餐饮业。充分利用这一优势，打造一流的旅游城市，带动整个城市的经济发展。**
**参考文献：**
**\[1\]宫小苏，张兴宇，栾敬东.安徽省县域经济发展水平综合评价分析——基于因子分析的实证研究 \[J\].山西农业大学学报(社会科学版)，2015，14(5)：452-457.**
**\[2\]程蕾.基于因子分析的安徽省各城市经济发展水平评价\[J\].时代金融，2017(15).**
**\[3\]廖为鲲，蔡国梁，涂文桃.基于因子分析法的城市经济发展评价\[J\].统计与决策，2005(24).**
**_一_**
**_一人一_**
**\[作者简介\]武童(1996一)，女，安徽淮南人，浙江财经大学，研究生在读，研究方向：应用概率统计。** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **新冠肺炎疫情对辽宁经济的影响及其对策※**
**张元庆**
(中共辽宁省委党校，辽宁沈阳 _110004)_
「摘商要\]新冠肺炎疫情这一重大突发公共卫生事件，给辽宁经济带来巨大影响。2020年上半年，辽宁生产总值下滑，三次产业增加值同比下降，投资、进出口、消费都受到严重影响。为最大限度降低疫情对辽宁经济的影响，应采取积极应对措施，为实现辽宁“十三五”规划目标和扶贫攻坚等重要任务奠定基础。
\[关键词\]新冠肺炎疫情；经济发展；产业转型
\[中图分类号\]F061.5「文献标识码\]A\[文章编号\]1672-2426(2020)08-0063-05
对新冠肺炎疫情(简称疫情)这一重大突发公共卫生事件，我国政府高度重视，在较短时间内控制住了疫情扩散，并建立起疫情联防联控体系，做到早发现、早报告、早隔离、早治疗，为世界抗疫做出了中国贡献。疫情对各国经济造成了影响，导致很多企业破产倒闭，失业人口大增，对世界经济造成巨大冲击。危急时刻，辽宁及时调整疫情防控应急响应级别，加强疫情防控，取得良好效果。但疫情对辽宁经济也造成了严重影响，2020年上半年辽宁生产总值下滑，一、二、三产业增加值同比下降，部分企业破产。
**一、新冠肺炎疫情对辽宁经济的影响**
新冠肺炎疫情对辽宁经济产生了巨大影响。据辽宁省统计局统计，疫情严重的第一季度，辽宁生产总值5082.1亿元，同比下降7.7%，其中，第一产业增加值增长1.1%，第二产业增加值下降10.7%，第三产业增加值下降6.3%1。第一季度辽宁经济增速低于全国平均值。第二季度情况有所好转，整个上半年，辽宁地区生产总值达11132.5亿元，与去年同期批较，依然下降3.9个百分点，与下降幅度较大的第一季度相比，上半年地区生产总值降幅收窄3.8个百分点121。除第一产业增加值有所回升并呈现正向增长外，第二产业增加值依然下降4.1%，第三产业增加值下降4.6%121。整体看，疫情对辽宁经济造成了较大影响，也给辽宁如期实现“十三五”规划目标和完成扶贫攻坚等任务带来巨大压力，具体表现如下：
\[作者简介\]张元庆(1980-)，男，辽宁盘锦人，经济学博士，中共辽宁省委党校经济学教研部副教授，吉林大学经济学院博士后研究人员，主要从事区域经济、城镇化、国企改革等问题研究。
※本文系2019年辽宁社会科学规划基金项目““逆城镇化’视阈下辽宁土地制度创新研究”(项目编号：L19BJL013)的阶段性成果。
(一)新冠肺炎疫情对辽宁三大产业的影响
1.新冠肺炎疫情对辽宁农业的影响。企业延期复工，导致很多农产品加工企业停业，农产品供应链断裂，如受新冠肺炎疫情和非洲猪瘟影响，辽宁很多屠宰加工企业无法按时恢复营业，导致第一季度猪肉产量下降14.5%。酒店、饭店关闭，导致水产品需求量降低，第一季度辽宁水产品产量下降 30.5%，其中海水产品产量下降 29.5%，淡水产品产量下降32.8%.疫情防控期间采取交通管制措施，使得部分农产品销售渠道出现暂时性中断，产品积压、滞销，农民损失较大，生产积极性降低，加上供应短缺，饲养成本上升，家禽出栏率下降。第二季度疫情得到较好控制，全省农业生产出现了一定的回升态势。上半年辽宁蔬菜及食用菌产量增速由第一季度下降3.6%转变为增长0.1%121.牛肉、羊肉、禽肉等畜牧业产品产量都出现了一定程度的上涨，猪肉产量虽然依然下降，但较第一季度有明显回升。总之，疫情对辽宁农业生产造成巨大影响，但与第一季度相比，上半年的整体情况在好转。
2.新冠肺炎疫情对辽宁工业制造业的影响。第一季度，辽宁规模以上工业增加值同比下降8.5%。从行业看，由于石化工业相关产品是生产防疫物资的基础原材料，石化工业产值实现增长。装备制造业虽然是辽宁重点发展的行业，但由于世界范围内产业链断裂，装备制造业需求下降，导致辽宁装备制造业增加值下降27.0%"。同样，冶金工业也缺少必要的市场需求驱动，在疫情期间很多企业停产停业，造成工业增加值下降6.3%。受疫情影响，辽宁食品制造业和汽车产业也出现下滑，食品制造业增加值增长仅 0.3%，新能源汽车产量增长只有6.3%。此外，辽宁工业制造业国有企业增加值下降9.7%11，成为影响辽宁工业制造业的重要因素。同时，受疫情影响，第一季度辽宁外商投资企业整体经营状况堪忧，增加值下降幅度达 24.7%。在内部需求拉动无力的情况下，外部资金利用率也大幅降低。积极的情况是全省规模以上工业增加值在4、5、6月份出现正增长，与疫情严重的第一季度相比情况有所改善，其中，4月份增速为2.1%，5月份增速为6%，6月份增速为3%，整个上半年规模以上工业增加值下降2.3%，但情况明显好于疫情严重的第一季度121.特别是石化工业取得了较快增长，为辽宁工业制造业复苏奠定了基础。
3.新冠肺炎疫情对辽宁第三产业的影响。受新冠肺炎疫情影响最大的是第三产业，第一季度辽宁餐饮、住宿、电影、娱乐、旅游等行业都出现萧条景象。由于停业，缺少现金流量，很多企业破产。同时，受疫情影响，新登记市场主体大大减少，2月份全省新登记市场主体比上年同期减少了70%左右131。辽宁省市场监督管理局发布的分析报告显示，2020年第一季度辽宁住宿和餐饮业新登记9546户，同比下降43.86%，第一季度住宿和餐饮业共注销6525 户，占同期新登记数量的 68.35%31。同样，电影娱乐和旅游等行业，受疫情影响，也无法正常营业，业绩大幅下滑，相关公司甚至破产清算。据辽宁省统计局统计，2020年第一季度辽宁社会消费品零售总额同比下降24.8%，城镇零售额下降 25.0%，乡村零售额下降23.7%。第二季度疫情得到有效控制，第三产业得到一定的恢复，但基于疫情防控需要，辽宁第三产业并没有恢复到疫情暴发之前的状态，与2019年同期相比，第三产业发展依然呈现下降趋势，上半年辽宁第三产业整体发展态势仍然不容乐观。可见，新冠肺谈疫情对辽宁第三产业造成了巨大影响。
(二)新冠肺炎疫情对辽宁三大需求的影响
1.新冠肺炎疫情对辽宁固定资产投资的影响。据辽宁省统计局统计，2020年第一季度辽宁固定资产投资同比下降16.2%，其中，除第一产业投资增长57.9%外，第二、三产业投资都出现下降，第二产业投资下降16.7%，第三产业投资下降16.9%。由于疫情阻断了大部分产业链条，导致投资信心不足，省内民间投资下降13.9%，国有控股投资下降22.4%，港澳台及外商投资下降21.6%。外部投资减少使辽宁经济发展缺少了外来动力，而内部投资减少，又使辽宁经济发展失去了内在动力。受疫情影响严重的还有房地产销售，第一季度，辽宁商品房销售面积409.0万平方米，同比下降 22.9%；商品房销售额364.6
亿元，同比下降14.0%。第二季度固定资产投资增速有所回升，总体来看，上半年全省固定资产投资同比下降2.7%，跟第一季度相比降幅收窄了 13.5%121。可见，新冠肺炎疫情对辽宁固定资产投资影响较大，虽然出现回暖迹象，但上半年整体固定资产投资同比依然下降，这也成为辽宁经济增速下降的重要原因之一。
2.新冠肺炎疫情对辽宁进出口的影响。新冠肺炎疫情对辽宁外贸出口业务冲击较大，出口规模大幅减少，对辽宁经济造成负面影响。据海关统计，受新冠肺炎疫情影响，2020年第一季度辽宁外贸进出口总额共1717.2亿元，同比下降2.4%，其中，出口总额635.2亿元，下降17.9%，进口总额略有增长，外商投资企业进出口业务受影响严重，同比下降20.2%11。因疫情在全球蔓延，产业供应链断裂，产品需求下降导致辽宁产品出口规模大幅下降，其中，钢材出口规模降幅达41.2%，机电产品出口规模降幅达17.4%，高新技术产品出口规模降幅达17.2%。因钢铁等大宗商品出口下降严重，导致辽宁上半年进出口总额同比下降 5.7%121。上半年出口总额下降了16.7%，与第一季度相比，降幅收窄了1.2个百分点121。纵观辽宁上半年进出口贸易状况，民营企业起了巨大作用，民营企业进出口额增长了15.5%，比第一季度提升了2.3个百分点121，在一定程度上减缓了疫情对辽宁进出口贸易的冲击。
3.新冠肺炎疫情对辽宁消费的影响。消费是拉动辽宁经济增长的重要因素，但疫情导致辽宁居民消费品供需失衡，消费品供给数量减少、价格上升，消费需求降低。据统计，2020年第一季度辽宁居民消费价格指数(CPI)同比上涨4.8%11，但辽宁涨幅低于全国平均值。城市居民消费价格指数上涨 4.5%，农村居民消费价格指数上涨6.3%。由于疫情暴发，居民居家时间较长，作为必需品的食品烟酒类消费品需求较多，价格上涨较多，达到14.3%，服装类消费品价格上涨0.6%.受交通管制和担心被传染的心理影响，辽宁交通类消费品价格下降2.3%1。疫情中，医疗资源紧缺，进而导致辽宁医疗保健类消费品价格上涨3.6%。疫情导致工业产品需求下降，工业品出厂价格指数(PPI)同比下降0.9%，生产资料价格下降1.7%，生活资料价格上涨2.3%。经过第二季度的恢复，全省居民消费价格涨幅出现回落趋势，整个上半年，全省居民消费价格指数同比上涨3.6%，相较第一季度下降了1.2个百分点121，其他各项指标虽然依然上涨，但与第一季度数据相比都不同程度地出现了回落。可见，疫情导致辽宁消费价格指数普遍上涨，居民消费成本普遍增加，消费需求下降。
二、新冠肺炎疫情防摔下促进辽宁经济发展的对策
新冠肺炎疫情对辽宁经济发展造成了巨大影响。因此，要坚持实事求是原则，采用科学的防控方法，依靠技术进步和严格的管理措施，统筹推进疫情防控与经济发展，化危机为契机，促进辽宁经济稳步发展，加快实现辽宁老工业基地转型升级的目标。
(一)加快全面复产复工复学，早日恢复经济社会秩序
目前，世界范围内的各个国家和地区都在尽快恢复正常的经济社会秩序，但最大的担忧是新冠肺炎疫情在全面恢复经济社会秩序后反弹，出现二次暴发或三次暴发。辽宁为尽快复产复工复学工作已经做了大量工作，采取了多种措施保障经济社会秩序的恢复，也有相当数量的企业和学校恢复了常态，但距离完全恢复依然有很大差距。因此，在中央统筹推进疫情防控与经济社会发展政策的指导下，积极推进辽宁早日全面复产复工复学是恢复经济活力的必然选择。辽宁要加强风险防控机制建设，层层落实防控责任，提高风险防控能力。建议在全省范围内加大新型冠状病毒检测力度，在“应检尽检，愿检尽检”的基础上，不断扩大检测范围，力争实现“全员检测”的终极目标。建立长期检测制度，可随时进行检测，重点监测流动人员健康状况。通过技术手段有效保障全面复产复工复学，恢复经济社会秩序，确保
经济社会稳定。
(二)调整农业产业布局，实现农业现代化
辽宁是传统的农业大省，但农业现代化水平并不高，与农业相关的产业多属于劳动密集型产业。在此次新冠肺炎疫情中，劳动密集型产业受到严重影响。疫情期间，辽宁大量农产品加工企业停产、停业，大量员工失业，辽宁农产品供需失衡。随着疫情持续蔓延，一些国家开始限制部分农产品出口，给我国粮食安全带来隐患。因此，提前科学布局辽宁农牧业，进行土地制度改革和创新，实现农业集约化，减少非农用地浪费现象，提升土地单位产出和土地利用效率是辽宁农业发展的必然选择。要调整好粮食和经济作物种植比例，确保粮食安全。为减少疫情对辽宁农牧业的影响，加速提升辽宁农业产业现代化和智能化水平是关键。一方面要加速促进辽宁农产品加工企业生产由人工操作向智能化操作升级，另一方面要提升辽宁重要农产品种植区耕种、浇灌等智能化水平，实现辽宁农业高度智能化。要严格按照中央要求，实施辽宁农业“两区”建设省长负责制，各级领导层层落实责任，确保粮食种植面积稳定和经济作物配置科学，化危机为机遇，通过农业智能化升级确保辽宁农产品供给充足和农民收人稳定。
(三)优化制造业产业布局，促进制造业转型升级
新冠肺炎疫情中辽宁制造业产业布局不合理的一面显露出来，辽宁需要重新优化制造业产业布局，特别是要改善医疗产业薄弱的现状。 _，一_ 一是补短板，加速改变辽宁医疗器械产业和医疗服务产业薄弱现状。以此次疫情为契机，加速辽宁医疗器械产业和医疗服务产业发展，科学布局医疗产业，积极协助辽宁原有相关医疗器械生产企业和转产医疗器械企业申请出口资质，催化辽宁医疗产业萌芽，促进其发展和壮大。二是重构辽宁医疗全产业链，重点发展医疗上游产业。侧重打造产业链中应对公共卫生危机所需的医疗产品环节，如病毒检测产品研发产业等。三是整合省内先进实验室资源，加大科技研发投人，提升辽宁医学创新能力。辽宁具备优质的实验室资源，如大连化学物理研究所，应积极组织相关实验室与医疗企业实施资源整合，加大投入，进行疫情防控相关项目的研发和创新，带动辽宁医疗产业发展壮大。另外，复工企业因为疫情防控需要，实施工人轮流作息制度，严重影响了复工企业的生产效率，因此，要加速推进辽宁工业产业自动化、智能化升级。
(四)促进第三产业营销模式升级，加快发展网络经济
受新冠肺炎疫情影响最大的是第三产业，第三产业中的住宿、餐饮、娱乐、旅游等行业都受到巨大冲击。即使疫情得到控制，第三产业也无法获得疫情暴发之前的客流量，很多企业破产，大量人员失业，有可能产生更多金融风险，带来更多社会问题。因此，积极扶持互联网产业发展，扩大互联网企业规模，升级第三产业营销模式，重点发展网络经济是辽宁促进第三产业发展的有效举措。同时，大力加强与国内和国际互联网平台企业合作，将更多辽宁资源整合进网络经济范畴，对实现辽宁第三产业在疫情中的重生至关重要。网络经济的发展离不开信息通讯产业的高度发达，因此，辽宁要积极响应国家号召，抢先布局新型基础设施建设(新基建)项目。按照国家发展和改革委员会的界定，新基建包括信息基础设施、融合基础设施和创新基础设施三个方面，具体包括5G基站、特高压、城际高速铁路和城市轨道交通、新能源汽车充电桩、大数据中心、人工智能、工业互联网七大领域，涉及诸多产业链，这些产业是未来我国经济的重要增长点。当然，可以根据辽宁实际情况优先建设5G 基站、人工智能和工业互联网，助推辽宁工业升级，扩大互联网产业规模，解决辽宁经济发展后劲不足问题。加大对互联网初创公司扶持的力度，培育更多具有潜力的互联网公司，对于具有互联网创新技术和专利的公司给予更多优惠和政策支持，形成规模优势，为辽宁未来经济发展创造新的增长点。
(五)加大扶持中小企业力度，确保就业与社会稳定
中小企业是辽宁经济的重要组成部分，是吸纳就业的重要力量。新冠肺炎疫情导致大多数中小企业
经营困难，有些企业资金链断裂，甚至破产，进而导致工人失业，失去生活来源，给家庭带来负担，给社会带来不稳定因素。因此，扶持中小企业不仅能够促进辽宁经济发展，还能稳定就业，进而确保社会稳定。政府要采取措施，扶持中小企业渡过难关。具体包括：一是减税降费，增加政府补贴。对于疫情期间经营困难或停产、停业进而造成重大损失的企业，政府应该加大减税降费力度，采取退税补贴等方式确保企业能够重新开业，避免出现破产危机。二是加大金融扶持力度，针对中小企业出台金融扶持政策。特别是要降低中小企业融资门槛，拓宽中小企业融资渠道，可通过成立中小企业专项防疫支持基金或者成立中小企业防疫众筹基金等，为中小企业发展提供资金支持。可为中小企业提供利息更加优惠的专项贷款，对于因为疫情无法及时偿还贷款的企业，银行应当允许其延期偿还，从而帮助经营困难的中小企业渡过难关。三是对于目前生活有困难的员工应该出台政府救助措施，防止出现不稳定因素。
(六)加大财政补助和转移支付力度，提升居民消费能力
新冠肺炎疫情造成辽宁经济发展放缓，在固定资产投资、居民消费等指标出现下滑的情况下，应积极采取必要措施，加大对居民财政补助和转移支付力度，提升居民消费能力，实现辽宁经济内生性增长。财政补助包括对低收人群体和生活困难群体的补助，等同于疫情补贴，应通过发放现金补贴、消费券或购物优惠券等方式，加大对低收入群体和生活困难群体的补助，增加他们的收人与消费能力。转移支付包括对省内贫困地区和贫困人口的专项支持补助，保证其在疫情期间的生活和生产持续性，避免农业生产受到疫情影响，更要防止已脱贫人口因为疫情返贫。在财政允许的前提下，甚至可以扩大补助范围，向更多居民发放疫情补助，促进消费，激活经济。同时，基于疫情带来的公共卫生危机，应增加对辽宁医疗行业公共产品的投资规模，鼓励有关疫情防控物资和医疗技术、设备等项目的研发创新，进一步提升辽宁应对公共卫生危机的能力和效率。加大对辽宁其他公共基础行业和公共基础设施的投人，刺激需求增长，适当增加就业机会，解决因疫情出现的短期失业人员的生活问题，增强辽宁经济发展的内生动力，为疫情后经济反弹提前布局。
**参考文献：**
\[1\]2020年一季度全省经济运行情况综述\[EB/OL\].辽宁统计局网站 http：//www.ln.stats.gov.cn/sjjd/sqzx/202004/t20200426\_3841120.html.
\[2\]2020年上半年辽宁经济运行情况分析：GDP 同比下降 3.9%\[EB/OL\].https：//www.askci.com/news/finance/ **20200723/0849591164613.shtml.**
\[3\]2020年一季度辽宁省市场主体发展情况分析报告\[EB/OL\].http：//www.cqn.com.cn/zj/content/2020-04/27/con- **tent** \_ **8571669.htm.**
**责任编辑** 魏亚男 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 2008年全国职业院校技能大赛在津召开
一双双灵巧的手在模特的发丝间自山、炊畅地流动，流动到哪里，哪里就是别样风景，模特散落在肩的头发在不经意间被高高地盘起，像含苞欲放的花朵，像孩子灿烂的笑，像…·
这就是“2008年全国职业院校技能大赛”现场一个个让记者惊奇、感叹、佩服的场面。
“2008年全国职业院校技能大赛”于6月27日至30日在天津举行。该项赛事由教育部、天津市政府、人力资源和社会保障部、农业部、国务院扶贫办、住房和城乡建设部、交通运输部、工业和信息化部、全国总工会、共青团中央、中华职业教育社等11家单位共同上办。
中共中央政治局委员、国务委员刘延东，天津市委书记张高丽等出席了人赛的开幕式，并为大赛启幕。在教育部的指导下，在各举办单位的共同努力下，大赛获得圆满成功。全国人大常委会副委员长陈至立出席闭幕式，并向获奖学生和单位代表颁发奖杯和证书。
本次大赛活动是规模最大、规格最高、专业覆盖面最广、类别最齐全的大赛，要由三个部分组成：第一个部分是全国职业
院校技能人赛的比赛，参赛选手在9个赛场进行了10个专业类别的24个竞赛项目的比赛。第二部分足“斗国职业教育改革与发展高峰论坛”。第三部分是“中国第六届职业教育现代教学仪器设备展”，三大部分“齐头并进，相辅相成”，基本上体现了我国职业教育所注重的方向和理念。
教育部部长周济认为，近年来，我国职业教育认真贯彻落实科学发展观，坚持“以服务为宗旨，以就业为导向”的办学方针，规模不断扩大，改革不断深化，教育水平不断提高，培养了大批高素质技能型人小。定期举办全国职业院校技能人赛，把多年来探索出的“工学结合、校企合作、顶岗实习”的职业教育的经验和做法，加以制度化和规范化，形成“普通教育有高考，职业教育有技能大赛”的局面，是我国教育工作的一项重大制度设计与创新，也是新时期职业教育改革与发展的重要推进器。
教育部职业教育与成人教育司可长黄尧充分肯定了此次大赛的意义。他说，举办职业院校技能人赛，是对近些年来职业教育工作深入贯彻落实国务院关于大力发展职业教育的方针，深化改革、加快发展所取得成果的一次大检阅，是职业院校)大师生奋
中共中央政治局委员、国务委员刘延东.天津市市委书记张高丽等出席了大赛的卅幕式，并为大赛启幕
发向上、锐意进取的精神风貌和熟练技能的一次人展示，对于进一步宣传职业教育，营造关心支持职业教育发展的良好社会氛围，对于全面落实科学发展观，加快发展职业教育，提高办学质量和效益，实现又好又快发展具有重要意义。
从今年起，全国职业院校技能人赛将永久落户天津，对于这一“制度”，天津教育委员会主任靳润成坦诚地告诉记者，这不仅有利于深化天津职业教育改革，而且对天津经济社会发展，特别是对滨海新区的开发开放具有重要促进作用。大赛为新区建设提供了一个选拔高技能人才的重要平台，一个有利于促进新区现代服务业发展的平台。
赛场特写
2008年全国职业院校技能大赛6月301|在天津落下帷幕。全国人大常委会副委员长陈至立、教育部部长周济、天津市市长黄兴国出席大赛闭幕式，并为状奖团体和个人颁奖。
“普通教育有高考，职业教育有技能大赛”两天来，来户全37个省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市和新疆生产建设兵团的
发展高峰论坛”和“斗园第六届职业教育现代教学仪器设备展”记者看到：其组织工作无不并然有序，并且到处洋溢着和谐而热烈的气氛。
据悉，作为木次人赛的承小方，人津市政府投入了大量的人力、物力和财方，从赛事组织到赛场设置，雨到接待服务等各个环
全国人大常委会副委员长陈至立为获奖选手颁奖 中职服装设计制作比赛现场 获奖模特选手
2000余名选手，参加了10个专业类别，24个竞赛项目的角逐。
本次大赛，分高职和中职两个组别进行，比赛涵盖电工电子、汽车运用与维修、数控技术、美容美发等内容。高职组有14个团队获得一等奖，31个团队获二.等奖，40个团队获三等奖；一职组决出一等奖149个，二等奖298个，三等奖327个。中职乳团体--等奖由上海市获得，江苏省、天津市、广东省获团体二等奖，浙江省、青岛市、北京市、宁波市和大连市获团体三等奖。大赛组织委员会还授予天津市教育委员会特别贡献奖，
特写一井然有序中透见大赛性格
“2008年全国职业院校技能大赛”6月28日在南开大学体育馆举行了盛大的开幕仪式，30多个代表队的选手代表走上大舞台接受检阅。现场气氛十分热烈，尤其是当四川代表队高举“感恩”与“坚强”的横幅人场时，全场更是掌声雪动，而在随后全面展于的各项赛事现场，以及同时举办的“2008年叶国职业教育革与
节均作山了细致的安排。在中职汽车运用与维修赛场，记者了解到，为了使各地选拔赛规范统一，大赛执委会发布了50余万字与比赛相关的技术文件和资料，并公开答疑3次；在大津青年职业学院，新建的热菜和面点赛场，连带设备共投资88万，是天津巾教委为配合大赛无条件投人的；经过两三个月的集中培训，各赛场的服务人员更是充分展现了友好、热情的礼仪规范……
各省市对此次大赛也都非常重视，大多数选手都是通过从校内到市一级再到省·级层层选拔出来的“技能尖子”各专业赛场的承办学校也纷纷积极投人，上上下下花费了大量精力来迎接比赛，例如大赛接待人员的服装、设备等，大多是由承办学校自己山资，不跟组委会讲任何条件。本着勤俭节约的原则，天津青年职业学院在承办中职模特表演技能比赛的过程中，发挥集体智慧，自己动手设计制作模特比赛用的T型台，自己动手设计安装赛场灯光、音响，将赛场布置得既得体又专业。据悉，仅自制T型台一项，就节省资金20多万元。另外，大赛还获得了众多企业的赞助支持，据天津市教委副土任刘欣透露，整个大赛获得的企业赞助超过了1400万元。
特写二文静女孩赢在文化
在中职烹饪比赛现场，记者见到了来自苏州旅游与财经高等职业技术学校的选手陆静。19岁的陆静正如她的名字一样长得娇小文静，但刚刚参加完比赛的她却很非信地表示，自己的果蔬排作品应该能拿到金奖(一等奖)。随后的比赛结果果然印证了她的预测：她的参赛作品“锦探蕉窗”以果蔬雕红第名的好成绩获得了该组别的一等奖。指导老师石庆对她的评价是，有灵气，并很刻苦。石庆说，自从去年在重庆技能大赛获得果蔬雕组银奖之后，小姑娘便立下非拿金奖不可的志气，因而在平时的学习，训练中使愈发地刻苦。在赛前的那段时间，对老师布置的任务，她每天至少要练习4遍，往往连续换作十多个小时，而在这一过程中，专业指导老师也给予全力支持，对她采用科学训练方法：强化基本功，量化备料，共同探讨造型……
事实上，“这届大赛的水平比去年的重庆大赛提高了一大截，尤其是冷拼和果蔬雕，竞争得近乎惨烈，选手水平差距非常非学
小，大多在零点零几分之内。”本专业赛事负责人之一、教育部职成教司德夸处刘宝民处长非常感慨地说，“儿位评委大师们都被感动了，他们都认为，今年的冷拼、果蔬雕比赛，比夫年的全国青工专业技术人赛水平还要高。”据了解，本次烹饪技能比赛有35个省、广治区和汁划单列巾的212名选于参加，比赛分为中餐热菜、中餐面点、中餐冷拼、果蔬骓4个项目。刘宝民认为，今年的冷拼和果蔬雕比赛已经到了顶尖的水平。中、竞争太激烈，已不仅仅是刀功和技术的比试，而是上升到了比文化的层次，许多作品都体现了浓郁的文化内涵。对于热菜和面点类，他说“客观地说那是需要经验积累的，仅凭一两年的学习就要达到很高的水平不太实现，但是我们的这些选子，达到中等水平是没有任何疑问的”。
特写三
晚装穿不上了
在天津青年职业学院进行的中职模特表演技能比赛有33个省、古治区和计划单列市的99名选手报名参加，比赛分为泳装表
演展示、生活服装表演展示和礼服表演展示一个环节。记者在比赛现场看到，此次参赛的选手们大多是身高超过1.8米、体重在50公斤以下的骨感美女。记者采访获得金奖的江苏选手陈硕及其他选手杨姬娜、蔡秉渝等人时了解到、她们平时训练很苦，每天都要上形体、步态等训练课，一天训练下来腿脚酸痛是难免的，有的同学甚至出现韧带拉伤的情况，而且为了保持体形，他们往往还必须放弃自己钟爱的美食。在比赛现场就有这么一个有趣的小插曲，一位选手由于中饭稍微吃得多了点，结果在随后的比赛中，晚装穿不上了。
值得一提的是，本次比赛，上海、江苏两地共有6名选手参加比赛，结果此6人均拿到了一等奖。此外，记者从某领队处了解到，部分选手的服装，竟是由其白已制作或自己搭配的，从比赛效果来看，这些学生的动手能力和审美观也有了很大的提升。
特写四
装甲车也未必能赢
在天津国展中心进行的高职组机器人技能比赛，吸引的不仅仅是业内人士和媒体记者，还吸引了不少普通市民前来参观，其中不少是家长带着孩子来的。这项比赛共有33个代表队参加，每个参赛队的3名选手需要合作组装、调试一个模拟物流机器人，并让机器人实现工件的分类、运输和堆垛功能。
在比赛现场，记者看到，来自鸡西大学的3位选手带来的机器人像一辆黄色微型消防车，仔细观察后，机器人的手臂居然是用废旧的电路板拼接而成的。3位选手表示，自己的作品与其他代表队的作品还存在不小的差距，“他们中有些做的太好了，很精致，而月设计思路也很独特。”但他们对自己的这个“丑小鸭”也很珍视，因这毕竟是他们花了很多心血的作品，而月在制作过程中学会了许多书本上学不到的技能。相比之下，来自北京农业职业学院的王静等3位选手则对自己的作品信心满满，他们设计制作的机器人像--辆装甲车，用了一个自制的铲斗充当手臂，其车轮是山他们自行用车床、铣床加工出来的。不过，虽然他们的作品吸引了不，目光，但是最终并没能拿到一等奖。由此可见，这个比赛同样竞争很激烈。
一位评委这样评价该项赛事：将没有任何连接的机械部件组装成--个生产线上的“熟练操作1”综合了高职院校信息技术、自动控制技术、机械技术等多项教学领域的教学改革和实践成果，每一-个机器人都体现出学生的综合素质和合作精神。
特写五
提前了5分钟
只用了30分钟，正运华和龚良志就第一个完成了中职汽修二级维护的团体组比赛。这一时间比大赛规定的35分钟整整提前了5分钟。他们兴奋地击掌，一出来便与在场外焦急等候的指导教师付佩令拥抱在一起，那高兴劲儿不业于在奥运会上取得了好成绩。
这对长相酷似双胸胎的选手来白南昌汽车机电学校，其中王运华可算是老选手了，曾参加去年的全国职业技能大赛，但他在当时的中职汽修项目上最终败北，关键问题就出在：超时。今年已经是3年级的王运华恐怕是最后一次代表学校、代表省参加比赛了.此番参赛他憋了一股劲儿，和搭档龚良志在老师的指导下研究对策，并发明了家乡话的暗语口号，两个人相互配合时用这些口号指导动作，加快速度，最终两人以提前5分钟的第一时间完成比赛。
在中职汽车运用与维修赛场，记者了解到，这次大赛的比赛项目和去年相同，但内容和要求均做了适当的调整和补充，各代表队选手需要协作完成192项的检测维护，且必须在35分钟内完成。该项目总裁判长徐通法认为，这样更有利于全面考核双人作业选手工艺流程的科学台理和相互配合的熟练程度及其操作规范和作业质量。
特写六
真霸：一条龙，一只鳌
米自四川成都财贸职业高级中学的李常斌在烹饪技能组冷拼和果蔬雕刻两项-举拿下了双冠王。
说着·口地道四川话的他告诉记者，他的作品叫“真霸”，就是北京话“倍儿牛”、“真棒”、“霸气”的意思。这个立下汗马功劳的“真霸”原来是用果蔬雕的一条龙和一只鳌。鳌体型巨大，稳稳当当，四肢张开，仿佛正在前行，龙俯在它的身上，四肢有力，双口圆睁，神采奕奕，充满霸气。
5月12日，位于二楼的果蔬雕刻室的盘子突然掉在了地上。李常斌感到了震感。
全校放假三天，为：安全，所有热菜组均不得开火。但是，李常斌和任老师坚信备赛不能停下，那寄予了学校和省教育局的厚望。李常斌乐观地说：“我是冷拼和雕刻，不在学校禁用之列，只要给我一把刀了，一个盘子，我就能练习。”练习照常进行，二楼依然有震感，刚刚雕好的果蔬常常被震落成几片、每天4小时的练习，李常斌练就了一套独门本领，在晃动的状态下依然可以操刀白如。
特写七好运气的机器人
“上去，上去”石建平在心中默念，与他一起默念的还有他的指导教师，大津现代职业技术学院的龙威林。天津代表队备受关注，他们集合了机器人项月的最强阵容——天津机电职业学院的蒋宏伟、中德职业技术学院的田继辉和天津现代职业技术学院的石建平等。没有料到，在高职机器人项目的比赛中，发生了意外，小机器人在稳步上桥的过程中，出现了打滑，这是谁都没有想到的。在这最后的关头，机器人-旦打滑摔倒，将意味着他们前期的设计、编程、安装、调试都将功亏一簧。
此时，谁也帮不上不器人的忙。
石建平握紧了拳头.紧紧盯住机器人的举动，全场鸦雀沉声，大家都屏住了呼吸， ·些坐在场下的指导老师甚全都站了起来，机器人脚底一滑后，挺了一下，似乎在努力站稳，不知是谁带头鼓学，既而所有选手和教师都跟着一起鼓掌、此时的战场俨然化作了祈福的海洋，石建平也在鼓掌，“上去，上去”，他心中默念。
奇迹出现了，小机器人脚底一滑后，并没有滚下去，而是停了停，静静神儿，稳稳地走了上去，并准确地完成了传球堆决的整套动作，全场掌声雷动。将宏伟、江继辉和石建平宫兴地减了句：“Yeah!”，在胸前画了个大大的“V”手势，龙威林老师长长地舒了一二气。
打滑的原因是因为前一组结束后，工作人员擦拭轨道平台时残留的水渍所致。龙老师向我们道出了他们备战的秘密。天津队挑选最优秀的学生组团参加，在人津现代职业技术学院集训，由龙老师指导。他们按生产过程的每个坏节，让学生承担不同的角色，就好像完成一个生产项目。学生就是原料，老师就是艺术家，根据他们的特点，把每个学生最优秀的地方发挥出来，这样的团队就是无敌的。
特写八克服一切困难要参赛
中职数控项日大赛以赛题的开封作为启幕。在各领队的见证下，教育部职成教育司成教处处长张志坤和武汉华小数控股份有限公司董事长陈市红共同开启密封的试题，全国各省、市、自治区，包括新疆生产建设兵团和计划单列市的36个代表队投人到数控车工和数控铣工的比赛。
从远手完成的工件看，赛题普遍具有难度，对学生的超水平发挥具有挑战性，既能休现中职学生的基本知识和基本技能，义
能拉开档次。选手们专注仔细，不敢有半点马虎，力求做到精益求精，首次参加大赛，并获得数控铣冠军的吉林航空工程学校选手赵帅温言，他的成功来源于对精度和速度的良好把握，而新的加工思路和方法是他最大的收获。而来自天津机电工艺学院的臧成阳取得了数控车的冠军，他的感触是：沉着应战，稳中求胜。撕掉取得的结果，大家在一起比赛， ·起切儀，开阔视野，相互促进，比经很满足，
“东汽人是压不跨的!克服一切困难也要来参赛!”这是参加中职数控技能大赛四川代表队的誓师发言。该代表队领队四川省教育厅职成教育处张雯介绍：“我们这次组队参赛，确实克服了难以想像的困难。束自东方汽轮机厂技工学校的两名数控个工选手和两名指导教师，刚别经历了汶川地震，55名师生员工不幸遇难，受伤40多人，学校在奋力自救后，又从废墟斗抢挖出部分设备工具，随后调整心态，移师德阳工程职业技术学院继续训练。从某种意义上说，不论成绩如何，他们今人能够到人津米比赛就是 种胜利了!”
Feature\[特稿\]
专家评说
黄尧 教育部职业教育与成人教育司司长西部和农村是今后职教发展的重点
在党中央、闽务院和地方各级党委政府的正确领导下，在社会各界大力支持下，经过职业教育战线同志门的共同努力，近年来我国职业教育的改革与发展取得了显著成绩。今后要把西部和农村职业教育的发展作为我国职业教育发展的重点，要充分利用东部和城市职业教育资源的优势，面向西部和农村地区，实行东部和西部、城市和农村职业学校联合招生、合作培养，加快培养西部和农村经济社会发展急需的技能型人才，缩小东西部和城乡的发展差距。
这次四川汶川地区发生特大地震，中央很快做出了对试支援的部署，把它放在灾后恢复重建工作的重要位置。教育部和全国教育系统全面地行动起来，投人了抗震救灾的工作。教育部为支持灾区中等职业教育恢复重建和做好对口支援工作，提出了四项要求：一是做好灾区中等职业学校一、二年级学生的复课工作，保证他们都能复学；二是做好灾区中等职业学校三年级学生即今年毕业生的就业援助工作，保证他们都能就业；三是做好招收灾区初中毕业生就读中等职业学校的工作，保证他们只要愿意上中职都能人学。第四项也是非常重荽的，加强灾区劳动力特别是农民和外出务工人员的职业技能培训工作，为他们重建家
园、转移安置提供支持和帮助。
杰克·杜赛多普 世界技能大会主席世界技能大赛对职业教育的促进作用
随着世界经济增长的步伐加快，现在许多国家，包括澳洲，在新基建项目和其他主要经济发展领域内，都感受到技能人才的紧缺。1981年，当澳洲成为世界技能大会新成员的时候，大会只有十五名会员国，现在已有五十名会员国了。在这些国家举办全国技能大赛期间，我体会到青年技术人员在国内备受国家领导人的重视。无论到哪里，都听到领导人的呼吁：必须加倍努力促进技能培训工作，不单为了提升本国在全球的竞争力，也为社会谋求福利。
很多国家加人世界技能大赛的重要原因之一就是它可以为全球职业教育和培训的高级经理们提供直接接触的机会。这些专家一起为各个比赛内容准备“技能描述”和“测试项目”，这些都是随着工业投人的增加而不断更新的。许多国家用这些文件作为重要的参考，检验其所教内容是否与拥有强大培训系统的国家所教授的内容一致。
当然，参赛选手会在现场首先感受到技术高材生是如何表现的，同时他们也会理所当然的争取到达更高更优秀的标准。如
果一个国家在比赛中表现得不好，那么专业和选子回通后就会反思如何才能跟进技术的发展，世界技能大赛以全球角度，为年轻的参赛选手和他们的教育体系提供技能等级参考标准。
我希望中国出席2009年的世界技能人赛，相信中国选手不但能够提升本国技能培训水平、更可成为促进全球技能发展这个崇高目标的份子，
吕景泉 天津中德职业技术学院副院长高职比赛的突破与创新
此次技能大赛在竞赛项目上有很多的突破点和创新点，特别是涉及高职的四个项目。我认为，其具有四个特点一足高职组比赛的几个项目都充分体现了高职的专业建设方向。引领作用特别明显二是这四个项目的赛事都充分体现了对专业综合技术应用能力的考察；三是在考核综合技术应用能力的同时，对学生的职业素养，特别是对团队合作意识的考察具有明显的倾向性。比如说，在“白动线安装与调试”项目上，既体现了才队合作意识，同时又从多方面进行了考核，包括过程评价、1艺评价、功能评价以及整个职业素养评价。其他二个比赛项目也都是要通过团队合作才能完成，没有团队意识肯定完成不了；四是高职跟行业、企业、产业联系的比较紧密，所以，从项目的设备选型到整个比赛流程，组委会始终强调工学结合。比如生产线安装与调试，承小方真的是做出了一条生产线，学生是在一个几乎百分之百的生产线环境中进行比赛，要求学生从零部件安装到调试，完成一系列操作，这是对产学结合、校企结合教学理念的一个具体体现。
徐通法 中国汽车维修行业协会副秘书长大赛瞄准中职教学着力点
今年的中职汽车运用与维修技能大赛的规模和水平较去年再创新高。今年除西藏外全国36个省、白治区、直辖市和计划单列市全部参赛。去年团休项目参赛代表队为64个，今年为68个。除云南、宁夏、青岛、厦门四个地区派·个代表队参赛外，其他地区都派出双队参赛。个人项日夫年参赛选手为66人，今年为72人。选手总人数由去年的194人增加到今年的208人，这充分说明『各地参赛的积极性和这项赛事的生命力。
这次参赛选手在操作流程、作业规范，正确使用工具和设备等方面有了长足的进步，整体竞技实力和水平明显高于去年。
这次大赛的比赛项目和去年相同，但内容和要求方面做了适当的调整和补充，维护比赛项目的作业点调整为192个。去什要求做完，今年要求做好。夫年仅7个队完成了作业项目，而今年有28个队完成，电此可见，今年维护作业项口的设置更为科学合理、切合实际。故障诊断个人比赛项目今年设置广“单一故障码多点故障”的案例。主要考核选手能否按照修理于册规定的故障诊断规范流程进行科学诊断，考核其检测诊断的基本步骤、使用仪器设备的方法、安全操作规程的执行，以及正确判断故障点的能力
和处理故障的水平。这就要求选于有较强的综合分析能力，也是中职教学需要加强和提高的方面。
尤明福 天津职业技术师范学院教授
期待大赛能更系统化和更标准化
技能大赛的举办是很有意义的。如果没有这个大赛、各个职业院校各自为战，各家都说自家有特色，但却不能以一个整体米向社会宣扬职业教育的必要性和优势。现在有了这个大赛，就对整个职业教育起到了巨大的推动作用。
但是，我发现本次大赛有这样一个问题，即大赛如果完全用某企业赞助的设备进行比赛有点偏颇些也有失公平。比如汽车项目是由丰田公司赞助的，比赛设备都用的是丰田的产品；数控项目是由华中数控赞助的，比赛用机床也是华中数控的产品。那么，没有丰出设备或华中数控的学校，学生对机械的了解熟悉程度就会差一些，这就对这部分学生有些不公。当然赞助是可以，只是不应完全山一家公司赞助。这样还会产生
个
弊端、就是如果指定某一企业的某一款机械用于比赛，又有让学校不得不买该企业的设备嫌疑。所以，比赛选用的设备最好是在全国通用的，有统 标准。或者，由组委会制定个通用的设备标准，只要符合标准的设备，学生可以任意选用。另外，在考题的故障设计、检验方式和手段方面也应该尽量一样，这才会更公正公业。今后，技能大赛还需要在更系统、更规范、更公平方面多下工夫。
陈继权 中国亚龙科技集团董事长兼总裁
校企合作要双赢
中国亚龙科技集团在这次比赛中承办了两场比赛，分别是高职的自动线安装与调试和中职的中工电子。我们承办这次大赛的门的就是推动我国职业教育的教学改革，提高学校的教学质量，加强亚龙公司与学校的产学合作和工学结合，真正能够使学生跟企业靠近，计学生毕业之后能跟企业岗位相适应，
这两场比赛的设备都是亚龙公司提供的，让参赛选手应用亚龙公司的产品，可以检验产品是否能够学生关键的能力体现出来。在实践中学生碰到了哪些技术难题，我们都会在这套设备上体现出来，以让学生真止的掌握技术、技能。还能检验产品是否具有开放性，学生应用我们的教学设备能不能形成开放性思维等。
在对校企合作的认识方面，我觉得企业离不开学校，学校也岗不开企业，学校和企业必须紧密合作才能够产生更好的效益。在校企合作方面，企业和学校一定要相互支持、相互理解，这样小能把校企合作做得更好。而且学校要围绕白己的经历发展情况找出自己的亮点，找准自己的定位。职业院校的发展好像我们桌子的四个角，一个是师资，一个是课程，一个实训基地，一个是校企合作，这四个方面缺一不可，只要把这四个方面做好，职业学校的道路就会更加畅通。 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | ■语言学
浅析日语和汉语中的缩略语
徐 琦
(西南大学 外国语学院，重庆 400715)
摘商 要1 缩略语是现代语言中一种重要的构词方法。日本的文化、语言文字虽然自古以来就受到中国的影响，不同语系的日语和汉语，它们又有着明显的不同。因此，我们有必要对日语和汉语中的缩略加以分析，比较其异同，从而有助于更深入地分析这一语言现象。
\[关键词\] 日语词汇；汉语词汇；缩略语
\[中图分类号\]H031 \[文献标识码\]A \[文章编号\]1672-366X(2007)01-0177-04
一一
日汉语中的缩略语
中国和日本是一衣带水的邻国，日本的文化、语言文字自古以来就受到中国的巨大影响。然而作为不同语系的日语和汉语，又有着显著的不同特点。
说到缩略语，大家都会觉得再熟悉不过了。例如：汉语中的“四化”是“四个现代化”的缩略语，“北大”是“北京大学”的缩略语，“空调”是“空气调节器”的缩略语，“一国两制”是“一个国家，两种制度”的缩略语等。这样的现象不仅仅局限于某一种或几种语言，它在全世界各种语言中都有出现。例如在日语中，“工了口>”是
“工了口>宁信沙3
\>”的缩略语，“東大”是“東京大学”的缩略语，“空母”是“航空母艦”的缩略语，“NHK”是“日本放送協会”的缩略语，“W杯”是“7一儿下力”7”的缩略语等等。可以说在我们现代生活中，缩略语几乎在各行各业、时时刻刻都被使用到。并且，缩略语一直在不断的变化和出新。
通过笔者对两个较常用的网络数字图书馆进行搜索并整理， 从1981年到2001年期间出版的不同的缩略语词典就有84本之多。包括英、汉、日、俄、德、法、西等多种语言。所涉及的学科门类也相当广泛，有经贸、金融、铁路、图书情报、水科学、信息技术、石油化工、塑料工业、汽车、科技文献、军事、计算机、网络、核科学、海事、工程技术、电信、标准化、摄影、电子、医药学、气
象、大气科学等等。并且，许多学科门类的缩略语词典每过几年就会出版新的版本，可见缩略语的变化、新语的产生是很快的。
目前对缩略语产生的原因的研究主要揭示了四点原因：一是由于人类有限的语言记忆容量。由于人们对语言的记忆容量特别是短时记忆容量有限，倘若句子太长超过了短时记忆容量，人们就难以处理，于是在交际中人们就采取如缩略语之类的语言策略以提高交际效率。二是语言的认知能力。认知心理学认为人的信息处理能力有限，为了有效的应付复杂的交际，人们需要具备一些对语言的概括和简化等组织信息的策略，表现出主观能动性。三是省力的需要。省力原则就是语言的运用花最少的力气，获得最大的认知效果。这种力图简便和省力的心理特点导致了语言中简短化的倾向，也导致了与日俱增的缩略语的产生。四是经济原则。它是指在语言的使用过程中尽量使用较少的语言表达尽可能丰富的信息，达到节省时间和空间的目的。在现今的信息时代，生活节奏日益加快，人们渴望用最短的时间获得最大的信息量，缩略语这种形式正好满足了经济原则的需要，有效地增强了语言词汇的表现力。
日汉缩略语的产生、发展、变化是与社会各方面的发展变化同步进行的。因为语言也是一种社会现象，是文化的载体。语言总是与社会当时的经济、政治、文化、习俗等方面息息相关。笔者认为，缩略语必然对科学技术的进步、经济文化的发展起到积极的推动作用。
\[收稿日期\]2006-10-28
\[作者简介\]徐
琦(1982-
)，男，重庆市人，西南大学外国语学院2004级硕士研究生，主要从事日语教学理论研究。
一二日汉缩略语的构成方法
缩略语是现代语言中一种重要的构词方法，它们适应现代社会高效、经济的需要，具有很广阔的使用空间和较强的生命力。日语受汉语的影响较大，但又有许多完全异于汉语的地方，因此日韩缩略语的构成同样是相同点和不同点并存。
(一)对原词直接进行省略
这种构成缩略语的方法在日语和汉语中都有。从结构上划分大致可以分为以下两种。
1.省略原词的前部。例如日语中有：八彳卜(可儿小彳卜)，了不(夕彳十了彳卜)，木一么(7亏少卜才一么)，力么(千工一十沙力么)，甘 y()，下十()， 十夕()等。汉语中有：红军(中国工农红军)，解放军(中国人民解放军)，机票(飞机票)，相机(照相机)，冰箱(电冰箱)，特区(经济特区)等。
2.省略原词的后部。例如日语中有：携带(携带電話)，亲口扫(李一扫)之人)，主婦連(主婦連合会)，特急(特急列車)，慶宓(慶宓大学)，早稻田(早稻田大学)，于VE(于vE沙a>)，
七儿(七儿厅仁之夕)，
了人口主(了又口芝工二夕一沙3>)7>七(7>比一又)等。汉语中有：轻轨(轻轨列车)，磁悬浮(磁悬浮列车)，电动(电动游戏)，星际(星际争霸)，总(总经理)，导(导演)，工(工程师)等，另外，许多著名大学的校名的缩略语很多都是这种情况，如：清华(清华大学)，复旦(复旦大学)，南开(南开大学)，哈佛(哈佛大学)，牛津(牛津大学)等。
(二)抽取组合法
这种方法大致也可以分为两类。
1.在合成词各个合成成分里抽取一部分进行组合。用这种方法构成的缩略语数量相当多。例如日语中有：原発(原子力発電所)，日教組(日本教職員組合)，了儿中(了儿口一儿中毒)，万博(万国博覽会)，国連(国際連合)，短大(短期大学)，化纖(化学織維)，洋楽(西洋音楽)，空母(航空母艦)，高校(高等学校)，行革(行政改革)，東大(東京大学)，安保(日米安全保障条約)，公害罪法(人D健康仁係石公害犯罪处罰二関寸石法律)等。汉语中有：展销(展览销售)，化纤(化学纤维)，胸透(胸部透射)，特快(特别快车)，自筹(自己筹集)，外长(外交部长)，拒付(拒绝
支付)，放疗(放射疗法)，化疗(化学药物疗法)，查处(调查处理)，校址(学校地址)，知青(知识青年)，高考(高等学校统一招生考试)，美院(美术学院)，彩照(彩色照片)，政改(政治体制改革)，房改(住房制度改革)，降息(降低利息)，微机(微型电子计算机)，立交桥(多层立体交叉桥梁)，等等。
2.将并列的多个词进行抽取、组合。日语中的这种情况比较少，而且大多是地名，例如：京浜(東京·横浜)，阪神(大阪·神戶)。汉语中这种情况要多得多，例如：数理化(数学、物理、化学)，德智体(德育、智育、体育)，文理科(文科、理科)，工农业(工业、农业)，农林牧渔副(农业、林业、畜牧业、渔业、副业)，亚非拉(亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲)，白百破(白喉、百日咳、破伤风)，老弱病残(老年人、体弱者、病人、残疾人)，\*节假日(节日、假日)，进出口(进口、出口)，中高档次(中档次、高档次)，冤假错案(冤案、假案、错案)，公检法(公安机关、检察机关、司法机关)，等等。
(三)数字式缩略语
这种缩略语构成方法在日语中十分罕见，但在汉语里这类缩略语很多。例如：三高(高血脂、高血压、高血糖)，三通(通邮、通商、通航)，三峡(瞿塘峡、巫峡、西陵峡)，四大名著(《三国演义》、《红楼梦》、《水浒》、《西游记》)，四书《大学》、 《中庸》、 《论语》、《孟子》)，四季(春、夏、秋、冬)，和平共处五项原则(互相尊重主权和领土完整，互不侵犯，互不干涉内政，平等互利，和平共处) ，五岳(东岳泰山、西岳华山、南岳衡山、北岳恒山、中岳嵩山)，六根(佛教指眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意六种罪孽的根源)，七色(赤、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫)，八仙(汉钟离、张果老、吕洞宾、铁拐李、韩湘子、曹国男、蓝采和、何仙姑)，九大行星(水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星、冥王星)，十三经(十三种儒家的经传《易经》、《书经》、、《诗经》、《周礼》、《仪礼》、 《礼记》、《春秋左传》、 《春秋公羊传》《春秋谷梁传》、 《论语》 《孝经》、《尔雅》、《孟子》)，等等。
(四)对标音的西文字符进行缩略
日语的标音西文字符是罗马字(口一心字)，汉语的标音西文字符是汉语拼音。这种方法构成的缩略语在汉语和日语中都不太多。例如汉语中的：
RMB(人民币)，如，HSK(汉语水平考试)、PSC(普通话水平测试)、GB(国标)，等等。日语中的如： KK ( Kabushiki Kaisha=株式会社)， NHK(Nippon Hoso Kyokai=日本放送協会)， H (Hentai=变態)等。
(五)利用外语(多为英语)缩略语
随着世界各地的联系越来越紧密、交流越来越频繁，特别是受到欧美强势文化的影响，在现代汉语和日语中，这种方法构成的缩略语越来越多。由于都是利用外语，所以这类词常常具有共通性，在日语和汉语中所表示的意义基本相同。例如： DIY( Do It Yourself)， IT ( Information Technology)， PC( Personal Computer) ，DC Digital Camera)，DV ( Digital Video) ，PS ( PhotoShop) @， UFO (Unidentified Flying Object)， SF ( Science Fiction )， WHO ( World Health Organization )， WTO(World Trade Organization)， APEC( The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)， FIFA( Federation Internationale de Football Association)，等等。另外，汉语中还常常把这类外语缩略语音译为汉字后再使用，例如：托福=TOEFL ( Test of English as a Foreign Language)， 艾滋 =AIDS ( Acquired lmmure Deficiency Syndrome) 等。
(六)替代法
这种构成缩略语的方法是用另一个较短的词替代原有的较长的词，主要用于地名、国名等。例如日语中有：米(厂习))力)，英(彳书)又)，独(下个少)，么(7亏少又)等。汉语中有：沪(上海)，申(上海)，渝(重庆)，宁(南京)，穗(广州)，等等。
一三日汉缩略语的发展变化及其对语言的影响
语言总是随着社会各方面的发展而发展，随社会各方面的的变化而变化。在科技大爆炸的现代社会、新技术、新事物层出不穷，新词也随之出现。必然地，大量涉及各新技术、新领域、新事物的新缩略语也大量出现。
在日语和汉语中缩略语的发展变化趋势各有特点。在现代日语中，外来语缩略语的数量增长极快。例如：上沙(山沙又少=register)/收银台，于毛(产毛>又卜)一沙a>=demonstration)/ 示威游行，1)又卜号())又卜艺夕千+l)>夕=restructuring)/重
组、裁员，口夕(口午一沙3》=location)/外景拍摄，口/(v)七又卜卜)七式么=masochist/masochism)/被虐狂、求虐性爱，艹下(艹宁彳又卜/艹宁彳文么=sadist/Ssadism)/ 性虐狂、加虐性爱，又一八一(又一八一寸一夕>卜=supermarket)/超市，不少夕(木卜儿不v夕=bottleneck)/瓶颈，97卜(>7卜力工厂=software)/软件，八一下(八一下广工厂=hardware)/硬件，三又二>(三又口少于又卜=misscontest)/选美，夕彳飞一(七儿7夕(了-=selftimer)/ 自拍装置，了十3>(<+-3>71v夕久=mothercomplex)/恋母情结，于沙力/(宁沙夕儿力火号=digital camera数码照相机，y了口>(少了一口>夕夕夕一=tourconductor)/旅游团领队， CM(commercial)/商业广告，卜亏八>(卜于沙又八了Vy/=transparency)用于高射投影仪的透明胶卷，口三夕(二、少夕一一夕少卜=comicCmarket)/ 漫画同仁交流展，等等。
在现代汉语中，外来词语缩略语也明显增多了。例如： IP(Internet telephone)/网络电话， WTO(World Trade Organization)/世贸组织，CPU，DOS，TV， CD， DVD，MV，CT，EMS(特快专递)，UFO(不明飞行物)， Hi--Fi(高保真度音响)， PDA，等等。另外，新兴的网络词语也非常丰富，并且很多已进入到日常生活语言中，这里面也有很多缩略语。比如： SOHO(Small Office and Home Office=小型办公室或家庭式办公室，)， BF ( boyfriend=男朋友)， GF( girlfriend=女朋友)，MM(妹妹)，等等。
无论是汉语还是日语，外来语缩略语的增多，反映了和世界各国尤其是西方国家的交流日趋频繁、密切。这些缩略语因其省力、经济的特点，便于本国人们更快地了解世界的新事物、新技术以及新动态，便于接受世界最新的信息、资讯，对本国的经济、文化发展，对本国与世界各国经济、文化等方面的交流起到了一定的积极推动作用。可以说，这些缩略语将国与国之间的距离拉近了。
语言总是在不断变化更新，特别是词汇，它是变化最快的部分，总会有旧的词语被慢慢淘汰，也总会有新的词语进人到语言中来，给语言新的血液和活力。新的缩略语无疑是促使语言不断更新、保持新鲜生命的一股巨大动力。
但是另一方面，过多的来自外语和网络语言的缩略语也产生了一些问题。不同年龄层之间的人交流出现障碍就是最突出的问题之一。在中国，年轻人之间可以基本没有障碍地谈论 SOHO、DV、
Hi-Fi、MP3 这些话题。而对于中年人来说，就有一部分人对这些新的缩略语不太了解了。如果年龄层次差别再大一点，对于七八十岁的人来说，知道这些缩略语的人就太少了。在日本，由于引进外来语缩略语数量庞大，这种现象更为严重。如何解决这类问题，还有待于语言学家以及社会各方面的努力。
\[参考文献\]
\[I\]高殿芳，李殷焕，赵德义.日语缩略语词典Z\].北京：商务印书馆，1991.
\[2\]皮细庚.日语概说M上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997.
\[3\]施宝义，徐彦文.汉语缩略语词典\[Z\].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1986.
\[4\]王魁京，那须雅之.现代汉语缩略语词典\[Z\].北京：·商务印书馆，1996.
\[5\]吴
侃.日语词汇研究\[M\].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999.
\[6\]奚欣华.日本外来缩略语的语形结构\[中国科技翻译，2001，(2).
\[7\]杨金菊，杨大平.英汉缩略语比较研究\[J\]山东外语教学，2001，(3).
A Tentative Comparison of Chinese and Japanese Abbreviations
XU Qi
( School of Foreign Languages and Literature， Southwest University， Chongqing 400715， China)
Abstract：Abbreviation is an important word formation in modern languages. Although Japanese language and culture have been influence by China， Japanese is quite different from Chinese language as they belong to different language families. Therefore， it is necessary for us to analyze and compare the abbreviations in these two languages， which will be helpful for our further understanding of this linguistic phenomenon.
Key words：Japanese vocabulary；Chinese vocabulary；abbreviations
(上接第176页)
The Expansion and Involution of Methods of Chinese Sentence Analysis from Ambiguity Division
Guo Ming-yuan
(School of Literature and News Communication， Yunnan Normal University，Kunming， Yunnan 650092， China)
Abstract：Just when the phenomenon of grammatical ambiguity was presented，，tthe division of ambiguity sentences began to be emphasized. Ambiguities caused by different cases need different ways to distinguish. In this sense，ambiguity divisions from different aspects and types will doubtlessly give an impulse directly to the renovation and further study in methods of analyzing Chinese sentences. Thus， this paper will probe the enlargement and development of methods in analyzing Chinese sentence.
Key words：Ambiguity division； methods of sentence analysis； expansion and evolution
\[本期英文编辑：曾文武\] | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 都市报品牌发展
陈琦岩
近年来，国内报业市场竞争日趋激烈，报纸作为一种特殊的产品，其商品属性越来越被媒体人所认知和关注，最突出的表现就是更多报纸将其品牌战略系统化的融人到整个报纸发展之中。
《今日美国》资深记者凯文·曼尼说，21世纪报纸媒体的市场竞争已经成为品牌的较量。那么，如何看待媒体品牌竞争时代的到来?媒体如何应对?我们应该从哪些方面做好品牌工作?笔者根据自己此前的一些工作，做总结。
媒体品牌时代已经到来
认真回顾国内报业市场的发展，不难看出，在国内报业竞争的十几年中基本上走过了三个阶段。第一阶段是“内容主导"阶段，是初级的报业竞争阶段，媒体人并没有把报纸看作是商品，报业之间的竞争在80年代末就是一个内容，只要编辑认为内容好就行了，读者没有选择的余地。90年代中后期，报业竞争进入到“营销传播”阶段，报纸作为一种特殊的产品，开始体现他的商品属性，报人对产品进行营销。这个时候报业的经营方针是先做好内容，然后是发行渠道建立，把发行做上去，通过扩大发行量，自然就获取二次销售的成果，就是广告收人的成果。
而到了21世纪，报业竞争进入白热化，媒体数量急剧增加，媒体同质化严重，读者选择多，广告商的选择也增多。这个时候的报业竞争转人到一个新阶段，在各媒体广告收人或者发行量都差不多的情况下，谁的影响力大，在读者心目中品牌形象好，包括在广告商心目中形象好，
他的广告收入就会很大，这就是品牌的影响。用品牌方式来做，通过获取它的影响力来获取读者的青睐以及广告主的青睐，这个阶段就是“品牌推广”阶段。不断发展中的辽沈晚报即使在国内整个报业市场遭遇“拐点”的困难局面下，依然在沈阳的广告市场上“一枝独秀”，证明其品牌影响力的已经深入市民心中。
而从外因上来讲，中国已加人WTO，媒体的竞争更加激烈，中国传媒的开放为中国传媒业带来的最大影响是对现行传媒运作和经营模式的挑战，传媒的产业化功能在市场经济的进程中被人们所看重。在今后的几年时间里，媒体的整个运作方式会更加遵循产业的规律。以细分的需求为核心，进行深层次的资源重组和结构重组，从过去的经营单一产品，转向经营产品线或产品群，如专业化频道、影视产品线、系列报刊等，这些将成为媒体产业化的最终追求。而媒体产业化的发展，使媒介经营者开始关注媒介品牌的创建，只有建立起强势品牌，才能够获得持续的经营和发展。
媒体品牌发展的几个阶段
那么媒体品牌发展一般都要经历那几个典型阶段呢?又有哪些特征呢?笔者认为，报纸作为一种特殊的商品，仍具备商品的一般属性，品牌发展自然也要经历诞生、成长、成熟、衰退四个阶段。一张报纸的品牌发展从其面向读者发行就已经开始了，生动活泼、个性鲜明的广告语、遍布各种非报纸媒介的形象广告、富有深刻内涵的 CI 设计等都是新报纸刚刚推出后典型的品牌形象，当然更包括报
纸的读者定位、极具吸引力的版式设计以及一些特点鲜明的品牌栏目等。
对于一个处于品牌成长期的报纸，突出的活动策划并产生强烈轰动效应是其突出特征，这些活动策划既包括新闻策划、也包括广告、发行以及品牌自身的活动策划，正是通过一个个充分体现报纸自身定位的策划活动，使得报纸的品牌理念更加深入读者心中，产生一种潜意识的依赖心理。
报纸品牌在经历了成长期之后，在读者及广大市民心中，有了深厚的可信度、知名度、美誉度，其品牌发展就将迎来成熟期，而成熟期的根本特征则是利用品牌价值，充分进行品牌延伸，搞好品牌经营。目前国内的一些报纸都在进行品牌评估，其主要目的就是进行市场化运作，充分挖掘报纸品牌的含金量。作为东北第一都市报的辽沈晚报经过国内专业的机构评定，其品牌价值就已达到15.78亿元。
品牌衰退期，一家报纸由于种种原因而逐步衰退，这个时候他的品牌价值就在逐渐减少，而随着报纸的最终消失，报纸的品牌价值度也就不再增加，直到彻底消亡。
如何进行报纸品牌推广
根据报纸品牌发展的不同阶段，品牌推广的内容也在不断的深入。到了品牌成熟期，因为读者和受众人群已经对品牌有了很强了的依赖性和忠诚度，因此品牌推广就要从如何提高其忠诚度和维护品牌形象人手，适当推出形象广告，经常搞一些互动性强读者活动等。针对于此，辽沈晚报就曾推出了“2006中国首届品牌媒体高峰论坛”等大型品牌活动，在国内打造和树立辽沈晚报的影响力。
而对于不利于报社品牌形象的信息及时传递到报社相关部门，及时加以改进，使得一个报社的品牌得以持续的发挥、延伸，让更多的读、者去支持他，关注他、爱护他。
(作者单位：辽沈晚报) | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **引绿色经济之水，行红色教育之舟**
**——长征国家文化公园建设需注重其教育属性与经济属性**
**后娇娇**
**习近平总书记指出：“伟大长征精神，作为中国共产党人红色基因和精神族谱的重要组成部分，已经深深融入中华民族的血脉和灵魂，成为社会主义核心价值观的丰富滋养，成为鼓舞和激励中国人民不断攻坚克难、从胜利走向胜利的强大精神动力。”①长征这一惊天动地的革命壮举，是中国共产党和中国工农红军谱写的壮丽史诗，是中华民族伟大复兴历史进程中的巍峨丰碑。长征国家文化公园建设，是一项弘扬伟大长征精神的文化工程，要始终把发挥红色教育功能作为核心目标，以绿色发展理念作为指引，让红色教育和绿色经济协调发展，更好地传承和弘扬伟大长征精神，激励新时代的中国人民继续前进。**
**一、长征国家文化公园建设的深刻内涵和重要意义**
伟大长征精神是历史积淀下来的深厚文化，具有丰富的内涵。伟大长征精神激励了一代又一代中华儿女奋勇向前，是中国共产党和中国工农红军红色革命文化的集中体现，是中华文化的重要组成部分，更是中国共产党团结带领中国人民不忘初心、继续前进的力量源
**泉。建设长征国家文化公园，是深入贯彻落实习近平总书记关于发掘好、利用好丰富文物和文化资源，让文物说话、让历史说话、让文化说话，传承革命文化、发展先进文化等一系列重要指示精神的重要举措，是为了更好地铭记历史、缅怀先烈，更好地弘扬伟大长征精神。**
**二、长征国家文化公园建设要始终把握红色教育属性**
**思想政治教育功能是长征国家文化公园的核心属性。在新时代，面对中华民族伟大复兴的新征程，传承发扬伟大长征精神是时代赋予我们的责任，更是社会发展的需求。我们要牢牢把握长征国家文化公园传承发扬伟大长征精神这一核心功能属性，充分挖掘长征文化资源，讲好长征革命故事，不断优化教育形式，使长征国家文化公园真正成为弘扬长征文化、传播社会主义核心价值观的重要渠道和载体。**
**(一)把弘扬长征精神作为核心**
弘扬伟大长征精神是长征国家文化公园的核心使命。过去，由于经济需求，各地只是单纯地将旅游资源作为增加经济收人的渠道，将旅游产业简单地看作经济产业。实际上，旅游
**①习近平.在纪念红军长征胜利80周年大会上的讲话\[N\].人民日报，2016-10-22.**
**更是一种文化传承，游览祖国的名山大川、历史古迹，尤其是红色文化旅游，具有培育爱国情怀、凝聚国家共识、激发民族自信的作用，是思想政治教育的重要形式之一。长征国家文化公园建设的初衷就是传承弘扬伟大长征精神，要始终坚持发挥长征国家文化公园的红色文化教育功能。一要充分认识伟大长征精神的文化内涵。长征留下来的丰富文化和历史遗存，对长征途中经过的地区有着深远影响，长征具有超越时空的影响力，具有强大的凝聚力，她就像一条飘舞的红丝带，跨越了时间、空间，把中华儿女紧紧地团结在一起。长征是中华民族难以忘怀的国家记忆，是一段可歌可泣有着非凡意义的历史，凝聚了中国共产党和中国工农红军最珍贵丰富的精神财富。白二要充分认识思想政治教育在传承发扬长征精神中的重要地位。以史鉴今、资政育人。新时代的青年大多对我们党我们国家经历的苦难和辉煌了解不多，只是书本上的学习，只是脑海里的长征。要通过长期持续不断的思想政治教育，真正让伟大长征精神从书本上来到脚下，再从脚下的长征路升华为脑海里的民族精神。三要把红色教育功能作为长征国家文化公园建设的核心。长征国家文化公园建设是国家文化世纪工程，其建设中要牢牢把握住传承发扬伟大长征精神这一核心。红色文化的核心特质是其感染人激励人的思想政治教育功能，而长征国家文化公园的建设必须牢牢把握住这个核心，，一切保护、利用、开发，都要围绕这个核心，不能单纯为了保护文物遗址丧失了其教育性，不能单纯为了激发市场活力丧失了其严谨性，不能单纯为了当地经济社会发展而忽视了其学术研究性。**
**(二)把讲好长征故事作为基础**
**讲好长征故事是讲好中国故事的具体体现。长征是人类为追求真理和光明而不懈努力**
**的一部跨越时空、跨越民族的伟大史诗，具有激荡人心的强大力量。红军官兵在长征路上所造就的一系列英雄壮举、所留下的一个个动人故事，是讲好长征故事的重要来源。要注重对长征文化的研究挖掘保护开发，科学整合资源，将厚重的历史通过一段段深入人心的故事播撒到游客心间。一要把准长征文化的史料性、科学性，做到言之有据，说之有理。要有依有据地去阐释和呈现各区段的文化价值和历史地位，切勿盲目夸大自身特色而模糊历史。挖掘长征文化、讲述长征故事是为了弘扬伟大长征精神，要在整个历史维度中去呈现每一段历史和故事。二要讲好长征故事发扬伟大长征精神，做到道之有趣，思之有情。长征路上有许多可歌可泣的英雄故事等待我们发掘传播。长征文化的载体是一处处历史遗迹、一一座座红色纪念馆、一件件珍贵文物，而从载体到人们心中，就需要我们通过一个个生动的故事，将伟大长征精神传承发扬开来，在游客的内心留下长征精神的种子，随着人们阅历渐增而在心中逐渐生长，直至结成属于每一个人的长征之果。三要扩大长征精神传播范围，长征途中的每一寸土地都书写着军民团结一心、共度难关的悲壮历史，要通过全方位的宣传教育，将伟大长征精神立体地呈现在人们面前。让游客来到长征国家文化公园可以实地感受历史，离开长征路可以带走伟大长征精神。在各平台各领域打造网上长征路，讲好长征故事，使人们可以有多种渠道和平台学习感悟伟大长征精神，让伟大长征精神内化于每一名中国人的内心，激励人们前行。**
**(三)把优化教育形式作为关键**
**传统红色旅游景区的教育形式存在很大的局限性，大多红色景区都是以教育基地的形式存在，展现方式单一，千馆一面，对扩大游客的吸引力有限。开展红色教育、参观红色遗迹**
**的大多是党政机关、学校、部队等单位以集体形式组织，存在一窝蜂凑热闹的情况，教育效果不佳。长征国家文化公园建设是国家层面做出的决策部署，在建设过程中各省各地要整体把关，做好衔接，科学规划文化教育产品，丰富教育展现形式，打造既各具特色又互为补充的精品工程。。一要做好宏观设计，在长征国家文化公园建设中加强内涵研究，把准各地建设定位，设计好教育流程，使之呈现一定的体系化，而不是简单地到了哪里讲哪里，要以故事为主线把长征路上的点点滴滴，串成一条贯通历史的教育闭环。二要拓展深度研学旅行，以赏物-鉴史、读城-游学等研学旅行新方式，鉴研各类馆藏长征文物、组织长征路线实地之旅、回溯当地长征史迹，循序渐进地讲述伟大长征精神，感知长征的苦难辉煌、骄傲荣光，不断增强广大人民的国家文化认同，弘扬民族精神。三要从游客感受出发，把仪式感和体验感凸显出来，让广大游客最大限度最深入地认识长征、了解长征。通过实景展现历史事件，增加集体仪式环节，使来到长征国家文化公园的每一名中国人都由衷地对长征充满敬意，让伟大长征精神深入人心，震撼心灵。**
**三、长征国家文化公园建设要充分引入绿色经济模式**
**绿色经济模式是长征国家文化公园传承发扬伟大长征精神的基础。思想政治教育是一个长期过程，是一项终身课程。对于长征国家文化公园来说，发展动力和可持续性是其发挥好教育功能的必要条件，只有自身健康发展，才能使其思想政治教育功能达到最大化。采取绿色经济模式，对于长征国家文化公园建设沿线的各个革命老区来说是符合当前经济发展理念**
**的正确选择。长征路上留下的珍贵文物、遗迹遗址是宝贵的文物资源，要保护好；长征路沿线的高山峡谷、雪山草地和民族文化是极具魅力的旅游资源，要利用好；长征路上的乡村城镇是老区人民热爱的家乡，要建设好。**
**(一)科学统筹文物保护与文物利用**
**习近平总书记指出：“要把凝结着中华民族传统文化的文物保护好、管理好，同时加强研究和利用，让历史说话，让文物说话，在传承祖先的成就和光荣、增强民族自尊和自信的同时，谨记历史的挫折和教训，以少走弯路、更好前进。”@长征史迹、长征遗址、长征文物及其承载的文化意蕴与精神价值，是长征国家文化公园的根与魂，具有重要纪念意义、教育意义和史料价值。长征留下了丰富的革命文物和遗址遗迹，但由于分布分散、交通不便、气候恶劣等原因，很多已经年久失修出现损坏，而且在重建过程中又存在拆旧建新、轻视保护等问题。保护文物就是保护文化，保护文物不仅仅是为了保护物品本身，更重要的是保护文物背后承载的历史文化。一方面，要以长征国家文化公园建设为契机，当地文化旅游和文物管理部门要认真搜集整理长征文物，编制遗址遗迹和珍贵文物清单，加快长征文物的收集和红色旧址遗迹的保护、修缮和管理。积极对长征文物和遗址遗迹进行评估定级，按照文物等级和文物保护单位的等级相关要求，加强防火、防雷、防恶劣天气等保护工作，坚决杜绝一切安全隐患。②另一方面，在充分保护的同时要做好展示和利用，要发挥好各级各类长征博物馆、纪念馆、长征国家文化公园等的载体作用，以绿色发展理念为引领，本着修旧如旧的原则恢复红色旧址，利用先进的技术手段，采**
**①习近平.在纪念红军长征胜利80周年大会上的讲话\[N\].人民日报，2016-10-22.**
**②中共中央办公厅国务院办公厅.关于实施革命文物保护利用工程(2018-2022年)的意见\[z\].中华人民共和国国务院公报，2018(22).**
**中共云南省委党校《创造》杂志**
**取数字再现、虚拟现实等技术立体讲述长征故事，让文物活起来。**
**(二)有效融合长征文化与地域特色**
**长征沿线有着丰富的绿色旅游资源和民族文化资源，要以长征文化资源挖掘建设为牵引，结合当地旅游资源和地方特色文化，不断推动文旅一体有机结合，为弘扬和传承伟大长征精神打造新载体，助推红色旅游品质升级。增加长征文化国家公园的吸引力是充分发挥其教育功能的基础，要让游客“喜欢来愿意来，来过一次还想来”，这就要不断推进文旅融合，在旅游中发扬长征精神，让长征文化丰富旅游内涵。一是要注重自然风光与长征文化的结合，避免过于单调的红色遗址、红色纪念馆等为主的旅游线路。要满足不同层次游客的需求，区分类别，年长者更注重红色历史的回顾，青年人更青睐重走长征路的实地体验，小朋友更喜欢自然风光和游玩项目。二是要注重驻地民族文化与长征文化的结合，长征的历程，就是红军与各族人民团结一心、攻坚克难的奋斗历程，要把当地的风土人情、历史文化、民族节日等充分利用好，与长征文化交相辉映，使游客得到更全面更真实的体验，通过对当地文化的了解也更能够体会到长征精神的伟大。三是注重文创产品的开发，要让伟大长征精神可以走出去，游客们在离开后，还能继续感悟长征文化，发扬长征精神。要充分挖掘长征的文化符号，吸收借鉴当前文创产品的丰富形式，创新文创产品的种类，满足游疼继续研究、收藏的学习需求和日常生活、探亲访友等使用需求，让长征文化的影响力不断扩大。**
**(三)加快发展基础设施和绿色经济**
**长征沿线大多是高山峻岭、大河险滩，交通不便、经济落后。长征国家文化公园建设要加强当地基础设施建设和环境配套建设，改善**
**革命老区各族人民居住环境，提高当地经济发展，这些也是长征国家文化公园建设的必要使命。在革命时期，老区人民为我们的胜利做出了巨大牺牲，如今，让老区人民过上更好的生活是我们义不容辞的责任。一方面，要树立全局观念，加强沟通协调，长征国家文化公园建设要与地区规划发展同步，长征沿线的各省各地要充分沟通协调，在交通道路规划、旅游线路设计、红色教育主题设置等方面充分沟通、务实合作，避免重复建设，力求取得最佳效果。另一方面，要重点发展绿色产业，在基础设施建设的同时，增强当地自身“造血”功能，结合红色旅游和驻地地理环境，推广旅游服务、绿色种植养殖、特色手工制品等产业，使当地经济得到促进发展，当地老百姓生活水平得到改善。长征国家文化公园建设各部门各地区要协同配合，在旅游服务业、特色产业发展等方面深化合作，带动当地经济发展，与老区人民心连心、肩并肩、携手走好新时代的长征路。**
**结语**
**文以旅传、旅以文兴，建设长征国家文化公园，是国家制定的重大系统工程。在建设中，既要牢牢把握长征国家文化公园的红色教育属性，又要注重长征国家文化公园自身发展的可持续性，有效推动红色教育和绿色经济协调发展，使绿色经济的活力之水更好地服务红色教育之舟，持续弘扬伟大长征精神，激励和鼓舞全国各族人民团结一心，克服一切艰难险阻，为实现中华民族伟大复兴而奋斗。**
**(作者系红河州文化和旅游局副研究馆员)**
**责任编辑：李文敏**
**①邹统钎，黄鑫，陈歆瑜.长征国家文化公园建设发展要把握的五对关系\[N\].中国旅游报，2019-12-31.** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 树武经济”融合的理念
“三个经济”指循环经济、服务经济、创意经济。它们看似各自独立、自成体系，实际上有紧密的内在联系。弄清三者关系，系统思考，整体谋划，协同带动，有助于实现经济效益、社会效益、生态环境效益的共赢与提升，对落实科学发展观，转变发展方式，促进产业结构调整优化升级，实现又好又快发展，效果显著。
一、循坏经济
20世纪 60年代，美国经济学家鲍尔丁从解决经济发展与环境保护、资源有限与需求无限的矛盾出发，提出了从“单程式经济”转向“循环式经济”的新理念、循环经济本身就是创新的产物，是从转变传统的思维方式、发展模式入手提出的一个全新的经济发展模式，是对传统线性经济的革
命。
循环经济是追求更大经济效益、更少资源消耗、更低环境污染和更多劳动就业的先进经济模式。在经济发展中，如果能达到这四个“更”就比较理想。这四个“更”是循环经济原理的精神实质，是推行循环经济的出发点和落脚点，符合科
学发展观的本质要求。
在经济和社会运行大系统的每一个环节，在生产、建设、流通、消费的各个方面，无论是人的操作、服务行为，还是使用、消费行为，包括机器设备的运行过程，都存在着究竟是按照线性经济方式运行还是按照循环经济方式运行的选择。两种方式运行的不同结果存在着浪费与节约、污染与环保的本质差别。因此，人们在规划、策划、研发、设计、物流、储藏、使用、消费、环保、维修、保养等各个环节，都应按照循环经济理念形成产业链，增加一系列的就业岗位。这也是为什么要以循环经济指导服务经济发展的基本出发点。
对创意经济来说，并不是所有创意都可以实现“更大经济效益、更少资源消耗更低环境污染和更多劳动就业”的愿景。有的创意虽然赚了钱，解决了劳动就业，却污染了环境，浪费了能源资源，破坏了白然文化遗产。因此，创意经济的持续健康发展必须以不浪费资源、不污染环境和保护自然文化遗产为前提。
二、服务经济
服务经济是美国经济学家富克斯于1968年最早提出来的。他指出：“我们现在处在‘服务经济’之中，在世界历史上我们第一次成为这样的国家，在其中一半以上的就业人口不再从事食品、服装、住房、汽车和其他有形产品的生产”德、美两国科学家在上世纪90年代中期出版的《四倍跃进》一书中指出，“服务经济的核心是‘第二产业的第三产业化'”。党的十六届五中全会首次提出，“有条件的要逐步形成以服务经济为主的产业结构”
循环经济与创意经济的实现，都要有与时俱进的服务经济(生产性服务业和消费性服务业)作基础。或者说，服务经济是实现循环经济与创意经济的重要引擎。瑞士产品生命研究所所长瓦尔特·斯塔尔指出，“服务经济对实现中国的循环经济战略以及德国、日本的循环经济法具有非常重要的作用”而循环经济理念义是发展服务经济的重要指导原则。上世纪70年代以来，发达国家单位 GDP 能源资源消耗明显下降，环境污染得到有效控制，就与服务业比重持续提
2009年第3期《宏观经济有理》
高有很大关系。
分析研究创意经济较发达的国家和地区所走过的历程，不难发现，服务经济不发达，必然会影响到创意的产生与创意产业链的完善，这是制约创意经济发展的一个突出问题。而产业链不完善，就无法完成价值链的延伸，无法充分获取创意经济的高附加值，创意经济的活力和潜力则难以发挥出来。加快发展服务经济，搞好服务业外包，可以加速创意经济的发展，促进其产业链的完善和快速健康运行，产生显著的效益。同时，一个好的创意也可以提高服务经济的质量和效益，
在当今市场激烈竞争和产业结构调整转移加速的情况下，要使工业经济发展得又好又快，不发展服务经济不行，尤其要加快发展生产性服务业，香港利丰集团董事会主席冯国经通过多年研究发现，在综合物流业，从原料到消费的整个价值链中，制造环节的价值只占1/4，而3/4是在交换环节产生的，后者最具降低成本的空间。
三、创意经济
关于创意经济，有各种各样的表述，其本质特征可概括为：“发掘深厚文化底蕴，运用先进科技手段，融人新奇怪特创意，创造巨大财富价值”。这里，创意是核心，文化是启发创意的重要依据，科技是实现创意的重要手段，文化、科技、创意的有机结合，必将创造巨大财富价值。
传统粗放型的经济发展模式，通常要占用大片土地，消耗大量能源、资源，其发展的代价是自然资源逐渐枯竭和环境不断恶化。于是人们就寻求新的出路，从开发客体资源转向开发人类主体资源，即极
大限度地释放个人创造力，以创意创造新的产品和新的市场需求，通过创意策划和市场运作将各种资源转化为资本，从而突破传统资源的约束，为经济发展开辟新的通道和空间。
从世界范围看，各国的国情、发展阶段不一样，需要解决的问题和重点也不一样。从国内看，各地情况千差万别，错综复杂。在不同地方、不同行业和不同情况下，推行循环经济的侧重点各不相同。一个好的循环经济模式的提出与策划，有效链接技术的优选与攻关，配套装备的选择与研制，都必须先有好的创意。特别是在一个特定的区域范围和复杂系统内，如何推行循环经济，选择发展循环经济的组合模式，更需要有一个层次高、能解决实际问题的创意来指导循环经济模式的设计。
创意经济可以说是服务经济的高端部分，是实现“由主要依靠物质资源消耗向依靠科技进步、劳动者素质提高和管理创新转变”的重要途径。早在1912年，创意经济的理论先驱、著名德国经济学家熊彼得就指出，现代经济发展的根本动力不是资本和劳动力，而是创新。他首次提出了企业变革的核心概念——创造性破坏(或创意破坏性技术)，指的是那些能够让更多的人享受到创新技术所带来的好处，而破坏了既有技术根基的技术。实践表明，创意破坏性技术能够赢得市场，而对创意破坏性技术的搁置往往会造成既有市场的丧失。熊彼得这一重要观点，为人们解决当前的金融危机问题提供了一个突破陈规的创意性思路，那就是对当今世界的金融体系、体制、制度要进行“创造性破坏”，依靠人
类的共同智慧，寻求一个全新的解决办法。
研究创意经济不能只从理论出发，而要从实践出发，从解决实际问题人手。创意经济是注重实践、讲求实效的学问，是不断发展的学问，是研究如何启发创意如何通过发展创意经济来解决发展中的矛盾和问题的全新学问。要用新的创意解决经济发展方式粗放问题，资源环境问题、节能减排问题、市场风险问题、金融危机问题等。
总结各地发展循环经济的成功经验和一些企业遭遇市场挫折的教训，可以得出这样一个结论：把循环经济、服务经济和创意经济三者融为一体，有意识地按照“循环经济+服务经济+创意经济”的思路去实施，是落实科学发展观、建设创新型国家的重要抓手和有效实现形式。因此，我们要遵循“实践一认识--再实践一-再认识”这一辩证唯物论的认识论，不断探索，不断实践，不断创意、创新，更好地融合一个经济，从而实现经济和社会的全面、协调、可持续发展。■
(作者系安徽省人大原副主任、安徽省循环经济研究会会长) | null | null | null | null | null |
en | hf cc0-1.0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/storytracer/US-PD-Books | The tyranny of weakness
author: Buck, Charles Neville, b. 1879
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THE TYRANNY
OF WEAKNESS
CHARLES NEVILLE BUCK
I
Frantupiece by
PAUL STAHR
7
New York
W. J. Watt & Company
PUBLISHERS
COPYXIGKT, X9Z7, BY
^Jr-WATT & COMPAWY^i
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PUBLIC LIBP.ARY
5800824
ASTOR, L»=*NOX ANO
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- — — — — ^.-^— ^.-.— — J
CHARLES NEVILLE BUCK
THE KEY TO YESTERDAY
THE LIGHTED MATCH
THE PORTAL OF DREAMS
THE CALL OF THE CUMBERLANDS
THE BATTLE CRY
THE CODE OF THE MOUNTAINS
DESTINY
• • •
»
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*
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• • • • •
• • •
• • • *
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BKAUNWOAtH ft CO.
•OOK MANUFACmiNira
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THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
CHAPTER I
THEY were types in embryo, but of course they
did not know it. No more would a grain of
wheat and a poppy seed dropping side-by-side
in a fallow place reflect upon their destinies, though one
might typify a working world's dependence for bread ;
the other a dreaming world's reliance for opium.
They were a boy and a girl stepping artlessly into
the wide chances of a brand-new and vastly interesting
adolescence. Just now her young eyes were provoca-
tive with the starry light of mischief. His were smol-
dering darkly under her badgering because his pride
had been touched to the quick. His forefathers had
been gentlemen in England before they were gentlemen
in the Valley of Virginia and his heritage of knightly
blood must not be made a subject of levity. But the
girl ]*eflected only that when his dark eyes blazed and
his cheeks colored with that dammed-up fury she found
him a more diverting vassal than in calmer and duller
moods. A zoo is more animated when the beasts are
stirred into action.
*^ What was it that Greneral Breckinridge said, Stu-
art?" She put the question innocently. "When the
Newmarket cadets made their charge? "
"He said — ^" Suddenly the boy caught the riffled
^ mockery of her eyes and abruptly his inspired recital
broke off in exasperation. *' May I ask just why you
O find that such a funny story? " he inquired with ironical
^Oi dignity. " Most people seem to think it was rather
H
00
2 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
pitiful than comic to send to their slaughter boys al-
most young enough to be in the nursery."
The eyes of Conscience Williams twinkled. " Maybe
it isn't the story itself that's funny," she deigned to
admit. " When your father told it, I cried — but
when you tell it your face is so furious that — that
you seem about to begin the war between the states all
over again."
" Of course that makes it perfectly clear." Into the
manner of young Mr. Stuart Farquaharson came now
the hauteur of dignified rebuke. He enveloped himself
in a sudden and sullen silence, brooding as he sat with
his eyes fixed on his riding boots.
"What did General Breckinridge say?" She
prompted persistently. Such sheer perversity mad-
dened him. He had been reciting to her a story of
exalted heroism — the narrative of how the boy cadets
had hurled their young bodies against the Northern
cannon and of how General Breckinridge had prayed
for forgiveness as he gave the command which sent this
flowering youth to its fate. And she found it amusing!
He could not see how genuinely comic was his own un-
reconstructed ardor — how exaggerated was his cock-
sure manner — how thoroughly he spoke as though he
himself had bled on the field of honor.
From her hammock she watched him with serene and
inscrutable complacency, from under long, half-closed
lashes. In his gaze was inarticulate wrath, but back
of that — idolatry. He had from birth breathed an
atmosphere of traditions in which the word " chivalry "
was defined, not as an obsolete term, but as a thing
still kept sacredly aflame in the hearts of gentlemen.
To the stilted gallantry of his boyhood, ideals had
meant more than ideas until Conscience Williams had
come from her home on Cape Cod and turned his life
topsy turvy. Since her advent he had dreamed only
of dark eyes and darker hair and crimson lips. He had
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS S
rehearsed eloquent and irresistible speeches, only to
have them die on a tongue which swelled painfully and
clove to the roof of his mouth when he essayed their
utterance. Then had come an inspiratiqn. The stir-
ring narration of how the Newmarket cadets had
charged the Northern guns was to have been his cue,
carrying him with the momentum of its intrinsic hero-
ism over the ramparts of tongue-tied shyness. That
was what he had essayed this mornings aided and abet-
ted by the tuneful fragrance of June in Virginia. The
stage had been set — his courage had mounted — and
before he had reached his magnificent peroration, she
had laughed at him. Ye Gods ! She had affronted the
erstwhile Confederate States of America and his spirit
was galled.
Suddenly Conscience looked up and met his gaze peni-
tently. It was a change from mockery so swift and
complete that he should have suspected it, but he saw
only a flash of sun through dark clouds.
" Do you like poetry? '* she abruptly demanded.
"Like poetry!** Again the boy's countenance
needed a twinkle of merriment to redeem it from a too
serious acceptance of self. ** Not to like poetry — if
it's real poetry — is simply to be a plain clod." He
spoke with an oracular and pedantic assurance which
challenged the girl's mischief afresh.
" Shall I recite you something? " was her mild and
seemingly placating suggestion, ^* just to see if it m
real poetry? "
"Will you? I wish you would." He bent forward
in eager anticipation. Verse should pave the way with
music for the avowal which he had so far faUed to
force across the barrier between heart and lips.
She rose from the hammock and stood beside one of
the broad verandah pillars, very straight and slender
and flower-like, with the June sun on her hair. Stu-*
art's heart was conscious of a sudden glow. A boy
4 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
new to love, like a man new to drink, can recognize from
a sip an elation that the jaded taste has forever for-
feit^. Then in a rich voice with a slightly ezag^
gerated elocution, Conscience began :
** Up from the meadows, rich with com, clear in the cool Septem-
ber mom.
The clustered spires of Frederick stand, green-walled by the hills
of Maryland."
Those schools wherein the last of the Farquaharsons
had derived his primary education had not starred or
featured the poems of John Greenleaf Whittier. Stu-
art's eyes dwelt devouringly on the elocutionist — as
yet unruffled by suspicion. They were doing their best
to say the things at which his lips balked. But as the
recitation proceeded their light died from hope to mis-
ery and from misery to the anirer of hurt pride. He
stood very rigid and very att^ive, making no effort
to interrupt, but holding her gaze defiantly as she went
on:
** Up the street came the Rebel tread, Stonewall Jackson riding
ahead.
Under his slouch hat left and right, he glanced and the old flag
caught his sight"
At those lines the boy flinched, but still he said
nothing. Like a soldier who stands at attention under
the threat of a firing squad he listened to the end —
or rather to the stanzas which recite :
" ' Shoot, if you must at this old gray head, but spare your coun-
try's flag,' she said.
A flusn of manhood, a look of shame, into the face of their leader
came. . . ."
That was too much! The man of whom these im-
pious words were spoken was that gallant knight, with-
out reproach, whose name is hallowed in every South-
ern heart. Very slowly Stuart Farquaharson raised
his hand.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 6
^^ I think," he announced with a shake of repressed
fury in his voice, " I'll have to go home now. Good
afternoon."
" Then you don't like poetry? "
" I don't consider that poetry," he said with a dig-
nity which an archbishop might have envied. " I con-
sider it slander of a dead hero."
" You mean, then," Conscience . seemed a little
frightened now and her utterance was hurried and flut-
tering, " that you are mad and are going .f^ You never
go imtil later than this."
It was difficult to be both courteous and honest, and
Stuart's code demanded both.
" I expect there wasn't ever the same reason before."
This time it was the girl's eyes that leaped into flame
and she stamped a small foot.
" Did you ever have any fim in your life? " she de-
manded. " You know perfectly weU that I teased you
just because you were such a solemn owl that you're
not far from being a plain, every-day prig. All right ;
go if you like and don't come to see me again until you
get over the idea that you're a — a — " she halted for
a word, then added scornfully — ^^ a combination high
priest and Prince of Wales."
Stuart Farquaharson bowed stiffly.
" All right," he said. " I won't forget. Good-by."
• •••••••
At the dinner table that evening Mrs. Farquaharson
noted with concern the trance-like abstraction in which
her son sat, as one apart. Later as she mixed for the
Greneral the night-cap toddy, which was an institution
hallowed by long usage, she commented on it.
" I'm afraid Stuart isn't well," she volunteered.
"He's not a moody boy by nature, and he doesn't
seem himself to-day. Perhaps we had better send him
to Doctor Heathergill. It wouldn't do for him to fall
ill just when he's starting to college,"
6 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
The General studied the toddy as though it held the
secrets of a seer's crystal. "Your very good health,
my dear." He raised the glass and about his gray eyes
came the star-point wrinkles of an amused smile. " I
noticed that Stuart didn't ride over to see the little
Williams girl to-night. Wasn't that unusual? "
Mrs. Farquaharson nodded her head. ^^He must
have been feeling positively ill," she declared. " Noth-
ing less could have kept him away."
But the father, who had never before shown evidence
of a hard heart, permitted his quizzical twinkle to
broaden into a frank grin. " With every confidence in
Dr. Heathergill, I doubt his ability to aid our declining
son."
" Then you thmk—?"
" Precisely so. The little girl from the North has
undertaken a portion of the boy's education which is as
painful to him as it is essential."
" He's been perfectly lovely to her," defended the
mother indignantly. " It's a shame if she's hurt him."
The General's face grew grave.
" It's a God's blessing, I think." He spoke thought-
fully now. " Stuart is a sentimentalist. He live»
largely on dreams and poetry and idealij."
" Surely, General — ^" Sometimes in the moment of
serious connubial debate Mrs. Farquaharson gave her
husband his title. " Surely you wouldn't have him
otherwise. The traditions of his father and grand-
fathers were the milk on which he fed at my breast."
"By which I set great store, but a child must be
weaned. Stuart is living In an age of shifting bounda-
ries in ideas and life.
" I should hate to see him lower his youthful stand-
ards, but I should like to see him less in the clouds. I
should like to see him leaven the lump with a sense of
humor. To be self-consciously dedicated to noble
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 7
things and yet unable to smfle at one's ego is to be
censorious, and to be censorious is to be offensive."
" But he's just a child yet," argued Stuart's mother.
" For all his height and strength he's hardly more than
a boy after all."
" Quite true, yet to-night he's tossing in his bed and
breathing like a furnace because his heart is broken for
all time. It's all very well to swear:
" To love one maiden only, cleave to her
And worship her by years of noble deeds,
but for him that day is still far off. Meanwhile he's
got to have his baptism of fire. It's a mighty good
thing for a boy like Stuart to begin taking a little pun-
ishment while he's young. Young hearts, not less than
young bones, mend quicker and better. He's over in-
tense and if he got the real before he's had his puppy
loves it would go hard with him."
CHAPTER II
WHEN Stuart presented himself at breakfast
the next morning his eyes were black-ringed
with sleeplessness, but his riding boots were
freshly polished and his scarf tied with extra precision.
It was in the mind of the youngest Farquaharson to at-
tain so personable an appearance that the lady who
had cast aside his love should be made to realize what
she had lost as they passed on the highway.
Then he went to the stables to have Johnny Reb
saddled and started away, riding slowly. When he
came in view of the house which she sanctified with her
presence, a gray saddle mare stood fighting flies and
stamping by the stone hitching post in front of the
verandah, and each swish of the beast's tail was a
flagellation to the boy's soul. The mare belonged to
Jimmy Hancock and logically proclaimed Jimmy's pres-
ence within. Heretofore between Stuart and Jimmy
had existed a cordial amity, but now the aggrieved one
remembered many things which tainted Jimmy with
villainy and crassness. Stuart turned away, his hand
heavy on the bit, so that Johnny Reb, unaccustomed to
this style of taking pleasure sadly, tossed his head fret-
fully and widened his scarlet nostrils in disgust.
Ten minutes later the single and grim-visaged horse-
man riding north came upon a pair riding south.
Johnny Reb's silk coat shone now with sweat, but his
pace was sedate. The love-sick Stuart had no wish to
travel so fast as would deny the lady opportunity to
halt him for conversation. Conscience and Jimmy were
also riding slowly and Stuart schooled his features into
the grave dignity of nobly sustained suffering. No
8
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 9
Marshal of France passing the Emperor's reviewing
stand ever rode with a deeper sense of the portentous
moment. With his chin high and his face cahn in its
stricken dignity he felt that no lady with a heart in
her soft bosom could fail to extend proffers of concili-
ation. In a moment more they would meet in the
narrow road. His face paled a shade or two under
the tension — then they were abreast and his heart
broke and the apple of life was dead sea fruit to his
palate. She had spoken. She had even smiled and
waved her riding crop, but she had done both with so
superlative an indifference that it seemed she had not
really seen him at all. She was chatting vivaciously
with Jimmy and Jimmy had been laughing as raucously
as a jackal — and so they had passed him by. The
event which had spelled tragedy for him ; robbed him of
sleep and withered his robust appetite had not even
lingered overnight in her memory. The dirk was in
Stuart Farquaharson's breast, but it was yet to be
twisted. Pride forbade his shaking Johnny Reb into a
wild pace until he was out of sight. The funereal
grandeur of his measured tread must not be broken,
and so he heard with painful distinctness the next re-
mark of Jimmy Hancock.
"What in thunder's eatin' on Stuty — ^" (sometimes,
though not encouraged to do so, young Mr. Farquahar-
son's intimates called him by that shameful diminutive.)
^ He looks like a kid that's just been taken back to the
bam and spanked."
" Did he? " asked the young lady casually, " I really
didn't notice."
Ye Gods! He, wearing his misery like a Csesar's
toga, compared by this young buffoon to a kid who
had been spanked! She had not noticed it. Ye Grods !
Ye Gods!
Ten days passed and the visit of Conscience Williams
10 THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
was drawing to an end. Soon she would go back to
those rock-bound shores of New England where m earlier
days her ancestors had edified themselves with burning
witches. She would pass out of his life but never out
of his memory. His heart would go with her, but
though it killed bim he would never modify the rigors of
his self-appointed exile from her presence until an ad-
vance came from her.
Each night he secretly stole over to a point of am-
buscade from which he could see the shimmery flash of
her dress as she moved about the porch, cavaliered by
the odious Jimmy and his fellows. On these nocturnal
vigils he heard the note of her heedless laughter while
he crouched embittered and hidden at a distance.
There was in those merry peals no more symptom of
a canker at her heart than in the carol of a bird greet-
ing a bright day. She did not care and when the one
maiden whom he wished to worship by years of noble
deeds did not care — again the only answer was " Ye
Gods ! ''
These were not matters to be alleviated by the com-
forting support of a confidant and he had no confidant
except Cardinal Richelieu. The cardinal was more fre-
quently addressed as Ritchy and his nature was as in-
dependent of hampering standards as his origin war-
ranted. The Cardinal's face — a composite portrait
of various types of middle-'class dog^life — made pre-
tense useless and early in his puppy career he seemed to
realize it and to abandon himself to a philosophy of
irresponsible pleasure. But Ritchy's eye had taken on
a saddened cast since the blight had fallen on his
master. He no longer frisked and devised, out of his
comedian's soul, mirth-provoking antics. It was as
though he understood and his spirit walked in sorrow.
A night of full-mooned radiance came steeping the
souls of the young Knight and the young Cardinal in
bitter yet sweet melancholy. Two days more and Con-
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 11
science would be gone from the Valley of Virginia —
returning to Cape CocL Then Stuart would write over
the door of his life " Ichabod, the glory is departed."
To-night he would stalk again to his lonely tryst be-
neath the mock-orange hedge, which gave command of
the yard and porch, and when she had gone to her room,
he could still gaze upon the lighted window which
marked a sacred spot. At a sedate distance in the
rear proceeded the Cardinal, who had judiciously made
no annoimcement of his coming. He knew that there
was an edict against his participation in these vigils,
based on a theory that he might give voice and adver-
tise his master's presence, but it was a theory for which
he had contempt and which he resented as a slur upon
his discretion.
When Stuart Farquaharson crouched in the lee of
heavily shadowed shrubbery the Cardinal sat on his
haunches and wrinkled his unlovely brow in pontem-
plative thought. Not far away masses of honeysuckle
climbed over a rail fence festooned with blossom. Into
the night stole its pervasive sweetness and the old house
was like a temple built of blue gray shadows with col-
umns touched into ivory whiteness by the lights of door
and window. A low line of hills loomed beyond, painted
of silver gray against the backdrop of starry sky and
the pallor of moon mists. From the porch came the
desultory tinkle of a banjo and the voices of young
people singing and in a pause between songs more than
once the boy heard a laugh — a laugh which he recog-
nized. He could even make out a scrap of light color
which must be her dress. Such were the rewards of
his night watch, a melancholy and external gaze upon
a Paradise barred to him by a stubbornness which his
youth mistook for honorable pride.
At last two buggies rattled down the drive with much
shouting of farewells and ten minutes later Jimmy's
saddle horse clattered off at a gallop. The visitors
12 THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
were gone and silence was left behind them. But Con-
science did not at once turn into the house and close the
door behind her. She stood by one of the tall pillars
and the boy strained his gaze to make out more than
the vague outline of a shadow-shape. Then slowly she
came down the stairs and out onto the moonlit lawn,
walking meditatively in the direction of Stuart Farqua-
harson's hiding place. The boy's heart leaped into
a heightened tattoo and he bent eagerly forward with
his lips parted. She moved lightly through the lumi-
nance of a world which the moon had burnished into
tints of platinum and silver, and she was very lovely,
he thought, in her child-beauty and slendemess, the
budding and virginal freshness tiiat was only beginning
to stir into a realization of something meant by woman-
hood. He bent, half kneeling, in his ambuscade with
that dream of love which was all new and wonderful;
a thing of such untarnished romance as only life's morn-
ing can give to the young.
Then into the dream welled a futile wave of resent-
ment and poisoned it with bitterness. She had played
with him and mocked him and cast him aside and to
her he was less than nothing. A few moments ago her
voice had drifted to him in an abandonment of merri-
ment though she was going away without seeing him.
Night after night he had come here, merely for the
sad pleasure of watching her move through the shad-
ows and the distance.
Now, unconscious of his nearness, the girl came on
until she halted beyond the fence, not more than ten
yards away. Cardinal Richelieu fidgeted on his
haunches and silenced, with a difficult self -repression,
the puzzled whine which came into his throat. The
tempered spot-light of the moon was on Conscience's
lashes and lips, and the boy stifFened into a petrified
astonishment, for quite abruptly and without warning
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 18
she carried both slim hands to her face and her body
shook with something like a paroxysm of sobs.
In a moment she took her hands away and her eyes
were shining with a tearful moisture. A lock of hair
fell over her face. She tossed it back, then she moved
a few steps nearer and rested both arms on the top
rail of the fence. In them she buried her cheeks and
began to cry softly. Stuart Farquaharson could al-
most have touched her but he was quite invisible. He
felt himself an eavesdropper, but he could not escape
without being seen.
The case was different with Cardinal Richelieu. Re-
pressed emotions have been said to kill strong men.
They did not kill the Cardinal, but they conquered him.
From his raggedly whiskered lips burst a growl and
a yawp which, too late, he regretted.
The girl gave a little scream and started back and
Stuart realized it was time to reassure her. He rose
up, materializing into a tall shape in the shadows like
a jinn conjured from empty blackness.
" It's only me — Stuart Farquaharson,*' he said, and
Conscience gave a little outcry of delight in the first
moment of surprise. But that she swiftly stifled into
a less self -revealing demeanor as she demanded with re-
covered dignity, *' What are you doing here? "
The boy vaulted the fence and stood at her side while
the mollified Cardinal waved a stubby tail, as one who
would say — ^^ Now you see it took my dog sense to
bring you two together. Without me you were quite
helpless."
" Why were you crying, Conscience? " Stuart asked,
ignoring alike her question and the rebuke in her voice,
but she reiterated, "What are you doing here? "
The moon showed a face set with the stamp of
tragedy which he imagined to have settled on his life,
but his eyes held hers gravely and he was no longer ham-
14 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
pered with bashfulness. The sight of her tear-stained
faced had freed him of that.
" I come here every night," he acknowledged simply,
" to watch you over there on the porch — because — "
He balked a moment there, but only a moment, before
declaring baldly what he had so often failed to an-
nounce gallantly — " Because I'm crazy about you —
because I love you."
For a moment she gazed up at him and her breath
came fast, then she suggested, a little shaken, ^' It isn't
much farther on to the house. You used to come the
whole way."
" You told me not to,"
" If you had — had cared very much you would have
come any way."
" I've cared enough," he reminded her, " to sit out
here every night until you put out your light and went
to sleep. If you had wanted me you'd have said so."
Impulsively she laid a trembling hand on his arm and
spoke in rushing syllables. ^^ I thought you'd come
without being sent for — then when I knew you
wouldn't, I couldn't bear it. I wrote you a note to-
night ... I was going to send it to-morrow • • • I'm
going home the next day."
A whippoorwill called plaintively from the hillside.
He had spoken and in effect she had answered. All the
night's fragrance and cadence merged into a single
witchery which was a part of themselves. For the first
and most miraculous time, the flood tide of love had
lifted them and their feet were no longer on the earth.
" But — but — " stammered the boy, moistening his
Hps, ^* you were singing and laughing with Jimmy Han-
cock and the rest ten minutes ago, and now — "
The girl's delicately rounded chin came up in the
tilt of pride. '
" Do you think I'd show them how I felt? " she de-
/
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 15
manded. " Do you think I'd tell -anybody — except
you."
Stuart Farquaharson had a sensation of hills and
woods whirling in glorified riot through an infinity of
moon mists and star dust. He felt suddenly mature
and strong and catching her in his arms he pressed her
close, kissing her hair and temples until she, fluttering
with the wildness of her first embrace of love, turned
her lips up to his kisses.
But soon Conscience drew away and at once her
cheeks grew hot with blushes and maidenly remorse.
She had been reared in an uncompromising school of
puritanism. Her father would have regarded her be-
havior as profoundly shocking. She herself, now that
it was over, regarded it so, though she wildly and re-
belliously told herself that she would not imdo it, if she
could.
"Oh,** she exclaimed in a low voice, "oh, Stuart,
what were we thinking about ! '*
" We were thinking that we belong to each other,"
he fervently assured her. " As long as I live I belong
to you — and to no one else, and you — "
"But we're only children," she demurred, with a
sudden outcropping of the practical in the midst of
romanticism. " How do we know we won't change
our minds? "
" I won't change mine," he said staunchly. " And I
won't let you change yours. You will write to me,
won't you?" he eagerly demanded, but she shook her
head.
" Father doesn't let me write to boys," she told him.
" At least you'll be back — next summer? "
" I'm afraid not. I don't know."
Stuart Farquaharson drew a long breath. His face
set itself in rigid resolve.
" If they send you to the North Pole and stop all
16 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
my letters and put a regiment of soldiers around you,
and keep them there, it won't alter matters in the long
run," he asseverated, with boyhood assurance, ^^ You
belong to me and you are going to marry me."
A voice from the house began calling and the girl
answered quickly, ^'I'm just in the garden. I'll be
right in." But before she went she turned to the boy
again and her eyes were dancing incorrigibly.
" You won't go out and join any Newmarket cadets
or anything and get killed meanwhile, will you? "
" I will not," he promptly replied, " And when we
have a house of our own we'll have framed copies of
Barbara Freitchie hanging all over the place if you
want them."
To Stuart Farquaharson just then the future seemed
very sure. He had no way of knowing that after to-
morrow years lay between the present and their next
meeting — and that after that — but of course he could
not read the stars.
CHAPTER m
TIE sand bar rose like a white island beyond
the mild surf of the shore, distant enou^ to
make it a reservation for those hardier swim-
mers who failed to find contentment between beach and
float. Outside the bar the surf boiled in spume-
crowned, and went out again sullenly howling an in-
sucking of sands and an insidious tug of undertow.
One head only bobbed far out as a single swimmer
shaped his course in unhurried strokes toward the bar.
This swimmer had come alone from the hotel bath-
houses and had strolled down into the streaming bubbles
of an outgoing wave without halting to inspect the
other bathers. There was a businesslike directness in
the way he kept onward and outward until a comber
lifted him and his swimming had begun.
The young man might have been between twenty
and twenty-five and a Greek feeling for line and form
and rhythmic strength would have called his body
beautiful. Its flesh was smooth and brown, flowing
in f rictionless ease over muscles that escaped bulkiness ;
its shoulders swung with a sort of gladiatorial free-
dom. But the Hellenic sculptor would have found the
head suited to his use as well as the torso and limbs,
for it was a head well shaped and well carried, domi-
nated by eyes alert with intelligence, and enlivened with
humor.
As he rocked between crest and trough, the swim-
mer's glance caught the shattered form of a breaker
at the end of the bar. He liked things to be the biggest
of their sort. If there was to be surf, he wanted it to
be like that beyond, with a fierce song in its breaking
and the foam of the sea's endless sweat in its lashings.
17
18 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
When at last he let himself down and his feet touched
bottom, he wiped the brine out of his eyes and hurried
up the shallow rise — then halted suddenly. The bar
had appeared empty of human life, but now he caught
a glimpse of a head and a pair of shoulders and they
were feminine. A normcd curiosity as to further par-
ticulars asserted itself. He had a distinct feeling of
apprehension lest the face, when seen, should prove
a disappointment, because unless it was singularly at-
tractive — more attractive than was warranted by any
law of probability — it would be distressingly out of
keeping with the charm and grace of the figure which
came into full view as he waded ashore in spite of the
masses of dark and lustrous hair which fell free. The
unknown lady was sitting on the sand with her back
half turned and, in the soaked and clinging silk of her
bathing dress, she had an alluring lissomness of line
and curve. If her face did match her beauty of body
she would have rather more than one woman's share of
Life's gifts, he philosophized, and by Nature's law of
compensation she would probably be vapid and insipid
of mind.
But while he was engaging himself in these personal
speculations the lady herself was obviously quite serene
in her ignorance of his presence or existence. She con-
ceived herself to be in sole possession of her island king-
dom of an hour and was complacently using it as an
exclusive terrain.
She had removed her blue bathing cap and tossed
it near by on the sand. She had let her hair out free
to the sun, in whose light it glowed between the rich
darkness of polished mahogany and the luster of jet.
After all perhaps he had better announce himself in
some auiUble fashion since, secure in her supposed iso-
lation, the other occupant of the bar proceeded to re-
move a silk stocking, which matched the cap in color,
THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS 19
and to examine with absorbed interest what he supposed
to be a stone-bruise on an absurdly small and pink heel.
Discreetly he coughed.
The young woman looked quickly over her shoulder
and their eyes met. A perfunctory apology for in-
vasion shaped itself in his mind, but remained unuttered.
He stood instead, his lips parted and his eyes brim-
ming with astonishment. The face not only met the
high requirements set for it by his idea of appropriate-
ness, but abundantly surpassed the standard. More-
over, it was a face he recognized. He was not at first
quite certain that her recognition of him had been as
swift. A half dozen years, involving the transition
from boyhood to manhood might have dimmed his image
in her memory, so he hastened to introduce himself,
striding across as she came a little confusedly to her
feet — one silk shod and one bare.
"Heaven be praised. Conscience," he shouted with
an access of boyish elation in his voice. " This is too
lucky to believe. Don't say you've absolutely for-
gotten me — Stuart Farquaharson."
She stood there before him, dangling a stocking in
her left hand as she extended her right. Dark hair
falling below her waist framed a face whose curves and
feature-modelings were all separate delights uniting to
make a total of somewhat gorgeous loveliness. Her
lips were crimson petals in a face as creamy white as
a magnolia bloom, and her dark eyes twinkled with in-
ward mischief. It was a face which in repose held that
serenely grave quality which a painter {might have
selected for his study of a saint — and which, when
her little teeth flashed and her eyes kindled in a smile,
broke mto a dazzling and infectious gayety. She was
smUing now.
" * Up from the meadows rich with corn *? '* she in-
quired, as though they had parted yesterday.
20 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
Stuart Farquaharson broke into a peal of laughter
as he caught the extended hand in both his own and
finished the quotation.
** Clear in the cool September mom, the clustered spires of Fred-
erick stand.
Green-walled by the hills of Maryland . . .
By the way,** his voice took on a note of sudden trepida-
tion — ^^ you aren't married, are you? '*
It was a point upon which she did not at the moment
resolve his doubts. She was standing at gaze herself,
critically taking him in. She let her appraisal begin
at the dark hair which the water had twisted into a
curling lawlessness and end at his feet which were some-
what small for his stature. The general impression of
that scrutiny was one which she secretly acknowledged
to be startlingly, almost thrillingly, favorable. Then
she realized that while one of her hands continued to
dangle a wet stocking, the other was still tightly clasped
in his own and that he was repeating his question.
"Why do you ask?'* she naively inquired, as she
quietly sought to disengage her imprisoned fingers.
"Why!** he echoed, in a shocked voice, pretending
unconsciousness of her efforts at self-liberation.
"Why does one ever ask a vital question? The last
time I saw you I told you candidly that I meant to
marry you. If you're already married — why, it might
complicate matters, don't you think? **
" It might" the young woman conceded. ** It might
even alter matters altogether — but don't you think
that even for a reunion we seem to have shaken hands
almost long enough? *'
With reluctance he released the captive fingers and
reminded her that he was still unanswered.
" No," she told him, " I*m not married so far — of
course I've tried hard, but the honest gander hasn't
volunteered.'*
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 21
^^ Thank God ! " was his instant and fervent com*
ment.
Beyond her were the sands of the bar and the At-
lantic Ocean stretching unbroken to the Madeiras and
a flawless sky against which the gulls dipped and
screamed.
She was straight and vivid, and his pulses quickened,
taking fire. Sun, air and water ; sparkle, radiance and
color — these things were about him filling his senses
with delight and she seemed to epitomize them all in a
personal incarnation.
" Don't let me keep you standing," he begged her,
belatedly remembering his manners. " You were tak-
^g your ease when I came. Besides, Old Neptune in
person will be along soon to claim this sandbar for him-
self. Meanwhile, * The time has come,' the walrus said,
* to talk of many things.' "
" As for instance? "
^^ As for instance that there's less of the fortuitous
in this meeting than appears upon the surface."
" Then you knew I was on the sandbar? "
Stuart Farquaharson shook his head. ^^ I didn't
even know that you were at Chatham. I just got here
this morning driving through to Provincetown. But
I did know that you were on Cape Cod, and that is
why I'm on Cape Cod."
She dropped lightly to the sand and sat nursing her
knees between interlocked fingers. Stuart Farquahar-
son spread himself luxuriantly at length, propped on
one elbow. He could not help noting that the bare knee
was dimpled and that the curved flesh below it was satin-
smooth and the hue of apple blossoms. The warm
breeze kept stirring her hair caressingly and, against
the glare, she lowered her long lashes, half veiling her
eyes. But at his avowal of the cause of his coming
her lips curved with humorous scepticism.
" I'm afraid you acted very hastily," she murmured.
U THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
meant to come back into your life not as a ghost speak-
ing from the past but as a man intent on announcing
himself in person. It was no part of my scheme that
you should say, * Oh, yes, I remember him. A long,
thin kid with a vile temper. I used to love to stir him
up and hear him roar.' That's why I never wrote."
Her smile was still a little doubtful and so he went on.
** It would have been too easy for you to have simply
dropped me cold. Now it happens that in life I am
endowed with a certain india-rubber quality. I am
practically indestructible. When you biff me into the
corner I can come bouncing back for more. In short,
I am not so easy to be rid of, when I'm on the ground."
Conscience laughed. They were still young enough
to respond thrillingly to the remembered fragrance of
honeysuckle and the plaintive note of the whippoorwill,
and perhaps to other memories, as well.
She rose abruptly and went down to the water's edge
where she stood with the breeze whipping the silk drap-
eries of her blue bathing skirt against her knees and
stirring her hair into a dark nimbus about her head.
After retrieving from the sand the blue cap and the
blue stocking, her companion followed her.
" Now that I'm here," he asseverated, " I hold that
we stand just where we stood when we parted."
But at that she shook her head and laughed at him.
" Quite the reverse," she declared. " I hold that by
years, of penitence I've lived down my past. We're
simply two young persons who once knew each other."
" Very well," acceded he. " It will come to the same
thing in the end. We will start as strangers, but I
have a strong conviction that when we become ac-
quainted, I'm going to dog your steps to the altar.
I'm willing to cancel all the previous chapter, except
that I sha'n't forget it. . . . Can t/ou forget it? "
She flushed, but shook her head frankly, and answered
without evasion. " I haven't forgotten it yet."
THE TYHANNY OF WEAKNESS 26
He was gazing into her face with such a hypnotism
of undisguised admiration that she smilingly inquired,
**Well, have I changed much? '*
" You have. You've changed much and radiantly.
Since you insist on regarding me as a new acquaintance
I must be conservative and restrained, so I'll only say
that you have the most flawless beauty I've ever seen."
" The tide is rising," she reminded him irrelevantly.
« We'd better be starting back." She put her hands
up to her wind-blown hair and began coiling it into
abundant masses on her head, while he was kneeling on
the sand and tying the ribbon of her bathing slipper.
They crossed the bar and went into the water, swim-
ming side by side with easy strokes, and when the re-
turn trip was half completed they saw the head of
another swimmer coming out.
" That's Billy Stirling," she told him. " He seems
to have guessed where I was."
" I was right," sighed the Virginian. ** He out-
Jimmies Jimmy Hancock. I don't like this Stirling
person."
" You don't know him yet, you know."
" Quite true, but I don't have to know him to dis-
like him. It's a matter of general principle."
But in spite of his announcement, Stuart did like
Billy Stirling. He liked him from the moment that
gentleman thrust a wet paw out of the water to shake
hands and tossed the brine from a grinning face to ac-
knowledge the girl's introduction. He liked him even
better for the Puck-like irresponsibility of his good
humor as, later on, he introduced Stuart to the others
of the party.
" Now that you've met this crew, you are to con-
sider yourself a member," declared Stirling, though he
added accusingly, ^^ I promoted this expedition and used
great discrimination in its personnel. It struck me as
quite complete before your intrusion marred its sym-
26 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
metry, but you're here and we've got to make the best
of you."
The women differed with Mr. Stirling and BcathingI;
told him so, to bis immense delist.
" The difference between a party made up in hand-
cuffed pairs, like this has been, and one equipped with
an extra man or two is the exact difference between
frugal necessity and luxury," protested Henrietta
Raven, sententiously.
** I suppose you get the fact that these guileless kids
over here are our venerated chaperons? " said the host
with a pointed finger. " They are so newly-wed that
they still spoon publicly — which is disgraceful, of
course, but reduces the obnoxiousness of chaperons."
The week that followed in Chatham was a momentous
time and a turning point for the young Virginian. In
a way it was epochal in his life. Though he was as-
similated into the party as if he had been one of them
from childhood, he found little opportunity to be alone
with Conscience. Indeed the idea came to him at first
vaguely, then persistently, that she herself was seeking
to avoid anything savoring of the quality of a t§te-i-
tete.
The realization haunted and troubled him because
even in this general association, her personaUty had
gashed varyingly and amazingly from many facets.
^Jie dream which had meant so much to his boyhood was
-^riftly ripening also into the dream of his manhood,
^ as he would have expressed it, a fulfillment. His
^T^ had been fallow when he had first known her. It
^^ not been subjected to subsequent conquest and now
^^^j-edisposed allegiance was ready to grow with trop-
;;?^-^^wiftnes8 into a purposeful and fiery ardor.
CHAPTER IV
STUART FARQUAHARSON had that habit of
self-analysis which often compelled him to take
his own life into the laboratory of reflection and
study its reactions with an almost impersonal direct-
ness. That analysis told him that Conscience Wil-
liams, had she chosen to do so, might have imposed
upon him the thrall of infatuation, even had there been
no powerful appeal to his mentality. Every fiery ele-
ment that had lain dormant in his nature was ready to
leap into action, in response to a challenge of which she
was herself unconscious — a challenge to the senses.
And yet he recognized with an ahnost prayerful grati-
tude that it was something paramount to physical lure,
which beckoned him along the path of love. Into the
more genuine and intimate recesses of her life, where
the soul keeps its aloofness, she had given him only
keyhole glimpses, but they had been such glimpses as
kindled his eagerness and awakened his hunger for ex-
ploration. There had been candid indications reen-
forced by a dozen subtler things that her liking for him
was more than casual, and yet she denied him any
chance to avow himself, and sometimes, when he came
suddenly upon her, he discovered a troubled wistfulness
in her face which clouded her eyes and brought a
droop to the comers of her lips.
On one such occasion as he was passing an old house
with a yard in which the grass was tall and ragged and
the fruit trees as unkempt and overgrown as a hermit's
beard he saw her standhig alone by one of the tilting
veranda posts. The sunshine was gone from her dark
eyes, so that they seemed darker than ever — and
haunted with an almost tragic wistfulness. She had
27
28 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
the maimer of ane facing a ghost which she had vainly
sought to lay. He came so close before he spoke her
name that she turned toward him with a start, as
though he wakened her suddenly out of somnambulism,
but even as she wheeled, her face brightened and a
bantering merriment sounded in her voice, countering
all his solicitous inquiries with gay retorts.
When a week of charming but unsatisfying associ-
ation had passed Stuart Farquaharson felt that the
time had come when he must talk with her less super-
ficially. It was as if they had only waded in the shal-
lows of conversation — and he wanted to strike out and
swim in deeper waters. The opportunity, when it came,
was not of his own making. It was an evening when
there was dancing in the large lounge of The Arms.
Farquaharson and Conscience had gone, between
dances, to the tiled veranda overlooking the sea. The
moon was spilling showers of radiance from horizon to
shore, and making of the beach a foreground of pale
silver. The veranda itself was a place of blue shadows
between the yellow splotches of the window lights.
After a little she laid a hand lightly on Stuart's arm.
"Don't you want to take me for a stroll on the
beach? " she asked a shade wearily, " I'm tired of so
many people.'*
They followed the twisting line of the wet sands and
at last halted by the prow of a beached row-boat, where
the girl enthroned herself, gazing meditatively off to
sea.
" Conscience," he asked slowly, " you have used a
diplomacy worthy of a better cause, in devising ways
to keep me from talking with you alone — why? "
" Have I done that? " she countered.
"You know you have. Of course you've known I
wanted to make love to you. Why wouldn't you let
me?"
" Because," she answered gravely, meeting his eyes
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 29
with full candor, " I didn't want you to — make love
to me. I'm not ready for that."
" I haven't said I wasn't willing to wait, have I? " he
suggested quietly. " You don't appear to throw bar-
riers of silence between yourself and Billy."
" No. That's different ... I'm not — " Suddenly
she broke off and laughed at herself.
Then a little startled, at her own frankness, she ad-
mitted in a low voice, " I'm not afraid of Billy's un-
settling me."
The man felt his temples throb with a sudden and
intoxicating elation. He steadied himself against its
agitation to demand,
" And you are — afraid that I might? "
She was sitting with the moonlight waking her dark
hair into a somber luster and a gossamer shimmer on
the white of her evening gown. Her hands lay unmov-
ing in her lap and she slowly nodded her confession.
" You see," she told him, after another long pause,
" it's a thing — falling in love — that I should do
rather riotously — if I did it at all. I shouldn't be
able to think of much else."
Stuart Farquaharson wanted to seize her in his arms
and protest that she could never love him too riotously,
but he instead schooled his voice to a level almost
monotonous.
" I fell in love with you — back there in the days of
our childhood," he said slowly. " Maybe it was only
a boy's dream — then — but now it's a man's dream
— a life dream. You will have to be won out of battle,
every wonderful reward does — but victory will come
to me." His voice rose vibrantly. " Because winning
it is the one inflexible purpose of my life, dominating
every other purpose."
She had not interrupted him and now she was a little
afraid of him '• — and of herself. Perhaps it was only
the moon — but the moon swings the tides.
80 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
" Stuart — ^* Her voice held a tremor of pleading.
" If you do love me — like that — you can wait. Just
now I need you — but not as a lover. I need you as
a friend whom I don't have to fight.'*
The man straightened and bowed. ** Very well,*' he
said, " I can wait — if I must. Your need comes first.**
She gave him a grateful smile, then suddenly came
to her feet and began speaking with such a passionate
earnestness as he had not before heard from her lips.
" I think it's the right of every human being to live
fully — not just half live through a soul-cramping
routine. I think it's the right of a man or a woman to
face all the things that make life, to think — even if
they make mistakes — to fight for what they believe,
even if they're wrong. I'd rather be Joan of Arc
than the most sainted nun that ever took the veil ! **
The young man's face lighted triumphantly, because
that was also his creed. " I knew it ! *' he exclaimed.
" I didn't have to hear your words to know that mark-
ing time in an age of marching would never satisfy
you,"
" And yet every influence that means home and fam-
ily seems bent on condemning me to the dreariness and
mustiness of a life that kills thought. I've thought
about it so much that I'm afraid I've grown morbid.**
Once more her voice rang with passionate insurgency.
" I feel as if I were being sent to Siberia.*'
Stuart answered with forced composure through
which the thrill of a minute ago crept like an echo of
departing trumpets. " Of course, I came out here
to declare my love. I had waited for this chance . . .
the sea . . . the moon — well ! It's rather like asking
for a field-marshal's baton and a curveting charger —
and. getting instead a musket and place in the ranks.
The man who doesn't serve where he's put isn't much
good. . . ." He paused and then went on calmly,
" What is this thing that haunts you? *'
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 81
"When I finished at the preparatory school,'' she
began, " father thought I'd gone far enough and I
knew I needed college. At last I won a compromise. I
was to have one year by way of trial, and then he was
to decide which idea was right — his or mine."
*' So now — ^"
"So now the jury has the case — and I'm terribly
afraid I know the verdict in advance. Father is a min-
ister of the old school and the unyielding New England
type. I don't remember my mother, but sometimes I
think the inflammatory goodness at home killed her.
In our house you mustn't question a hell where Satan
reigns as a personal god of Damnation. To doubt his
spiked tail and cloven hoofs, would almost be heresy.
That's our sort of goodness."
" And colleges fail to supply a course in the Chem-
istry of Brimstone," he suggested.
" They don't even frown on such ungodly things as
socialism and suffrage," she supplemented.
He nodded. " They offer, in short, incubation for
ideas questionably modem."
Her voice took on a fiery quality of enthusiasm.
" Life was never so gloriously fluid — so luminous —
before. Breadth and humanity are being fought for.
Men and women are facing things open-eyed, making
splendid successes and splendid failures." After a
moment's pause she added, wearily, " My father calls
them fads."
"And you want to have a part in all that. You
don't want only the culture of reading the Atlantic
Monthly at a village fireside?"
" I want to play my little part in the game of things.
The idea of being shielded from every danger and
barred off from every effort, sickens me. If I am to
lead a life I can be proud of, it must be because I've
come out of the fight unshamed, not just because no
one ever let me go into a fight."
<
82 THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
She was standing in an attitude of tense, even rapt
earnestness, her chin high and her hands clenched.
Her voice held the vibrance of a dreamer and her eyes
were looking toward the horizon as if they were seeing
visions off across the moonlit water.
" I might fail miserably, of course, but I should know
that I'd had my chance. The idea at home seems to be
that a woman's goodness depends on someone else keep-
ing it for her : that she should stick her head into the
sand like an ostrich and, since she sees nothing, be
womanly. If I have a soul at all, and it can't sail be-
yond a harbor's breakwater^ I have nothing to lose, but
if it can go out and come back safe it has the right to
do it. That's what college means to me: the prepara-
tion for a real life: the chance to equip myself. That's
why the question seems a vital crisis — why t^ is a vital
* * 99
crisis."
" Conscience," he said thoughtfully, " you have de-
scribed the exact sort of intolerant piety, which tempts
one to admire brilliant wickedness. You can't accept
another's belief unless it's your own. That is one of
Life's categorical rules. It's not a problem,"
" It's so categorical," she retorted quickly, " that
there is no answer to it except the facts. My father is
old. He has burned out his life in his fierce service of
his God and his conscience. To tell him how paltry is
the sum of his life's effort, in my eyes, would be like
laughing aloud at his sermon."
" And yet you can't possibly take up the life of an
outgrown age because he prefers the thought of yes-
terday."
" I'm afraid I'll have to — and — '^
"And what?"
" And I think — it's going to break my heart. I've
got to live a lie to keep a man, who regards a lie as
a mortal sin, happy in the belief that he has never
tolerated a lie."
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 88
"My God, Conscience," Stuart broke out, "this is
the New England conscience seeking martyrdom. Life
runs forward, not back. Rivers don't clunb hills."
" I have said that to myself a thousand times," she
gravely replied, "but it doesn't answer the question.
There's no compulsion in the world so universal as the
tyranny of weakness over strength. Haven't you seen
it everywhere? Wherever people have to live together
you find it. You find the strong submitting to all sorts
of petty persecutions, and petty persecutions are the
kind that kill, because the weak are nervous or easily
wrought up and must have allowances made for them.
And the person so considered always thinks himself
strong beyond others and never suspects the truth.
Only the weak and foolish can strut independently
through life."
" And yet to draw the blinds and shut out the light
of life because some one else chooses to sit in the dark
is unspeakably morbid."
Conscience shrugged her shoulders. " Sitting in the
dark or living righteously — there's no difference but
point of view. My father has been true to his con-
victions. The fact that his goodness is no broader
than his hymn book doesn't alter that." There was a
pause, then suddenly the girl laughed and stretched
both arms out to sea. " Oh, well," she said, ** I don't
often indulge in these jeremiads. Now it's over, and
I've at least got the summer ahead of me. I guess we'd
better go back. I promised Billy a dance.**
She rose, but the Virginian stood resolutely in her
path. " Just a moment more," he begged. " It won't
be love-making. The day we drove down to Province-
town you were sitting on the sand dunes. For a back-
ground you had the sea and sky — and they were gor-
geous. But while I looked at it I saw another picture,
too. May I try to paint that picture for you? "
" Surely, if you will."
CHAPTER V
TWENTY minutes later Stuart Farquaharson
swung himself to the driver's seat of his low-
hung roadster, and threw on the switch, while
Billy Stirling and the others stood at the curb, waving
farewells and finding nothing suitable to say.
The car went purring through the quiet streets where
gabled houses slept under the moon, but having passed
the town limits, leaped into a racing pace along the
road for Orleans.
Stuart made no effort to talk and Conscience spoke
only at long intervals. She was gazing ahead and her
eyes were wide and wet with tears.
Once she leaned over to say : " If any of the things
I said seemed disloyal, please try to forget the'm. Of
course, I'm only too glad he wants me, and that I can
help."
" I understand," he assured her. " I never doubted
that."
The moon had set and it wanted only two hours of
dawn when Conscience roused herself from her revery
to say, " It's the next gate — on the right."
Wheeling the car into the driveway, he had a
shadowy impression of an old and gabled place, inky
except for the pallid light of a lamp turned low in an
upper window.
As the girl hesitated on the verandah, he caught the
complaining creak of an old plank, and while she waited
for her bag there came to his ears the whining scrape
of a tree branch against the eaves. The little voices
of the hermitage were giving their mouselike welcome.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 37
With her key fitted in the door, Conscience turned
and held out both hands.
" You've been wonderful, Stuart,'' she said, with
tears in her voice. " You've understood everything
and I want to thank you while we're here alone. You'll
come in, of course? I'm afraid it will be dismal, but
the hotel is worse."
The man shook his head. " No," he answered, as he
pressed her hands in his own, " I'll go back to the
village and rouse up the hostelry, but I'm coming to-
morrow — to inquire."
Many dogs were aroused to a noisy chorus before
his hammering on the door of the old house which
passed for a hotel received official response, and the
east was breaking into a pallid rosiness before his
thoughts permitted him to leave his seat by the window
and stretch himself wearily on his iminviting bed.
But when the sun had waked him at eight o'clock the
landscape framed by his window was a smiling one to
which the youth in him responded and he dressed clear-
eyed and ready for a new day. In the hope that Con-
science had been able to sleep late, he meant to defer
his visit of inquiry, and in the meantime he breakfasted
at leisure and went out to search for a barber. The
quest was not difficult, and while he awaited his turn
he sat against the wall, mildly amused at the scraps
of local gossip that came to his ears couched in homely
vernacular.
"I heard that Eben Tollman cal'lates to jam Lige
Heman with a foreclosure on his mortgage. It's move
out and trust in Providence for Lige and Lige's."
This comment came in piping falsetto from a thin youth
who had just been shaven raw, but still lingered in the
shop, and it met prompt reply from a grizzled old
fellow with a wooden leg.
" Pshaw, Seth, that ain't no news. You can't
scace'ly get folks excited by a yarn about a shark's
88 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
bitin' a cripple — but if you was to give in a yam
about a cripple bitin' a shark — well, there'd be some
point to that. If you told where somebody had got a
dollar away from Eben, now, we'd call you a liar, I
s'pose — and be right at that — but we'd listen."
" If you got a nickel from Tollman," retorted the
first speaker, ^^you couldn't put it in a slot machine.
It woiSd be squeezed till it was bent double* Well, you
can't blame him, I s'pose. He ain't got more'n a mil-
lion."
Just at that moment the door was opened by a
gentleman entering from the street, and Farquaharson
was immensely diverted at the sudden hush in which that
particular vein of conversation died. It was an easy
guess that this was Eben Tollman himself.
The newcomer bore himself with a cold reserve of
conscious superiority. He might have been forty,
though the humorless immobility of his face gave him
a seeming of greater age. In stature he was above the
average height and his eyes were shrewd and piercing.
To the salutations of tfiose present, he responded with
a slight, stifi" inclining of his head — and appeared to
withdraw into the shell of self-sufficiency.
When Stuart, later, presented himself at the old
manse, he found it a venerable place, whose shingled
roof was moss-green and whose gables were honorably
gray with age and service. An elderly servant directed
him to the garden, and elated at the prospect of a
tSte-i-tete among the hedge rows, he went with a light
step along the mossy path, noting with what a golden
light the sun filtered through the fine old trees and
flecked the sod. But inside the garden he halted
among the flower borders, for a glance told him that
Conscience was not alone. She sat leaning toward a
wheel-chair, reading aloud from a book which he di-
vined, rather than recognized, to be a Bible. As he
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 89
hurried forward the girl looked up and rose to meet him
with a swift eagerness of welcome.
Because Stuart had catalogued Conscience's father,
who was old enough to be her grandfather, as a bigot
and an obstructionist standing between her and the
sun, he was prepared to dislike him. Yet when he came
up he confessed to a sort of astonished admiration.
He stood looking at a head which suggested the head
of a lion, full maned and white as a snow-cap, shaggy
and beetling of brow, and indomitable of eye. Such a
man, had he lived in another day, would have gone un-
complaining to the agonies of the Inquisition — or as
readily have participated in visiting Inquisitional tor-
tures on another. Yet it was a face capable of kindli-
ness, too, since its wrath was only for sin — or what it
regarded as sin.
He held out a hand in greeting.
** Conscience has told me how you rushed her home
to me. It was very kind of you. I was hungry to see
her, but I hadn't dared to hope for her so soon."
The old man spoke with a smile, but it was uncon-
sciously pathetic. Stuart could see that he was
stricken not only in his useless legs but also in his hearty
though his eagle-like eyes were steady.
Conscience had been crying, but now she smiled and
the two chatted with a forced vivacity, pretending to
ignore the thin^ of which each was thinking and,
though vivacity was foreign to his nature, the sufferer
jo^ied in their conversation with a grim sort of self-
effacement* Soon they saw another figure approach-
ing by the flagged path. It was the figure of Eben
Tollman and his manner was full of solicitude — but as
he talked with the father, Farqualiarson saw him more
than once steal covert glances at the daughter. Obvi-
ously he bote, here, the relationship of family friend,
and though Conscience seemed to regard him as a mem-
40 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
ber of an older generation, he seemed to regard her as a
contemporary.
In the days that followed Stuart Farquaharson's car
standing at the front of the old manse became a fixture
in the landscape. The invalid minister, seeking to ac-
custom himself stoically to a pitiful anticlimax of life,
found in the buoyant vitality of this newcomer — of
whom he thought rather as a boy than a man — a sort
of activity by proxy. He, himself, moved only in a
wheel chair, but Stuart could laughingly override his
protests and lift him with an easy strength into the
seat of the roadster to spin out across the country-
side which he had told himself he should hardly see
again.
Even the spinster aunt, who had begun by regarding
him with suspicion, decided first that he was harmless,
then that he was useful and finally that he was charm-
ing.
Yet the young Virginian was not altogether beguiled
into the hope that this enviable status would be per-
manent. The talks and drives brought incidental
glimpses into the thoughts that had habitation under
the white mane and that came militantly out through
the unyielding eyes even in silence. Stuart winced
often under the sting and irritation of a bigotry which
could, without question or doubt, undertake to rule ofi^-
hand and with absolutism on every question of right or
wrong.
He was keeping and meant to keep a constant rein
on his speech and conduct, but he foresaw that, with
all his restraint, a day might come when the old puritan
would divine the wide divergence of their thought and
have out upon him for one of the ungodly. Once he
voiced something of this to Conscience herself in the
question, " How long do you think your father will con-
tinue to welcome me here? "
Her eyes widened. " Welcome you? Why shouldn't
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 41
he? He's leaning on you as if you were a son. He
declared his liking for you from the first day."
Stuart shook his head in doubt and his eyes darkened
with gravity. " It never pays to blind one's eyes to
the chances of the future," he said slowly. " He won't
continue to like me, I'm afraid. Just now he thinks of
us both as children. I am only your overgrown play-
mate — but realization will come — and then — ^"
" You think that he will change? "
« I know it."
^^ Oh ! " she exclaimed, and fell silent, but after a
pause she spoke again impulsively, with a note of fear
in her voice. " You won't go away and leave me here
alone, will you — even if nobody else likes you? "
" No one but you can send me away — ^" he de-
clared almost fiercely, " and before you can do it you
must prove yourself stronger than I."
She gave a little sigh of relief and fell to talking of
other things. It was when he rose to go and she walked
to his car with him that he asked with seeming irrele-
vance, " Has this Mr. Tollman ever — made love to
you? "
She burst, at that, into a gale of laughter more spon-
taneous than any he had heard since the telegram had
sobered her. It was as though the absurdity of the
idea had swept the sky clear of everything but comedy.
** Made love to me ! " she mockingly echoed. " Hon-
estly, Stuart, there are times when you are the funniest
mortal alive — and it's always when you're most seri-
ous. Picture the Sphinx growing garrulous. Picture
Napoleon seeking retreat in a monastery — but don't
try to visualize Mr. Tollman making love."
** Perhaps I'm premature," announced Farquaharson
with conviction. " But I'm not mistaken. If he hasn't
made love to you, he will."
" Wherefore this burst of prophecy? "
** I don't have to be prophetic. I saw him look at
44 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
"Forgive me/' she pleaded. "It's shameful and
petty and mean to wreak all my protests against you.
You've been splendid. I couldn't have borne it with-
out you."
Stuart Farquaharson's cheeks paled 'under an emo-
tion so powerful that instead of exciting him it carried
a sense of being tremendously sobered — yet shaken
and tried to the limit of endurance.
" You've forbidden me to make love to you," he said
desperately, " and I'm trying to obey, but God knows,
dear, there are times when — ^" He broke off with aq
abrupt choke in his throat.
Then Conscience said in a changed and very gentle
voice, " You wouldn't have me until I could be utterly,
unmistakably sure of myself, would you? "
" No," he replied uncompromisingly, " the very in-
tensity of my love would make it hell for both of us un-
less you loved me — that way, too — but I wish you
were certain. I wish to God you were ! "
Again she turned her eyes seaward, and when she
spoke her voice was impersonal, almost dead, so that he
thought, with a deep misery, she was trying to make it
merciful in tempering her verdict.
" I am certain now," she told him, still looking away.
He came a step nearer and braced himself. He could
forecast her words, he thought — deep friendship but
no more!
" Your mind is — definitely — made up? "
Very abruptly she wheeled, showing him a face trans-
formed and self-revealing. Against her ivory white
cheeks her parted lips were crimson and her eyes dilated
and softly black. "I think I've known it from the
first," she declared, and her voice thrilled joyously.
" Only I didn't know that I knew."
There was no need to ask what she knew. Her eyes
were windows flung open and back of them was the
message of her heart.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 46
" I don't know how you love me," she went on
tensely, " but if you don't love me rather madly, it's all
one sided."
As his arms closed about her, he knew that he was
violently shaken, but he knew that she was trembling,
too, through all the magnificent softness and slender-
ness of her. He knew that the lips against which he
crushed his kisses were responsive.
Later he declared, with a ring of triumph, " I told
you when you were a little girl that they might take
you to the North Pole and surround you with regi-
ments of soldiers — but that I'd come to claim you. I
tell you that again. He wrote our two names in one
horoscope and it had to be."
CHAPTER VI
IN the library at the old manse that afternoon there
was less of sunlight and joy. Shadows hung be-
tween the walls and there were shadows, too, in the
heart of one of the men who sat by a central, paper^
littered table*
It was at best a cheerless room ; this study where the
minister had for decades prepared the messages of his
stewardship — and sternly drawn indictments against
sin. In the drawers of the old-fashioned desk those
sermons lay tightly rolled and dusty. Never had he
spared himself — and never had he spared others.
What he failed to see was that in all those sheaves upon
sheaves of carefully penned teaching, was no single re-
lief of bright optimism, no single touch of sweet and
gracious tolerance, not one vibrating echo of Christ's
great soul-song of tenderness.
Now it was ended. He had dropped in the harness
and younger men were taking up the relay race. . They
were men, he feared, who were not to be altogether
trusted; men beguiled by dangerous novelties of trend.
With worldliness of thought pressing always forward;
with atheism increasing, they were compromising and,
it seemed to him, giving way cravenly, step by step, to
encroachment.
But the conversation just now was not of religion,
or even dogma which in this room had so often been
confused with religion. Eben Tollman was sitting in
a stifF-backed chair across from his host. His face
wore the immobile expression of a man who never for-
gets the oppressive fact that he is endowed with dignity.
" Eben," said the minister, " for years you have ad-
vised me on all money matters and carried the advice
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 47
into effect. You have virtually annexed my business
to your own and carried a double load."
" You have devoted your life to matters of greater
moment, Mr. Williams," unctuously responded the
younger man. " Your stewardship has been to God."
" I could have wished," the minister's face clouded
with anxiety, " that I might have seen Conscience set-
tled down with a godly husband and a child or two
about her before I go. These are restless days and a
girl should have an anchorage."
There was a pause and at its end Tollman said hesi-
tantly, almost tentatively, " There is young Mr. Far-
quaharson, of course."
** Young Mr. Farquaharson ! " The minister's lower
jaw shot out pugnaciously and his eyes flashed.
" Eben, don't be absurd. The two of them are chil-
dren. This boy is playing away a vacation. To
speak of him as a matrimonial possibility is to talk ir-
responsibly. You astonish me ! "
" Of course, in some respects it seems anomalous."
Tollman spoke thoughtfully and with no resentment of
his companion's temper. He was quite willing that any
objections to Stuart which were projected into the
conversation should appear to come from the other.
" For example, his people are not our people and the
two codes are almost antithetical. Yet his blood is
blue blood and, after all, the war is over."
" If I thought that there was even a remote danger
of this friendship ever becoming more than a friend-
ship, I'd have Conscience send him away. I'd guard
her from it as from a contagion." The announcement
came fiercely. " Young Farquaharson's blood is blood
that runs to license. His ideas are the ideas of a hard-
drinking, hard-gaming aristocracy. But nonsense,
Eben, he's a harmless boy just out of college. I like
him — but not for my own family. What put such An
absurdity into your head? "
48 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
" Possibly it is an absurdity.'* Tollman gave the
appearance of a man who, having suggested a stormy
topic, is ready to relinquish it. In reality he was mak-
ing Williams say everything which he wished to have
said and was doing it by the simple device of setting up
antagonism to play the prompter. ** What put it into
my head was perhaps nothing more tangible than their
constant companionship. They are both young. He
has a vital and fascinating personality. There is a
touch of Pan and a touch of Bacchus in him that — ^^
" Those are somewhat pagan advantages," inter-
rupted the minister with a crispness which carried the
bite of scorn.
"Pagan perhaps, but worth considering, since it is
not upon ourselves that they operate." Tollman
rose and went over to the window which gave off across
the garden. He presented the seeming of a man
whose thought was dispassionate, and because dispas-
sionate impossible to ignore. " This young man has in
his blood bold and romantic tendencies which will not
be denied. To him much that we revere seems a type
of narrowness. His ancestors have made a virtue of
the indulgences of sideboard and card table — but
the boy is not to blame for that."
Eben Tollman was playing on the prejudices of his
host as he might have played on the keys of a piano.
He maintained, as he did it, all the semblance of a fair-
minded man painting extenuations into his portrait of
the absent Farquaharson.
" And you call this predisposition to looseness and
license a thing to be condoned, to be mixed with the
blood of one's own posterity? Eben, I've never seen
you make excuses for ungodliness before." The fierce
old face suddenly cleared. " But there — there ! This
is all an imaginary danger. I'll watch them, but I'm
sure that these two have no such reprehensible
thought."
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 49
Mr, Tollman took up his hat and gloves. "I will
see you again to-morrow," he said, as he passed out of
the library, leaving the old puritan behind him im-
mersed in a fresh anxiety.
It was not the intention of William Williams to act
with unconscientious haste — but he would watch and
weigh the evidence. He prided himself on his rigid ad-
herence to justice, and escaped the knowledge that his
sense of justice was a crippled thing warped to the
shape of casuistry. If he had permitted the affliction,
which God had visited upon him, to blind his eyes
against duty to his daughter, he must rouse himself and
remedy the matter. It was time to put such self-
centered sin behind him and make amends. In this self-
assumption of the plenary right to regulate the life of
his daughter, or any one else, there was no element of
self-reproach. He held God's commission and acted
for God !
The gradual, almost imperceptible change of manner
was observable first to the apprehensive eyes of Stuart
Farquaharson himself. The Virginian's standards as
to his bearing in the face of hostility were definite and
could be summed up in the length of an epigram:
Never to fail of courtesy, but never to surrender more
than half of any roadway to aggression. Yet here was
a situation of intricate bearings and a man whom he
could not fight. A brain must be dealt with, too old
for plasticity, like sculptor's clay hardened beyond
amendment of form. A man whose fighting blood is
hot, but whose spirit of sportsmanship is true, can
sometimes maintain a difficult peace where another type
would fail, and that was the task Stuart set himself.
That same spirit of sportsmanship would have meant to
Williams only a want of seriousness, a making play out
of life. But to Stuart it meant the nearest approach
we have to a survival of chivalry's ideals: a readiness
to accept punishment without complaint: a willingness
60 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
to extend every fair advantage to an adversary: a
courage to strive to the uttermost without regard to
the material value of the prize — and paramount to all
the rest, a scorn for any meanly gained advantage,
however profitable. If there was any value in his her-
itage of gentle blood and a sportsman's training, it
should stand him in good stead now, for the sake of the
girl he loved.
One evening in the garden Conscience asked him,
" Do you think I over-painted the somberness of the
picture? But it's a shame for you to have to endure
it, too. I think the confinement is making Father more
irritable than usual."
The man shook his head and smiled whimsically.
" It's not the confinement. It's me. He's discov-
ered that you and I have grown up, and he's seeking to
draw me into a quarrel so that he can tender me my
passports."
Conscience laid her hands on his arm and they trem-
bled a little.
" I'm sure it isn't that," she declared, though her
words were more confident than her voice. " You've
stood a great deal, but please keep it up. It won't —
her voice dropped down the key almost to a whisper —
" it won't be for long."
• •••••••
The hills were flaming these days with autumnal
splendor. Conscience and Stuart had just returned
from a drive, laden with trophies of woodland richness
and color. About the cheerless house she had distrib-
uted branches of the sugar maple's vermilion and the
oak's darker redness, but the fieriest and the brightest
clusters of leafage she had saved for the old library
where the invalid sat among his cases of old sermons.
" Stuart and I gathered these for you," she told him
as she arranged them deftly in a vase.
The old man's face did not brighten with enjoyment.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 61
Rather it hardened into a set expression, and after a
moment's pause he echoed querulously, " You and Stu-
art."
His daughter looked up, her attention arrested by
his tone. " Why, yes," she smiled. " We went for a
drive and got out and foraged in the woods."
" How long has Mr. Farquaharson been here now? "
** Something over six weeks, I believe."
" Isn't it nearer two months? "
The girl turned very slowly from the window and in
the dark room her figure and profile were seen, a sil-
houette against the pane with a nimbus about her hair.
" Perhaps it is. Why?"
For a while the father did not speak, then he said:
" Perhaps it's time he was thinking of terminating his
visit."
The girl felt her shoulders stiffen, and all the fight-
ing blood which was in her as truly, if less offensively
than in himself, leaped in her pulses. Defiant words
rushed to her lips, but remained unsaid, because some-
thing grotesque about his attempted movement in his
chair accentuated his helplessness and made her remem-
ber.
"What do you mean?" she asked in a level voice,
which since she had suppressed the passion came a lit-
tle faint and uncertain.
" I had no objection," he replied quietly enough but
with that inflexible intonation which automatically
arouses antagonism, since it puts into its " I want's "
and its " I don't want's " a tyrannical finality, " to this
young gentleman visiting us. I extended him hospi-
tality. I even liked him. But it has come rather too
much, for my liking, to a thing that can be summed up
in your words of a minute ago — ' Stuart and I.' It's
time to bring it to an end."
" Why should it come to an end, Father? " she asked
with a terrific effort to speak calmly.
62 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
** Because it might run to silly sentiment — and to
such an idea I could never give consent. This young
man, though a gentleman by birth, is not our sort of
a gentleman. His blood is not the kind of blood with
which ours can be mixed: his ideas are the loose ideas
that put pleasure above righteousness. In short, while
I wish to say good-by to him as agreeably as I said wel-
come, the time has come to say good-by."
She came over and sat by his chair and let one hand
rest on his white hair. « Father," she said in a low
voice, tremulously repressed, " you are undertaking to
rule offhand on a question which is too vital to my life
to be treated with snap judgment. I've tried to meet
your wishes and I want to go on trying, but in this you
must think well before you take a position so — so
absolute that perhaps — "
He shook her hand away and his eyes blazed.
" I have thought well," he vehemently declared* ** I
have not only thought, but I have prayed. I have
waited silently and watched in an effort to be just. I
have asked God*s guidance."
" God's guidance could hardly have told you that
Stuart Farquaharson has loose ideas or that he's un-
righteous or that his blood could corrupt our blood —
because none of those things are true or akin to the
truth."
For an instant the old man gazed at her in an amaze-
ment which turned quickly to a wrath of almost crazily
blazing eyes, and his utterance oame with a violence of
fury.
^^ Do you mean that such an unspeakable idiocy has
already come to pass — that you and this — this —
young amateur jockey and card-player from the
South — " He broke suddenly off with a contempt that
made his words seem to curl and snap with flame.
The girl rose from her place on the arm of his chair.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 68
She stood lancelike in her straightness and her eyes
blazed, too, but her voice lost neither its control nor its
dignity.
*' I mean," she said, " that this gentleman who
needs no apologist and no defense, has honored me by
telling me that he loves me — and that I love him.'*
" And his high courage has prevented him from ad-
mitting this to me and facing my just wrath? "
^^ His courage has been strong enough to concede to
my wish that I might tell you myself, and in my own
time.''
The library door stood open and the hall gave out
onto the verandah where Stuart Farquaharson sat wait-
ing for Conscience to return.
The minister attempted to rise from his chair and fell
back into it, with a groan, as he remembered his help-
lessness. That helplessness did not, however, abate his
anger, and his voice rose as it was accustomed to rise
when, pounding the pulpit pillow, he wished to drive
home some impassioned utterance, beyond the chance of
missing any sleepy ear.
" If what you say is true, this man has abused my
hospitality and used my roof as an ambuscade to attack
me. He is not, as you say, a man of honor or of cour-
age, but a coward and a sneak! I have more to say,
but it had better be said to him direct. Please send him
to me."
The girl hesitated, then she wheeled with flaming
face toward the chair. ** I have been willing," she said,
"to smother my life in an effort to meet your ideas,
though I knew them to be little ideas. Now I see that
in yielding everything one can no more please you than
in yielding nothing. If he goes, I go, too. You may
take your choice."
But as her words ended Conscience felt a hand laid
gently on her shoulder, and a voice whispered in her ear,
64 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
" Don't, dear ; this will always haunt you. Leave it to
me.'* Stuart turned her gently toward the door, then
faced the irate figure in the chair. In a voice entirely
quiet and devoid of passion he addressed its occupant.
^^ I thought I heard you call for me, sir* I am here."
CHAPTER Vn
F>R a little while the study remained silent, except
for the excited panting of the minister, whose
face was a mask of fury. The passion in Con-
science's eyes was gradually fading into an expression
of deep misery. The issue of cruel dilemma had come
in spite of every defensive effort and every possible
care. It had come of her father's forcing and she
knew that he would make no concession. When Wil-
liams spoke his voice came chokingly.
" Conscience, leave us alone. WTiat I have to say to
this man is a matter between the two of us."
But instead of obeying the girl took her place at
Stuart's side and laid her hand on his arm.
" What you have to say to him, Father, is very much
my affair," she replied steadily. " My action for the
rest of my life depends upon it."
" Dear," suggested the Virginian in a lowered voice,
" you can trust me. I'm not going to lose my temper
if it's humanly possible to keep it. There's no reason
why you should have to listen to things which it will be
hard to forget."
" No," she declared with a decisiveness that could not
be shaken, " I stay here as long as you stay. When
you go, I go, too."
Farquaharson turned to the minister. " I believe
you called for me, sir," he repeated, in a tone of even
politeness. " You have something to say to me? "
The old man raised a hand that was palsied with rage
and his voice shook.
" I fancy you heard what I said of you. I said that
you had abused my hospitality and that you are a
55
66 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
coward and a sneak. You are worse than that; you
are an infamous scoundrel."
Conscience felt the muscles in the forearm upon which
her fingers rested grow tense and hard as cables. She
saw the face pale to lividness and the lips stiffen, but
except for that, the man made no movement, and for
some ten seconds he did not speak. They were ten sec-
onds of struggle against an anger as fierce as it was
just, but at the end of that time he inquired quietly,
" Is that all you meant to say to me? "
" No ! There's much more, but for most men that
would be enough. To let it go unanswered is a con-
fession of its truth."
" My invariable answer to such words," said Stuart
Farquaharson slowly, " is made with a clenched fist.
The triple immunity of your cloth, your age and your
infirmity denios me even that reply."
" And what immunity makes a denial unnecessary? "
" A denial would dignify a charge which I can afford
to ignore as I ignore vulgar talk that I hear in an
alley."
The old man bent forward, glaring like a gargoyle,
and his first attempts to speak were choked into inar-
ticulate rumblin^rs by his raxre. His face reddened with
a fever of passi^ which thfew the veins on his temples
into purple traceries.
" I repeat with a full responsibility — with the
knowledge that the God whom I have tried to serve is
listening, that you are what I have called you, because
you have come into my house and practiced a continu-
ous and protracted deceit. You have abused the free-
dom granted you as a guest to try to win my daughter
away from everything worth holding to and everything
she has been taught. I was a blind fool. I was a
watchman fallen asleep at the gate — a sentry unfaith-
ful at his post." The voice of the minister settled into
a clearer coherence as he went on in deep bitterness.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 67
" You say I have accused you sternly. I am also ac-
cusing myself sternly — but now the scales have fallen
from my eyes and I recognize my remissness. God
grant I am not too late."
He paused for breath and his fingers clenched rigidly
at the carvings of his chair arms. " You know that
my daughter is young and inexperienced — an impres-
sionable child not sufficiently seasoned in wisdom to
repudiate the gauzy lure of dangerous modernisms.'*
" Father,^' broke in Conscience during his accusing
pause, " you are starting out with statements that are
unjust and untrue. I am not a child and no one has
corrupted my righteousness. We simply have different
ideas of life."
The minister did not take his eyes from the face of
the young man and he ignored the interruption of his
daughter.
" I could not blame her : it was the natural spirit of
unthinking youth. You, however, did know the conse-
quences. Here in my house — which you must never
reenter — you have incited my family against me to
serve your own covetous and lustful interests." Again
he halted while the young man, still standing as rigid
as a bronze figure, his flushed face set and his eyes
holding those of his accuser with unblinking steadiness,
made no attempt to interrupt him.
" What, indeed, to you were mere questions of right
or wrong? You had a world of light and frivolous
women to choose from, your own kind of women who
could dance and fritter life away in following fads that
make for license — but you must come into the house-
hold of a man who has tried to fight God's battles;
standing against these encroachments of Satan which
you advocate — and beguile my only daughter into tell-
ing me that I must choose between surrender or the
wretchedness of ending my life in deserted loneliness."
Farquaharson, despite the storm which raged in his
68 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
heart, answered with every outward show of calmness,
even with dignity.
" You accuse me of having made love to your daugh-
ter. For that I have no denial. I have loved her since
she was a child. I have told her so at every oppor-
tunity, but that love has been honorable and free of
deceit and I know of no law which forbids a man of
decent character to plead his cause. That I should win
her love is a marvelous thing, but, thank God, I have
it and hope to hold it till death."
" You have filched it ! You have it as a thief has
another man's purse or another man's wife. You have
gained favor by arousing discontent for a Godly home :
a home where she is sheltered and where she belongs.''
There was a tense silence and Farquaharson's voice
was almost gentle when he next spoke.
" There is more than one way of looking at life —
and more than one may be right. Conscience wanted
the wider scope which college would have given her.
She wanted it with all the splendid eagerness of a soul
that wishes to grow and fulfill itself. That rightful
privilege you denied her— and she has not complained.
Why shouldn't she want life's fullness instead of life's
meagemess and its breadth instead of its bigotries? Is
there greater nobility in the dull existence of a barnacle
that hangs to one spot than in the flight of a bird? I
have sought no quarrel and I have cruelly set a curb
upon my temper, but I have no apologies to make and
no intention of giving her up. I should be glad of your
consent, but with it or without it I shall continue to
urge my love. It would be a pity for you to force a
breach."
" There is no question of my forcing a breach."
The first words were spoken sharply, but as they con-
tinued they began again to rush and mount into an
access of passion. ** You are as insolent as your words
prove you to be reckless. You have tried to corrupt
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 69
every idea of righteousness in my daughter's heart.
It would almost appear that you have succeeded. But
I believe God is stronger than Satan. I believe my
prayers and the heritage of Godfearing forefathers
will yet save her. As for you, you are to leave my
house and henceforth never to cross my threshold."
" Very well/' answered Stuart quietly ; then he
added : ** To what extent am I indebted to Mr. Eben
Tollman for your sudden discovery that I am a sneak
and a coward? *'
"That,'' shouted the invalid, ** proves your mean-
ness of spirit. Had Mr. Tollman held a brief for you
he could not have defended you more stoutly. He, too,
was deceived in you,' it seems."
" Stuart," suggested the girl, " it's no use. You
can't change him now. Perhaps when he's less an-
j gry — "
** Less angry ! '* screamed the old man. " For al-
: most seventy years my wrath against the machina-
tions of hell has burned hot. If God grants me
strength to the end, it will never cool. You, too, have
turned to my enemies in my last days. You would leave
me for a young wastrel who has sung in your ears the
song of a male siren. But before I will surrender my
fight for the dictates of the conscience God has given
me to be my mentor, I will see you go ! "
" Father ! " cried the girl. " You don't know what
you're saying."
His face had become frenzied and purpled, his hands
were shaking. His voice was a thunder, nunbling with
its agitation. "I must have sinned deeply — but if
the Almighty sees fit to take from me my health, my
child, my last days of peace on earth — if He chooses
to chastise me as He chastised Job — I shall still fight
for His righteous will, and war on the iniquitous
chil — "
The last word broke with a choke in his throat.
60 THE TYRANNY OE WEAKNESS
The white head rocked from side to side and the hands
clawed the air. Then William Williams hunched for-
ward and lurched from his chair to the floor.
In an instant Farquaharson was at his side and bend-
ing over the unconscious form and a few minutes later,
still insensible, the figure had been laid on a couch and
the roadster was racing for a physician.
When Conscience came out into the yard later, where
her lover was awaiting her, her lips were pale and her
eyes tortured. She went straight into his outstretched
arms and with her head on his shoulder sobbed out a
misery that shook her. At last the man asked softly,
"What did the doctor say?'* And she answered
brokenly.
** It seems that — besides the paralysis he has a weak
— heart.''
The man held her close. " I wish to God it could
have been averted. I tried."
" You did all you could,'' she declared. ** But, Stu-
art, when he came back to consciousness, his eyes were
awful! I've never seen such terror in a human face.
He couldn't speak at first and when he could ... he
whispered in absolute agony, *Has she gone?' He
thought I'd left him lying there — and gone with you."
" Great God ! " It was more a groan than an ex-
clamation.
"And when he saw me he stretched out his hands
like a child and began crying over me, but even then
he said bitterly, * That man's name must never be men-
tioned in this house.' . . . What are we to do? "
" There is only one thing to do," he told her. . " We
are young enough to wait. You can't desert a dying
father."
While they talked the physician came out of the
door.
" The patient will pull through this attack," he said
briskly. " It's a leaky valve. There is only one rule
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 61
that I have to lay upon you. It is absolutely vital
that he shall not be excited. A blow with an ax would
be no more fatal than another such stroke.''
Conscience looked desperately about her, as Stuart
with the doctor beside him started the car again down
the drive. In a front window her eyes lighted on a
flaming branch of maple leaves. Only two hours ago
she and her lover had been watching the sunlight spill
through the gorgeous filter of the painted foliage.
They had carried in their hearts the spirit of carnival.
Now the storm had broken and swept tiiem.
She walked unsteadily to the veranda of the house
and dropped down on the steps. Her head was swim-
ming and her life was in a vortex.
CHAPTER VIII
THE days that followed were troubled days and
they brought to Conscience's cheeks an ac-
centuated pallor. Under her eyes were
smudges that made them seem very large and wistful.
The minister was once more in his arm chair, a little
more broken, a little more fiercely uncompromising of
aspect, but the one normal solution of such a spent and
burdensome life: the solution of death, stood off from
him. Upon his daughter, whose lips were sealed
against any protest by the belief that even a small ex-
citement might kill him, he vented long and bigoted
sermons of anathema. In these sermons, possibly, he
was guilty of the very heresy of which his daughter
had said he was so intolerant. He seemed to doubt
himself, these days, that Satan wore a spiked tail and
a pair of cloven hoofs. Of late he rather leaned to the
belief that the Arch-tempter had returned to walk the
earth in the guise of a young Virginian and that he
had assumed the incognito of Stuart Farquaharson.
One refrain ran through every waking hour and
troubled his sleep with fantastic dreams. God com-
manded him to strip this tempter of his habfliments of
pretense and show the naked wickedness of his soul
to the girl's deluded eye. To that fancied command he
dedicated himself as whole-heartedly as a bloodhound
gives itself to the man hunt.
To Stuart one day, as they walked together in the
woods. Conscience confessed her fear that this constant
hammering of persecution would eventually batter down
her capacity for sane judgment and she ended with a
sweeping denunciation of every form of bigotry.
62
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 68
M
Dear," he answered with the gravity of deep ap-
prehension, ^^ you say that and you believe it and yet
this same instinct of self-martyrdom is the undertow of
your life flood. If your given name didn't happen to
be Conscience your middle name would be just that.''
^^ I suppose I have a conscience of a sort — but a
different sort, I hope. Is that such a serious fault? "
she asked, and because the strain of these days had tired
and rubbed her nerves into the sensitiveness of exhaus-
tion, she asked it in a hurt and wounded tone.
" It's an indispensable virtue," he declared. ** Your
father's conscience was a virtue, too, until it ran amuck
and became a savage menace. When you were a child,"
he went on, speaking so earnestly that his brow was
drawn into an expression which she mistook for a
frown of disapproval, " your most characteristic qual-
ity was an irrepressible sense of humor. It gave both
sparkle and sanity to your outlook. It held you im-
mune to all bitterness."
" And now? " She put the query somewhat faintly.
" Now, more than ever, because the life around you
is grayer, it's vital that you cling to your golden
talisman. To let it go means to be lost in the fog."
They were strolling along a woodland path and she
was a few steps in advance of him. He saw her shoul-
ders stiffen, but it was not until he overtook her that
he discovered her eyes to be sparkling with tears.
"What is it, dearest?" he contritely demanded,
and after a long pause she said :
" Nothing, except that I feel as if you had slapped
me in the face."
" I ! Slapped you in the face ! " He could only
reecho her words in bewilderment and distress. " I
don't understand."
Laying a hand on her arm, he halted her in a place
where the setting sun was spilling streams of yellow
light through the woodland aisles and then her lips
64 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
trembled; her eyes filled and she pressed both hands
over her face. After a moment she looked up and
dashed the tears contemptuously away.
" No, I know you don't understand, dear. It's my
own fault. I'm a weak little fool," she said, ^^But
it's all gotten horribly on my nerves. I can't help it."
**For God's sake," he begged, **tell me what I did
or said? " And her words came with a weary resig-
nation.
" I think you had better put me out of your life,
Stuart. I've just realized how things really are —
you've told me. I can't go because I'm chained to the
galley. While Father lives my place is here."
She broke off suddenly and his face took on a
stunned amazement.
" Out of my life ! " exclaimed the man almost angrily.
** Abandon you to all this abysmal bigotry and — to
this Pharisaical web of ugly dogmas! Conscience,
you're falling into a melancholy morbidness."
As she looked at him and saw the old smoldering fire
in his eyes that reminded her of his boyhood, a pathetic
smile twisted the comers of her lips.
"Yes — I guess that's just it, Stuart," she said
slowly, " You see, I may have to stay here until, as
you put it, Fm all faded out in the fog. If I've
changed so much already there's no telling what years
of it will turn me into."
Stuart Farquaharson caught her impulsively in his
arms and his words came in tumultous fervor.
" What I said wasn't criticism," he declared. " God
knows I couldn't criticize you. You ought to know
that. This is the nearest we've ever come to a quar-
rel, dear, since the Barbara Freitchie days, and it's
closer than I want to come. Besides, it's not just your
laughter that I love. It's all of you: heart, mind,
body: the whole lovely trinity of yourself. I mean to
wage unabated war against all these forces that are
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 66
trying to stifle your laughter into the pious smirk of
the pharisee. There's more of what God wants the
world to feel in one peal of your laughter than in all
the psalms that this whole people ever whined through
their noses. You're one of the rare few who can go
through life being yourself — not just a copy and re-
flection of others. A hundred years ago your own
people would probably have burned you as a witch
for that. They've discontinued that form of worship
now, but the cut of their moral and intellectual jib is,
in some essentials, the same. Thank God, you have a
different pattern of soul and I want you to keep it."
She drew away from him and slowly her face cleared
of its misery and the eyes flashed into their old mis-
chief-loving twinkle. ** That's the flrst real rise I've
had out of you," she declared, ^^ since Barbara waved
the stars and stripes at you. Then you were only de-
fending Virginia, but now you've assumed the offensive
against all New England."
But even in that mild disagreement they had, as he
said, come nearer than either liked to a quarrel — and
neither could quite forget it. Both felt that the thin
edge of what might have been a disrupting wedge had
threatened their complete harmony.
Because he could mark the transition of this thing
called conscience into an obsession, and because he, too,
was worn m patience and stinging with resentment
against the injustice of the father, he fought hotly, and
his denunciations of various influences were burning
and scornful. So slowly but dangerously there crept
into their arguments the element of contention.
Hitherto Stuart had made no tactical mistakes. He
had endured greatly and in patience, but now he was
unconsciously yielding to the temptation of assailing
an abstract code in a fashion which her troubled judg-
ment might translate into attacks upon her father.
Out of that attitude was bom for her a hard dilemma
66 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
of conflicting loyalties. It was all a fabric woven of
gossamer threads, but Gulliver was bound into help-
lessness by just such Lilliputian fetters.
Late one night, when the moon was at two-thirds of
fullness and the air touched with frost, Stuart aban-
doned the bed upon which he had been restlessly tossing
for hours. He kindled a pipe and sat meditating, none
too cheerfully, by the frail light of a bayberry candle.
Through the narrow corridors and boxed-in stair wells
of a ramshackle hotel, came no sounds except the
minors of the night. Somewhere far off a dog barked
and somewhere near at hand a traveling salesman
snored. In the flare and sputter of the charring wick
and melting wax shadows lengthened and shortened like
flapping flags of darkness.
Then the jangle of the telephone bell in the office
ripped the stillness with a discordant suddenness which
Farquaharson thought must arouse the household, but
the snoring beyond the wall went on, unbroken, and
there was no sound of a footfall on the creaking stair.
At last Stuart, himself, irritated by the strident
urgency of its repetitions, reached for his bath robe and
went down. The clapper still trembled with the echo
of its last vibrations as he put the receiver to his ear
and answered.
Then he started and his muscles grew taut, for the
other voice was that of Conscience and it shook with
terrified unevenness and a tremulous faintness like the
leaping and weakening of a fevered pulse. He could
tell that she was talking guardedly with her lips close
to the transmitter.
" I had to speak to you without waiting for morn-
ing,'' she told him, recognizing his voice, ** and yet • —
yet I don't know what to say."
Recognizing from the wild note that she was labor-
ing under some unnatural strain, he answered sooth-
ingly, " Fm glad you called me, dear.'*
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 67
"What time is it?*' she demanded next and when
he told her it was well after midnight she gave a low
half -hysterical laugh. " I couldn't sleep . . . Father
spent the afternoon exhorting me • • • he was trying
to make me promise not to see you again • • • and I
was trying to keep him from exciting himself." Her
voice was so tense now as to be hardly recognizable.
" Every few minutes it looked as if he were about to
fly into a passion • • • You know what that would
mean . . . and of course I — I — couldn't promise."
She paused for breath, but before he could speak,
rushed on.
" It's been an absolute reign of terror. Every nerve
in my body is jumping and quivering ... I think I'm
going mad."
^* Listen." The man spoke as one might to a child
who has awakened, terrified, out of a nightmare and is
afraid to be alone. " I'm coming out there. You
need to talk to some one. I'll leave the car out of
hearing in the road."
" No, no ! " she exclaimed in a wildly fluttering tim-
bre of protest. ** If he woke up it would be worse than
this afternoon — it might kill him ! "
But Stuart answered her with a quiet note of finality.
"Wrap up well — it's cool outside — and meet me on
the verandah. We can talk more safely that way than
by 'phone. I'm going to obey the doctor implicitly
— unless you fail to meet me. If you do that — ^" he
paused a moment before hanging up the receiver —
" I'U knock on the door."
The moon had not yet set as he started on foot up
the driveway of the manse and the bare trees stood
out stark and inky against the silver mists. Before
he was more than half-way to the house he saw her
coming to meet him, casting backward glances of
anxiety over her shoulder.
She was running with a ghostlike litheness through
68 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
the moonlight, her eyes wide and f rigfat^ied and her
whole seeming one of unreasoning panic so that the
man, who knew her dauntlessness of spirit, felt his
heart sink.
*^You shouldn't have done it/' she began in a re-
proachful whisper. ^^ You shouldn't have come ! " But
he only caught her in his arms and held her so close
to his own heart that the wild palpitation of her bosom
was calmed against its steadiness. Her arms went
gropingly round his neck and clutched him as if he were
the one stable thing that stood against an allied fero-
city of wind and wave.
^You needed me," he said. **And when you need
me I come — even if I have to come like a burglar."
The eyes which she raised to his face were tearless -*
but hardly sane. She was fear-ridden by ghosts that
struck at her normality and she whispered, *^ Suppose
he died by my fault? "
At all costs, the lover resolved. Conscience must
leave this place for a time — until she could return
with a stabler judgment. But just now he could not
argue with her.
** We'll be very quiet," he said reassuringly. "If
you hear any sound in the house you can go back.
You're overwrought, dearest, and I've only come to be
near you. Nobody will see me except yourself, but if
at any time before daylight you want me, come to your
window and raise the blind. I'll be where I can see."
For awhile she clung to him silently, her breath com-
ing fast. About them the moon shed a softness of
pale silver and old ivory. The silence seemed to carry
a wordless hymn of peace and though they stood in
shadow there was light enough for lovers' eyes. The
driven restlessness that had made Conscience doubt her
sanity was slowly yielding to a sense of repose, as the
tautened anguish of a mangled body relaxes to the
balm of an anesthetic. Slowly the slenderly curved
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 69
and graciously proportioned modeling of her lithe
figure quieted from spasmodic unrest and the wild rac-
ing measure of her heart-beat calmed. Then she
turned up her face. Her eyes cleared and her lips
tilted their corners in a smile.
*^ I'm a horrid little demon^" she declared in a voice
freighted with self-scorn, but no longer panic-stricken.
*^rve always hated a coward, and I'm probably the
most am€izingly craven one that ever lived. I do noth-
ing but call on you to fight my battles for me when I
can't hold my own.'*
^^ You're an adorable little saint, with an absurd
leaning toward martyrdom," he fervently contradicted.
** Why shouldn't you call on me? Aren't you fighting
about me? '*
Her dark eyes were for a moment serene because she
was treasuring this moment of moonlight and the re-
spite of love against the chances of to-morrow.
*^ Anyhow you came — ^^ she said, " and since you
did there's at least one more fight left in me." Then
her voice grew again apprehensive. **It was pretty
bad before . • . just hearing you preached against
and being afraid to reply because • • • of the warn-
ing. Now he wants my promise that I'll dismiss you
forever • • • and the worst of it is that he'll pound on
it to the end. What am I to do ? "
"Is there any question?" he gravely asked her.
** Could you make that promise? "
" No — no ! " He felt the figure in his arms flinch
at the words, "There's no question of that^ but how
am I to keep him from raging himself to death? "
" Hasn't the doctor warned him that he mustn't ex-
cite himself? "
The dark head nodded and the fingers of the hands
about his neck tightened. "Of course," she said.
" But there you have the tyranny of weakness again.
/ must make the fight to keep him alive. He would re-
\
^
k
70 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
gard it as going righteousl; to death for his beliefs.
That's just the goodness-gone-wrongness of it all."
" Blessed are the self-righteous," mused Farquahar-
son half aloud, "for they shall supply their own ab-_
solution." To himself he was saying, ** The wretched
old hellion ! "
" And then you see, after all," she added with the
martyr's sophistry, " in the fi^t for you, Fm only
fighting for myself and in doing what I can for him I'm
trying to be unselfish."
" Listen," the man spoke carefully, " that, too, is the
goodness-gone-wron^ess as you caJl it ; the sheer per-
version of a duty sense. If it were just myself to be
thought of, perhaps I couldn't fight you on a point of
conscience. But it isn't just me — not if you lore
me."
" Love you ! " He felt the thrilled tremor that ran
through her from head to foot, and that made her
bosom heave stormily. The moon had sunk a little and
the shadow in which they were standing had crawled
onward so that on her head fell a gleam of pale light,
kindling her eyes and touching her temples under the
sooty shadows of her hair. Her lips were parted and
her voice trembled with the solemnity of a vow, too
sacred to he uttered without the fullest frankness.
" In every way that I know how to love, I love you !
Everything that a woman can he to a man I want to
be to you and all that a woman can give to a man, I
want to give to you."
It was he who trembled then and became unsteady
with the intoxication of triumph.
" Then I'll fi^t for you, while I have breath, even if
means fighting with you."
Suddenly she caught at his arm with a spasmodic
alarm, and he turned his head as the screeching whine
of a window sounded in the stillness. The effort to
raise it cautiously was indicated not by any noiseIeas>
THE TYRANNY OE WEAKNESS 71
ness but by the long duration of the sound. Then a
woman's head with hair in tight pigtails stood out
against the pallid light of a bedroom lamp, turned low,
and the whispered challenge came out to them.
"Who's out there?'*
" Ssh ! " cautioned the girl, tensely. " It's I,
Auntie. Don't wake Father."
Grudgingly the window creaked down and for sec-
onds which lengthened themselves interminably to the
anxious ears of the pair in the shadows, they waited
with bated breath. Then Stuart whispered, " You
must go to sleep now."
The rest of the far-spent night Stuart stood guard
outside the house. Once, a half hour after Conscience
had gone in, her blind rose and she stood silhouetted
against the lamp-light. The man stepped out of his
shadow and raised a hand, and she waved back at him.
Then the lamp went out, and he surrendered himself
to thought and resolves — and mistakes. This sub-
mission to the tyranny of weakness had gone too far.
She must go away. He must take up the fight ag-
gressively. He did not realize that he who was fighting
for her sense of humor had lost his own. He did not
foresee that he was preparing to throw the issue on
dangerous ground, pitting his stubbornness against her
stubbornness, and raising the old duel of temperaments
to combat — the immemorial conflict between puritan
and cavalier.
CHAPTER IX
STUART FARQUAHARSON had tempered a
dignified strength with a gracious fortitude.
He had endured slanderous charges and stood
with the steadiness of a reef-light when Conscience was
steering a storm ridden course, but the constant pres-
sure on ^he dykes of his self-command had strained
them until they might break at any moment and
let the flood of passion swirl through with destructive
power. He was being oppressed and seeing Conscience
oppressed by a spirit which he regarded as viciously
illiberal — and he accused Conscience, in his own mind,
of blind obedience to a distorted sense of duty. Un-
consciously he was seeking to coerce her into repudi-
ating it by a form of argument in which the gracious-
ness of his nature gave way to a domineering insistence.
Unconsciously, too, that form of attack aroused in
her an unyielding quality of opposition.
When he saw her next after the mid-night meeting
she had seemed more normally composed and he had
seized upon the occasion to open his campaign. They
had driven over and stopped the car at a point from
which they could look out to sea, and though the sum-
mer vividness had died out of wave and sky and the
waters had taken on a touch of a leaden grinmess, there
was still beauty in the picture.
For awhile they talked of unimportant things, but
abruptly Stuart said: "Dearest, I told you that I
meant to fight for you even if I had to fight with you.
That's the hardest form in which the battle could come,
but one can't always choose the eoTulitions of war."
He paused and, seeing that his eyes were troubled.
Conscience smiled encouragingly.
72
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 78
"At least," she laughed, "I believe you will wage
war on me humanely."
The man went on hurriedly. " I've been talking with
the doctor. He says that your father's condition holds
no immediate danger — danger of death, I mean. Un-
less he suffers another stroke, he may live for years."
The girl nodded her head. " Yes, I know," she said
wearily, *^ and for him life only means continuation of
suffering." She did not add that it meant the same for
her and Stuart, looking steadily into her face, said
with decision, " For awhile you must go away."
" I ! " Her eyes widened with an incredulous expres-
sion as if she thought she had misunderstood, then she
answered slowly and very gently, " You know I can't
do that, dear."
" I know that you must," he countered, and because
he had keyed himself for this combat of wills he spoke
more categorically than he realized. "At first
thought, of course, you would feel that you couldn't.
But your ability to stand a long siege will depend on
conserving your strength. You are human and not
indestructible."
She shook her head with a gentle stubbornness.
" Stuart, dear, you're trying to make me do a thing
you wouldn't do yourself. A sentry placed on duty
can't go away until his watch is over — even if it's
raw and gloomy where's he's stationed."
"No, but soldiers under intolerable stress are re-
lieved and given breathing space whenever it's possible."
" Yes, whenever it's possible."
"It's possible, now, dearest, and perhaps it won't
be later. You could visit some friend for a few weeks
and come back the better able to carry on the siege.
Otherwise you'll be crushed by the weight of the or-
deal."
" Stuart," she began slowly, " who is there to take
my place, even for a few weeks?"
74 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
"And the whole intolerable situation arises," he
broke out with a sudden inflection of wrath, " from in-
ert, thick-skulled bigotry. Thought processes that
are moral cramps and mental dyspepsia threaten to
ruin your entire life."
*^ Don't, dear — please ! " She leaned toward him
and spoke earnestly. " I know it's hard to endure
without retort, but please don't make me listen to
things like that about Father. It's bad enough with-
out any more recriminations."
Then logic retreated from Stuart Farquaharson.
He, the gracious and controlled, gave way to his first
moment of ungenerous temper and retorted bitterly.
" Very well, but it seems you can listen to his abuse
of me."
Conscience flinched as if lash-stung and for an in-
stant indignation and anger kindled in her eyes only
to die as instantly out of them, as she bit her lip.
When she spoke it was in an even gentler voice. *' You
know why I listened to him, Stuart. You know that
I didn't listen . . . before his stroke. I didn't listen
when I told him that if you went, I went, too, did
I?"
The man's face paled and with a spasmodic gesture
he covered it with his hands. ** My God ! " he ex-
claimed, " I don't think I've ever said such a damnably
mean and caddish thing before — and to you ! "
But Conscience bent over and drew his hands away
from his face. " It wasn't you. It was just the
strain. You could make allowances for me when I
called you out to calm me in the middle of the night. I
can make them, too. Neither of us is quite sane."
But having had that warning of Stuart's slipping
control. Conscience kept locked in her own bosom cer-
tain fresh trials which discussion would have alleviated.
She did not tell him how she spent sleepless nights de-
vising plans to meet the grim insistence upon his ban-
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 76
ishment which she knew the morning would bring. But
she felt that the comfort of a complete unburdening of
her feelings had been curtailed and with a woman's
genius for sacrifice she uncomplainingly assumed that
added strain.
One afternoon Eben Tollman came out of the house,
as she was walking alone under the bare trees of the
driveway, and stopped, hat in hand, at her side.
" Conscience," he began thoughtfully, ** Mr. Wil-
liams has just told me of his insistence that Mr. Far-
quaharson shall not only be denied the house, but sent
away altogether. You . must be carrying a pretty
heavy load for young shoulders."
The girl stood regarding her father's counselor
gravely. He had never appealed to her as a person
inviting confidence, and she had thought of his mind as
cut to the same austere pattern as the minister's own.
Yet now his face wore an expression of kindliness and
sympathy to which his manner gave corroboration.
Possibly she had misjudged the man and lost his under-
lying qualities in her careless view of externals. Toll-
man seemed to expect no answer and went on slowly, '^ I
tried to point out to your father the unwisdom of an
insistence which must stir a spirit like yours to natural
opposition. I suggested that under the circumstances
it was scarcely fair."
"What did he say?" She put the inquiry with a
level glance as if reserving her right to accept or reject
his volunteered assistance.
"He could only see his own side. He must do his
duty, however hard he found it."
Conscience remembered Stuart's warning that Toll-
man thought he loved her, and smiled to herself. This
voluntary championing of another man's cause hardly
seemed to comport with such a conception.
"I don't know what to do," she admitted wearily.
" Obviously I can't make the promise he asks and no
76 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
more can I let him fly into a rage that may kill him«
I'm between the upper and nether mill-stones."
The man nodded with a grave and courteous com-
prehension.
" I hesitate to volunteer advice — and yet — ^^ He
came to a questioning halt.
"Yes," she prompted eagerly. "Please go on."
"I had thought," he continued, with the diffident
manner of a man unaccustomed to proffering counsel
before it was asked, "that, if you cared to use me, I
might be of some help — as an intermediary of sorts."
"An intermediary? " she repeated. Then more im-
pulsively, because she felt that her attitude had been
wanting in graciousness, she added, " I know you're
offering to do something very kind, but I'm afraid I
don't quite understand."
" I think I am entirely in your father's confidence,"
he explained, " and because, on many subjects, we hold
common opinions, I can discuss — even argue — mat-
ters with him without fear of antagonism or excitement
to him. Still I hope I am not too old to be in sym-
pathy with your more youthful and more modem out-
look on life. If at any time I can help, please call on
me."
They had been walking toward his buggy at the
hitching post — it was not a new or particularly well-
kept vehicle — and there they halted.
^^ This is good of you," she said, extending her hand
cordially, and as he took it he suggested, " Meanwhile
^n old man is not speedily weaned from an idea which
has taken deep root, and that brings me to another
suggestion." Once more he paused deferentially as if
awaiting permission, ^^ if I may make it."
" I wish you would.'*
" It is the idea of Mr. Farquaharson's constant prox-
imity and influence which keeps your father's animosity
stirred to combat. With a temporary absence it would
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 77
relax. I think it might even come to an automatic
end . . . When Farquaharson returned Mr. Williams's
mind might have lost its inflammation."
He smiled and shook the reins over the back of the
old horse and when he drove away he left Conscience
standing with her lips parted and her gaze set.
Send Stuart away for a time! She had told that
she could not stand it without him, and now Tollman
had expressed the unbiased view of one whose personal
desires were not blinding his judgment. She moved
over to the side of the road and leaned heavily against
a tree. She felt as if she were standing unprotected
under the chilling beat of a cold and driving rain, and
her lips moved without sound, shaping again the three
words " send him away ! "
She had been holding her lover at her side until she
could see his nerves growing raw under the stress of
his worry about herself and the temper which nature
had made chivalric giving way to acerbity. Yes, Toll-
man was right — it required a sacrifice to save a
wreck — and because he was right the sun grew dark
and the future as black as the floor of the sea.
But the next time she saw Stuart she did not broach
the suggestion, nor yet the next time after that. The
man gave her no opportunity, so indomitably was he
waging his campaign to have her go. And as her
equally inflexible refusal stood impregnable against his
assaults, he grew desperate and reenforced his argur
ments with the accusation of indifi^erence to his wishes.
In each succeeding discussion, his infectious smile grew
rarer and the drawn brow, that bore close kinship to
a frown, more habitual. His own talisman of humor
was going from him, and two unyielding determinations
settled more and more directly at cross odds.
When the breach came it was almost entirely the
Virginian's fault, or the fault of the unsuspected Hyde
who lurked behind his JekylL
78 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
" Conscience/' he pleaded desperately on the after-
noon which neither of them could ever remember after-
wards without a sickness of the soul, "you're simply
building a funeral pyre for yourself. You're wrecking
your life and my life because of an insane idea. You're
letting the pettiest and unworthiest thing in you — a
twisted instinct — consume all that's vital and fine.
You're worshiping the morbid."
*'If I'm guilty of all that," she answered with a
haunted misery in her eyes which she averted her face
to hide, "I'm hardly worth fighting for. The only
answer I have is that I'm doing what seems right to
me."
" Can't you admit that for the moment your sense
of right may be clouded? All I ask is that you go for
a while to the home of some friend, where they don't
rebufi^ the sunlight when it comes in at the window."
" Stuart," she told him gently but with conviction,
"you have changed, too. Once I could have taken
your advice as almost infallible, but I can't now."
The Virginian's face paled, and his question came
with an irritable quickness, " In what fashion have I
changed? "
*^ In a way, I think I've recovered my balance," she
said with deep seriousness. " I couldn't have done it
without you. You've taken my troubles on yourself,
but at a heavy price, dear. They've preyed on you
until now it's you who can't trust his judgment. All
you say infiuences me, but it's no longer because of its
logic, it's because I love you and you're talking to my
heart."
Farquaharson paced the frosty path of the woods
where they were talking. His face was dark and his
movements nervous so Conscience would not let herself
look at him. She had something difiicult to say and of
late she had not felt strong enough to spend vitality
with wastefulness.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 79
"You say I'm wrecking both our Kves . . ." she
went on resolutely. " I don't want to wreck either
. . . but yours I couldn't bear to wreck. I love you
enough to make any sacrifice for you • • • even enough
to give you up."
Stuart wheeled and his attitude stiffened to rigidity.
The woods raced about him in crazy circles, and before
his eyes swam spots of yellow and orange.
*' Do you mean — " he paused to moisten his lips with
his tongue and found his tongue, too, suddenly dry —
" do you mean that you've let this tyranny of weak-
ness conquer you? Have you promised to exile me? "
She flinched as she had flinched on the one other oc-
casion when he had accused her of a disloyalty which
would have been impossible to her, but she was too un-
happy to be angry.
**No," she said slowly, "I haven't even considered
such a promise. I said just now that you had changed.
The other Stuart Farquaharson wouldn't have sus-
pected me of that."
" Then what in Heaven's name do you mean? "
" I mean that you must go away — for awhile. It's
only selfishness that has blinded me to that all along.
I'm killing all the best in you by keeping you here."
" You are strong enough to bear the direct strain,
I suppose," he accused with a bitter smile. " But I'm
too weak to endure even its refiection."
" It's always easier to bear trouble oneself," she re-
minded him with a gracious patience, " than to see the
person one loves subjected to it."
" When did you think of this? "
" I didn't think of it myself," she told him with can-
did directness. " I guess I was too selfish. Mr. Toll-
man suggested it."
" Mr. Tollman ! " The name burst from his lips like
an anathema and a sudden mist of fury swept him from
all moorings of control. ^^You love me enough to give
80 THE TYBANNY OP WEAKNESS
me up — on the advice of my enemies ! You are deaf
to all my pleadings, but to the casual suggestion of this
damned pharisee you jdeld instant obedience. And
what he suggests is that I be sent away."
Her twisted fingers clenched themselves more tautly
and had passion not enveloped Stuart in a red wreath
of fog he must have refrained from adding to the acute-
ness of her torture just then.
" Why,'* she asked faintly, ** should he be your
enemy?"
^^ Because he wants you himself, because, with me
disposed of, he believes he can get what his unclean
and avaricious heart covets as a snake charms a bird,
because — ^
Conscience rose with an effort to her feet. Her
knees were trembling under her and her heart seemed
to close into a painful strangulation.
" Stuart," she faltered, " If you think that my love
can only be held against any outsider by your being at
hand to watch it, you don't trust it as it must be
trusted — and it isn't worth offering you at all."
*^ You've fallen under the spell of these Mad Mullah
prophets," he retorted hotly, " until you can't trust
yourself any longer. You've been inflamed into the
Mohammedan's spirit of a holy war and you're ready
to make a burnt offering of me and my love."
" Now," she said with a faintness that was almost a
whisper, "you must go, whether you agree or not.
You distrust me and insult me • • . and I don't
think ... I can stand many • • • interviews like
this."
But Farquaharson's curb had slipped. His anger
was a frenzied runaway which he, like a madman, was
riding in utter recklessness.
" If I go now," he violently protested, " if I am sent
into exile at the behest of Tollman, my enemy, I go for
all time, knowing that the woman I leave behind is not
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 81
the woman I thought I knew or the woman I have wor-
diiped."
Their eyes met and engaged in a challenge of wills
in which neither would surrender ; a challenge which had
built an issue out of nothing. His burned with the
moment's madness. Hers were clear and unflinching.
^^ If you can go like that," she said, and the tremor
left her voice as she said it, ^^ the man who goes isn't
the man to whom I gave all my love and to whom I was
ready to give my life.'*
She straightened, sustained by a temporary strength,
and stood clothed in a beauty above any which even he
had before acknowledged; a beauty fired with the war
spirit of a Valkyrie and of eyes regal in their effronted
dignity. " If you can feel about me as your words in-
dicate, we could never know happiness. The man
whose love can make such accusations isn't the Stuart
Farquaharson that made me willing to die for him.
Perhaps after all I only dreamed that man. It was a
wonderful dream."
She carried the fingers of one hand to her temple in
a bewildered gesture, then shook back her head as one
rousing oneself with an efi^ort from sleep. ** If it was
a dream," she went on with a forced courage, " it's
just as well to find it out in time."
" Then — " he made several attempts before he could
speak — ^^ then you are sending me away. If that's
true — as there's a God in Heaven, I'll never come
back until you send for me.'*
"As there's a God in Heaven,'* she answered steadily,
almost contemptuously, "I'll never send for you.
You'll never come back unless you come yourself — and
come with a more absolute trust in your heart."
They stood under the leafless branches in a long
silence, both white of cheek and supremely shaken, until
at last the man said huskily : " I suppose I may take
you to your gate? "
8ft THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
She shook her head. ^^ No," she answered firmly,
** I'm going across the field. It's only a step.'' She
turned then and walked away and as he looked after
her she did not glance backward. An erect and regal
carriage covered the misery of her retreat — but when
she reached her house she went up the stairs like some
creature mortally wounded and as she closed the door
of her room, there came from her throat a low and
agonized groan. She stood leaning for a space against
the panels with her hands stretched out gropingly
against the woodwork. Her lips moved vacantly, then
her knees gave way and she crumpled down and lay in-
sensible on the floor.
CHAPTER X
AFTER awhile her lashes trembled and rose
flickeringly upon the vague perplexity of re-
turning consciousness. Her head ached and
her muscles were cramped, because she had crumpled
down as she stood, so that she regained her feet falter-
ingly and went with difficulty over to a chair before the
mirror of her dressing-table. For awhile she sat gaz-
ing dully into her own reflected eyes. Under them
were dark rings. Her cheeks were pale and her whole
face was stricken with the bleak hopelessness of heart-
break. Her gaze fell on a framed photograph, just
before her, and she flinched. It was an enlarged snap-
shot of Stuart Farquaharson. But other pictures
more vitally near to her recent past were passing also
before her. She felt again the muscles of his fore-
arms snap into tautness as he stood silent under her
father's insults. She felt the strength of his embrace
calming the panic of her own heart; the touch of the
kisses that had brought her both peace and ecstasy and
wakened in her latent fires. Surely if, at last, the hot
temper had broken through and blinded him with its
glare of passion, it had not — could not — have burned
to ashes all the chivalric record of these trying months.
Surely it was a thing she could forgive. The man
upon whom she had leaned so long and whom she had
known so well must be more real than this alien revealed
in an ungenerous half hour. The pale sunset died into
the ashes of twilight. Her bureau clock ticked out a
full hour — and a isecond hour while she sat almost im-
movable. She argued with herself that this conflict
which had so impalpably gathered and so suddenly
83
86 THE [TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
strangling of your life. After this afternoon there
can be no middle ground. I stand before you so dis-
credited that unless you love me enough to forgive me
you must hate me wholly and completely. If it's hate,
I have earned it — and more, but if it can still be
love, I have a life to spend in contradiction of to-day.
I shall remain here twenty-four hours waiting for my
answer, and each hour until it comes will be a purga-
tory. I've forfeited my right to come to you without
permission. I must wait for your verdict. I don't
even claim the right to expect an answer — but I know
you will give one. Not to do so would be to brand
me, for life, not only with bitter hatred but bitter
contempt as well.'*
At dawn, without having been to bed, he posted the
letter and sat down to wait with the anxiety of a de-
fendant who has seen the jury locked into its chamber
of fateful decision.
When Eben Tollman came into the post office that
morning, he called for his mail and that of the Williams
household.
Conscience's note to Stuart he did not mail.
Stuart's letter to Conscience he did not deliver, but
later in the day he deposited both in a strong-box in
which he kept lus private papers.
Three days Stuart Farquaharson spent waiting for
an answer and while he waited his face became drawn,
and the ugly doubt of the first hours settled into a cer-
tainty. There would be no answer. He had told her
that to ignore his plea would be the superlative form of
scorn — and she had chosen it.
Conscience, too, who had humbled herself, was wait-
ing: waiting at first with a trust which refused to en-
tertain doubt, and which withered as the days passed
into such an agony that she felt she must go mad. If
Stuart had deliberately done that — she must make
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 87
herself forget him because to hold him in her heart
would be to disgrace herself. The man, in the hour
of ugly passion, had been the real one after all; the
other only a pleasing masquerade !
" Did you mail my letter? *' she finally demanded of
Tollman, and he smilingly responded. ^^ I don't think
I ever forgot to post a letter in my life.'*
In a final investigation she walked to the village and
inquired at the hotel desk, ^^ Is Mr. Farquaharson
here? »
"No, Miss Conscience," the clerk smilingly re-
sponded, " he checked out last night. Said he'd send
his address later."
One afternoon several days later a stranger left the
train at the village and looked about him with that
bored and commiserating expression with which city
men are apt to regard the shallow skyline of a small
town. He was of medium height and carefully
groomed from his well-tailored clothes to the carnation
in his buttonhole and manicured polish of his nails.
His face, clean-shaven save for a close-cropped and
sandy mustache, held a touch of the florid and his figure
inclined to stoutness. At the livery stable where he
called for a buggy, after learning that no taxis were
to be had, he gave the name of Michael Hagan and
asked to be directed to the house of Mr. Eben Tollman.
Mr. Tollman was obviously expecting his visitor,
and received him upon arrival in his austere study.
Yet the fact that there was no element of surprise in
Mr. Hagan's coming failed to relieve Mr. Tollman of
traces of nervousness as he inquired, " You are Mr.
Hagan?"
"Yes, Mr. Tollman, I came up in answer to your
letter."
The stranger had no roving eye. He seemed, indeed,
steady of bearing to the verge of stolidity, yet in a few
seconds he had noted and drawn rapid conclusions
88 THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
from the environment. The cheerlessness of the house
had struck him and the somber room, decorated, if one
calls it decoration, with faded steel engravings of Land-
seer hunting dogs guarding dead birds and rabbits, im-
pressed him.
Mr. Tollman bowed coldly.
" The matter I wish to cQscuss with you is confiden-
tial," he began by way of introduction, and Hagan
smiled as he replied, ^^ Most matters which clients dis-
cuss with me, are confidential."
^ven with this reassurance, Mr. Tollman appeared
to labor under embarrassment and it was only after
some thought that he suggested, ^^ This business is so
new to me that I hardly know how to approach it."
"A man should be extremely frank with his physi-
cian or his lawyer," volunteered the newcomer. " It's
even truer in the case of a detective."
** In this instance," Mr. Tollman proceeded with the
wariness of one wading into water of unknown depth,
^^ I am acting for friends whose business interests I
represent, and who do not care to appear in the matter.
Therefore your dealings will be exclusively with me."
" Certainly, that's quite usual. Now, what's the
nature of the case? Your letter didn't indicate."
" Well, the fact is I wish to have a somewhat search-
ing investigation made into the personal character and
conduct of a young gentleman, who for reasons un-
necessary to state, is of interest to my friends."
"Let me understand you clearly," prompted Mr.
Hagan, with a briskness that accentuated the other's
air of secretiveness. "Is this man to be shown up?
Is that what you mean? "
Mr. Tollman stiff^ened. ** I should suppose," he said
with cool dignity, " that would be dependent to a cer-
tain extent on the facts."
But Mr. Hagan had in his poUce-detective days made
use of the third degree, and when he next spoke his
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 89
voice was firm almost to sternness. ^^ I thought/' he
reminded the other, " we were going to be frank.'*
Thus encouraged, ToUman proceeded slowly, " I'm
not seeking to whitewash the character of the gentle-
man, if that's what you mean."
"Good! Now, we're going somewhere. There are
very few people who have no skeletons in their closets."
The hand of the employer came up with fastidious
distaste. " Let this be understood from the beginning,
Mr. Hagan, I have no wish to hear anything but re-
ports of results obtained. In the details of your work
I have not the slightest interest."
Mr. Hagan nodded, and inquired, " Is it with a view
to criminal prosecution, now, that this case is to be
worked or — ?" He paused interrogatively.
" It is not. It is only necessary to convince a young
lady, whose family disapproves of the man, that their
suspicions are based on fact. She is so prejudiced in
his favor, however, that the facts must be substantial
— and of a character calculated to weigh with a
woman."
Hagan drew a cigar-case from his pocket, and prof-
fered it, but his offer being declined with a cold shake
of the head, he settled himself as comfortably as possi-
ble in his uncomfortable chair and engaged in reflec-
tion. After digesting the preliminaries, he began to
speak musingly, as though to himself.
**0f course if the lady knew that detectives were
working on the case, the force of any disclosure would be
discounted."
His eyes were on his employer as he spoke and he
saw Tollman start. Tollman's words, too, came with
an impulsiveness which had been absent heretofore.
" Neither of them must know, of course, that this
investigation is being made. Unless you can assure me
on that point you mustn't undertake the business."
With some difficulty the detective repressed a smile.
90 THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
" That goes without saying, Mr. Tolhnan. Now if it
could be shown that this man was mixed up in some sort
of a scandal — with a married woman, or a shady one,
for instance — that ought to fit the case, oughtn't it? "
" Precisely." Again Tollman's voice was tinged
with an unaccustomed quickness of interest, but at once,
as though he had made a mistake, he amended with a
heavy gravity, " However, we can hardly forecast what
you will learn. I understand that he has directed his
mail forwarded to an apartment hotel near Washington
Square in New York.'*
The two talked for perhaps forty minutes — though
it must be admitted that a portion of that time was de-
voted to a discussion of the terms of employment. Mr.
Tollman had never undertaken having a man shadowed
before and he regarded the fees as needlessly large.
Back once more in his office in a building on Forty-
second Street, Mr. Hagan cut the end from a cigar and
gazed out across the public library and the park at its
back. The frosted glass of his hall door bore the
legend, " The Searchlight Investigation Bureau.
Private."
"Well, what did you find out about this job.'^" in-
quired a member of the office force who had entered
from a communicating room, and the chief wrinkled his
brow a little as he studied his perfecto.
" It's a dirty business, Schenk," he replied crisply.
" It's the kind of thing that gives knockers a license to
put detectives in the same class as blackmailers — and
the old Whey-face himself is a tight-wad. He wran-
gled over the price — but I made him come through."
" What does he want done? "
" He wants a guy framed. You remember what the
bulls did for Big Finnerty, when Finnerty was threat-
ening to squeal to the District Attorney's office about
police graft?
5>
THE TYRANNY OE WEAKNESS 91
Schenk nodded. " They pulled the old stuff on him.
Sent him to the Island a year for gun-toting.**
" Sure, and he didn't have a gat at that — that is,
not until the bulls planted it in his kick on the way
to the station house." The dignity of Mr. Hagan's
consultation manner had dropped from him, and he
had relapsed into the gang argot with which police
days had given him an intimate familiarity.
" Sure he didn't. That's the way they frame a man.
It's the way they framed — "
" Can the reminiscence stuff," interrupted the head
of the Searchlight Investigation Bureau. *' The point
is that it's just about the deal we're being hired to put
over on this Farquaharson person. He wants to
marry a girl and we've got to frame him up with a
dirty past — or present. Our respected employer is
a deacon and a pious hypocrite. He wants results and
he wants us to go the limit to get 'em. But he must
never know anything that soils the hem of his garment.
He has no interest in the petty doings of detectives.
His smug face must be saved. He didn't tell me this,
but I wised myself to it right away. He's got his eye
on that girl, himself."
The winter came close on the heels of a short autumn
that year and it came with the bluster and roar of
squalls at sea and the lashing of the woods inland.
For some weeks Conscience followed the colorless
monotony of her life with a stunned and bruised dead-
ness about her heart. She had shed no tears and the
feeling was always with her that soon she must awaken
to a poignant agony and that then her mind would
collapse. Mechanically she read to her father and
supervised the duties of the attendant who had been
brought on from Boston, but often when he spoke
to her he had to repeat his question, and then she
would come back to the present with a start.
02 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
The invalid had learned from Tolhnan that Farqua-
harson had gone away after a quarrel, and he piously
told himself that his prayers were answered and his
daughter had been snatched as a brand from the burn-
ing. But for once an instinct of mercy tinged his deal-
ings with the frailities of humanity. He refrained
from talking of Stuart and from the pointing of morals.
That would come later.
CHAPTER XI
THINKING through days when a cold and tor-
tured moisture would burst out on her temples
and through nights when she lay wide-eyed
and sleepless, only one answer seemed to come to Con-
science. All Stuart's love must have curled in that
swift transition into indifference and contempt.
Admitting that conclusion, she knew that her pride
should make her hate him, too, but her pride was dead.
Everything in her was dead but the love she could not
kill and that remained only to torture her.
The most paradoxical thing of all was that in these
troubled days she thought of only one person as a de-
pendable friend. Eben Tollman had evinced a spirit
for which she had not given him credit. It seemed that
she had been all wrong in her estimates of human char-
acter. Stuart, with his almost brilliant vitality of
charm, had after a quarrel turned his back on her.
Eben Tollman, who masked a diffident nature behind
a. semblance of cold reserve, was unendingly considerate
and no more asked reward than a faithful mastiff
might have asked it. It contented him to anticipate all
her wishes and to invent small ways of easing her mis-
ery. He did not even seek to force his society and
satisfied himself with such crumbs of conversation as
she chose to drop his way in passing. If ever she
should come out of this period of torpid wretchedness,
she would owe Tollman a heavy debt of gratitude.
Three months after the day when Mr. Hagan re-
turned from Cape Cod, that gentleman called into his
private office a member of his staff, who responded to
80
94 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
the name of Henry Rathbone, and put bim through a
brief catechism.
" What have you got on this Farquaharson party? ''
he inquired. " ToUman complains that you're running
up a pretty steep expense account and be can't quite
see what he's getting for his money."
Rathbone seated himself and nodded. "Mr. Toll-
man knows every move this feller's made. You gotta
give him time. A guy that think's he's got a broken
heart don't start right in on the gay life."
"Why don't he? " inquired Mr. Hagan with a more
cynical philosophy. "I've always heard that when a
man thinks the world's gone to the bow-wows he's just
about ripe to cut loose. Don't this feller ever take
a drink or play around with any female companions ? "
" You ain't got the angle straight on Farquahar-
son," observed the sleuth who had for some time been
Farquaharson^s shadow. "He ain't that kind. I'm
living in the same apartment hotel with him and my
room's next door to his. I don't fall for the slush-
stufF, Chief, but that feller gets my goat. He's hurt
and hurt bad. It ain't women he wants — it's one
woman. As for female companions — he don't even
seem to have any male ones."
" What does he do with his time? "
"Well, he went down to the farm for a few weeks
and closed up the place. He studied law, but he's
passed it up and decided to write fiction stories.
Every morning he rides horseback in the park, and,
take it from me, those equestrian dames turn all the
way round to rubber at him."
** What else does he do? "
** He walks miles, too. I fell in with him casual like
one day and tagged along. Well, he hiked me till my
tongue hung out. We started at the Arch and ended
up at Dolrandi's caf^ at the north end of the speed-
way — it ain't but only about a dozen miles. . . . Dur-
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 96
ing that whole chummy little experience he spoke just
about a couple of times, except to answer my questions.
Sometimes when he thought I wasn't looking his eyes
would get like a fellow's I seen once in death-row up
the river, but if he caught me peepin' he'd laugh and
straighten up sudden."
" Well, I don't suppose you can get anything on him
till he gives you a chance," said Mr. Hagan grudg-
ingly, " but what this man Tollman wants is results.
He ain't paying out good money that he's hoarded for
years, just to get merit reports. He didn't wring it
out of the local widows and orphans just for that."
" I get you, and I'll keep watching. Since Farqua-
harson got this bug about writing stories he's taken to
rambling around town at night. I said he didn't seem
to want companions, but when he goes out on these
prowls he'll talk for hours with any dirty old bum that
stops him and he always falls for pan-handling. Beg-
gars, street-walkers, any sort of old down-and-outer
interests him, if it's hard luck they're talking."
But the face which reminded Mr. Rathbone of the
man who was awaiting the electric chair was the public
face of Stuart Farquaharson. He did not see the
same features during the hours when the door of his
room was closed. The hotel he had selected, near
Washington Square, was a modest place and his win-
dow looked out over roofs and chimney-pots and small
back yards.
There, sitting before his typewriter, his sleeves rolled
above his elbows, he sought to devote himself to his
newly chosen profession: the profession which he had
substituted for law. Through a near-by window he
had occasional glimpses of a girl who was evidently try-
ing to be an illustrator. Stuart imagined that she was
poor and ambitious, and he envied her the zest of her
struggle for success. He himself had no such incen-
tives. Poverty was not likely to touch him unless he
96 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
became a reckless waster, and he fancied that his inter-
ests were too far burned to ashes for ambition. It
was with another purpose that he forced himself to his
task. He was trying to forget dairk hair and eyes and
the memory of a voice which had said, " Love you ! In
every way that I know how to love, I love you. Every-
thing that a woman can be to a man, I want to be to
you, and everything that a woman can give a man, I
want to give you."
And because he sought so hard to forget her, his fin-
gering of the typewriter keys would fall idle, and his
eyes, looking out across the chimney-pots, would soar
with the circling pigeons, and he woiUd see her again
in every guise that he remembered — and he remem-
bered them all.
She had been cruel to the point of doing the one
thing which he had told her would brand him with the
deepest possible misery — and which pledged him in
honor not to approach her again by word or letter
without permission. But that was only because the
thing which he conceived to be her heritage of narrow-
ness had conquered her.
On the floor below was a young man of about his own
age, who was also a candidate for the laurels in litera-
ture. Stuart had met him by chance and they had
talked a little. This man's enthusiasms had gushed
forth with a vigor at which the Virginian marveled.
For him ambition blazed like an oriflamme and he had
dared to gamble everything on his belief in himself.
With scant savings out of a reporter's salary in the
West he had come to wrest success from the town where
all is possible, but now a shadow of disappointment was
stealing into his eyes. A fear was lurking there that,
after all, he might have mistaken the message of the
Bow Bells which had rung to him the Dick Whittington
message that the city was his to conquer.
Perhaps because Louis Wayne desperately needed to
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 97
succeed, while Stuart Farquaharson wrote only as an
anodyne to his thoughts, Wayne vainly peddled his
manuscripts and almost from iJie first Stuart sold his
at excellent rates.
• •••••••
Mrs. Reinold Heath was rarely in a sunny mood at
the hour when her coffee and rolls came to her, as she
sat propped against the pillows of the elaborately hung
bed in her French gray and old-rose room. The same
hour which brought the breakfast tray brought Mrs.
Heath's social secretary and those duties which lie in-
cumbent upon a leader of society's most exploited and
inner circles.
Mrs. Heath, kimono-clad in the flooding morning
light, looked all of her fifty years as she nodded curtly
to her secretary. It was early winter and a year had
passed since Stuart had left Cape Cod.
" Let's get this beastly business done with, Miss An-
drews," began the great lady sharply. " What ani-
mals have you captured this time? By the way, who
invented week-ends, do you suppose? Whoever it was,
he's a public enemy."
The secretary arranged her notes and ran efficiently
through their contents. These people had accepted,
those had declined; the possibilities yet untried con-
tained such-and-such names.
"Why couldn't Harry Merton come?" The ques-
tion was snapped out resentfully. " Not that I blame
him — I don't see why any one comes — or why I ask
them for that matter."
" He said over the 'phone that he was off for a duck-
shooting trip," responded Miss Andrews.
" Well, I suppose we can't take out a subpcsna for
him. He's escaped and we need another man." Mrs.
Heath drew her brow in perplexed thought, then sud-
denly demanded : " What was the name of that young
man Billy Waterbum brought to my box at the horse
98 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
show? I mean the one who rode over the jumps like a
devil and blarneyed me afterward like an angel."
The secretary arched her brows. " Do you mean
the Virginian? His name was Stuart Farquaharson."
" Do you know where he lives — or anything else
about him? "
"Why, no — that is, nothing in the social sense."
Miss Andrews smiled quietly as she added, " I've read
some of his stories in the magazines."
" All right. Find out where he lives and invite him
in Merton's place. Don't let him slip — he interested
me and that species is almost extinct."
As Miss Andrews jotted down the name, Mrs. Heath
read the surprised expression on her face, and it amused
her to offer explanation of her whim.
" You're wondering why I'm going outside the lines
and filling the ranks with a nobody? Well, I'll tell you.
I'm sick of these people who are all sick of each other.
The Farquaharsons were landed gentry in Virginia
when these aristocrats were still grinding snuff.
Aren't we incessantly cudgeling our brains for novelty
of entertainment? Well, I've discovered the way. I'm
going to introduce brains and manners to society. I
daresay he. has evening clothes and if he hasn't he can
hire them."
Decidedly puzzled, Stuart Farquaharson listened to
the message over the telephone later in the day, but his
very surprise momentarily paralyzed his power of in-
venting a politely plausible excuse, so that he hung up
the receiver with the realization that he had accepted
an invitation which held for him no promise of pleasure.
It happened that Louis Wayne, who had by sheer
persistency seized the outer fringes of success, had
come up with a new manuscript to read and was now
sitting, with a pipe between his teeth, in Stuart's morris
chair.
" Sure, go to it," he exclaimed with a grin, as Stuart
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 99
bewailed his lack of a ready excuse. " It'll be a bore,
but it will make you appreciate your return to the com-
panionship of genius."
' " The Crags " was that palatial establishment up the
Hudson where the Reinold Heaths held court during
the solstices between the months at Newport and the
brief frenzy of the New York season, and the house
party which introduced Stuart Farquaharson to So-
ciety with a capital S was typical. One person in the
household still had, like himself, the external point of
view, and her duties threw her into immediate contact
with each new guest.
" Miss Andrews,'' he laughed, when the social secre-
tary met him shortly after his arrival, " I'm the poor
boy at this frolic, and I'm just as much at my ease as
a Hottentot at college. When I found that I was the
only man here without a valet, I felt — positively
naked,"
The young woman's eyes gleamed humorously. " I
know the feeling," she said, " and I'll tell you a secret.
I took a course of education in higher etiquette from
the butler. You can't do that, of course, but when in
doubt ask me — and I'll ask the butler."
But it was Mrs. Heath's prerogative to knight her
proteges with the Order of the Chosen, and Stuart Far-
quaharson would have graced any picture where dis-
tinction of manner and unself-conscious charm passed
current.
"Who is the girl with the red-brown hair and the
wonderful complexion and the dissatisfied eyes ? " he
asked Miss Andrews later, and that lady answered with
the frankness of a fellow-countryman in foreign parts :
" Mrs. Larry Holbury. That's her husband over
there — it's whispered that they're not inordinately
happy."
Farquaharson followed the brief glance of his com-
panion and saw a man inclining to overweight whose
580082A
100 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
fingers caressed the stem of a cocktail glass, and whose
face was heavy with surliness.
It subsequently developed, in a tete-i-tete with the
wife, that she had read all of Mr. Farquaharson's sto-
ries and adored them. It leaked out with an air of
resignation that her husband was a bit of a brute —
and yet Mrs. Holbury was neither a fool nor a bore.
She was simply a composite of flirtatious instinct and
an amazing candor.
In the life of Stuart Farquaharson the acceptance of
that invitation would have passed as a disconnected in-
cident had it been altogether a matter of his choosing,
but he had let himself be caught. Mrs. Reinold Heath
had chosen to present him as her personal candidate
for lionizing and whom she captured she held in bond-
age.
" Honestly, now. Miss Andrews,*' he pleaded over the
telephone when that lady called him to the colors a
second time, " entirely between ourselves, I came before
because I couldn't think of an excuse in time. Let me
off and I'll propose a substitute arrangement. Sup-
pose we have dinner together somewhere where the hors
d'asuvres aren't all gold fish."
Her laugh tinkled in the telephone. **I wish we
could," she said. "I knew you let yourself in for it
the first time — but now you're hooked and you have
to come." So he went.
On later occasions it was more flattering than satis-
fying to him that the beautiful Mrs. Holbury should
drop so promptly into a sort of easy intimacy and
treat him almost from the start with a proprietary
manner. It soon became an embarrassment of riches.
Stuart was thinking of himself as a woman-hater, these
days, and he had a normal dislike for wagging tongues.
Holbury, too, who was reputed to be of jealous ten-
dency, seemed to regard him unfavorably and took no
great pains to affect cordiality.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 101
One day Wayne dropped, coatless, into Farquahar-
son's room and grinned as he tossed a magazine down
on the table. " Sic fama est " was his comment, and
Stuart picked up the sheet which his visitor indicated
with a jerk of the thumb. The magazine was a weekly
devoted ostensibly to the doings of smart society, but
its real distinction lay in its innuendo and its genius
for sailing so close to the wind of libel that those who
moved in the rarified air of exclusiveness read it with
a delicious and shuddering mingling of anticipation and
dread. Its method was to use no names in the more
daring paragraphs, but for the key to the spicy, one
had only to refer back. The preceding item always
contained names which applied to both.
Stuart found his name and that of Mrs. Holbury
listed in an account of some entertainment — and below
that:
"A young Southerner, recently arrived and some-
what lionized, is whispered to be complicating the al-
ready uneven balance of domesticity in the home of a
couple whose status in society antedates his own. This
gallant has all the attractiveness of one untouched with
ennui. He rides like a centaur, talks like a diplomat
and flatters as only a Virginian or an Irishman can
flatter. The same whisper has it that the husband
suffers in the parallel."
Farquaharson's face darkened and he reached for his
discarded coat.
"Hold on; you have company ,'• suggested Wayne
placatingly. "Where do you think you^re going in
such hot haste? "
Stuart was standing with his feet well apart and his
mouth set in a stem line.
" Wayne," he said with a crisp and ominous decisive-
ness, "I've never slandered any man intentionally —
102 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
and I require the same decency of treatment from
others."
" Go easy there. Ride wide ! Ride wide ! " cau-
tioned the visitor. " That little slander is mild com-
pared with many others in the same pages. Are the
rest of them rushing to the office to cane the editors?
They are not, my son. Believe me, they are not."
^^ They should be. Submission only encourages a
scoundrel."
*^ In the first place they would find no one there but a
rather fragile and extremely polite young lady. The
editor himself doesn't sit around ^raiting to be horse-
whipped. In the second, society tacitly sanctions and
supports that sheet. Your fashionable friends would
call you a barbarian and what is worse — a boob."
Farquaharson stood in a statuesque ire, and Wayne
went philosophically on. " Take the advice of a sin-
gularly wise bystander. At least treat it with the con-
tempt of silence imtil you've consulted the lady. Can-
ing people in New York is attended with some degree of
notoriety and she would have to share it. When you're
in Rome, be as Romanesque as possible."
" For my part," declared Stuart, " I like another
version better. When you're a Roman, be a Roman
wherever you are."
Yet after some debate he took off his coat again and
announced cryptically, " After all, the one unpardon-
able idiocy is sectionalism of code — damn it ! "
He knew that Marian Holbury and her husband were
near a break and that the husband's jealousy looked
his way. But, conscious of entire rectitude, he gave
no thought to appearances and treated the matter
lightly. But the Searchlight Investigation Bureau,
whose employment had been discontinued as not paying
for itself, was now re-employed and instructed to send
a marked copy of the weekly to Miss Conscience Wil-
liams. That copy was anonymously mailed, bearing a
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 108
New York postmark, and its sending was a puzzle which
its recipient never solved.
Spring came, and Stuart, who had begun the writ-
ing of a novel, took a small house in Westchester
County, where he could work apart from the city's
excitement. Had he been cautious he would not have
selected one within two miles of the Holbury country
house, yet the fact was that Marian Holbury had dis-
covered it and he had taken it because of its quaint-
ness. He had been there several weeks alone except for
a man servant when, one night, he sat under the lamp
of his small living-room with sheets of manuscript scat-
tered about him. It was warm, with clouds gathering
for a storm, and the scent of blossoms came in through
the open doors and windows. There was no honey-
suckle in the neighborhood, but to his memory there
drifted, clear and strong and sweet, the fragrance of
its heavy clusters.
He sat up straight, arrested by the poignancy of
that echo from the past. The typewriter keys fell
silent and his eyes stared through the open window,
wide and full of suffering. He heard himself declaring
with boyhood's assurance, " They may take you to the
North Pole and surround you with regiments of soldiers
— but in the end it will be the same.'*
Then without warning a wild sob sounded from the
doorway and he looked up, coming to his feet so
abruptly that his overturned chair fell backward with
a crash.
" Marian ! '' he exclaimed, his voice ringing with
shocked incredulity. **What ' are you doing here —
and alone? "
Mrs. Hilbury stood leaning limply against the door-
frame. She was in evening dress, and a wrap, glisten-
ing with the shimmer of silver, drooped loosely about
her gleaming shoulders.
" It's over," she declared in a passionate and un-
104 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
prefaced outburst. ^^ I can't stand it ! I'm done with
him! I've left him!"
Stuart spread his hands in dumfounded amazement.
" But why, in God's name, did you come here? This is
madness — this is inconceivable ! "
She went unsteadily to the nearest chair and dropped
into it. " I came to stay — if you don't turn me out,"
she answered.
CHAPTER Xn
EXCEPT for the law yet hysterical moanmg of
the woman in the chair and the distant whistle
of a Hudson River boat, there was complete
silence in the small room, while the man stood dum-
founded and speechless.
Marian's evening gown was torn and one silk stock-
ing sagged at the ankle. Stuart Farquaharson noted
these things vaguely and at last he inquired, ^^ How did
you get here? '*
Her answer came between sobs, " I walked.'*
**You have done an unspeakably mad thing, Ma-
rian," he said quietly. " You can't stay here. There
is no one in this house but myself; even my servant is
away to-night. Why didn't you go to * The Crags ' ? "
She lifted a tear-stained face and shot her answer
at him scornfully. " * The Crags ' ! I had to talk to
some one who was human. They would have bundled
me back with cynical advice — besides, they're off some-
where."
^^ You're in distress and God knows I sympathize
with you. I shall certainly oflFer no cynical advice, but
I mean to call your husband on the telephone and tell
him that you're here."
He turned toward the side table and lifted the desk
instrument, but with the impetuous swiftness of a leop-
ardess she came to her feet and sprang upon him. For
an instant he was borne back by the unexpected impact
of her body against his own and in that moment she
seized the telephone from his hand and tore loose its
wires from the wall. Then she hurled it with a crash-
ing violence to the stone flagging of the hearth where it
105
106 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
lay wrecked, and stood before him a palpitating and
disordered spirit of fright and anger.
He had sought in that brief collision to restrain her,
but she had wrenched herself free so violently that she
had torn the strap which held her gown over one shoul-
der. Then as she reeled back, with a wildly ungov-
erned gesture she ran her fingers through her hair until
it fell in tangled waves about her shoulders. It was
perhaps a full minute before she could speak and while
she stood recovering her breath, Stuart Farquaharson
looked helplessly down at the instrument which she had
succeeded in rendering useless.
With blazing eyes and quivering nostrils, the woman
rushed headlong into explanation, accusation and
pleading.
*' If you telephoned that I was here he'd try to kill
me. I tell you I'm done with him ! I hate him — hate
him; don't you understand? He's been drinking again
and he's a beast. That's why I came . . . that's why
I had to come ... I came to you because I thought
you'd understand . • . because I thought • . . you
. . . cared for me."
" I care enough for you to try to prevent your ruin-
ing your life by a single piece of lunacy," he told her
as he sought to steady her with the directness of his
gaze. " You don't have to go on with Holbury if you
choose to leave him, but this is the one place of all
others for you to avoid." He cast a hasty glance
about him and then, hurrying to the front of the room,
closed the door and drew the blinds. For a half hour
he argued with forced calmness, but the ears to which
he spoke were deaf to everything save the wild instinct
of escape.
" Here you are in a house that sits in full view from
the road: doors and windows open: you with your hair
streaming and your gown disordered: hairpins strewn
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 107
about: the telephone dead. Now, I've got to walk to
your house and tell him.'*
Under the level insistence of his eyes she had fallen
back a pace and stood holding the unsupported gown
over her bosom, but when he finished with that final
announcement, which seemed to her a threat, she sprang
forward again and threw her arms about him, not in
an embrace but with the instinct of a single idea: to
prevent his carrying out his announced intention.
Stuart attempted gently tq disengage himself, but
the soft arms clung and the figure was convulsed with
its agitation. " No, no ! *' she kept repeating. ** You
sha'n't go. You sha'n't leave me here alone. • • . I
couldn't stand it.'*
" You walked two miles to get here and that took
you about forty-five minutes," he reminded her.
" You've been here a half hour. Do you fancy your
husband's jealousy won't tell him where you went? "
But the idea terrified her into such renewed hysteria
that he broke off and stood silent.
The gathering clouds had broken now into a wild
spring storm and the rain was drumming like canister
on the roof of Stuart's cottage, so they did not hear
the purr of a motor which stopped outside. They were
without warning when the door suddenly burst open,
and across the bare shoulder of the woman, who still
hung sobbing to him, Stuart saw the bloated and apo-
plectic face of Larry Holbury and at his back the
frightened countenance of two servants.
The husband came unsteadily several steps into the
room, and lifted a hand which shook as he pointed to
the tableau. He addressed his retainers in a voice
which trembled with drink and rage, but even in its
thickness it was icy by virtue of a fury that had passed
through all period of bluster.
" I want you to look well at that," he said. " Mark
108 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
V
every detail in your memories, both of you. There
they are — in each other's arms. Notice her condition
well, because, by God — ^^
Marian's scream interrupted his sentence, and the
scream itself died away in a quaver, as she faded into
insensibility, and Farquaharson lifted her dear of the
floor and carried her to the lounge.
After that he turned to face Holbury and addressed
him with a quietness which the glitter in his eye con-
tradicted. " This is a pity, Holbury. It seems that
you frightened her with some brutality. She lost her
head and came here. I was trying to persuade her to
go back.'*
" Yes," Holbury's laugh rang with the uncontrolled
quality of a maniac's. " Yes, I know. You tore the
clothes off of her trying to persuade her to come back
to me! Well, you needn't trouble about sending her
back now — the door's locked. She's yours. Do what
you like with her. Of course I ought to kill you, but
I won't. I brought these men to establish beyond
doubt the identity of the co-respondent. It's a gentle
riddance — a crooked wife and a crooked paramour."
One of the men advanced into the room and osten-
tatiously gathered in a couple of hairpins and a bit of
torn lace, while Farquaharson crossed and stood face
to face with the irate husband.
" Do you mean that you believe that? " The ques-
tion came with a deadly softness.
" I don't have to believe. I have seen."
** Then," Stuart's words ripped themselves out like
the tearing of cloth, ^^ send your damned jackals out-
side, unless you want them to see their master treated
as such a cur deserves."
A moment later the two servants were assisting Hol-
bury to his motor, one of them nursing a closed and
blackened eye on his own account as a badge of over-
impetuous loyalty; and most of that night, while Ma-
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 109
rian Holbury lay groaning on the couch, Stuart Far-
quaharson sat before his empty hearth with eyes which
did not close.
The Holbury divorce suit, after filling, advance col-
umns of spicy print, was awarded with a sealed record
and Farquaharson was given no opportunity to tell
his story to the public. He saw nothing more of
Marian and was widely accused of having compromised
and then abandoned her. So Stuart closed the house
on the Hudson, as he had closed the house in Virginia,
and with a very bitter spirit went to Europe.
It was some time before this, perhaps several months,
that Eben Tollman, the indispensable friend — serving
hitherto without reward or the seeking of reward —
ventured to aspire openly to more personal recognition.
He had been building slowly, and if perseverance is a
merit, he deserved success. Perhaps Conscience had
changed. There had been many things to change her.
She had lived long without a break in an atmosphere
which she had dreaded and her father had not grown '
sunnier. A life of dogma had acidulated into so im-
possible a fanaticism that in contrast Tollman seemed
to assume something like breadth of gauge.
The heart attacks which had been painted as such
sure death had been a greater threat to the girl than to
the man whose heart was physically involved. There
had been two of them and bdth had been survived. Wil-
liam Williams was a man who was always dying, but
who never died. Yet these seizures served their purpose
since they kept the daughter freshly reminded that a
sword of Damocles hung over her — and that her father
must not be crossed. It became a thought with which
she lived, with which she slept, until it carried her to
more and more absurd Jengths of self-effacement and
ate out the heart of her independence. Of Eben Toll-
man she no longer thought as a man old enough to be
her father and as impersonal as the Sphinx.
110 THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
If he lacked the fire and buoyancy which had made
association with Stuart Farquaharson a thing of light
and color and sparkle, so did her whole life lack that
fire in these gray days. So did she herself lack it, she
told herself wistfully. At all events he came nearer
being fides Achates than any one else. Stuart was a
memory and she was trying very hard to make him even
less than that — only the gnawing ache in her heart
wouldn't let her.
Yet when Tollman shifted her abstract acceptance of
what he meant to her to a question of a concrete appli-
cation, she felt the sudden sinking of despair.
All afternoon her father had been petulant and
reminiscent. He had seemed perversely bent on com-
mitting a righteous suicide by forcing her to make him
angry. He had cast into damnation all the " fads "
and " isms " of an ungodly present and, since he judged
the time had come to point a moral, he had buried
Stuart Farquaharson at the bottom of the heap.
Even now Conscience winced under these tirades.
The truth was that she was heart-broken; that the
image of Stuart, despite his feet of clay, was still
shrined in her life. But she was fighting that and she
did not know that the fight was hopeless.
So to-night, as she sat with a sewing basket in her
lap and Tollman sat across from her in the chair he had
so often occupied of late, the surprise came.
" Conscience," he said, and something in the tone of
his voice caused her to look suddenly up, " I've tried
to be your friend because I've known that it was only
that way I could be anything,"
Suddenly his voice leaped with a fierceness of which
she had never thought it capable. To her he had al-
ways been a sort of extinct volcano, and now he broke
into eruption. "Must it always be only that? Is
there no hope for me? "
The piece of sewing in her hand dropped suddenly to
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 111
her lap with the needle thrust half through. She sat
as if in tableau — a picture of arrested motion.
She should have foreseen that the comfortable and
platonic relation could not last — but she had not fore-
seen it. It came with a shock and in the wake of the
shock came crowding pictures of all the rest of life,
painted in these dun tints of New England lethargy
from which she had prayed to be delivered. Then
slowly and welling with disquiet, her eyes rose to his and
she found them full of suspense.
" I suppose," she answered in a bewildered tone, " I
ought to have known. But it's been so satisfying just
as it was — that I didn't pause — to analyze."
" Couldn't it still be satisfying, dear? " He took an
eager step forward. "Am I too much of a fossil?"
He paused and then added with a note of hurt. " I
have felt young, since I've been in love with you."
The middle-aged lover stood bending forward, his
face impatiently eager and his attitude as stiffly alert
as that of a bird dog when the quail scent strikes into
its nostrils.
" I've accepted all you had to give," she said with
the manner of one in the confessional, " and I never
stopped to think that you might want something more
than I was giving." Still he waited and she hurriedly
talked on. " I must be honest with you. I owe you
many debts, but that comes first of all. I've tried to
forget — tried with every particle of resolution in me
— but I can't. I still love him. I think I'll always
love him."
Tollman bowed. He made no impassioned protest
and ojffered no reminder that the man who still held her
affection had proven himself an apostate, but he said
quietly. " I had hoped the scar was healed. Conscience,
for your own sake as well as mine. So long as I knew
it hurt you, I didn't speak."
For the first time in months tears started to her eyes
114 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
" I will take what you can give me," he declared, and
at the sudden ring of autumnal ardor in his voice and
the avid light in hife eyes, she found herself shivering
with fastidious distaste. She did not read the eyes
with full understanding, yet instinctively she shrank, for
they held the animal craving of a long-usppressed de-
sire — the physical love of a man past his youth which
can satisfy itself with mere possession. " I will take
what you can give me, and I shall win your love in the
end, I have no fear; no doubts. I lack the lighter
charms of a youthful cavalier, but I believe I have still
the strength and virility of a man." He swelled a little
with the strutting spirit of the mating male. " You will
learn that my heart is still the heart of a boy where
you are concerned and that our life won't be a shadowed
thing."
" I must have time to think," she said faintly. " I
don't — don't know yet."
Driven by wanderlust and an unappeasable discon-
tent, Stuart Farquaharson had been in many remote
places. Around those towns which were Meccas for
tourists he made wide detours. His family had jeal-
ously kept its honor untarnished heretofore and though
he bore himself with a stiiffer outward pride than ever,
he inwardly felt that fingers of scandal were pointing
him out, through no misdeed of his own. Now he was
back in Cairo from the Sudan and the upper Nile, al-
most as brown and hard of tissue as the Bedouins with
whose caravans he had traveled and for the first time in
many weeks he could regain touch with his mail. That
was a matter of minor importance, but his novel had
come from the press on the day he sailed out of New
York harbor and perhaps there awaited him at Shep-
heard's some report from his publisher. That gentle-
man had predicted success with an abundant optimism.
Stuart himself had been sceptical. Now he would know.
He sent his luggage ahead and drifted on foot with
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 116
the tide. What a place this would be, he reflected, to
idle time away with the companionship of love. His
eyes narrowed painfully with a memory of how Con-
science and he had once talked of spending a honeymoon
in Egypt. That seemed as long ago as the age of
Egypt itself and yet not long enough to have lost its
sting. Grunting and lurching along the asphalt, with
bells tinkling from their trappings, went a row of
camels and camel-riders. They threaded their unhur-
ried way on cushioned hoofs through a trafBc of purring
roadsters and limousines. Drawn by undersized stal-
lions, an o£5cial carriage clattered by. Its fez-crowned
occupant gazed superciliously out as the gaudily uni-
formed members of his kavasse ran alongside yelling to
the crowds to make way for the Pasha! Fakirs led
their baboons, magicians carried cobras in wicker trays,
and peddlers hawked their scarabs and souvenirs.
Against the speckless overhead blue, rose the graceful
domes and minarets of mosques and the fringed tops of
palms.
Farquaharson lightly crossed the terrace at Shep-
heard's Hotel and traversed the length of the hall to the
office at its back where mail is distributed. For him
there was a great budget and he carried it out to one
of the tables on the awninged terrace which overlooks
the street.
Yes, here was the publisher's note. He tore the en-
velope. " You have become famous," began his en-
thusiastic sponsor. ^^ The thing has been a knockout
— the presses are groaning."
He read that letter and turned to others. A drama-
tist wished to convert his book into a play . . . several
magazines wanted to know when his next story would be
complete . . . two or three clipping bureaus wished to
supply him with the comments of the press . . . many
of the missives bore the marks of much forwarding.
Some had followed him half way around the world.
116 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
Then at the bottom of the pile he found a small but
thickly filled envelope. As it peeped out at him from
under others his heart leaped wildly and he seized it.
It was addressed in the hand of Conscience Williams.
She had written to him ! Why should she write except
to tell him he might come back? Cairo was a wonder-
ful place! The entire world was a wonderful place!
A street fakir thrust a tray of scarabs up from
the sidewalk and grinned. Farquaharson grinned
back and tossed him backsheesh. Then he opened his
missive. A young British army officer looked on idly
from the next table, amused at the boyish enthusiasm of
the American. As the American read the officer saw
the delight die out of his eyes and the face turn by
stages to the seeming of a mummy.
Conscience had written a letter in which she sug-
gested that, now at least, they might say farewell in all
friendliness. She was going to marry Tollman, to
whose great kindness she paid a generous tribute. The
date was not set but it would be some time that winter.
" I've had a great deal of time to think and little
else to do, Stuart," she wrote, and at this point the
penmanship had suffered somewhat in its steadiness.
" We have both had some troublesome times, but isn't
there a great deal we can remember of each other with
pleasure? Can't it be a memory which we need not
avoid? I was bitterly rebellious and heart-broken when
you ignored the note in which I asked you, as humbly as
I could, to come back, but that is over now — "
A note which asked him to come back! The letter
fell from Farquaharson's fingers. His hands them-
selves fell limp to the table. He sat stupefied — star-
ing and licking his lips.
The English officer rose and came over, dropping a
kindly hand on his shoulder.
"I beg pardon, sir," he said, "but are you ill?
Can't I get a nip of brandy? "
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 117
Stuart turned his head stupidly and looked up.
Then slowly he pulled himself together, with a shamed
realization that the eyes of a hundred pleasure-seekers
had witnessed his collapse. He straightened and set
his jaw. " No, thank you. I'm all right," he declared.
"I've been in the desert, you see, and — ^* But the
Englishman had nodded and gone back to his table.
Ten minutes later, scornful of over-sea tolls, Farqua-
harson was fUing a cablegram. The letter had said
she would be married " some time in the winter." It
was now past mid-winter. Would there be time? His
hand trembled with his haste as if the saving of a few
seconds could avail.
"Received no note from you. Wrote to you that
night begging a chance," he scribbled, as his head swam
with the effort and frenzy of his suspense. " Horrible
mistake has occurred. Matter of life and death and
thousand times more than that that you take no step
till I see you. Am sailing by first boat. Wait."
That afternoon he dashed across the gangplank of
a P. and O. steamer at Alexandria just as the last
whistle blew. While the propellers churned the Medi-
terranean waters into a restless wake at the stem,
Stuart walked the decks like a man demented. Would
there be time? His fingers itched for his watch, be-
cause his obsession was the flight of hours. But on the
second day out a wireless message came, relaying from
Cairo. The man did not dare open it on deck. He
took it to his cabin and there with the slowness of
deep fear, he unfolded the paper.
C3HAPTER Xin
AGAINST the >tupor of Stuart Farquaharson's
brain, as he sat in the small stateroom of the
F. and 0. steamer, beat the fear of what he
might read.
Subconsciously his senses recorded small and actual
things as the vessel lurched through a heavy sea: the
monotonous rat-tat of the brass door-hook against the
woodwork, and the alternating scraps of sky and water
as the circle of his port hole rose and fell across the
line of the horizon.
He was thinking of the letter that had come to Cairo
— and lain there so long unopened, but he was spared
a knowledge of the suspense with which Conscience had
awaited an answer.
She had written it early in the fall and had mailed
it endorsed "please forward" in the care of his New
York publishers, so that it had played tag with him,
never catching him, over the length of Europe and,
after that, had zig-zagged along the cities of the Le-
vant and the fringes of Africa.
Meanwhile, the man to whom it was addressed was
wandering from the upper Nile to Victoria Nyanza and
beyond — where mail routes run out and end. Ac-
knowledging in her thoughts, from the first frost on
Cape Cod to the middle of winter, that temporizing only
spelled weakness. Conscience had none the less tem-
porized. She said to herself : " Nothing he wrote
now would alter matters." Still with a somewhat leaky
logic she added: "But I'll give him a month to an-
swer before I fix the date." When the month had
passed without result she granted herself other continu-
ances, facing alike, with a gentle obduracy, the pleas
118
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 119
of her elderly lover and the importunities of a father
who threatened to murder himself with the self-inflicted
tortures of impatience.
At length she capitulated to the combined forces of
entreaty, cajolery and insistence. The fight was lost.
Through the preparations for that wedding she went
without even the simulation of joy or glamour. At
least she would be honest of attitude, but days which
filled the house with wedding guests brought to her
manner a transformation. Her decision was made and
if she was to do the thing at all she meant to do it
gallantly and with at least the outward seeming of full
confidence. She meant to betray to these visitors no
lurking misery of spirit; no note of struggle; no ves-
tige of doubt. The eyes which burned apprehensive and
terror-stricken, throughout the darkness of interminable
nights, were none the less serene and regally assured by
day. The groom, too, seemed rejuvenated by such a
spirit as sometimes brings to autumn a summer quality
more ardent than summer's own. At the end of his
fiancSe^s doubtings, he fatuously told himself, had come
conviction. She knew at last how much stauncher a
thing was his own dependable strength and ripened man-
hood than the frothy charm of a half-fledged gallant
who had crumpled under the test.
Among the guests who for several days filled both
the manse and Tollman's house, were two who were not
entirely beguiled by Conscience's gracious and buoyant
demeanor. One pair of these observant eyes was
violet blue and full of starry freshness. Intimate let-
ters from Conscience, in the old days, had invested
Stuart Farquaharson with a romantic guise for their
possessor and Eben Tollman scarcely measured up to
that standard.
The other pair of eyes was neither young nor femi-
nine, but elderly and penetrating. Though Doctor Eb-
bett's temples were whitely frosted, he and Eben Toll-
122 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
happy serenity of her eyes seemed genuine — except
to Eleanor.
" Of course, at one time," Mary rushed on, " we all
thought that you had decided to marry Mr. Farquahar-
son — and he sounded well worth while from what you
told us. It only shows what an easy thing it is to make
mistakes. How did you find out yourself, dear? "
Eleanor Kent thought she saw Conscience wince and
close her eyes for an instant as though in a paroxysm
of pain, but her question came gravely : " How did I
find out what? "
" Why, that he was the sort of man that — well, that
his mixing up in that Holbury scandal indicated."
The girl who was to be married rose from the trunk
over which she had been bending and averted her face,
but her voice was evenly calm as she answered :
" I fancy the reports we had of that were exagger-
ated."
A sudden fire snapped in the violet eyes of Eleanor
Kent and her cheeks burned under a rosy gust of
anger.
" Mary," she announced with spirit, ** Mr. Far-
quaharson was a friend of Conscience's and I have no
doubt he still is. I don't think either of us knows any-
thing about him that gives us the right to criticize him.
Have you read his book? "
"Wliy, no. Of course, I didn't mean to say any-
thing — "
" Well, I advise you to read that book." Stuart's
champion tossed her head with the positiveness of con-
viction. ^^ It's not the kind of novel that a rake could
write. It's straight and clean minded, and if what a
man chooses to write, indicates what he thinks, he's
that sort himself."
At this defense from an unexpected quarter, a light
of gratitude kindled in the face of the bride-to-be.
When the day set for the wedding had worn to dusk,
THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS 12S
Conscience escaped from the guests and made her way
slowly to her unlighted room. Her knees were weak
and she told herself that this was the natural stage-
fright of the altar — but she knew that it was more
than that.
As she reached for matches the sound of voices be-
yond the door arrested her, and the challenge of her
own name held her attention.
" She's perfectly lovely," declared Mary Barrascale,
whose speech ran to superlatives, " and she's radiantly
happy, too. To think that she's being married and
we're still in college."
Conscience straightened where she stood near the
window. She raised her palms to her temples and
stepped back unsteadily until she could lean against the
wall. Before her eyes rose a vision of the college campus
— another of the care-free dormitory, then the picture
dissolved into another and she found herself trembling.
Memory was playing tricks and very softly a voice
seemed to whisper in her ear, as it had actually whis-
pered long ago in response to these same regrets, " Does
it hurt as much as that, dearest? "
She became vaguely conscious of Eleanor's voice
again, low pitched and tense.
" I should think, Mary, you would see the truth.
You chatter about how happy she is — and she's al-
most going mad before your eyes. It's ghastly —
positively ghastly."
"What in heaven's name do you mean?" Mary's
question broke from her in amazement.
" I mean that anyone who wasn't deliberately trying
to be deceived ought to see what all this radiant hap-
piness is worth. She's sick with doubt and misgiving.
If you ask me I believe it's because she still loves Stuart
Farquaharson — and besides I don't believe he was ever
given a fair chance." The girl halted and then broke
into silent tears. ^^ She's letting them make a sacri-
184 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
fice of her — and I'm utterly ill with the thought of it.**
Conscience, leaning weakly against the wall, let both
hands drop nervelessly at her sides. " I don't believe
• • • he was ever given a fair chance." Her lips shaped
the words she had just heard in a soundless echo.
Was that true? she asked herself, accusingly, and her
brain was too confused for a just answer. An ava-
lanche of new doubts rushed down upon her, crushing
her reason. She saw in this ceremony a horrible trav-
esty from which she must escape at cdl costs • • • But
how? She had no longer the strength to repudiate
boldly her settled decision. Her courage was at ebb
and she was caught in the grip of unreasoning panic.
She would abandon everything and everybody . . • she
would slip away • • • she would be true to herself first
and then try afresh to be true to others. In short she
was for the time distracted.
She slipped over noiselessly and closed her door. She
selected a small traveling bag from the other pieces of
luggage packed for her wedding trip.
Then, overcome by sheer emotional exhaustion, she
threw herself on her bed where she sobbed quietly in the
flickering of the candles. It was so that the brides-
maids found her when they came in their capacity of
tire maidens to remind her that she must soon begin
dressing for the ceremony.
At once Eleanor had her arms about her friend, while
Mary stood by gasping and ineffectual.
Slowly Conscience raised her face and looked miser-
ably from one to the other. Her voice was dead and
colorless.
"I heard what you said, Eleanor," she declared.
" It's all true • . . I can't go through with it."
" But it's too late now, dear! " began Mary Barra-
scale's horrified voice which Miss Kent silenced with a
glance of contempt.
"Thank God, it's not too late — yet," she said
THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS 125
calmly. " It's never too late while it'» stUl now. But
the bag, dear — what was that? "
Conscience rose and stood unsteadily with a trace
of panic lingering in her eyes. She spoke f aintly#
*^ I guess I was quite mad • • • I had the impulse to
— to run away.''^
** You can't do that, you know." Eleanor Kent was
one of those diminutive and very feminine persons, who
in moments of crisis can none the less assume command
with the quiet assurance of an admiral on his bridge.
"You have still a perfectly good right to change
your mind, but it mustn't be just on impulse. We're
going to leave you now for thirty minutes. When the
time is up I'll be back and if you want to begin dress-
ing — all right." She paused a moment and then with
a defiant stiffening of her slender figure she announced
crisply. " And if you don^t want to, I'll go downstairs
and tell them that you've decided not to be married."
** What will they think of you? " Mary Barrascale
had reached a condition from which her contributions
to the talk emerged in appalled gasps.
Eleanor wheeled on her. " They can think what they
jolly well like," she announced with a fine abandon of
recklessness.
Feeling like watchers beside a jury-room door, the
two bridesmaids kept vigil, harboring contrary hopes.
Left alone in her room, the girl stood for a while
gazing about her as if her wild eyes were seeking for
some secret panel that might open in the walls and give
her escape. She must think ! There was little enough
time at best to bring order out of this panic-ridden con-
fusion of her thoughts. But her mind was like a stream
in freshet. It could only race and swirl along one
channel, and that was the spillway of memories.
Stuart Farquaharson the boy ; Stuart the man, com-
ing to her at Chatham; Stuart standing self-governed
as her father scourged him with abuse; Stuart the
186 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
lover; all these semblances passed before her until her
world seemed peopled with them, and her old love grew
clamorous in resurrection — and insurrection.
In a little while she would be — unless she lifted
here — holding up her hand for Eben's ring, and at
the thought a sickness swept over her. It was impossi-
ble. Instead of victory it was, after all, an abject and
hideous surrender. She could not face it and all that
must come after it.
Then she heard a feeble rap on her door. At the
threshold stood the wheelchair to which her father was
confined like a slave chained to his seat in the galley.
She caught a brief impression of a pair of eyes beyond
him: the eyes of Eleanor Kent, full of the message of
strength ; eyes that seemed to be saying, ^^ Stand firm.
Be sure ! " But nearer at hand was the face with skin
drawn like parchment over its bony angles, deeply lined
with suffering, and crowned with a great shock of
snowy hair.
The features, though, were only details of setting for
the spirit of the keen eyes that had always burned
with an eagle fierceness and an unyielding aggressive-
ness. Now they were different, and as the guests who
had brought the chair and its occupant up the stairs
and into the room withdrew in silent "respect, the daugh-
ter's gaze was held by them with a mesmeric force.
It was a face transfigured ; a face in which the hard-
ness of fight had died into the serenity of peace.
Angles and wrinkles had become only lines of .em-
phasis for this new tranquillity of the eyes ; eyes that
might have seen a vision of divine accolade and were at
peace.
" My daughter," he said, as soon as they were alone
together, and his voice held the music of a benediction,
" you are standing at the threshold of your life — and
I am near the end of mine, but for flie first time in
THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS 127
many years, I am content and all my sorrows are paid
for."
" Father ! '' she exclaimed brokenly, but he went on.
** I can now go, knowing that your life is secure on
the rock of a stable marriage: all your dangers
over. You are making of my poor life a success after
aU — and its end is a thing of peace. Eben is not as
young as you, but his heart is great and his character
sincere. In the shadow of his strength you will ^be
secure and at peace beside still waters ' and I can leave
you without fear. In his blood is the steadfastness of
Plymouth Rock — ay, and the Rock of Ages and the
honor of our forefathers."
The old man broke off, and raised his thin hand to
his lean face with a gesture of appealing physical weak-
ness. His enthusiasm had tired him and now a smile
came to his lips of unaccustomed sweetness and tender-
ness. When he spoke again it was in a different tone.
" But you know all that. My life has been one of
stress, and you've not known a mother. What I came
to tell you, my dear, is that I realize you may have
missed that tenderness, and that whatever I may have
seemed, I have always felt it."
She was kneeling by his chair now with her hands
gently stroking his white mane.
^* I know. Dad," she declared, and he reached up and
took her fingers between his two palms.
" You are making me happy, my daughter, unspeak-
ably happy," he said. ** And I, who have long been old,
feel young again. The Bible tells us that marriage
means leaving father and mother and cleaving only to
the one — but thank God, Eben insists that I shall
spend my remaining days with you both, and I am very
happy."
At last he was rolled out again, leaving behind him
a memory of that exalted peace of countenance, and
188 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
with a stifled groan the bride-to-be turned back to her
room — her period of reflection ahnost consumed.
" It would kill him ! *' she moaned. " It would be
murder. And that look! That happiness! I guess
that will have to be my compensation."
CHAPTER XIV
WHEN the bridesmaids entered it was a
pale but firm face that greeted them. *^ It
was panic," said Conscience slowly. " If I
hadn't decided freely and fully and finally, I wouldn't
have come this far. No one has forced me • • • He,
Eben, is worth a dozen of me . . • Please believe me,
never speak of this to anyone. It was sheer nerves and
panic."
Of the wedding itself, Conscience had always a mem-
ory as confused and unreal as that of a dream in which
logical events go mad. Through many faces, which at
the moment seemed to be floating against black and
leering at her, she had the sense of moving without the
action of her muscles. . . • She saw the lion-like mane
of her father's head and the ecstasy of his eyes and a
voice in her but not of her whispered : " Well, I hope
you're satisfied.". . • She was conscious of the heavy
scent of flowers which reminded her of a funeral. • • •
One face stood out distinct and seemed to be boring into
her, reading secrets which, she felt through a great diz-
ziness, she ought not to let him fathom. It was the
face of Dr. Ebbett. • • . Then she heard a voice which
sounded to her unduly loud saying: "I do," and
realized that it was her own. Later she was reliably
informed that she had appeared splendidly collected
and regally happy. This blurred focus of realization
left her only when she found herself in her own room
and heard Mary Barrascale's voice speaking.
** I've never seen a bride who was lovelier, or a groom
who was happier," announced Mary exuberantly as she
began lifting the white veil from the dark hair. Then
she added in afterthought :
180 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
((
Oh, by the way, I guess this is a message of con-
gratulation or something. One of the servants handed
it to me a few minutes ago." She drew from the bosom
of her gown an envelope bearing the imprint of a cable
office.
As Conscience took the missive a sudden intuition
hinted the contents and the waxy white of her cheeks
became a dead pallor. Very slowly she tore the en-
velope and read Stuart's message frantically penned in
Cairo on the way to the Alexandria train.
tt
Received no note from you. Wrote to you that
night begging a chance. Horrible mistake has oc-
curred. Matter of life and death and thousand times
more than that, that you take no step till I see you.
Am sailing by first boat. Wait. Stuart.'
9i
The bride's heart stopped dead, then pounded madly.
Stuart had received no note from her! Then he had
not abandoned her. He still loved her and from that
instant, whenever she told herself she did not love him,
she must lie. Now she was Tollman's wife. It had
almost come in time. Perhaps it had come in time.
Conscience turned to the bridesmaid with a queer and
unnatural ring in her voice.
" Mary," she asked, " just exactly when did this
message arrive? "
"It must have been immediately before the cere-
mony," the girl answered with a puckered brow, striving
for exactness. " One of the servants handed it to me
just as we started down the steps — of course, I
couldn't give it to you then."
" No," Conscience spoke as if her words came from
a long distance and again she caught her lower lip be-
tween her teeth. She had to do that to keep from
screaming or breaking into a bitter laugh. ** No, of
course, you couldn't give it to me then, and yet — ^*
THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS 181
She broke off and Eleanor Kent's arms encircled her.
" Conscience, dear,'* she demanded, " was it any-
thing you should have known? "
Conscience straightened slowly and shook her head.
She even forced a stiff smile. " No,*' she lied with an
effort of fulfilment for her first wifely duty. ** It was
just what Mary thought. A message about my mar-
riage. I must write an answer."
Farquaharson, sitting in his stateroom, unfolded his
cablegram with the feeling of a defendant who sees the
door of the jury-room swing open.
With a stunned sense of despair he read :
** Don't hurry home to explain. It's too late for
that. We will be glad to see you when your trip ends.
"Conscience Tollman."
Conscience Tollman 1 There was no longer a Con-
science Williams then. He could only realize that some
hideous mistake had made absolute a life-wrecking edict
which — had he only known before — might, perhaps
have been set aside. Now it was irrevocable and his
own blindness and a stubbornness masquerading as pride
were to blame.
Now she was the wife of Eben Tollman, the bigot
whose narrowness would cramp her life into a dreary
torture. His imagination eddied in bewildered wretch-
edness about that whirlpool of thought, bringing tran-
sient impulses of madness and self-destruction.
The thought of her as the wife of any man except
himself must have meant to him a withering agony —
but the idea of marital intimacy between Conscience and
Eben Tollman, seemed eui imthinkable desecration at
which his flesh crawled. He vainly argued with him-
self that this was no sudden loss which had struck his
life barren, but one to which he had already shaped his
resignation. All that self-schooling had been swept
away as fiercely as fragments of drift in the freshet
182 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
of news that came with her letter. She had not exiled
him but had asked him to return. She had spoken of
a bitterness bom of disappointment, which she had
conquered: a bitterness for which he was responsible.
Stark pictures shaped themselves across his brooding:
pictures of the gray life to which his desertion had con-
demned her . . • the gradually crushing tyranny of
weakness . • . the final surrender. It had been a sur-
render after years of siege, not because her courage had
failed, but because she had waited in vain for the rein-
forcement of his loyalty. This was what he had done
with his life and hers. For him there was an empty
future : for her marriage with a coldly selfish sensualist
who called his greed piety. Stuart Farquaharson sat
in a chilled inertia of despair while the ship's bells re-
corded the passing of hours. From the decks above
drifted little fragments of human talk and human laugh-
ter, but to him they were meaningless. Late in the
evening he rose with an efi^ort and went on deck where
he sought out an unoccupied place. Phosphorescent
gleams broke luminously in the wake. Clusters of great
stars and the bright dust of star-spray sprinkled the
sky, but whether he looked up or down Stuart Far-
quaharson could see only the light of victorious sur-
render in the eyes of the woman he loved, declaring her
love for him. Now she was in the arms of another man
— a man who had cunningly and patiently subordinated
every lesser thing to his determination of possessing
her.
The voice of impulse pleaded with him fiercely to go
back and tax that man, panoplied though he was in
the sanction of society and the church, with having won
foully. Tollman would never kindle the fire that burned
deep and blue-flamed in his wife's nature. Her life
with him would be thirst and hunger. But Stuart's
fever turned to chill again as he remembered. He had
forfeited his rights and stood foresworn. His vows had
fWf
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 188
been brave and his performance craven. He acknowl-
edged with self-scorn that his eagerness to break
through Tollman's force of possession went back to a
motive more selfish than exalted. He was driven by a
personal craving to hold another man's wife in his arms.
He was tempted by the sense of insurmountable power
which he knew he held upon her thoughts, her love and
her imagination.
This must be the persuasiveness of some devil's ad-
vocate which whispered to him: "Go now! Despite
all her stem allegiance to duty you can make her come
into your arms. This marriage is all a hideous mis-
take. The bigots have trapped her with a bait of false
martyrdom. Go while she is still sickened with the first
bitterness of this profanation of youth in the custody of
age." Then into this hot-blooded counsel crept the old,
cold voice of logic, like a calm speaker quieting the in-
cendiary passion of a mob.
It was her right to make the test unhampered, since
— through his own delinquency — it was too late to
avoid the test.
Two courses lay open to him now that the past was
sealed. He might return to his own country, excusing
himself on the shallow pretense that he meant only to
" stand by " in case she needed rescue from the un-
endurable, or he might turn his face east and put be-
tween himself and temptation as much of space as lies
between Cape Cod and the Ganges.
The two alternatives were, roughly, those of passion
and reason, yet each was led by so many tributary
problems that it was not easy to disentangle the threads
of their elements.
Stuart Farquaharson's inheritance of fighting blood
brought a red blindness which at times made the voice
of reason seem contemptible and pallid with cowardice.
Could Eben Tollman, whom be had always distrusted,
Jbiave engineered the thingp
184 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
Stuart, pacing the deck, halted at the thought and
his fevered temples turned abruptly cold. His face set
itself into malignant lines of vengeance. If such a
thing could be proven — as there was a God in Heaven
— Tollman was his to kill and he should die ! He stood
for a while, his chest heaving with the agitation of his
resolve — and then he smiled grimly to himself. The
cahner voice denounced him for a fool running amuck
with passion. These were thoughts suited to a homi-
cidal half-wit.
How could Eben have achieved such an end? It was
absurd to seek such a reason for the fatality of his own
senseless course. He had himself to blame.
Buffeted between the two influences, fighting a des-
perate duel with himself, Farquaharson paced the deck
all night.
At times his face burned and his eyes smoldered with
a fever only half sane. At times cold sweat stood on
his temples and he trembled, with every muscle lax and
inert. As dawn began to lighten the eastern sky-line
no man could say — and least of all himself — which
counsel would in the end prevail.
When the purser appeared on deck he gazed perplex-
edly at the hagg&rd and distracted face which con-
fronted him and the nervous pitch of the voice that put
rapid questions. It was obvious that this solitary
passenger had not been in his berth.
^^ What is our first port of call, and when do we reach
it? " demanded Farquahahson.
" Brindisi. To-morrow.*'
^'From Brindisi what are the most immediate con-
nections respectively — for the States and — for In-
dia."
The officer replied with a directness that rose su-
perior to personal curiosity.
" For the States the quickest course is to leave this
vessel at Gibraltar. I can't tell you precisely what
THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS 185
connection you could make there — but I dare say the
delay would be only the matter of a day or two."
"And for the east?"
"You mean back-tracking over the route we've
come?"
" Yes."
"We should anchor at Brindisi at two o'clock to-
morrow afternoon. At two-thirty the Mogul weighs
anchor for Port Said • . • and the Indian Ocean."
Upon the forehead of the passenger who stood in the
freshness of the morning air were beads of sweat. His
face was pale and drawn with the stress of one called
upon for swift decision and terrifically shaken by ir-
resolution. Knowing only that this seemed a stricken
man, the purser pitied him.
Farquaharson let his eyes roam west and a momen-
tary light of eagerness leaped in them. Then he
wheeled eastward and the light paled into the deadness
of despair. After a moment he straightened himself
and braced his shoulders. At the end he spoke with a
quiet decisiveness.
" Be good enough to send a wireless to Brindisi for
me. Please do what you can to have the Mogul held
in the event of our being delayed. It's a matter of the
utmost importance."
The purser nodded. "Very good, sir," was his
ready reply. " It may be a near thing, but I fancy
you'll make it."
• •••••••
Stuart Farquaharson's acknowledgment of the cable-
gram was brief. For the same reason which had made
him so urgent in entreating Conscience to take no step
until he arrived, it seemed better now that he should
remain absent. He added assurances that he had never
received any letter from her and mentioned the one he
had written at the time of their parting. He wished
her every conceivable happiness. As for himself, he
186 THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
would be indefinitely in the Orient where life was color-
ful enough to be diverting.
Of course, Conscience did not receive that letter until
her return from the wedding trip, made brief because
of her father's condition. The trip itself had seemed
in many ways as unreal and distorted an experience as
the ceremony had been. She had constantly reminded
herself of how much she owed to the generous devotion
of her husband, but no self-reproach could stir into life
the more fiery sentiments of her heart. For his virtues
she had the admiration of a daughter, a friend or a sis-
ter — but not the bright enthusiasm of a bride.
Tollman himself, the observer would have said, had
left nothing to ask. Seemingly his one wish was to
treat his life as a slate upon which every unacceptable
word and line should be sponged out and rewritten.
The wife sat in the study of her husband's house a
day or two after their return, when Tollman entered
with a face full of apprehension. He had just suf-
fered a fright which had made his heart miss a beat or
two and had set his brain swirling with a fevered vision
of all future happiness wrecked on a shoal of damnable
folly. When he had presented his wife with the keys
of his house he had not laid upon her any Bluebeard
injunction that one door she must never open. Blue-
beard lived in a more rudimentary age, and his needs
included a secret chamber. The things which Eben
Tollman earnestly desired to conceal from his wife's
view could be adequately stored in the small safe of his
study, since they were less cumbersome than the mortal
remains of prior wives done to death. They were in
fact only documents — but for him pregnant with peril
— and what had stamped his face suddenly with terror
was the realization that now for the only time in all
his meticulously careful life — he had left them open to
other eyes than his own.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 137
The old minister had been moved bag, baggage and
creed over to Tolknan's larger house, and in these days
of reaccommodated regime, the road between the two
places was one busy with errand-running. On one of
these missions Eben had been driving with the slow
sedateness which was his wont, when upon pleasant re-
flections, like shrapnel disturbing a picnic, burst the
sense of danger, and the realization of his folly. It
struck the self -congratulation from his face as abruptly
as a broken circuit quenches a lighting system.
He saw the table in his study as he had left it: the
strongbox open — the safe, too, from which he had
taken it, agape : papers lying in unprotected confusion.
Among them were the two purloined letters which had
made his marriage possible, and which if discovered
would end it in the volcanic flames of his wife's wrath.
There were also certain memoranda concerning the af-
fairs of William Williams which might have raised an
ugly implication of an estate wrecked at the hands of a
trusted friend. His fear-inflamed imagination went a
step further until it saw also his wife's figure halting
in her task of tidying up the study and her eyes first
widening in bewilderment, then blazing into an unspeak-
able fury — and scorn. How could he have done such
a thing — he the martinet of business caution? It
seemed to himself inconceivable and not to be accounted
for merely by the explanation of a new husband's ab-
straction.
He remembered now. These particular papers had
formerly been kept in a separate box — safe from con-
fusion with others. In sorting things out prior to his
wedding trip he had made several changes of arrange-
ment — and had until this moment forgotten that
change.
A sudden sweat broke out on his forehead and,
snatching the whip from its stalk on the dashboard, he
188 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
belabored his aged and infirm mare into a rickety effort
at speed.
Ira Forman, standing by the green doors of his bam,
watched the rich man go by with this unaccustomed
excitement. Ira's small resources had, on occasion,
felt the weight of Eben's hand and as he gazed, his ob-
servation was made without friendliness. *^ In a man-
ner of speakin' Eben 'pears to be busier than the devil
in a gale of wind. I wonder who he cal'lates to rob at
the present time."
Eben had occasion to be busy. He had often told
himself that it was the part of prudence to bum those
documents, yet some jackdaw qi|ality of setting store
by weird trinkets had always saved them from destruc-
tion. In a fashion they were trophies of triumph.
With indefinable certainty he felt that some time —
somehow — their possession would be of incalculable
value. They constituted his birth certificate in this
new life.
While a frenzy of haste drove him, the realization of
what he might find when he arrived made him wish that
he dared postpone the issue, and the hand which fitted
a key to his own front door trembled with trepidation.
Once he had seen his wife's face he would know. Her
anger would not burn slowly, in such a case, but in the
conflagration of tinder laid to powder. Yet when he
stole quietly to the study door and looked in, anxiety
made his breath uneven. She was sitting there, within
arm's length of the table — which, thank God, seemed
to the casual glance jus.t as he had left it — but in her
fingers she held what appeared to be a letter, and as he
watched, unobserved, she crumpled it and tossed it into
the flames that cast bright flecks of color on her cheeks.
Her face looked somewhat miserable and distraught —
but that hardly comported with what should be ex-
pected had she learned the truth — unless possibly it
was the exhaustion of wretchedness following the vio-
THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS 189
lence of a swiftly sweeping and cyclonic storm. On
the whole, her attitude was reassuring, he thought, and
in any event a bold course was best. So he entered the
room, smiling.
CHAPTER XV
OU are looking very serious, dearest,*^ he de-
clared in a tone of assumed lightness,
marred by a cumbersome quality which made
it grotesque. As lus voice broke on her reverie, his
mie started, then sat gazing at him with a sphinx-like
expression in her eyes, which he found it hard to en-
dure. But he went boldly on: **Very serious indeed
for a bride of a month's standing."
Still she did not answer and under the steadiness of
her silent gaze, his momentary reassurance wilted. He
had foreseen the possibility of encountering a woman
turned Valkyrie, but was unaccoutred to face this enig-
matical calm.
Standing here now with those cool eyes upon him, a
new and cumulative apprehension tortured him. What
if, with a swift determination, his wife had decided upon
yet another course: that of simulating until her own
chosen moment ignorance of what she knew: of draw-
ing him more deeply into the snare before she con-
fronted him with her discovery?
But as he was weighing these possibilities, Conscience
broke the silence. She even smQed in a mirthless fash-
ion — and the man began to hope again.
" I was serious," she said. " I was reproaching my-
self."
" Reproaching yourself — ^" the husband arched his
brows — " for what? "
She responded slowly as if weighing her words.
" For many things. You have devoted years of your
life to my father and myself — and asked nothing.
After a long while I consented to marry you — though
I couldn't give myself freely or without reserve."
140
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 141
He bent over a little and spoke with a grave dignity.
" You have given me everything," he said quietly,
"except the admission that you love me. I told you
before we were married that I had no fear and no mis-
giving on that point. I shall win your love, and mean-
while I can be patient."
She let the implied boast of word and manner pass
without debate and went on self-accusingly :
** You've treated yourself very much like an old
house being torn to pieces and done over to satisfy the
whims and eccentricities of a new tenant."
Tollman affected a manner meant to be debonair,
but his thought was divided and uncontrollable impulse
drew his glance shiftily to the table.
" T'^ell, suppose that I have tried tb change myself,
why shouldn't I? I love you. I'm eager to demon-
strate that I'm not too old a dog to learn new tricks."
She only shook her head, and, finding words more
tolerable than silence, he proceeded :
" I've discovered the fountain which Ponce de Leon
missed. Henceforth I mean to go on growing
younger."
" And yet, Eben — ^^ She was still looking at him
with that directness which hinted at some thought
foreign to her words — something as yet unmentioned
which had left her unstrung. " It's not really a con-
genial role to you — this one of reshaping your life.
At heart you hate it. • . • This house proves that. So
does this room — and its contents."
The pause which separated the final words brought a
sinking sensation at the pit of his stomach, and the dis-
comfort of a fencer, dueling in the dark — a swords-
man who recognizes that his cleverness is outmatched.
His question came with a staccato abruptness.
"How is that?"
Conscience rose from her chair and for a moment
stood letting her eyes travel about the walls, the fur-
142 THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
niture, the pictures. As they wandered, the husband's
gaze f oUoweid them, and when they rested for an instant
on the open strong box and the untidy papers, his
alarm gained a brief mastery so that he stepped hur-
riedly forward, placing himself between her and the
danger.
" What were you saying? " he questioned nervously.
*^ 1 was calling your attention to this room. Look
at it. If you didn't, at heart, hate all change — all
innovation, you couldn't have lived here this long with-
out having altered it."
"Altered it — why?"
Conscience laughed. "Well, because it's all un-
speakably depressing, for one thing. Outside of pris-
ons, I doubt if there is anything drearier in the* world
than Landseer engravings in black frames and fantas-
tically grained pine trying to be oak — unless it's hair-
cloth sofas and portraits that have turned black."
The lord of the manor spoke in a crestfallen manner,
touched with perplexity. To what was all this a pre-
amble?
" That portrait is of an ancestor of mine," he said
and his wife once more laughed, though this time his
anxiety fancied there was irony in it. "All right,"
she said, " but wouldn't it have been quite as respectful
and much more cheerful to send him on a visit to some
painter who takes in dingy ancestors and does them
over? '*
" I hadn't thought of it," he acknowledged, but the
idea did not seem to delight him.
"No." They were still standing, she facing the
table and he facing her, making of his shoulders as wide
a screen as possible.
Now she moved and stood with the fingers of one
hand resting lightly on the spot where lay a profusion
of scattered sheets and envelopes. These were papers
which, should she see and recognize them — granting
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 148
that she had not already done so — would spell divorce
or separation. Tollman drew a handkerchief from his
pocket and wiped his forehead. At the price of any
concession he must get her out of that room for five
minutes !
" No," she went on. " It hadn't occurred to you,
because you really dislike all change. You are a re-
actionary • • • and I'm afraid I'm what you'd call a
radical."
" But, dear — ^" he spoke eagerly, ready to sacrifice
without combat even his cherished reverence for the un-
changing order of his fathers : even his aversion to the
wasting of money — "I haven't told you before be-
cause I wanted to surprise you. I've let all that wait
until you should be here to direct it. I wanted the reno-
vated house, like the renovated man, to bear the stamp
of your designing."
The wife's eyes flashed with surprise and apparent
pleasure. "Do you really mean it?" she exclaimed.
" Do you really mean that I may do what I like with
the place? "
" Yes, yes — ^" he hastened to assure her. ** You are
in supreme command here. You have carte blanche.**
For a while she did not speak, but when she did her
voice was very soft. " Eben," she said almost f alter-
ingly, " you give me everything — and I give you so lit-
tle."
A few minutes later, with vast relief, he watched her
go through the door, then collapsed, a limp creature,
into the chair by the table, his arms going out and
sweeping the papers into a pile close to his body. His
face, relaxed from the strain of dissembling, looked old
and his jaw sagged.
But before he had sufficiently recovered to investigate
the documents he heard a rustle and looked around.
Conscience was standing in the door — and he feared
that even the slouch of his shoulders, seen from behind,
lU THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
might have been dangerously revealing. His wife's
level tone as she spoke, no less than her words, intensi-
fied his conviction of defeat.
" The note that I asked you to mail to Stuart Far-
quaharson — that night when he left — never reached
him/'
So she had, after all, been playing with him as a cat
plays with a mouse! She had left the room, only to
return and confront him when he was unmanned.
Something of cornered desperation came into his eyes,
but with a final instinct of precaution he managed to
assume a remnant of poise.
" Never reached him? That seems hardly possible."
She nodded. " Yes ; doesn't it? I asked you at the
time if you were certain you had mailed it. Do you
remember?"
" Perfectly. I said I had never forgotten to mail a
letter."
" Still, he never received it — and he wrote one to
me — at the same time which I didn't get, either."
Eben Tollman licked his Ups. It seemed useless to
carry the fight further. He stood with one foot over
the brink and momentiun at his back. Then when an-
other moment would have ended his campaign of dis-
simulation his wife spoke again, and the man's brain
reeled — but this time with an incredulous reversal of
emotion. Some miracle had saved him !
** I've just had a note from him. He's in India."
Eben Tollman straightened up, and shook from his
shoulders the weight of a decade or two.
He had been dying the multiple deaths of the coward
because he had let his imagination bolt and run away.
The menace had passed, and straightway came a trans-
formation. Once more he was full-panoplied in his
assurance of self-righteousness. His voice was unctu-
ously calculated, persuasively considerate.
** That is a very extraordmary story, but you aren't
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 145
letting things that happened so long ago trouble you,
are you, my dear? "
"A thing — which has caused bitterness between
friends — even long ago, must trouble one.'*
** Yes, I quite concur in that sentiment." He nodded
understandingly. It was the same gentleness of man-
ner to which he had owed so much in the past. ^* And
yet — I don't like to speak critically of a man who
was once a rival — yet unhappily there are other things
to be remembered. His experiences in New York
seemed to prove him wanting of much that your friend-
ship must demand."
Conscience did not answer, but she felt the justice of
the criticism.
When his wife had again left him alone he lost no
time in bending over memoranda and running through
papers with fingers that trembled.
Then he straightened up again. All was as he had
left it. The two intercepted letters were tied safely to-
gether and the dust which had gathered upon their
wrapper was undisturbed.
For some minutes he abandoned himself to the satis-
faction of a man whose escape has been narrow — but
complete. Eventually, however, his brows drew to-
gether with an annoyance which had strayed into his
thoughts and poisoned them. He had handled the sit-
uation ineptly and expensively.
He had given his young wife carte blanche to do
what she chose with his old house. She would waste
money more lavishly even than he had wasted it when
he had employed the services of the Searchlight Investi-
gation Bureau. What, after all, were these cushion-
footed sleuths but blackmailers of a legalized sort? He
dismissed lightly the circumstance that such enterprises
fatten upon the support of gentlemen who have work
to do which more open methods fail to favor. This
process of thought permitted his armor of self-right-
146 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
eousness to be worn in accord with thrift and the ac-
complishment of his wishes and tp remain the while
undented by self-accusation.
The first days of her wedding trip had been marked,
for Conscience, by a numbed vagueness, which brought
a kindly blunting of all her emotions. In that coma-
like condition she could be outwardly normal while in-
wardly she was living a life of unrealities. She had
fought that dangerous comfort as a surrender to phan-
tasy until in a measure she had conquered it.
She had fought steadfastly against all the insurgent
influences in her heart aroused by the belated telegram,
as one fights the infiuence of a drug. It was not Eben
Tollman's fault — ran her logic — that this message
from Egypt had drawn Stuart Farquaharson danger-
ously close to his wife's inmost thoughts at a time when,
she had told herself, he must henceforth be kept in th^
far background.
But there was no escaping the reality that the cable-
gram and the letter had brought definite results. They
had lifted Stuart out of his place in the past and drawn
him into the present. He had not been guilty of deser-
tion, but was, like herself, the victim of a hideous and
inexplicable mistake.
It had hurt when Tollman referred to Farqua-
harson's unfavorable record, even with the considera-
tion of tone he had employed. But Conscience told
herself that her duty lay less in defense of the man
whom she had once loved and who had fallen from his
pedestal than in the square facing of present facts.
Her husband had alluded to Stuart with neither ran-
cor nor resentment but in kindliness and fair judgment.
Now, at all events, she argued wil(}ly, seeking to coerce
her heart, it was to Eben and not to Stuart that she
owed loyalty. So, while her husband sat in his study
THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS 147
regretting that he had conceded too much to his fears
of unmasking, she wrestled in her room with rebellious
heart fires, kindled by the letter from the exile.
She shivered, though the room was warm. Assur*-
edly, she told herself, she must keep burning before her
mental vision the memory that, however much Stuart
had been the victim of a mistake at the time of their
parting, he had since forfeited all claims upon her love.
• •••••••
Stuart Farquaharson, the writer of best sellers, re-
flected that Life does not divide its chapters by the
measure of the calendar, nor does it observe that rule of
literary craftsmanship which seeks to distribute the
drama of a narrative into a structural unity of form
with the ascending stages of climax.
At this bruised cynicism an older man would have
smiled, but to Stuart it was poignantly real.
He had lost the prize which to him seemed the only
guerdon worth striving for, while every other recogni-
tion had come easily — almost without effort.
The success of his novel had been so extraordinary
that Farquaharson fell to reviewing his literary experi-
ence with a somewhat impersonal amusement. He had
not poured his soul into his work with a bitter sweat of
midnight endeavor as the genius is said to do. He had
wooed the muse about as reverently as a battered tramp
might fondle an equally battered dog, seeking, without
illusion, a substitute for better companionship.
One afternoon he sat alone in a Yokohama tea-house,
reading the latest collection of newspaper reviews which
had come to his hand.
" We have here a book," observed one commentator,
** which irritates with a sense of undeveloped power
while it delights with a too-facile charm. It would seem
to come from a pen more gifted than sincere."
As Stuart slipped the collection of clippings into his
148 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
pocket a hand fell on his shoulder and he rose to en-
counter a ruddy-faced young man in the undress uni-
form of the United States Navy.
"Why so solitary?" demanded the newcomer.
" Surely a famous novelist needn't sit alone in the
shadow of Fuji Yama. The place teems with charm-
ing Americans."
Farquaharson's face lighted with genuine pleasure as
he grasped the outstretched hand in a grip of cramp-
ing heartiness.
" Jimmy Hancock ! " he exclaimed. ** Why, man, I
haven't seen you since — *^ He paused, and Jimmy,
seating himself, grinned back as he took up the unfin-
ished sentence : " * Since the memory of man runneth
not to the contrary — ^ Fll have Scotch and soda,
thank you."
Farquaharson laughed. This was the same breezy
Jimmy and the two had met rarely since the first acad-
emy days. That was a time which carried them both
back almost to Conscience's visit in the Valley of Vir-
ginia.
A torrent of questions, many of them ^intrinsically
inconsequential yet important to the exile, had to be
put by the officer and answered by the author. Finally
came one which Stuart had apprehended.
^^When did you see Conscience Williams last? An
unspeakably ancient letter from home mentioned your
spending a summer up there on Cape Cod? There were
even rosy prophecies." Farquaharson winced a little.
" She is married," he said evenly, though with an
effort. " She quite recently married a gentleman by
the name of Eben Tollman."
" Oh, then I was misinformed. Give me her address
if you know it and I'll send my overdue congratula-
tions."
Farquaharson complied with that obedience to social
necessity which made him conceal the fact that, for
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 149
hiniy this reunion with an old friend had been robbed of
its savor and turned into a series of unhappy memories.
" This evening you are coming aboard to dine with
me," announced Hancock when he had finished his drink
and risen, " and after dinner a handful of people will
arrive for an informal dance on deck."
But Farquaharson gave an excuse. He felt weary
and shrank from those inevitable confidences which must
ensue. This evening he was leaving for Tokyo and
would reach Yokohama on his return only in time to
make his steamer for Honolulu. Jimmy Hancock was
full of regret. His own cruiser, he said, would sail to-
morrow for Nagasaki.
Stuart's return from Tokyo and Nikko put him in
Yokohama just before his steamer's sailing time. So it
happened that he went over the gang plank of the Nip-
pon Mam as the whistle was warning visitors ashore.
Having no acquaintances among the figures that
lined the deck rail behind a flutter of handkerchiefs, he
went to the smoking-lounge where for two hours he
busied himself with his author's routine of note books.
It was mid-afternoon when he emerged among those
fellow passengers who had long ago claimed their
steamer chairs and dedicated themselves to the idleness
of the voyage.
Stuart began pacing the boat deck with the adequate
companionship of his pipe. He was not lonely for the
society of men and women. In his own mind he put a
stress of emphasis on women. Two of them had
touched his life closely enough to alter its currents.
One, he had lost through his own folly and her inability
to free herself from the sectionalism of an inherited
code. The other had been foolish in the extreme and
had drawn him into the whirlpool of her heedlessness.
In ways as far apart as east and west, each had been
fascinating and each had been beautiful.
The orbit of his rounds carried him several times
160 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
past a woman, who was standing unaccompanied at the
rail astern. Her face and glance were turned outward
where the propellers were churning up a lather of white
spume and where little eddies of jade and lapis-lazuli
raced among the bubbles.
He felt, at first, no curiosity for the averted face,
but finally the length of time she had been standing
there without change of posture, the unusual slender-
ness and grace of the figure, and the fact that he had
not seen her features awakened a tepid interest.
But when, for the seventh time, he rounded the white
walls of the after cabin and she turned with a smile of
seeming welcome on her lips, Farquaharson stopped
dead. For just a surprised instant he forgot the re-
quirements of courtesy and glanced about as if in-
stinctively seeking escape. His jaw stiffened, then
with a sense of chagrin for this gracdessness he
stepped forward with a belated cordiality.
But in the brief interval he saw the exquisitely fair
coloring of the woman's cheeks flush pinker, and the
lower lip catch between her teeth.
Her eyes, which in the afternoon sun were golden
amber, clouded with a swift shadow of pain which as
swiftly vanished.
**I was wondering, Stuart,'* said Marian Holbury
slowly, "whether you meant to speak to me at all."
" I didn't know you were on this side of the world,"
he responded' with recovered equanimity.
She leaned against the rail and, while the breeze
whipped the sash of her sweater and her white skirt
about her, studied him gravely until he said : " Meet-
ing you here was such a coincidence that it astonished
me • • • don't you find it surprising, too? "
She shook her head.
" No," she said, " I don't. You see I did know that
you were on this side of the globe. I even knew that
you would be on board. Lieutenant Hancock told me."
CHAPTER XVI
STUART FARQUAHARSON'S first impulse
upon finding his surprise for the meeting un-
shared, was an astonishment at Marian herself.
Unless some great urgency existed for an immediate
return to the States he supposed that she would have
avoided sailing with him.
^^ The circumstance that the one man I knew in
Yokohama should also be an acquaintance of yours
only heightens the effect of the coincidence," he haz-
arded, and his companion smiled as though amused at
some unimparted element of humor as she naively re-
sponded : " Yes — - except that in a foreign town we
would be apt to meet the same people."
However it had happened, thought Stuart, it was a
deplorable accident: their being thrown together for
ten days in the narrowed companionship of a sea-
voyage. For her, even more than himself, it must
bring back the painful notoriety of their last com-
panionship.
It had all been so bootless and uncalled for ! Marian
Holbury might have divorced her husband had she
wished, and remained unstigmatized. Yet she had, by
yielding to an ungovemed impulse, reversed their posi-
tions of justification. Now the news of their names on
the same sailing lists would come to ears at home and
set tongues wagging afresh. There had been enough
of that.
As she stood there regarding him quietly, with the
thorough self-possession of her sex and her class, he
reminded himself that there was no profit in a sulkiness
of attitude.
161
162 THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
" What are your sentiments," he inquired, " regard-
ing a cup of tea? " And she laughed frankly and easily
as she responded:
"They are of the friendliest." Together they
turned and went toward the nearest white-jacketed deck
steward.
As he made a pretense of sipping his tea Farqua-
harson admitted to himself that the lady whom he was
meeting after a long interval had lost nothing of her
charm.
The ten days of enforced companionship would at all
events be relieved of tedium, but he was in a quandary
as to what should be his attitude. Later in the seclu-
sion of the smoking-room he shaped a tentative policy
of such deferential courtesy as he would have tendered a
new acquaintance. He fancied that she would appre-
ciate a manner which neither bordered on intimacy nor
presumed upon the past.
But as the days went on a variance developed be-
tween the excellence of his plan in theory and in practi-
cal application. For one thing, Marian herself seemed
less grateful in her acceptance of it than he had antici-
pated. He sometimes felt, from a subtle hint of her
manner, that her confidence in her own adroitness and
savoir faire needed no such assistance from him.
There were moments, too, between their casual con-
versations when a wistful sort of weariness brought a
droop to her lips, as though she would have welcomed
a less constrained companionship.
Sometimes when off guard, he found himself slipping
into the manner which seemed more natural, and then
he wondered if his policy of aloofness might not savor
of the priggish.
Not until they were nearing Honolulu did they refer
to the past and then it was Marian and not Stuart who
broached the subject.
"We were fortunate in being in Japan in cherry-
THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS 168
blossom time," suggested Stuart in a matter of fact
fashion, as they strolled on deck at sunset. *^ We saw
it all at its best."
" Cherry-blossom time in Japan — ^" she echoed mus-
ingly. Then suddenly she broke out with an almost im-
passioned bitterness, " Yes, I suppose we were — fortu-
nate! We are both still in our twenties. I am rich
and you are better than that — you are along the
way of being famous. And yet it occurs to me that
neither of us is precisely happy. We are both out-
casts from contentment — just Bedouins in the world's
desert, after all."
His question came vaguely and uncomfortably,
" What do you mean, Marian? "
She laughed, banishing the gravity from her face.
"Nothing — nothing at all, Stuart," she assured
him. "It was just a woman's mood." But after a
moment she went on in a voice of greater seriousness:
" It seems as good a time as any to tell you that I've
come to realize with a wretched guiltiness — how I
pulled you into the mess I made of my own affairs. If
there were any way of undoing it — ^"
He interrupted her quickly, "Please don't brood
over that, Marian. It's all ended now. You were
too confused just then by your own foreground
wretchedness to be able to gauge the perspectives."
** One has a right," she declared with self-scorn, ** to
expect from an adult human being, a reasonable degree
of intelligence. I didn't display it to any conspicu-
ous extent."
" You gave way to a moment of panic."
" Yes — and you suffered for it. I didn't quite un-
derstand then that sealing the evidence in the divorce,
while it was supposed to protect me, really left you no
chance to clear yourself."
"Naturally not," he smilingly rejoined. "You
weren't a lawyer, you know. But it must pain you to
164 THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
discuss these things and I'm not asking any explana-
tion. Why shouldn't we let them rest in peace? "
Her face flushed a little and she seemed on the point
of argument, but she only said: ^' Yes, I suppose that
is better."
The evening before the Nippon Maru was due in the
Hawaiian port there was no moon, but all the softly
blazing stars of the tropics were kindled in the sky
and the phosphor waters of the Pacific played in an
exquisite echo of light. Marian Holbury, in her sim-
plicity of white skirt and white blouse looked as young
as a school girl and, Stuart thought, more beautiful
than he had ever seen her. They sat together on the
after-deck which, as it chanced, they held in monopoly
and the woman said musingly :
** To-morrow we part company, don't we? "
** I'm afraid so," he answered. " My ticket reads to
Honolulu."
^* I suppose I should thank you," she continued in the
same pensiveness of manner. ^^ I guess your unbroken
reserve was meant for considerateness." \
"Under the circumstances," he replied, a shade
piqued by her tone, " anything else might have been
embarrassing — for you."
With eyes traveling seaward she spoke again and
there was a ghost of quiet irony in her voice.
" That seems to be a thing a man's chivalry never
leaves to a woman's own judgment; the determination
of what she may find embarrassing."
" At least a man doesn't want to force the dilemma
on her." Possibly he did not succeed in saying it en-
tirely without stiffness.
**If I'd been afraid of your doing that," she re-
minded him, "I might have changed my sailing
date."
" I was just a little surprised that you didn't," he
admitted.
THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS 166
A strolling couple passed and Marian watched them
turn out of sight before she spoke again.
^^ As a matter of fact, I did change it. I left the
friends with whom I'd been traveling and took this
earlier steamer home." She caught the expression of
surprise in his face, but before he could put it into
words she heightened it to amazement with the calm
announcement : ^^ I did that because Lieutenant Han-
cock told me that you were sailing by it."
" But I — I don't understand ! "
« No. You wouldn't."
"I'm dense, I suppose," he acknowledged, **but I
should have fancied the only result of that would be
unpleasant gossip."
"Yes, Stuart, you are dense," she interrupted, and
into her eyes leaped an insurgent flame of scorn.
"Why should I care what gossips thought? Their
verdict was rendered long since. I had a reason more
important to myself than their opinions."
" Will you tell me what it was? If my attitude was
silly, Marian, at least it was sincere."
" I was wondering whether I would tell you or not,
Stuart. Most women would not; but I'm reported to
be startlingly — perhaps shockingly candid — so per-
haps I will."
Formerly he had thought her clever with a play of
wit which made for fascination, but he had believed
her processes of thought transparent to his own scrut-
iny. Of late he had discovered in her something baf-
fling and subtle. This was not the same Marian but
a Marian of whom his old acquaintance had been merely
the matrix as iron is the beginning of tempered steel.
The woman whose eyes dwelt on him now with a sort of
inscrutable indulgence was one who reversed their posi-
tions. It was as if she read him easily in these days,
while in herself she retained depths which he had no
means of fathoming. But two things he covld read in
f
166 THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
her eyes : courage and utter honesty — and these were
qualities which he esteemed.
After a little she asked him with a direct reading of
his thoughts which made him start uncomfortably,
" You find me changed? "
Stuart drew a long breath. It broke suddenly upon
him that if this woman had begun life under other
auspices she might have developed into something
rather magnificent.
" Not changed — '' he answered promptly. " Trans-
formed ! *'
^^ Thank you," she said, holding her voice steady.
^^It was the realization of the change that made me
try the experiment."
" What experiment? " His bewilderment was grow-
ing.
** If I'm going to tell you — and one can talk frankly
of things that belong unmistakably to the past — I
must lay the foundation."
"Yes?"
** Of course, you realize that everyone said I fled to
you — because we had had an affair. Later when I
was divorced and you saw nothing more of me, they
laughed at me — tiiey thought I had grabbed at the
reflection and dropped my bone in the stream."
" But, Marian ! You understood — ^"
She raised a hand. ^^ Please let me finish in my own
way. It's not too easy at best"
" Forgive me."
** To their eyes, my one chance of rehabilitating my
life lay in marrying you. I mention this to forestall
misunderstanding; because in what I've got to say
next it might logically occur to you as a thing I'd
contemplated myself."
" Surely," he exclaimed, ** you don't think me so
mean of mind as that."
With a somewhat rueful smile, she continued :
THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS 167
^When things became unendurable at home and I
fled to your cottage, what did you think of me? "
His response was immediate : *^ That you were in a
panic. It seemed to you a case of any port in a storm.
I was geographically near and — ^*
"You really thought that?'* A queer note came
into her voice and she added almost in a whisper as if
echoing it to herself: "Just because you were geo-
graphically near ! '*
" Why else? " he demanded. ** Of course, in your in-
dignation against that brute Holbury, you momen-
tarily thought of me with contrasting emotion. I un-
derstood that, but I never exaggerated it into anything
more important — or permanent.''
** No. You just thought me a frivolous little idiot,
and the estimate was annoyingly correct. I knew that
— and yet I hadn't quite realized how meanly you did
think of me — until now."
"But, Marian — !"
" If you thought," she went on, and in the starlight,
he could not see how the color had left even her lips,
"if you thought that — even in those circumstances
— even driven by terror of my life — I would have fled
to any other man in the world — *' Abruptly she
broke off.
Stuart Farquaharson's forgotten pipe had died to
ashes. Now it fell with a tiny crash to the deck. The
man leaned forward toward her and his eyes mirrored
an astonishment genuine and absolute.
"Do you mean . • • that you really fancied • • •
that you loved me? "
She turned her face away until he could see only the
roundness of her cheek's contour and the curling soft-
ness of the hair on her neck. Her voice carried a bur-
den of lethargic weariness. " No, I didn't fancy it . . .
I knew it . . . I've known it ever since."
As Stuart Farquaharson remained silent in the
168 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
amazement of these declarations, Marian turned her
face again upon him. This time she spoke with a fiery
impetuosity :
*^ I suppose I should be burning with shame at con-
fessing that • • • only somehow I've never been able
to realize why people should blush so at the truth • • .
and, as I said a moment ago, since it's over, there's no
reason why I shouldn't tell you, is there? "
" So now — it M over? " He spoke very softly yet
with a sense of relief.
Marian's eyes held his own with their remarkably
candid gaze, making no effort to mask their misery.
Her finely shaped head carried itself high as if in dis-
dain for all dissimulation, and once more she went on
in a forced evenness:
"Yes, now it's over, but I'm not throdgh talking.
Please don't interrupt me. I've said too much to let
it rest there and I've got to say the rest in my own
fashion." She paused, then went resolutely forward.
" You had spoken to me of Miss Williams, but — you
know you were always reticent about the things you
felt deeply — I didn't know enough to thoroughly im-
derstand. In the last year I've done a lot of blink-
ing. . • . The point from which I always started was
obvious. If you had cared at all about me, you would
have looked me up — when the divorce was ended • • .
But later I heard of her marriage — Miss Wil-
liams' . . • Perhaps, I told myself, things were differ-
ent with you now. I heard of you from time to
time ... and never as of one who was very happy."
She paused and Stuart laid a hand gently on hers,
but she withdrew her own and began afresh :
" I don't care for the word * chastened,' but I knew
that I'd learned some things. I knew that I wasn't
that same woman any more. The irresponsible light-
ness had been pretty well cured • • • and I wasn't very
happy, either.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 169
"Marian," he declared feelingly, **you don't have
to defend yourself to me. The man who won your
love could feel nothing but pride."
" Thank you," she said briefly. ** I'm not through
yet. • • • I thought that if you met the new me • • .
you might revise your old opinion ... I thought at
least that I could study you and that afterward there
would be no uncertainty • • • You spoke of the coinci-
dence of our meeting. There was no coincidence about
it. I was traveling more or less at random, but I
knew you must come through Yokohama and I waylaid
you. When Jimmy Hancock told me at the chance
that you were taking this boat, I took it, too. ... It
meant ten days in which to study you — but I needed
only ten seconds. I saw your face when we met on
deck . • . and that told me all there was to tell."
CHAPTER XVn
SHE came to a stop and sat looking out at the
phosphorescent sea and the star-filled skies.
Farquaharson leaned forward, his words com-
ing brokenly and in a heavy misery of embarrassment.
^* Marian, I har>e recognized the new you : I've seen
the splendid development and fulfilment of you. It's
only that . • • that — ^" He broke ofi^ and began over
impetuously. " I happened to fall in love with — Con-
science before I met you. Of course, that's quite hope-
less now • • . but it seems permanent." He was strug-
gling with a diffidence which, in such circumstances, a
man must have been very callous to have escaped. On
the lips of his characters, in fiction, words flowed with
an ease of dialogue and broke often into epigram.
Now they eluded him, leaving him in confusion. The
situation was one for which he found himself unpre-
pared. ** I doubt if I shall ever feel otherwise — about
her," he went on somewhat flounderingly. ** You and
she are women of almost opposite types in a way and
yet — yet Fve been realizing while you talked, that in
many respects you are alike."
Marian's lips twisted themselves into a smile, stiff
with tension of spirit, but a whimsical irony tinged her
voice.
** The Colonel's lady and Rose O'Gradj
Are sisters under their skins,
I suppose we have that kinship, Stuart."
The man's hands closed into a ti^t grip on the arms
of his steamer chair. In his eyes were regret and sin-
cerity, but his words came with the firmness of resolve:
*^ I have, as you say, been dense," he declared, speak-
160
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 161
ing now in even sentences that had ceased to break
disjointedly. " I haven't even done you the justice of
recognizing your more genuine self. You spoke of
drawing me into the web of your troubles — but you
didn't say the thing which you might have mentioned.
I was also an adult of supposedly human, intelligence.
I should have foreseen the dangers of even so innocent
an afFair as was ours. I should have protected you."
" Against myself? " she inquired.
"Against ourselves," he responded quietly. "I
should, for instance, have told you that I was so much
in love with one woman, that to me all others must re-
main — just others. Now you have done me the honor
to say you love me."
" Please, Stuart ! " Marian's face was momentarily
drawn in a paroxysm of pain. " Please don't make me
pretty speeches. It isn't necessary — and it doesn't
help."
" I'm not making pretty speeches," he declared.
" My love is a hopeless one, but I can't deny its force
without lying. I've helped you spoil your life and
if I can help you mend it — ^" He broke off there and
then abruptly he said: "Marian, will you marry
me?"
She carried her hands to her face and covered her
eyes. For a moment she sat in a stunned attitude and
her words came faintly :
" I understand your motive, dear. It's gallant —
but it wouldn't do."
^* Why? " he demanded and again her head came up
with the bearing of pride.
" I've already told you that it's not rehabilitation in
the eyes of the world I seek. For you it would be sacri-
fice — and for me a failure. If you asked me because
you loved me, and I believed I could make you happy
I think you know what my answer would be. But to
marry you without your loving me — well, that would
16« THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
be — ^" She paused and then finished : ^* It would be
sheer HeU."
Stuart leaned over and picked up the pipe. His face
was rigid and self-accusing^, and the woman laid her
hand on his arm.
"You have ridden with me in the hunting field,
Stuart/' she irrelevantly reminded him. " I hope you'll
testify that I can take my croppers when they come.
Please don't think I'm whimpering."
^* One could hardly think that," he declared.
A sudden thought brought a fresh anxiety to her eyes,
as she vehemently demanded : " Was she — was Miss
Williams, influenced by what people said about you
and me? "
" I suppose," he said, " the only version she had was
the public one, and I fancy there were those about her
who made use of it, but I don't believe it affected her
decision."
Marian's voice was very low, almost tender now.
" It would mean a good deal to you, wouldn't it, to have
her know the truth? "
His hand gripped her own feelingly for a moment and
he nodded his head but, in words, he said only : *^ Yes
— it would."
" I wish I knew her. I wish I could set you straight
with her," she told him and after that she rose. " At
all events it was worth the experiment," she commented.
" Well, * la comedia e fmta.* I think now I'll go to
bed."
Conscience dealt relentlessly with herself in those
storms of argument which arose in her mind and had to
be fought out; storms involving the readjustment of
her life to the partnership of marriage.
Yet she must not, if she placed value upon success,
fall into the class of parasite wives who suffer their own
independence of thought to languish.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 168
One day she came into the study while Eben was
engaged in those matters of business which brought
the most unaffected pleasure to his eyes and his atti-
tude was that of such absorption that she did not at
once announce her presence. When he turned at length
and saw her, he came instantly to his feet, but despite
the smile of his welcome, Conscience caught the re-
pressed reluctance with which he shoved back his papers
and pencil.
"Eben,'* she hazarded, "why can't I make myself
useful? Can't you delegate some part of your work
to me? "
Instead of gratification his expression took on the
cast of apprehension, though he laughed.
" What ! Do you want to turn business woman, my
dear? " he inquired. " Are you ambitious to come into
the firm and have your name on the door? "
" I want to have a hand on the oar because I think
you have a sort of financial genius and I'd like to share
a thing which must come that close to your inner life,"
she explained, and under the pleasurable spell of her
appreciation Tollman found himself expanding with
responsive pride. To certain forms of flattery he was
as susceptible as a schoolgirl.
" If I have ability," he made modest disavowal, " it's
of a slight caliber."
" I don't know anything about your financial rating,"
went on his wife. " I've never asked any questions
about that and I don't care so far as the mere figures
go. But I believe you have* a gift of business general-
ship which, in fields of wider opportunity, might have
made you a millionaire."
Tollman broke unexpectedly into a peal of laughter.
He complacently accepted the tribute to his powers, but
would have preferred it laid on with greater lavish-
ness. Quite casually he remarked:
When I said slight caliber, I spoke comparatively.
a
164 THE TTRANNT OF WEAKNESS
If the occasion arose, I fancy I could sign a check
now — not only for a million Imt for seyeraL**
C<Hiscience's dark eyes must have mirrored thdr
amazement: an amazement which was entirely natural*
and which concerned not only the revdation of wealth
in itself, bat more complex things as welL
The disturbing thought intruded itself that in a land
of such sparse opportunities these returns could be
wrung out only by a policy so tight-fisted as to be
merciless. It must mean draining resources to their
dregs. That was an unpleasant suspicion which she
instantly expelled with the reminder that her husband
had inherited wealth and that in supplementing it he
had not been limited to a local field of operation.
The next unwelcome thought suggested that if Eben
were so rich as that his generosity to her father and
herself was discounted. Out of abundance he had given
a moiety and because of it she had put her life into
a yoke* But that idea, too, she met with the answer
that his conduct must not be measured by a given cost
but by its spirit and willingness.
^ You are surprised? " His smiling inquiry called
her back from her disturbing reverie with a sense of
gmlty criticism.
^^Only at the degree of your success, Eben," she
told him gravely ; ^ I had not supposed it so large."
But as time went on, an intelligence less keenly edged
than hers would have recognized that it was only to the
anterooms of his financial interests that he admitted
her.
This was inevitable, and obviously he could not ex-
plain what she felt to be a rebuff. To make full dis-
closure of certain transactions would have stripped
Eben Tollman of disguise and brought results as par-
lous as those he had feared on the afternoon when he
left his strong box unlocked. Structures of self-de-
lusion mi^^t have fallen into shapeless debris under the
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 166
batteries of her frank questioning. Eben Tollman
could dismiss from thought the woman who has lost
her way or the man who has succumbed to a destructive
thirst. That required only the remembrance that the
^^ wages of sin is death." But if real estate which he
owned in poor^ even disreputable sections of distant
cities brought him in surprisingly large rentals, he did
not conceive that his duty required an investigation of
the characters of his tenants.
Of course should his agents tell him that his property
was being prostituted to evil ends for gain he would
have to sever relations with them, but he selected agents
who troubled him with no such embarrassing details.
This was a practical attitude, but something told him
that in it Conscience would hardly see eye to eye with
him.
It was late in May that Jimmy Hancock wrote a
note to the girl with whom he had ridden horseback in
the Valley of Virginia.
" Pve just had a stroke of luck," he said, " in meet-
ing our old friend Stuart Farquaharson, who is tour«
ing the world, crowned gorgeously with bays of literary
fame. I ran into him yesterday in Yokohama and from
him learned for the first time of your marriage. If I
am the last to congratulate you, at least I am among
the first in heartiness and sincerity. • • •
" There are some charming Americans here — though
I don't think of any others whom I should mention as
common acquaintances. Or did you know Mrs. Larry
Holbury? She has been reigning graciously over us,
and I am among the smitten. However, since both she
and Stuart are to sail on the Nippon Mara I have no
great modicum of hope."
Poor Jimmy ! Never was man less bent on purveying
morsels of deleterious gossip. Never was man, in effect,
more stupidly blundering.
He wrote the day after the dance on his cruiser and
166 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
he spoke of the things near his current thoughts.
When Conscience had read the note, her eyes wan-
dered thoughtfully and at the end her lips curled. '^ So
she followed him across the world, did she? " she said
half aloud, since she was quite alone. Then she added
quietly : '* Still I guess she didn't pursue him without
knowing that she would be welcome. It was just as well
that the dream ended in time."
Until his stroke had disabled the Reverend William
Williams, his congregation had thought of him less as
an individual than as an institution. In their minds
he had shared the permanence of the church steeple.
Trained through two generations to his intensity and
fiery earnestness they saw in other clergymen a tame
half-heartedness. Exponents of more modem and lib-
eral thinking had since come and gone leaving the men
and women who had been reared on the thundered Word
as expressed in his firstlies, secondlies, thirdlies and final-
ies unable to fill their pulpit to their satisfaction.
Then it was that Sam Haymond, D.D., came to them,
as a visiting preacher for a single Sabbath. He came
helralded by tidings of power in oratory and zeal of
spirit beyond the ordinary. Report had it that his
shoulders were above the heads of mediocrity and that,
like Saul of Tarsus, he had entered upon his ministry,
not through the easy stages of ecclesiastical appren-
ticeship, but with the warrior-spirit of a man wholly
converted from the ranks of the scofi^ers. Accordingly .
it was appropriate that he should come as the guest of
Eben Tollman, the keystone in the arch of the church's
laity and of the old minister who still held power as
a sort of director emeritus.
Eben being engaged by peremptory afi^airs in his
study. Conscience drove to the station to meet him on
a fine young Saturday morning at the beginning of
June. She set out from the house which maintained a
y
THE TYRANNY 01! WEAKNESS 167
sort of lordly aloofness among pine-covered hills, more
than usually conscious of the lilt of summer in air and
landscape.
The Tollman farm had been one of goodly size when
Eben had inherited it and outlying tracts had since aug-
mented it by virtue of purchase and foreclosure, until
the residence, which faced a lake-like cove, was almost
isolated of site. . On either side of the sandy road, as
Conscience drove to the station, elms and silver oaks
and maples were wearing new and tender shades of
green. Among the sober pines they reminded her of
fashionables flaunting their finery in the faces of staid
conservatives.
Between the waxen profusion of bayberry bushes,
wild-flowers sprinkled the carpet of pine needles and
blackberry trailers crawled in a bright raggedness.
CHAPTER XVm
SAM RAYMOND, D.D., gathering together his
belongings, as the train whistled for the village,
fancied that he could visualize with a fair ac-
curacy the gentleman who had written, "You will be
met at the station." £ben Tollman used, in his cor-
respondence, a stilted formality which conjured up the
portrait of one somewhat staid and humorless.
Conscience and her husband had, on the other hand,
formed no mental portrait of the visiting minister, save
that his reputation and accomplishment would indicate
mature years.
When the train stopped, and only one stranger
emerged upon the crushed-stone platform. Conscience
thought that their guest had missed his train. Sam
Haymond, D.D., in turn, seeing no elderly gentleman of
sober visage, inferred that his host had failed to meet
him. There was only a young woman standing alone by
a baggage truck and for an instant the thoughts of the
minister were fully occupied with the consideration of
her arrestingly vivid beauty: a beauty of youth and
slender litheness and exquisite color.
Then their glances met and the girl moved forward.
It flashed simultaneously upon both of them that f aultj
preconceptions had caused a failure of recognition.
The tall, young man, whose breadth of shoulder and
elasticity of step might have been a boy's, spoke first
with an amused riffle in his eyes.
" My name is Sam Haymond. Are you, by any
ehance, Mr. Tollman's daughter? "
Under the challenge of his humorous twinkle, a sud-
den mischief flashed into Conscience's face. She was
168
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 169
tempted to announce herself as William Williams'
daughter and let it go at that, but with a swift recon-
sideration she laughed and told the whole truth.
" I am Mr. Tollman's wife."
The minister raised his brows in surprise. ** Now I
don't know why I pictured Mrs. Tollman as a delight-
ful but maternal lady with a gift for mince pies — yet I
did."
" I'm afraid I'm below par on my mince pies/' she
confessed with a mockery of humiliation. He could
not, of course, know that the youth in her was leaping
up to his bait of spontaneity as a trout leaps to the fly
when flies are few. Conscience went on : ** But you're
below par, too — on ecclesiastical solemnity. I ex-
pected a grave-faced parson — ^"
Sam Raymond's laughter pealed out with a hearti-
ness which seemed gauged to outdoor spaces rather than
to confining walls.
" I haven't always been a minister," he acknowledged
as he put down his suit-case. There was in his whole
appearance an impression of physical confidence and
fitness, which made Conscience's thoughts revert to
Stuart Farquaharson.
" Once I preached a very bad sermon in a log meet-
ing-house in the Cumberland mountains," he went on.
^^ It is a country chiefly notable for feuds and moon-
shining. I was introduced by a gentleman whose avo-
cations were varied. He explained them to me in these
words, ^ I farms some; I jails some an' I gospels some.'
Perhaps I'm cut to a similar pattern."
For both of them the drive proved short. Like a
brook which has been running in the darkness of an
underground channel, and which livens with sparkle
and song as it breaks again into the sun — Conscience
found herself in holiday mood and her companion was
responsive and frankly delightful.
Haymond was, she understood, a preacher who could
170 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
moTe men, but jost now lie was only a splendidly alive
companion. If she thoa|^t of him as a preacher at all
it was a preacher whose conception was rather that of
a kni^t serving a divinely royal master than a prose-
cutor thinking in terms of dogma.
As an experiment in psychology, the luncheon was
interesting because of the riffles and undercurrents that
passed below the conversation's even tenor. The white-
haired minister and his bronze-faced junior joined no
issues of conflicting opinion and each saw only the ad-
mirable in the other — althou^^ two men so unlike in
every quality except a conunon zeal might more easily
have found points of disagreement than concord.
Tollman was rather the listener than the talker, but
when his eyes met those of the visitor. Conscience fan-
cied she detected an instinct of vague hostility in those
of the host and a dubiousness in those of the guest.
It was as if the waving antennae of their minds had
touched and established a sense of antagonism.
Sam Haymond knew types as a good buyer knows his
line of wares. Here, he told himself, was a nature
cramped and bigoted. Such men had smirched the
history of religion with inquisitions and tortures — and
had retarded the progress of human thought.
Tollman's impression was less distinct. He fancied
that in the penetrating quality of the other's gaze was
an impertinence of prying.
Had the visiting clergyman carried his analysis far
enough to discover that both men were bigots, he would
still have drawn this distinction: the lion and the jackal
have the same general motive in life, yet the jackal is
hardly a lion.
Possibly it was a feeling of disquiet under silent ob-
servation which caused Tollman, after luncheon, to turn
his guest over to his wife for entertainment, and Hay-
mond acquiesced with enthusiasm to Conscience's sug-
gestion that they go for a sail to the greater bay.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 171
To Conscience this was all retrieving from monotony
a little scrap of the life for which she had so eagerly
yearned: the life of progress, stimulus and breadth.
And then they were in the tilting boat, racing before
a wind which bellied the taut mains'l and drummed upon
its canvas. She and Eben had, once or twice, taken
this same sail, but he had endured in patience rather
than enjoyed it.
On those occasions Ira had revealed a surly per-
sonality, which now expanded and mellowed into con-
versation as Haymond asked questions about the setting
of eel traps and lobster pots and the management of
fish weirs.
The wind toyed so persistently with Conscience's dark
hair that she took it down from its coils and let it hang
in heavy braids. The color rose in her cheeks and the
gleam to her eyes making them starry, and a lilt sang
in her voice.
There was a wealth of sapphire and purple in the
water; there were thin shore lines of vivid green and
dazzling sand. Sails bronzed and reddened in the sun
and the distance. Gulls quarreled and screamed as they
fished — and everything was young.
" Them's mackerel gulls,'* volunteered Ira as he
pointed to two birds perched on a precariously buffeted
buoy. " There's a sayin' that * When the whippoor-
wills begin to call, the mackerel begins to run ' — then
the gulls come, too."
But as the sailboat drew near its landing stage again
and the sunset was fading into twilight, the fires died
slowly, too, lo the eyes of Conscience Tollman and she
felt that a vacation had ended.
There seemed to be in the sunlight of the following
morning a tempered and Sabbath stillness.
Perhaps the sun itself remained pagan, but if so it
only lent contrast to the slumberous restfulness where
the shadows fell.
n« THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
Over the countryside brooded the calm peacefuhiess
of the day and when the church bell gave its first call,
its notes floated out across silences disturbed by no
noisier interruptions than bird notes and the distant
voice of the surf.
When her father hftd expressed his determination of
going, for the first time since he had been stricken, to
the church where he had so long preached, Conscience
had demurred without avail. She had been, at first,
alarmed, lest the associations dwelling between those
walls might excite him beyond his strength. He must
feel that he was going back, broken, to a place where,
in strefigth, he had been a mentor and potter whose
clay was human thought. But he would listen to no
objections and when the congregation gathered, his in-
valid's chair stood at the head of the center aisle and
he looked directly up at the pulpit from which, since
his youth, he had thundered the damnation of sinners.
When the tall young man took his place in the pulpit,
the aged minister swung his finely shaped head around
with something of pride as though he would say, ** Here
is my successor, in whom I am weU pleased."
It was the revered elder who first engaged the interest
of the congregation, but when Sam Haymond had an-
nounced his text : *^ Let him who is without sin amongst
you cast the first stone," there came a shifting of at-
tention. Here was a man gifted with that quality of
voice without which there can be no oratory; endowed
with that magic of force under which human emotion
is a keyboard responsive to the touch ; commanding that
power which can sway its hearers at will between smile
and tear. His reputation was already known to them,
but within five minutes after his voice sounded reputa-
tion had become a pallid label for something flamingly
real : something under which their feeling stirred : some-
thing that made their pulses leap like a bugle call ; some-
thing that soothed them like sleep after weariness — and
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 178
above all something so convincing that questioning was
stilled as by the voice of a prophet who comes direct
from the presence of God.
The Reverend William Williams had held their loy-
alty by virtue of vehemence and fire, and in that the
visitor matched and surpassed him. The intensity was
there, but much besides — and yet in all else this was
a man as opposite to the aged veteran of the pulpit
as east is far across from west. In all the fire of his
words was no mention of the fires of hell. He seemed
to know nothing of the avenging God, whose name had
rung terribly from that rostrum for half a century: a
God swift of anger and mighty to punish: an omnipo-
tently jealous God. The Deity he served was one of
infinite charity to whose forgiveness nothing was un-
forgivable — except unf orgiveness. ^
He was expounding a doctrine of joy and aspiration:
a splendid and uplifting message from a God of the
onward and upward march. No suspicion came to him
that, in efi^ect, he was assailing the life work of the old
man below him, whom he deeply revered, yet he breathed
a conception of religion not only unlike, but contradic-
tory to the set and riveted dogma of his listening pre-
decessor.
Minds that had unquestioningly accepted the old and
hard gospel of righteousness by duress of brimstone
awoke to a new insurgency and eyes little given to the
light of thought kindled to this new postulate of
brotherhood and the service of brotherhood.
Conscience sat with her eyes hypnotically fixed on the
face of the speaker. Yesterday afternoon he had gone
sailing with her ; to-day he was voicing her own beliefs
from the pulpit whose former incumbent had strangled
and throttled them with his tyranny of weakness.
Of her father and the influence this sermon might
have on him she did not just then think at all. She like
the others was being swept on a tide of rapt attention
174 THE TYRANNY OE WEAKNESS
— and she had forgotten that William Willianis was not
at home in his study. But as that discourse progressed
one might have followed the ebb and flow of a man's
life-battle, had he watched only the face of the old
man, in the wheel chair, crowned with a white mane.
First there was the expression of exaltation which
mutely proclaimed: '^A prophet is risen among us,"
but after it came swift doubt and foreboding. The
eagle eyes, deep-set in the thin face, were clouded and
hurt. The talon-like fingers clutched at their chair
arms. Must he sit here constrained to silence, while
another confounded his teachings?
After doubt came certainty under which the sunken
eyes of the paralyzed man smouldered fiercely and his
face blanched to the deadness of parchment. This was
all a passionate and revolutionary appeal for liber-
ality — or — by his interpretation — for license. It
mounted into an indictment against the cramping evils
of intolerance, it scathingly denounced the goodness of
the strait- jacket until the old minister saw every effort
of his life assailed and villified. His mind, distorted by
suffering and brooding, beheld a prophet indeed, but a
prophet who carried Satan's commission and who dared
to serve it in the house of God.
Would God himself remain silent and unavenging un-
der such insult? He at least, the lifelong servant, would
not sit voiceless while his Master was libeled. He who
had spoken here many hundreds of times before would
speak once more and his last message would be one of
scourging from the temple desecrators more evil than
money-changers.
But he shook with so palsied a fury that for a time
he could only surrender to his physical weakness. With
a mighty effort he braced his withered body and pulled
himself forward. He knew he was killing himself, but
he would fall at his sentry post, challenging the enemy.
Sam Haymond, himself oblivious until now to all but
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 176
his own earnestness, brought his gaze back to the chair
just below him — and suddenly the resonance of his
swelling voice fell silent — snapped by astonishment
with a word half spoken.
Of the tragedy which was acting itself before him
he realized little. He saw only a venerable colleague
stricken by some sudden and terrible ailment.
Then William Williams raised his thin arms above his
head. Out of his eyes rained challenge, denunciation,
anathema! Mutely he was hurling the curse of God's
church. With the last ounce of his attenuated strength
he was struggling for the voice which at this moment
of supreme need had failed him. Over the body of the
congregation, as the preacher halted, fell a deadly still-
ness.
From the throat of the old man came a strangled
groan, which had sought to be a command for silence,
and he crumpled forward. Life had gone out of him,
and Sam Haymond, lifting both hands, spoke in a voice
of hushed awe, ^^My brethren, the hand of God has
fallen here.*'
CHAPTER XIX
ABOUT the churchyard, like sentinels of peace,
stood ranks of ekns and silver oaks. They
had been old and gnarled of trunk, when the
man whose life had just guttered out inside had come,
young and militant, to preach the letter of that law,
whose spirit was to his understanding a fourth dimen-
sion. Through the long windows of colored but art-
less glass, now partly raised, poured slanting panels
of summer sun, mottling the interior and its occupants
with dashes of red and blue.
Into the hush which had fallen there crept also those
minors that seemed to belong rather to an exaggerated
quiet than to sound : the trUl of a bird, voicing an over-
flow of joy and the humming of bees among the vines
of the church yard, where slanting headstones bore
quaintly archaic names and life dates of sailors home
from the sea. A wandering butterfly had drifted in and
was winging its bright way about the place where the
sermon had been interrupted. But the bated breath of
awed amazement broke at the end of a long-held pause
into a buzz of whispered exclamation.
Conscience rose unsteadily and started forward, her
hands clutched to her breast, and the minister came
hurriedly down the pulpit stairs.
Later in the day when the body still lay in the par-
lor of the Tollman house and Conscience sat almost as
motionless near by, Eben Tollman paced the floor with
features set in an expression unpleasantly suggestive of
the undertaker's professional solemnity.
Possibly Tollman was not inconsolably cast down.
So long as the old man's precarious life spark had been
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 177
a danger signal, burning against the influence of Stuart
Farquaharson, it was vital that he should live. Now he
was entitled to the serenity of a holy man's reward.
It was near to sunset when the husband left the room
and the eyes of Conscience kindled for the first time out
of their lethargic quiet. Abruptly she rose from her
seat and rebelliously demanded of the young minister,
** What would you say if I should confess to you that
just one thing has been clear and outstanding through
all the confusion of my thoughts since this morning?
I've been unspeakably sullen."
"I should say," he responded quietly, "that it is
a guise which grief often assumes."
" No," she protested, disdaining the cajolery of self-
delusion, " my sullenness isn't that sort. It's pure re-
bellion. I've been thinking of the abysmal failure of
those who dedicate themselves most wholly. His devo-
tion to righteousness was implacably sincere and
severe. It was the doctrine of the hair-shirt. He
scorned to ride any wave ... he had to buffet every
one head on . . . until he battered out his life and
wrecked himself."
" A man must serve as he reads his command,'' her
companion reminded her. " He has done his work as he
conceived it."
"And yet — " she looked into his face with a deep
questioning which held no note of accusation — "if any-
thing that you said to-day is true, his whole effort was
not only wasted but perverted, and it was true. It was
so terribly true that it killed him ! "
"What do you mean?" Haymond's gaze searched
her eyes with incredulous amazement. It seemed to be
making an effort to steady her against the wild utter-
ances of hysteria, but her response was convincingly
calm.
" I mean just that. I myself had nothing in com-
mon with his views. To me they seemed narrow —
178 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
pitifully narrow and uncomprdiending — and he was
my father. We were warned that in any sudden gust of
anger his feeble life spark — would go out, so I put my
own conceptions of what counted behind me and tried
to shield him." Sam Haymond hardly heard the last
words. He could realize only the dazing and crushing
import of his own unwilling instrumentality. At last
he inquired slowly, " You mean that my sermon — that
the things I said — '' There he broke off and the dis-
tress in his eyes was so poignantly genuine that Con-
science replied softly, ** No, it wasn't you. It was Fate,
I guess. Even I can't blame you. It only proves that
the thing I warped my own life to prevent was inevit-
able — that's all."
For a little while the minister stood silent and across
his face passed a succession of bewildered shadows.
^^ It is hard for me to grasp this," he said at last with
a grief -laden voice. " It is hard for me to realize that
two men serving the same God; both preaching His
Word with identical earnestness could be so at variance
that the concept of one should give mortal hurt to the
other."
They sat in silence until the sunset pageantry had
dimmed to twili^t. Then the man spoke again,
guardedly,
^* You said something about warping your life for
your father's sake. I wonder if — well, I wonder if
there's anything it would help you to talk about — not
to the minister but to the friend."
She met his gaze with one of equal directness, and he
could see an impulse, rather hungry and eager, dawn
only to be repressed in her eyes. At last she shook her
head. "No," she answered. "But it's good of you
to ask me. No, there's nothing that talking about will
mend."
Eben Tollman's effort at being young was not wholly
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 179
successful. There were times when even he suspected
that it lacked something of complete attainment. He
had now been married six months and his wife, though
undeniably loyal, was as far as ever from kindling into
that eager fire of complete love which he had boasted
he would awaken in her.
When Conscience had warned him that their marriage
would be an incomplete relationship Tollman had in-
wardly smiled. Of her faithfulness he could be sure
and she herself would be his. The rest was a some-
what gossamer and idealistic matter which her youth
exaggerated in importance.
But after six months, possession was no longer
enough — and it was all he had. Sometimes indeed it
seemed to him that the thing he lacked was greater than
the sum of the things he possessed.
He had boasted that in indulging her wishes he found
his highest privilege and pleasure, but he was of those
who take their pleasures sadly. He had given her unre-
stricted permission to remodel his house, yet in every
fresh detail of the alteration he discovered an act of
vandalism under which his spirit writhed.
To his mind everything gained in sanctity by its age:
the moth-eaten furniture was hallowed by tradition.
The rheumatic old dog of uncertain breed, to which he
had never vouchsafed a caress became now, when ban-
ished to the stable, a tried and faithful companion rele-
gated to exile.
Privacy, he conceived as a matter of being shut in,
and a house without cobwebbed shadows became a place
bereft of decent seclusion. About him, now, all this
undesirable metamorphosis was taking place.
"What is this room, my dear?" he inquired one
morning as he spread before him on the breakfast table
blue prints, while Conscience was pouring his coffee.
A shaft of early light tilting obliquely through the
window fell on her head, making a soft nimbus about
180 THE TYBANNY OF WEAKNESS
her dark hair and bringing out the exquisite color of
her face. As Tollman looked up, raising the plans
with a finger indicating the spot in question, he recog-
nized the radiance of youth which could, under such
a searching brilliance, remain flawless. He felt in con-
trast old and sluggish of life current.
"That?" Conscience's brows were lifted in sur-
prise. " Why, Eben, you've been over those plans a
half-dozen times. Surely you're familiar with them.
That's your bed-room."
" And this one? " He shifted his finger and his face
clouded.
" That's mme."
** Separate apartments? " he inquired dryly, though
he was, as she had said, discovering no new cause of dis-
pleasure.
" Certainly."
** And three baths, and a garage and a car — and a
terrace." He paused and his face fell into a sullen and
stubborn expression. After a moment he added coldly,
" That's all going to run into money."
Conscience set down the coffee cup and looked at him
as she quietly asked, " Is there any reason why it
shouldn't? If you were poor, I would share your pov-
erty without complaint, but as you told me, unasked, we
are not poor. Economy carried beyond the point of
virtue becomes unlovely, I think."
Eben shifted his line of objection. Separate apart-
ments hinted at that modem trend which he believed
sought to rob marriage of its sacred intimacy.
" It is not only the expense," he announced stolidly.
" Our people have always held close to a certain con-
ception of home and marriage. From the days of the
Mayflower these words have stood for a life fully shared.
People who play lightly with sacred things are the
sponsors for the other style of life: for houses where the
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 181
husband and wife lead separate existences and substi-
tute small dogs for children."
He felt, as he concluded, the deep eyes of his wife
fixed on him with an expression which he could not quite
fathom. Her lips were parted and the freshness of her
cheeks colored with a tinge of indignation.
"Have I ever seemed to prefer small dogs to chil-
dren? " she asked him in a still voice which bordered
dangerously on anger. " You talk of a life fully
shared. Have I failed to share anything except the
business part of your life — which you closed to me? "
Eben Tollman did not wish to pursue that topic.
" I was only expressing general views," he hurriedly
assured her, and again under her level scrutiny, he felt
the contrast between her vibrant vitality and his own
autumnal maturity. But Conscience went steadily on
in the unmistakable manner of one who has no intention
of being misunderstood.
" But I won't share any cramped delusion that things
are good merely because they are dusty and immobile.
I won't share the fallacy that to call a thing conserva-
tive sanctifies it. There is more virtue in a tiled bath-
room than in a cob-webbed chapel. If we change this
house at all we will do it thoroughly."
Eben Tollman rose and pushed back his chair. Con-
science's face had taken on the glow of something like
Amazonian defiance. To her beauty had come a new
quality which stirred the senses of her husband like a
roll of drums. It was an emotion which he believed to
be love and coming around he caught her rather pant-
ingly in his arms.
It was an intolerably wretched misfit, this union of
Conscience and Eben Tollman, but so bent was the
woman upon redeeming the hopeless experiment that she
sought to brace the doomed and tottering structure with
fictitious props. To be an " unimpeachable " wife was
182 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
not to her thinlciTig a sufficient meeting of her problem.
Her own fastidiousness and cleanness of character
would have made that less a duty to her husband than
to herself. The more difficult requirement was to close,
and keep closed the port of her thoughts against those
dreams and yearnings that stole in like blockade-run-
ners, but these buccaneer thoughts came insistently and
impertinently invested with a colorful challenge to the
imagination.
From every dream-ship that sailed in, looked out the
face of Stuart Farquaharson.
This, she told herself, was a pure perversity. All
memories should fade as distance widens, yet of late
the banishment of Stuart had been less complete than
heretofore.
Slowly she prosecuted Stuart Farquaharson in the
court of her own judgment and condemned him to men-
tal exile. The steps of his deteriorating course were
clear enough. He had loved her sufficiently to do every-
thing but stand firm in stress. When he thought her
lost he had consoled himself with another woman.
When the second lady, too, had come to grief through
his devotion, he had withdrawn. Then with the re-
ception of Conscience's letter at Cairo, the past had
risen with Phoenix upblazing and he had recklessly
cabled her to halt at the step of the altar. She con-
fessed with deep humiliation that had the message come
in time, she might have obeyed. But that, too, had
failed — and now with his versatile capacity for the ex-
pedient, he was dallying again with the affections of
Marian Holbury. It was, she admitted, not a pretty
record. She told herself almost savagely that she hated
Stuart Farquaharson as one can hate only where con-
tempt succeeds love.
This was the bulwark of fallacy with which Con-
science Tollman sought to safeguard her dwindling con-
THE TYRANNY OE WEAKNESS 188
fidence In the ultimate success of her wifehood and she
clung to it with a bitter determination.
• •••••••
Where the old iron urns, painted a poison green, had
stood in the front yard of Tollman's house there was
no longer any offense to the eye. Where an unsightly
fence had confined a somewhat ragged yard, low stone
walls, flower bordered, went around a lawn as trim as
plush. The house presented to the eye of the visitor
that dignity which should invest the home of a gentle-
man whose purse is not restricted. The spirit of the
colonial had been preserved and amplified, and from the
terrace one looked out on a landscape of hill view and
water glimpse, as from a fitting and harmonious place.
One afternoon Conscience Tollman was walking
among her flowers. They would be gone before long,,
for already the woods were beginning to bum with the
colors of autumn and the bogs where cranberry-pickers
worked were blazing into orange and claret. The road
that came out of the pines, formerly deeply rutted and
sandy, was now metaled and approached the house in a
graded curve.
Looking off down the hill to where it turned from
the highway into the farm, she saw a motor which she
did not recognize and which even at the distance showed,
dust-whitened, as from a long journey. It had entered
between the stone gate pillars, and Conscience, with a
glance at her garden apron, muddied from kneeling at
the flower beds, turned and went hastily into the house.
The car evidently brought visitors and as, from her
bed-room window, she watched it round the nearer curve
and draw up at the yard entrance, her perplexity grew.
It was a large machine of foreign make and, when the
liveried chauffeur opened the tonneau door, a woman
stepped out whose face was obscured by her dust veils.
When the maid appeared above stairs a few minutes
164 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
later the mystery of the unknown visitor's identity re-
mained unsolved.
^^ The lady said," announced the servant, '^ that she
hoped you would see her for a few minutes."
"Who is the lady?"
*^ I don't know, ma'am. She said she had no card
with her and would I please just deliver that message."
As Conscience came noiselessly and lightly down the
stairs a few moments later her guest was standing by
one of the pillars of the terrace, looking off across the
breadth of landscape, but her figure and profile were
revealed. The veil, thrown back, was faintly aflutter
about a head crowned with red-brown hair and a face
delicately chiseled. Her eyes held the clear luminosity
of ]|ighted amber, but, unconscious of being observed,
they held a note of pain — almost of timidity. Con-
science's first impression untinged by any bias of pre-
conception expressed itself in the thought, "Whoever
she is, she is very lovely." Then she stepped out onto
the tiles and the lady turned. The eyes of the two
met and the lips of the two smiled.
"You are Mrs. Eben Tollman?" inquired the vis-
itor and Conscience nodded with that quick graciousness
of expression which always brought to her face a
quality of radiance.
" Yes, the maid didn't get your name, I believe."
The hint of pain and timidity had left the amber
eyes now and in their place had come something more
difficult to define.
"No, I preferred giving it to you myself. I am
Marian Holbury.'^
CHAPTER XX
TIE visitor did not miss the sudden and instinc-
tive change on the face of her hostess or the
impulsive start as if to draw back in distaste.
Conscience evidently saw in this visit a violation of all
canons of good taste. At all events she remained
standing as if letting her attitude express her un-
willingness to prolong the situation.
" I suppose if I were diplomatic,'* went on Marian
when it was evident that the other had no intention of
making inquiries as to the cause of her coming, ^^ I
might say that Fd turned in to make inquiry about
these bewildering roads — or to borrow gasoline."
'* If there is any motoring assistance I can give — ^^
began the hostess, but the other woman interrupted her
with a short laugh and a glance of almost reckless
straightforwardness.
" No, it isn't for that, that I came. You see I'm
not diplomatic. I'm said to be startlingly frank. I
came to talk with you, if you'll let me, about Stuart
Farquaharson. He is a common friend of ours, I be-
lieve."
A pale flush rose to Mrs. Tollman's cheeks and she
volimteered no reply.
The two women, each unusual in her beauty and each
the other's opposite of type, stood with the quiet re-
pression of their breeding, yet with an impalpable spirit
of enmity between them : the enmity of two women who
at heart love one man. Mrs. Holbury spoke first.
"You are thinking that my coming here is an un-
warrantable impertinence, Mrs. Tollman. Perhaps
that's true, but I think my reason is strong enough to
185
186 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
justify it. At all events I'm not doing this because it's
easy for me, or because I have anything to gain. Do
you think you can spare me ten minutes and reserve
hostility of judgment imtil you hear what I came to
say? "
Conscience was somewhat bewildered, but she an-
swered quietly, " Of course, Mrs. Holbury. You must
forgive me if I seemed discourteous. • • • I was so sur-
prised. Won't you be seated? '*
" Thank you.*' The visitor took a chair and for a
moment sat gazing across the coloring hills where the
maples were flaring with yellow and the oaks were
russet-birown. ^^ Stuart Farquaharson has been a
friend • • • more than a casual friend • • • to both
of us."
" Stuart Farquaharson," said Conscience quickly,
'* was one of my best friends. I hope he is still, but for
a long while I haven't seen him. He drifted into an-
other world ... a world of travel and writing . . .
and so I think of him as belonging to the past — a sort
of non-resident friend."
Marian Holbury's face flushed. " My interest, on
the contrary," she made candid declaration, '^ is not
the sort that will ever be of the past, though I doubt if
I shall see him again, either."
Even now under their composure they had the masked
feeling of fencers and antagonists.
^^ I saw him last years ago," said Conscience, and
Marion answered at once, '^ I have just returned from
the Orient. Mr. Farquaharson was a fellow passen-
ger."
" I had happened to hear of it." Eben Tollman's
wife spoke casually and Marion countered with an equal
urbanity.
*^Yes, one does happen to hear of these things,
doesn't one? He called the meeting a coincidence and
was surprised."
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 187
"And you?"
" I could hardly be astonished because you see I had,
without his knowledge, waylaid him."
The hostess may have indicated the astonishment she
sought to conceal, for Mrs. Holbury laughed and again
her eyes had that unmasked frankness which made sur-
prisingly unconventional assertions seem quite normal.
" I am wondering, Mrs. Holbury," Conscience spoke
now without any hint of hostility — disarmed by her
visitor's candor, " why you are telling me this."
^^ When one has valued a friend and has had reports
of him which are both deleterious and unfair it is quite
conceivable, don't you think, that that person would
wish to know the truth and to see the friend vindi-
cated? "
Mrs* Eb^n Tollman met the direct eyes with a level
glance almost of challenge.
" What reports do you mean? "
** Mrs. Tollman," said Marian earnestly, " you
have agreed to listen. Please don't let us fence eva-
sively. You had the same reports of Stuart that the
rest of the world had ; reports for which I feel largely
responsible because many things which seemed most
damaging, he might have explained to his own full
credit. He refrained on my account." She paused a
moment, then continued resolutely, "Incidentally he
knows nothing of this effort I am making to have you
understand the truth. Do you want to hear the un-
falsified story of how I was discovered by my husband
in his cottage and in his arms? "
Conscience nodded gravely and when, ten minutes
later, her visitor had finished a narrative in which she
had not spared herself, the hostess had an unpleasant
feeling that her own attitude had been priggish while
the other woman's had been astonishingly generous.
That conviction gave a softness to her voice as she
put her next question softly. "Why should it mean
188 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
anything to Mr, Farquaharson now — my opinion?*'
"In the Philippines,'* said Marian Holbury, "the
army officers have a name for a dishonorable discharge
from the service. They call it the 'yellow furlough.'
Do you imagine that Stuart Farquaharson could will-
ingly retire in that fashion? Don't you see how
greatly he would covet an honorable discharge? "
Conscience felt suddenly glad that Eben would not
return to the house before evening. She had another
thing yet to learn and she asked faintly, " But it must
have been hard for you to come and tell this to a
stranger. Why did you do it? "
"Hard!" For the first time the even control of
Marian's voice broke into vehemence, ** It was more
than hard. It was all but impossible. But he couldn't
tell you himself, without discrediting me and there was
no one else to do it."
" Even so I don't quite see — •"
But Mrs. Holbury cut her short with an imperious
gesture and her voice held a vibrant thrill of feeling.
"You say that Stuart Farquaharson stands for a
past chapter in your thoughts, I love him and I know
him. If the good opinion of a woman to whom he is
only a memory means more to his happiness than the
possession of everything in life I can give — and would
gladly give — ^" She broke off and added with regained
composure, " Well, I love him enough to try to get him
what he wants, that's all,"
She wheeled and went hurriedly down the path toward
her car, leaving Conscience standing on the terrace,
with her lips parted and her hands nervously clenched.
Conscience did not mention to her husband the visit
of Marian Holbury, To do so would not only have
been the violation of a self-sacrificing confidence but
the pleading of a cause for which Eben could feel no re-
sponse except distaste. She knew that Eben thought
THE TYRANNY DP WEAKNESS 189
of Marian as a light and frivolous woman who had been
cashiered from matrimony.
During the next two years — which passed in labored
slowness, she kept the matter to herself, though to her
it was not merely a visit* It was a time from which
she dated other times. It^ was the day upon which her
dam had broken: the dam of her carefully reared fal-
lacy. From that day on she could no longer fall back
on the idea of a discredited Stuart in support of her
efforts to exile him from her thoughts.
Thus disarmed, she asked herself, how was she to
carry on the fight to find contentment ; and to the ques-
tion came two and only two answers. Children might
fill the void of her existence or she might in time school
herself into a tame acceptance by a sheer crushing of
impulses.
In the responsibilities of motherhood there might be
even now a fullness of compensation which would make
of sacrifice an enthusiasm. The whole unsatisfied abun-
dance of her nature could laugh at disappointment,
striking out the past and living afresh in the lives of
her children.
This was not a new thought and it held little hope.
For two years she had prayed for its fulfillment and
now her faith faltered.
So the one thing left seemed to be a vapid and color-
less resignation.
Alone in her bedroom one night, which was typical
of many nights, she pondered these matters. By her
dresser mirror burned bayberry candles and in their
faintly wavering illumination she caught an occasional
glimpse of herself. She was not vain, but neither was
she totally blind. She knew that God had given her a
mind suitable for alert companionship. God had be-
stowed upon her, too, beauty of body and face, which
might have been gifts for the glorification of love.
It was one of those midsummer nights when the air,
190 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
no longer void, teems with an indefinable influence of
restlessness. Like prisoners beating on their iron doors
at night, the repressed longings were all awake, too —
and clamorous. A sense of fear obsessed her, almost
of panic gaining force of volume like an inrunning tide.
Eben, she knew, was slowly but very certainly read-
ing an aversion to himself into every small manifesta-
tion of personal independence.
Suddenly her eyes grew wide and terrified. Was not
her feeling, after all, if only she had the courage to
admit it, one of aversion for him? Vehement denial
rose at the thought, prompted by the discipline of fixed
ideas.
** But why,*' whispered a small voice of inner mock-
ery, **did you just now turn the key in your door?
What was that but an impulse of withdrawal — a bar-
rier? "
There had been another night when she had felt such
a nameless and restless fear. Then she had dreaded
being left alone. Now she was afraid she might not
be. Then a man had come to her and soothed her, but
it had been another man.
Why should these thoughts of Stuart Farquaharson
always obtrude themselves on every revery? • • . Was
there no key she could turn against him, whom it was
her duty to shut out?
If he were ever to return to her and find her in such
a mood as possessed her now, she feared that she would
throw herself into his arms. Thank God he would
never come!
Something of the same restlessness that obsessed her
was at work with her husband, too, that night, though
it led him less into panic and self -questioning than into a
brooding conviction of life's injustice.
Above the mantel of his study hung a portrait of an
ancestor garbed in the blue and bufi^ of the army of
Independence. Until quite recently this portrait's fea-
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 191
tures had been well-nigh extinguished under the accumu-
lated soot and tarnish of many decades, but Eben had
revered them with that veneration of ancestor-worship
which is an egoism overflowing the boundaries of a sin-
gle generation. Lately Conscience had had the picture
restored and now the renovated forebear, almost jaunty
in his refurbishing, looked down on his descendant and
the descendant's pride was quickened.
To-night, however, the eyes of the portrait seemed
full of grim accusation. In their cold depths Eben
could fancy the question sternly put, " Where are your
sons ? Are you going to let the flame of our honorable
line flicker out with your own death? "
Perhaps the root of ancestor-worship, in all forms,
lies deep in the wish of the devotee to be, in his own
turn, honored. Perhaps, too, the obsession of self-
perpetuation grows rather than wanes as the line be-
comes less worth perpetuating.
At all events Eben Tollman had no children and his
thoughts fell into brooding and bitterness. His pres-
ent attitude needed only a spark, such as jealousy or
suspicion might supply, to fire it into some quirk of
mad and bitter resentment.
He turned out the lamp and went slowly up the
stairs. Outside his wife's door he paused, and, with-
out knocking, tried the knob — to find the door locked
against him. A deep flush of resentment spread over
his cheeks. He drew back his hand, being minded to
rap peremptorily — then he refrained and went on to
his own room.
CHAPTER XXI
CONSCIENCE was sitting on the terrace one day
with a book, which she smilingly laid down as
her husband joined her. Eben took up the
small volume of Browning's verse and idly turned its
pages, his eyes falling almost immediately on the old
inscription, " Stuart to Conscience." His unfixed jeal-
ousy seized upon a frail mooring but he stifled the
scowl that instinct prompted and turned the pages to
the point where a narrow ribbon marked '^ The Statue
and the Bust."
He had often wondered what people found to admire
in Browning, but now he read with an unflagging inter-
est. Here was a document in evidence : the narrative of
a wife who dissembled her love and the ungodly moral
of the thing was that the culpability of the lovers lay
— not in their clandestine devotion but in their tem-
porizing postponement of a guilty love:
** And the sin I impute to each frustrate ghost . . .
Is, the unlit lamp and the unglrt loin. . . ."
Before Eben Tollman's eyes swam spots of red and in
his heart leaped a withering flame of betrayed wrath.
Had Conscience, after all, through these months and
years, deceived him? Had she surreptitiously kept in
touch with the erstwhile lover who had already wrecked
one home? Had she been letting memories kindle fires
in her which all his faithful love had left unquickenedP
The long incubating dourness had hatched from its
egg and, like the young quail which runs while the shell
still clings to its pin feathers, it was alive and seeking
nourishment.
192
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 193
If such guilt existed, it called for condign punish-
ment and as God's instrument he must mete it out.
But he was a righteous man and must first be certain.
Therefore, he would not let her suspect his own doubts.
If she were dissembling he would dissemble, too, but to a
better end. In her this deceit was a sinful hypocrisy,
but in him it would be as virtuous as the care with
which the prosecutor cajoles the criminal into self-
conviction. So he inquired with a reserved and indul-
gent suavity, '^ Are you particularly fond of that poem,
my dear? ''
Conscience gazed pensively away beyond the hillside,
where the heat waves played, to the cool blue of the
cove. Her manner impressed him as preoccupied.
'^ It has beauty, I think, and in some respects a true
psychology. It recognizes that even straight-forward
sin may be less ugly than hypocritical virtue."
All the prejudices of the man's illiberal code arose
snarling, but he stifled their expression and, abandoning
the immediate subject, turned absently back to the title
page. " * Stuart to Conscience,' " he read reminis-
cently. " This book must be quite an old keepsake."
The Virginian's name had not been recently men-
tioned between them. There had been no agreement,
tacit or otherwise, to that effect, but the wife had in-
ferred that this was a topic which he was willing to
have drop with the lapse of time out of their conversa-
tion. If he recurred to it now it must indicate that
any vestiges of animus once entertained for Farqua-
harson had died. That was rather pleasing and gen-
erous, she thought.
" Yes, quite old," she responded with a smile.
Tollman nodded understandingly. A short while
before he had been reading his Providence newspaper
and a brief paragraph, which would otherwise have es-
caped his eye, had caught his attention like the red lan-
tern at a railroad crossing — because it contained the
194 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
name of Stuart Farquaharson. The lines were these:
** * The Longest Way Round/ a comedy in three acts,
by Stuart Farquaharson, will have its premiere at the
Garrick Theater on Monday evening. After a road
engagement the piece will be presented to Broadway
early in the fall. The cast includes — " But Eben
had not troubled about the cast. He was speculating
just now upon whether his wife had seen the item —
and if so whether she would speak of it.
" I wonder what has become of him," he suggested
speculatively, and Conscience shook her head as she
answered, ^' It's been a long while since I've heard of
him."
If she had read the morning paper — and she usually
read it — she must be lying. This circumstance the
husband duly noted in the case which he was building
up against her.
'* I dare say he rather dropped out, socially speaking,
after his escapade with that New York woman," he
volunteered. " It was a pity."
" The reports we had about his conduct," defended
Conscience with a straightforward glance, " were
grossly untrue. He suffered the effects of the circiun-
stantial out of consideration for her."
" Indeed ! " Tollman's voice was one of quickened
interest, seemingly of pleased surprise. He was devel-
oping an excellent facility in the actor's art. " That is
gratifying news. One likes to think well of an old
friend, but how did you learn? "
The woman bit her lip. She had made her assertion
in so categorical a form that to withhold her authority
now meant to appear absurd, and she had not wished
to betray the confidence of Marian Holbury. So she
fell back on the alternative of a partial explanation.
" Mrs. Holbury herself explained the matter to me.
It was a chapter of accidental appearances."
Tollman was gazing at his wife with brows incredu-
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 196
lously arched but his scepticism appeared amused — al-
most urbane.
" But where in the world did you and Mrs. Holbury
meet? Your orbits have no points of contact."
" She was driving to Provincetown — and stopped
here."
" Ah ! " Tollman might have been pardoned in mak-
ing further inquiries, but already his plan of proceed-
ing cautiously had seemed to supply him with such
valuable points of evidence that he meant to continue
the fruitful policy, so he contented himself with the
casual inquiry, "Was this recently?"
" No, it was about two years ago."
Two years ago and until now she had never mentioned
it! Then she Aadf, through at least one ambassador,
held communication with her lover. A moment ago she
had declared herself without news of him. The woman
whom he had trusted was at heart unfaithful. It was
just as well that he had decided to assume the rdle of
the blind man. Now he would proceed further and de-
vise a trap into which she should unwittingly walk and
from which there should be no escape.
A plan presented itself with the fully formulated
swiftness of an inspiration. He would arrange a meet-
ing between his wife and Farquaharson. He, himself,
seemingly unsuspicious and fatuously trustful of de-
meanor, would observe them. He would throw them
together — and when the truth was indisputably proven
he would act.
Already the terrific force of the purely circumstan-
tial was at work ; a force which has sent innocent men
by scores to prison and the i9caffold. To the man who
was to be both prosecutor and judge the links seemed
to be joining nicely. Then with the force of a climax,
a climax for which even he was unprepared. Conscience
said, " Will you be using the car Monday? "
« I had meant to- Why?"
196 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
** I thought rd go to Froyidence for some shopping.
However, I can go by train.'*
Frovidence! Monday! The place and day of Stu-
art Farquaharson's opening with his comedy in three
acts.
Yesterday such a suspicion would have seemed im-
possibly absurd. To-day he realized that yesterday he
had been a blind fool.
*^ Do you mind my going with you? *' He made the
suggestion in a tentative, almost indifferent fashion.
*^ I have some business with my bank there. I sha'n't
be in your way.'*
That should give her pause, he thought, craftily
pleased with himself. It should drive her back upon
self -betrayal or a plausible objection. Incidentally it
should indicate to her that he suspected nothing.
** I should be glad to have you go,'* she declared at
once. *^ I want your opinion on hangings and furni-
ture for the new guest room."
For an instant Tollman was bewildered. Her acqui-
escence seemed spontaneous and cordial, and since she
was going for a clandestine meeting with her lover it
should be neither. Ferhaps, however, this only showed
how swiftly her brain worked in intrigue.
Although Conscience had not, in fact, read the paper
and knew nothing whatever of Stuart Farquaharson's
presence in Frovidence, it must be confessed that to a
suspicious mind the circumstances bmlt consistently to
that conclusion.
In due time Eben wrote and mailed a brief note to
Mr. Stuart Farquaharson at the Garrick Theater,
Frovidence. It said:
"My Dear Mr. Farquaharson: My wife requests
me to invite you to join us for lunch on Monday at one
at the Crown Hotel. We know you will be extremely
busy, but we hope that the principle of Auld Lang
Syne will prevail and that you can spare us an hour."
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 197
On Sunday evening after Conscience had gone to her
room, Eben Tollman sat in his study alone, except
for his reflections, which were both numerous and ac-
tive.
His note should reach the man to whom it was ad-
dressed on Monday morning. What would be the emo-
tions of the recipient? He, of course, would already
have an appointment with the 'wife, believing the hus-
band to be totally deluded. The unwelcome discovery
that instead of a tete-i-tete there was to be a censored
meeting would in itself sadly alter matters, but what
other construction would Stuart put upon the develop-
ment? Would he assume that Conscience, fearing dis-
covery, had sought to cover their plans under this ex-
cusing subterfuge? Would he imagine that the hus-
band had possessed himself of the guilty secret and
meant to confront him with an accusation? At what-
ever conclusion the lover arrived, Eben imagined Stuart
pacing his room in a confused and thwarted anxiety.
That was in itself a pleasurable reflection — but it was
only the beginning. When the young Lothario met him
he would find a man — to all seeming — childishly inno-
cent of the facts and fondly incapable of suspicion.
He, Eben Tollman, would lead them both slowly into
self-conviction by as deliberate a campaign as that
which had won him his wife in the first instance.
• •••••••
Stuart Farquaharson came into the hotel breakfast-
room that Monday morning with dark rings under his
eyes and an unaccustomed throb of pain in his temples.
He wore the haggard aspect of one wrestling with a
deep anxiety. Already about the tables were gathered
a dozen or more men and women in whose faces one
might have observed the same traces of fatigue. To
Stuart Farquaharson they nodded with unanimous irri-
tability, as though they held him responsible for their
condition of unstrung exhaustion.
198 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
When the Virgiman had ordered he sat gazing ahead
of him with such troubled eyes that had he still been
under the surveillance of the Searchlight Investigation
Bureau, those keenly zestful observers would doubtless
have reported the harrowed emotions of a guilty con-
science. Soon, however, Stuart drew from his pocket a
blue-bound and much-thumbed manuscript and fell to
scribbling upon it with a stubby pencil. Into this pre-
occupied trance broke a somewhat heavy framed man
whose smoothly-shaved face bore, despite traces of
equal stress, certain remnants of an inexhaustible
humor.
"Did you rewrite that scene in the third act? " he
demanded briskly as he dropped into a vacant chair
across the table and, with a side glance over his shoul-
der, added in the same breath, ^* Waiter, a baked apple
and two eggs boiled three minutes — and don't take
over two minutes on the job, see? "
As the servitor departed, grinning over the difficul-
ties of his contract, Mr. Grady sent an appraising eye
about the room and proceeded drily, " All present or
accounted for, it seems — and Good Lord, how they
love us! It's really touching — they're just like
trained rattle-snakes."
" Can't say I blame 'em much," Farquaharson stifled
a yawn. " Dress Rehearsal until two this morning fol-
lowed by a call for line rehearsal again at eleven.
When they get through that, if they ever do, there's
nothing more except the strain of a first night."
Mr. Grady grinned. " That's the gay life of troup-
ing. It's what girls leave home for. By the way, how
much sleep did you get yourself? "
" About three hours."
" You'll feel fine by to-night when the merry villagers
shout ^ Author ! Author ! ' " The heavy gentleman
looked at his watch and added, with the producer's note
of command, " When we finish here we'd better go to my
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 199
room and see how the dialogue sounds in the rewritten
scene.*'
Later Stuart sat in the empty auditorium of the
theater where the sheeted chairs stretched off into a
circle of darkness. The stage, naked of setting; the
actors whose haggard faces looked ghastly beyond the
retrievement of make-up; the noisy and belated frenzy
of carpenters and stage crew : all these were sights and
sounds grown so stale that he found it hard to focus
his attention on those nuances of interpretation which
would make or ruin his play. He was conscious only
of a yearning to find some quiet place where there was
shade along a sea beach, and there to lie down and die
happily.
About noon Mr. Grady, who had for some purpose
gone ^* back," resumed his seat at the author's side and,
between incisive criticism shouted through his mega-
phone, suggested, in the contrast of a conversational
tone, " Don't you ever look in your letter box? Here's
mail for you."
Absently Stuart took the envelope and when the
scene ended made his way to the light of the open stage
door to investigate its contents. There, seeking asylum
from the greater heat of the wings he came upon the
ingenue, indulging in the luxury of exhausted tears.
Farquaharson glanced at the note carelessly at first
and the signature momentarily bafiled him. Eben Toll-
man signed his name with such marked originality that
it was almost as difficult to decipher as to forge.
But that was a minor and short-lived perplexity. It
was indubitably Eben Tollman who had sent this invi-
tation and he said that he did so at the request of his
wife.
The face of Stuart Farquaharson, which had a mo-
ment before seemed incapable of any expression beyond
lethargic fatigue, underwent so sudden a transforma-
tion that the ingenue interrupted her weeping to watch
A
A
200 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
it. There was a prefatory blankness of sheer amaze-
ment followed by an upleaping of latent fires into the
eyes; fires that held hints of revived hopes and sup-
pressed yearnings. Within the moment this fitful li^t
died again into a pained gravity. What was the use of
reopening the perilous issues?
Of course he wanted to see her. He wanted to see
her so intensely that to do so would be both foolish and
dangerous. He had spent these years drilling himself
into a discipline which should enable him to think of
Conscience as someone outside his personal world. To
see her now would be to set into eruption a volcano
which he had meant that the years should render ex-
tinct. No one but himself could know by what a doubt-
ful margin he had won his fight that day on the P. and
O. steamer. Could he do it again with the sight of her
in his eyes and the sound of her voice in his ears?
Yet, how could he without utter gracelessness decline?
The fashion of the invitation, communicated through
the husband, proved its motive. Conscience wished to
show him that she could receive cordially and with no
misgivings as to the outcome. She probably wished
also to assure him that from all possible charges, he
was now absolved. These motives were all gracious,
but, he admitted with a queer smile of suffering, their re-
sult was rather akin to cruelty. He decided that he
must meet her in the same spirit and allow her to feel
that, through her, his life had suffered no permanent
scar. It was palpably a case for gentlemanly lying.
Though Eben's note to Farquaharson had said that
Conscience requested him to extend the invitation, he
had not yet mentioned to her the circumstance of its
sending. He wished to study an unwarned face when
she met Farquaharson. If she attempted to flash a
warning of any sort ; if her words cleverly shaped them-
selves into forms of private meaning for the lover: he
would be there to note and correlate.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 201
During the morning's shopping Conscience had not
seemed, to his narrow watching, impatient to separate
from him, but shortly after noon she suggested, as
though blaming herself for her previous remissness,
" But you had business with your banker, didn't you?
Doesn't that have to be seen to early? "
" There's an abundance of time," he hastened to as-
sure her. *^ I can look after that matter after lunch.
I expect a telephone call regarding it at one, which can
reach me in the hotel dining-room — unless you prefer
being alone."
But Conscience laughed.
"Prefer being alone? Why should I? It's some-
thing to have a man along who's willing to be bored and
carry parcels."
As they entered the dining-room promptly on the
hour. Conscience saw in the doorway the back and
shoulders of a man who seemed to be searching the place
for an acquaintance. In the bearing and erectness of
the figure was something so familiar that it stabbed her
with a sharp vividness of memory. She started and
just then the man turned and she found herself face to
face with Stuart Farquaharson.
The Virginian stepped promptly forward with hand
extended and a smile of greeting, but for the moment
Conscience neither advanced nor lifted her hand. She
stood unmoving and wide-eyed as if she had seen a ghost
and her cheeks went deadly pale.
" I only got your note a little while ago," he ex-
plained easily. " I am such a new hand at this the-
atrical game that I haven't learned yet to expect mail
in the stage-door box. I hope I'm not inexcusably
late."
But the woman still stood mystified and startled.
When she did speak it was to repeat blankly, " My note?
What note? "
Tollman had been standing a pace to the rear and
202 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
his gaze, for all its schooling, was one of tense ap-
praisal.
Now he smilingly interposed, ^* Let me explain, Mr.
Farquaharson, I took the liberty of couching my invi-
tation in my wife's name because I knew she shared my
wish to have you with us — but for her I reserved the
pleasure of a complete surprise."
There was for an instant an awkward tableau of em-
barrassment. A flush of instinctive anger rose to Far-
quaharson's temples. He had come because he thought
Conscience wished to show him that she was happy and
he forgiven. Now it appeared that her wishes had not
been consulted, and she stood there with an expression
almost stricken. Tollman had been impertinent — if
nothing worse.
To Eben Tollman it was all quite clear. Here was
a guilty pair too confounded for immediate recovery.
Farquaharson, being warned, was attemptmg to carry
it off smoothly enough for both.
But immediately the color swept back into the
woman's face and cordiality came to her lips and eyes.
Taking the Virginian's hand she smiled also on her hus-
band. The very fact that Eben did not realize her
reasons for dreading such an encounter was a proof of
his complete trust in her, and this surprise had been
planned by him in advance for her pleasure.
" This is wonderful, Eben," she declared impulsively.
^^ I was so astonished that it took my breath away. I
didn't know, Stuart, that you were on this side of the
ocean."
" Such is fame," laughed Farquaharson with a mock
disappointment, ** with my name on every ash barrel
and every alley fence in this delightful city ! "
They were acquitting themselves rather adroitly, un-
der the circumstances, thought Eben, though their as-
sumption of innocence was, perhaps, a shade overdone.
CHAPTER XXII
AS they took their seats at the table reserved for
them, a conflict of emotions made difficulty of
conversation for two members of the trio.
Their prefatory talk ran along those lines of com-
monplace question and answer in which the wide gap
between their last meeting and the present was bridged.
This, reflected Eben, was a part of the play designed
to create and foster the impression that they had really
been as completely out of touch as they pretended.
** And so you left us, an unknown, and return a celeb-
rity!" Conscience's voice and eyes held a hint of
raillery which made Stuart say to himself: "Thank
God she has not let the fog make her colorless." —
" When I saw you last you were starting up the ladder
of the law toward the Supreme Court — and now you
reappear, crowned with literary distinction."
A thought of those days when he had closed his law
books and his house in Virginia to begin looking out on
the roofs and chimney pots of old Greenwich village,
rose to the Virginian's mind. It had all been an effort
to forget. But he smiled as he answered.
** I'm afraid it's a little early to claim celebrity. To-
morrow morning I may read in the Providence papers
that I'm only notorious."
" You must tell me all about the play. You feel con-
fident, of course?" she eagerly demanded. "It seems
incredible that you were having your premiere here to-
night and that I knew nothing of it — until now."
It not only seemed incredible, mused Eben: It was
incredible. He was speculating upon what would have
happened had he really been as blind as he was choos-
ing to appear.
203
20* THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
" They say,'* smiled Stuart, " that every playwri^t
is confident at his first opening — and never after-
wards."
It was hard for him to carry on a censored conver-
sation, sitting here at the table with his thoughts fall-
ing into an insistent refrain. He had always known
Conscience Williams and this was Conscience Tollman.
He had told himself through years that he had suc-
ceeded ill in his determined effort of forgetting her;
yet now he found her as truly a revelation in the vivid-
ness of her charm and the radiance of her beauty as
though he had brought faint memories — or none — to
the meeting. His blood was tingling in his arteries with
a rediscovery which substituted for the old sense of
loss a new and more poignant realization. It would
have been better had he been brusque, even discourteous,
replying to the morning's invitation that he was too
busy to accept. But he had come and except for that
first moment of astonishment Conscience had been gay
and untroubled. She at least was safe from the perils
which this reunion held for him. So, as he chatted,
he kept before his thoughts like a standard seen fit-
fully through the snloke of battle the reminder, ** She
must feel, as she wishes to fed, that it has left me un-
scathed.'*
" But, Stuart," exclaimed Conscience suddenly, ** all
these night-long rehearsals and frantic sessions of re-
writing must be positive deadly. You look completely
fagged out."
Farquaharson nodded. His weariness, which excite-
ment had momentarily mitigated had returned with a
heavy sense of dreariness. He was being called upon
now not to rehearse a company in the interpreting of his
three-act comedy, but to act himself, without rehearsal,
in a drama to which no last act could bring a happy
ending.
'' I am tired," he admitted. '' But to-night tells the
THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS 205
story. Whichever way it goes I'll have done all I can
do about it. Then I mean to run away somewhere and
rest. After all fatigue is not fatal."
But Mrs. Tollman was looking at the ringed and
shadowed eyes and they challenged her ready sympathy.
This was not the splendidly fit physical specimen she
had known.
"Yes, you must do that,'' she commanded gravely,
then added in a lighter voice: '^ Fd always thought of
the first night of a new play as a time of keen exhilara-
tion and promise for both author and star."
" Our star is probably indulging in plain and fancy
hysterics at this moment," hie said with a memory of
the last glimpse he had had of that illustrious lady's
face. " And as for the author, he is dreaming chiefly
of some quiet spot where one can lie ^tretched on the
beach whenever he isn't lying in his bed." He paused,
then added irrelevently, " I was thinking this morn-
ing of the way the breakers roll in across the bay from
Chatham."
Eben had been the listener, a r61e into which he
usually fell when conversation became general, but now
he assumed a more active participation.
" Chatham is quite a distance from us, Mr. Farqua-
harson," he suggested, "but it's only about two hun-
dred yards from. our terrace to the float in the cove.
However, you know that cove yourself."
Into Farquaharson's face came the light of keen re-
membrance. Yes, he knew that cove. He and Con-
science had often been swimming there. He wondered
if, on a clear day, one could still see the schools of
tiny fishes twelve feet below in water translucently
blue.
"Yes," he acknowledged, "I haven't forgotten the
cove. It opens through a narrow channel into the
lesser bay and there used to be an eel pot near the
opening. Is tha^ eel pot still there? "
906 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
Eben Tollman smiled. His mamier was frankly gra-
cious, while it escaped effusiveness.
" Well, now, Mr. Farquaharson," he suggested, ** I
can't say as to that, but why don't you come and in-
vestigate for yourself? You can leave by the noon
train to-morrow and be with us in a little ovej two
hours — I wish we could wait and see your play this
evening, but I'm afraid I must get back to-day."
An instinctive sense of courtesy alone prevented
Stuart's jaw from dropping in amazement. He remem-
bered Eben Tollman as a dour and illiberal bigot whom
the community called mean and whom no man called
gracious. Had Conscience, by the sunlight of her
spontaneity and love wrought this miracle of change?
If so she was more wonderful than even he had ad-
mitted.
" It's good of you, Mr. Tollman," he found himself
murmuring, " but I'm afraid that's hardly possible."
"Hardly possible? Nonsense!" Tollman laughed
aloud this time. "Why, you've just been telling us
that you were on the verge of running away somewhere
to rest — and that the only undecided point was a
choice of destination."
Stuart glanced hurriedly toward Conscience as if
for assistance, but her averted and tranquil face told
him nothing. Yet under her unruffled composure
swirled a whirlpool of agitation and apprehension,
greater than his own.
In a spirit of amazement, she had heard her husband
tender his invitation.
Now as Stuart sat across the table, she was redis-
covering many little tricks of individuality which had
endeared him as a lover, or perhaps been dear because
he was her lover, and in the sum of these tremendous
trifles lay a terrific danger which she did not. under-
estimate. His presence would mean comparison; con-
trast between drab reality and rainbow longings.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 207
But how could she hint any of these things to the
husband who, by his very invitation, was proving his
complete trust, or the lover to whom she must seem
the confidently happy wife?
" I'm sure Conscience joins me in insisting that you
come,'' went on Mr. Tollman persuasively. " You can
wear a flannel shirt and do as you like because we are
informal folk — and you would be a member of the
family."
That was rather a long speech for Eben Tollman, and
as he finished Conscience felt the glances of both men
upon her, awaiting her confirmation.
She smiled and Stuart detected no flaw in the seeming
genuineness of her cordiality.
"We know he likes the place," she announced in
tones of whimsical bantering, ** and if he refuses it must
mean that he doesn't think much of the people."
Stuart was so entirely beguiled that his reply came
with instant repudiation of such a construction.
" When to-morrow's train arrives," he declared, ** I
will be a passenger, unless an indignant audience lynches
me to-night."
They had meant to meet surreptitiously, mused Eben
Tollman, and being thwarted, they had juggled their
conversation into an exaggeration of innocence. Con-
science's face during that first unguarded moment in
the dining-room had mirrored a terror which could have
had no other origin than a guilty love. His own course
of conduct was clear. He must, no matter how it tried
his soul, conceal every intimation of suspicion. The
geniality which had astonished them both must continue
with a convincing semblance of genuineness. Out of a
pathetic blindness of attitude he must see, eagle-eyed.
But Conscience, as they drove homeward, was re-
flecting upon the frequent miscarriage of kindness.
Her husband had planned for her « delightful surprise
and his well-meaning gift had been — a crisis.
208 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
Stuart sat that night in the gallery of the Garrick
theater with emotions strangely confused.
Below him and about him was such an audience as
characterizes those towns which are frequently used as
experimental stations for the drama. It regarded itself
as sophisticated in matters theatrical and was keenly
alive to the fact that it sat as a jury which must not
be too provincially ready of praise.
Yet the author, hidmg there beyond reach of the
genial Grady, and the possibility of a curtain call, was
not thinking solely of Us play. Stones had been rolled
to-day from tombs in which he had sought to bury many
ghosts of the past. With the resurrection came im-
deniable fears and equally undeniable flashes of instinc-
tive elation. He was seeing Conscience, not across an
interval of years but of hours — and to-morrow he was
to see her again.
When the first act ended the man who had written the
comedy became conscious that he had followed its pro-
gress with an incomplete absorption, and when the cur-
tain fell, to a flattering salvo of applause, he came, with
a start, back from thoughts foreign to the theater.
The conclusion of the second act, with its repeated
curtain calls and its cries of " Author, ** Author ! " as-
sured him that his effort was not a failure, and when at
last it was all over and he stood in the wings congratu-
lating the members of his cmnpany, the wine of assured
success tingled in his veins — and his thoughts were for
the moment of that alone.
" They don't hate us quite so much now,** said Mr.
Grady as he clapped a hand on Stuart's shoulder.
" The thing is a hit — and for once I've got a piece
that I can take into town without tearing it to pieces
and doing it over."
Yet in his room afterward he paced the floor res-
tively for a long while before he sought his bed.
He was balancing up the sheets of his life to date.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 209
On the credit side were such successes as most men
would covet, but on the debit side stood one item which
offset the gratification and left a heavy balance.
This visit of to-morrow was a foolish thing. It
might be wiser to telegraph Tollman that unexpected
matters had developed, necessitating a change of plan.
It is a rash courage which courts disaster. From
the small writing desk near his bed he took a telegraph
blank, but when he had written, torn up and rewritten
the message he halted and stood dubiously considering
the matter. The hand which had been lifted to ring
for a bell-boy fell at his side.
After all this was simply a running away from the
forms of danger while the danger itself remained. Into
such action Conscience must read his fear to trust him-
self near her — and he had undertaken to make her
feel secure in her own contentment. It was too late
to draw back now. He must go through with it — but
he would make his stay brief and every moment must
be guarded.
At noon the next day he dropped, clad in flannels,
from the train at the station. It had been a hot trip,
but even with a cooler temperature he might not have
escaped that slight moisture which excitement and doubt
had brought to his temples and his palms.
These miles of railway travel since he had reached
the Cape had been so many separate reminders of the
past and he had not arrived unshaken.
But there on the platform stood Conscience Tollman,
with a serene smile of welcome on her lips, and as the
chauffeur took his bags she led him to the waiting car.
" Come on,*' she said, as though there had been no
lapse of years since they had stood here before, ** there's
just time to get into our bathing suits and have a swim
before luncheon."
The main street of the village with the shade of its
elms and silver oaks, and the white of tidy houses, set-
i
210 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
ting among flowers, was a page out of a book long
closed; a book in which had been written the most un-
forgettable things of life. Besides well-remembered
features, there were details which had been forgotten
and which now set free currents of reminiscence — such
as the battered figurehead of an old schooner raised on
high over a front door and a wind-mill as antique of
pattern as those to which Don Quixote gave battle.
And when the winding street ran out into a sandy
country road Stuart found himself amid surroundings
that teemed with the spirit of the past.
But over all the bruising comparisons of past and
present, the peace of the sky was like a benediction, and
his weariness yielded to its calming influence. He had
been away and had come back tired, and for the present,
it was better to ignore all the revolutionary changes
that lay between then and now.
They talked about trivial things, along the way, with
a lightness of manner, which was none the less as deli-
cately cautious as the footsteps of a cat walking on a
shelf of fragile china. Each felt the challenge and re-
sponse of natures keyed to the same pitch of life's tun-
ing fork.
^ Why are all the Cape Cod wagons painted blue and
all the bam doors green? '* asked the man, and Con-
science demanded in return, ** Why does everything that
man controls in New England follow a fixed color of
thought? "
When the car drew up before the house which he re-
membered as a miser's abode, his astonishment was
freshly stirred. Here was a place transformed, with
a dignified beauty of residence and grounds which could
scarcely be bettered.
** How did the play go ? '* demanded Tollman from the
doorway, with an interest that seemed as surprising as
that of a Trappist Abbot for a matter of worldliness.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 211
" The papers came on the train with you, so we haven't
had the verdict, yet."
And then while Stuart was answering Conscience en-
joined him that, if they were to swim before lunch, time
was scant and these amenities must wait.
"Aren't you going in?" demanded the visitor and
the host shook his head with an indulgent smile.
" No," he answered. " That's for you youngsters.
I may drop down to the float later, but, barring acci-
dent, I stay out of salt water.'^
i
CHAPTER XXTTT
LESS in words than by a subtle though unmis-
takable manner, the husband made it clear to
' Stuart Farquaharson that his status in this es-
tablishment was to be as intimately free as if he had
been the brother instead of the former lover of Con-
science. It was difficult to reconcile this unqualified
acceptance with every impression he had formed of
£ben, and while he unpacked his bag in his bedroom a
sense of perplexity lingered with him. But as he was
changing into his bathing suit a solution presented itself
which seemed to bear the stamp of four-square logic.
Eben Tollman was neither tiie ogre he had formerly
seemed nor yet the utterly careless husband that his
present conduct appeared to indicate. He had simply
recognized in the days of Stuart's ascendancy some-
thing akin to disdain in the Virginian's attitude toward
him. Now time had demonstrated which was the victor,
and Tollman was permitting his pride the pardonable
gratification of showing the younger man its security
and confidence.
Conscience had not yet appeared when Stuart came
down, and neither was Eben in evidence, so the visitor
stood in the open door with the summer breeze striking
gratefully against his bare arms and legs until he heard
a laugh at the stair-head and. wheeled to look quickly
up. The picture he saw there made his heart beat fast
and brought a sudden fire into his eyes.
Conscience stood above him with her arms lifted in
an attitude of one about to dive and in the gay colors
of her bathing dress and cap ; in the untrammeled grace
of slender curves she seemed the spirit of vivid allure-
212
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS «18
ment. With an answering laugh the man stepped to
the lower landing and raised his own arms.
^^Come on!" he challenged. ^ Jump, FU catch
you.'*
But as suddenly as though he had been struck, he
dropped his arms at his sides, realizing the wild, almost
ungovernable impulse which had swept him to take her
in his arms in contempt of every consideration except
the violence of his wish to do so. Moments like this
were unsettling — and to be guarded against.
Then she had come down to the hall and he was on
his knees, as he had been on that other day at Chatham,
tying the ribbons of her bathing slippers with fingers
that were none too steady.
But while they dived in water which was almost unbe-
lievably blue and clear,' they might have been two chil-
dren as irresponsibly full of sheer zest and sparkle as
the bubbles that leaped brightly up from their out-
thrust and dripping arms. Forty minutes later Stuart
was following her up the twisting path between pines
and bayberry bushes while the salt water streamed from
them.
Eben Tollman had not after all found time to join
them at the float, and glancing up from his chair on the
terrace where he sat almost completely surrounded by
a disarray of daily papers, he was now somewhat dis-
concerted at their early return.
He had been inwardly writhing in a tortured frame of
mind which their arrival brought a necessity for mask-
ing and the things which had made him so writhe had
been the reviews in these papers of " The Longest Way
Round.'*
Eben was not an habitual reader of dramatic com-
ment. The theater itself he regarded as an amusement
designed for minds more tinctured with childish frivol-
ity than his own.
Yet since Conscience and Stuart had left the house
J
J
814 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
he had been mulling over, with the fascination of a
rising gorge and a bitter resentment, paragraphs of en-
comium upon his hated guest. Had he ever indulged
himself in the luxury of profanity it would have gushed
now in torrents of curses over Stuart Farquaharson,
upon whom life seemed to lavish her gifts with as reck-
less a prodigality as that of a licentious monarch for an
unworthy favorite.
^^ Nothing but applause ! " exclaimed Eben to himself,
with a quiet madness of vituperation — entirely un-
conscious of any taint of falsity or injustice. ^^ He
makes no effort beyond the easy things of self-indulg-
ence, yet because he has a supercilious charm, he pa-
rades through life seizing its prizes ! Women love him
— men praise him — and every step is a forward step ! "
He had, indeed, been reading no ordinary words of
praise, bestowed with the critic's usual guardedness.
In Providence last night the unusual had occurred and
the reviewers had found themselves acclaiming a new
luminary in the firmament of present-day playwrights.
Later lie men with New York reputations would be
claiming Stuart Farquaharson's discovery, and here
in the Rhode Island town they had recognized him first.
They had no intention of reUnquishing that distinction
which goes with the first clear heralding of a rising
genius.
As Eben Tollman read these details in cold type, each
note of their eulogium scorched a nerve of his own
jealous antipathy. Of course. Conscience would take
all this flattery, spread before her lover, as a mark of
genuine merit — as the conqueror's cloth of gold. It
seemed that he himself had succeeded in bringing Stuart
on the scene only that the woman might smell the in-
cense being burned in his honor.
But Eben regulated his features into a calm and in-
dulgent smile as the two of them came across the
clipped lawn.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 215
They made a splendid pair with the sun shining on
their wet shoulders ; the woman's neck and arms gleam-
ing softly with the tint of browned ivory; the man's
tanned and strong over rippling muscles. Their
drenched bathing suits emphasized the delicacy of her
rounded curves, and his almost Hellenic fitness of body.
" I've been reading what the critics say, and my con-
gratulations are ready," announced the elder man
calmly with a semblance of sincerity. " It would ap-
pear that last night was a triumph."
For the next few days Stuart Farquaharson sur-
rendered himself to the dolce far niente of salt air and
sun and the joy of their reviving influences. All contin-
gent dangers he was satisfied to leave to the future.
There was a new and spontaneous gayety in the
woman's manner, but the Virginian did not know that
it was new. Eben Tollman, however, marked the con-
trast and was at no loss in attributing it to its fancied
cause. He gave no thought to the truth that she was
splendidly striving to keep flying at the mast-head of
her life the colors of artificial success.
So each in his own way, Eben and Stuart were de-
ceived by Conscience, one believing her indubitably
guilty and the other thinking her unquestionably
happy.
In the elder man a ferment of bitterness was work-
ing toward the ends of deranged deviltry — and its in-
fluence was all secret so that its tincture of insanity
left no mark upon his open behavior.
The difficulty of maintaining a surface guise of friend-
liness toward the man whom he believed to be success-
fully wrecking his home might have appeared insuper-
able. In point of the actual it was made easy — even
a thing of zest — by virtue of a lapse into that moral
degeneracy which was no longer sane. The growth of
craftiness for the forwarding of a single idea became
uncanny in its purposeful efficiency and a morbid pleas-
816 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
ure to its possessor. Eben seemed outwardly to have
lain aside his strait-jacket of bigotry and to have be-
come singularly humanized.
One afternoon Stuart and Conscience went for an
all-day sail. The husband had promised to accom-
pany them, but at the last moment pleaded an excuse.
It was in his plan to continue his seeming of entire trust-
fulness — and nothing better furthered that attitude
than sending them away together in the close compan-
ionship of a sail boat — while, in reality, the presence
of Ira Forman, tending tiller and sheet, was as effective
as the watchfulness of a duenna or the guardianship of
a harem's chief eunuch.
Ira Forman rose from his task of packing the lunch-
eon paraphernalia on the white beach near a life-saving
station. He had regaled them as they picniced with
narratives of shipwreck and tempest, swelling with the
prideful importance of a singer of sagas. Now he bit
into a plug which looked like a chunk of black cake
and spat into the sand.
" See that boat over yon in the norrer channal? You
wouldn't never suspicion that a one-armed man was
sailin' her now, would you ? "
" No ! " Stuart spoke with the rising inflection of a
flattering interest. " Has he only one arm? "
Ira's nod was solemnly affirmative. " He shot the
other one off oncet whUe he was a-gunnin' and, in a
manner of speakin', it was the makin' of him. Until
he lost his right hand an' had to figure out methods of
doin' double shift with the left, he wasn't half as smart
as what he is now. In a manner of speakin' it made a
man of him."
The amused glance which flashed between Conscience
and her companion at this bit of philosophy was quickly
stifled as they recognized the gravity which sat upon the
face of its enunciator, and Stuart inquired in all serious^
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS «17
ness, *' But how does he manage it? There's mains'l
and jib and tiller — not to mention center board and
boom-crotch — and sometimes the reef -points."
The boatman nodded emphatically. ^^ But he does it
though. He's educated his feet an' his teeth to do
things God never meant 'em to." Then in a voice of
naive emphasis he demanded, " Did either one of you
ever lose anything that belonged to youp I mean
somethin' that was a part of yourselves — somethin'
that was just tore out by the roots, like? "
Stuart wondered uneasily if the stiffness of his ex-
pression was not a thing which Conscience could read
like print; if the simple-minded clam-digger had not
quite unintentionally ripped away the mask which he
had, until now, worn with a reasonable success.
But Conscience had missed the moment of self-be-
trayal because an identical anxiety had for the instant
blinded her intuition,
" Wa'al," continued Ira complacently, " I ain't never
lost a leg nor yet an arm — but, in a manner of speak-
in', I cal'Iate I know just round about what it's like*
A feller's life ain't never the same ag'in. That man
that's handlin' that boat now — he wasn't worth much
to hisself nor nobody else a'fore he went a-gunnin',
that time."
He paused, wondering vaguely why his simple recital
had brought a constrained silence, where there had been
laughter and voluble conversation, then feeling that the
burden of talk lay with him, he resorted to repetition.
" The reason I spoke the way I did. just now was I
wondered if either one of you ever had anything like
that happen to you. Not that I presumed you'd ever
lost a limb — but there's lots of other things folks can
lose that hurts as much ; things that can be hauled out
by the roots, like ; things that don't never leave people
quite the same afterwards."
S18 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
Stuart smiled, though with a taint of ruefuhiess.
" I guess, Ira," he agreed, " ahnost everybody has
lost something."
Ira stood nodding like a China mandarin, then sud-
denly he came out of his preoccupation to announce:
^^ I'll begin fetchin' all this plunder back to the boat
now. I cal'late to catch the tide in about half an hour.
You folks had better forelay to come aboard by then."
Conscience and Stuart strolled along the stretch of
beach until, around a jutting elbow of sand dunes, the
woman halted by a blackened fragment of a ship's
skeleton. She sat for a while looking out with a remi-
niscent amusement in her eyes — and something more
cryptic.
The man turned his gaze inward to the green of the
beach-grass beyond the sand where he could make out a
bit of twisting road. There was something tantaliz-
ingly familiar about that scrap of landscape ; something
which stirred yet eluded a memory linked with power-
ful associations.
Then abruptly it all came back.
His car had been standing just at that visible stretch
of road on the afternoon when Conscience had begged
him not to criticize her father and he had retorted bit-
terly. He could see again the way in which she had
flinched and hear again the voice in which she had re-
pUed, " You know why I listen to him, Stuart. You
know that I didn't listen . . . before his stroke. I
didn't listen when I told him that if you went, I went,
too, did I?"
That was long ago. Now she was studying him with
a grave scrutiny as she inquired, " I've been wondering,
Stuart, why you have never married. You ought to
have a home."
The man averted his face quickly and pretended to be
interested in the vague shape of a steamer almost lost
in the mists that lay along the horizon. Those sweetly
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 219
curved lips had been torturing him with their allure-
ment. From them he wanted kisses — not dispassion-
ate counsel — but he replied abstractedly :
" I'm a writer of fiction, Conscience. Such persons
are under suspicion of being unstable — and tempera-
mental. Matrimonially they are considered bad risks."
Her laughter rang with a teasing mockery, but, had
he known it, she had caught and been startled by that
absorption which had not been wholly banished from
his eyes. It was not yet quite a discovery, but still it
was something more than a suspicion — that he still
loved her. In its breaking upon her was a strange
blending of fright and elation and it directed her subse-
quent questions into channels that might bring revela-
tions to her intuition.
" I've known you for some time, Stuart,'* she an-
nounced with a whimsical smile which made her lips the
more kissable. " Much too long for you to attempt
the pose of a Don Juan. I hate to shatter a romance,
but the fact is, you are perfectly sane — and yoii could
be reliably constant."
This constancy, he reflected, had already cost him the
restlessness of a Salathiel, but his response was more
non-committal than his thought.
" If my first reason is rejected," he said patiently,
"I suppose I must give another. A writer must be
absolutely unhampered — at least until his storehouse
is well stocked with experience."
" Being unattached isn't being unhampered," she
persisted with a spirited flash in her eyes. " It's just
being — incomplete."
"Possibly I'm like Ira's one-armed man," he haz-
arded. " Maybe * in a manner of speakin' I wouldn't
be half as smart as what I am ' if I didn't have to face
that affliction."
But with her next question Conscience forced him
from his defense of jocular evasiveness.
220 THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
^^Did you know, Stuart, that — that Mrs. Holburj
came to see me? "
He feared that she had caught his flinch of surprise
at that announcement but he replied evenly :
^ Marian wrote to me that she had seen you* How
you two happened to meet, I have never guessed."
^^ She came here, Stuart, to explain things which she
thought put you in an unsightly light — and to say
that whatever blame there was belonged to her.''
^* She did that? '' Stuart Farquaharson's face red-
dened to the temples and his voice became feelingly de-
fensive. *^ If Marian told you that she had been more
to blame than I, she let her generosity do her a wrong.
I can't accept an advantage gained at such a cost, Con-
science* I think all of her mistakes grew out of an
exaggerated innocence and she's paid high enough for
them* Marian Holbury is a woman who needs no de-
fense unless it's against pure slander."
"Stuart," Conscience's voice was deep with earnest-
ness, " a woman only sets herself a task like that be^
cause she loves a man."
" Oh, no," he hastily demurred* " It may be from
friendship, too."
But his companion shook her head* ^ With her it
was love. She told me so."
** Told you so ! " Farquaharson echoed the words in
tones of almost militant incredulity, and Conscience
went on thoughtfully:
^^ I was wondering if, after all, she might not make
you very happy — and might not be very happy her-
self in doing it*"
If she was deliberately hurting him it was not out of
a light curiosity or any meanness of motive. Her own
tranquillity was severely pressed, but she must know the
truth, and if a love for herself, which could come to no
fruition, stood between him and possible happiness, she
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 221
must do what she could to sweep it aw/ay. This was a
new thought," but a grave one.
For a while Stuart was silent, as he studied the high
colors of the sea and sky, contracting his eyes as if the
glare pained them, and in his face Conscience read,
clear, the truth of her suspicion.
^^ Conscience,^' he said at last, ^^ I asked Marian to
marry me two years ago — and she refused. That's
all I can say."
But for the woman it was enough. She needed no
explanation of why Marian had refused an offer from
the lips and unseconded by the heart. She came to her
feet, and her knees felt weak. She was afraid to let this
conversation progress. He loved her — and if he could
read the prohibited eagerness of her heart he would
come breaking through barriers as a charging elephant
breaks its way through light timber.
" Ira is calling," she announced lightly, **and he
speaks with the voice of the tide. We must hurry or
we won't make it back across the shallows."
CHAPTER XXIV
BUT that night it happened, as it had happened
once before, that the stars seemed exaggerated
in size and multiplied in number. On the
breeze came riding the distant voice of the surf with
its call to staring wakefulness and restlessness of spirit.
Conscience went early to her room, feeling that un-
less her taut nerves could have the relaxation of soli-
tude, she must scream out. To-daj's discovery had
kindled anew all the fires of insurgency that burned in
her, inflaming her heart to demand the mating joy
which could make of marriage not a formula of duty
and hard allegiance, but a splendid and rightful ful-
fillment.
As she sat by the window of her unlighted room, her
eyes were staring tensely into the night and the pink
ovals of her nails were pressed into the palms of her
hands. Her gaze, as if under a spell of hypnosis, was
following the glow of a cigar among the pines, where
Stuart was seeking to walk off the similar unrest which
made sleep impossible. "He still loves me," she kept
repeating to herself with a stunned realization, " he still
loves me ! "
She hoped fervently that Eben was asleep. To have
to talk to him while her strained mood was so full of
rebellion would be hard; to have to submit to his au-
tumnal kiss, would make that mood blaze into revulsion.
But at last she heard a footfall on the stair and in
the hall and held her breath in a sort of terror as they
ended just outside her threshold. She knew that Eben
was trying her door — trying it first without knocking
after his churlish custom. She hoped that he would
222
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 223
»
pass on when darkness and silence were his answeBs,
but after a moment came a rap and when it met with
no reply it was repeated with a peremptory insistence.
Conscience drew a long breath, and, shivering with dis-
taste, she slowly lighted a candle. Then she went
shudderingly to the door and opened it.
In the stress of the moment, as she shot back the bolt,
she surrendered for just an instant to her feelings;
feelings which she had never before allowed expression
even in the confessional of her thoughts. She knew now
how Heloise had felt when she wildly told herself that
she would rather be mistress of Abelarde than wife to
the King.
Eben standing in the doorway, smiling, seemed to her
disordered mood the figure of a Satyr.
" I've had a letter from Ebbett,'* Tollman commented
one day at luncheon. " Like Stuart here, he's been
working too hard and he wants to know if he can run
down for the week-end."
When Conscience had declared her approval the host
turned to Farquaharson. " I shouldn't wonder if
you'd like Ebbett. We were classmates at college, and
he was my best man. Aside from that, he's one of the
leading exponents, in this country, of the newer psy-
chology — a disciple of Freud and Jung, and while
many of his ideas strike me as extreme they are often
interesting."
The prophecy proved more than true, for with Dr.
Ebbett as a guide, Farquaharson gratified that avid in-
terest which every sincere writer must feel for explora-
tions into new fields of thought.
One evening the two sat alone on the terrace in the
communion of lighted cigars and creature comfort long
after their host and hostess had gone to their beds,
and Ebbett said thoughtfully, and without introduc-
tion.
«M THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
^ It seems to have worked out. And God knows I'm
glad, because I had mj misgivings."
^^ What has worked out? " inquired the jounger man
and the neurologist jerked his head toward the house.
"This marriage," he said. "When I came to the
wedding, I could not escape a heavy portent of danger.
There was the difference in age to start with and it
was heightened bj Eben's solemn and grandiose tend-
encies. His nature had too much shadow — not
enough sunlight. The girl on the other hand had a
vitality which was supernormal."
He paused and Stuart Farquaharson, restrained by a
flood of personal reminiscence, said nothing. Fincdly
the doctor went on :
" But there was more than that. I'm a Massa-
chusetts man myself, but Eben is — or was — in type,
too damned much the New Englander."
Stuart smiled to himself, but his prompting question
came in the tone of commonplace.
" Just what does that mean to you, Doctor — too
much the New Englander? "
Ebbett laughed. *^ I use the word only as a term —
as descriptive of an intolerance which exists every-
where, north and south, east and west — but in Eben it
was exaggerated. Fortunately, his wife's exuberance
of spirit seems to have brightened it into normality."
" But what, exactly, did you fear. Doctor? "
** I'm afraid I'd hav^ to grow tediously technical to
make that clear, but if you can staled it, I'll try."
" I wish you would," the younger man assured him.
Dr. Ebbett leaned back and studed the ash of his
cigar. ** Have you ever noticed in your experience,"
he abruptly demanded, " that oftentimes the man who
most craftily evades his taxes or indulges in devious
business methods, cannot bring himself to sanction any
of the polite and innocent lies which society accepts as
conventions?"
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 225
Stuart nodded and the physician went on :
" In short we encounter, every day, the apparent
hypocrite. Yet many such men are not consciously
dishonest. They are merely victims of disassocia-
tioh."
"I'm afraid,'* acknowledged Stuart, "Pm still too
much the tyro to understand the term very fully."
" None of us understand it as fully as we'd like," Dr.
Ebbett assured him. " But we are gradually learning.
In every man's consciousness there is a stream of
thought which we call the brain content. Below the
surface of consciousness, there is a second stream of
thought as unrecognized as a dream, but none the less
potent."
The speaker paused and Farquaharson waited in
silence for him to continue.
" The broader a man's habit of thought," went on
the physician slowly, " the fewer impulses he is called
upon to repress because he is frank. The narrower his
code, the more things there are which are thrust down
into his proscribed list of inhibitions. The peril lies in
the fact that this stream of repressed thought is act-
ing almost as directly on the man's life and conduct, as
the one of which he is constantly aware. He has more
than one self, and since he admits but one, the others
are in constant and secret intrigue, against him."
" And this makes for unconscious hypocrisy? "
"Undoubtedly. Such a man may be actively dis-
honest and escape all sense of guilt because he has in
his mind logic-proof compartments in which certain
matters are kept immured and safe from conflict with
the reason that he employs for other affairs. It was
this exact quirk of lopsided righteousness which en-
abled our grandsires to burn witches while they sang
psalms."
" You think our host is of the type most susceptible
to such a danger? "
226 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
^* Yes, because the intolerant man always stands on
the border of insanity.*'
" But, Doctor,'* Stuart put his question with a keenly
edged interest, ^* for such a condition as you describe,
is there a cure, or is it only a matter of analysis ? **
" Ah,'* replied Ebbett gravely, " that*s a large ques-
tion. Usually a cure is quite possible, but it always
depends upon the uncompromising frankness of the
patient's confessions. He must strip his soul naked
before we can help him. If we can trace back into sub-
consciousness and identify the disturbing influences,
they resolve themselves into a sore that has been lanced.
They are no longer making war from the darkness —
and with light they cease to exist."
As the neurologist broke off the aged and decrepit
dog for which Eben Tollman had discovered no fond-
ness until it had been exiled to the garage, came
limpingly around the corner of the terrace and licked
wistfully at Stuart's knee.
" That dog," commented the physician, ** ought to be
put out of his misery. He's a hopeless cripple and he
needs a merciful dose of morphine. I'll mention it to
Eben."
" It would be a gracious act," assented the younger
man. " Life has become a burden to the old fellow."
Dr. Ebbett rose and tossed his cigar stump outward.
" We've been sitting here theorizing for hours after the
better-ordered members of the household have gone to
their beds," he said. " It's about time to say good
night." And the two men climbed the stairs and sep-
arated toward the doors of their respective rooms.
Dr. Ebbett left just after breakfast the next day, but
on the verge of his departure he remembered and men-
tioned the dog.
" I've been meaning to shoot him," confessed Toll-
man, " but I've shrunk from playing executioner."
" Shooting is an awkward method," advised the doo-
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 227
tor. ** I have here a grain and a half of morphine in
quarter-grain tablets. They will cause no suffering.
They are readily soluble, won't be tasted, and will do
the work."
"How much shall I give? I don't want to bungle
it."
" It's simply a question of dosage. Let him have a
half grain. I shouldn't care to give that much to
either a dog or a man — unless a drug habitu6 — with-
out expecting death — but there's the car and it's been a
delightful visit."
Possibly some instinct warned the superannuated
dog of his master's design. At all events he was never
poisoned — he merely disappeared, and for the mys-
tery of his fading from sight there was no solution.
• •••••••
The case for the prosecution was going well, thought
Eben Tollman, and building upward step by step to-
ward a conviction. But step by step, too, was growing
the development of his own condition toward madness,
the more grewsomely terrible because its monomania
gave no outward indication.
One evening as the three sat on the terrace, it pleased
Eben Tollman to regale them with music. He was not
himself an instrumentalist, but in the living-room was
a machine which supplied that deficiency, and this aft-
ernoon had brought a fresh consignment of records
from Boston. This, too, was a night of stars, but
rather of languorous than disquieting influences, and
the talk had flowed along in serenity, until gradually,
under the spell of the music the two younger members
of the trio fell musingly silent.
Tollman had chosen a program out of which breathed
a potency of passion and allurement. Voices rich with
the gold of love's abandon sang the songs of composers,
wholly dedicated to love's own form of expression.
Stuart Farquaharson's cigar had gone out and he
fSta THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
sat meditative in the shadows of the terrace — himself
a shadowy shape, with his eyes fixed upon Conscience,
and Conscience, too, remained quiet with that unstir-
ring stiUness which bespeaks a mood of dreams. Some-
thing in the air, subtle yet powerful, was working upon
them its influence.
^^Eben seems to be in a sentimental mood this eve-
ning," suggested Farquaharson at last, bringing himself
with something of a wrench out of his abstraction and
speaking in a matter-of-fact voice. He remembered be-
latedly that his cigar had gone out and as he relighted
it there was a slight trembling of his fingers.
" Yes, doesn't he? " Mrs. Tollman's laugh held a trace
of nervous tremor, too. ** And I remember saying once
that that was just as possible as the idea of Napoleon
going into a monastery."
"Are we going to swim before breakfast to-mor-
row? " asked the man, distrusting himself just now with
topics touching the past and sentiment.
" Suppose we walk down to the float and have a look
at the state of the tide," she suggested. ^Then as
Ira would say we can ^ fore-lay ' for the morning."
CHAPTER XXV
AS they went together down the steep path, there
was no flaw in the woman's composure and no
fault m the lightness of her manner, but when
they reached the float, with the dark water full of mir-
rored stars she turned abruptly so that she stood face
to face with the man. In the light of the crescent
moon he saw that her eyes were wide and full of a deep
seriousness. For a moment she did not speak and
recognizing the light of fixed resolve and the attitude of
steeling herself for some ordeal, he also refrained from
words until she should choose her moment.
There was an ethereal quality in the beauty of her
pale face, jet-crowned in the starlight, and a Jeanne
d'Arc gallantry in the straigfatness of her slender figure.
When at last she began to speak it was in a low voice,
vibrant with repression, but unwavering and full of
purpose.
" Stuart," she said, " I am going to call on you to
help me, by being all that a friend can be — by proving
your loyalty and obeying a command that's very hard
to give ... by obejdng it without even asking why."
" Command me," he said quietly, and for just a mo-
ment there was a threat of faltering in her manner, as
though the edict were indeed too hard, but almost at
once she went on in a firm voice.
"You must go away. You must go to-morrow.
TTiat's what I brought you down here to tell you."
" Of course, I have no choice but obedience," he re-
plied simply. ^^ But I can't go without asking ques-
tions and having them answered."
" Yes, you must.'*
229
«80 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
((
Why are you sending me away? "
^^ I hoped it would be possible," she said as her dark
eyes filled with pain and conflict, ^* for this Tisit to end
without these things having to be said. I hoped you'd
just go away without finding out. • • • I've done my
best and tried to play the part • • • but I can't keep
it up forever . . . Now I'm asking your help."
** Conscience," he reminded her, and his tone held a
sympathy which discounted his stubbornness in de^
manding the full reasons for her decision, ** I don't want
to press you with questions when you ask me, in the
name of friendship, not to do it • • . but — " He
paused a moment and continued with a shake of his
head. ^* We must be honest with each other. Once
before we let a failure to fully understand separate us.
I can't make the same life-wrecking mistake twice.
Don't you see that I must know why I am being ban-
ished?"
Slowly she nodded her head in reluctant assent. Her
figure seemed to waver as with faintness, but when
Stuart reached out his arms to catch her, she stepped
back and stood with regained steadiness.
" I suppose . . • " she acknowledged, " I must be
fully honest with you . • . I suppose I was only trying
to make it easier for myself . • . and that I must face
it fully."
" Face just what. Conscience? "
*' The facts. When you came, Stuart, I believed
that you had been cured of the old heartbreak. I be-
lieved it until — the other day when we talked about
Marian Holbury — then I knew — that you were still
in love with me."
Farquaharson's face paled and his lips tightened.
" I had tried," he said slowly, " to let you think the
things which might make you happier — but I don't
seem to be a good actor."
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 881
** You were a splendid actor, Stuart, but you had a
woman's intuition against you/*
He remained looking across the water for a while
before he replied, in a hurt tone.
" I understand. Now that you've discovered the
truth ... I must go because you could entertain the
friend . . . but not the lover • . . Even if the lover
could maintain his attitude in everything but thought."
But Conscience shook her head.
" No, you don't understand yet . • . must you still
have the whole truth . . . even if I tell you that you
can serve me best by not asking it? '*
** I must have it, because I am honest in believing that
I can serve you best by knowing it all.*'
" Very well." She raised her hands in a half-
despairing gesture and into her eyes welled a flood of
passion as if a dam had broken and made concealment
futile. Her words came with a low thrill, and the
man's brain swam with an ecstatic sense of discovery
which for the moment obscured all other thought.
" You must go, Stuart, because the basis we met on
has been destroyed. You must go because — because
it isn't just that you love me, but that we love each
other."
" Conscience ! " The name broke from his lips with
the ringing triumph of a bugle-call, and he had almost
seized her in instinctive embrace, but she put out her
own hands and pressed them, at arms length, against
his breast as though to hold him ofF. Her eyes met the
burning eagerness of his gaze with a resolved and un-
shakable steadiness.
** Please — ^" she said very quiety. " Please don't
make me fight you, too — just now.'*
Slowly with the dying of his momentary elation into
misery Farquaharsen stepped back and his arms fell
at his sides.
S8« THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
M
Forgive me," he murmured. '^ I can't touch you
— here — now — with that look in your eyes. You
are right."
^^ I must send you away," she continued, *^ because I
want you to stay so terribly much — because it's all a
false position for us both. • • • Do you remember what
Ira said about losing something that was pulled
out . . . ^by the roots, like'? . • • The time has
come for that Stuart, dear • • • the roots are taking
too strong a hold • • • they must be torn out."
'^ Do I mean as much as that to you? "
"You mean so much — ^that everything else in life
means nothing • • • You. mean so much that I com-
pare all others with you to their injustice • • • so
much that I follow the glow of your cigar at night
when you are walking • • • that I watch the light in
your window before I go to bed . . . that I wake up
with the thought that you are in the house • • • that I
think of you • • • want you • • • in a way I have no
right to think and want."
" Conscience," he began, gripping his hands at his
back and schooling his syllables so sternly that, in what
seemed to him his hour of Grethsemane, he spoke with a
sort of unedged flatness, " your semblance of success
has been splendid, magnificent. Until to-night I be-
lieved absolutely that you no longer cared for me —
and that you were happy.
" From the first I had seen in this marriage a cer-
tainty of disaster • • • but when I came here I found
a succession of bewildering surprises. These surprises
entirely blinded me to the truth. Your serene bearing
had every mark of genuineness, but there were other
things, too — things beyond your control. The very
place was transformed. Eben Tollman himself was
really another man. His manner was no longer that of
the bigot. He had learned the art of smiling."
Conscience shook her head.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 283
"That is only another reason why you must go
away, Stuart. Eben has always been the soul of gen-
erosity to me. He hates from the core of his heart
these changes of which you speak. He has tolerated
them only because I wanted them. With you here I
can't be just to him. I contrast the little character-
istics in him that grate on me and annoy me with the
qualities in you that set me eagerly on fire. I tell you
it's all unjust and it*8 all my fault."
She paused and then, because her knees still felt weak
and her head was swimming, she dropped wearily down
and sat on the small bench at the side of the float.
Stuart's senses were keyed to concert pitch. Some
tempting voice whispered to his inner realization that,
should he pitch the battle on the plane of passion's at-
tack, he could sweep her from her anchorage. To his
mind she was more beautiful and desirable than Circe
must have seemed to Ulysses, but like the great wan-
derer he battled against that voluptuous madness. If
he lost it would be the defeat of a man, but if he won,
by that appeal, only the victory of an animal. His
voice remained almost judicially calm.
" But this changed attitude — this positive urbanity
where there used to be utter intolerance — how do you
account for that? "
• She looked very straight into his eyes and spoke
steadfastly.
" I can only account for it in one way — and it's
a thing which doesn't make me feel very proud of my-
self, Stuart. I think that he, too, has been deluded
by what you call my splendid semblance. I believe he
trusts me utterly. He has seen us together and thinks
I've stood the acid test — and I've got to do it."
" But why did he ask me here, if he thought there
was danger? '*
" Because he had the courage to trust his happiness
under fire."
284 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
" That implies that until now — at least — he was in
doubt."
*^ Grave doubt. I think he was almost ready to call
it all a failure."
After a long silence Stuart Farquaharson spoke with
a quiet of resolution which held more feeling than could
have been voiced by vehemence.
^* You have told me enough, Conscience. I will not
go. You have tried it with a desperate sincerity for
three years — and it's a failure. You have fought
splendidly to vindicate the whole monstrous travesty,
but it can't be vindicated. It was doomed by every
law of nature from the start. We have now not only
the right but the duty to rectify it, and to rectify it
together. You must divorce him."
" Divorce him ! " The woman came to her feet and
her eyes were starry with a light that held a momentary
flicker of scorn. " Divorce him when his whole mar-
ried life has been dedicated to the single purpose of
trying to make me happy • • • when his only fault is
that he has failed to interest me? • . • Divorce him be-
cause we find too late that we still love each other?
If that is your only counsel, Stuart, you have nothing
to offer — but treason ! "
" Conscience," he reminded her as a deep flush spread
over the face that had been pale, " so long as there re-
mained a chance for you to succeed, I made no sugges-
tion that might unsettle you. My love for you has
never changed or wavered. It has incalculably grown.
But, until to-night, have I in any manner assumed the
guise or asked the prerogatives of a lover? "
" Until to-night," she retorted, " Fve never appealed
to you for help. Now I tell you of fires I'm trying to
control — and you are only setting matches to them."
" I am begging you to conquer this undertow of your
heredity, and to see things as they are, without any
spirit of false martyrdom. I am calling upon you to
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 235
rouse yourself out of this fanatic trance — and to live !
By your own confession you love me in every way that
a woman of flaming inner fires can love. Under all
your glacial reserve and perfect propriety you have
deeps of passion — and you know that he can never
stir them. You say you will conquer this love for me.
Have jou overcome it in these three years? What has
this travesty, of a hopeless marriage given you, but a
pallid existence of curbed emotions and a stifled life? "
He had begun speaking with a forced calmness that
gave a monotony to his voice, but the sincerity of his
plea had brought a fire into it that mingled persuasively
with the soothing softness of the voice itself. Con-
science felt herself perilously swept by a torrent of
thoughts that were all of the senses; the stifled senses
of which he had just spoken, straining hard for release
from their curbing. His splendid physical fitness; the
almost gladiatorial alertness of his body; the glowing
eagerness of his face were all arguing for him with an
urgency greater than his words. This was the man
who should have been her mate.
Perhaps it would be better to end the interview; to
tell him that she could no longer listen to assaults upon
her beliefs and her marriage — but she had come out
here with the militant determination to fight the mat-
ter out, and it was not yet fought out. She must let
him make his attacks and meet them without flinching.
Into the tones with which she began her reply came the
softness and calmness of a dedication to that purpose.
Stuart recognized the tone with something like despair.
Against this antagonism of the martyr spirit he might
break all his darts of argument, to no avail.
" Do you suppose you have to tell me," she asked,
" what is lacking in my life or how hungry I am for
it? I knew years ago what it was to love you . . .
and I've dreamed of it ever since. But all your ap-
peal is to passion, Stuart — none of it to the sense of
aS6 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
fair play. Fm neither sexless nor nerveless. When I
held you off a little while ago, my hands on your breast
could feel the beat of your heart — and the arms that
kept us apart were adung to go round your neck. I've
sat back there in the window of my room night after
night and watched you walking in the pines, and I've
wanted to go out and comfort you • . • I've been
hungry for the touch of your hand on mine . • • for
everytiiing that love can give."
It was difficult for him to stand there under the curb
of self-restraint and listen, but as yet he achieved it.
And in the same quiet, yet thrilling voice she continued:
" Your coming here brought a transformation. The
fog lifted and I've been living the life of a lotus-eater
— but now I've got to go back into the fog. Every
argument you've made is an argument I've made to my-
self — and I know it's just temptation.*'
" Don't you see, dearest, that you are utterly de-
luding yourself? " The fervency of combat came with
his words. ^ Don't you see that all that is finest and
most vital in you, is that part that's in protest? Don't
you see that you are just reacting in every crisis to the
cramped puritanism you once denounced? "
*' Puritanism ! " she exclaimed, and the gentle man-
ner of her speech stiffened suddenly into a timbre more
militant.
** Call it what you 13te. Yes, I am a puritan woman,
Stuart, and I thank God for the heritage — if I am
always to have to fight these battles against passionate
rebellion. I know puritanism now for what it is. I
guess Christ might have been called a puritan, when
Satan took him up on the high mountain and offered
him the world." She paused only a moment, then swept
on with the fervor of an ultimatum. ** And since you
choose to put it that way," she looked at him with eyes
full of challenge, ^^ I mean to stay the puritan woman.
You've come with your southern fire and the voluptuous
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 237
voice of your southern pleading, to unsettle me and
make me surrender my code. You can't do it, Stuart.
I love you, but I can still fight you ! If that's the dif-
ference between us — the difference between puritan and
cavalier — there's still a line that mustn't be crossed.
To cross it means war. If you fire on Fort Sumpter,
Fort Sumpter can still fire back."
" How am I firing on Fort Sumpter? " he asked and
she quickly responded. ** You're assailing my powers
of endurance. You're trying to make me take the easy
course of putting desire above duty. You're trying to
make me forget the ideals of the men at Valley Forge —
the things that your ancestors and mine fought for when
they went to war to build a nation : before they fought
each other to disrupt one — loyalty and steadfast-
ness ! "
" Conscience," he said with th^ momentary ghost of
a smile, " you are speaking from your father's pulpit.
That is all an excellent New England sermon — and
about as logical."
" At least it's sincere," she retorted, " and I think
sincerity is what I need most just now."
The kindled glow of the woman turned fighter gave an
enhanced beauty to the face into which the Virginian
looked.
" Now certainly," he declared, " I shall not go.
You say I have fired on Fort Sumpter — very well, I'll
fight it out. You accuse me of assaulting your
duty, but I'm trying to rouse you to a bigger concep-
tion of duty. I see in this idea to which you are sacri-
ficing yourself as distorted a sense of honor as the sut-
tee's, who ascends her husband's funeral pyre and wraps
herself in a blanket of fire. I see in it, too, the dis-
honor of a woman's giving her body to one man while
her heart belongs to another. By your own confession
you are part Eben Tollman's and part mine. He holds
only a pallid and empty allegiance: I hold, and held
288 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
first, your heart, a splendid, vital heart • • • I can
offer you life • • • and you belong to me! "
^ Tlien you mean — that I must fi j^t you, too — as
well as myself? "
^ I mean that you must, if that's the only way you can
find yourself. I've asked you to divorce him — and let
me be your husband. You refuse, but I have the right
to take back what has been stolen from me, and I mean
to do it. From this moment on I am avowedly and
openly your lover — with all that that means. You
have challenged me to attacL I mean to attack."
Conscience drew back a step and her hands came up
to her bosom as she regarded him, at first with unbelief,
and then with an anger that made her seem an incarna-
tion of warring principle.
'^ I sought the wrong ally," was all she said, but she
said it with such a cold ring of contempt that the man's
answer broke out almost fiercely.
'^You don't know it. Conscience, but you are still
the delude daughter of men who burned witches in the
name of God; people who could sing psalms through
their noses, but couldn't see beyond them ; men who ex-
alted a dreary bigotry above sJl else. I inherited tra-
ditions as well as you. My fathers have conmiitted
homicide on the field of honor and put woman on a
pedestal. They made of her a being, half-angel and
half-toy, but I refuse to be bound by their outworn
ideas.
'* Nowadays we prate less priggishly about honor be-
cause it is no longer a word with a single meaning." He
paused a moment, then went on in a climax of vehemence.
^^ From this moment on your New England code and my
inherited chivalry may be hanged on the same gibbet!
This revered temple of your marriage is just as sacred
to me as a joss house — and I mean to invade it — and
break its false idols — if I can ! "
Conscience stood for a brief space with her hands
THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS 289
clenched on the rail that guarded the edge of the float.
She was almost hypnotically conscious of his eyes burn-
ing with a sort of wildness into her own, but when she
spoke it was in a manner regally unafraid — even dis-
dainful.
" You are quite welcome to break them if you can,"
she declared, and the next moment he saw her going
with a superbly firm carriage up the path — and found
himself alone and tremendously shakeOi
CHAPTER XXVI
FOR the best part of an hour Stuart sat con-
fusedly lookmg out across the cove. Then
with the wish for some stimulating fillip he
stripped and plunged into the sobering coolness of the
water. Even after that he did not return to the house,
but struck out aimlessly across the hills with little
realization of direction and small selection of course.
Once or twice a blackberry trailer caught his foot and
he lurched heavily, recovering himself with difficulty.
Led by the fox-fire of restlessness, he must have
tramped far, for the moon went down and curtains of
fog began to draw in, obscuring hills and woods in
a wet and blinding thickness. From the saturated
foliage came a steady dripping as though there had been
heavy rain, and far away, from the life-saving station,
wailed the hoarse, Cassandra voices of the sirens. At
last physical fatigue began to assert itself with a clear-
ing of the brain and he turned his steps back toward his
starting point. He was trusting now to his instinctive
sense of direction, because the woods and thickets were
fog-choked and his course was groping and uncertain.
A half mile from the house he set his foot on a treacher-
ously shelving rock, and found himself rolling down a
sharp embankment, with briars tearing his face and
hands. Throwing out his right arm, in defense of his
eyes, he felt his hand bend back at the wrist with so
violent a pain that a wave of nausea swept over him
and for a moment he was content to lie where he had
fallen, listening to the sobbing drip of the pines. When
he rose and started on again his right hand hung with
finffers that be could not move and the fever of swollen
* 240
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 241
pain in its wrist. But when he drew near the house
he saw that there was still a light in the window of
Conscience's room and that she herself sat, framed
against the yellow candle glow, in an almost trance-like
attitude of stress. She was silhouetted there, no longer
self-confident and defiant but a figure of wistful un-
happiness. From the raw wetness, her bare shoulders
and arms were unprotected. Her hair fell in heavy
braids over the sheer silk of her night dress and her
bosom was undefended against the bite of the fog's chill.
At breakfast the next morning Eben Tollman, who
was usually the least talkative at table, found that the
burden' of conversation fell chiefly upon himself.
Conscience was pale and under her eyes were dark
smudges of sleeplessness while Farquaharson kept his
right hand in his lap and developed an unaccustomed
taciturnity. But Eben appeared to notice nothing and
stirred himself into an admirable and hospitable vi-
vacity.
His concert of last night had borne fruit, he thought.
If his knowledge of actual occurrences was sketchy
his imagination had filled all the blank spaces with
colorful substitutes for fact.
" Stuart," he demanded suddenly, ** what's happened
to you? You've hurt your right hand and you're try-
ing to conceal it."
" It's nothing much," explained Farquaharson
lamely. " I went for a walk last night and when the
fog came up I strayed over an embankment — and had
a rather nasty fall."
" My dear boy ! " exclaimed Eben Tollman in a tone
of instant solicitude. "We must call the doctor at
once. But you must have been out all night. The fog
didn't gather until two o'clock this morning."
Farquaharson only nodded with an uncommunicative
smile, and Conscience spoke in quiet authority.
" If it's a sprain, I can do as much for it as a doctor
242 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
could. Wait for me on the terrace, Stuart, I'll be out
in a few minutes with hot water and bandages."
A half hour later, grumbling remonstrances which
were silently overruled, the Virginian found himself in
efficient hands.
The fog had not lasted long and this morning the
hills sparkled with a renewed freshness. A row of holly-
hocks along the stone wall nodded brightly, and the
sun's clarity was a wash of transparent gold.
Stuart Farquaharson studied the profile of the
woman who was busying herself with bandages and lini-
ments.
The exquisite curve of her cheek and throat; the
play of an escaped curl over her pale temple and the
sweet wistfulness of her lips: none of these things es-
caped him.
^ It's not necessary, after all, that you should go
away, Stuart," she announced with a calm abruptness
to Farquaharson's complete mystification. " Last
night I was in the grip of something like hysteria, I
think. Perhaps I'm still young enough to be influenced
by such things as music and moonlight."
" And this morning? "
" This morning," she spoke in a matter-of-fact voice
as she measured and cut a strip of bandage, " I am
heartily ashamed of my moment of panic. This morn-
ing I'm not afraid of you. Whether you go or stay, I
sha'n't give way again."
" Conscience," protested the man with an earnestness
that drew his brow into furrows of concentration, " last
night I said many things that were pure excitement.
After years of struggling to put you out of my Ufe
and years of failure to do it, after believing absolutely
that it had become a one-sided love, I learned suddenly
that you loved me, too. The summed-up spell of all
those hungry times was on me last night. Can't you
make allowances for me? "
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 248
** I have made allowances,'' she assured him steadily.
" I 've made so many — that I'm no longer angry with
you. You see I spent most of last night thinking of it.
We were both moon mad. Only now — we can't go on
pretending to be Platonic friends any more. When
war has been declared comradeships between enemies
have to end."
" You are both very fair and very unfair, Con-
science," suggested Stuart Farquaharson thoughtfully.
" I said some wild things — out there in the moonlight
— with my senses all electrified by the discovery of your
love — and yet — ^'^
He broke off, and Conscience, rising from her finished
task, stood gazing out with musing eyes over the slopes
of the hills. Suddenly she said :
** I realize now that if you'd gone away just because
I asked it, we would always have felt that nothing was
settled; that instead of winning my battle I'd just
begged off from facing it."
^^ Among all the unconsidered things I said last
night. Conscience," Stuart began again, " there were
some that I must still say. It was like the illogical
thread of a dream which is only the distortion of a wak-
ing thought-flow. The essence of my contention was
sound."
" A soundness which advises me to divorce my hus-
band and marry you," she demurred with no more anger
than she might have felt for a misguided child, ^^ though
he and I both made vows — and he has broken none of
them."
" You made those vows," he reminded her, " under
the coersion of fears for your father. You distorted
your life under what you yourself once called a tyranny
of weakness."
" And to remedy all that you counsel an anarchy of
passion." She seemed to be speaking from a distance
and to be looking through rather than at the horizon.
244 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
" I believe that even now my father knows — and
that he's no more willing to have me surrender my con-
victions — than when he was on earth."
"And I believe," the response came reverently but
promptly, " that where he is now his eyes are no longer
blinded by any scales of mistake. If he looks down on
us from the Beyond, he must see life with a universal
breadth of wisdom."
For an instant tears misted her eyes and then she
asked in a rather bewildered voice, " Stuart, stripped
of all its casuistry, what is your argument except a
plea for infidelity? "
" Revolt against that most powerful and vicious of
all autocracies," he confidently declared, " the tyranny
of weakness over strength ! "
But Conscience Tollman only shook her head and
smiled her unconverted scepticism.
" Was it being true to such an ideal as that which
made a certain king in Israel send a certain captain
into the front of the battle, because he loved that cap-
tain's wife? I have listened to all this argument, be-
cause I wanted you to feel sure that I wasn't afraid to
hear it. But it can never persuade me. And what
have you to say of the trust of a husband who accepts
you in his house as a member of his family — without
suspicion? "
" I say that he has had his chance in all fairness and
has failed. I say that during the years of this ill-
starred experiment you have fought valiantly to make
him win. I have, at least, not interfered by act or a
word. If he had not arranged this meeting I should
never have done so — and since he is responsible for our
being brought together now he must face the conse-
quences."
" Then your attitude of last night was not just
moon madness, after all? "
" I mean to penetrate your life as far as I can and
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 846
to recognize no inner sanctum from which I am barred.
He is the usurper and my love is not tame enough to
submit. I am your lover because, though your words
deny me, your heart invites me. Pm coming to stay."
This time the woman's eyes did not kindle into furi-
ous or contemptuous fires, but her voice was so calmly
resolute that Stuart felt his own had been a blustering
thing.
^^Then, Stuart, Fm still the puritan woman. Fm
asking no quarter — and I have no fears. Attack as
soon and as often and as furiously as you wish. I'm
ready."
. •••••••
Eben Tollman noted that imder the steady normality
and evenness of his wife's demeanor there stirred an in-
definable current of nervousness, since the evening of the
tryst at the float and that the whole manner of the
visitor toward himself was tinctured with a new
brusqueness, as though the requirement of maintaining
a cordial pretense were becoming over tedious.
These were mere bits of chaff in a light breeze and
he flattered himself that it had taken his own perspi-
cacity to detect them. A less capable diagnostician
might have passed them by unobserved. But to him
they marked a boundary.
Alone in his study, the husband ruminated upon these
topics. Here he had sanctuary and the necessity of
a hateful dissimulation was relaxed. He could then
throw aside that mantle of urbanity which he must
yet endure for a while before other eyes. He formed
the habit of gazing up at the portrait of the ancestor
who had died in the revolution and almost fancied that
between his own eyes and those painted on the canvas
there was an interchange of imderstanding.
He was in truth a man who had already parted com-
pany with reason while still invested in its perfect mas-
querade. His bitter and unfounded suspicions, denied
iM6 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
all outer expression, had undermined his sanity — and
any one who had seen him in these moments of seques-
tered brooding would have recognized the mad glitter
in his eyes.
*^ The pair of them are as guilty as perdition," he
murmured to himself, ^ and I am God's instrument to
punish." Punish — but how? That was a detail
which he had never quite thought out, but at the proper
time the Providence which commanded him would also
show him a way. But before punishment there must
be an overt act — an episode which clinched, beyond
jieradventure, the sin of these two hypocrites before
his hand could fall in vengeance.
These reflections were interrupted one afternoon by
a rap on the study door to which, for the space of sev-
eral seconds, Eben Tollman did not respond.
He was meanwhile doing what an actor does before
his dressing-room mirror. Eben Tollman alone with
his monomania and Eben Tollman in the company of
others were separate personalities and to pass from one
to the other called for making up ; for schooling of ex-
pression and the recovery of a suave exterior. In this
process, however, he had from habit acquired celerity,
so the delay was not a marked one before, with a de-
corous face, unstamped of either passion or brooding,
he opened the door, to find Conscience waiting at the
threshold.
" Come in, my dear,'^ he invited. " I must have in-
advertently snapped the catch. I didn't know it was
locked."
^^ There's a man named Hagan here who wants to
see you, Eben," announced Conscience. *^ He didn't
seem inclined to tell me his business beyond saying that
it was important."
" Hagan, Hagan? " repeated the master of the house
with brows drawn in well-simulated perplexity. **I
don't seem to recognize the name. Do you know him? "
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 247
^^ I never saw him before. Shall I send him in? "
^^ I suppose it might be as well. Some business pro-
motor, I fancy.*'
But as Conscience left, Tolhnan's scowf returned.
" Hagan," he repeated with a soft but wrathful voice
to himself. " The blackmailer ! "
His face bore a somewhat frigid welcome, when al-
most immediately the manager of the Searchlight In-
vestigation Bureau presented himself.
Mr. Hagan had the appearance of one into whose lap
the horn of plenty has not been recently or generously
tilted, and the clothes he wore, though sprucely tailored,
were of another season's fashion.
But his manner had lost none of its pristine assur-
ance and he began his interview by laying a hand on
the door-knob and suggesting: ^* The business I want
to take up with you, Mr. Tollman, had best be dis-
cussed out of hearing of others."
Tollman remained unhospitably rigid and his eyes
narrowed into an immediate hostility.
" Whatever business we may have had, Mr. Hagan,"
he suggested, *^has for some time been concluded, I
think."
But on this point the visitor seemed to hold a variant
opinion. Momentarily his face abandoned its suavity
and the lower jaw thrust itself forward with a marked
hint of belligerency.
"So?" he questioned. "Nonetheless there is busi-
ness that can be done at the present time in this house.
It's for you to say whether I do it with you — or oth-
ers."
Tollman's scowl deepened and the thought presented
itself that he had been unwise in ever giving such a dis-
honest fellow the hold upon him of a prior employment.
But he controlled' himself and invited curtly, " Very
well. Sits down."
Mr. Hagan did so, and this time it was Mr. Tollman
£48 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
himadf who somewhat hastily closed and latched the
door which protected their privacy of interview, while
the guest broached his topic.
^^ The best way to start is with the recital of a brief
story. You may already have read some of it in the
newspapers but the portion that concerns us most di-
rectly wasn't published* It's what is technically called
the * inside story.' "
** The best way to start, Mr. Hagan," amended Toll-
man with some severity of manner, '' is that which wiU
most quickly bring you to the point and the conclusion.
I'm a very busy man and can spare you only a short
time."
But despite that warning the detective sat for a mo-
ment with his legs crossed a^d gave his attention to the
deliberate kindling of a cigar. That rite being accom-
plished to his satisfaction, he settled back and sent a
cloud of wreathed smoke toward the ceiling before he
picked up again his thread of conversation.
CHAPTER XXVn
EVEN when he had comfortably settled himself
Mr. Hagan's initial comment was irrelevant.
" Your place is decidedly changed, Mr, Toll-
man. Improved I should call it."
*^ Thank you. Please state your business.'^
^^ On one of the cross streets in the forties in New
York City there's a hotel called the Van Styne with a
reputation none too savory and downtown there's a
sort of mission organization in which a minister, name
of Sam Haymond, takes an interest. He's a live-wire
reform worker."
" Indeed? " Eben Tollman's monosyllabic rejoinder
conveyed the impression of an interest unawakened, but
Mr. Hagan was not so soon discouraged.
"Doesn't interest you yet? Maybe it will later.
Recently a girl by the name of Minnie Ray fell out of
a window at the hotel I'm speaking of — the Van
Styne. It killed her."
"Yes?"
" I thought likely you'd read the item in the papers.
The coroner's verdict was accident."
"Yes?" These brief, interrogatory replies might
have proved dampening to some narrators. Not so
with Mr. Hagan. He nodded his head, then he as-
serted briefly. "But as a matter of fact the Ray
woman committed suicide."
" You disagree, it appears, with the coroner,"
** I have the facts — and it was seen to that the
coroner didn't."
^^What bearing has this deplorable episode on our
alleged business, Mr. Hagan? " asked Tollman, and the
detective raised an index finger.
i
260 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
^^ That's what Fm coming to. The Ray woman is
only incidental — like others that get adrift in New
York and end up in places like the Van Styne. Any-
how I'm not starting out to harrow you with any heart-
interest stories • • • I'm here to talk business, but you
know how it sometimes is, Mr. Tollman. A share or
two of stock worth par or less may swing the control of
a corporation • • • and a piece of human drift like
Minnie might turn out to be a human share of stock."
" I'm afraid I don't follow you, sir."
"Don't let that trouble you. You will. Minnie
Ray didn't have much education when she came on east
from Indiana and I expect she didn't have a very heroic
character either. But until she went to the Van Styne,
she seems to have been straight."
"There is always an * until' in these cases," ob-
served Mr. Tollman dryly and the head of the " Search-
light " nodded his acquiescence.
" Sure there is. She was young and what the
rounders call a good-looking chicken. At first she was
inclined to be haughty and upstage when men she
worked for got fresh with her which didn't help her to
get jobs — or hold them. So she hit the toboggan.
She spent what little money she brought with her and
after that it was the old story. So far as Minnie
could figure prospects there wasn't a thing she had or
a thing she could do that would bring in money — ex-
cept the one asset that wasn't on the market : her virtue.
As I said I didn't start out to tell a sob story, but in
this business we see quite a few cases like that. It's
usually just a question of how long these girls can hold
out before they sell the one thing that's saleable.
Maybe you can't blame them at that. If virtue is
measured that way — and it's a practical way — the
* until,' as you call it, came to Minnie at the end of
quite a siege."
Mr. Tollman's impatience grew into actual fretful-
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS «61
ness as his visitor delayed coming to the point of his
proposition.
" It seems to have been a case,'* went on the detective
unhurriedly, ^^ of dropping down the scale for her until
she was up against the question of diving into East
River — or hypothecating the one asset."
*^ How about this mission that you speak of? Didn't
it help her? "
"All it could — but that wasn't enough. It got
her one or two temporary jobs — ^but there were hun-
dreds on its lists and it had to spread charity thin.
So for the time being they were trying down there to
keep her courage up, and that was about all they could
do."
" I will take the address of this mission and send a
contribution," announced Mr. Tollman benignly. "I
suppose your business here is soliciting that — is it
not?"
" Yes — it is not," exploded Mr. Hagan emphati-
cally with a smile that savored of a snarl, ^^ though
I don't doubt they'd appreciate it. Well, there was a
cold-blooded party laying siege to Minnie. He was
one of the rat-faces that you can see any time you
stroU along Broadway, and up to date she'd been re-
fusing to play with him. But he had the chance to
put money in her way — and all he asked was that
she'd ^ be nice to him.' "
" You put things very bluntly — I might almost say,
vulgarly, Mr. Hagan," objected Eben Tollman with
a fastidious shiver and his visitor flashed his answer
back in a manner of menacing aggressiveness.
"It strikes you that way, does it? Perhaps you
know a way to talk about things like this that isn't
vulgar. Personally, I don't. Well, the long and the
short of it is this, after so many weeks of fighting this
thing out with herself Minnie Ray reached the point
where she fell for a dinner with the rat-faced gentleman
S62 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
at the Van Styne, and after he'd opened some wine — ^
The raconteur shrugged his shoulders. *^ Well, you see
she wasn't accustomed to drinking bubbles and topping
it off with brandy and benedictine."
^ The climax of your story lacks the full force of
surprise/' Eben reminded his guest. ^^You forecast
the result at the commencement."
*^No, I haven't gotten to the result yet This is
only one stage of it. It happened that the Rey. Sam
Haymoxid heard of a job as a lingerie model in a de-
partment store, that would fit Minnie nicely, and he
rushed around to her room to carry the glad tidings.
The landlady said that Minnie had gone to the Van
Styne with a gentleman friend — so the dominie took
a taxi and went there, too. You see he didn't know
until he got into the lobby and saw all them red lights
and heard some little of the conversation there^ that
it wasn't a regular hotel. But there he was — so he
had her paged."
"Did he find her?"
"He did not. The clerk didn't mention that she
was in the house and of course * Jim Smith and wife '
on a register didn't mean much to him ... So the Rev.
Haymond didn't connect with Minnie — and Minnie
didn't connect with the job. But the rat-faced gentle-
man who had left her there after a pleasant evening and
was on his way out heard her real name paged. He
beat it back to inquire what in the Sam Hill Haymond
wanted with her? He found her in the sort of despair
that would come to a girl like that at a time like lliat.
What you call the ^ until ' Minnie probably called the
* too-late.' Maybe she guessed what the minister had
come for and what she had just missed. Anyhow her
^ gentleman-friend ' warned her that there had been a
raid on a place nearby and that downstairs they were
having a scare — He said that he himself was leaving
and she'd better be careful. Well, she went clear out of
L
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 253
her head — and she jumped out of the window. It was
the fifth floor, you see."
Mr. Tollman's face was gravely serious as he put a
question which might have seemed less near the kernel
of the matter than several others^ " Why did they fear
a raid? "
" They sometimes happen, you know. The police get
periodically active. The Van Styne has been pinched
before." Mr. Hagan rose from his seat and added with
the solicitude of one wishing to make the amende honn
arable, " However, Mr. Tollman, I believe that was be-
fore you owned the place."
The anxious anticipations of the host during the
course of the story had not quite prepared him against
the bluntness of this announcement, and his surprise
vented itself in a sudden start. But immediately re-
covering his poise, he spoke coldly. He even smiled.
" Now that your story is ended, what is the real mat-
ter that brought you here? "
**I represent others," Mr. Hagan informed him
evenly, " who, to quote your own words on a previous
occasion, prefer remaining unnamed. If that hotel
should happen to be raided and its record should be
published — together with the name of the owner — it
might prove an embarrassment to you. I'm authorized
— ^under certain conditions — to offer you immunity
against that unpleasant chance."
Eben Tollman rose from his seat. He stood for a
moment gazing into the eyes of the portrait above the
mantel and then he spoke with a measured dignity :
" Mr. Hagan, your proposition is just about what I
fancied it would be — an attempt at blackmail. But
it's abortive. I do own the property of which you
speak, but in understanding so precisely the sort of
business done there, you have the advantage of me.
This renting has all been conducted through agents
whom I seem to have trusted unduly. You have done
264 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
me a service in acquainting me with the facts and
I thank you for your information which, I take it is
authentic. I shall at once rid myself of such a despica-
ble property. I shall also place in the hands of the
District Attorney of New York, the facts you have
given me, and suggest that he call upon you to ratify
than." The speaker paused impressivdy and then
swept virtuously into his peroration :
^^To the anonymous gentlemen who offer me im-
munity against a raid — for a consideration — you
may say that I will conduct the matter through the
District Attorney's office. As for yourself, Mr. Hagan,
permit me to add that I regard you as a most extraor-
dinary scoundrel with whom I could have nothing in
conmion."
The detective, who had been thus conclusively de-
feated, continued to sit with an attitude of composure,
and spoke without chagrin :
^ Hard words ain't going to kill me, and as for the
balance of it I don't most generally lay all my cards
on the table at once. You say you'll rid yourself of
this property and that you didn't know how it was
being used. All right, but why didn't you know?
You could of known, couldn't you, if you hadn't taken
damned good care not to know? Do you think that
story will stand scrutiny with the public or with your
wife? '»
**Be good enough," cautioned Tollman ominously,
^^ to leave my wife's name out of this talk. It's hardly
an appropriate combination."
" No," assented Hagan with readiness, " and it's
going to be less so before I finish. How do you expect
to rid yourself of the Van Styne? By selling it, at
a profit, to somebody else that'll go on getting rich on
other Minnie Rays? And when you've done that are
you going to carry the same policy of high-minded re-
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 266
form through the rest of your property in New York
and Boston? I've got a list of the lot.'*
"I'm through answering questions," asserted Toll-
man with finality. " You've made your bluff and it has
failed."
" Just as you say." The detective rose and stretched
himself luxuriously. " By the way as I came in, I
passed your wife on the porch, and I happened to notice
that Mr. Farquaharson was visiting you."
Eben Tollman had started toward the door, but this
remark gave him pause.
** He didn't recognize me of course," mused Mr.
Hagan, ** but then in a way we are old acquaintances,
I suppose — I shadowed that bird some time."
" What do you mean? "
Mr. Hagan's manner underwent an abrupt trans-
formation. He wheeled and faced his host with a
dangerous glint in his eye.
^^ This is what I mean ! You called me a blackmailer
and a scoundrel just. now. Sure I'm a crook! We're
both of us crooks, but I admit it and you don't. So
to my thinking, I'm honester than you. I came to you
first. Next I'm going to Stuart Farquaharson out
there and to your wife • • • Mr. Farquaharson might
be interested to know that you hired me once to try to
frame him. Your wife might be interested to know
that you hired me to send her those scandal magazines
that roasted him. They both might be interested to
know where you got your money from. Now it's just
a question of who I do business with, but before I leave
here I do business with somebody ^
As Mr. Hagan declared himself his lower jaw came
more protuberantly forward and his eyes blazed with
an increasing truculence. And in the exact degree of
his growing aggression, Mr. Tollman quailed and be-
came clammily moist of brow.
266 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
*^ Perhaps, Mr. Hagan," he tentatively suggested,
**you had better sit down again. Possibly we aren't
quite through yet after all.''
The detective reseated himself and his composure re-
turned.
** Frankness is always best," he vouchsafed compla-
cently. ^ I thought when we once came to understand
each other, we'd get along."
While Eben Tollman was entertaining his unwelcome
guest in the study his wife and Stuart Farquaharson
were having tea on the terrace. Upon the recent com-
bat of their wiUs there seemed to have succeeded a
calmness of aftermath. If Stuart had as Conscience
expressed it ^ fired on Fort Sumpter" his subsequent
conduct had in a fashion belied his vehemence of pro-
nunciamento. Now his artillery of resource was silent.
Perhaps the weariness and heightened pallor of the
woman's face, which gave it an ethereal quality, made
an appeal upon the chivalry his postulates denied.
This afternoon the entire landscape carried a tune-
ful message and a brilliant sparkle and play of colors.
It was a day for peace and laughter, rather than for
heart-bruising discussion — and they were stiD young
enough to seize upon and avail themselves of such res-
pites.
Farquaharson laid aside the manuscript of an un-
finished novel, with which Conscience had been assisting
him as critic and amanuensis, and let his eyes dweQ on
her face.
She was wearing a smock of rose-colored silk which
fell like drapery, rather than mere clothing, about her
and seemed to kindle a delicate echo of its pinkness in
the ivory of her cheeks. For a little while the author
forgot lus work.
^ Dearest,** he said suddenly, and though he couched
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 267
his words in form and voice of the whimsical they held
the essence of entire sincerity, " I hate to seem unduly
impressionable or sentimental — but there's something
rather marvelous about you. You'd make a man —
even a hardened one — want to go down on his knees
before you in worship and at the same time you'd make
a timid one want to dare hellfire to take you in his
arms. In short, you're a secret and a riddle: an en-
ticement and a sobering inspiration."
The woman's cheeks momentarily reflected more
warmly the rosy color of her smock and to her eyes
came a mischievous riffle.
" Or to say all that more briefly, Stuart," she re-
plied in a disconcertingly matter-of-fact voice, ** I'm a
woman — and incidentally you mustn't drop into the
habit of calling me dearest."
The old boyhood smoldering blazed briefly in the
man's face, but cleared at once into a smile.
" You were criticizing the woman psychology of my
heroine, I believe," he said calmly, lifting the neglected
manuscript in his one good hand. ^* What's wrong with
her? "
" She's mid-Victorian. She's not modern," ruled the
critic. ^^ Her virtue is just a sugary saintliness that
doesn't ring true. Any real woman in her circum-
stances would feel more disgraced by her marriage than
by a divorce."
Farquaharson raised his brows, then his laugh rang
out with a somewhat satirical merriment.
" And this from you ! You admit in fiction the exact
truths that you deny in life."
^' But your lady was tricked into marriage in the
first place," responded Conscience with spirit. " You
show me half the reason that woman had and I'll start
my lawyer filing a petition the same day. I'll go fur-
ther than that." Her eyes were twinkling since she
U8 THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
meant to treat all these allusions so lightly as to dis-
arm his own seriousness. *^ As a self-inflicted penalty
I'll marry you."
** I wonder if you would.'*
'^On my word of honor, and meanwhile our tea is
getting cold. One lump, isn't it? "
He nodded; then, as he watched the deftness with
which her hands made a pretty ceremony of pouring
tea, he inquired : ** Have I seen that ring before — the
opal with diamonds? "
^ I don't believe you have. Eben gave it to me last
Christmas."
** And you're not afraid of the opal's ill-luck? "
^ I love them enough to take the chance. Haven't I
ever shown you my others — there's quite a collection
of them."
" No."
"They're in the safe. I'll get Eben to open it as
soon as Mr. Hagan leaves."
Teasingly the man inquired, " Doesn't your husband
trust you with the combination? "
Conscience flushed. Her companion had touched a
sensitive nerve. This was one of the details that went
into the summary of Eben's excluding her from his
business life, and it had hurt her.
** I can't ever master it somehow," she evaded, and
as she spoke Eben Tollman ushered Mr. Hagan out
upon the terrace.
As stranger and host passed out Stuart fancied that
he detected in Tollman's manner a certain eagerness
to speed the parting guest and when the visitor had
gone, Eben withdrew at once to his sanctum, declining
a cup of tea. The bad half hour had shaken him and
sent his thoughts coursing in channels of apprehension.
The past was refusing to lie dead and he found him-
self thinking of what might occur if two wisely inter-
cepted letters should ever fall into the wrong hands.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS ftS9
•
They lay securely immured in the safe, but he had
overheard the teasing reference to his withholding,
from his wife, the combination — and it vexed his anxi-
ety. He treasured these trophies of his acumen and
victory, but palpably the time had arrived for their
sacrifice.
He reconsidered an impulse to lock himself in. Once
to-day he had apologized for inadvertently throwing on
the catch and a repetition would seem pointed. The
letters were in an envelope inscribed " S. F. & C. W.''
and there would be no difficulty in finding them.
So Eben Tollman opened the safe, and unlocked a
certain strong box fiUed to overfiowing with papers of
divers sorts.
As he stood holding the tin dispatch case with its
cover raised he heard Stuart's voice beyond the thresh-
old and it was a voice couched in a tone of annoying
and unthinking levity.
^^ Don't forget ! If I prove a case as strong as my
heroine's you will act as you say she should act."
^^It's a bargain," came the quick and laughing re-
sponse. " I'm ready to prove my faith by my works."
Then as the pair appeared framed in the door. Con-
science explained, ^^ Eben, I want to show Stuart my
opals."
To Tollman it seemed a most untimely interruption.
Possibly that was why the fingers that held the box
trembled, as he came around to his chair at the desk
and said shortly, " They're in the larger drawer at the
left."
As Conscience came over to the safe Stuart fol-
lowed her until he stood across the width of the desk
from his host whom he regarded absently. Then some-
thing quite unaccountable occurred. Mrs. Tollman, in
putting down the somewhat heavy metal tray contain-
ing her trinkets, let it slip, so that it spilled its rings,
and pins and necklaces on the desk top — and as if
S60 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
responsive to her clumsiness in handling her treasures,
though really because of nervous tension, Eben started
violently, and the box which he held fell from his quak-
ing hands, scattering papers in a confused litter about
the floor.
Instantly Tollman was on all fours retrieving, and
the undignified posture had the advantage of serving
to conceal the wild terror of his face ; a terror such as
may stamp itself upon the features of a man who cannot
swim and who has twice gone down.
As he searched in a feverish panic, pretending an im-
partial interest in the generality of scattered documents,
Eben was tortured by the knowledge that Stuart and
Conscience were searching, too, and a conviction that if
either of them found that envelope first, the legend
" S. F. & C. W." would prove sufficiently illuminating to
require an accounting.
Finally the elder man straightened up, and stood
panting. Tie vital package was still unf ound. Stuart
Farquaharson tossed a sheaf of ancient bill receipts
across the desk with the casual comment, ^' Well, that
seems to be the crop."
Over the harrowed visage of the host swept an almost
felicitous wave of relief and then, as abruptly, his
cheeks changed color again, fading to an ashen pallor
tinged with greenish sickliness. In his eyes the light
appeared to die. He licked his lips and a palsy shook
him like a violent chill. The Virginian's eyes were still
searching the floor, but his left hand, — the uninjured
one — rested lightly on the table, and as Mr. Tollman
looked he saw that the fingers were spread upon a yel-
lowed envelope, of which the exposed surface bore the
clearly legible inscription " S. F. & C. W."
And while the victim of terror stood, transfixed with
his premonition of crisis, Farquarharson also glanced
down and, seeing the envelope, added: "No — here's
one more. It must have been lying here all the time.**
CHAPTER XXVin
TO Tollman's eyes familiar with content and
superscription, it was all glaringly conspicu-
ous. The initials seemed to stand out like
headlines, but Farquaharson was without suspicion and
he saw only one more paper in which his interest was
most perfunctory. The whole issue had narrowed now,
Eben realized with a tension of fear which brought out
sweat beads on the pasty white of his face, to the hair-
breadth narrowness of one question. Would Stuart see
the initials or would they escape his notice?
But the Virginian was not yet broken to the habit of
being a cripple. He could not remember that he must
avoid the effort to use the right hand which he had al-
ways used. Now he reached down and picked up the
envelope — still with the lettered surface turned up
to sight — and rapping still swollen knuckles on the
desk top, he let the envelope fall just as he raised it.
But this time it fell face down — and the perilous
letters lay hidden.
Eben grabbed forward with such precipitate haste
that Farquaharson looked up in astonishment and for
the first time recognized something of the agitation
which shook the other: the spasmodic panting of his
breath and the outstanding arteries on his temples.
" Why, you are ill, man ! " he exclaimed. " What's
the matter with you? "
Tollman made a supreme effort to rally his powers of
self-control. The envelope lay between them — but out
of his own reach and that spelled the wavering balance
of suspense.
^^ This stooping after papers seems to have brought
261
iSSt THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
on a touch of vertigo," he explained and he had the
sense, costly in self-restraint, to let his eagerly out-
stretched hand drop at his side, ** Conscience, I think
ril have a little brandy."
After his wife had gone he spoke again.
" Didn't you — have another paper, Stuart? " The
question came casually from the chair into which he
had collapsed. *' I might as well put it with the rest
while I'm waiting for the brandy."
** Yes, I'd forgotten it. Here it is," and the younger
man handed back the envelope — this time using his
left hand.
Once more Tollman's luck had held good.
Later in the analysis of retrospect Stuart began to
wonder at his host's strange behavior until of idle
speculation suspicion was bom, but as to that circum-
stance he held his counseL
The last summer month brings to the Cape the
August twister and the August tide. The twister seems
to be a simultaneous rushing in of tornado-like winds
from every quarter and a whirling bluster of elements
gone mad. And in that month the high tide is the
highest in the year.
For the household of Eben Tollman as well as for
the weather the season seemed charged with the unquiet
influences of equinox.
In the older man himself the currents of hatred and
jealousy were rising to a danger line of unbalanced
deviltry and as for the two who still responded to the
nameless yet invincible clarion of youth, the elements
of passion and insurgency were awake, ready for an
August twister and an August tide.
Then there befell the household a series of coinci-
dental labor problems that left them all at once without
servants. Tlie chauffeur, who hated his employer, was
summarily discharged for drunken insolence. The cook
was taken dangerously ill and her sister, the housemaid.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 263
went with her to her home at Provincetown. The gar-
dener and outside man alone remained on duty and
since both of these came and went from a distance, Con-
science and Stuart foimd themselves promoted to
kitchen and pantry.
• •••••••
A day of bluster and storm had ended in a sunset
of brilliant color, which dyed the cloud-ramparted west
with a victorious pageantry of crimson and gold. The
night would be different, for in the east the moon, just
climbing over the horizon, was a disc of pale tranquil-
lity dominating a symphony of blue and silver.
In the" pantry, with windows giving to the east
and west, Conscience was washing dishes and Stuart,
whose right hand was once more usable, stood nearby
drying them. Pausing, with her eyes first on the
changing fires of the west and then on the soft
nocturne of the east, the woman spoke softly :
" The sun and the moon are the same size, and the
same distance above the horizon. How differently they
paint their pictures of the world."
Her companioi;! only nodded.
While Eben Tollman contributed his part to the pro-
gram of housekeeping without servants, by manipu-
lating the phonograph from the living-room, Stuart
had been studying the aproned figure at the sink.
Her face, in repose, held a pallid unrest of tried en-
durance, and occasionally she paused in her task to
listen, with unexpressed nervousness, to the voluptuous
swell of the music.
As he reached out for a rinsed plate their hands
touched and she started.
" Conscience," said the man thoughtfully, " you've
been very studiously avoiding me of late. I mean
avoiding me when I could talk to you alone. For all
your boasts of self-confidence, you're afraid of me.
Isn't that true? "
SM THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
^^No," she said, ^^I'm only avoiding unnecessary
battles." Suddenly her voice became almost querulous.
^^That phonograph is getting on my nerves. Aren't
you sick of it? **
^^Jack London wrote a story once," he replied
calmly, ^^ of a Klondike prospector and his dog. Be-
tween them there was a feud of long-treasured hatred."
Conscience glanced at him questioningly.
^^What has that to do with Eben and the phono-
graph? " she inquired.
^^The dog couldn't endure music. When a violin
string spoke, he howled his misery. It was as if the
bow were being drawn across the rawness of his own
taut nerves. . • • That dish is ready for me, isn't
it?"
She handed it to him, and he went on imperturbably :
*^ The man would let the violin strings cry out until the
beast's howls of sheer agony mingled with their strains.
There came a time when the dog squared accounts.
Eben's music reminded me of the story."
Conscience turned off a water faucet and faced her
companion indignantly. She was inwardly trembling,
with a nameless disquiet and anxiety.
*^ Stuart," she exclaimed, '^ this campaign of vague
accusation isn't a very brave device and, in theory at
least, you've always stood for fairness."
" I've ceased to believe in his fairness," he told her
promptly. " I believe that what he thinks isn't fit to
print and he's trying to drive you, whether or no, into
vindicating his rotten implications."
A piece of chinaware slipped from his hands and
crashed on the floor and so tense were the woman's
nerves that a low scream escaped her lips.
The mail wagon passed the tin box down by the edge
of the pine thicket twice a day and the latest of these
visits was between eight and nine o'clock in the eve-
ning.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 265
The household duties were finished before that and
the three were sitting on the terrace with a world of
silver light and cobalt shadows about them. That is
to say, two of them sat there in silence while the third
came and went about his duties of changing records and
needles and the winding of the machine — for he still
dedicated himself to minstrelsy.
And in Conscience the germ of an idea which seemed
trivial and foolish was beginning to grow into a sort
of obsession. Her nerves like those of the dog in the
story tightened into such" rebellion under this music,
singing always of love, that she, too, wanted to cry out.
Her head was swimming with the untrustworthy sense
of some cord of control snapped ; of a power or reason
become unfocused ; of a hitherto staunch morale break-
ing.
At last, with the feeling that she could sit there no
longer, she rose abruptly from her chair. " I'm going
down to get the mail," she announced.
Both men rose, offering her escort, but she shook her
head in determined negation.
" No, thank you both, I don't need either of you."
Stuart watched her figure following the twisting
thread of the path among the apple trees, whose gnarled
trunks made fantastic shapes in the moonlight. Then
he glanced at the stolid and seated figure of her hus-
band and his face darkened. When Eben essayed com-
ment his visitor vouchsafed replies in monosyllables
so that conversation languished. At last the younger
man rose from his chair.
" I think, after all, I'll go down and walk back with
her,'' he said and Eben Tollman only nodded.
Leaving the house behind him, Stuart had silence ex-
cept for the occasional call of a whippoorwill, and as
he drew nearer to the sleepy darkness at the pines a
clear and fragrant scent of honeysuckle came to his
nostrils.
266 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
He guessed that in this sudden withdrawal to the
isolation of the firs. Conscience had followed the same
instinct that takes a wounded animal off, to be alone
with its pain. So he approached with a noiseless cau-
tion abetted by the sound-deadening carpet of pine
needles, searching the shadows for her unannounced and
at first vainly.
In the sea of moonlit brightness this strip of trees
afforded a margin of soft, almost sooty obscurity, save
where here and there darts of light fell through the
raggedness of the foliage.
Finally he saw her. She was seated on a rounded
bowlder and both her hands were pressed tightly
against her' face. Her pose was rigid and unmoving^;
an attitude of distress and high-keyed misery of
spirit.
Her thoughts were her own and safe from penetra-
tion, but their tenor was as obvious as though, instead
of sitting alone in a stunned silence, she were proclaim-
ing her crisis in Hamlet's resonant soliloquy.
There was a droop of surrender in her usually gal-
lant shoulders and a limpness in her whole body which
even the darkness did not entirely conceal. Within her-
self she admitted that her resolution had come to the
condition of a stronghold so long besieged that it is no
longer strong: where only the grim spirit of holding
out against odds is left to keep the colors flying.
But perhaps if she could have a half hour of relief
from the pitiful counterfeit of strength she might de-
velop a fresh power of resistance. In all sieges there
must be- moments like that : moments when, if the enemy
only knew, a quick assault would end the fight. If the
enemy did not discover them, they passed without de-
feat.
Her young and splendid body seemed to her a temple
out of which she had driven the love god, the deity of
motherhood and the glowing lights of wholesome sex
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 267
• . . and where she had set up instead a pale allegiance
of soulless form. Her life seemed a thing of quenched
torches and unlit lamps.
Conscience Tollman was in a dangerous mood, and
some of her belligerency of spirit Stuart Farquaharson
saw as he came quietly to her side and spoke her name,
gently, as one might speak to a sleep walker.
"Why did you come?" She looked at him a little
wildly and her voice shook. " I wanted to be alone."
" I was troubled about you," he said very gently,
" You had been away so long."
Her courage was almost prostrate, but it still had
that resilient power which rises from exhaustion for one
effort more. There was in her the spirit of the Phcenix,
and realizing how clearly he would read defeat in the
limp droop of her shoulders, she straightened them, not
abruptly, but as one who has been sitting at ease draws
up into a less careless attitude upon the arrival of
another. She even smiled and spoke with a voice no
longer tremulous.
" Yes, I did stay longer than necessary. The music
bored me and down here it was very quiet — and in-
viting."
** Conscience," he said seriously, '^ you were more
than bored, you were distracted."
But at that, she laughed almost convincingly.
" Must one be distracted to enjoy an occasional mo-
ment of solitude? It's the favorite recipe of philoso-
phers."
" Your attitude wasn't that of enjoying solitude.
It was that of despair."
" I was a little fagged. I'm all right now."
As if in demonstration of her assertion she rose with
a dryad lightness and stepped forward for inspection
into a spot of moonlight, where she stood illuminated
— and smiling.
"Do I look like a victim of despair?" she chal-
268 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
lenged and the man, with a quick, ahnost gasping in-
take of hiB breitth, leaned toward her and declared in a
voice of passionate fervor, ^* To me you look like the
incarnation of heart's desire."
Now, her mirth was less convincing, but for a time
she fenced gallantly, adroitly, though with a waning
remnant of resistance. It was a sword play of wills,
but the man attacked with a saber of tempestuous love,
and the woman defended herself with a weakening rapier
of finesse. She was desperately tired and her heart was
not in the fight, so she grew less lightning-like of thrust
and less sure of parry as the play went on.
CHAPTER XXIX
WHEN they had talked for ten minutes
Stuart abruptly exclaimed, ^* Dearest, it
was not far from this spot that you once
told me you loved me in every way you knew how to
love: that you wanted to be, to me, all that a woman
could be to a man. Have you forgotten? I told you
that my love was always yours • • . have you forgot-
ten that?"
Her hands went spasmodically to her breast and her
eyes glowed with the fire of struggle. Suddenly the
physical impulses, which she could not control, deserted
the rallying strength of her mind, and she trembled
visibly.
" The two men who say they love me," she broke
out vehemently, " are succeeding between them in driv-
ing me mad."
^^ Because," he as emphatically answered, ^^ you are
trying to reconcile a true and a false allegiance — be-
cause — "
^^ This isn't a time," she broke in on him desper-
ately, " for preaching theories to me. I'm hardly sane
enough just now to stand that."
*• I'm not preaching," he protested. " I'm assert-
ing that no amount of bigotry can white-wash a living
sepulcher."
^^ I told you I wanted to be alone ... I told
you — ^" Her voice broke. ** I told you that I must
be alone."
*^ You defied me to attack when and where and how I
chose," came his instant rejoinder. *^ I'm fighting for
your salvation from the undertow."
269
artO THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
Hia eyes met hers and held them under a spell like
hypnosis, and hers were wide and futile of concealment
so that her heart and its secrets were at last defense-
less.
^ I — I will go back to the house," she said, and for
the first time her voice openly betrayed her broken self-
confidence.
** Can you go? " he challenged with a new and fiery
assurance of tone. ** Don't you know that I can hold
you here, without a word, without a touch? Don't you
realize that I can stretch out my arms and force you,
of your own accord, to come into them? '*
She seemed striving to break some. spell of lethargy,
but she only succeeded in swaying a little as she stood
pallid and wraith-like in the moonlight. Her lips
moved, but she failed to speak.
"I will never leave you again." Farquaharson's
voice leaped suddenly with the elation of certain tri-
umph. ^^ Because you are mine and I am yours. I
said once with a boy's assurance that they might sur-
round you with regiments of soldiers but that I would
come and claim you. Now I've come. There is no
more doubt. Husband or lover — you may decide —
but you are mine."
Her knees weakened and as she tried to retreat be-
fore his advance she tottered, reaching out her hands
with a groping uncertainty. It was then that he
caught her in his arms and crushed her close to him,
conscious of the wild flutter that went through her soft
body ; intoxicated by the fragrant softness of the dark
hair which he was kissing — and at first oblivious to
her struggle for freedom from his embrace.
" Stuart . . . Stuart . • . ! " she pleaded in the
wildly agitated whisper of a half-recovered voice.
" Don't — for God's sake, don't ! "
But as she turned up her face to make her final plea,
he smothered the words with his own lips upon hers.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 271
For years she had dwelt for him on the most remote
borderland of unattainable dreams. Now her heart
was throbbing against his own and he knew exultantly
that whatever her mind might say in protest, her heart
was at home there. In his brain pealed a crescendo of
passion that drowned out whispers of remonstrance as.
pounding surf drowns the cry of a gull.
But at last her lips were free again and her panting
protests came to him, low but insistent. ^^ Let me go
— don't you see? . . . It's my last chance . . . The
tide is taking me." Then feebly and in postscript,
" m call for help,'' But the man laughed. " Call,
dearest," he dared her. *^ Then I can break silence and
be honest again. Do you think I'm not willing to
fight for you?"
The moment had come which she had faithlFully and
long sought to avoid: the moment which nature must
dominate. Even as she struggled, with an ebbing
strength of body and will she realized that in the wild
moment of his triumph she was a sharer. If he were
to release her now she would crumple down inertly at
his feet. Almost fainting under the sweep of emotion,
her muscles grew inert, her struggles ended. The tide
had taken her.
Slowly, as if in obedience to a command from beyond
her own initiative, she reached up the arms that had
failed to hold him off and clasped her hands behind his
head and when again their lips met hers were no longer
unresponsive. Slowly she said in a voice of complete
surrender, " Take me — my last gun is fired. I tried
— but I lost — Now I can't even make terms."
" You have won," he contradicted joyously.
"You've conquered the undertow. *The idols are
broken in the Temple of Baal.' "
She was still dependent upon the support of his arms :
still too storm-tossed and unnerved to stand alone and
her words came faintly.
878 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
" I surrender. I am at your mercy . . . There is
in all the world nothing you can ask that I can refuse
you."
" You have chosen — finally? " he demanded and he
spoke gravely, unwilling that she should fail to under-
stand. *^ There will be no turning back? "
" You have chosen — not I," she replied, her eyes
looking up into his. ^* But I accept • • . your choice
• • • there will be no turning back."
*^ You are ready to repudiate, for all time this life
• . . Eben Tollman . . • the undertow? You will be
big enough and strong enough to break these
shackles? "
" I am ready — " she said f alteringly.
^^And you will not feel that you have proven a
traitor — to the memory of your father? "
That was a hard question to ask, but it must be
asked. He felt a shiver run through her body and he
saw in her eyes a fleeting expression of torture.
" I am ready," she repeated dully. Somehow he re-
membered with a shudder hearing a newspaper ac-
quaintance describe an execution. The poor wretch
who was the law's victim went to the chair echoing
in a colorless monotony words prompted into his ear by
the priest at his side. Then he heard her voice again.
^' Are you through questioning me, Stuart? Because
if you are ... I have something to say."
" I am listening, dearest."
** You see you must understand. You have con-
quered. I have surrendered — unconditionally. But
it's not a victory to be very proud of or a surrender to
be proud of. Once I could have given you everything
— with a glory of pride — but not now." He had to
bend his ear to catch her words so faintly were they
breathed. " I'm overwhelmed, but not convinced. I'm
ready to choose because your will has proven the
stronger — but I know that it's only a triumph of
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 27S
passion over right. Some day we may both realize
that — and hate each other."
" But you have chosen ! You've risen above the
bigotry of your blood ! "
"No. I'm just conquered — whipped into submis-
sion. I told you you might attack when you liked • . •
I thought I was strong . . • and I wasn't. It isn't a
victory over my strength — but over my weakness.
To-night I was utterly helpless."
She seemed stronger now, and in a sudden bewilder-
ment the man released her and she stood before him
pale but no longer inert.
" Then — then," he spoke with a new note of mis-
giving, "your decision is not final after all?"
That word " helpless " was ringing like a knell over
his late triumph. It tinged victory with a hideous color
of rapacity and brutality.
" Yes — it's final." She spoke slowly and labo-
riously. " It's final because I've confessed my helpless-
ness. If I rallied and resisted you to-night ... I
know now . . . that I'd surrender again to-morrow.
There's only one way I can be saved now."
" Saved — but you've saved yourself. What do you
mean? "
" No, I've lost myself. You've won me . . . but
that's over. I can't fight any more ... I tell you I'm
helpless." After a moment she added with a ghost of
new-born hopefulness : " unless you can do my fighting
for me."
"What would you have me do?" His words came
flatly and with no trace of their recent elation.
" It is for you to say, Stuart. I'm yours ... I
have no right to ask mercy . . . when I lost . . . when
I love you so that . . . that I can't resist you."
" So, the code of your fathers still holds you," he
said miserably. " The undertow."
" I believe in what I've always believed," she told him.
274 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
** Only I can't go on fighting for it any longer. It's
for you to decide now • • • but you inherited a code,
too . • • a code that has honor for its cornerstone,
and that might be able to put generosity above victory
... I wonder if it could • • • or if I'm worth the
effort."
" Honor ! " he exclaimed with deep bitterness. " A
word with a thousand meanings and no single meaning!
A tyrant that smugly rides down thought and tramps
on happiness ! "
*^ Honor has a single meaning for a woman." She
laid both hands on his shoulders and looked into his
eyes. Her own held a mute appeal stronger than
words, and her voice was infinitely tender.
" Stuart, whatever you do, I love you. I love you
in every way that I know how to love . • • but in the
name of my God and yours and of my love for you and
your love for me • • • I ask you — if you can — take
me back to the house — and don't enforce your vic-
tory."
The man straightened up and stood for a while, very
drawn of feature and pallid. He lifted a hand vaguely
and the arm dropped again like dead weight at his
side. Without seeing them, he looked at the mirrored
stars in the fresh-water lake across the way and twice
his lips moved, but succeeded in forming no words.
At last his head came up with a sudden jerk and his
utterance was difficult.
" So you put it up to me, in the name of your God :
to me who acknowledge no God. You ask it in the
name of generosity."
" No," she corrected him. " I'm not in a position to
ask anything. . • • I only suggest it. I'm too helpless
even to plead."
She moved over a few paces and leaned for support
against the gnarled trunk of a scrub pine, watching
him with a fascinated gaze as he stood bracing himself
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 275
against the inward storm under which his own world
and hers seemed rocking.
With the heavy and dolorous insistence of a muffled
drum two thoughts were hammering at his brain: her
helplessness : his honor.
But he had never put honor underfoot, he argued
against that voice; only an arbitrary and little con-
ception of honor • . • Yet she could not rid herself of
that conception • • . and she was helpless. If he took
her now into the possession of his life, he must take
her, not with triumph but as he might pick up a fallen
dove, fluttering and wounded at his feet — as an ex-
quisitely fashioned vase which his hand had shattered.
He remembered their first meeting in Virginia €md
his wrath when she had laughed at his narrative of the
Newmarket cadets.
The Newmarket cadets !
His father had been one of them at fifteen. There
came again to his ears, across the interval of years,
the voice of the old gentleman, so long dead, telling that
story in a house where traditions were strong and
hallowed.
Across a wheat field lay a Union battery which must
be stormed and taken at the bayonet's point. Wave
after wave of infantry had gone forward and broken
under its belching of death. The line wavered. There
must be a steady — an unflinching — unit upon which
to guide. The situation called for a morale which
could rise to heroism. General Breckenridge was told
that only the cadets from the Virginia Military Insti-
tute could do the trick: the smooth-faced boys with
their young ardor and their letter-perfect training of
the parade grounds. Appalled at the thought of this
sacrifice of children, the Commander was said to have
exclaimed with tears in his eyes, " Let them go then —
and may God forgive me ! "
And they had gone! Gone because there burned in
ne THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
their boyish hearts this absurd idea that honor is a
word of a single meaning: a meaning of sacrifice.
They had gone in the even unwavering alignment oi a
competitive drill, closing up, as those who fell left ugly
gaps in their formation, until those who did not fall
had taken the gun which the veterans had not been
able to take.
That had been the honor of his fathers, the honor
which he had been declaring himself too advanced to
accept blindly. Suddenly his boyhood ideals and his
mature ideas fell into the parallel of contrast — and
beside that which he had inherited, his acquired thought
seemed tawdry. Of course, charging a field gun was
an easy and uncomplicated thing in comparison with
his own problem, but his father would have met the
larger demand, too, with the same obedience to simple
ideas of honor.
His own contention had been right and Conscience's
wrong. That he still believed. So the spirit of the
French Revolution had been perhaps a forward-mov-
ing colossus of humanity: a triumph of right over
aristocratic decadence. And yet the picture of a
slender queen going to the guillotine in a cart, with
her chin held high under the jeers of the rabble, made
the big thing seem small, and her own adherence to code
magnificent.
Slowly Stuart went back and spoke in tones of level
resolution.
" To make war on you when you defied me was one
thing ... to fight you when you are helpless is an-
other ... I wasn't fighting you then but the rock-
bound bigotries of your ancestors." He paused, find-
ing it hard to choose words because of the chaotic
things in his mind.
She had confronted him with a splendid Amazonian
spirit of war and a* declaration of strength which he
could never break, and the cause for which she had
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 277
stood was the cause of a cramped standard which he
repudiated. Now she no longer seemed a militant in-
carnation, but a woman, softly vibrant : a woman whom
he loved and who was helpless.
He added shortly:
"You win, Conscience. I can't accept what you
can't freely give."
" Stuart — " she exclaimed, and this time the ring
of revived hope thrilled in her voice, but he lifted a
hand, very wearily to stop her.
" I've complained that when the crisis comes we re-
act to the undertow. If you are the exponent of your
code, that code is good enough for me. I bow to a
thing bigger than myself . . . Your God shall be
mine, too . • . to-morrow I leave, and I won't come
back."
" Now, Stuart, my love," she declared, " you can say
it truly: 'The idols are broken in the Temple of
Baal.' "
But the renewed life of her voice faltered with the
sudden realization of the other thing: of the bleakness
of her future when he had gone, and suddenly she broke
out in undisguised terror.
" But even until you go, Stuart . . . even until to-
morrow, protect me against myself, because ... I am
totally helpless, and I love you rather madly."
Instinctively her arms came out and her eyes burst
once more into the fires of passion, but she made an ef-
fort and drew back, and as she did so the stress of the
fight prevailed and, had he not caught her, she would
have fallen. She had fainted.
Farquaharson picked her up in his arms, and, dis-
trusting himself to remain there, started to the house,
carrying her like a sleeping child.
The sight of the man going up the path with the
woman in his arms was the only portion of the entire
interview which Eben Tollman saw, but it served his
«78 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
imagination adequately as an index to the rest. He
had, after a long wait on the terrace, followed them to
the pines, but had not announced himself. His arrival
had been too tardy to give him a view of their first —
and only — embrace, and his distance had been too
great to let him hear any of their words. When, after
a circuitous return, he reached the terrace, his wife
was sitting, pale, but with recovered consciousness, in a
chair, and he himself went direct to his study.
CHAPTER XXX
T was a sleepless night for every one in the house
of Eben Tollman. Conscience still felt that her
long fight had ended in a total defeat and that she
had been saved from worse than defeat only because
her victor had risen to her plea for magnanimity.
Now she lay staring at the ceiling with eyes that burned
in their sockets. Self-pity warred with self-accusation.
She could not forget that moment of ecstasy in her
lover's arms nor banish her wish for its repetition.
With him the home of her dreams might have been a
reality where men and women who made splendid suc-
cesses and splendid failures came and talked of their
deeds and their frustrations^ and where children who
were the children of love raised rose-bud lips to be
kissed.
Ahead lay an indefinite future, of Stygian murk,
peopled with melancholy shades.
Stuart himself did not attempt to sleep. He sat in
a chair at his window and stared out. Once or twice
he lighted a pipe, only to let it die to ashes between
his teeth. He must not tarry here, beyond to-morrow.
He had taken either a high and chivalrous ground or a
sentimentally weak one. In either case it was an atti-
tude to which he stood pledged, and one to which Con^
science attached the importance of salvation. How
long could he hold it?
But of the three minds prickled with insomniac activ-
ity, the operations of the elderly husband's were the
strangest and most weirdly interesting. They had
thrown off the halter of sanity and ranged into the
imaginative unrestraint of fantastic deviltry.
279
880 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
Sitting alone in the study, Eben sipped brandy and
indulged his abnormality. For him, weaving certain-
ties out of the tenuous threads of hallucination, there
developed the spaciousness and might of epic tragedies.
The brandy itself was a symptom of his quiet mad-
ness. Until recently he would as readily have fondled
a viper as toyed with a bottle.
Now he had formed the habit of lifting a secret glass,
as a rite and a toast to the portrait of the ancestor,
with whose spirit he seemed to commune.
The things that had festered in the unclean soreness
of his brain had tinctured every thought with their
poison of monomania, leaving him without a suspicion
of his own miserable deceit. He believed that he held
the imperative commission of the Deity to act as a
vicegerent and an avenger. God had designated him
as a prosecutor, and to-night he was summing up the
case against the transgressors.
" A sinful and an adulterous generation ! " he
breathed with curling lips.
Item by item he went over the evidence, and it fitted
and jibed in every detail. From the first interrupted
assignation at Providence to this evening when he had
seen, silhouetted against a starry sky, the man carry-
ing close to his breast the wife of another, no link
failed to join into a perfect chain of guilt.
But above all he must remain just — as just as the
Divinity whose commission he served. This essence of
absolute and impersonal righteousness demanded an
overt act of unquestionable guilt. ^' So saith the
Lord."
When that deciding proof was established there
should fall upon the sinning pair the wrath of an out-
raged heaven, and he, Eben Tollman, in whom every
feeling of the heart had turned to the gall of hatred,
would hurl the bolt.
But when he appeared at the breakfast table the next
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 281
morning he brought the only untroubled face to be
seen there.
" I am going to New York this afternoon," an-
nounced Stuart somewhat bluntly, and Eben looked
quickly up, frankly surprised.
" Running down for a day or two ? You'll be back,
of course? " he inquired, and the guest shook his head.
" No. I sha'n't be back at all."
" But your Broadway opening doesn't take place
until October? Didn't you tell us that? "
" Perhaps. I'm not going on that account."
" Then why not finish out your vacation? "
" I have finished it."
The host looked at his guest and read in his eyes a
defiant dislike and a repressed ferocity, but he chose to
ignore it. The long-fostered urbanity of his make-
believe must last a little longer. But at that moment
Stuart's eyes met those of Conscience and he acknowl-
edged a sense of chagrin.
After all, he was leaving to-day and whatever his
feelings, he had so far been outwardly the beneficiary
of Tollman's hospitality. Nothing was to be gained,
except a sort of churlish satisfaction, by assuming at
the eleventh hour a blunt and open hostility of manner.
" I'm sorry," suggested Tollman evenly. " I had
hoped that we might have you with us longer. You
have brought a certain animation to the uneventful-
ness of our life here."
Stuart changed his manner with an effort.
" Thank you," he replied. " But I've already over-
stayed the time I had allowed myself for a vacation.
There are many neglected things to be taken up and
finished."
"You hadn't spoken of leaving us before." The
regret in Tollman's voice was sincere, because it was
the regret of a trapper who sees game slipping away
from the snare, and it made him perhaps a shade over
S82 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
insistent. ^^ Do you i^allj regard it as so important? "
For just an instant a gleam of anger showed in the
visitor's eyes under this questioning, and his glance,
leveled straight at his host, was that of a man who
would prefer open combat to veiled hostility.
** Not only important,'* he corrected, " but vitaL'^
** Of course, in that event," murmured Mr. Tollman,
** there is nothing more to say.'*
But an hour later as Conscience and Farquaharson
sat on the terrace, somewhat silent and constrained,
Eben joined them with a deeply troubled face.
** Fve just come from the telephone," he announced
with the air of a man in quandary. ^^ It was an im-
perative call from Boston — and it puts me in a most
awkward position."
Farquaharson, sitting with the drawn brow of pre-
occupation, simulated for his host's assertion no inter-
est and offered no response, but Conscience asked,
"What is it, Eben?"
" It's a business matter but one that involves a duty
to my associates. I don't see how I can ignore it or
decline to go."
" But why shouldn't you go? " inquired his wife, and
immediately Eben replied.
" Ordinarily I should, but Stuart says he must leave
for New York to-day and there are no servants on the
place. You can't stay here absolutely alone."
" I shall be all right," she declared, but her husband
raised his hands in a gesture of reasonable protest.
" I couldn't think of it," he insisted. " Why, it's a
half-mile to the nearest house. It wouldn't do."
Then with an urgency of manner he turned to Far^
quaharson.
" Stuart, I dislike greatly to ask you to change your
plans — but you realize the situation. Can't you put
off leaving until to-morrow? "
The younger man turned slowly and his gaze was
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 288
disconcertingly piercing, as he asked, "Don't you re-
gard that as a somewhat unconventional suggestion —
leaving Conscience here with no one but me? What of
Dame Grundy? ''
Eben only laughed and arched his brows in amuse-
ment.
" Why, my dear boy, you're a member of the family,
aren't you? Such a question is the height of absurd-
ity."
** Your faith is touching," retorted the visitor dryly,
then he added: " I'm sorry, but I must go this after-
noon."
Before him rose the true proportions of the ordeal
to which his host so casually invited him, and from
facing them he flinched with the honesty of genuine
apprehension.
After last night, each hour spent here meant trust-
ing under fire a resolution attained only in a moment of
something like exaltation. Such an experiment seemed
the rashness of sheer irresponsibility, and to imderesti-
mate its danger was only recklessness.
Then he saw Conscience's eyes fixed musingly upon
him and in them brooded a confidence which he could not
analyze or comprehend.
" I wouldn't urge it," went on Eben persistently, " if
there were any other solution — but there doesn't seem
to be. So in spite of your objections I believe you'll
do as I ask, Stuart, even at the cost of some inconven-
ience to yourself. In a w;ay you can't refuse, my boy,
because until this morning you gave us no warning of
this sudden flight."
And with a complacency which the younger man
found as galling as an insult, the host turned and went
into the house with an air of one who takes for granted
compliance with his expressed wish.
Indeed, his line of reasoning admitted no doubt or
shadow of doubt. He had construed Stuart's first re-
284 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
fusal as a mere trick of intrigue, cloaking under the ap-
pearance of protest a situation eagerly welcomed.
Refuse an uninterrupted opportunity to take to his em-
braces the woman he adored with a guilty passion!
Eben laughed to himself at the thought. Does a hun-
gry lion scorn striking down its prey? Does a thief
repudiate an unwatched treasury?
But when he had gone, Stuart turned indignantly to
Conscience.
" You see, don't you, that it's impossible? "
"Why?" she asked, and in his bewildennent he
found himself answering excitedly*:
"Why? Do you mean that, after last night, you
would trust yourself here • • • with me • • . and no
one else? Didn't we both admit that it was too much
for us — unless we separated? "
^* After last night," she responded, and the fearless-
ness of her voice utterly confounded him, **I would
trust myself with you anywhere."
" God in Heaven ! " he burst out. ** Don't you real-
ize that all strength is relative? Don't you know that
any boiler ever made will explode if you give it enough
pressure? "
'* It's not a test I welcome either," she declared seri-
ously. "But I do believe in you now — and there's
another side to it." After a moment's hesitation she
went on slowly : " After going through last night —
and after trying to face the future • . . there's com-
fort in feeling that he trusts me like that. I don't de-
serve it, but I'd like to . • • and when he comes back
to-morrow, if there's one day more of fight left in you,
Stuart dear — I can."
His expression changed and he said dubiously:
" It's going to be hard."
" Yes, but how can we tell him that? "
He nodded acknowledgment of the point. ^* There u
something in being trusted," he told her resolutely.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 286
it
If you can feel secure with me one day more — Pll
go through with it."
So Eben had his way and put his own damaging con-
struction on the result.
** Good ! " he announced when the visitor finally ac-
ceded ; "I felt sure you wouldn't leave me in the lurch.
I'll drive the buggy to the train and leave it at the
livery stable until I get back — since we have no chauf-
feur."
When Tollman had gone Stuart came to Conscience
on the terrace. " You'll be all right here for a while,
won't you? " he asked. " I think I'll go for a tramp."
She said nothing, but her eyes were questioning, and
the man answered their interrogation almost gruffly.
" We've got to walk close to the edge," he said with
the quiet of restrained passion. " You trust me, you
say, and even before you said it I read it in your eyes.
I want that same trust to be in them to-morrow. • • .
I don't know how you feel, but I'm like the reforming
drunkard — tortured by his thirst." He paused, then
added, " I think it's just as well to walk off my restive-
ness if I can."
It was five o'clock when he returned, hot and weary
from fast tramping in the blistering heat, but when he
presented himself, as dusty as a miller to Conscience,
who received him among the flowers of her garden, the
woman recognized, from his face and the smile of self-
victory in his eyes, that he had come back a dependable
ally and not a dangerous enemy. In his voice as he
hailed her was the old ring of comradeship — and it
was almost cheerful. " Hurry into your bathing suit,"
he invited tersely. "The water is bluer than water
ever was before."
Her eyes met his dubiously. She had not, like him-
self, burned out her wretchedness of spirit in muscular
fatigue.
986 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
^^ I feel rather tired, Stuart," she demurred. But he
answered decisively, *^ That's exactly why you need a
plunge. You'll go in the tired housekeeper and come
out Aphrodite rising from the foam."
** To-morrow perhaps — ^" she began, but he shook
his head.
" If I'm any judge of weather the furies are brew-
ing something in the line of a tempest. To-morrow will
probably be a day of storm."
Under his forced lightness of speech, she realized the
tenderness of solicitude — and acquiesced, because he
wished it.
From her window as she changed into bathing things
she saw the cove, blue as the Bay of Naples. After
to-morrow, she thought, she would hate that cove.
After to-morrow she must begin making her life over,
and it would be like poverty's task of turning thread-
bare seams.
In a little while Stuart, waiting for her in the hall
below, heard, as he had heard on the day of his arrival,
a laugh at the stairhead and looked up to see her there,
standing once more in the attitude of one about to dive.
Her bare arms were raised and her dark hair fell
heavily about her face, for she had not yet gathered
and bound it under her bathing cap.
Through the emptiness of after years, he knew that
picture would haunt him with the ache of inexpressible
allurement, but now he forced a laugh and, stretching
up his own arms, said challengingly, *^ Jiunp ; I'll catch
you."
Each detail of that swimming excursion was a re-
minder ; an emphasis of thought upon these little things
which association had made unaccoimtably dear, and
which must be relinquished, yet the physical stimulus
of the cooling water and the rhythmic companionship
of the long swim across the cove and back had their
effect, too, and were healing.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 887
As he followed her up the twisting path ••• be-
tween pine and bayberrj • • • for the last time • • •
the sun shone on her until she sparkled as if the cling-
ing silk of her dripping bathing dress were sea weed,
and in his heart he cursed Eben Tollman.
When they sat alone at table, where shams refuse
to survivei a silence of constraint fell upon them and
each fresh effort at talk broke down in pitiful failure.
Later as the last plate was stored in the cupboard
and Farquaharson himg his dish towel on its rack, he
said whimsically, "And to-morrow your butler leaves
your service. Are you going to give him references? "
With a sudd^i break in her voice she wheeled on him.
"Please, Stuart,*' she begged, "don't try to make
jokes afiout it. It's ghastly."
Early in the evening Farquaharson's prophecy ful-
filled itself and the storm broke with a premature fe-
rocity of shrieking winds, and endless play of light-
ning and torrents of rain. Against the French win-
dows of the living-room, where they sat, came a pelting
like shot against the glass.
" Conscience," said Stuart gravely, when the talk
had for a time run in uneven fits and starts, " I know
your views by now, and you know mine. But I want
you to realize this: it's not your cause that I obey or
love — it's yov^**
He paused for a moment, then went on : " You told
me last night that you were helpless. I want you to
recognize that you have been splendidly victorious —
all through : because you are splendid yourself. It's a
victory that's costing us all the happiness out of life,
perhaps, but it oughtn't to leave you any room for self-
reproach. You stood a long siege and it was left for
me to make the hardest and most cruel onslaught of all
on your overtaxed courage. I am sorry — and I ca-
pitulate — and I love you."
The clock in the hall struck nine and Conscience rose
1188 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
from her chair. Her eyes filled with uncontrollable
tears and her lips trembled at their comers. The man
bent forward, but, catching himself, he drew back and
waited.
" Stuart, Stuart,'' she told him, " it's all so bleak
— ahead! There are things that I must saj to you,
too, but I can't say them now. We can't sit here talk-
ing like this. It's like talking over the body of our
dead happiness."
" I know," he replied in a strained voice. ** It's just
like that."
" I'm going to my room," she declared. " Perhaps
I can write it all more easily than I can say it. Do
you mind?"
" No." He shook his head. " I think it's better —
but you must sleep to-night. Have you anything to
take?"
** I have trional — but maybe I won't need it."
He closed the windows and shot the bolt of the front
door ; then, at the head of the stairs, they both paused.
^^ I would like to kiss you good-night," he said with
a queer smile, ** but — ^"
" But what? " she asked, and with their eyes meeting
in full honesty he answered : " But — I don't dare."
Conscience's own room was at the front and right
of the house, overlooking the cove and the road. Stu-
art's was at the back and left, separated by the length
of the hall and by several rooms now empty.
For a long while after she had switched on her lights
the woman sat in an attitude of limp and tearless dis-
tress. She could not yet attack the task of that let-
ter which was to explain so much.
But finally she made a beginning.
"Dearest," she wrote, "(because it would only be
dishonest to call you anything else), I am trying to
write the things I couldn't say to you. You know and
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 289
I know that if we acknowledged loving each other, when
I have no right to love you, at least it has been a love
that has been innocent in everything except its exist-
ence. When we look back on it, and try, as we must,
to forget it, there will be no ghosts of guilty remem-
brance to haunt us. We loved each other in childhood,
almost, and we loved each other until we let a misun-
derstanding separate us. I'm afraid, dear^ I shall al-
ways love you, and yet I shall be more proud than
ashamed when I look back on this time here together.
Perhaps I should be ashamed of loving you at all, while
I am the wife of a man who is good and who trusts me.
But I am proud that you proved big enough to help me
when I needed you. I shall be proud that when I was
too weak to fight for myself you fought for me. I am
proud that there was never a moment which Eben might
not have seen, or one which he would have resented.
" I am trying to think, and when one reaches the
point of. utter honesty with oneself, one sees things
more clearly. I told you that I thought Eben himself
had come to believe this marriage a failure. But now
I see why more clearly.
" It was my fault. I have been absolutely true to
him in act, but perhaps, if I had let myself, I could
after all have been true in a larger sense: in the sense
of a better understanding. Perhaps I can still — and
I mean to try.
^^ I know that you distrust him, but since last night
I have been thinking of his great generosity, and of
what unfaltering trust he has had in me. A trust like
that ought to have brought him an allegiance not only
of form but of the heart itself.
" Had he been a mean or suspicious man there were
many circumstantial things that might have aroused
his jealousy, but he has always been above jealousy.
" We know that there has been no taint of guilt —
that our love has been, by ordinary standards, entirely
890 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
innocent. But to him it has all been giving — and re-
ceiving nothing.
*^ From first to last he has trusted me. Leaving me
here with jou is a final demonstraton of that trust —
and he loves me.
^* I am writing about Eben because I want you, who
are at heart so just, to be fair in jour thought of him.
In our decision to separate for all time — ^
There the pen faltered and Conscience had to rest
for a moment.
" — you would not think the more of me, if you did not
believe that I meant to carry the effort through to the
end. I am going to begin over with what you call the
hopeless experiment — and even now I think I have a
chance ... a fighting chance of winning. If I have,
I owe it to you."
CHAPTER XXXI
IN Boston Eben would have been safely housed
against the storm, but Eben was not in Boston.
He had driven to the village and put his horse and
^^ggy ^ the livery stable. At the station he had
bought a ticket for Boston, but when the express made
its first stop he had dropped off to buy a paper and
had intentionally allowed his train to go on without
him.
To several acquaintances whom he met he confided
the circiunstance of his clumsy mistake, and one of
them remembered in the light of after events that
though he spoke with his ordinary reserve of manner
his eyes had held a ^^ queer glitter.'' Tollman told
these persons that he would take the later train to his
destination, but what he actually did was to board the
afternoon local going in the direction of his home. As
chance ordained, he paid his fare to a new conductor,
who did not know him, and sat in the day coach un*
accosted and unrecognized.
He did not remain on the local until it reached his
own town of Tanner, but dropped off at West Tanner,
one station short of the full distance, from which point
he had a walk of four miles by a road sandy and little
frequented, to his own house.
Even now Eben did not hurry, but when he had left
the limits of the village he walked slowly and even
paused occasionally to rest and reflect, consulting his
watch on these halts as though his object was not so
much the saving of time, as its killing.
In short, the Eben Tollman of this evening was not
the same man that he had ever been before. To a su-
291
\
292 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
perficial eje he was, as usual, sedately quiet, yet there
was a new quality in his mood. This was the sort of
quiet that mi^t brood at the bottom of an ocean
whose surface is bein^ lashed into the destructive tur-
moil of tempest. Only since Eben Tollman was a mad-
man — not a noisy and raving maniac but a homi-
cidally dangerous and crafty one — his situatioii was
inverted. It was the surface that was calm with him
and the deeps that were frenzied.
To be sure, all these seeming vicissitudes of his jour-
ney were parts of a plan symmetrically ordered from
the crazed compulsion of suspicion and jealousy and
now ripe for its fruition, which was to he murder.
Of course the motive which actuated him, locked in its
lo^c-proof compartment, would not have been, by him,
called murder but obedience to a divine mandate.
None-the-less it contemplated human sacrifice.
Just as the storm broke with its cannonading of
winds and its fulmination of lightning he stopped at the
edge of a small lake where an ice-house, now exhausted
of supply, had been left accommodatingly unlocked.
He felt no hesitancy to taking refuge there because
the place belonged to him. Quite recently he had fore-
closed the mortgage which gave him title to the small
farm upon which it stood.
Eben*s plan contemplated neither a premature nor
an over-tardy arrival at his own house. The two male-
factors who were, he felt absolutely certain, using his
roof for their lustful assignation, had the night before
them. They would avail themselves of it with that
sybarite deliberateness which had characterized their
cpioiirean guile and deceit from the beginning.
ITl' consulted his watch. He judged that a quarter
tiftur nine, or perhaps nine-thirty, would he about the
psyclujlogical time for his entry upon the scene, with
his contribution of an unforeseen climax to the drama.
It was not yet seven, and it would be as well to wait
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 293
here while the storm, which made the old ice-house trem-
ble about his head, rode out its initial fury.
His judgment proved good for before it was neces-
sary to start, the main violence of wind and rain had
abated into gusts and desultory showers. Along the
way he encountered evidences of its force, in fallen
branches and broken trees; and in one place, as he
crossed a road, he ran into a hanging strand of tele-
phone wire pulled down by broken timber.
As he drew near his own house his wrath mounted to
the cold and inflexible bitterness of arctic destruction,
but his mind seemed to clarify into a preternatural
alertness such as the absinthe-drinker fancies gives a
razor edge to his thought functions. Like the keen-
ness of absinthe it was hallucination. The tremendou»
thrill of a madness that had been cumulative through
months and had finally reached the fulfillment of action,
was vitalizing him.
When the walls of his house bulked at last before his
eyes, he paused and began to take an accounting. One
detail somewhat dismayed him. The entire lower floor
was dark, and since it was yet early he had not ex-
pected that to be the case. The sudden fear attacked
him that he was too late.
He made a complete and careful circuit of the
grounds, noting with the fancied shrewdness of his
mood every circumstance upon which a meaning might
be placed.
The blankness of the first floor was merely indica-
tive — but when he noted also the dark sash of Far-
quaharson's window indicativeness assumed a more sinis-
ter emphasis. It was reasonable to infer that unlighted
rooms were unoccupied rooms and conversely, it was
ominously significant that the wide window of his wife's
bedroom gave the single frame of illumination that broke
the darkness of the four walls.
For a better survey, he retreated to a bit of high
294 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
ground at the right of the house which afforded a nar-
row glimpse into Conscience's room, though at an un-
satisfactory range.
From this natural watch-tower he could make out the
seated figure of his wife at her desk and from time
to time she turned her head, as one might, who speaks
to, or listens to, a companion within the same walls,
though out of sight of a man who commands a cir-
cumscribed field of vision. Shortly he left that position
and lurked for a time among the flowers and shrubbery
that lined the stone wall of the yard.
From here he saw Conscience move into the zone of
light framed by the window. Her hair had been
loosened from its coils and fell in a heavy cascade of
darkness over shoulders that were bare.
She seemed to wear a dainty neglig^ of ribboned silk,
and as he watched she began slowly braiding her hair
into two dusky ropes. After a little time she disap-
peared again from view.
The lunatic, now thoroughly frenzied, and imbued
with the phantasy of suspicion, went back again to the
higher ground and, after a time, saw her open the door
of her room and disappear into the hall. That hall
was the road that led to Stuart Farquaharson's room
— and perdition!
Once more he, too, went to the rear of the house.
There lay the best chance of viewing the next and most
ominous scene of this drama of infamy and unfaithful*
ness.
But the hall at that angle was dark and told him
nothing. Something else however told him everything
— at least he so believed. The window of Stuart Far-
quaharson's room was no longer black but a frame of
light.
Eben stood for a space with breath that came in
hurried and panting excitement while the madness
mounted in his veins and burned fiercely in his eyes.
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 296
Then, against the illuminated background he saw
Stuart, the man whom God meant him to kill.
He was wrapped in a bathrobe and was calmly rais-
ing a match to his pipe-bowl.
The averted face was looking, Eben bitterly told him-
self, at the door which he could not see ; was watching
it open to admit Conscience Tollman.
Now was the appointed time! Now were the judg-
ments loosened ! Hastening his steps into an awkward
trot, Tollman went around to the front door, his fingers
trembling so that he had to stop and make an effort at
calming himself before he could manage the key in the
lock.
When at last it was fitted and stealthily turned with
an attempt at noiselessness, the door refused to yield*
That, he told himself furiously, he might have expected.
For all their seeming sense of security they had reen-
forced it by shooting the bolt on the inside so that no
one could enter without sending an alarm ahead of his
coming. It was only one proof more of guilty conceal-
ment within. But it was far past time for needing such
corroboration. He had seen enough and the problem
raised by the present discovery was quite another. He
went about the place trying side doors and windows, but
everywhere his house was closed against him — and that
meant a complete revision of plan, and the relinquish-
ment of the tremendous force of climax to be gained
by slipping in unannounced and holding over con-
founded evil-doers the irrefutable proof of demonstra-
tion.
He must knock on his door, and give them time to
slip back into their disguise of hypocrisy. It meant
that, in the principal feature, his whole carefully laid
plan had failed, but at least now he kne^ the truth and
was ready to let the avenging bolt fall. They would
meet him with smiles of innocence: they with sinful
kisses yet warm on their lips. They, fresh from their
296 THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
interrupted love, would talk casuaDy. Very well, for a
little while yet he could smile and be casual, too, meet-
ing their guile with counter dissembling — until he was
ready.
• •••••••
If Stuart Farquaharson had been sitting most of that
evening in a darkened roojn, it was because his misery
was so great that the light seemed to make clearer the
wretchedness of his future. For a time he had tried
to read; even to write, but that was before Eben had
come. In all those efforts he had failed and now for
more than an hour he had been gazing dejectedly out
of the window, listening to the wind as it buffeted itself
out and died in an exhausted moaning among the pines.
He had heard the wailing of the harbor sirens but his
eyes had been unseeing — at least unrecognizing.
And Conscience had been writing the letter which she
meant to leave under the door of Stuart's room. He
would find it there in the morning, and when he said
good-by, he would understand the things which she had
left unsaid before they parted in the hall.
She had gone and left the letter at the door: had
even listened there a moment, unknown to the room's
occupant, and it was that crossing of her threshold
which her husband saw.
Then Stuart had switched on his light, and thrown
off his clothes. If he seemed calm as he lighted his
pipe, it was a calm of spent emotion, and not the com-
placency of a man who awaits a tryst.
Through the stillness of the house the hammering of
the brass knocker sounded loudly. Stuart Farquahar-
son in his room and Conscience in hers, both heard it,
with a sense of astonishment. The man opened his door
and hurried to the stairhead, where he found Conscience,
arrived in advance of him.
But as he had crossed his threshold Farquaharson
had seen an envelope lying in the light that flooded
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 297
through, and he recognized Conscience's hand in the
address as he picked it up. Remembering what she had
said about writing to him he was not surprised, and
wishing to save the missive until he should be alone
again, he thrust it into the pocket of his bath robe.
" I wonder who it can be — on such a night? " mur-
mured the woman, and the man suggested :
" Perhaps you had better let me investigate. I
imagine some motorist has come to grief in the storm."
When he threw open the door, Eben Tollman stepped
in.
The elder man stood for a moment glancing from
his guest to his wife, and in that instant of scrutiny
whatever of the inquisitorial might have lurked in his
eyes left them for a bland suavity. Conscience had
hastened forward and her lips were smiling. Farqua-
harson's eyes dared to meet his own with a level straight-
forwardness.
But Tollman read into both the smile and the
straight-gazing eyes a hypocrisy which superlatively
embittered the blood in his veins.
Conscience was standing before him with the exquisite
clarity of her complexion unclouded; with the dark
pools of her eyes unvexed by the weight of hideous per-
fidy that should be stifling her heart.
This capping off of infamy with an angelic pretext
of innocence was the supreme insult not only to Eben
Tollman, outraged husband and man, but to the
Righteousness he served, the Righteousness which he
now seemed to hear calling trumpet-tongued for the
reprisal which was at hand.
"What in the world has happened to you?'' he
heard his wife exclaiming in an astonished voice, and he
laughed as he responded :
" I came back. Haven't you a kiss for me, my
dear? " Then when she raised her lips to his an inner
voice, which spoke only madness, whispered viciously,
«98 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
^^The Judas woman! The unspeakable infamy!"
He explained that he had missed his train, and that
when he telephoned to Boston, he learned that the mat-
ter could after all be deferred. A man from Chicago
had also failed to arrive.
" But the train has been in for hours,** Farquahar-
son reminded him with a puzzled tinge in his voice. ^^ It
can't have taken you this long to drive from Tanner."
** No, I didn't drive. The idea struck me of getting
off at West Tanner and walking over. The old mare
went lame and I didn't want to give her any more work
to-night • • • Then the storm broke and I took refuge
in an empty ice-house."
Conscience said suddenly: "But, Eben, you are
soaked — and if you've been wandering about like that,
you can't have had any supper."
" No," he shook his head. " I haven't and I'm starv-
ing."
Including them both, he suggested with a frank seem-
ing of pleasure. " However, I'm glad to be back. Did
I wake you both up? You seem to have made a short
evening of it."
" I haven't been asleep," answered Stuart, and Con-
science added : " Nor I."
"I noticed," went on the husband evenly, "that
the lower floor was dark, as I came up . . . your
window, too, Stuart, when I first saw it."
"You must have come very slowly," replied the
younger man with a calmness that struck the other
as the acme of effrontery. " My light has been burn-
ing for ten minutes • . . but I don't make out how you
saw my window if you came from the front of the
house."
Eben winced a little, but his smile only became more
urbane.
" Quite true, my boy. You see I tried my latch key
first, and finding the house dark, I sought to avoid dis-
800 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
Wlule he was absoit. Conscience tamed to the man
in the bath robe. A smile half of amusement and half
of self-accusation tilted the comers of her lips.
"You see," she said thouj^tfully, "!'« just let
myself tbinlt of him as elderly until, to roe, he's become
elderly. Yet to-nigfat he's younger than either of us,
isn't he? "
" To-ni^t neither one of us is very young, dear,"
he replied with a wry smile.
In the pantry Eben Tollman poured three passes of
Madeira, and placed them on a tray carefully noting
their relative positions. With 6nger8 that trembled
violently for a moment Eben grew as abruptly steady ;
he drew from his waistcoat pocket a small envelope such
as druggists use, and into two of the glasses he divided
its supply of small tablets.
** Ebbett said they were tasteless and readily solu-
ble," be reminded himself. ** And that the amount
should be enough for a dog or a man."
Then he patted his breast pocket, where lay an en-
velope yellowed with age, bearing the legend ** S. F. &
C. W."
Of that he meant also to make use later.
t
^
»
CHAPTER XXXII
THE living-room held a glow of mellow light,
but as Eben returned with the three brim-
ming glasses, Conscience touched a button
which darkened the wall sconces and left only the large
lamp on the table, where she had placed her tray.
^^ Inasmuch as two members of this party are more
or less gauzily appareled," she suggested, ^^ it doesn't
seem to be necessary to make an illumination of it."
Tollman, with a seeming of absent-mindedness set
down his light burden on a small side table, somewhat
remote, but it was with no want of certainty that he
marked the relative positions of its contents. One
glass was alone at the edge of the silver platter. Two
others were closer together at the center.
Now he came over, empty-handed, and as he regarded
the larger tray of food, he rubbed his palms appreci-
atively with a convincing relish.
** You have prepared a feast for the traveler on very
short notice," he smilingly attested while inwardly and
more grimly he added in apposition — ^^ * a table in the
presence of mine enemies ! ' "
His wife modestly disclaimed credit. " You are easy
to please, Eben. There's only beef sandwiches and
fruit and a little cake. Would you like me to make you
some coffee? "
Eben raised his hand with a gesture of refusal.
"No, indeed, I am more than satisfied — unless you
want it yourself."
But she shook her head. " It would keep me awake.
I haven't been sleeping well of late." This announce-
ment of insomnia — twin sister to a troubled conscience,
301
802 THE TYRANNY OR WEAKNESS
he thought — was a somewhat bold sldrtiiig of admis-
sion, but his words were reassuring.
'^The Madeira is well timed then. A ^ass before
bedtime should be soothing." StiU standing, he bit
into one of the beef sandwiches, and observed with an
approach to the whimsy of gayety : ** I've never been
quite clear in my own mind as to what was meant by the
stalled ox of scriptural fame and I've always subscribed
to the text * better a dinner of herbs where love is ' —
but I'm bound to say, it's very gratifying to have the
stalled ox and the love as well."
For Farquaharson his air of celebration held an
irony which accentuated his own exclusion and made
participation difficult. He was the exile at the feast.
Eben who, alone of the three, had not seated himself
wandered about with the restless volubility of a peripa-
tetic philosopher, though his humor was genial beyond
its custom. At last with the air of one too engaged
with his own conversation to heed detaQs of coiirtesy
he took up his glass and sipped from it thoughtfully.
" Even if this is my own wine," he commented, ** I
can't withhold commendation. I sometimes think that
only the very abstemious man can truly appreciate a
good vintage. For him it is an undulled pleasure of the
palate."
Stuart Farquaharson at last found it possible to
laugh.
" I for one can't dispute the statement," he con-
fessed. "I haven't tasted it yet — though I under-
stood that both Conscience and I were invited."
" A thousand pardons ! " exclaimed the host, shame-
facedly. " I am a poor sort of Ganymede — drinking
alone and leaving my guests unserved ! "
He set down his own glass, and with tardy solicitude
proffered to them the remaining two.
" Here's to the homecoming," he proposed with a
jauntiness which sat upon him like foreign raiment as
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 808
he took up his own wine again and Stuart, with a do-
lorous smile, suggested: ** Why not include me in the
toast, EbenP The arrival — and the departure."
" Ah," demurred the elder man easily. " But that's
not to be celebrated, my boy. For us that is a misfor-
tune."
The two men emptied and put down their glasses —
and lighted cigars while Conscience sat thoughtfully,
making slower work of her Madeira.
^' And now shall we have a little music? " inquired the
husb9.nd, while the younger man's face darkened, and
Conscience said rather hastily :
" Not this evening, please, Eben. We've rather over-
worked the phonograph of late."
" Not even * The Beautiful Night of Love ' ? " The
inquiry held an insistent shade of regret.
But Eben, as his glance went shiftily to the face of
the clock, was as steady and as cool as one may become
under the temporary keying of a repressed and brain-
wrecking excitement. To this inflexible composure
he must hold until a certain moment arrived, and he
must time himself to its coming with a perfection of
nicety.
^' At last, Eben," Farquaharson testified when a brief
silence had fallen on the trio, ^^I am ready to praise
your wine. I feel the glow in my veins and the glow
is insidiously grateful."
^ I was just thinking so, too," agreed Conscience.
^ It takes only a taste to go to my head." She was
still holding between her fingers the stem of a glass
half -full. " I was very tired and already I feel won-
derfully restored."
Indeed the shadow had left her eyes and in them was
a quiet glow as she smiled upon her husband whose
nerves were as tautly strung as those of a sprinter
crouched upon his mark and straining to be away at the
pistol's crack. ^VThe traitoress has the infamy to
S04 THE TYRANNY OP WEAKNESS
smile at me — whom ahe has betrayed," was the thought
in his heart. ** It will soon be time ! "
These final minutes of necessary waiting and dis-
sembling were the most unendurable of all — this dam-
ming back of a madman's thirst for vengeance. Eb-
bett had said that there is a prefatory period of ex-
citation followed shortly by languor. They must
realize their fate, otherwise pimishment would be empty, j
but when he should launch his bolt, the power of the
drug must have laid upon them both the be^nnings j
of helplessness : the weight of its inertia. Now he said, ■
acknowledging the praise of his wine:
*' The glow comes first, and then the sedative influence
— like the touch of velvet."
" You are almost poetic to-night, Eben," smiled j-
Conscience, and he laughed. But abruptly he shivered, '
and became prosaic again. j
** It seems chilly to me here — Perhaps Pve taken f
cold. The day was hot enough, heaven knows, but the i
nig^t has turned raw — Do you mind if I light the \
fireP" i
Receiving permission, Eben turned his back and J
stooped to touch a match to the logs on the hearth. In ;
a moment the flames were leaping and the man who bad \
straightened up stood for a brief space watching them
spread and broaden.
It was while he was so engaged that Conscience
raised her hand and held out her glass, still not quite ■
emptied, for Stuart to set down. She did so silently r
and the man rose from his chair and took it from her, i
but in the simple operation their fingers met and a
sudden surging of emotions came to each in the moment
of contact.
Without a word, save as his lips formed mutely the
two syllables — " To you " — Stuart lifted the glass to-
ward her and then drained it.
Then as be replaced it together with his own on the
/
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 805
table Eben Tollman turned, and noted, with satisfac-
tion, the emptiness of the miniature goblets.
The light of animation had died slowly from the dark
eyes of the woman, until to the watching husband they
seemed inky pools of languor. The leaping flames held
her attention and her lips were parted in an inscrutable
half -smile. Already her thoughts were becoming pleas-
antly languid, dwelling on such inconsequential things
as how blue the water had been — and that after all to-
morrow does not come — until to-morrow.
Shadows leaped and danced fantastically against the
color of the crackling logs and in her hair shimmered
a glow that ranged between the glint of darkened ma-
hogany and jet. It was of this that Stuart thought, as,
for a half hour, they listened to Tollman's talk, con-
tent with brief replies or none at all. Some magic had
lulled him, too, into a quietened mood from which had
been smoothed the saw-edged raggedness of despair.
With a vague wonderment he recognized this metamor-
phosis. No such soothing potency lay in any wine ever
pressed from the grapes of Funchal; but it was inex-
plicably pleasant, and surrender grew beyond any
power of its questioning or combatting. Gradually,
agreeably the two of them were sinking below the
surface of consciousness. Soon they would be sub-
merged.
Then in a moment of partial realization. Conscience
said : ^^ I think I had better go upstairs. I was almost
napping in my chair." But she made no actual effort
to move and her husband raised a smiling demurrer to
the suggestion.
" It would be a pity to go just now. The fire has
only begun to be cheerful and as for myself I am still
chiUy.''
It was unaccountably pleasant there, with this
strange, almost magical blurring of realities into a
velvety ease • • . with visions of blue water and con-
808 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
Then a sudden doubt assailed hinu Were they, after
all, dead?
He came to his feet, moying with the spasmodic
jefkiness of his condition, but with all the augmented
strength of a madman's power.
To his crazed investigation their wrists betrayed no
pulse and their lips, no breath. Then they were dead!
With an inarticulate exclamation, like the oath of a
man devoid of speech, he ripped the sheer and ribboned
silk from his wife's breast, as savagely as though he
were tearing the flesh itself, and laid his hand upon the
bared bosom. There, too, was the unfluttering stillness
of a lifeless heart.
Then straightening up, he gazed down on her, loath-
ing all the beauty which had once allured him and which
now dedicated itself, in death, to the benediction of a
smile turned toward her lover.
Already mad, his lunacy became a perversion of
deviltry. He lifted the unstirring body and posed it in
a relaxed attitude of ease upon the broad couch that
stood at one side of the hearth. Back of the bared
shoulders, he heaped cushions, so that she seemed the
voluptuous figure of a woman who abandons herself to
as irresponsible a gratification of sense as a purring
tigress. The fire, playing on the ivory of her cheeks
and the bosom more softly white than the cheeks, seemed
to awaken a ghost of flickering mockery about her smil-
ing lips.
Then, drawing upon his unwonted strength of the
hour, Eben Tollman moved the other figure until what
had been Stuart Farquaharson sat beside what had been
Conscience Tollman in lover-like proximity.
As he staged this ghastly pantomime, he gloated
wildly. That was the scene which a bolted door had
prevented him from surprising! That was the inex-
pressible and iniquitous devotion which they had hidden
in innocent smiles! Their eyes were closed, but each
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 809
face was turned toward the other, and in death the
woman's seemed to take on a deeper tenderness.
Tollman lifted one of her arms, from which the
drapery fell back, and laid it across the shoulder of the
man at her side, and about him the world rocked in the
quake of mania.
He stood off and contemplated them from a greater
distance — and having, in his madman's saturnalia,
burned out even the augmented forces of his fever, a
feeling of weakness overcame him. Then it was that
his eyes caught the corner of an envelope protruding
from the pocket of Stuart Farquaharson's bath robe.
Hurriedly he tore it out and ripped off the end. It
was in Conscience's hand — doubtless another proof of
iniquity.
But as he read, the fires of his brain were swept back,
under the quenching force of undeniable conviction.
This letter had not been meant for his eyes. It could
hold no motive of deceiving him.
Only treatment in confinement could ever again set
up the fallen and shattered sanity of this man, but like
rents in a curtain there came to him flashes of the
rational. They came fitfully under the tremendously
sobering effect of what he read. What Stuart Far-
quaharson had never read.
" It was my fault. ... I have been absolutely true
to him in act • • • but perhaps • • • I could • . .
have been true in a larger sense. I have been thinking
of his great generosity and of what unfaltering trust
he has in me ... he has always been above jealousy.
We know that there has been no taint of guilt. Even
now I think I have a fighting chance of winning. If I
have I owe it to you. . . ." These words spelled out a
document which could not be doubted, which even the
perversion of a jealousy gone mad could no longer
doubt.
He, Eben Tollman, the righteous, had built the whole
SIO THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
horrible structure of abomination — out of jealous fab-
rications! He had made the hideous mistake and
capped it with murder !
A nausea of brain and soul swept him. Then again
the half-sane interval darkened luridly into hallucina-
tion, but now it was a new hallucination.
The figure of the woman on the couch seemed to move.
Instead of the filmy draperies torn by his own hand,
she wore the habiliments of poverty and looked at him
out of a face of plebeian prettiness ; a face of dimly con-
fused features. The apparition rose and stood waver-
ingly upright. " You murdered me, too ! " it said in a
voice of vague simplicity. Eben Tollman tried to
scream and could not.
He covered his eyes with his palms, but failed to shut
out the image because it lay deeper than the retina's
curtain.
** I'm one of the others you murdered," went on the
voice. " I'm Minnie Ray."
Tollman straightened suddenly up. The vagary had
passed — but on the couch the two immovable figures
remained.
Tollman had never been a handsome man, but his face
and carriage had held a certain stiff semblance of dig-
nity. Now his cheeks flamed with the temperature
which must, without the immediate administration of a
powerful sedative, bum out his life with its crisping
and charring virulence. His eyes were no longer hu-
man, but transformed into that kinship with those of
wild beasts or red embers that comes with acute mania.
As the shadows wavered in the room which he had
made a place of murder, there rose out of them taunting,
accusing figures. He seemed to see Hagan, the detec-
tive, grotesquely converted into an executioner clad in
red and Sam Haymond launching against him the
anathema of the Church. There were shapes of strange
things neither human, animal nor reptile = — but wholly
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 811
monstrous — emerging greedily from filthy lairs and
creeping toward him with sinuous movements through a
sea of slime.
For the furies that haunted Orestes, because of his
classic crime, had come back to pursue Eben Tollman.
He laughed as maniacs laugh and screamed as mani-
acs scream, until the strange medley of insensate sounds
went rocketing and skittering through the house and
came back in echo, as the retort of the furies.
One human sense was left: the sense of flight: the
impulse to leave the place where Death held dominion
and Death's avengers came in unclean and rapacious
hordes.
Turning, he fled with a speed bom of his dementia,
hurling himself through the door with a crash of shat-
tered glass and a trail of incoherent ravings.
Without sense of direction or objective he raced
here and there, doubling like a frightened rabbit, tak-
ing no account of paths or obstructions, seeing nothing
but hordes of pursuing furies urged on by a parson
and a hangman who led the chase.
The storm had begun anew, and out here in the dark-
ness the cannonading of thunder and wind swelled the
chorus of pursuit. When the refugee fell, he clawed
and bit at the vines which had tripped him, in a fancied
battle of Laocoon, until at last he saw the coolness of
water ahead of him, and, dashing down the slope, hurled
himself, shrieking, into its stillness.
There his outcry ended. His spread fingers clutched
at a liquid emptiness and his fevered eyes showed once
or twice briefly — and were quenched.
CHAPTER XXXm
TIE logs on the hearth leaped and crackled,
spurting tongues of blue flame, and after they
had roared up to their fullest they slowly sub-
sided, until the shadows about the walls spread and
encroached from their corners toward the center of the
room. The polish of furniture and the bright angles
of silver and bric-k-brac stood out with diminishing
high-lights. Hour by hour and minute by minute the
faces of two unmoving figures seated on a low and
heavily cushioned couch grew less clear and merged into
the growing darkness.
Then the logs glowed only as embers against their
bed of white ashes and the table lamp burned on in
single steadfastness.
Silence held the place, abandoned now by the furies,
to the smile on two unstirring faces. The gray of the
east had begun to brighten into the rose that comes
ahead of the sun, when slowly, as if struggling under
a weight of pyramids the heavy lids of one of the faces
fluttered. They fluttered with no recognition as yet
of the difference between death and life, realizing only
the burden of an immeasurable inertia.
Almost imperceptibly the currents of submerged
vitality began to steal back into the veins of Conscience
Tollman.
For ages she seemed struggling through the heavy
shades of coma, and even after she was able to see her
surroundings, it was without a realization of thdr sig^
nificance.
She sat studying with an impersonal gaze the quiet
figure at her side, looking even at her own hand resting
312
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 813
upon its shoulder with the same absence of interest that
she might have felt for another hand and another
shoulder.
But about the time that the sun came over the east-
ern skyline, dissipating the mistiness of dawn into the
birth of a new day, she crossed the line between the
palpable and impalpable, and her brain began to
awaken to the need of battle with this lethargy.
The unmoving figure at her side was no longer sim-
ply an object upon which her eyes dwelt without recog-
nition, but the man she loved and was sending away,
and the hand which rested on his shoulder must no
longer He there idle.
Then with all its complicated features of phenomena,
the bewilderment of the situation burst on her, and she
struggled to her feet, reeling under the assaults of
dizziness and weakness and wonderment.
How had they come to be sitting there in that unac-
countable fashion together and alone, while the first
brightness of morning stole in at the French windows
and the lamp burned on with its sickly mingling of day
and night and the fresh breeze swept in through a
broken and flapping door?
Where was Eben?
Conscience raised her voice — still weak from the
drug — and called wildly, but there was little sound
and no answer. Undefined but strong, the realization
struck in upon her that tragedy in some monstrous
shape had entered the place and left its impress.
She stood, still groping with amazement, and her
hands rose with a fumbling uncertainty until the touch
of their fingers fell upon the bosom from which the
drapery had been torn, and instinctively gathered it
again over her breast and throat.
But whatever the riddle might portend it could await
construction. One primary fact proclaimed itself in
terms so clear and unmistakable that all else was lost.
814 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
Stuart seemed lifeless. She herself had the feeling
of one who had been tangled in the fringes of death:
who had struggled out of the meshes of a fatal web.
He had saved her, when she was too weak to fight —
it all seemed very long ago. • • • She loved him. • •
She must save him now.
She knelt at his side, chafing his wrists and trying
his heart with ear and touch — her eyes wide with
almost hopeless forebodings.
At last she rose and pressed her hands tight to her
throbbing temples.
*^ Thank God," she whispered, for a faint flutter of
life had rewarded her investigation. In a bewildered
voice she murmured: ^ I must think. I must remem*
ber ! We were all sitting here — we were talking."
Again she called, feebly at first, then with a growing
strength, for her husband, and when no answer came
except the echo of her own voice, she left the room and
wait gropin^y, supporting herself against furniture
and wall, to the telephone — but the telephone, too,
was dead. Tlie storm had done that.
Confused now with a torrent of alarms and a sense
of futility, she came back to the man whose life seemed
so tenuously suspoided, having no plan beyond a Val-
kyrie passion of resolution to bring him back from the
border of death by the sheer force of invincible wilL
She succeeded, after many attempts, in shifting him
from his sitting posture to a greater ease. Between
his still lips she forced brandy.
After ages of suspense and vigil, with his head on
her lap and her fingers wildly working at his wrists,
she vacillated terribly betweoi the hope that life was
returning and the fear that it was waning. After
other ages she saw his lids flicker almost imperceptibly
and then, when anxiety had taken a heavy toll, his eyes
looked up in uncomprehending life. Conscience bent
her face dose to his and there was breath on his lips
THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS 816
and nostrils. Eben had been a Machiavelli in spirit
only. In effect he had bungled.
• • • • . • •'•
Mystery still hung over the house of Eben Tollman
an hour or two later, but the two figures that had sat
with the quietness of unaccomplished death were again
sensate and restored to full consciousness.
Conscience had been able to go to her own room,
and Stuart, now dressed, came slowly and as yet some-
what haltingly down the stairs, holding carefully to
the rail. He was setting out to search for Eben Toll-
man, and to call in medical help. But in the hall he
paused, and then, turning on impulse, went slowly into
the living-room.
There he stood looking about as a man who has
dropped from his own planet to one wholly unfamiliar
may seek to take his bearings.
His eyes fell as he paused on two patches of white
which showed against the dark richness of the rugs and
laboriously he picked them up. One was a yellow en-
velope inscribed " S. F & C. W."
As a sudden blow may bring back a lost identity to
the victim of amnesia the discovery electrified the man
and he straightened into an abrupt erectness. His fea-
tures lost their sleep-walking indefiniteness and his jaw
stiffened.
As the significance of his discovery dawned on him, a
pallor quite separate from that of his condition came
over his face and a murder light broke in his eyes.
He would go on with his search for Eben, but when he
found him now — ! He wheeled suddenly and began
looking at the table, and across the confused screen of
his brain jQashed a complete picture and an understand-
ing.
Then he studied the other and smaller envelope —
and recognized it as the one which Dr. Ebbett had given
Eben Tollman when they talked of a merciful release
S16 THE TYRANNY OF WEAKNESS
for the dog that had outlived his enjoyment of life.
" I don't believe I'll ever find him — alive," he said
very slowly, under his breath ; " I think I understand."
Then after a moment of grave reflection he added :
"I don't see why she need know it all," and he
dropped the two letters and the small envelope upon the
dead logs and touched a match to their edges. Then
he carried three wine glasses out to the pantry, and
carefully washed them, pouring again a few drops of
clear wine, like residue, into their bottoms. *^ Coroners
are inquisitve," he told himself musingly.
After that he opened the door and went out into
the morning, which, succeeding the storm, was a morn-
ing of sunlight.
7DHS END
his. '-
1
\i
| tyrannyweakness00buckgoog | OL6600229M | OL7539896W | 318 | 1,917 |
zh | N/A | N/A | **■岳川谈文化**
**文化自觉与文化创新**
**·文/王岳川**
**王岳川**
北京大学中文系教
授、博士生导师，享受
国务院特殊津贴专家，
北京大学书法艺术研究所
所长，中国书法家协会理
事和教育委员会副主任，
北京书法院副院长，国际
书法家协会副主席，中国
作家协会会员，中国中外
文艺理论学会副会长，香
港中国文化研究院院长，
日本金泽大学客座教授，
澳门大学人文学院客座教
授，复旦大学等十所大学
双聘教授。
**当前，文化战役早已打响。文化的多样性必须通过持续不断的文化创新和文化输出才能保证，文化产业是保持文化创新和文化输出的重要方式，但文化产业不是目的，目的是中国文化对世界的有益贡献。**
**中国文化界必须有清醒的文化自觉**
**中国文化自觉与自信已经提出很长时间了，但是怎样才能达到文化自觉呢?**
**第一，文化自觉意味着对西方对中国文化的妖魔化加以肃清。我们要清醒地从历史的角度看中国形象如何被西方作家所想象、夸饰和曲解，探索“西方的中国观”和“中国的西方观”形成过程和规律，进而对其社会心理背景及深层文化结构进行分析和探讨，发现“中国形象”的位移和重建的可能性。**
**第二，文化自觉表现在重新发现中国文化的重要性或者关注中国文化复兴时，要注意西方现代性对东方文化的后殖民企图，应避免再次落人文化虚无主义和文化失败主义的泥潭，将自己的文化看成一团漆黑或一无是处。我主张历史性——-民族性——人类性，坚持文化自觉和文化自信，反对过激的民族主义和虚无主义，申张宽博的“世界主义”，坚持人类之“体”，世界之“用”。**
**第三，文化自觉还表现在不盲目认为经济崛起文化必然崛起。事实上，中国历史上有三次经济成为全球首富却遭受灭国之难：南宋时中国是 GDP 最高的国家，经济占了世界的三分之一。但是富**
**国不等于大国，大国不等于强国，强国不等于霸权之国。南宋的 GDP 虽然很高，但是被元朝灭亡了；明朝的GDP也很高，但是清朝人关又被灭了；康乾盛世以后中国的 GDP 又一度很高，但不久就被英国打败，并且是败仗不断。一个富国在丛林法则的狼群战术中是更危险的，一个真正击不败的民族，必定是精神强悍，而不是只有财富盈门。中国今天的文化软实力如果上升到国家的国策并落实到微观的战略实施中，中国的文化气象将在复兴之后而获更新。**
**第四，坚持文化自觉必须注重“大国软实力”，强调“中国文化创新”。“北京精神”提出“爱国、创新、包容、厚德”四条核心价值，值得称道，这其中无疑包蕴着“中国精神”的核心价值。两千多年前的《大学》开篇提出三大纲领：：“大学之道：在明明德、在亲民、在止于至善”。其中“明德”与“厚德”一脉相承，“ _“亲_ 民”与“创新”内在相关，而“止于至善”与“爱国”精神相连。这使我们所关注的中国传统文化“核心价值”的传承找到了历史依据，为“中国精神”的提出拓展了广阔的文化空间。**
**作为大国的中国文化不应再亦步亦走趋地追逐西方潮流，而应花大力气切实做好翻译中国经典，输出中国文化著作的迫切工作，吸引西方思想家对中国文化的更多关注，冷静思考人类的未来是否可以将东西方文化中精神相通的要素整合起来，相互理解消除文化误读，发现差异性文化之间的心灵相似性。**
**我认为东方的和平文化精神可以遏制西方的战争精神。在人类遭遇生态失衡的海啸以及地缘战争威胁的今天，作为东方大国应该深思，中国文化应该怎样创新并持之以恒地输出!东方应在制度和文化方面对处于现代性弊端中的西方有新的启迪!从现在开始，中国人更应该站在人类思想的制高点上来思考人类未来走向，中国文化创新和超越应该成为新世纪的人类文化精神坐标。**
**文化身份厘定是文化创新的前提**
**文化具有三个重要维度，即思想文化、艺术文化和实用文化。思想文化主要体现在儒道释三家。艺术文化主要是蕴含在各种艺术形态中的精神超越维度。实用文化则包括饮食、服装、民俗、节日等各个方面的文化范式。应该说，中国文化最重要的精神命脉是思想文化。中国文化中儒家文化、道家文化、佛家文化分别形成中国思想文化的三个维度。儒家强调的是“和谐之境”，道家强调的是“妙道之境”，佛家强调的是“圆融之境”。和谐、妙道、圆融之境成为三家的最高境界。文化精神境界关涉到中国人的思维方式和中国人的行为模式，关系到生生不息的中国文化精神的未来走向。**
**中国文化的当代身份仍然是一个值得追问的问题，而绝非一个自明的问题。在这个强调文化身份的时代，民族指纹和血脉的保存意义何在?东方文化精神的发现与中西文化互动在全球化时代真的可能?知识分子在消费主义时代究竟应该有怎样的价值担当?有怎样的文化精神生态平衡蓝图?难道历史上有价值的精神之思，都将被时间逝水渐推渐远而终归于无?**
**文化身份的重新确立有赖于知识分子群体的自我反省。知识分子作为社会的良知和公正者应为弱势群体发言，即使面对国际重大的话语权力和政治势力也不能涂抹自己的立场。面对后殖民时代，批判是学术发展的生命，但是如果**
**批判仅仅是将知识消解为零散的碎片，仅仅不断复制自身的“批判话语”，而无视问题本身的深度和广度，就难以出现人类知识的新增长。知识分子是文化身份的命名者，而不可能跻身为“沉默的大多数”。知识分子必须是对现实问题的先行见到和预先警示者，这种清醒的责任意识和所怀有的德性操持，决定了知识分子必定是负重独行的精神行者。在这个意义上可以说，身份和立场已然成为经济崛起后的知识分子尤其是文学知识分子价值重估的人本地基。**
**传统文化只有不断成为新的文化传统，才能使文化传承流布。文化价值主要功能是表达心灵境界和精神价值的追求，反映生命时代本质特性和走向未来之境的可能性。传统思想对当代思想是一种规范和砥砺，而当代文化思想定位则是对传统文化精神的审视和选择的-种深化。文化正是在选择和再生中不断提高选择主体——现代人的文化素质。**
**没有价值立场，创新就会踩空，就会丧失深度。当代中国学术界和文化界有三种立场，一是对西方仰视，即全盘西化、无限憧憬；二是对西方鄙视和俯视，甚至坚决打倒；三是与西方平视对话，这是当代中国学者的中国立场的凸显。没有立场的思考，就是在犯错误，就是纵容我们的文化资源流失，是消耗了一代知识精英美好的思考前途和时间。如果一代中国学者只是模仿西方，没有自己的立场和身份，那么在学术谱系中将没有创造性思想能传承下去，没有任何东西能证明自己曾经超越这个时代去思考，其实是很悲哀的事情。**
**本世纪中国学者要承担起真正思考中国问题的使命，去思考中国文化的世界化。不仅中国学者，世界学者也会正视这个问题。在我与西方教授们的对话中，发现他们比中国学者更加具有创新斤意识，对于东方文明的信心也更强烈，他们提出儒学必须要后现代，而且儒学根本不应管西方现代性的模式。东西方**
**学者对后现代理解不太一样，许多西方学者可能受了建设性的后现代宗教的影响，而我们只是据此提出入思的权利-作为边缘、弱势群体思考并言说的合法性。这个最起码的“合法性”问题对中国而言却是如此重要和艰难。**
**中国身份和立场的重新确立意味着，研究世界问题必须从中国具体的文化场景出发，去分析介绍翻译西学，最终是从中国人的立场的翻译，文化过滤和文化透视非常必要。在我看来，中国立场是每个中国学者自己去思考的立场。在介绍、挪用了很长一段时间以后，我们完全可以提出自己的问题，让中国的问题不仅是自己的，也变成引起他者思考的东西。**
**提出中国身份和立场的同时，必须将其落实为中国文化输出。文化输出首先是对强势的西方表明东方不可遗忘，所以我们应该给边缘和弱势群体发声的机会。中国学者大都会说英语，但少有人会说柬埔寨语或古巴语，归根结底，他们的身份在我们眼中同样是边缘的。提倡中国文化输出并不是宣扬民族主义，今天的美国当然不会采用东方的生活方式，但多民族文化可以并存而不相害。中国作为一个东方大国，应该去思考如何让西方来尊重东方民游的文化。中国文化输出并非一朝一夕之功，中国文化思想也不会作为一个无所不包的体系或者放诸四海而皆准的真理，依靠背后强大无比的帝国向西方输出，而只是要将差异性显示给西方。西方文化中国化的进程已经推进了一个世纪，新世纪重要的工作是中国文化经验的世界化。**
**文化自觉与文化创新的提出，意味着中国学界思考了文化失败主义和文化自卑主义的弊端，进而清醒地认识到：文化定输赢，和谐救人类!在世界文化大转型的时代节点上，中国文化应该扬弃其僵化的元素，发扬其美丽的精神，创新人类新价值，为人类的幸福指数做出自己的贡献!今** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **66圆的认识”分段教学的思考与实践**
郑志霞 朱国平
**摘商要：**
通过对教材编排逻辑和学生认知逻辑分析，尝试对人教版六年级上册“圆的认识”进行分段教学，部分内容可以在三年级下册学习圆的相关内容时教学，帮助学生在学习“角的度量”““三角形”““旋转”等内容之前，初步掌握圆的特征。这对“圆的认识”教学内容重新规划、课堂实践和后续教学提出了新的要求。
关键词： 圆的认识；分段教学；内容规划；课堂实践
**一、缘起**
(教学人教版小学数学五年级下册《旋转》一课，教师出示图1。)
图1
师：①号三角形经过怎样的变化可以得到②号?
生：绕点B顺时针旋转90°
师：怎么知道旋转了90°?(学生上台指出两组线段。
生：点也旋转90° _厂_
(学生用三角形学具研究，选择一个点，画出点移动的轨迹。但部分学生对点移动的轨迹比较陌生，甚至不能理解。)
_师：_ (演示其中一点绕点B顺时针旋转360°)它是怎么旋转的?
(呈现旋转轨迹——圆。)
在此片段中，部分学生无法完全理解“点顺时针旋转90°”，对点的移动轨迹感到陌生，根本原因在于对旋转内涵的理解不到位，思维还停留在从整体观察的层面，对理解点和线的运动有一定困难。人教版教材将“圆的认识”编排在六年级上册，但学生在此之前学习的“角的度量”“三角形”““旋转”等内容与圆的特征联系紧密，如果学生能在学习这些知识之前掌握了圆的特征，对圆有一定的认识，并会用圆规画圆，教学时就能借助圆规画圆引导学生深入地探索点和线的运动情况，从而突破重难点。
因此，我们尝试对“圆的认识”进行分段教学，把教材六年级上册“圆的认识”内容分为两个部
分：：一部分为圆的初步认识和对称性，安排在三年级下学期教学，为后续知识的学习提供一定的认知基础；另一部分为圆的再认识、周长、面积和扇形等内容，安排在六年级上学期教学，系统地学习圆。
**二、““圆的认识”分段教学的可行性分析**
为了进一步探讨“圆的认识”分段教学的合理性，为后续教学提供依据，我们从教材和学生两方面进行分析，探寻将圆的初步认识和对称性相关内容分段学习的可行性。
(一)从教材编排分析
人教版教材六年级上册“圆的认识”单元主要有圆的认识、圆的周长、圆的面积和扇形四部分内容，小学阶段学生所要学习的有关圆的相关知识都编排在这个单元。但在实际教学中我们发现，“圆的认识”之前，教材编排的诸多学习内容都与圆的特征有关系。
1.圆与各领域知识的内在联系。
我们整理了“图形与几何”领域与圆的特征有密切关系的内容(如表1)。可以发现，如果学生掌握了圆的特征和圆规的正确使用方法，不仅可以突破这些教学内容的学习难点，而且能加深对这些内容的理解。
表1 “图形与几何”领域与圆的特征相关的内容
| **内容** | **相关领域** | **年级** | **涉及圆的知识** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **三角形的特性** | **图形的认识** | **四年级下册** | **圆是到定点距离相等的点集合** |
| **角的度量** | **图形的测量** | **四年级上册** | **圆的直径等分圆** |
| **轴对称** | **图形的运动** | **四年级下册** | **进一步认识圆的对称性** |
| **确定位置** | **图形与位置** | **六年级上册** | **圆是到定点距离相等的点集合、圆的域** |
| **图形的旋转** | **图形的运动** | **五年级下册** | **圆规画圆、半径、点线面的旋转** |
此外，在其他三个内容领域中，教材也多次借助“圆”这一素材展开教学，将人教版小学数学三年级上册至六年级上册教材相关内容编排情况进行整理(如表2)后可以发现，教材编排时
将圆的知识有机地融合在各个内容领域中，圆在不同的教学内容中都发挥了重要的作用。
_表2_ 借助圆展开教学的内容
| 内容 | 相关领域 | 年级 | 涉及圆的知识 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 分数的初步认识 | 数与代数 | 三年级上册 | 圆的半径、等分圆 |
| 真分数和 假分数 | 数与代数 | 五年级下册 | 圆的半径、等分圆 |
| 异分母分数加减法 | 数与代数 | 五年级下册 | 圆的直径、等分圆 |
| 分数乘法 | 数与代数 | 六年级上册 | 圆的直径、等分圆 |
| 可能性 | 统计与概率 | 五年级 上册 | 圆心、半径、扇形 |
| 植树问题 | 综合与实践 | 五年级上册 | 圆的封闭性 |
例如，人教版小学数学五年级下册《异分母分数加减法》一课中，教材把作为单位“1”的圆平均分成了20份，动态、直观地将六和一同时通分成分母是20的分数，再相加减，以数形结合的方式，帮助学生直观地理解算理、掌握算法；在五年级上册《植树问题》一课中，教材将池塘抽象成圆形并展开后，可以由圆的封闭性，发现它属于“只种一头”的情况。如果学生提前学习了圆的相关内容，就更容易突破上述难点，加深对知识本质的理解。
2.圆的特征及其分段教学的知识基础。
通过以上分析，我们认为将“圆的认识”中的一部分教学内容前移到三年级下学期是有必要的。圆是学生熟悉的平面图形，与其他平面图形有共性，但也有自身特有的属性。如果在三年级学习圆的有关知识，学生是否具备学习圆的知识基础呢?
首先，圆的特征有别于直线图形。学生在认识直线图形时，都是从边和角的维度去刻画这些图形的特征。例如，当学生学习了“平行与相交”这一内容之后，从对边的位置关系，可以将四边形分为平行四边形(两组对边分别平行)和梯形(只有一组对边平行)等；从邻边的位置关系，可以把长方形和正方形(邻边相互垂直，4个内角都是直角)视为平行四边形
的特殊情形。探究四边形的边的位置关系，需要以“平行与相交”这一内容作为认知基础，而圆是“将平面内一个动点以一定点为中心，以一定长度为距离旋转一周所形成的封闭曲线”，所以圆的学习无须讨论两直线位置关系，把“圆的认识”调整到“平行与相交”这一知识点之前是可行的。
其次，圆的对称性更具一般性。圆是轴对称图形，任何一条经过圆心的直线都是它的对称轴；圆也是中心对称图形，圆心是它的对称中心；圆还是旋转对称图形，将其绕圆心旋转任意角度，都能和自己完全重合。圆的对称性是学生认识圆的基础，找圆心、直径时都要运用圆的对称性。学生在二年级学习轴对称图形时，已经了解圆是轴对称图形，有无数条对称轴，具备进一步认识圆的知识基础。所以，将“圆的认识”调整到“轴对称”这一知识点之后教学是可行的。
(二)从学生认知分析
学生是学习的主体，全面了解学生真实的认知基础，切实关注学生真实的认知需求，才能使教学更高效。
1.分段学习“圆的认识”的认知基础。
一年级学生学习几何图形往往立足于生活经验，建立初步感知的过程。学生已有的生活经验较为零散，知道钟面、硬币、太阳、车轮等物体的轮廓是圆形的，知道圆形物体可以旋转、滚动，能够在各种形状的物体中区分出具有圆形特征的实物……这些经验和常识为学生学习几何图形提供了丰富的生活素材和认知基础。
到了二、三年级，几何学习不再停留在生活常识层面，而是建立在已有的几何知识和具体图形之上，基于直观操作，学生思维的抽象性逐步增强。学生在二年级下学期初步认识轴对称图形和平移、旋转现象，通过直观操作的方式感知圆有无数条对称轴及旋转不变性；在三年级上学期学习《长方形和正方形》单元，借助操作活动，学会从边和角两个角度去刻画平面图形的特征。因此，以活动体验、直观操作的形式来教学“圆的认识”部分内容，符合三年级学生的认知经验和学习能力。
2.分段学习“圆的认识”的认知需求。
几何学习的重要目标是积累活动经验，建立几何直观，发展空间观念，逐步发展推理能力。对学生来说，这些能力的发展并不是一蹴而就的，需要经历一个循序渐进的过程。就“圆”这一重要图形而言，学生在一年级初步认识圆，二年级掌握圆的对称性特征之后，直到六年级，才有机会深人地探究圆的特性，时间跨度较大，积累活动经验、建立几何直观的机会较少，平时的学习中用到“圆”这一学习材料的机会却又较多。因此，学生在三至六年级期间有进一步认识圆的心理需求。此外，学生在认识长方形、正方形、平行四边形和三角形时，自然而然地会对圆的相关特性产生强烈的求知欲。
综合以上分析，分段学习“圆的认识”有助于学生在学习其他内容时承上启下、融会贯通，体会知识间的内在联系，提升思维能力。学生强烈的认知需求也为分段学习提供了动力，认知基础则为分段学习提供了可行性。基于这两方面的分析，分段教学“圆的认识”，具有合理性和可操作性。
**三、“圆的认识”分段教学建议**
(一)单元知识点重新规划
重新规划后，我们将“圆的认识”这一内容分为两个部分教学，三年级下学期教学“圆的初步认识”，内容比较直观，主要通过动手操作，让学生在活动体验中初步感知圆的特征，认识圆及其要素：感性地认识圆心、半径和直径，了解半径和直径的关系，会用圆规画圆，感受圆的对称性；六年级上学期教学“圆的再认识”，学习内容更加抽象，让学生在观察、猜测、思辨的过程中进一步深化对圆的认识，学会用圆心和半径来刻画圆的特征，会用圆设计复杂的图形，探究“外方内圆”和“外圆内方”两个设计中直径与边长(对角线)之间的关系。
**(二))“圆的初步认识”课堂实践**
结合以上知识点的重新规划，以三年级学生为学习主体，重新对“圆的认识”进行教学设计和课堂实践。教学过程共分为三个环节，各环节
的目标和具体活动如表3所示。
表3 《圆的初步认识》教学环节与目标
| 环节 | 目标 | 具体活动 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 环节一：了解起点，初步感知 | 通过交流，了解学生对圆的认知起点。 | 1.你见过圆吗?2.知道圆的哪些知识? |
| 环节二：任务驱动，深入理解 | 借助多种材料，通过动手操作直观地认识圆心、半径和直径，通过画圆，体会圆的对称性。 | 1.想办法找到圆形材料(圆形纸片、硬币)的圆心；2.用圆画对称图形。 |
| 环节三：结合生活，适当延伸 | 结合生活实际，运用圆的特征解释生活现象，把抽象的本质具体化，深化概念内涵。 | 1.车轮为什么 通常设计成圆的?2.围成圆形吃火锅有什么好处?3.广场上观看表演时，为什么人们自 发地围成一个圆形? |
由于三年级学生的思维以具体形象思维为主，故本课主要以直观操作、活动体验的方式引导学生理解圆的特性、掌握画圆的方法、感受圆的对称性。例如，环节二中创设的两个学习任务，第一个任务：想办法找到圆形材料(圆形纸片、硬币)的圆心。通过动手操作，有学生发现将纸片对折两次，折痕的交点是圆心；也有学生发现对折一次，折痕的中点是圆心；还有学生发现在圆形纸片上画一个最大的正方形，对角线的交点是圆心。当把材料换成硬币(不能对折)时，学生自主探索出用两把尺子夹住硬币的方法，先找直径、再找圆心。学生通过找圆心的系列活动，发现直径与半径的关系便顺理成章了。第二个任务用圆画对称图形。学生在设计过程中充分发挥了各自的创意，不仅画出了圆与圆的组合图案，还画出了圆与正方形、三角形等组合的图案，在创造的过程中体验了圆的对称性。这样的活动对三年级学生而言，既有挑战性，又力所能及，探索的过程中，不仅收获了知识，还发展了审美意识，积累了丰富的活动经验。
_四、_ “圆的认识”分段教学效果例析
将“圆的认识”相关内容按以上规划分为两
个阶段分段教学，可以灵活地将圆的知识融入其他内容的学习中，为后续内容的教学提供了更大的变革空间，为学生思维能力的逐步提升提供了更好的契机。下面通过三个课例，探析“圆的认识”分段教学的效果。
(一)有助于学生理解相关知识的本质
初步了解圆的知识后，对进一步认识相关知识，如角的度量的本质有较大的帮助。人教版小学数学四年级上册第三单元《角的度量》一课在定义1°角时，把圆平均分成360份，其中1份所对应的角可以作为角的度量单位，大小是1°其实，两者的联系不仅仅在于1°角的由来，更深层次的联系存在于角的度量过程中，我们可以从“认识量角器”和“刻画角的大小”两个方面来感受“圆的认识”分段教学后对本节课的教学带来的影响。
1.认识量角器。
学生在认识圆之后，再来认识量角器，或者提供一个圆，让学生自己创造量角器，可以在量角器的中心点与圆心、刻度线与半径之间建立联系。有了圆的认知基础，更有助于加深学生对量角器构造的认识，并理解用量角器量角的方法，明白为什么要把角的顶点和量角器的中心点对齐，为什么要把角的一条边和0刻度线对齐。
2.刻画角的大小。
学生学习“角的大小”前，一般是用长度或面积来比较图形的大小，而角的大小是用两条边张开的大小来衡量的。因此，“圆的认识”分段教学后，可以将角的大小和长度建立联系。教学片段如下：
师：(提供材料量角器和透明圆形纸，出示图2)你能想办法量出L1、L2的大小吗?
图2
生：我们可以用量角器量。
**生：将角放在圆形纸片上，角的顶点放在圆**
心处，角的两条边与半径重合(出示图3)，两个角将圆划分出的两个区域大小不同。
图3
生：：两个角所对的弯曲的线(指圆弧)不一样长，所以L1大一些。
师： (指扇形)这两个区域的大小不同和什么有关?
**生：角的大小。**
师： (同一个圆中)这两条圆弧长短不同，也说明了什么?
**生：两个角的大小不同。**
这样，学生对角的大小的理解就不会被局限在两条边的张开程度上，还会从角所对的圆弧的长度来体会角的大小，其思维空间更加开阔了。从角的度量的角度来说，这两种方法其实是统一的，角的两条边张开的大小和同一个圆中圆心角所对的圆弧的长短是相互对应的。因此，先初步学习圆的知识，有助于学生建立角的大小的具体表征，使其更加深刻地理解角的度量。
(二)有助于学生建立知识结构
在三年级学习圆的初步知识，有助于学生将圆与三角形等知识联系起来，更好地建立知识结构。例如，人教版小学数学四年级下册第五单元《三角形》一课按角和边的特征将三角形进行了分类。按边的关系可以把三角形分为等腰三角形(含等边三角形)及其他三角形。等腰三角形与圆有一定的联系，我们可以借助圆的相关知识画出等腰三角形，使学生对三角形的认识更加全面、深刻。例如，设置任务：给出任意线段AB， 以AB为三角形的一条边，画出等腰三角形。
如图4，，可先以点A为圆心， AB为半径，画一个圆，再在圆上取任意一点C(除点B，外)，连接AC、BC形成等腰三角形；如图5，也可以分别以点4、点B为圆心，以大于AB的一半长为半径画圆弧，交于点C，连接 AC、BC，形成
等腰三角形。由此也容易想到利用圆来画等边三角形的画法。
_图4_ 图5
(三)有助于突破学习难点
人教版小学数学五年级下册第五单元《图形的运动》中学习的旋转相关内容与二年级时从整体的角度认识旋转现象不同，是从局部来研究点的运动、线的运动、图形的运动。整个图形的运动学生比较好理解，但细化到线的运动和点的运动时，往往学起来就比较困难了，这也是本节课的难点所在。圆的分段教学对这一难点的突破有推动作用。
当学生具备圆的认知基础后，除了可以将旋转的中心点与圆心、指针长度与半径、旋转一周后指针末端的运动轨迹与圆进行沟通，帮助学生建立数学模型，还可以用圆来刻画旋转后点的属性。
_师：_ (出示图6)①号三角形经过怎样的变化可以得到②号?
图6
生：绕点O顺时针旋转90°
师：怎么知道旋转了90°：
(学生指出两组线段。)
**师：除了看线段，还能找什么?**
**生：点。**
师： (出示点4、点B)旋转后，这两个点的对应点分别在什么位置?
生：我通过数格子找到了点A的对应点是点D。
生：我用圆规以点O为圆心、OB为半径画圆，找到了点B的对应点是点C。
师：你是怎么想到这个方法的?
**生：旋转前后OB 和OC的长度相等，可以O 为圆心、OB为半径画圆。**
(教师出示图7。)
图7
以往教学“旋转”时，一般是找一些特殊点(如点A)的对应点来呈现旋转前后的图形变化关系，找对应点的主要方法是数格子。但是，当学生具备了圆的认知基础后，就可以用圆规准确地找到任意一点(如点B)旋转后的对应点，这比单纯地找特殊点描述旋转更具一般性。因此，将“圆的认识”分段教学，有助于学生理解旋转后图形中的每个点都围绕旋转点旋转了相同的角度，每条边也都旋转了相同的角度，并且对旋转运动中点的运动轨迹有了直观感知和想象的基础，从而突破整体认知，从点和线的角度深人探究。
由此进一步，除了用圆规刻画旋转后点的位置，还可以用圆规画出旋转后的图形。如图8，画▲OAB绕点0顺时针旋转90°后的图形时，学生往往会画成②号图形。这是因为学生只在脑中笼统地凭直觉旋转了三角形，并没有从点和边的维度深入理解旋转的本质。学生学习了圆的相关知识后，他们就能够以旋转点○为圆心，以O4、OB为半径画圆，将O4、OB顺时针旋转90°后到OA、OB，从而画出每一个点、每一条边的旋转轨迹，突破“旋转”这一内容的理解难点。
图8
分段教学“圆的认识”后，知识点间的脉络更加清晰，联系更为紧密，为后续相关内容的教学奠基，使学生的学习任务更具挑战性，对知识内涵的理解更加深刻，思维空间也更加开阔。
在思考和实践“圆的认识”分段教学的过程中，也引发了我的再思考：首先，分段教学并不是简单地将知识点进行裁剪或拼接，需要综合考虑教学内容的结构和学生的认知起点、思维特征等因素，将符合学生认知基础的内容有机地融合进相应的教材，或合并在某一单元中，或独立形成一单元，实施时也要根据学情，选择合适的教学手段；其次，我们的教学要在熟悉教材编排及其意图的基础上，抓住教学内容的本质，创造性地开发和使用教材，从而根据教材内容的调整教学，这样才能帮助学生建立合理的知识结构，有效提高学生的自主学习能力。
**参考文献：**
\[1\]吴正宪.图形与几何内容的理解与把握叨小学数学教育，2012(7-8)
\[2\]张奠宙，孔凡哲，黄建弘，等.小学数学研究\[M\].北疗：高等教育出版社，2009.
\[3\]张奠宙.小学数学教材中的大道理——核心概念的理解与呈现\[M\].上海：上海教育出版社， **2018.**
(郑志霞，浙江省湖州市爱山小学教育集团，邮编：：313000；朱国平，特级教师，浙江省湖州市爱山小学教育集团，邮编：313000) | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 论老子《道德经》中的为官之德及其当代价值
赵允鹏1，姜 华2
(1.沈阳师范大学教务处，辽宁 沈阳 110034：2.北京交通大学人文学院，北京 100044)
摘要：老子《道德经》中提出了“上善若水”、“少私赛欲”、“上德若谷”的为官之德。这为我们如何根据新情况、适应新形势、解决新问题、化解新矛盾，解决好“当干部为什么”、“有权后做什么”、“身后留什么”的领导干部从政道德建设问题提供了很好的借鉴，并具有极其重要的理论意义和现实意义。
关键词：老子《道德经》；领导干部；从政道德建设
中图分类号：B2；D6 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1008-391X(2007)04-0346一03
On the morals of being government leaders in “Dao De Jing”of Lao Zi and their present ages value
ZHAO Yun-peng， JIANG Hua²
(1， Department of Teaching Affairs，Shenyang Normal University， 110034 ，Shenyang 110034，China；2. School of Humanity，Beijing Jiaotong University，Beijing 100044，China)
A.bstract：“Dao De Jing"of Lao Zi has presented morals，such as"upper as kind as water"， “few having few desires”，“upper morals with privateless interests"，which are also fit for being government leaders at present. It gives us the mirror for how to adapt to new circumstances，solve new problems，resolve new contradiction according to new condition. So we can well solve the problems that what is the aim to be government leaders，what to do after getting power， what to leave after retiring， which has extremely theoretical significance and practical significance.
Key words： Lao Zi “Dao De Jing”；government officials； construction of morality
道德建设是一项立足当前、着眼未来的社会系统工程，也是发展社会主义先进文化的重要内容。在道德建设中，领导干部的从政道德建设更是处于举足轻重的特殊地位，代表着社会道德的先进水平和前进方向。加强对领导干部的从政道德建设，关系到党的执政能力建设，关系到党的路线方针政策的贯彻落实，关系到整个社会改革发展稳定的大局，关系到一方群众的幸福安康。那么如何根据新情况、适应新形势、解决新问题、化解新矛盾，建立一支具有较高从政道德素质的领导干部队伍呢?
老子《道德经》中提出的为官者应当具有“上善若水”“少私寡欲”“上德若谷”的为官之德为我们在新形势下如何解决好领导干部从政道德建设问题
提供了很好的借鉴并具有极其重要的理论意义和现实意义。
1 “上善若水”的境界——当干部为什么
老子认为，“道”作为宇宙的本原，自身具有大公无私之德“大道泛兮，其可左右。万物恃之以生而不辞，功成而不有。衣养万物而不为主，常无欲”。(《道德经·三十四章》，以下只标章)可见道就是具有使万物各得所需但却无私无欲的德。“万物作焉而不辞，生而不有，为而不恃，功成而弗居。”(第二章)万物都不辞劳苦而作，但从不把成果据为已有。老子又说人也源于“道”“上善若水。水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道。”(第八章)意思就是
收稿日期：2006一11一22
作者简介：赵允鹏(1979一)，男，辽宁开原人，硕+研究生，主要从事社会主义市场经济理论与实践研究。
有道德的人就像水一样，水滋润万物而无取于万物，能使万物得到它的恩惠而自身却从不与万物争利，“表面上看是弱小，其实却是真正的强大，因为它永具有生命力和发展的前途，包含着无坚不摧的力”21，水的品德是近于道的。有道德的人对有利他人的事永远不推辞地去做，从不求回报。
1.1 随时随地存有救世济人的责任感
在老子看来，为官者需要“是以君子终日行不离辎重，虽有荣观，燕处超然。”(第二十六章)，有合乎“道”的德，始终要戒惧，随时随地有为世人担负起一切痛苦的思想准备，不可一日远离这种负重致远、救世济人的责任心。
1.2 全力为众人服务而毫不推辞的使命感
老子提出“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。”(第二十五章)他主张我们人类要效法大地的榜样，为他人贡献而心甘情愿，竭尽全力而不求回报，而为官者更应具有天地无私奉献的官德。“圣人不积，既以为人己愈有，既以与人己愈多”(第八十一章)圣人无私无藏，尽量以自己的所有帮助别人，一切为了别人。越是帮助别人自己越充足，越给予别人自己越丰富，这也是所有为官者应该达到的境界。
1.3 宠辱不惊，功成身退的高风亮节
在老子看来，世人得失名利的心太重，“得之若惊，失之若惊”(第十三章)。所以为官者需要虚怀若谷，做到宠辱不惊，“得官不欣，失位不恨”要淡化官念，保持平常人的心态。 “功成身退，天之道也”(第九章)，“不自伐有功”(第二十二章)。只要为国家、为人民做出了贡献，有所成就时要功成而不居，急流勇退，此气魄乃是为官的最高境界。
当代的领导干部，老百姓称之为“官”。人民赋予“官”以一定的权力，“做官”也就是掌权和用权。权力是以履行为人民服务的责任为前提的。“全心全意地为人民服务，一刻也不脱离群众；一切从人民的利益出发，而不是从个人或小集团的利益出发；向人民负责和向党的领导机关负责的-致性；这些就是我们的出发点”?。每一位领导干部从参加工作那天起，就始终面临着一个“当干部为什么”的问题。要借鉴老子《道德经》中“上善若水”的为官之德，充分利用各种教育手段，加强对领导干部的思想道德教育，加强对领导干部的理想信念和宗旨教育，真正代表人民“掌好权、用好权”，才能真正做到“权为民所用”。
2
“上德若谷”的胸怀——有权做什么
在老子看来，人的欲海难填，总是无止境地追悠
名利财货，不但无益于生，反而会德行败坏，身败名裂。老子指出：“五色令人目盲，五音令人耳聋，五味令人口爽，驰骋改猎令人心发狂，难得之货令人行妨，是以圣人为腹不为目，故去彼取此。”(第十一章)老子以其深邃的洞察力看到了过多的欲望所造成的危害，它一方面使人的心性紊乱，损害人的健康，另一方面又使人失去纯朴品性，诱导人任意妄为。对为官治国者而言，由于欲望驱使，“服文采，带利剑，厌饮食，资货有余”，如果不加以克制，必将导致“朝甚除，田甚芜，仓甚虚”。(第五十二章)的灾难性后果。要使国家长治久安，为官者必须做到“少私寡欲”而且公正廉洁。老子提出要从“我”做起，上行下效的价值导向，“我好静而民自正，我无欲而民自朴。”(第五十七章)具体说来，“少私寡欲”包括以下内容。
2.1 做到“身重于物”
为官者要治理好国家，就不能崇尚功利主义“不尚贤，使民不争；不贵难得之货，使民不为盗”(第三章)为官者以身作则，淡化名利观念，不为名位利禄等身外之物所累，老百姓自然遵纪守法。“名与身孰亲?身与货孰多?得与亡孰病?”(第四十四章)更是告诫人们应保持身心两全，不要追逐物欲而损害自已生命的价值，否则就是舍本逐末了。
2.2 做到“知足知止”
老子劝诫人们：“祸莫大于不知足，咎莫大于欲得”，(第四十六章)“知足不辱，知止不殆”。(第四十四章)对于为官者而言，有些人抵不住官场和社会上的不良风气的腐蚀，私欲和贪心渐渐滋生和膨胀，最后由于不知足而走向堕落的深渊。可见，坚守老子知足常乐的从政意识具有十分重要的现实意义。
2.3 做到“崇俭抑奢”
老子将俭朴视为治国修身的根本法则，他说，“治人事天莫若音。夫唯音是谓早服，早服谓之重积德。重积德则无不克，无不克则莫知其极，莫知其极可以有国“有国之母，可以长久。”(第五十九章)如果为官者能保持艰苦朴素的作风，两袖清风理政事，必将在人民心中树立起一座永恒的丰碑。
这对于新形势下强化党的根本宗旨，解决好“有权做什么”的官德思想更是具有十分重要的启示。按照新时期领导干部道德建设的总体要求，“有权做什么”就是要解决为谁当官，当官为谁，如何正确行使人民赋予的权力等核心问题，这是领导干部树立什么样世界观、人生观和价值观的集中体现。
因此，必须把体现人民群众的意志和利益，作为
所有工作的出发点和归宿，党和人民赋予人们权力，只能用来更好地为人民服务，决不能成为个人或小集团谋取私利的工具。“只要我们党的作风完全正派了，全国人民就会跟我们学，党外有这种不良风气的人只要他们是善良的，就跟我们学，改正他们的错误，这样就会影响全民族”。“如果我们高级千部首先把这方面存在的问题解决了，就能理直气壮地去解决全国在其他方面存在的这类问题”43。
做到“为官一任，造福一方”，真正为百姓做些实事、好事，才能真正称得上是人民的好官、清官，才能真正做到“利为民所谋”。
3 “少私寡欲”的品格——身后留什么
老子说：“圣人常善救人，故无弃人；常善救物，故无弃物。......故善人者，不善人之师；不善人者善人之资。”(第二十七章)老子认为大地为人类孕育了万物，为人类的生存提供了一切，而我们回报它的只不过是人类所抛弃的乱七八糟的污垢，甚至包括死后的腐尸朽骨，大地却没有任何怨宿，那么效法自然之道，像大地一样具有大公无私、无所不容、无私奉献的伟大胸怀，就是善人。
为官者应当做到“善者合善之，不善者合亦善之”。(第四十九章)即为人处世胸襟宽广、豁达大度、态度谦和，特别在用人上能容人。得道多助，失道寡助。宽则得众，一个器量宽厚的人必能得到部下的忠心，相反，一个心胸狭窄的领导者终必众叛亲离。那么，怎样才能具有“上德若谷”的胸怀呢?
3.1 是能包容
老子说：“知常容，容乃公，公乃工，工乃人，人乃道，道乃久。”(第十六章)就是说要做到没有私心，没有自我就可以宽大，就能够容人、容言、容物。常言道：“金无足赤，人无完人”，为官者应“大肚能容，容天下难容之事。”
3.2 是能谦让
老子说：“我有三宝，持而保之，……三曰不敢为天下先”(第六十七章)老子将谦下不争作为一条重要的处世原则。为官之道，他更是强调：“贵以贱为本，高以下为基”(第三十九章)他告诫人们：“自见者不明，自是者不彰，自伐者无功，自矜者不长。”(第二十四章)他告诉我们为官者谦虚不骄方能长久自保，而独尊独断、自以为是!刚愎自用者必然归于失
败的道理。
3.3 是能和谐
老子指出：“万物负阴而抱阳，冲气以为和”(第四十二章)意思是说道本身就包含着两个相互对立的方面，即阴阳二气，并在阴阳二气交冲融合下构成新的事物统一和谐体。老子要求为官者不断加强自我修养，排除私欲，不露锋芒，超脱纷争，以开阔的心胸与无所偏的心境对待一切人和物，和而治天下。
一个人的生命是有限的，一位领导干部的任职时间也是有限的。在领导岗位上工作时，总应该考虑给“身后留些什么”的问题。是给子女留下钱财，还是给祖国和人民做出应有的贡献?一个人的思想境界不同，所追求的东西也不完全一样。“我们有一条基本的经验，这就是：党领导的事业要取得胜利，不但必须有正确的理论和路线，还必须有一支能坚决贯彻执行党的理论和路线的高素质干部队伍”51，才能真正做到“情为民所系”。
领导干部从政道德建设是执政党建设的一个永恒课题。执政党各级领导干部的道德水准、道德风尚，不仅关系到执政党的形象，还关系到执政党的先进性、权威性和合法性。尽管所面临的社会局势纷繁复杂，当前领导干部道德建设尚存在一些问题和不足，但我们充分相信，在以胡锦涛同志为核心的党中央正确领导和各级领导干部的积极配合下，随着社会主义现代化进程的不断加快带来的政治、经济体制的完善，随着我国改革开放整体经济实力和文化索质的提高，我们一定能培养造就出一大批具有较高道德素质的领导人才。老子《道德经》中提出“上善若水”“少私寡欲”“上德若谷”的为官之德必然是其题中应有之义。
参考文献：
\[1\]老
子.道德经\[M\].上海：上海古籍出版社，1995.
\[2\]何小春.试从老子朴素辩证法观其人生哲学思想CJ\].辽宁工程技术大学学报：社会科学版，2006，8(1)：5一7.
\[3\]中共中央毛泽东选集出版委员会.毛泽东选集(第三卷)\[M\].北京：人民出版社，1991：1094一1095.
\[4\]中共中央文献编辑委员会.邓小平文选(第2卷)\[M\].北京：人民出版社，1994：178.
\[5\]江泽民.努力建设高索质的千部队伍\[Z\].在纪念中国共产党成立七十五周年座谈会上的讲话，1996.
责任编校：鲍卫敏 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 【本刊专稿】
2004年以来房地产业宏观调控政策的总体评价
廖英敏
(国务院发展研究中心市场经济研究所，北京100010)
摘要：2004年以来，中央政府综合运用经济、法律手段及必要的行政手段，以区别对待和循序渐进的方式，对房地产业连续出台了一系列宏观调控政策。总体来看，调控初见成效。但房地产市场仍然存在住房供给结构不合理、部分城市房价上涨太快、中低收人居民住房难以满足等问题。亟
二...一
Estate Business since 2004
LIAO Yin-ming
(Research Institute of Market Economy， Development and Research Center of the State Council， Beijing 100010， China)
Abstract： Since 2004， the central government has issued a series of macro control policies for real estate business by economic， legal and necessary administrative means and in a making-a-difference-between and advancing-gradually-in-due-order way. Generally， the macro control has taken initial effect. There still are， however， such problems in real estate market as irrational housing-supplying structure， too fast in-crease of housing prices in some cities， and housing difficulties in satisfying medium-low income families. It is desiderated to continue strengthening and perfecting the macro control over houses hased on summa-rization of experiences.
Key words： real estate； house； macro control； market
房地产业宏观调控的背景
2001年以来，房地产业在快速增长的同时，也出现了房地产业投资增长过猛，部分地区房价上涨过快等问题，使房地产业成为宏观调控的重点行业之一。
1.1 房地产业发展的宏观经济环境
自2001年以来，随着经济体制改革深化和对外开放扩大，居民生活水平提高，居民消费结构升级带动产业结构升级，工业化进程加快和城镇化率快速提高，使中国经济进人了以住房、汽车、电子通讯、能源和基础原材料业较快发展的新一轮增长周期。2001-2004年GDP分别增长8.3%、
收稿日期：2006-12-15
作者简介：廖英敏(1949-)，女，研究员，主要从事价格理论与政策等研究。
9.1%、10.0%、10.1%。其中，房地产、钢铁、水泥等行业投资迅猛增长，带动整个固定资产投资快速增长，2004年1~2月份固定资产投资完成额增长53%，经济运行中出现了新的不平衡，能源、运输供应紧张，居民消费品价格指数(CPI)开始走高(6月同比上涨5%)，中国经济运行出现偏热的迹象。
1.2 房地产业的制度改革与政策调整
第一，1998年城镇居民住房制度改革全面推进，有关住房的分配、供应、市场、金融、物业管理、中介、行政管理和调控等7个体系的改革全面启动，取消了实行40余年的住房福利分配制度，代之以货币化分配；明确了居民住房产权的私有化和住房获得渠道的市场化，调动了居民购房积极性，居民住房需求开始集中释放。
第二，较好的经济环境，创造了更多的住房需求。一是城市新生代成家立业、城市化中新迁人人口需要住房。二是城市居民生活水平提高，对居住有了更高的要求，部分取得房改产权的居民产生以旧换新、以小换大的住宅需求。三是太量的城市拆迁改造，增加了居民住房需求。四是大量社会资金将房产作为投资品所产生的需求。
第三，国家对房地产业发展的政策支持，从供求两方面促进了房地产业的快速发展。从“九五”初期开始，为扩大国内需求，中国政府将住宅作为居民新的消费热点，给予优惠房贷、减免税等政策支持，鼓励购房，刺激了住房消费。同时作为经济增长的支柱产业，国家对房地产业的持续发展给予包括放宽商业住房信贷规模控制，实行预售房制度，整顿取消部分行政事业性收费项目等政策支持，促进了房地产业快速增长。2003年与1999年比，房地产投资完成额年均增长24.5%(见图1)，高于同期固定资产投资增速7.3个百分点。
图1 1999-2004年一季度房地产投资、价格增长情况(%)
数据来源：根据中国经济景气月报数据整理。
1.3 体制机制缺欠与房地产市场的宏观调控
从2003年下半年开始，房地产业在发展过程中出现了部分地区房地产投资过热、房价上涨过高的现象，尤其是在上海、杭州等长三角地区，房价涨幅超过 10%，成为此轮宏观经济偏热的一个象征。其根源在于体制、机制的缺欠。，一是房地产市场已经放开，但相应的制度没有建立和完善，市场机制不能有效发挥作用。二是大部分土地以协议方式转让，不能反映真实地价，土地资源不能合理使用。三是资金使用成本低。这些因素导致需求和增长动力旺盛，市场难以有效调整。2004年4月，国务院果断采取有力措施对房地产业进行宏观调控，旨在遏制房地产投资过快增长势头，保持经济平稳较快发展。由于房地产业产业链长，关联部门多，快速增长对经济、尤其是对固定资产投资的拉动作用大，房地产业与钢铁、电解铝、水泥等行业并列，成为此轮宏观调控中的主要行业之一，连续出台一系列政策对房地产业进行宏观调控。
丫·
2
2004年以来房地产宏观调控政策的特点及成效
2，1 2004年房地产宏观调控政策的重点及成效
2.1.1 调控目标和重点。2004年初，为抑制房地产投资过快增长，中央政府采取了“管严土地、看紧信贷”的宏观调控政策。一方面，加大了对房地产用地的治理整顿力度，清理整顿建设用地，严格审批管理，从紧土地供应，逐步推行经营性用地的“招、拍、挂“，从源头控制了土地供给。另一方面，中国人民银行两次提高存款准备金率，将房地产开发项目(不含经济适用房项目)资本金比例提高到35%及以上，上调金融机构存贷款基准利率，严禁房地产流动资金贷款等，收紧银根，减少房地产开发的资金支持。
2.1.2 成效和问题。2004年调控措施以行政手段为主，力度较大，通过控制土地供给和资金供给，控制房地产供给，使房地产投资增长速度由年初的 50.2%，逐月下降到年末的28.1%，回落22.1个百分点。
但这次调控主要是抑制供给，对需求、尤其是非合理需求缺乏有效控制，前些年扩大内需、刺激住房消费的一些政策仍然在发挥作用，引起了供求关系的失衡。出现土地交易价格上涨，投机炒
做和被动需求等非合理需求的快速增长放大了住房需求；中低档住宅供应比例下降、房地产供给结构不合理等问题引起的商品房价格大幅上涨.全国平均销售价格同比增长 14.4%。尤其是上海、杭州、宁波等东南沿海城市房价涨幅更大，引起了社会各界对是否会出现“房地产泡沫”的关注。
2.2
2005年房地产宏观调控政策的特点及成效
2005年初，根据房地产市场出现的新情况和新问题，中央3个月内继续出台了一系列调控政策。
2.2.1 调控目标和重点。调控目标由控制房地产投资规模过大的单一目标向既控制投资速度又要抑制商品住房价格上涨过快的双重目标转换。调控重点相应调整：一是有效调整房地产市场的供求关系。从增加供给和减少需求两方面人手来调整房地产市场，实现稳定房价的目的。一方面，利用信贷、税收等经济手段，提高炒房成本，抑制房产投机需求；严格控制城市拆迁改造规模，抑制被动住房需求。同时，加大对闲置土地的清理力度，以此增加土地供给。二是在规划审批、土地供应以及信贷、税收等方面，对中小套型、中低价位普通住房给予优惠政策支持，改善住房供给结构。三是整顿房地产市场秩序。出台了不准预售房再转让、实行购房实名制、上网交易等措施，并依法严肃查处违法违规销售行为。加快建立健全房地产市场信息系统，加强对房地产市场运行情况的动态监测，创造良好的市场环境。
2.2.2 调控效果与问题。2005年末房地产投资增长 19.8%，增速比上年同期回落8.2个百分点；商品住宅销售价格上涨7.5%，涨幅比上年同期回落3.6个百分点；上海、杭州等城市大幅上涨的房价得到了有效抑制，说明宏观调控初见成效。但2006年初，一些问题又凸现出来。一是房地产投资增速出现反弹，1~6月增速比上年末提高4.4个百分点。二是供给结构不合理状况依然存在，部分大城市中低收人家庭急需的中低价住房和经济适用房的比例偏低，供给不足。三是深圳、北京、广州、大连等城市房价大幅上涨，中低收人人群难以承受，增加了社会不安定因素。
2.3 2006年房地产宏观调控政策的特点
面对2006年房地产市场新的发展趋势，5月末建设部、发展改革委等9部委联合出台了《关于调整住房供应结构稳定住房价格的意见》的调控措施，
各部委和各地方政府陆续出台相关配套措施。
调控目标：发展满足当地居民自住性需求的中低价位、中小套型普通商品住房，有步骤地解决低收人家庭的住房困难是这次调控政策的核心和目标。
重点：一是要求地方政府进一步解决低收入家庭的住房困难，利用廉租住房和经济适用房真正解决低收入人群的住房问题。二是自2006年6月1日起，90m²以下普通住房的供地面积和开发面积不得低于当年计划面积的70%，土地的供应要在限套型、限房价的基础上，采取竞地价、竞房价的办法，保证中低价位、普通住房供给。三是运用经济手段。强化住宅转让环节的税收管理和外资购房的管理，抑制投机炒作；提高银行存贷款利率，有区别地调整住房消费信贷的首付比例，引导合理消费；加强对房地产开发企业的开发、销售行为的管理，规范房地产市场秩序；提供更多的市场信息和加强舆论引导，促进房地产市场的有序运行和健康发展。四是将落实房地产调控政策纳人到对地方政府目标责任考核制度中，并由国务院有关部门组成联合检查组，对其进行督促与检查，·保证调控措施的有效落实。
3对2004年以来住宅产业宏观调控政策体系的总体评价
3.1 宏观调控政策的特点
一是宏观调控呈阶段性，循序渐进。重在解决每个阶段的突出矛盾，并根据新的问题进行新的调控，逐步深人，注重保持经济政策的连续性和稳定性，产生的震动和影响较小。
二是调控政策的综合性和系统性。根据不同的调控对象，采取相应的调控手段，由多个相关职能部门协调与合作，形成了综合使用行政手段、法律手段和经济手段的政策体系，得到了较好的效果。用行政手段规范地方政府的行为，督促具体落实宏观调控政策、完善住房保障制度。用经济手段调控和引导房地产企业和投资者的行为，改善房地产市场的供求关系。同时，建立和完善相关的法律法规制度，为依法治市、建立良好的市场秩序创造条件。
三是调控政策注重区别对待，分类指导。主要体现在既要控制房地产投资速度，抑制投资需
求，又要保护普通居民购房积极性、满足其住房需求上。供给政策方面，在“双紧”的情况下，土地供给、项目审批、信贷支持等政策都向经济适用房、中低档住房倾斜。在消费政策上，在抑制非合理需求的同时，对普通居民的自住性需求给予了房贷、税收方面的优惠。
3.2 宏观调控政策的成效
几年来房地产宏观调控政策取得了较好的效果：
第一，控制了房地产投资过快增长的势头，保持了房地产业的平稳发展。连续几年的宏观调控，改变了房地产业发展的环境和条件。银根、地根紧缩及政府监管力度加大，房地产投资在规范中发展；投资、投机需求以及超前拆迁引发的被动需求得到一定程度抑制，房地产市场向以自住性需求为主转换；地方政府在调控和住房保障政策被赋予更大的责任。房地产投资过快增长的势头得到了有效控制(见图2)，住房价格涨势平缓回落(见图3)。
图22004-2006年各月累计房地产投资周比增速对比(%)
数据来源：根据中国经济景气月报数据整理。
图32004年以来各季度新建住宅和住宅租赁价格同比增长情况(%)
数据来源：根据中国经济景气月报数据整理。
第二，促进了土地制度的深化改革。调控采取了与改革相结合的政策措施，建立了经营性土地使用权招标拍卖挂牌出让制度，并加强土地交
易的监督和管理，堵塞了漏洞，促进了土地交易市场化进程和规范。
第三，住宅市场体系初步形成。经过几年的调控和治理，基本形成了由新建住宅市场、二手房转让市场和住宅租赁市场构成的住宅市场体系。并逐渐建立和完善了商品房预售、规范房地产交易秩序、住房交易实行网上申报等规章制度，开发商的经营行为得到规范、市场供求信息逐渐透明，房地产市场秩序逐步改善。
3.3 仍然存在的问题及成因
房地产市场发展中的一些突出问题还没有得到根本解决。一是住房供应结构性矛盾仍十分突出。2006年1~6月份，40个重点城市上市预售的套均建筑面积115m²，适合当地居民自住需求的中低价位、中小套型普通商品住房和经济适用住房仍然供应不足。二是部分城市房价上涨仍然较快。2006年6月，深圳、北京等8个城市新建商品住房价格同比涨幅超过 10%，普通居民仍然买不起房。三是住房保障制度不完善，低收人家庭住房难的问题没有根本解决。
其实，上述问题在3年的调控措施中都涉及到了，并且措施逐步细化，主要是贯彻落实不力。表面看，是由于一些地方政府落实的不积极、开发商对政策不理解、一些措施缺乏可操作性等。但其背后有更深层次的原因。
第一，对90m²以下普通住房要求两个70%的调控措施缺乏说服力和可操作性。此项措施是改普住房供给结构、满足当地居民自住需求的重要措施。但措施的目标定位是什么，是满足新生代的需求还是以旧换新居民的需求。如果都包括，还涉及居民住房消费目标的问题，90 m²住房是否是未来几年居民住房的目标。另外，目标定位确定之后，需求量是多少，所占比例是否是 70%，这些都需要给予科学、合理的解释，才有说服力，得到包括开发商在内的理解和支持。
同时，中低价房在销售环节缺乏可操作性，包括购房人的资格审定、住房的销售程序、监督管理等都没有详细规定，措施难以有效落实。
第二，体制问题制约地方政府落实住房调控政策的积极性。一是经济增长是考核地方政绩的主要指标，房地产业投资速度和房价涨幅回落直接影响地方经济。二是土地收人是地方政府可取得的主要财政收人，限地价将影响地方收人。三
是落实中低价住房和完善住房保障制度的资金来源不明确，需要地方政府自己筹钱，几个因素都直接影响地方利益。
第三，投资收益低影响开发商建设中低档住房的积极性。中低价位、中小套型住房是在限套型、限房价的基础上，采取竞地价、竞房价的办法，进行招标，是在一定行政限制下的市场化行为。开发商追求的是投资收益，其结果一是在满足开发商收益的条件下竞出的房价可能偏高(广州已有先例)，二是因预期收益低开发商不积极参与。
第四，住房保障制度不完善。一是住房保障体系不健全。政府承担为低收人人群解决居住问题责任不明确，缺乏法律与制度保障。二是部分城市还没有建立廉租制度，经济适用房制度尚需进一步改进，住房保障体系的覆盖面太小。三是住房保障制度不落实。大多数城市没有明确的管理机构，资金来源缺乏制度化，没有建立最低收人居民家庭档案和申请、审批制度。
第五，缺乏住房信息、档案等基础制度建设。利用税收、信贷等经济手段抑制投资需求、外资炒房等调控措施，因为没有建立实名制的住房档案而难以精确实施，降低调控效率。同时通过实施不动产税的方式来优化存量房源配置较好的政策建议，也因此难以实现。
4
政策建议
要继续完善和落实房地产调控政策，在做更细致工作的同时，要注重长远的制度建设，做到标本兼治，为更好地落实调控政策创造条件。
第一，加强住房信息统计工作，建立住房档案登记制度。整合统计系统、建设系统的统计资源，建立实名制的住房档案登记制度，为提高调控效率创造基本条件。
第二，建立科学的居民住房消费目标和消费模式。一是根据科学发展观和我国土地资源和人口状况，明确在当前经济发展阶段，90m²住房可
以满足中等及中低收人普通居民的住房需求。二是在建立实名制的住房档案的基础上，准确统计中等及中低收人普通居民的自住房需求，按照实际需求安排中低价位、中小套型普通商品住房的供地计划和建设计划。三是提倡根据消费能力“租、购并举"的科学消费模式，合理引导普通居民的住房消费。
第三，调动地方政府落实调控政策的积极性。地方政府是调控措施的具体执行者，要为地方政府认真落实调控措施创造制度条件。一是改革地方官员的政绩考核制度，减弱 GDP增长的影响。二是改革、完善分税制度，使地方政府的事权与财权相对称。三是改革土地收益制度，减少地方政府对土地收人的依赖。
第四，完善住房保障制度，满足普通居民购房需求。政府应该承担起保障中低收人居民住房的责任，建立完善的住房保障制度。一是根据低收人居民的支付能力，建立多层次的住房保障体系。对于低保人群实施廉租房政策；低收人者提供经济适用房。二是建立住房保障基金，解决资金来源。三是建立低收人人群的住房档案和分配制度，并跟踪了解和及时调整，根据实际需求安排住房投资和住房分配，做到应保尽保。
同时，政府要给予中低价位、中小户型普通住房建设一定的政策支持，按照需求增加普通住房的供给。并制定普通住房定向销售细则，在分配、房贷利率、首付比例以及公积金贷款使用方面给予优惠，满足普通居民购房需求，降低购房成本。
第五，推动不动产税的实施，合理配置房产资源。根据居民持有住房的情况，征收不同的财产税，可以通过税收手段抑制投资需求、充分利用存量房源，为地方财政提供稳定收入来源，是解决当前房地产市场问题的治本之策。因此，在建立住房档案的基础上，积极研究、实行不动产税。
(责任编辑
邝坦励) | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **制造业企业应收账款管理存在的问题及对策研究**
李 娜
(佳木斯大学 经济与管理学院，黑龙江 佳木斯 154007)
\[摘 要\]随着市场经济的快速发展，我国制造业企业面临的竞争压力越来越大，应收账款管理成为运营过程中无法回避的问题之一。目前，制造业企业不断扩大生产能力，买方市场压力巨大，不得不通过赊销手段提高市场占有率，导致应收账款管理问题日益凸显。本文对制造业企业应收账款问题进行分析，提出加强客户信用管理、争取合理化的信用期限、应用多种催收形式、完善应收账款管理流程等对策，旨在提高制造业企业的应收账款管理水平，实现持续稳定发展。
\[关键词\]制造业企业；应收账款管理；赊销
doi： 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0194.2019.10.022
**\[中图分类号\]F275 \[文献标识码\]A \[文章编号\]1673-0194(2019)10-0047-03**
0 引 宫
目前，在市场经济迅猛发展的形势下，市场竞争日益激烈，制造业企业为了自我生存和发展，开始开展促销和赊销活动，在一定程度上扩大了产品销售规模。客户应收账期延长或增加赊销带来了一定的风险，不仅占用企业的营运资金，同时，企业间相互拖欠货款的现象日益严重，使制造业企业应收账款金额不断增加。应收账款管理不善，坏账损失增大，企业费用开支及损失增大，给制造业企业的正常生产经营活动造成严重影响，不利于长远发展。因此，如何有效控制应收账款增长，提升应收账款管理水平，成为制造业企业亟待解决的问题。
d 应收账款管理的意义
1.1 应收账款的概念
在经济市场中，由于部分企业存在可用资金量短缺等问题，在向生产企业购买产品时无法立刻拿出大量现金，从而出现赊销行为。同时，生产企业为提高产品销售量、增加企业利润，往往会通过赊销满足客户的需求。总而言之，应收账款就是指企业在销售过程中通过赊销，为购买者提供付款时间上的宽限产生的未收货款。
_1.2_ 应收账款对制造业企业经营的影响
**商务部研究院信用评级与认证中心发布的2014年《中国非金融类上市公司财务安全评估报告》的统计数据显示，我国企业每年因信用缺失导致的直接和间接经济损失高达6000亿元。商务部国际贸易经济合作研究院信用管理部的主任韩家平提到，国内企业货款回收通常在3个月左右，而国外企业平均回收期1个月左右。国内企业一年内最多进行4次资金周转，不仅会提高资金使用成本，还会限制交易规模。应收账款作为企业流动资产的重要部门，其管理水平对制造业企业具有重要**
\[收稿日期\]2019-04-11
的影响。
(1)应收账款的风险巨大。应收账款是制造业企业为增加销售额而进行资金投放投资，大量资金被挤占，为企业正常经营带来风险。当商品资本得不到及时回收时，有的制造业企业就会因为得不到贷款而通过拖次职工薪酬、供应商货款来维持正常的生产经营活动，从而将形成制造业企业的债务链。一旦其中某一个环节出现违约风险，将形成更大、更长的债务链问题，进而威胁整个产业链甚至产业集群的稳定运转。
(2)应收账款能够带来更大的收益。随着市场经济快速发展，赊销规模日益扩大，制造业企业应收账款金额随之增长，通过有效管理应收账款，能够为制造业企业带来更多的经济效益。企业通过科学管理和精细管理，能有效降低应收账款的数额，提高应收账款的回收率，从而不仅能提升企业资金周转水平，还能提高企业的市场竞争力。
**制造业企业应收账款管理存在的问题**
**_2.1_ 过分关注市场占有率**
**制造业企业在生产过程中过分关注市场占有率，经常会使用赊销方式来拓宽市场资源，没有对客户进行全面的信用调查，很容易出现赊销金额难以要回或者直接要不回的情况。造成制造业企业客户信用度评价能力低的原因主要有以下几点：第一，受成本限制，很多制造业企业没有足够的资金去引进专业客户调查评价人才；第二，制造业企业没有建立相应的客户信息管理部门，客户信息管理不到位。**
2.2资金投人大且财务管理成本高
**企业为了抢占市场，不断赊销资金，应收账款的金额不断增加，财务管理成本也随之增加。大部分制造业企业在财务管理上，主要以资产管理为主，同时在进行赊销时，由于应收账款较多，资金投资较大，会提高财务管理成本，主要包括日常管理成本、催收成本、坏账成本以及应收账款机会成本等。如果企**
**业单纯关注赊销方式，那么会造成资金管理能力不足，大量资金滞留在外。**
_2.3_ 制造业企业催收手段单一
制作业企业进行客户催收时，由于客户类型不同，所需的催收手段也不同。一一般来说，制造业企业主要使用传统的催收方式，主要是上门催收、面访催收、电话催收、书面函件催收(包括传真方式)以及索要确认函和书面付款计划等。企业客户情况不能一概而论，如果只使用同一种催收方式，可能会造成应收账款回收效率低下。比如，客户地址或者财务状况产生较大变动，而销售人员与客户未进行及时对账或者沟通，导致企业与客户之间的联系出现障碍，给催收工作增加难度。
**_2.4_ 缺少完善的应收账款管理机制**
**目前，我国大部分的制造业企业应收账款内部管理制度不完善，尤其是在部门职责的分工上模糊不清，导致很多应收账款内容混乱。在销售人员的职责管理上，没有对其责任、处罚机制进行有效管理，导致销售人员过于注重业绩，不注重所谈客户的信用度等，产生应收账款隐患。同样，财务人员的职责不明确以及监督不到位，导致制造业企业无法追责应收账款。缺少完善的应收账款管理流程，不仅让部分工作人员有漏洞可钻，也会让企业部门之间相互推脱责任，最终影响应收账款管理。还有一些企业法律催收意识淡薄，在出现坏账的第一时间内意识不到事态的严重性，不能及时采取法律手段进行催收，从而会失去最佳的诉讼时机和催款机会。**
**_3_ 制造业企业加强应收账款管理的对策**
**3.1 加强客户信用管理**
制造业企业要想完善应收账款管理机制，需要在企业内部建立专门的信用管理机构，同时引进信用管理方面的专业人才，加强客户信用管理；在进行赊销时，信用管理人员要对赊销对象进行信用调查及分析。客户可以通过全面的客户信用评价体系做出合理评估，从而让制造业企业更加了解客户的信用状况，并及时更新客户的信用度。一旦客户发生了拖欠情况，制造业企业需要在第一时间内搜集足够的证据及资料，让财务人员直接与客户进行对账，防止出现虚假收人现象，从而有效保证自己的合法权益。
**信用管理机构除了加强赊销对象的信用风险评估外，还要建立科学化、专业化的客户信用评价体系，明确规定企业在与客户合作前，要通过信用部门对该客户的信用度进行有效调查，通过资源共享平怡完成客户信息收集、财务状况资料收集、盈利能力调查等。此外，企业要聘请信用管理专业人士对客户的信用度进行评估，从而决定是否赊销，最后为客户建立档案，并进行定期分析，减少意外情况对企业应收账款管理的影响。**
_3.2_ 争取合理化的信用期限
制造业企业要想完善应收账款管理机制，需要在进行应收账款管理时，为客户争取合理化的信用期限。由于企业在赊销
过程中的资金投入较大，难以周转，因此，较长的信用期限可以在一定程度上缓解客户的压力，也能缓解制造业企业的资金周转压力。但是制造业企业为客户争取的信用期限越长，随之而来的风险也就越大。因此，制造业企业需要将信用期限合理化，既为客户争取更长的信用期限，同时也使信用期限在合理范围内，降低自身的风险。
对赊销客户的相关资料了解越多，制定的赊销信用期限就越趋于合理。为了争取合理化的信用期限，制造业企业可以通过客户信用管理部门、销售部门和财务部门协助，制定更加科学合理的信用期限。财务部门应定期提供客户的详细赊销和回款情况；信用部门在此数据的基础上，建立相关指标测评该客户的信用状况，采取更有操作性和针对性的信用政策；销售部门应根据信用部门的预警和信用政策，给予客户更科学合理的还款期限。通过多个部门的通力合作，尽量做到企业销售收人增长与赊销还账风险控制协调进行。
**_3.3_ 应用多种催收形式**
制造业企业要想更好地进行应收账款管理，需要灵活运用各种催收形式。由于客户本身具有不同的特点，在进行催收时，应选择不同的催收方式。企业可以根据自身现阶段的资金需求以及客户的信用情况，采取不同的催收方式。对于合作型客户，应采用温和型的催收方式，在了解对方为何没有按时还款的原因后，可以根据具体情况曲线调整，如果具有足够的还款金额，在进行私下交谈时，合作型客户就会主动还款；对于强硬型客户，首先通过直接沟通进行催收，最终达到催收目的；对于蓄意拖欠的客户，可以提前保留好证据，与对方谈判或走法律程序，运用法律途径的时间成本和经济成本较大，不利于企业的长远发展，从而在合作前需要对客户信用进行全方位调查。
**3.4完善应收账款管理流程**
要提升应收账款管理质量，制造业企业有必要建立规范的流程。首先，明确企业内部各个部门的工作及职责范围，制定相应的管理制度，以此来明确各个部门员工的工作范围以及相应的职责要求。例如：客户信用评估部门需要在前期对客户进行信用度调查，收集相应信息并通过科学的方法得出相应评估；销售人员在销售业绩外还应关注账款回收进度，细化管理每一笔应收账款的情况，将款项回收责任落实到位；财务部门人员需要记录与统计公司的每一项收人与支出，做好定期对账凭证记录，确保应收账款的准确性。其次，完善员工考核机制，让员工的薪酬与产品业绩及赊销回款情况紧密结合，对能够提前和准时完成回收贷款任务的员工进行奖励。制定专门的考核机制对销售人员和其他相关人员的回款情况进行统一管理，提高应收账款回收工作的质量和效率。最后，充分发挥审计部门的监督作用，严格监督员工的工作情况。
_4_ 结 语
应收账款是商品流通社会的必然产物，应收账款管理是制
**“互联网+”背景下科研经费信息化管理体系构建研究**
陈建凯
(河北大学，河北 保定 071002)
**\[摘 要\]高校作为科学研究的重要基地，科研经费逐年增加，在“互联网+”背景下，如何加强料研经费精细化管理、提高资金使用效率显得尤为重要。本文以H高校料研经费管理为例，阐述了基于“互联网+”环境构建料研经费精细化管理体系，借助先进的互联网信息技术，对各个孤立的业务系统进行有效整合，实现信息系统互联互通和信息共享，并从科研经费来款、入账、报销、控制及信息查询等方面进行全面梳理和流程细化，进而促进科研经费管理的料学化、精细化和信息化，旨在为其他高校科研经费管理提供借鉴。**
**\[关键词\]互联网+；料研经费管理；高校**
doi： 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0194.2019.10.023
**\[中图分类号\]F232； TP315 \[文献标识码\]A \[文章编号\]1673-0194(2019)10-0049-03**
0 引 宫
**近年来，随着经济的快速发展，国家加大对科研工作的重**
**\[收稿日期\]2019-04-13**
**\[基金项目\]河北省社会科学基金项目(HB18CL010)。**
造业企业在运营过程中无法回避的重要议题。目前，制造业企业一般通过赊销手段提高市场占有率，导致应收账款管理存在诸多问题。本文对制造业企业应收账款存在的问题进行分析，指出制造业企业在日益激烈的市场竞争中，除了提升产品及服务质量，还应通过加强客户信用管理、争取合理化的信用期限、应用多种催收形式以及完善应收账款管理流程来有效控制应收账款增长。总体来说，应收账款的管理不是企业某一个部门的职责，需要企业财务、销售、信用等多个部门深入合作，通过严格控制和管理，提高应收账款管理水平，从而推动企业实现可持续发展。
**主要参考文献**
\[1\] Haibo Yao， Yiling Deng.Managerial Incenlives and Accounls Receivable Managemenl Policy \[J\] .Managerial Finance，2018(7).
\[2\] Lyani M N.Accounls Receivable Risk Managemenl Praclices and **Growlh of SMEs in Kakamega Counly， Kenya \[J\].Experl Journal of** Finance，2016(4).
视程度，高校科研经费也逐年增长，资金的来源和支出都呈现多元化、复杂化的趋势。庞大的科研经费体量、多元的经费来源和落后的经费管理模式之间的矛盾日益凸显。此外，在高校财务推行信息化体系建设之前，高校财务管理的各个业务模块大都是相互独立的，高校财务管理系统与科研部门的应用系统
\[3\]罗迎兵.制造企业应收账款管理存在的问题及对策探析\[J\].中国集体经济，2018(21).
\[4\]王勇军.论企业如何加强应收账款的管理与核算\[J\].财会学 **习，2018(2).**
\[5\]阎妍.制造业应收账款和存货管理存在的问题及措施解析\[J\]纳税，2017(32).
\[6\]陈云秀.浅议设备制造业应收账款管理存在的问题及改进方 **法\[J\].经济研究导刊，2016(8).**
\[7\]林伟桢.浅谈制造业企业应收账款管理问题及解决对策\[J\].中国乡镇企业会计，2013(12).
\[8\]艾真珠，李正明.制造业企业应收账款管理存在的问题及对策\[J\].丝路视野，2016(14).
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zh | N/A | N/A | 发挥统一战线优势 促进非公有制经济发展
任映红 任江南2
(1.温州大学，浙江温州325000；2.民盟江西省委会，江西南昌3330008)
要：在当前，统一战线要在促进非公有制企业发展方面作出重大贡献，必须做到：发挥广泛性优势，加强与新的社会阶层的联系；发挥包容性优势，求同存异，共同发展；发挥智力性优势，为科学决策服务；发挥思想政治工作优势，创造稳定的政治社会环境；发挥民间性优势，加强非公企业与政府的沟通与联系。
关 键 词：统一战线：优势；非公有制经济；发展
中图分类号： D613 文献标识码：B 文章编号：1002-0519(2007)01-0032-03
在全面落实科学发展观，构建社会主义和谐社会的今天，如何发挥统一战线的优势，把各阶层、各党派、各民族、各方面的智慧和力量都凝聚到促进国民经济持续快速健康发展上米，调动社会各界特别是非公有制企业从业人员为社会主义建设服务的积极性、主动性和创造性，促进非公有制经济的发展呢?本文就此作一理性思考。
一、发挥广泛性优势，加强与新的社会阶层的联系
广泛性是指统一战线工作的覆盖范围广，社会联系面广，产生的影响广泛。非公有制经济包含个体、私营和以私营企业成分为主的一些股份制企业、港澳台侨企业，一些社会中介组织，以及承包、租赁、代理等经济形式。中国共产党对非公有制经济人士的地位与作用是肯定的。目前，越来越多的非公有制经济代表人士在各类社团组织、行业协会等非政府组织中担任重要领导职务，社会影响力不断扩大。随着经济的多元化和市场经济的进一步发展，非公有制经济更加活跃，涉及的面更宽，其作用将越来越重要。私营企业主、个休劳动者等非公有制人士形成了新的社会阶层，使我国的社会阶层结构发生深刻的变化，如何发挥广泛性优势，加强与新的社会阶层的联系呢?这
就要“坚持充分尊重、广泛联系、加强团结、热情帮助、积极引导的方针，切实做好新的社会阶层人士的工作，尊重他们的劳动创造和创业精神，凝聚他们的聪明才智，引导他们做合格的中国特色社会主义事业的建设者。”同时，我们还要充分发挥海外联谊广、交往渠道多，社会联系和影响面广等优势，引进来，走出去，有计划、有重点地引进资金、技术、设备、人才，也想方设法走出国门，拓展海外市场；要打开视野，面向欧、美、日，跟踪世界500 强，力争邀请更多的大财团、大企业参加各种节庆、经贸活动，穿针引线、铺路搭桥，为非公有制经济创设更大更好的发展平台。
根据非公有制经济代表人士的需求，可以通过企业家联谊会、企业家沙龙、企业家活动日等形式，开展一些内容多样、形式活泼的活动，以促进相互联系和沟通。只有加强与新的社会阶层的联系，重视他们的愿望与呼声，才能全面兼顾和实现社会各阶层群众的利益，才能充分发挥社会各阶层在推动经济社会发展中的作用，中国共产党领导的统一战线才能真正发展成为全体社会主义劳动者、社会主义事业建设者、拥护社会主义的爱国者和拥护祖国统一的爱国者的最广泛的联盟。
收稿日期：2006-12-20
作者简介：任映红，女，温州大学法政学院教授；任江南，男，民盟江西省委会秘书长，江西省统战理论研究会常务理事。
二、发挥包容性优势，求同存异，共同发展
统一战线之所以能得到社会各界的认同，得益于它所特有的包容性。这种包容性是指求同存异和兼收并蓄，所提出的理念能为不同层面的社会主体所接受。要发挥包容性优势，就要做到：
第一，统一战线要更好地理解和正确对待公有制与多种所有制经济并存这一现实，把坚持公有制为主体与促进非公有制经济发展统一到社会主义现代化建设实践中。以公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展是当代中国的基本经济制度，也是中国基本国情的客观需要。公有制经济和非公有制经济各有优势、互为补充，完全可以做到并行不悖、相互促进、共同发展。只有把公有制经济和非公有制经济的优势都充分发挥出来，才能最大限度地解放和发展生产力，尤其是要充分发挥个体、私营等非公有制经济在促进经济增长、扩大就业和活跃市场等方面的重要作用。
第二，统一战线要包容、团结、鼓励不同类型的非公有制人士，依法保护他们的权益。党的十六大指出：“对为祖国富强贡献力量的社会各阶层人们都要团结，对他们的创业精神都要鼓励，对他们的合法权益都要保护，对他们中的优秀分子都要表彰，努力形成全体人民各尽其能、各得其所而又和谐相处的局面。”121在互相尊重的前提下，加强合作，共同发展。这样，我们才能更加有利于充分调动一切积极因素，为全面建设小康社会、实现中华民族的伟大复兴提供强大的力量支持。
第二，统一战线要对港澳台同胞和海外侨胞持有更加积极和宽容的姿态。这就要进一步做好面向港澳台同胞和海外侨胞的统战工作，加强与“三胞”人士联系，会同有关部门做好“三资企业”的统战工作，在共同维护祖国统一的前提下，求振兴中华之同，存社会制度、意识形态、生活方式之异，不对港澳台的资本主义制度和意识形态进行干涉、限制、指责。这样就能促进和扩大经济、文化交流，团结一切可以团结的力量，把全民族的意志和智慧凝聚到实现四化、统一祖国、振兴中华的总日标上米。
三、发挥智力性优势，为科学决策服务
智力又称智能或智慧，是指人们在获得知识和运用知识解决实际问题时所必备的心理条件或特征。智力主要包含感知力、想象力、思维力和创造力等，其
中，创造力是智力的最高表现。统--战线汇集了大量的专家学者、专业技术人员等方方面面的代表人上，人才荟萃、智力密集，素有“人才库”、“智力库”、“智囊团”之称。随着国有企业、科研院所、大专院校的中青年科技人员、管理人员及归国留学人员等高素质自主创业人员的不断加人，非公有制经济代表人士队伍的结构不断优化，整体素质提高。发挥智力性优势，应当做到：
第一，要积极引导非公经济人士参政议政，为科学决策服务。发展是执政兴国的第一要务，也是统一战线的第一要务。要动员组织政协委员、各民主党派、工商联、无党派人士、社会团体，充分利用自身联系广泛、位置超脱、渠道畅通的优势，运用各种形式，通过各种渠道，搜集反映社会真实情况和群众密切关注的问题，从各自的角度，做各种调查研究，为发展建言献策，为党委和政府了解民情、体察民意、集中民智、科学决策发挥重要作用。
第二，要积极引导非公人士参与市场竞争、国际竞争和各种社会活动。统战部门要做好非公经济情况调研，要征求非公经济代表人士的意见建议，促使政府健全自由竞争的机制，确定非公有制企业的市场准入、税费额度、优惠政策，让各种所有制、各种类型的企业在信贷公平、费税公正、市场准入条件相等的情况下竞争，优胜劣汰；同时，要有计划地组织非公有制经济人士参与国际竞争，参与“光彩事业”和社会公益事业，进一步增强市场竞争能力、国际竞争力、自身的经济实力和影响力。
第三，要组织引导非公有制经济人士参与社会主义新农村建设。全面建设小康社会，最繁重的任务在农村。党的十六届五中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议》，站在新的历史起点上，把建设社会主义新农村作为我国现代化进程中的重大历史任务，并提出了“生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主”的总体要求。新农村建设是一项系统工程，需要全社会共同参与和努力。非公有制企业参与社会主义新农村建设，可以有经济顾问型、产业带动型、合作开发型、点接参与型、公益捐助型、帮助自立型，通过“村企共建”，带动当地的农业发展和农民致富，改善农村基础设施，提高农村的科学文化水平。
第四，要加强自主创新，建设创新型国家。自主创新是指从增强国家创新能力出发，加强原始创新、集成创新和引进消化吸收再创新。建设创新型国家的核心就是把增强自主创新能力作为发展科学技术的战略基点，走出中国特色自主创新道路，推动科学技术的跨越式发展。这就需要非公有制企业注重开发拥有自主知识产权的产品，把品牌看作企业的生命，努力成为自主创新的生力军。
四、发挥思想政治工作优势，创造稳定的政治社会环境
思想政治工作是经济工作和其他一切工作的生命线。安定团结的政治局面更有利于非公有制经济的发展。随着改革开放的深人和市场经济的发展，社会利益格局和利益关系发生变化，人民内部矛盾呈现增多的趋势，给稳定带来了一些不利影响。发挥统·战线的思想政治工作优势，就是要紧紧把握大团结、大联合的主题，多做团结鼓励、凝聚人心的工作，多做排忧解难、理顺情绪的工作，多做协调关系、化解矛盾的工作。。一个人的先进与落后，不能简单地用有没有财产和有多少财产来衡量，而主要看他们财产是怎么获得的，只要是诚实劳动，守法经营，其积累的财富都应当得到社会的承认和保护；他们使用个人财产的过程其实是一个财富的消费过程，也在为扩大内需、社会消费作出贡献。同时，还要引导他们投身社会公益事业，让个人财富对社会大众有益。要团结和帮助非公有制经济人士，支持和引导他们做爱国、敬业、守法的模范，引导他们按弃“小富即安”的错误思想，使他们富而思源、富而思进。
发挥思想政治工作优势，要加强价值导向和意识形态引导，由于教育背景、成长经历以及所涉足的行业不同，非公有制经济代表人士在个人成长经历、发展轨迹和个性上存在明显差异，在成长性、流动性以及发展的不确定性等方面存在着较大差异，而且，作为“经济人”，他们也容易以个人经济利益得失为标准来处理个人与社会、个人与国家利益的关系，在意识形态方面也有着模糊的认识，需要从思想上、政治上作多方引导，做过细的思想政治工作。
五、发挥民间性优势，加强非公企业与政府的沟通与联系
非公有制经济代表人士是新时期统一战线的重要对象。工商联既是爱国统一战线组织，又是具有统
战性、经济性、民间性的人民团体和民间商会。成员有企业、有团体、也有个人，所联系的主要是非公有制经济，定位主要是作为党和政府连接非公有制经济人士的桥梁和纽带，是政府管理非公有制经济的助手。
工商联的民间性优势有利于为企业提供信息化、专业化服务，便于非公企业间优势互补、资源共享，大大降低了交易成本(如搜寻成本、监督成本等)，增强了企业的市场竞争力；有利于与国际接轨和应对贸易争端，积极加人并参与同行业国际组织、非政府组织的各种经济活动，进行平等的对话交流协作，开发、利用国外的技术和资金，引导企业走向国际市场。同时，帮助政府制定有利于企业走向国际市场的经济政策、产业政策和相关法律；有利于体制创新、决策民主。因为现代企业制度的逐渐建立，企业股份制改造和公司制改革，入世后社会行业的进一步分化等制度安排对民间商会提出更高的要求，迫使其进行新一轮的制度变迁，这也是政府职能合理分解和转换的重要表现。
国民待遇是促进非公有制经济发展的重要手段。社会主义市场经济是法制经济。经济运营中的规则必须平等，不能包含任何歧视的条款。目前，非公有制经济的法律地位已经确定，得到国家法律的保护，已呈蓬勃发展之势，但在具体运营中，由于立法的滞后和长期以来“左”的影响，非公有制经济仍要面对许多不平等的竞争条件，如融资、担保、法人的地位、经济纠纷及处理债务中的法律地位等等，有的无法得到保障，有的部分得到保障，有的受保护有限，有的受歧视有余。在这种情况下，工商联要发挥民间性优势，做好非公有制企业与政府之间的沟通与联系，代表民营企业家为他们的合法权益、为他们创造一个平等的竞争环境而呼吁，其中包括法律制度的建立，进人领域的限制的拆除，平等竞争环境的形成，为他们开拓国际市场搭设平台。同时，帮助提高非公有制企业提升综合影响力，实现社会效益和企业效益最大化，从而促进非公经济健康发展。
参考文献：
\[1\]胡锦涛.不断巩固和壮大统一战线
共同建设中国特色社会主义\[N\].人民日报，2006-07-13.
\[2\]江泽民.全面建设小康社会
开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面\[M\].北京：人民出版社，2002.15.
责任编辑：王文京 | null | null | null | null | null |
en | hf cc0-1.0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/storytracer/US-PD-Books | At good old Siwash
author: Fitch, George Helgeson, 1877-1915
•
CO
V*
AT GOOD OLD SIWASH
Twenty-five yards with four Muggledorfer men hanging
on his legs
FKUSTISPIKCE. Ste paye 19
AT
GOOD OLD SIWASH
BY
GEORGE FITCH
ILLUSTRATED
BOSTON
LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY
1911
Copyright, 1910, 1911,
BY THE CURTIS PUBLISHING COMPANY.
Copyright, 1911,
BY LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY.
AU rights reserved
Published, September, 1911
THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.
PS
35
PREFACE
LITTLE did I think, during the countless occa
sions on which I have skipped blithely over the
preface of a book in order to plunge into the plot, -that
I should be called upon to write a preface myself
some day. And little have I realized until just now
the extreme importance to the author of having his
preface read.
I want this preface to be read, though I have an
uneasy premonition that it is going to be skipped as
joyously as ever I skipped a preface myself. I want
the reader to toil through my preface in order to save
him the task of trying to follow a plot through this
book. For if he attempts to do this he will most cer
tainly dislocate something about himself very seri'
ously. I have found it impossible, in writing of col
lege days which are just one deep-laid scheme after
another, to confine myself to one plot. How could
I describe in one plot the life of the student who
carries out an average of three plots a day? It is
unreasonable. So I have done the next best thing.
There is a plot in every chapter. This requires the
use of upwards of a dozen villains, an almost equal
number of heroes, and a whole bouquet of heroines.
vi Preface
But I do not begrudge this extravagance. It is neces
sary, and that settles it.
Then, again, I want to answer in this preface a num
ber of questions by readers who kindly consented to
become interested in the stories when they appeared in
the Saturday Evening Post. Siwash is n't Michigan
in disguise. It is n't Kansas. It is n't Knox. It
is n't Minnesota. It is n't Tuskegee, Texas, or Tufts.
It is just Siwash College. I built it myself with a
typewriter out of memories, legends, and contributed
tales from a score of colleges. I have tried to locate
it myself a dozen times, but I can't. I have tried to
place my thumb on it firmly and say, " There, darn
you, stay put." But no halfback was ever so elusive
as this infernal college. Just as I have it definitely
located on the Knox College campus, which I myself
once infested, I look up to find it on the Kansas
prairies. I surround it with infinite caution and at
tempt to nail it down there. Instead, I find it in
Minnesota with a strong Norwegian accent running
through the course of study. Worse than that, I often
find it in two or three places at once. It is harder to
corner than a flea. I never saw such a peripatetic
school.
That is only the least of my troubles, too. The
college itself is never twice the same. Sometimes I
am amazed at its size and perfection, by the grandeur
of its gymnasium and the colossal lines of its stadium.
But at other times I cannot find the stadium at all, and
the gymnasium has shrunk until it looks amazingly
Preface vii
like the old wooden barn in which we once built up
Sandow biceps at Knox. I never saw such a college
to get lost in, either. I know as well as anything that
to get to the Eta Bita Pie house, you go north from
the old bricks, past the new science hall and past
Browning Hall. But often when I start north from
the campus, I find my way blocked by the stadium,
and when I try to dodge it, I run into the Alfalfa Belt
House, and the Eatemalive boarding club, and other
places which belong properly to the south. And when
I go south I frequently lose sight of the college al
together, and can't for the life of me remember what
the library tower looks like or whether the theological
school is just falling down, or is to be built next year ;
or whether I ought to turn to my right, and ask for
directions at Prexie's house, or turn to my left and
crawl under a freight train which blocks a crossing on
the Hither, Yonder and Elsewhere Railroad. If you
think it is an easy task to carry a whole college in your
head without getting it jumbled, just try it a while.
Then, again, the Si wash people puzzle me. Pro
fessor Grubb is always a trial. That man alternates a
smooth-shaven face with a full beard in the most
startling manner. Petey Simmons is short and flaxen-
haired, long and black-haired, and wide and hatchet-
faced in turns, depending on the illustrator. I never
know Ole Skjarsen when I see him for the same rea
son. As for Prince Hogboom, Allie Bangs, Keg
Bearick and the rest of them, nobody knows how they
look but the artists who illustrated the stories; and
viii Preface
as I read each number and viewed the smiling faces
of these students, I murmured, " Goodness, how you
have changed ! "
So I have struggled along as best I could to admin
ister the affairs of a college which is located nowhere,
has no student body, has no endowment, never looks
the same twice, and cannot be reached by any reliable
route. The situation is impossible. I must locate it
somewhere. If you are interested in the college
when you have read these few stories, suppose you
hunt for it wherever college boys are full of applied
deviltry and college girls are distractingly fair ; where
it is necessary to win football games in order to be
half-way contented with the universe; where the
spring weather is too wonderful to be wasted on
College Algebra or History of Art ; and where, what
ever you do, or whoever you like, or however you live,
you can't forget it, no matter how long you work or
worry afterward.
There ! I can't mark it on the map, but if you have
ever worried a college faculty you '11 know the way.
GEORGE FITCH,
July, 1911.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I OLE SKJARSEN'S FIRST TOUCHDOWN ... 1
II INITIATING OLE 28
III WHEN GREEK MEETS GROUCH 50
IV A FUNERAL THAT FLASHED IN THE PAN . . 78
V COLLEGES WHILE You WAIT 105
VI THE GREEK DOUBLE CROSS 135
VII TAKING PACE FROM FATHER TIME . . . .169
VIII FRAPPED FOOTBALL 196
IX CUPID — THAT OLD COLLEGE CHUM . . . .[223
X VOTES FROM WOMEN 253
XI Sic TRANSIT GLORIA ALL AMERICA . . 284
IX
ILLUSTRATIONS
Twenty-five yards with four Muggledorfer
men hanging on his legs Frontispiece
PAGE
" Aye ent care to stop," he said. "Aye kent suit
you, Master Bost " 20
He pulled himself together and touched Ole gently 26
There wasn't a college anywhere around us that
didn't have Ole's hoof-marks all over its pride . 33
Martha caused some mild sensation 63
My, but that girl was a wonder! 74
" Har 's das spy! " he yelled. " Kill him, f alters;
he ban a spy!" 120
We spent another five minutes hoisting him aboard
a prehistoric plug 125
He may have been fat, but how he could run! . .132
Naturally I was somewhat dazzled 147
He was so bashful that his voice blushed when he
used it 151
With our colors on and four particularly wicked-
looking chair legs in our hands 167
xi
xii Illustrations
PAGE
Our peculiar style of pushing a football right
through the thorax of the whole middle west . 205
" If you don 't like that bean bag, eat it.". ... 220
He invited Miss Spencer to go street-car riding
'.with him 246
You can always spot these family friends .... 252
It was a blow between the eyes 264
" How are all the other good old chaps? " she said 270
Why, they even made us cut chapel to go walking
with them . 280
AT GOOD OLD SIWASH
CHAPTER I
OLE SKJABSEN'S FIRST TOUCHDOWN
AM I GOING to the game Saturday? Am I?
Me? Am I going to eat some more food this
year ? Am I going to draw my pay this month ? Am
I going to do any more breathing after I get this
lungful used up ? All foolish questions, pal. Very
silly conversation. Pshaw!
Am I going to the game, you ask me? Is the
sun going to get up to-morrow ? You could n't keep
me away from that game if you put a protective
tariff of seventy-eight per cent ad valorem, whatever
that means, on the front gate. I came out to this
town on business, and I '11 have to take an extra fare
train home to make up the time; but what of that?
I 'm going to the game, and when the Siwash team
comes out I 'm going to get up and give as near a
correct imitation of a Roman mob and a Polish riot
as my throat will stand; and if we put a crimp in
the large-footed, humpy-shouldered behemoths we 're
going up against this afternoon, I 'm going out to
night and burn the City Hall. Any Siwash man who
2 At Good Old Siwash
is a gentleman would do it I '11 probably have to
run like thunder to beat some of them to it.
You know how it is, old man. Or maybe you don't,
because you made all your end runs on the Glee
Club. But I played football all through my college
course and the microbe is still there. In the fall I
think football, talk football, dream football, even
though I haven't had a suit on for six years. And
when I go out to the field and see little old Siwash
lining up against a bunch of overgrown hippos from
a university with a catalogue as thick as a city
directory, the old mud-and-perspiration smell gets
in my nostrils, and the desire to get under the bunch
and feel the feet jabbing into my ribs boils up so
strong that I have to hold on to myself with both
hands. If you Ve never sat on a hard board and
wanted to be between two halfbacks with your hands
on their shoulders, and the quarter ready to sock a
ball into your solar plexus, and eleven men daring
you to dodge 'em, and nine thousand friends and
enemies raising Cain and keeping him well propped
up in the grandstands — if you have n't had that
want you would n't know a healthy, able-bodied want
if you ran into it on the street.
Of course, I never got any further along than a
scrub. But what 's the odds ? A broken bone feels
just as grand to a scrub as to a star. I sometimes
think a scrub gets more real football knowledge than
a varsity man, because he does n't have to addle his
brain by worrying about holding his job and keeping
Ole Skjarsen's First Touchdown 3
his wind, and by dreaming that he has fumbled a
punt and presented ninety-five yards to the hereditary
enemies of his college. I played scrub football five
years, four of 'em under Bost, the greatest coach who
ever put wings on the heels of a two-hundred-pound
hunk of meat; and while my ribs never lasted long
enough to put me on the team, what I did n't learn
about the game you could put in the other fellow's
eye.
Say, but it 's great, learning football under a good
coach. It 's the finest training a man can get any
where on this old globule. Football is only the
smallest thing you learn. You learn how; to be
patient when what you want to do is to chew some
body up and spit him into the gutter. You learn
to control your temper when it is on the high speed,
with the throttle jerked wide open and buzzing like
a hornet convention. You learn, by having it told
you, just how small and foolish and insignificant you
are, and how well this earth could stagger along with
out you if some one were to take a fly-killer and mash
you with it. And you learn all this at the time of
life when your head is swelling up until you mistake
it for a planet, and regard whatever you say as a
volcanic disturbance.
I suppose you think, like the rest of the chaps who
never came out to practice but observed the game
from the dollar-and-a-half seats, that being coached
in football is like being instructed in German or
calculus. You are told what to do and how to do
4 At Good Old Siwash
it, and then you recite. Far from it, my boy ! They
don't bother telling you what to do and how to do
it on a big football field. Mostly they tell you what
to do and how you do it And they do it artistically,
too. They use plenty of language. A football coach
is picked out for his ready tongue. He must be a
conversationalist. He must be able to talk to a
greenhorn, with fine shoulders and a needle-shaped
head, until that greenhorn would pick up the ball and
take it through a Sioux war dance to get away from
the conversation. You can't reason with football
men. They 're not logical, most of them. They are
selected for their heels and shoulders and their leg
muscles, and not for their ability to look at you
with luminous eyes and say : " Yes, Professor, I
think I understand." The way to make 'em under
stand is to talk about them. Any man can understand
you while you are telling him that if he were just
a little bit slower he would have to be tied to the
earth to keep up with it. That hurts his pride.
And when you hurt his pride he takes it out on
whatever is in front of him — which is the other
team. Never get in front of a football player when
you are coaching him.
But this brings me to the subject of Bost again.
Bost is still coaching Siwash. This makes his 'steenth
year. I guess he can stay there forever. He 's
coached all these years and has never used the same
adjective to the same man twice. There 's a record
for you ! He 's a little man, Bost is. He played end
Ole Skjarsen's First Touchdown 5
on some Western team when he only weighed one
hundred and forty. Got his football knowledge
there. But where he got his vocabulary is still a
mystery. He has a way of convincing a man that
a dill pickle would make a better guard than he is,
and of making that man so jealous of the pickle
that he will perform perfectly unreasonable feats
for a week to beat it out for the place. He has a
way of saying " Hurry up," with a few descriptive
adjectives tacked on, that makes a man rub himself
in the stung place for an hour; and oh, how mad
he can make you while he is telling you pleasantly
that while the little fellow playing against you is
only a prep and has sloping shoulders and weighs
one hundred and eleven stripped, he is making you
look like a bale of hay that has been dumped by mis
take on an athletic field. And when he gets a team
in the gymnasium between halves, with the game
going wrong, and stands up before them and sizes
up their insect nerve and rubber backbone and heredi
tary awkwardness and incredible talent in doing the
wrong thing, to say nothing of describing each indi
vidual blunder in that queer nasal clack of his —
well, I 'd rather be tied up in a great big frying-pan
over a good hot stove for the same length of time,
any day in the week. The reason Bost is a great
coach is because his men don't dare play poorly.
When they do he talks to them. If he would only
hit them, or skin them by inches, or shoot at them,
they wouldn't mind it so much; but when you get
6 At Good Old Siwash
on the field with him and realize that if you miss
a tackle he is going to get you out before the whole
gang and tell you what a great mistake the Creator
made when He put joints in your arms instead of
letting them stick out stiff as they do any other sign
post, you 're not going to miss that tackle, that 's all.
When Bost came to Siwash he succeeded a line of
coaches who had been telling the fellows to get down
low and hit the line hard, and had been showing
them how to do it very patiently. Nice fellows, those
coaches. Perfect gentlemen. Make you proud to
associate with them. They could take a herd of
green farmer boys, with wrists like mules' ankles,
and by Thanksgiving they would have them familiar
with all the rudiments of the game. By that time
the season would be over and all the schools in the
vicinity would have beaten us by big scores. The
next year the last year's crop of big farmer boys
would stay at home to husk corn, and the coach would
begin all over on a new crop. The result was, we
were a dub school at football. Any school that
could scare up a good rangy halfback and a line that
could hold sheep could get up an adding festival at
our expense any time. \Ye lived in a perpetual state
of fear. Some day we felt that the normal school
would come down and beat us. That would be the
limit of disgrace. After that there would be nothing
left to do but disband the college and take to drink
to forget the past.
But Bost changed all that in one year. He did n't
Ole Skjarsen's First Touchdown 7
care to show any one how to play football. He was
just interested in making the player afraid not to
play it. When you went down the field on a punt
you knew that if you missed your man he would
tell you when you came back that two stone hitching-
posts out of three could get past you in a six-foot
alley. If you missed a punt you could expect to be
told that you might catch a haystack by running with
your arms wide open, but that was no way to catch
a football. Maybe things like that don't sound jabby
when two dozen men hear them ! They kept us catch
ing punts between classes, and tackling each other
all the way to our rooms and back. We simply had
to play football to keep from being bawled out. It 'a
an awful thing to have a coach with a tongue like
a cheese knife swinging away at you, and to know
that if you get mad and quit, no one but the dear
old coll. will suffer — but it gets the results. They
use the same system in the East, but there they only
swear at a man, I believe. Siwash is a mighty proper
college and you can't swear on its campus, whatever
else you do. Swearing is only a lazy man's substitute
for thinking, anyway; and Bost wasn't lazy. He
preferred the descriptive; he sat up nights thinking
it out.
We began to see the results before Bost had been
tracing our pedigrees for two weeks. First game of
the season was with that little old dinky Normal
School which had been scaring us so for the past five
years. We had been satisfied to push some awkward
8 At Good Old Siwash
halfback over the line once, and then hold on to the
enemy so tight he could n't run ; and we started out
that year in the same old way. First half ended 0 to
0, with our boys pretty satisfied because they had kept
the ball in Normal's territory. Bost led the team and
the substitutes into the overgrown barn we used for
a gymnasium, and while we were still patting our
selves approvingly in our minds he cut loose :
" You pasty-faced, overfed, white-livered beanbag
experts, what do you mean by running a beauty show
instead of a football game ? " he yelled. " Do you
suppose I came out here to be art director of a
statuary exhibit? Does any one of you imagine for
a holy minute that he knows the difference between
a football game and ushering in a church? Don't
fool yourselves. You don't; you don't know any
thing. All you ever knew about football I could
carve on granite and put in my eye and never feel
it. Nothing to nothing against a crowd of farmer
boys who have n't known a football from a duck's egg
for more than a week ! Bah ! If I ever turned the
Old Folks' Home loose on you doll babies they 'd
run up a century while you were hunting for your
handkerchiefs. Jackson, what do you suppose a half
back is for? I don't want cloak models. I want a
man who can stick his head down and run. Don't
be afraid of that bean of yours ; it has n't got any
thing worth saving in it. When you get the ball
you 're supposed to run with it and not sit around
trying to hatch it. You, Saunders ! You held that
Ole Skjarsen's First Touchdown 9
other guard just like a sweet-pea vine. Where did
you ever learn that sweet, lovely way of falling down
on your nose when a real man sneezes at you ? Did
you ever hear of sand ? Eat it ! Eat it ! Fill your
self up with it. I want you to get in that line this
half and stop something or I '11 make you play left
end in a fancy-work club. Johnson, the only way to
get you around the field is to put you on wheels and
haul you. Next time you grow fast to the ground
I 'm going to violate some forestry regulations and
take an axe to you. Same to you, Briggs. You 'd
make the All- American boundary posts, but that 's
all. Vance, I picked you for a quarterback, but I
made a mistake ; you ought to be sorting eggs. That
ball is n't red hot. You don't have to let go of it
as soon as you get it. Don't be afraid, nobody will
step on you. This is n't a rude game. It 's only a
game of post-office. You needn't act so nervous
about it. Maybe some of the big girls will kiss you,
but it won't hurt."
Bost stopped for breath and eyed us. We were a
sick-looking crowd. You could almost see the re
marks sticking into us and quivering. We had come
in feeling pretty virtuous, and what we were getting
was a hideous surprise.
" Now I want to tell this tea-party something,"
continued Bost. " Either you 're going out on that
field and score thirty points this last half or I 'm
going to let the girls of Siwash play your football
for you. I 'm tired of coaching men that are n't good
10 At Good Old Siwash
at anything but falling down scientifically when
they 're tackled. There is n't a broken nose among
you. Every one of you will run back five yards to
pick out a soft spot to fall on. It 's got to stop.
You 're going to hold on to that ball this half and
take it places. If some little fellow from Normal
crosses his fingers and says ' naughty, naughty,' don't
fall on the ball and yell * down ' until they can hear
it uptown. Thirty points is what I want out of you
this half, and if you don't get 'em — well, you just
dare to come back here without them, that 's all.
Now get out on that field and jostle somebody. Git ! "
Did we git ? Well, rather. We were so mad our
clothes smoked. We would have quit the game right
there and resigned from the team, but we did n't dare
to. Bost would have talked to us some more. And
we didn't dare not to make those thirty points,
either. It was an awful tough job, but we did it
with a couple over. We raged like wild beasts. We
scared those gentle Nonnalites out of their boots. I
can't imagine how we ever got it into our heads
that they could play football, anyway. When it was
all over we went back to the gymnasium feeling
righteously triumphant, and had another hour with
Bost in which he took us all apart without anaes
thetics, and showed us how Nature would have done
a better job if she had used a better grade of lumber
in our composition.
That day made the Siwash team. The school went
wild over the score. Bost rounded up two or three
Ole Skjarsen's First Touchdown 11
more good players, and every afternoon he lashed us
around the field with that wire-edged tongue of his.
On Saturdays we played, and oh, how we worked!
In the first half we were afraid of what Bost would
say to us when we came off the field. In the second
half we were mad at what he had said. And how
he did drive us down the field in practice! I can
remember whole cross sections of his talk yet:
" Faster, faster, you scows. Line up. Quick !
Johnson, are you waiting for a stone-mason to set
you ? Snap the ball. Tear into them. Low ! Low !
Hi-i ! You end, do you think you 're the quarter
pole in a horse race ? Nine men went past you that
time. If you can't touch 'em drop 'em a souvenir
card. Line up. Faster, faster ! Oh, thunder, hurry
up ! If you ran a funeral, center, the corpse would
spoil on your hands. Wow! Fumble! Drop on
that ball. Drop on it ! Hogboom, you 'd fumble a
loving-cup. Use your hand instead of your jaw to
catch that ball. It is n't good to eat. That 's four
chances you 've had. I could lose two games a day
if I had you all the time. Now try that signal again
— low, you linemen ; there 's no girls watching you.
Snap it ; snap it. Great Scott ! Say, Hogboom, come
here. When you get that ball, don't think we gave
it to you to nurse. You 're supposed to start the
same day with the line. We give you that ball to
take forward. Have you got to get a legal permit
to start those legs of yours ? You 'd make a good
vault to store footballs in, but you 're too stationary
12 At Good Old Siwash
for a fullback. Now I '11 give you one more
chance — "
And maybe Hogboom would n't go some with that
chance !
In a month we had a team that would n't have used
past Siwash teams to hold its sweaters. It was mad
all the time, and it played the game carnivorously.
Siwash was delirious with joy. The whole school
turned out for practice, and to see those eleven men
snapping through signals up and down the field as
fast as an ordinary man could run just congested us
with happiness. You 've no idea what a lovely time
of the year autumn is when you can go out after
classes and sit on a pine seat in the soft dusk and
watch your college team pulling off end runs in as
pretty formation as if they were chorus girls, while
you discuss lazily with your friends just how many
points it is going to run up on the neighboring
schools. I never expect to be a Captain of Industry,
but it could n't make me feel any more contented or
powerful or complacent than to be a busted-up scrub
in Siwash' with a team like that to watch. I 'm
pretty sure of that.
But, happy as we were, Bost wasn't nearly con
tent He had ideals. I believe one of them must
have been to run that team through a couple of brick
flats without spoiling the formation. Nothing satis
fied him. He was particularly distressed about the
fullback. Hogboom was a good fellow and took sig
nal practice perfectly, but he was no fiend. He
Ole Skjarsen's First Touchdown 13
lacked the vivacity of a real, first-class Bengal tiger.
He would n't eat any one alive. He 'd run until lie
was pulled down, but you never expected him to ex
plode in the midst of seven hostiles and ricochet
down the field for forty yards. He never jumped
over two men and on to another, and he never dodged
two ways at once and laid out three men with stiff
arms on his way to the goal. It was n't his style.
He was good for two and a half yards every time,
but that did n't suit Bosk He was after statistics,
and what does a three-yard buck amount to when you
want 70 to 0 scores?
The result of this dissatisfaction was Ole Skjarsen.
Late in September Bost disappeared for three days
and came back leading Ole by a rope — at least, he
was towing him by an old carpet-bag when we sighted
him. Bost found him in a lumber camp, he afterward
told us, and had to explain to him what a college was
before he would quit his job. He thought it was
something good to eat at first, I believe. Ole was a
timid young Norwegian giant, with a rmk of white
hair and a reenforced concrete physique. He escaped
from his clothes in all directions, and was so green
and bashful that you would have thought we were
cannibals from the way he shied at us — though, as
that was the year the bright hat-ribbons came in, I
can't blame him. He wasn't like anything we had
ever seen before in college. He was as big as a cart
horse, as graceful as a dray and as meek as a mis
sionary. He had a double width smile and a thin
14 At Good Old Siwash
little old faded voice that made you think you could
tip him over and shine your shoes on him with im
punity. But I would n't have tried it for a month's
allowance. His voice and his arms did n't harmonize
worth a cent. They were as big as ordinary legs —
those arms, and they ended in hands that could have
picked up a football and mislaid it among their
fingers.
No wonder Ole was a sensation. He did n't look
exactly like football material to us, I '11 admit. He
seemed more especially designed for light derrick
work. But we trusted Bost implicitly by that time
and we gave him a royal reception. We crowded
around him as if he had been a T. R. capture
straight from Africa, Everybody helped him register
third prep, with business-college extras. Then we
took him out, harnessed him in football armor, and
set to work to teach him the game.
Bost went right to work on Ole in a businesslike
manner. He tossed him the football and said:
" Catch it." Ole watched it sail past and then tore
after it like a pup retrieving a stick. He got it in
a few minutes and brought it back to where Bost
was raving.
" See here, you overgrown fox terrier," he shouted,
" catch it on the fly. Here ! " He hurled it at him.
" Aye ent seen no fly," said Ole, allowing the ball
to pass on as he conversed.
" You cotton-headed Scandinavian cattleship bal
last, catch that ball in your arms when I throw it
Ole Skjarsen's First Touchdown 15
to you, and don't let go of it ! " shrieked Bost, shoot
ing it at him again.
" Oil right," said Ole patiently. He cornered the
ball after a short struggle and stood hugging it
faithfully.
" Toss it back, toss it back ! " howled Bost, jump
ing up and down.
" Yu tal me to hold it," said Ole reproachfully,
hugging it tighter than ever.
" Drop it, you Mammoth Cave of ignorance ! "
yelled Bost. " If I had your head I 'd sell it for
cordwood. Drop it ! "
Ole dropped the ball placidly. "Das ban fule
game," he smiled dazedly. " Aye ent care for it.
Eny faller got a Yewsharp ? "
That was the opening chapter of Ole's instruction.
The rest were just like it You had to tell him to
do a thing. You then had to show him how to do it.
You then had to tell him how to stop doing it. After
that you had to explain that he wasn't to refrain
forever — just until he had to do it again. Then you
had to persuade him to do it again. He was as good-
natured as a lost puppy, and just as hard to reason
with. In three nights Bost was so hoarse that he
could n't talk. He had called Ole everything in the
dictionary that is fit to print ; and the knowledge that
Ole did n't understand more than a hundredth part
of it, and didn't mind that, was wormwood to his
soul.
For all that, we could see that if any one could
16 At Good Old Siwash
teach Ole the game he would make a fine player.
He was as hard as flint and so fast on his feet that
we could n't tackle him any more than we could have
tackled a jack-rabbit. He learned to catch the ball
in a night, and as for defense — his one-handed
catches of flying players would have made a National
League fielder envious. But with all of it he was
perfectly useless. You had to start him, stop him,
back him, speed him up, throttle him down and run
him off the field just as if he had been a close-
coupled, next year's model scootcart. If we could have
rigged up a driver's seat and chauffeured Ole, it
would have been all right. But every other method of
trying to get him to understand what he was expected
to do was a failure. He just grinned, took orders,
executed them, and waited for more. When a two-
hundred-and-twenty-pound man takes a football,
wades through eleven frantic scrubs, shakes them all
off, and then stops dead with a clear field to the goal
before him — because his instructions ran out when
he shook the last scrub — you can be pardoned for
feeling hopeless about him.
That was what happened the day before the Mug-
gledorfer game. Bost had been working Ole at full
back all evening. He and the captain had steered
him up and down the field as carefully as if he had
been a sea-going yacht. It was a wonderful sight.
Ole was under perfect control. He advanced the ball
five yards, ten yards, or twenty at command. Nothing
could stop him. The scrubs represented only so
Ole Skjarsen's First Touchdown 17
many doormats to him. Every time he made a play
he stopped at the latter end of it for instructions.
When he stopped the last time, with nothing be
fore him but the goal, and asked placidly, " Vere
skoll I take das ball now, Master Bost ? " I thought
the coach would expire of the heat. He positively
steamed with suppressed emotion. He swelled and
got purple about the face. We were alarmed and
were getting ready to hoop him like a barrel when
he found his tongue at last.
" You pale-eyed, prehistoric mudhead," he splut
tered, " I 've spent a week trying to get through that
skull lining of yours. It 's no use, you field boulder.
Where do you keep your brains ? Give me a chance
at them. I just want to get into them one minute
and stir them up with my finger. To think that I
have to use you to play football when they are paying
five dollars and a half for ox meat in Kansas City.
Skjarsen, do you know anything at all ? "
" Aye ban getting gude eddication," said Ole
serenely, " Aye tank I ban college f aller purty sune,
I don't know. I like I skoll understand all das har
big vorts yu make."
" You '11 understand them, I don't think," moaned
Bost. " You could n't understand a swift kick in
the ribs. You are a fool. Understand that, mutton-
head ? "
Ole understood. " Vy for yu call me fule ? " he
said indignantly. " Aye du yust vat you say."
<e Ar-r-r-r ! " bubbled Bost, walking around himself
18 At Good Old Siwash
three or four times. " You do just what I say ! Of
course you do. Did I tell you to stop in the middle
of the field? What would Muggledorfer do to you
if you stopped there ? "
" Yu ent tal me to go on," said Ole sullenly. " Aye
go on, Aye gass, pooty qveek den."
" You bet you '11 go on," said Bost. " Now, look
here, you sausage material, to-morrow you play full
back. You stop everything that comes at you from
the other side. Hear? You catch the ball when it
comes to you. Hear ? And when they give you the
ball you take it, and don't you dare to stop with it.
Get that? Can I get that into your head without a
drill and a blast? If you dare to stop with that
ball I '11 ship you back to the lumber camp in a cattle
car. Stop in the middle of the field — Ow ! "
But at this point we took Bost away.
The next afternoon we dressed Ole up in his armor
— he invariably got it on wrong side out if we did n't
help him — and took him out to the field. We con
fidently expected to promenade all over Muggledorfer
— their coach was an innocent child beside Bost —
and that was the reason why Ole was going to play.
It did n't matter much what he did.
Ole was just coming to a boil when we got him
into his clothes. Best's remarks had gotten through
his hide at last. He was pretty slow, Ole was, but
he had begun getting mad the night before and had
kept at the job all night and all morning. By after
noon he was seething, mostly in Norwegian. The
Ole Skjarsen's First Touchdown 19
injustice of being called a muttonhead all week for
not obeying orders, and then being called a nmdhead
for stopping for orders, churned his soul, to say noth
ing of his language. He only averaged one English
word in three, as he told us on the way out that to-day
he was going to do exactly as he had been told or
fill a martyr's grave — only that was n't the way he
put it
The Muggledorfers were a pruny-looking lot. We
had the game won when our team came out and
glared at them. Bost had filled most of the positions
with regular young mammoths, and when you dressed
them up in football armor they were enough to make
a Dreadnought a little nervous. The Muggleses
kicked off to our team, and for a few plays we
plowed along five or ten yards at a time. Then
Ole was given the ball. He went twenty-five yards.
Any other man would have been crushed to earth
in five. He just waded through the middle of the
line and went down the field, a moving mass of wrig
gling men. It was a wonderful play. They dis
interred him at last and he started straight across
the field for Bost.
" Aye ent mean to stop, Master Bost," he shouted.
" Dese f allers bar, dey squash me down — "
We hauled him into line and went to work again.
Ole had performed so well that the captain called his
signal again. This time I hope I may be roasted in
a subway in July if Ole did n't run twenty-five yards
with four Muggledorfer men hanging on his legs.
20 At Good Old Siwash
We stood up and yelled until our teeth ached. It
took about five minutes to get Ole dug out, and then
he started for Bost again.
" Honest, Master Bost, Aye ent mean to stop," he
said imploringly. " Aye yust tal you, dese fallers
ban devils. Aye fule dem naxt time — "
" Line up and shut up," the captain shouted. The
ball was n't over twenty yards from the line, and as
a matter of course the quarter shot it back to Ole.
He put his head down, gave one mad-bull plunge, laid
a windrow of Muggledorfer players out on either
side, and shot over the goal line like a locomotive.
We rose up to cheer a few lines, but stopped to
stare. Ole did n't stop at the goal line. He did n't
stop at the fence. He put up one hand, hurdled it,
and disappeared across the campus like a young
whirlwind.
" He does n't know enough to stop ! " yelled Bost,
rushing up to the fence. " Hustle up, you fellows,
and bring him back ! "
Three or four of us jumped the fence, but it was
a hopeless game. Ole was disappearing up the campus
and across the street. The Muggledorfer team was
nonplussed and sort of indignant. To be bowled over
by a cyclone, and then to have said cyclone break up
the game by running away with the ball was to them
a new idea in football. It was n't to those of us who
knew Ole, however. One of us telephoned down to
the Leader office where Hinckley, an old team man,
worked, and asked him to head off Ole and send him
Ole Skjarsen's First Touchdown 21
back. Muggledorfer kindly consented to call time,
and we started after the fugitive ourselves.
Ten minutes later we met Hinckley downtown.
He looked as if he had had a slight argument with a
thirteen-inch shell. He was also mad.
" What was that you asked me to stop ? " he
snorted, pinning himself together. " Was it a gorilla
or a high explosive ? When did you fellows begin
importing steam rollers for the team ? I asked him
to stop. I ordered him to stop. Then I went around
in front of him to stop him — and he ran right over
me. I held on for thirty yards, but that 's no way
to travel. I could have gone to the next town just
as well, though. What sort of a game is this, and
where is that tow-headed holy terror bound for ? "
We gave the answer up, but we could n't give up
Ole. He was too valuable to lose. How to catch him
was the sticker. An awful uproar in the street gave
us an idea. It was Ted Harris in the only auto in
town — one of the earliest brands of sneeze vehicles.
In a minute more four of us were in, and Ted was
chiveying the thing up the street.
If you 've never chased an escaping fullback in
one of those pioneer automobiles you 've got some
thing coming. Take it all around, a good, swift man,
running all the time, could almost keep ahead of one.
We pumped up a tire, fixed a wire or two, and
cranked up a few times; and the upshot of it was
we were two miles out on the state road before we
caught sight of Ole.
22 At Good Old Siwash
He was trotting briskly when we caught up with
him, the ball under his arm, and that patient, resigned
expression on his face that he always had when Bost
cussed him. " Stop, Ole," I yelled ; " this is no
Marathon. Come back. Climb in here with us."
Ole shook his head and let out a notch of speed.
" Stop, you mullethead," yelled Simpson above the
roar of the auto — those old machines could roar
some, too. " What do you mean by running off with
our ball ? You 're not supposed to do hare-and-
hounds in football."
Ole kept on running. We drove the car on ahead,
stopped it across the road, and jumped out to stop
him. When the attempt was over three of us picked
up the fourth and put him aboard. Ole had tramped
on us and had climbed over the auto.
Force would n't do, that was plain. " Where are
you going, Ole ? " we pleaded as we tore along beside
him.
" Aye ent know," he panted, laboring up a hill ;
" das ban fule game, Aye tenk."
" Come on back and play some more," we urged.
" Bost won't like it, your running all over the country
this way."
" Das ban my orders," panted Ole. " Aye ent no
fule, yentlemen; Aye know ven Aye ban doing right
teng. Master Bost he say ' Keep on running ! ' Aye
gass I run till hal freeze on top. Aye ent know why.
Master Bost he know, I tenk."
" This is awful," said Lambert, the manager of
Ole Skjarsen's First Touchdown 23
the team. " He 's taken Bost literally again — the
chump. He '11 run till he lands up in those pine
woods again. And that ball cost the association five
dollars. Besides, we want him. What are we going
to do?"
" I know," I said. " We 're going back to get
Bost. I guess the man who started him can stop
him."
We left Ole still plugging north and ran back to
town. The game was still hanging fire. Bost was
tearing his hair. Of course, the Muggledorfer fellows
could have insisted on playing, but they weren't
anxious. Ole or no Ole, we could have walked all
over them, and they knew it. Besides, they were
having too much fun with Bost. They were sitting
around, Indian-like, in their blankets, and every three
minutes their captain would go and ask Bost with
perfect politeness whether he thought they had better
continue the game there or move it on to the next
town in time to catch his fullback as he came through.
" Of course, we are in no hurry," he would explain
pleasantly ; " we 're just here for amusement, any
way ; and it 's as much fun watching you try to catch
your players as it is to get scored on. Why don't you
hobble them, Mr. Bost ? A fifty-yard rope would n't
interfere much with that gay young Percheron of
yours, and it would save you lots of time rounding
him up. Do you have to use a lariat when you put
his harness on ? "
Fancy Bost having to take all that conversation,
24 At Good Old Siwash
with no adequate reply to make. When I got there
he was blue in the face. It didn't take him half a
second to decide what to do. Telling the captain
of the Siwash team to go ahead and play if Muggle-
dorfer insisted, and on no account to use that 32
double-X play except on first downs, he jumped into
the machine and we started for Ole.
There were no speed records in those days.
Would n't have made any difference if there were.
Harris just turned on all the juice his old double-
opposed motor could soak up, and when we hit the
wooden crossings on the outskirts of town we fellows
in the tonneau went up so high that we changed sides
coming down. It was n't over twenty minutes till
we sighted a little cloud of dust just beyond a little
town to the north. Pretty soon we saw it was Ole.
He was still doing his six miles per. We caught up
and Bost hopped out, still mad.
" Where in Billy-be-blamed are you going, you
human trolley car ? " he spluttered, sprinting along
beside Skjarsen. " What do you mean by breaking
up a game in the middle and vamoosing with the ball ?
Do you think we 're going to win this game on mile
age? Turn around, you chump, and climb into
this car."
Ole looked around him sadly. He kept on run
ning as he did. " Aye ent care to stop," he
said. " Aye kent suit you, Master Bost. You
tal me Aye skoll du a teng, den you cuss me for
duing et. You tal me not to du a teng and you cuss
Ole Skjarsen's First Touchdown 25
me some more den. Aye tenk I yust keep on a-run-
ning, lak yu tal me tu last night. Et ent so hard
bein' cussed ven yu ban running."
" I tell you to stop, you potato-top," gasped Bost.
By this time he was fifteen yards behind and losing
at every step. He had wasted too much breath on
oratory. We picked him up in the car and set him
alongside of Ole again.
" See here, Ole, I 'm tired of this," he said, sprint
ing up by him again. " The game 's waiting. Come
on back. You 're making a fool of yourself."
" Eny teng Aye du Aye ban beeg fule," said Ole
gloomily. " Aye yust keep on runnin'. Fallers
ent got breath to call me fule ven Aye run. Aye
tenk das best vay."
We picked Bost up again thirty yards behind.
Maybe he would have run better if he had n't choked
so in his conversation. In another minute we landed
him abreast of Ole again. He got out and sprinted
for the third time. He wabbled as he did it
" Ole," he panted, " I 've been mistaken in you.
You are all right, Ole. I never saw a more intel
ligent fellow. I won't cuss you any more, Ole. If
you '11 stop now we '11 take you back in an automobile
— hold on there a minute ; can't you see I 'm all out
of breath ? "
" Aye ban gude f aller, den ? " asked Ole, letting
out another link of speed.
" You are a " — puff-puff — " peach, Ole," gasped
Bost. " I '11 " — puff-puff — " never cuss you again.
26 At Good Old Siwash
Please " — puff-puff — " stop ! Oh, hang it, I 'm
all in." And Bost sat down in the road.
A hundred yards on we noticed Ole slacken speed.
" It 's sinking through his skull," said Harris eagerly.
In another minute he had stopped. We picked up
Bost again and ran up to him. He surveyed us long
and critically.
" Das ban qveer masheen," he said finally. " Aye
tenk Aye lak Aye skoll be riding back in it. Aye ent
care for das f utball game, Aye gass. It ban tu much
running in it."
We took Ole back to town in twenty-two minutes,
three chickens, a dog and a back spring. It was close
to five o'clock when he ran out on the field again.
The Muggledorfer team was still waiting. Time
was no object to them. They would only play ten
minutes, but in that ten minutes Ole made three
scores. Five substitutes stood back of either goal and
asked him with great politeness to stop as he tore over
the line. And he did it. If any one else had run six
miles between halves he would have stopped a good
deal short of the line. But as far as we could see,
it had n't winded Ole.
Bost went home by himself that night after the
game, not stopping even to assure us that as a team
we were beneath his contempt. The next afternoon
he was, if anything, a little more vitriolic than ever
— but not with Ole. Toward the middle of the
signal practice he pulled himself together and touched
Ole gently.
He pulled himself together
and touched Ole gently
Page 26
Ole Skjarsen's First Touchdown 27
" My dear Mr. Skjarsen," he said apologetically,
" if it will not annoy you too much, would you mind
running the same way the rest of the team does ? I
don't insist on it, mind you, but it looks so much
better to the audience, you know."
" Jas," said Ole ; " Aye ban. f ule, Aye gass, but
yu ban tu polite to say it."
CHAPTER H
INITIATING OLE
WERE you ever Hamburgered by a real, live
college fraternity? I mean, were you ever
initiated into full brotherhood by a Greek-letter so
ciety with the aid of a baseball bat, a sausage-making
machine, a stick of dynamite and a corn-sheller ?
What 's that ? You say you belong to the Up-to-Date
Wood-choppers and have taken the josh degree in the
Noble Order of Prong-Horned Wapiti? Forget it.
Those aren't initiations. They are rest cures. I went
into one of those societies which give horse-play in
itiations for middle-aged daredevils last year and was
bored to death because I forgot to bring my knitting.
They are stiff enough for fat business men who never
do anything more exciting than to fall over the lawn
mower in the cellar once a year ; but, compared with
a genuine, eighteen-donkey-power college frat initia
tion with a Spanish Inquisition attachment, the little
degree teams, made up of grandfathers, feel like a
slap on the wrist delivered by a young lady in frail
health.
Mind you, I 'm not talking about the baby-ribbon
affairs that the college boys use nowadays. It does n't
Initiating Ole 29
seem to be the fashion to grease the landscape with
freshmen any more. Initiations are getting to be as
safe and sane as an ice-cream festival in a village
church. When a frat wants to submit a neophyte to
a trying ordeal it sends him out on the campus to
climb a tree, or makes him go to a dance in evening
clothes with a red necktie on. A boy who can roll
a peanut half a mile with a toothpick, or can fish all
morning in a pail of water in front of the college
chapel without getting mad and trying to thrash any
one is considered to be lion-hearted enough to orna
ment any frat. These are mollycoddle times in all
departments. I 'm glad I 'm out of college and am
catching street cars in the rush hours. That is about
the only job left that feels like the good old times
in college when muscles were made to jar some one
else with.
Eight or ten years ago, when a college fraternity
absorbed a freshman, the job was worth talking about.
There was no half-way business about it The
freshman could tell at any stage of the game that
something was being done to him. They just ate
him alive, that was all. Why, at Siwash, where
I was lap-welded into the Eta Bita Pies, any fra
ternity which initiated a candidate and left enough
of him to appear in chapel the next morning was the
joke of the school. Even the girls' fraternities gave
it the laugh. The girls used to do a little quiet
initiating themselves, and when they received a sister
into membership you could generally follow her mad
30 At Good Old Siwash
career over the town by a trail of hairpins, " rats "
and little fragments of dressgoods.
Those were the days when the pledgling of a good
high-pressure frat wrote to his mother the night be
fore he was taken in and telegraphed her when he
found himself alive in the morning. There used to
be considerable rivalry between the frats at Siwash in
the matter of giving a freshman a good, hospitable
time. I remember when the Sigh Whoopsilons hung
young Allen from the girder of an overhead railroad
crossing, and let the switch engines smoke him up for
two hours as they passed underneath, there was a
good deal of jealousy among the rest of us who had n't
thought of it. The Alfalfa Belts went them one
better by tying roller skates to the shoulders and hips
of a big freshman football star and hauling him
through the main streets of Jonesville on his back,
behind an automobile, and the Chi Yi's covered a
candidate with plaster of Paris, with blow-holes for
his nose, sculptured him artistically, and left him
before the college chapel on a pedestal all night. The
Delta Kappa Sonofaguns set fire to their house once
by shooting Roman candles at a row of neophytes in
the cellar, and we had to turn out at one A.M. one
winter morning to help the Delta Flushes dig a fresh
man out of their chimney. They had been trying to
let him down into the fireplace, and when he got stuck
they had poked at him with a clothes pole until they
had mussed him up considerably. This just shows
you what a gay life the young scholar led in the days
Initiating Ole 31
when every ritual had claws on, and there was no
such thing as soothing syrup in the equipment of a
college.
Of all the frats at Siwash the Eta Bita Pies, when
I was in college, were preeminent in the art of near-
killing freshmen. We used to call our initiation " A
little journey to the pearly gates," and once or twice
it looked for a short time as if the victim had mis
laid his return ticket. Treat yourself to an election
riot, a railway collision and a subway explosion, all
in one evening, and you will get a rather sketchy
idea of what we aimed at. I don't mean, of course,
that we ever killed any one. There is no real danger
in an initiation, you know, if the initiate does exactly
as he is told and the members don't get careless and
something that was n't expected does n't happen — as
did when we tied Tudor Snyder to the south track
while an express went by on the north track, and then
had the time of our young lives getting him off ahead
of a wild freight which we had n't counted on. All
we ever aimed at was to make the initiate so thankful
to get through alive that he would love Eta Bita Pie
forever, and I must say we usually succeeded. It is
wonderful what a young fellow will endure cheer
fully for the sake of passing it on to some one else
the next year. I remember I was pretty mad when
my Eta Bita Pie brethren headed me up in a barrel and
rolled me downhill into a creek without taking the
trouble to remove all the nails. It seemed like wanton
carelessness. But long before my nose was out of
32 At Good Old Siwash
splints and my hide would hold water I was perfecting
our famous " Lover's Leap " for the next year's bunch.
That was our greatest triumph. There was an aban
doned rock quarry north of town with thirty feet of
water in the bottom and a fifty-foot drop to the
water. By means of a long beam and a system of
pulleys we could make a freshman walk the plank
and drop off into the water in almost perfect safety,
providing the ropes did n't break. It created a sen
sation, and the other frats were mad with jealousy.
We took every man we wanted the next fall before
the authorities put a stop to the scheme. That shows
you just how repugnant the idea of being initiated
is to the green young collegian.
Of course, fraternity initiations are supposed to be
conducted for the amusement of the chapter and not
of the candidate. But you can't always entirely tell
what will happen, especially if the victim is husky
and unimpressionable. Sometimes he does a little
initiating himself. And that reminds me that I
started out to tell a story and not to give a lecture
on the polite art of making veal salad. Did I ever
tell you of the time when we initiated Ole Skjarsen
into Eta Bita Pie, and how the ceremony backfired
and very nearly blew us all into the discard ? No ?
Well, don't get impatient and look in the back of
the book. I '11 tell it now and cut as many corners
as I can.
As I have told you before, Ole Skjarsen was a little
slow in grasping the real beauties of football science.
There wasn't a college anywhere around us that didn't have
Ole's hoofmarks all over its pride
Page 33
Initiating Ole 33
It took him some time to uncoil his mind from the
principles of woodchopping and concentrate it on
the full duty of man in a fullback's position. He
nearly drove us to a sanitarium during the process,
but when he once took hold, mercy me, how he did
progress from hither to yon over the opposition ! He
was the wonder fullback of those times, and at the
end of three years there was n't a college anywhere
that did n't have Ole's hoofmarks all over its pride.
Oh, he was a darling. To see him jumping sideways
down a football field with the ball under his arm,
landing on some one of the opposition at every jump
and romping over the goal line with tacklers hanging
to him like streamers would have made you want to
vote for him for Governor. Ole was the greatest man
who ever came to Siwash. Prexy had always been
considered some personage by the outside world, but
he was only a bump in the background when Ole was
around.
Of course we all loved Ole madly, but for all that
he didn't make a frat. He didn't, for the same
reason that a rhinoceros does n't get invited to garden
parties. He did n't seem to fit the part. Not only
his clothes, but also his haircuts were hand-me-down.
He regarded a fork as a curiosity. His language
was a sort of a head-on collision between Norwegian
and English in which very few words had come out
undamaged. In social conversation he was out of
bounds nine minutes out of ten, and it kept three
men busy changing the subject when he was in full
34 At Good Old Siwash
swing. He could dodge eleven men and a referee
on the football field without trying, but put him in a
forty by fifty room with one vase in it, and he could n't
dodge it to save his life.
No, he just naturally did n't fit the part, and up
to his senior year no fraternity had bid him. This
grieved Ole so that he retired from football just be
fore the Kiowa game on which all our young hearts
were set, and before he would consent to go back
and leave some more of his priceless foot-tracks on
the opposition we had to pledge him to three of our
proudest fraternities. Talk of wedding a favorite
daughter to the greasy villain in the melodrama in
order to save the homestead! No crushed father,
with a mortgage hanging over him in the third act,
could have felt one-half so badly as we Eta Bita Pies
did when we had pledged Ole and realized that all
the rest of the year we would have to climb over him
in our beautiful, beamed-ceiling lounging-room and
parade him before the world as a much-loved brother.
But the job had to be done, and all three frats took
a melancholy pleasure in arranging the details of the
initiation. We decided to make it a three-night
demonstration of all that the Siwash frats had learned
in the art of imitating dynamite and other disinte-
grants. The Alfalfa Belts were to get first crack at
him. They were to be followed on the second night
by the Chi Yi Sighs, who were to make him a brother,
dead or alive. On the third night we of Eta Bita
Pie were to take the remains and decorate them with
Initiating Ole 35
our fraternity pin after ceremonies in which being
kicked by a mule would only be considered a two-
minute recess.
We fellows knew that when it came to initiating
Ole we would have to do the real work. The other
f rats could n't touch it. They might scratch him up a
bit, but they lacked the ingenuity, the enthusiasm — •
I might say the poetic temperament — to make a
good job of it. We determined to put on an initia
tion which would make our past efforts seem like the
effort of an old ladies' home to start a rough-house.
It was a great pleasure, I assure you, to plan that
initiation. We revised our floor work and added some
cellar and garret and ceiling and second-story work
to it. We began the program with the celebrated third
degree and worked gradually from that up to the
twenty-third degree, with a few intervals of simple
assault and battery for breathing spells. When we
had finished doping out the program we shook hands
all around. It was a masterpiece. It would have
made Battenberg lace out of a steam boiler.
Ole was initiated into the Alfalfa Delts on a
Wednesday night. We heard echoes of it from our
front porch. The next morning only three of the
Alfalfa Delts appeared at chapel, while Ole was out
at six A. M., roaming about the campus with the
Alfalfa Belt pin on his necktie. The next night the
Chi Yi Sighs took him on for one hundred and seven
teen rounds in their brand new lodge, which had a
sheet-iron initiation den. The whole thing was a
36 At Good Old Siwash
fizzle. When we looked Ole over the next morning
we couldn't find so much as a scratch on him. He
was wearing the Chi Yi pin beside the Alfalfa Delt
pin, and he was as happy as a baby with a bottle of
ink. There were nine broken window-lights in the
Chi Yi lodge, and we heard in a roundabout way
that they called in the police about three A. M. to
help them explain to Ole that the initiation was over.
That 's the kind of a trembling neophyte Ole was.
But we just giggled to ourselves. Anybody could
break up a Chi Yi initiation, and the Alfalfa Delts
were a set of narrow-chested snobs with automobile
callouses instead of muscles. We ate a hasty dinner
on Friday evening and set all the scenery for the big
scrunch. Then we put on our old clothes and waited
for Ole to walk into our parlor.
He was n't due until nine, but about eight o'clock
he came creaking up the steps and dented the door
with his large knuckles in a bashful way. He looked
larger and knobbier than ever and, if anything, more
embarrassed. We led him into the lounging-room in
silence, and he sat down twirling his straw hat. It
was October, and he had worn the thing ever since
school opened. Other people who wore straw hats in
October get removed from under them more or less
violently; but, somehow, no one had felt called upon
to maltreat Ole. We hated that hat, however, and
decided to begin the evening's work on it
" Your hat, Mr. Skjarsen," said Bugs Wilbur in
majestic tones.
Initiating Ole 37
Ole reached the old ruin out. Wilbur took it and
tossed it into the grate. Ole upset four or five of us
who couldn't get out of the way and rescued the
hat, which was blazing merrily.
" Ent yu gat no sanse ? " he roared angrily. " Das
ban a gude hat." He looked at it gloomily. " Et
ban spoiled now," he growled, tossing the remains
into a waste-paper basket. " Yu ban purty f allers.
Vat for yu do dat ? "
The basket was full of papers and things. In
about four seconds it was all ablaze. Wilbur tried
to go over and choke it off, but Ole pushed him
back with one forefinger.
" Yust stay avay," he growled. " Das basket ent
costing some more as my hat, I gass."
We stood around and watched the basket burn.
We also watched a curtain blaze up and the finish
on a nice mahogany desk crack and blister. It was
all very humorous. The fire kindly went out of its
own accord, and some one tiptoed around and opened
the windows in a timid sort of way. It was a very
successful initiation so far — only we were the
neophytes.
"This won't do," muttered " Allie " Bangs, our
president. He got up and went over to Ole. " Mr.
Skjarsen," he said severely, " you are here to be in
itiated into the awful mysteries of Eta Bita Pie. It
is not fitting that you should enter her sacred boun
daries in an unfettered condition. Submit to the
brethren that they may blindfold you and bind you
38 At Good Old Siwash
for the ordeals to come." Gee, but we used to use
hand-picked language when we were unsheathing our
claws !
Ole growled. " Ol rite," he said. " But Aye tal
yu ef yu fallers burn das har west lak yu burn ma
hat I skoll raise ruffhaus like deekins ! "
We tied his hands behind him with several feet of
good stout rope and hobbled him about the ankles
with a dog chain. Then we blindfolded him and put
a pillowslip over his head for good measure. Things
began to look brighter. Even a demon fullback has
to have one or two limbs working in order to accom
plish anything. When all was fast Bangs gave Ole
a preliminary kick. " Now, brethren," he roared,
" bring on the Macedonian guards and give them the
neophyte ! "
Now I 'm not revealing any real initiation secrets,
mind you, and maybe what I 'm telling you did n't
exactly happen. But you can be perfectly sure that
something just as bad did happen every time. For
an hour we abused that two hundred and twenty
pounds of gristle and hide. It was as much fun as
roughhousing a two-ton safe. We rolled him down
stairs. He broke out sixty dollars' worth of balus
trade on the way and he did n't seem to mind it at
all. We tried to toss him in a blanket. Ever have
a two-hundred-and-twenty-pound man land on you
coming down from the ceiling? We got tired of
that. We made him play automobile. Ever play
automobile? They tie roller skates and an automo-
Initiating Ole 39
bile horn on you and push you around into the
furniture, just the way a real automobile runs into
things. We broke a table, five chairs, a French win
dow, a one-hundred-dollar vase and seven shins. We
did n't even interest Ole. When a man has plowed
through leather-covered football players for three
years his head gets used to hitting things. Also his
heels will fly out no matter how careful you are.
We took him into the basement and performed our
famous trick of boiling the candidate in oil. Of
course we wanted to scare him. He accommodated
us. He broke away and hopped stiff-legged all over
the room. That was n't so bad, but, confound it, he
hopped on us most of the time ! How would you like
to initiate a bronze statue that got scared and hopped
on you ?
We got desperate. We threw aside the formality
of explaining the deep significance of each action and
just assaulted Ole with everything in the house. We
prodded him with furnace tools and thumped him
with cordwood and rolling-pins and barrel-staves and
shovels. We walked over him, a dozen at a time.
And all the time we were getting it worse than he
was. He did n't exactly fight, but whenever his elbows
twitched some fellow's face would happen to be in
the way, and he could n't move his knee without get
ting it tangled in some one's ribs. You could hear
the thunders of the assault and the shrieks of the
wounded for a block.
At the end of an hour we were positively all in.
40 At Good Old Siwash
There weren't three of us unwounded. The house
was a wreck. Wilbur had a broken nose. " Chick "
Struthers' kneecap hurt. " Lima " Bean's ribs were
telescoped, and there was n't a good shin in the house.
We quit in disgust and sat around looking at Ole.
He was sitting around, too. He happened to be sit
ting on Bangs, who was yelling for help. But we
did n't feel like starting any relief expedition.
Ole was some rumpled, and his clothes looked as if
they had been fed into a separator. But he was intact,
as far as we could see. He was still tied and blind
folded, and I hope to be buried alive in a branch-line
town if he was n't getting bored.
" Vat fur yu qvit ? " he asked. " It ent fun setting
around har."
Then Petey Simmons, who had been taking a minor
part in the assault in order to give his wheels full
play, rose and beckoned the crowd outside. We left
Ole and clustered around him.
" Now, this won't do at all," he said. " Are we
going to let Eta Bita Pie be made the laughing-stock
of the college ? If we can't initiate that human quartz
mill by force let 's do it by strategy. I 've got a plan.
You just let me have Ole and one man for an hour
and I '11 make him so glad to get back to the house
that he '11 eat out of our hands."
We were dead ready to turn the job over to Petey,
though we hated to see him put his head in the lion's
mouth, so to speak. I hated it worse than any of the
others because he picked me for his assistant. We
Initiating Ole 41
went in and found Ole dozing in the corner. Petey
prodded him. " Get up ! " he said.
Ole got up cheerfully. Petey took the dog chain
off of his legs. Then he threw his sub-cellar voice
into gear.
" Skjarsen," he rumbled, " you have passed right
well the first test of our noble order. You have faced
the hideous dangers which were in reality but shams
to prove your faith, and you have borne your suffer
ings patiently, thus proving your meekness."
I let a couple of grins escape into my sweater-sleeve.
Oh, yes, Ole had been meek all right.
" It remains for you to prove your desire," said
Petey in curdled tones. " Listen ! " He gave the Eta
Bita Pie whistle. We had the best whistle in college.
It was six notes — a sort of insidious, inviting thing
that you could slide across two blocks, past all manner
of barbarians, and into a frat brother's ear without
disturbing any one at all. Petey gave it several times.
" Now, Skjarsen," he said, " you are to follow that
whistle. Let no obstacle discourage you. Let no bar
rier stop you. If you can prove your loyalty by fol
lowing that whistle through the outside world and back
to the altar of Eta Bita Pie we will ask no more of
you. Come on ! "
We tiptoed out of the cellar and whistled. Ole fol
lowed us up the steps. That is, he did on the second
attempt. On the first he fell down with melodious
thumps. We hugged each other, slipped behind a
tree and whistled again.
42 At Good Old Siwash
Ole charged across the yard and into the tree. The
line held. I heard him say something in Norwegian
that sounded secular. By that time we were across
the street. There was a low railing around the park
ing, and when we whistled again Ole walked right into
the railing. The line held again.
Oh, I '11 tell you that Petey boy was a wonder at
getting up ideas. Think of it! Benjamin Franklin,
Thomas Edison, Christopher Columbus, old Bill
Archimedes and all the rest of the wise guys had
overlooked this simple little discovery of how to make
a neophyte initiate himself. It was too good to be
true. We held a war dance of pure delight, and we
whistled some more. We got behind stone walls, and
whistled. We climbed embankments, and whistled.
We slid behind blackberry bushes and ash piles and
across ditches and over hedge fences, and whistled.
We were so happy we could hardly pucker. Think
of it! There was Ole Skjarsen, the most uncontrol
lable force in Nature, following us like a yellow pup
with his dinner three days overdue. It was as
fascinating as guiding a battleship by wireless.
We slipped across a footbridge over Cedar Creek,
and whistled. Ole missed the bridge by nine yards.
There isn't much water in Cedar Creek, but what
there is is strong. It took Ole fifteen minutes to
climb the other bank, owing to a beautiful collection of
old barrel-hoops, corsets, crockery and empty tomato
cans which decorated the spot. Did you ever see a
blindfolded man, with his hands tied behind his back,
Initiating Ole 43
trying to climb over a city dump ? No ? Of course
not, any more than you have seen a green elephant.
But it 's a fine sight, I assure you. When Ole got
out of the creek we whistled him dexterously into a
barnyard and right into the maw of a brindle bull-
pup with a capacity of one small man in two bites
— we being safe on the other side of the fence, be
yond the reach of the chain. Maybe that was mean,
but Eta Bita Pie is not to be trifled with when she
is aroused. Anyway, the bull got the worst of it.
He only got one bite. Ole kicked in the barn door
on the first try, and demolished a corn sheller on
the second ; but on the third he hit the pup squarely
abeam and dropped a beautiful goal with him. We
went around to see the dog the next day. He looked
quite natural. You would almost think he was
alive.
It was here that we began to smell trouble. I had
my suspicions when we whistled again. There was
a pretty substantial fence around that barnyard, but
Ole did n't wait to find the gate.
He came through the fence not very far from us.
He was conversing under that mangled pillowslip,
and we heard fragments sounding like this :
" Purty soon Aye gat yu — yu spindle-shank, vite-
f ace, skagaroot-smokin' dudes ! Ugh — ump ! " —
here he caromed off a tree. " Ven Aye gat das blind
fold off, Aye gat yu — yu Baked-Pie galoots ! —
TJgh ! Wow ! " — barbed-wire fence. " Vistle sum
more, yu vide-trousered polekats. Aye make yu
44 At Good Old Siwash
vistle, Aye bet yu, rite avay ! Tip — pllp — pllp ! "
That 's the kind of noise a man makes when he
walks into a horse-trough at full speed.
" Gee ! " said Petey nervously. " I guess we 've
given him enough. He 's getting sort of peevish. I
don't believe in being too cruel. Let 's take him back
now. You don't suppose he can get his hands loose,
do you?"
I did n't know. I wished I did. Of course, when
you wateh a lion trying to get at you from behind
a fairly strong cage you feel perfectly safe, but you
feel safer when you are somewhere else, just the
same. We got out on the pavement and gave a gentle
whistle.
" Aye har yu ! " roared Ole, coming through a
chicken yard. " Aye har yu, you leetle Baked Pies !
Aye gat yu purty soon. Yust vait."
We did n't wait. We put on a little more gasoline
and started for the f rat house. We did n't have to
whistle any more. Ole was right behind us. We
could hear him thundering on the pavement and
pleading with us in that rich, nutty dialect of his
to stop and have our heads pounded on the bricks.
I shudder yet when I think of all the things he
promised to do to us. We went down that street like
a couple of Roman gladiators pacing a hungry bear,
and, by tangling Ole up in the parkings again, man
aged to get home a few yards ahead.
There was an atmosphere of arnica and dejection
in the house when we got there. Ill-health seemed
Initiating Ole 45
to be rampant. " Did you lose him ? " asked Bangs
hopefully from behind a big bandage.
" Lose him ? " says I with a snort. " Oh, yes, we
lost him all right. He loses just like a foxhound.
That 's him, falling over the front steps now. You
can stay and entertain him; I 'm going upstairs."
Everybody came along. We piled chairs on the
stairs and listened while Ole felt his way over the
porch. In about a minute he found the door. Then
he came right in. I had locked the door, but I had
neglected to reenforce it with concrete and boiler
iron. Ole wore part of the frame in with him.
" Come on, yu Baked Pies ! " he shouted.
" You 're in the wrong house," squeaked that little
fool, Jimmy Skelton.
" Yu kent fule me ! " said Ole, crashing around
the loafing-room. " Aye yust can tal das haus by har
skagaroot smell. Come on, yu leetle fallers! Aye
bet aye inittyate yu some, tu ! "
By this time he had found the stairs and was plow
ing through the furniture. We retired to the third
floor. When twenty-seven fellows go up a three-foot
stairway at once it necessarily makes some noise. Ole
heard us and kept right on coming.
We grabbed a bureau and a bed and barricaded
the staircase. There was a ladder to the attic. I
was the last man up and my heart was giving my
ribs all kinds of massage treatment before I got up.
We hauled up the ladder just as Ole kicked the
bureau downstairs, and then we watched him charge
46 At Good Old Siwash
over our beautiful third-floor dormitory, leaving ruin
in his wake.
Maybe he would have been satisfied with breaking
the furniture. But, of course, a few of us had to
sneeze. Ole hunted those sneezes all over the third
floor. He could n't reach them, but he sat down on
the wreck underneath them.
" Aye ent know vere yu f allers ban," he said, " but
Aye kin vait. Aye har yu, yu Baked Pies! Aye
gat yu yet, by yimminy! Yust come on down ven
yu ban ready."
Oh, yes, we were ready — I don't think. It was
a perfectly lovely predicament. Here was the Damma
Yappa chapter of Eta Bita Pie penned up in a
deucedly-cold attic with one lone initiate guarding
the trapdoor. Nice story for the college to tell when
the police rescued us! Nice end of our reputation
as the best neophyte jugglers in the school! Makes
me shiver now to think of it.
We sat around in that garret and listened to the
clock strike in the library tower across the campus.
At eleven o'clock Ole promised to kill the first man
who came down. That bait caught no fish. At
twelve he begged for the privilege of kicking us out
of our own house, one by one. At one o'clock he re
marked that, while it was pretty cold, it was much
colder in Norway, where he came from, and that, as
we would freeze first, we might as well come down.
At two o'clock we were all stiff. At three we were
kicking the plaster off of the joists, trying to keep
Initiating Ole 47
from freezing to death. At four a bunch of Sopho
mores were all for throwing Petey Simmons down as
a sacrifice. Petey talked them out of it. Petey could
talk a stone dog into wagging its tail.
We sat in that garret from ten p. M. until the year
after the great pyramid wore down to the ground. At
least that was the length of time that seemed to pass.
It must have been about five o'clock when Petey
stopped kicking his feet on the chimney and said :
" Well, fellows, I have an idea. It may work or
it may not, but — "
" Shut up, you mental desert ! " some one growled.
" Another of your fine ideas will wreck this frat."
" As I was saying," continued Petey cheerfully,
" it may not succeed, but it will not hurt any one
but me if it does n't. I 'm going to be the Daniel
in this den. But first I want the officers of the chap
ter to come up around the scuttle-hole with me."
Five of us crept over to the hole and looked down.
"Aye har yu, yu leetle Baked Pies!" said Ole,
waking in an instant. " Yust come on down. Aye
ban vaiting long enough to smash yu ! "
" Mr. Skjarsen," began Petey in the regular dark-
lantern voice that all secret societies use — " Mr.
Skjarsen — for as such we must still call you — the
final test is over. • You have acquitted yourself nobly.
You have been faithful to the end. You have stood
your vigil unflinchingly. You have followed the call
of Eta Bita Pie over every obstacle and through
every suffering."
48 At Good Old Siwash
" Aye ban following him leetle f urder, if Aye had
ladder," said Ole in a bloodthirsty voice. " Ven Aye
ban getting at yu, Aye play hal vid yu Baked Pies ! "
" And now," said Petey, ignoring the interruption,
" the final ceremony is at hand. Do not fear. Your
trials are over. In the dark recesses of this secret
chamber above you we have discussed your bearing
in the trials that have beset you. It has pleased us.
You have been found worthy to continue toward the
high goal. Ole Skjarsen, we are now ready to re
ceive you into full membership."
" Come rite on ! " snorted Ole. " Aye receeve yu
into membership all rite. Yust come on down."
" It won't work, Petey," Bangs groaned. Petey
kicked his shins as a sign to shut up.
" Ole Skyjarsen, son of Skjar Oleson, stand up! "
he said, sinking his voice another story.
Ole got up. It was plain to be seen that he was
getting interested.
" The president of this powerful order will now
administer the oath," said Petey, shoving Bangs
forward.
So there, at five A. M., with the whole chapter treed
in a garret, and the officers, the leading lights of
Siwash, crouching around a scuttle and shivering
their teeth loose, we initiated Ole Skjarsen. It was
impressive, I can tell you. When it came to the part
where the neophyte swears to protect a brother, even
if he has to wade in blood up to his necktie, Bangs
bore down beautifully and added a lot of extra frills.
Initiating Ole 49
The last words were spoken. Ole was an Eta Bita
Pie. Still, we weren't very sanguine. You might
interest a man-eater by initiating him, but would
you destroy his appetite ? There was no grand rush
for the ladder.
As Ole stood waiting, however, Petey swung him
self down and landed beside him. He cut the ropes
that bound his wrists, jerked off the pillowslip and
cut off the blindfold. Then he grabbed Ole's masto-
donic paw.
" Shake, brother ! " he said.
Nobody breathed for a few seconds. It was darned
terrifying, I can tell you. Ole rubbed his eyes with
his free hand and looked down at the morsel hang
ing on to the other.
" Shake, Ole ! " insisted Petey. " You went
through it better than I did when I got it."
I saw the rudiments of a smile begin to break out
on Ole's face. It grew wider. It got to be a grin;
then a chasm with a sunrise on either side.
He looked up at us again, then down at Petey.
Then he pumped Petey's arm until the latter danced
like a cork bobber.
" By ying, Aye du et ! " he shouted. " Ve ban gude
fallers, ve Baked Pies, if ve did broke my nose."
" What 's the matter with Ole ? " some one shouted.
" He 's all right ! " we yelled. Then we came
down out of the garret and made a rush for the
furnace.
CHAPTER III
WHEN GEEEK MEETS GROUCH
IT 's a cinch that college life would be a whole lot
more congested with pleasure if it was n't for
the towns that the colleges are in. I don't mean that
a town around a college hasn't its uses. Wherever
you find a town you can find lunch counters and
theaters with galleries from which you can learn the
drama at a quarter a throw, and street cars that
can be tampered with, and wooden sidewalks that
burn well on celebration nights, and nice girls who
began being nice four college generations ago and
never forgot how. All of these things about a town
are mighty handy when it comes to getting a higher
education in a good, live college where you don't
have to tunnel through three feet of moss to find the
college customs. But even all this can't reconcile
me to the way a town butts into college affairs. It
is something disgusting.
You know it yourself, Bill. Didn't you go to
Yellagain where the police arrested the whole Fresh
man class for painting the Sophomores green ? Well,
it 's the same way all over. No sooner does a col
lege town get big enough to support a rudimentary
When Greek Meets Grouch 51
policeman who peddles vegetables when he is n't put
ting down anarchy than it gets busy and begins to
regulate the college students. And the bigger it gets
the more regulating it wants to do. Why, they tell
me that at the University of Chicago there has n't
been a riot for nine years, and that over in Wash
ington Park, three blocks away, an eleven-ton statue
of old Chris. Columbus has lain for ages and no
college class has had spirit enough to haul it out
on the street-car tracks. That 's what regulating a
college does for it. There are more policemen in
Chicago than there are students in the University.
If you give your yell off the campus you have to get
a permit from the city council. It 's worse than that
in Philadelphia, they tell me. Why, there, if a col
lege student comes downtown with a flareback coat
and heart-shaped trousers and one of those nifty little
pompadour hats that are brushed back from the brow
to give the brains a chance to grow, they arrest him
for collecting a crowd and disturbing traffic. No,
sir, no big-town college for me. Getting college life
in those places reminds me of trying to get that
world-wide feeling on ice-cream soda. There 's as
much chance in one as in the other.
Excuse me for getting sore, but that 's the way I
do when I begin to talk about college towns. They
don't know their • places. Take Jonesville, where
Siwash is, for instance. When Siwash College was
founded by " that noble band of Christian truth
seekers," as the catalogue puts it, Jonesville was a
52 At Good Old Siwash
mud-hole freckled with houses. The railroad trains
whistled " get out of my way " to the town when
they whooped through it, and when you went into a
merchant's store and woke him up he started off home
to dinner from force of habit. The only thing they
ever regulated there was the clock. They regulated
that once a year and usually found that it was two
or three days behind time. Had n't noticed it at all.
That 'a what Jonesville was when Siwash started.
You can bet for the first forty years they did n't do
much regulating around the college. The students
just let the town stay there because it was quiet.
The citizens used to elect town marshals over seventy
years old, so their gray hairs would protect them
from the students, and when the boys had won a
debate or a ball game and wanted to burn a barn or
two to cheer up the atmosphere at evening, nothing
at all was said — at least out loud. Jonesville was
meek enough, you bet. Why, back in the seventies
the students used to vote at town elections, and once
for a joke they all voted for old " Apple Sally " for
president of the village board. Made her serve, too.
Talk about regulating! Did you ever see a farmer's
dog go out and try to regulate a sixty-horse-power
automobile ? That 's about as much as Jonesville
would have regulated us thirty years ago.
But, of course, having a real peppery college in
its midst, Jonesville could n't help but grow. People
came and started boarding-houses. There had to be
restaurants and bookstores and necktie emporiums,
When Greek Meets Grouch 53
too, and pretty soon the railroad built a couple of
branches into town and started the division shops.
Then Jonesville woke up and walked right past old
Siwash. In ten years it had street cars, paved streets,
water-works, a political machine and a city debt, as
large as the law would allow. And worse than that,
it had a police force. It had nine officers in uniform,
most of whom could read and write and swing big
clubs with a strictly American accent. Nice sort of
a thing to turn loose in a quiet college town. This
was long before my time, but they tell me that the
students held indignation meetings for a week after
the first arrest was made. You see, the students at
Siwash always had their own rules and lived up to
them strictly. The Faculty put them on their honor
and that honor was never abused. Students were not
allowed to burn the college buildings nor kill the
professors. These rules were never broken, and
naturally the boys felt rather insulted when the city
turned loose a horde of blue-coated busybodies to
interfere with things that did n't concern them.
Still, Siwash got along very well even after the
police force was organized. You see, after a town
has had a college in its middle for about fifty years,
pretty much everybody in town has attended it at one
time or another. None of the police had diplomas,
but it was no uncommon thing to see an ex-member
of a college debating society delivering groceries, or
an ex-president of his class getting up in an engine
cab to take the flyer into the city. For years every
54 At Good Old Siwash
police magistrate was an old Siwash man, and, though
plenty of the boys would get arrested, there were
never any thirty-day complications or anything of
the sort. Two classes would meet on the main street
and muss each other up. The police would arrest
nine or ten of the ringleaders. The next morning
the prisoners would appear before Squire Jennings,
who climbed up on the old college building with his
class flag in '54 and kept a rival class away by tearing
down the chimney and throwing the bricks at them.
Naturally, nothing very deadly happened. The good
old fellow would lecture the crowd and let them off
with a stern warning. Maybe two or three Seniors
would come home late at night from their frat hall
and take a wooden Indian cigar sign along with them
just for company. One of those Indians is such a
steady sort of a chap to have along late at night. Of
course, they would be arrested by old Hank Anderson
on the courthouse beat, but it was n't anything serious.
They would telephone Frank Hinckley, who was
editor of the city daily, and just convalescing from
four years of college life himself, and he would come
down and bail them out, and Squire Jennings would
kick them out of court next morning. Frank was
the patron saint of the students for years when it
came to bail. He used to say he had all the fun
of being a doctor and getting called out nights with
out having to try to collect any fees. Frank was no
Croesus those days and I 've seen him go bail for
fifteen students at one hundred dollars apiece, when
When Greek Meets Grouch 55
his total assets amounted to a dress suit, three hun
dred and forty-five photographs and his next week's
salary.
By the time I had come to college, getting arrested
had gotten to be a regular formality. A Freshman
would go up Main Street at night, trying to hide a
nine-foot board sign under his spring overcoat.
Halvor Skoogerson, a pale-eyed guardian of the
peace, who was studying up to be a naturalized,
would arrest him for theft, riot, disorderly conduct,
suspicious appearance and intoxication, not under
standing why any sober man would want to carry a
young lumber-yard home under his coat at night.
The prisoner would telephone for Hinckley, who
would crawl out of bed, come downtown cussing, and
bail away in sleepy tones. The next morning the
freshie would go up before Squire Jennings, who
would ask him in awful accents if he realized that
the state penitentiary was only four hours away by
fast train, and that many a man was boarding there
who would blush to be seen in the company of a man
who had stolen a nine-foot sign and carried it down
Main Street, interfering with pedestrians, when there
was a perfectly good alley which ought to be used
for such purposes. Then he would warn the culprit
that the next time he was caught lugging off a bill
board or a wooden platform or a corncrib he would
be compelled to put it back again before he got break
fast; after which he would tell him to go along and
try studying for a change, and the Freshman would
56 At Good Old Siwash
go back to college and join the hero brigade. It was
a mighty meek man in Siwash who could n't get ar
rested those days. Even the hymn singers at the
Y. M. C. A. had criminal records. It got so, finally,
that whenever we had a nightshirt parade in honor
of any little college victory the line of march would
lead right through the police station. We knew what
was coming and would save the cops the trouble of
hauling us over in the hustle wagon.
Take it all in all, it was about as much fun to
be regulated as it was to run the town. But one
night Squire Jennings put his other foot into the
grave and died entirely; and before any of us
realized what was happening a special election had
been held and Malachi Scroggs had been elected police
magistrate.
Malachi Scroggs was a triple extract of grouch
who lived on the north side two miles away from
college in a big white house with one of those old-
fashioned dog-house affairs on top of it. He was an
acrimonious quarrel all by himself. Sunlight soured
when it struck him. I have seen a fox terrier who
had been lying perfectly happy on the sidewalk, get
up after Scroggs had passed him and go over and
bite an automobile tire. He lived on gloom and law
suits and the last time he smiled was 1878 — that
was when a small boy fell nineteen feet out of a
tree while robbing his orchard, and the doctor said
he would never be able to rob any more orchards.
This was the kind of mental astringent Malachi
When Greek Meets Grouch 57
was. Naturally, he loved the gay and happy little
college boys. Oh, how he loved us! He had com
plained to the police regularly during each celebration
for twenty years and he had expressed the opinion,
publicly, that a college boy was a cross between a
hyena and a grasshopper with a fog-horn attachment
thrown in free of charge. He was n't a college man
himself, you see — never could find one where the
students did n't use slang, probably, and he just nat
urally did n't understand us at all. Of course, we
did n't mind that. It 's no credit to carry an inter
linear translation of your temperament on your face.
So long as he kept in his own yard and quarreled with
his own dog for not feeding on Freshmen more en
thusiastically, we got along as nicely as the Egyptian
Sphinx and John L. Sullivan. Even when he was
elected police magistrate we did n't object. In fact,
we did n't bumpity-bump to the situation until we
went up against him in court.
Part of the Senior class had been having a little
choir practice in one of the town restaurants. It
was a lovely affair and there was n't a more cheerful
crowd of fellows on earth than they were when they
marched down the street at one A. M. eighteen abreast
and singing one of the dear old songs in a kind of a
steam-siren barytone.
Now they had never attempted to regulate mere
noise in Jonesville, but that night a brand-new police
man had gone on the courthouse beat, and blamed if
he did n't arrest the whole bunch for disturbing the
58 At Good Old Siwash
peace — when they hadn't broken a single thing,
mind you. They were pretty mad about it at first;
but after all it was only a joke, and when Hinckley
got down to bail them out they were singing with
great feeling a song which Jenkins, the class poet,
had just composed, and which ran as follows:
" As we walked along the street
Officer Sikes we chanced to meet,
And his shoes were full of feet
As he prowled along his beat.
He took us down and locked us up;
Left us in charge of a Norsky Cop,
And we didn't get home till early in the morning."
Hold that " morning " as long as you can and ton-
sorialize to beat the band. Even the desk sergeant
enjoyed it.
When the bunch lined up the next morning in
police court there was Judge Scroggs. They felt
as if they ought to treat him nicely, he being a new
comer and all of them being very familiar with the
ropes; and Emmons, the class president, started ex
plaining to him that it was all a mistake. Scroggs
bit him off with a voice that sounded like a terrier
snapping at a fly.
" We 're here to correct these mistakes," he said.
" You were all singing on the public street at one
o'clock in the morning, were n't you ? "
" We were trying to," said Emmons, still friendly.
" Ten days apiece," said the magistrate. " Call
the next case."
When Greek Meets Grouch 59
If any one had removed the floor from under these
Seniors and let them drop one thousand and one feet
into space they could n't have felt more shocked.
Even the clerk and the desk sergeant were amazed.
They tried to help explain, but the human vinegar-
cruet turned around and spat the following through
his clenched teeth:
" Gentlemen, I have been appointed to sit on this
bench and I don't need any help. Any more ob
jections will be in contempt of court. Sergeant,
remove these young thugs and have them sent to the
workhouse at once."
Maybe you don't think the college seethed when
the news got out. There were the leading lights of
the school, including the president of the Senior
class, the chairman of the Junior promenade, two
halfbacks, the pitcher on the baseball team and the
president of the Y. M. C. A., all on the works for
ten days, along with as choice an assortment of plain
drunks and fancy resters as you could find in ninety
miles of mainline railroad. The students fairly went
mad and bit at the air. Even the Faculty got busy
and Prexy dropped over to the police court to square
it. He came out a minute later very white around
the mouth. I don't know what Old Maledictions
said to him, but it was a great sufficiency, I guess.
He seemed as insulted as Lord Tennyson might have
been if the milkman had pulled his whiskers.
There wasn't a thing to be done. The Faculty
appealed to the mayor, but old Scroggs had some
60 At Good Old Siwash
regular Spanish-bit hold on him in the way of a
short-time note, I guess, and he washed his hands of
the whole affair. Our college great men were hauled
out to the works and served their time. When they
got out they were sights. They weren't strong on
sanitation in workhouses in those days. Even their
friends shook hands with them with tongs. Think
of sixteen proud monarchs of the campus making
brick in striped suits, with a cross foreman who used
to haul ashes from the college campus lording it over
them and tracing their ancestry back through thirty
generations of undesirable citizens ! Nice, was n't
it? Oh, very!
That was the beginning of a sad and serious year
for Siwash. For the first time Scroggs enjoyed col
lege boys. Soaking students got to be his specialty.
We did our blamedest to behave, but you can't break
off the habits of generations in a week or two. Soon
after the Seniors got out the Mock Turtles, a Sopho
more society, capacity thirty thousand quarts, absent-
mindedly tipped over a street car on their way home
and were jugged for thirty days. They had to enlarge
the workhouse to take care of them, and four of our
best football players were retired from circulation all
through October. Think what that meant! The
whole college went up, just before the game with
Hambletonian, and knelt on the sidewalk before Judge
Scroggs' house. He set the dog on us. Said after
wards he wished the dog had been larger and had n't
had his supper. A month later four members of the
When Greek Meets Grouch 61
glee club tried to do our favorite stunt of putting
the horse in the herdic and hauling him home, and
it cost them twenty-nine days — just enough to break
up the club. The whole basket-ball team got thirty
days because they took the bronze statue off the
fountain in the public square one night, laid him
on the car tracks in some old clothes, and had the
ambulance force trying to resuscitate him. Nobody
had ever objected to this little joke before, but it
cost us the state championship and two of the team
left school when they got out. Said they 'd come to
Siwash for a college education, not for a course of
etymology in a workhouse.
It was terrible. We scarcely dared to cut out our
mufflers enough to whistle to each other on the street.
By spring we were desperate. We had lost the
basket-ball championship. The glee club was ruined.
Muggledorfer had bumped us in football — that was
the year before Ole Skjarsen came to school — and
college spirit at Siwash had been gummed up until
it could have been successfully imitated by a four-
thousand-year-old mummy. Our college meetings re
sembled the overflow from a funeral around the front
steps. We used to shut down all the windows, say
" shsh " nine times, and then write out our college
yell on curl papers and burn the papers. You could
have swapped Siwash off for a correspondence school
without noticing any difference in the reverberations.
That was Petey Simmons' first year in college — as
a matter of fact, he was a Senior prep. I Ve told
62 At Good Old Siwash
you more or less about Petey before. He was the
only son of one of these country bankers who manage
to get as much fun out of a half million as a New
Yorker could out of a whole railroad. Petey was a
little chap who had always had what he wanted and
would cheerfully sit up all night thinking up new
things to want. He was n't a Freshman yet, but he
could give points to all the college in the matter of
explosive clothes and nifty ways of being expensive
to Dad. He could n't get along without coat-cut
underwear long before we had heard of it, and you
could tell by looking at his shoes just what the rest of
the school would be wearing in two years. That was
Petey all the way through. He was first and Father
Time was nowhere, forty miles back with a busted
tire.
Petey took to college life like a kid to candy and
just soaked himself in college spirit. He proposed
his sixty-five-dollar banjo for membership in the club
and went in with it of course. He was elected yell-
master before he had been in school two weeks, and
if you ever want to know how much noise can come
out of a comparatively small orifice you should have
seen him emitting riot and pandemonium in the
second half of a lively football game. Naturally, it
worried Petey almost to death to see the dear old
Coll. disintegrating under the Scroggs Inquisition,
and he used to sit around the frat house with his
head on his hands for hours, smoking his pipe, which
had the largest bowl in school, and combing his con-
§1
1
?.
When Greek Meets Grouch 63
volutions for a plan. Then, along in March, he
electrified the whole school by taking Martha Scroggs
to the college promenade.
Martha was old Malachi's daughter. We hadn't
known it, but she had been in school all that year.
She was a quiet girl who was designed like a tall
problem in plane geometry. While it was possible
for a clock to run in the same room with her, still
she was not what you might call a picnic to look at
She was the kind of girl a man would look at once
and then go off and admire the scenery, even if it
only consisted of a ninety-acre cornfield and a grain
elevator. Martha was only about eighteen, and I
never could understand how she got on to the styles
of thirty-six years ago and wore them as fluently as
she did.
Naturally, Martha had gotten along in her studies
without being pestered by society to any extent. I
sometimes think this helped old Scroggs to hate us.
She was his only child, and he had taken all the
affection and interest that most people distribute over
their entire acquaintanceship and concentrated it on
her. They had grown up together since she became
a motherless baby, and they did say that while you
could bombard the old man with gatling guns with
out jarring his opinions he would lie down, jump
through a hoop or play dead whenever Martha wanted
him to.
Naturally Martha caused some mild sensation when
she appeared at the biggest social spasm of the college
64 At Good Old Siwash
year, with her sleeves bulging in the wrong place,
and nothing but her own hair on her head. But what
caused the real sensation was the fact that Petey had
been released from the workhouse the day before.
Yes, sir — just turned out with seven more days to
serve. He had thrown a brick at a Sophomore who
was trying to catch him and dye his hair the Sopho
more colors, and the brick had annihilated one
of the city's precious thirty-seven-cent street lights.
Petey had gone to the works for ten days, leaving
a new dress suit that hadn't been dedicated and un
limited woe among the girls, for he was a Class A
fusser.
Petey was non-committal about his insanity. He
had the best eye for beauty in the college, and yet he
had been taking Miss Scroggs around to church
socials and town affairs for two months. But college
boys aren't slow, whatever you want to say about
them. We had faith in Petey and we backed up
his game. We gave Martha the time of her young
life at the Prom. — pulled off three imitation rows
over her program — and then we turned in that win
ter and gave her a good, hot rush — which is a
technical college expression for keeping a girl dated
up so that she does n't have time to wash the dishes
at home once a month.
I must say that it was n't much of a punishment,
either, when we got acquainted with Martha. She
was a good fellow clear through and had a smile that
illuminated her plain face like a torchlight parade.
When Greek Meets Grouch 65
Of course, after you get out of school you learn that
beauty is only skin deep and seldom affects the brain ;
but this is a wonderful discovery for a college boy to
make when there are so many raving beauties about
him that he has to take a nap in the afternoon in
order to dream about all of them. At any rate, we
took Martha to everything that came along, one of us
or another, and before a month we didn't have to
pretend very much to scrap for her dances, even if
you did have to lug her around the room by main
strength — she was as heavy on her feet as a motor-
bus.
April came and the first baseball game with it,
and Saunders, our pitcher, managed to draw a thirty-
day sentence for stealing a steam roller one noon and
racing off down the avenue with a fat cop in pursuit.
•We nearly fell dead once more when Saunders came
walking into chapel three days later. He had been
released by Judge Scroggs with a warning never under
any circumstances to do anything of any sort at any
time any more, and been assured that he was nothing
more than hangman's meat. But he had been re
leased! That night he took Martha Scroggs to the
Alfalfa Belt hop. And the next day he held Muggle-
dorfer down to two hits and no runs, with Martha
waving hurrahs at him from a tally-ho.
We wanted to elect Petey president of the college,
for we laid the whole affair to him. But he would n't
talk at all. If anything, he seemed a little sore about
the whole thing. Martha didn't loosen up, either.
66 At Good Old Siwash
She just smiled and told those of us who knew her
well enough to ask questions that Saunders was a
lovely boy and that she had had that date with him
for ages — flies' ages, I guess she meant, for Alice
Marsters, one of the beauties of the school, stayed
home from the dance after announcing that she was
going with Saunders, and never seemed able to re
member him by sight after that.
About a week afterward Maxwell, the college ora
tor, a very solemn member of the Siwash brain trust,
was arrested for ever so little a thing. I believe he so
far forgot himself as to help give the college yell on
Main Street the night his literary society won a debate,
Anyway, he got ten days, and he was due in three days
to orate for Siwash against the whole Northwest. It
was the biggest event of the school year — the oratori
cal contest. We 'd won seven of them — more than
any other school in the sixteen states — and we stood
a good show with Maxwell. We were crazy to win.
Of course nobody ever goes to the contests; but we
all stay up all night to hear the results, and when we
win, which we do once every other college generation,
we try to make the celebration bigger than the stories
of other celebrations that have been handed down.
We 'd been planning this celebration all winter and
had everything combustible in Jonesville spotted.
Some of us were for going out and burning up the
workhouse, but before we got around to it Maxwell
appeared. It was the day before the contest. He 'd
served only two days, but instead of rushing right off
When Greek Meets Grouch 67
to rehearse his oration, which he could n't do in the
workhouse, owning to an accountable prejudice the
tramps and other prisoners had against oratory, he
took the evening off and went driving with Martha
Scroggs — about as queer a thing for him to do as it
would be for the Pope to take a young lady to the
theater. But we didn't ask any questions. We
cheered him off on the midnight train, and the next
night, when he won and we got the news, we turned
out and built a bonfire of everything that was n't
nailed down. And when the police got done chasing
us they had nineteen of the brightest and best sons of
Siwash bottled up in the booby hatch.
We did n't mind that on general principles. The
bonfire was worth it, especially since we managed to
get a few palings from old Scroggs' fence for it —
but, as usual, the wrong men got pinched. There
was the intercollegiate track meet due in two weeks,
and there, in the list of felons, were Evans, our
crack sprinter, Petersen, our hammer heaver, and
yours truly, who could pole vault about as high as
they run elevators in Europe, even if he was only a
sub-Freshman with field mice in his hair.
Now, this was really serious. We could afford to
lose an oratorical contest — it just meant no bonfire
for another year — but we had our hearts set on that
track meet. We were up against our lifelong rivals
— Muggledorfer, the State Normal, Kiowa, Ham-
bletonian, and all the rest of them. We had to win
— I don't know why. Beats all how many things
68 At Good Old Siwash
you have to do in college that don't seem so absolutely
necessary a few years afterward. Anyhow, if we
three point-gobblers had to spend the next ten days
in the works instead of rounding into form, the points
Siwash would win in that meet could be added up
by a three-year-old boy who was a bad scholar. It
was so desperate that we hired a lawyer and laid the
case before him that night as we sat in our horrid
cells — they would n't take Hinckley for bail any
more.
" Get a continuance," said he. And the nexJt
morning he appeared with us before the awful
presence and demanded the continuance on the score
of important evidence, lack of time to perfect a
defense, other engagements, poor crops, Presidential
election, and goodness knows what — regular lawyer
style, you know.
Old Scroggs glared at us the way an unusually
hungry tiger might look at a lamb that was being
taken away to get a little riper. " I cannot object
to a reasonable continuance," he said sourly. " And
I don't deny that you will need all the defense you
can get. The case is an atrocious one, and I propose
to do my small part toward putting down arson and
riot in this unhappy town. You will appear two
weeks from this morning."
The field meet was two weeks from that afternoon !
And we did n't have a ghost of a defense !
We three scraped up the required bail and went
back to college feeling cheerful as a man who has
When Greek Meets Grouch 69
been told that his hanging has been postponed until
his wedding morning. Of course we sent for Petey
Simmons. He arrived dejected. " No use, fellows,"
he remarked as he came in the door. " I know what
you all want. You all want engagements with
Martha Scroggs. It 's no go. I 've been over to see
her and she 's afraid to tackle it. The old man 's told
her that if she runs around with any more of this dis
graceful, disgusting and nine other epitheted college
bunch he'll show her the door. Says he 's been
worked and he 's through. Says he 's going to give
you the limit and, if possible, he 's going to give
you enough to keep you in all vacation instead of
letting you loose on a defenseless world all summer.
That 's how strong you are up at the Scroggs house."
There you were ! Siwash College, the pride of six
decades, mollycoddled by an old parody on a gorilla
with a grouch against the solar system ! We trained
these two weeks in hopes that a chariot of fire would
come up and take the old man down, but there was
nothing doing. He remained abnormally healthy
and supernaturally mad. On the morning before the
fatal day we all wrote letters home, explaining that
we had secured elegant jobs in various emporiums
over the city and would n't be home until late in
the summer. Then we shivered a shake or two apiece
and got ready to retire from this vain world for
somewhere between thirty and ninety days. Just
about that time Petey Simmons blew down to the
college, bursting with information. He demanded a
70 At Good Old Siwash
meeting of the Athletic Council at once and of us
three sterling athletes as well. We were all in order
in ten minutes.
" Fellows, it 's this way," said Petey. " Martha
Scroggs is very loyal to the college, as you all know.
She has done her very best with old Fireworks, but
it has n't made a dent in him. No little old party or
buggy ride is going to get any one out this time.
There 's just one chance, she says, and she 's taken it.
This morning she confessed to her father that she is
engaged to one of the men who is to come up for trial
to-morrow morning. They think the old man will be
well enough to unmuzzle before noon, but he 's been
acting like a bad case of dog-days all morning. He 's
given her twenty-four hours to name the man — and
Martha thinks that by night he '11 be resting comfort
ably enough to promise to let him off to-morrow.
And she has given us the privilege of choosing the
man she 's engaged to. Now, it 's up to this council
to pick out the lucky chap. It 's our only hope, fel
lows. We '11 have one point- winner anyway — unless
the old man eats him alive to-morrow."
Evans and Petersen turned pale — they had real
fiancees in college. But each stepped forward nobly
and offered himself for the sacrifice. I stepped out,
too, though I was so young at that time that I did n't
know any more how to go about being engaged to a
girl than I did about my Greek lessons. Then the
council began to discuss the choice. And just there
the trouble began.
When Greek Meets Grouch 71
It all came about through the frats, of course.
Frats are a good thing all right, but they stir up more
trouble in a college than a Turk's nine wives can
make for him. Ashcroft was president of the coun
cil. He was an Alfalfa Belt. So was Evans. Ash-
croft hung out for Evans like a bulldog hanging to a
tramp. Beeman, a council member, was a Sigh
Whoop and so was Petersen. Beeman argued that
Petersen could win more points than the rest of the
school put together and that it would be unpatriotic,
unmanly, disgraceful and un-Siwash-like not to
select him. Bailey, the third member, was an Eta
Bita Pie, and while sub-Freshmen are not supposed
to be anything with Greek letters on, we understood
each other, and I was to be initiated the next fall.
Bailey pointed out caustically that to imprison a sub-
Freshman would be to ruin his reputation, break his
spirit and disgrace the school — that one world's
record was worth fifty points, and that, if allowed to,
I would pole-vault so high the next day that I would
have to come down in a parachute. The result was
the council broke up in one big row and Martha
Scroggs spent the afternoon unengaged.
About five o 'clock Bailey came over to the track,
where we were going through the last sad rites, and
hauled me aside.
" Take off those togs, kid," he said. " I Ve got a
stunt. These yaps are going to hold another meeting
to-night to decide on Martha Scroggs' fiancee. In the
meantime you 're going out to ask the old man for
72 At Good Old Siwash
her. Understand ? You 're going to ask him and
take what he gives you like a little man and beg off
for to-day, and then you 're going to break the pole-
vault record. See ? "
Unfortunately, I did. I liked the job just as well
as I would like getting boiled in oil. But one must
stand by one's f rat, you know — Gee, how proud I
felt when I said that ! I did n't have any idea how an
engaged man ought to look or act, but I went home,
put on the happiest duds I had, and shinned up the
street about eight o'clock.
The man-eating dog of the Scroggses was some
where else, gorging himself on another unfortunate,
and I got to the front door all right. I rang the bell.
Some one opened the door. It was Judge Scroggs.
He looked at me as one might look at a bug which
had wandered on to the table and was trying to climb
over a fork.
" Young man," he said, " what do you want ? "
Did you ever have your voice slink around behind
your larynx and refuse to come out? Mine did. I
only wish I could have slunk with it I started talk
ing twice. My tongue went all right, but I could n't
slip in the clutch and make any sound.
" Well," roared Scroggs, " what is it ? "
That jarred me loose. " Mr. Scroggs," I sput
tered, " I am engaged to your daughter. I want to
marry her. I want your permission. I — I '11 be
good to her, sir."
He glared at me for a minute. " Oh ! " he said
When Greek Meets Grouch 73
with a queer look. " Well, come on in with the rest
of them. "
I followed him into the parlor. There sat Evans
and Petersen. They were older than I, but if I
looked as scared as they did I wish somebody had shot
me. In the corner was another student. His name
was Driggs. His specialty was cotillons.
We four sat and looked at each other with awful
suspicions. Something was excessively wrong. I
felt indignant. Can't a fellow go to see his fiancee
without being annoyed by a Koman mob ? I noticed
Petersen and Evans looked indignant, too. We took
it out by staring Driggs almost into the collywobbles.
Who was he anyway, and why was he billy-goating
around ?
Old Scroggs had called Martha. He sat and looked
at us so peculiarly that I got gooseflesh all over.
Here I was, a Freshman so green that the cows looked
longingly at me, and up against the job of saving the
college, winning out for the frat and becoming en
gaged to a girl I did n't know before a whole roomful
of rivals. I was n't up to the job. If only I had
gone to the works! They seemed a haven of sweet
peace just then.
Martha Scroggs came into the room. She looked
at the quartet. We looked at her with hunted looks.
Scroggs looked at all of us.
" Martha," he said at last, " each one of these four
young idiots says he is engaged to you. Which of
them shall I throw out ? "
74 At Good Old Siwash
The jig was up ! The college was ruined ! Each
one of us had the same bright thought!
For a moment I thought Martha was going to faint.
She looked at the mob with a dazed expression.
You could almost see her brain grabbing for some ex
planation. It was just for a moment, though. My,
but that girl was a wonder! She gulped once or
twice. Then she smiled in an inspired sort of way.
" None of them, Papa," she said ever so sweetly.
" I am engaged to all of them."
The eruption of Vesuvius was only a little sputter
to what followed. For a moment we had hopes that
old Scroggs would explode. I think if he had had us
there alone he would have tried to hang us. But
every tyrant has his master, so before long we began
to see the halter on old Scroggs. And his daughter
held the leading rope. She let him rave about so
long and then she retired into her pocket-handker
chief and turned on a regular equinoctial. Scroggs
looked more uncomfortable than we felt. He took
her in his arms and there was a family reconciliation.
Every little while Martha would look over his shoul
der at us four hopefuls sitting up against the wall as
lively as wooden Indians, and then she would bury
her face in her handkerchief again and shake her
shoulders and writhe with grief — or maybe it was
something else. Martha always did have a pretty
keen sense of humor.
Suddenly Scroggs remembered us and we went out
of the house like projectiles fired from a very loud
When Greek Meets Grouch 75
gun. We cussed each other all the way home — we
three athletes. We would have cussed Driggs, but he
sneaked the other way and we lost him.
The next morning we went up to police court in our
old clothes. Judge Scroggs looked at us sourly when
our turn came.
" Young men," he said, " my daughter has ad
mitted that she has been foolish enough to engage
herself provisionally to all of you, with the idea of
choosing the hero in this afternoon's games. I do not
admire her taste. I think she is indeed reckless to
fall in love with collegians when there are so many
honest cab drivers and grocery boys to choose from.
But I have, in the interests of peace, consented to
allow you to compete this afternoon. You are dis
charged. I do this the more willingly because I
have seen you here before and shall again. You
may go."
We did go, and when we got through that afternoon
the knobby-legged athletes from our rival schools
looked like quarter horses plowing home just ahead
of the next race. Siwash won by an enormous lead
and we three were the stars of the meet. Why
should n't we be when our fiancee sat in a box in the
grandstand and cheered us impartially? More than
that, old Scroggs sat with her and I have an idea
that he got excited, too, in the breath-catching parts.
I think that engagement business must have broken
the old man's spirit, or else so much association with
college people began to waken dormant brain cells in
76 At Good Old Siwash
his head. The rest of the rioters got out of the work
house right away, and that fall he retired from the
bench, declaring that if he was to have a college
student for a son-in-law, as looked extremely likely,
he needed to put in all of his time at home protecting
his property. In honor of his retirement we had a
pa jama parade which was nine blocks long and forty-
two blocks loud, and a platoon of six policemen led
the way.
Of course that engagement business left all sorts of
complications. Scroggs pestered his daughter for
about a month to make her decision. He seemed
somewhat relieved when she finally announced that
she couldn't; but it wasn't much relief, after all,
for by this time he couldn't walk around his own
house without falling over Petey Simmons. Just two
years ago I got cards to Petey's wedding. He and
Martha are living in Chicago in one of those flats
where you have seven hundred and eighty-nine dol
lars' worth of bath-room, and eighty-nine cents' worth
of living room, and which you have to lease by meas
ure just as you would buy a vest If Petey hangs on
long enough he is going to be a big man in the bank
ing business, too.
I forgot to clear up this Driggs mystery. The
evening after the races, Martha called up Petey
Simmons. " Petey," said she, " I wish you would
tell me who this fourth man is that I 'm engaged to.
He does n't seem to be on the track team and I did n't
catch his name. I don't mind having to make up an
When Greek Meets Grouch 77
excuse for being engaged to four men right on the
spur of the moment if it is necessary, but I 'd at
least like to know their names."
Petey was as puzzled as she was and lit out to
find Driggs. He was gone, but the next day he turned
up and confessed all. He had a terrible affair with
a girl in the next town, it seems, and had a date
to bring her to the games. He was one of the nine
teen criminals, and was so terror-stricken at the idea
of being compelled to desert his hypnotizer that when
the news of the engagement business leaked out he
took a long chance and went up and announced him
self. It worked, but we caught him two nights later
and shaved his hair on one side as a gentle warning
not to do it again.
CHAPTEK IV
A FUNEBAL THAT FLASHED IN THE PAN
HONEST, Bill, sometimes when I sit down in
these sober, plug-away days — when we are
kind to the poor dumb policemen and don't dare wear
straw hats after the first of September — and think
about the good old college times, I wonder how we
ever had the nerve to imitate insanity the way we did.
Here I am, rubbing noses with thirty, outgrowing my
belts every year, and sitting eight hours at a desk
without exploding. Am I the chap who climbed up
sixty feet of waterspout a few short years ago and
persuaded the clapper of the college bell to come down
with me ? Here you are all worn smooth on top and
proprietor of an overflow meeting in a nursery. In
about ten minutes you '11 be tearing your coat-tails
out of my hands because you have to go back home
before the eldest kid asks for a story. Are you the
loafer who spent all one night getting a profane par
rot into the cold-air pipes of the college chapel?
Maybe you think you are, but I don't believe it. If
I were to tip this table over on you now you 'd get
mad and go home instead of handing me a volume
of George Barr McCutcheon in the watch-pocket
A Funeral That Flashed In The Pan 79
You 're not the good old lunatic you used to be, and
neither am I.
Yes, times have changed. I don't feel as unfettered
as I used to. There are a few things nowadays that
I don't care to do. When I come home at night I
take my shoes off and tiptoe to my room instead of
standing outside and trying to persuade my landlady
that the house is on fire. When I visit a friend in
his apartments I do not, as a bit of repartee, throw
all of his clothes out of the window while he is out
of the room, and it has been a long time since I last
hung a basket out of my window on Saturday night,
expecting some early-rising friend to put a pocketful
of breakfast in it as he came past from boarding-club.
I am a slave to conventions and so are you, you slant-
shouldered, hollow-chested, four-eyed, flabby-spirited
pill-roller, you ! The city makes more mummies out
of live ones than old Rameses ever did out of his
obituary crop.
And yet it's no time at all since you and I were
back at Siwash College, making a dear playmate out
of trouble from morning till night. I wonder what
it is in college that makes a fellow want to stick his
finger into conventions and customs and manners, to
say nothing of the revised statutes, and stir the whole
mess 'round and 'round ! When you 're in college,
college life seems big and all the rest of the world
•so small that what you want to do as a student seems
to be the only important thing in life — no matter if
what you want to do is only to put a free-lunch sign
80 At Good Old Siwash
over the First Methodist Church. What does the col
lege student care for the U. S. A., the planet or the
solar system ? Why, at Siwash, I remember the big
gest man in the world was Ole Skjarsen. Next to
him was Coach Bost, then Rogers, captain of the
football team, and then Jensen, the quarter. After
him came Frankling, of the Alfalfa Belts, whose father
picked up bargains in railroads instead of gloves;
then came Prexy, and after him the President of the
United States and a few scattered celebrities, tailing
down to the Mayor of Jonesville and its leading citi
zens — mere nobodies.
That's how important the outside world seemed
to us. Is it any wonder that when we wanted to go
downtown in pajamas and plug hats we paddled right
along ? Or that when we wanted to steal a couple of
actors and tie them in a barn, while two of us took
their places, we did not hesitate to do so? We felt
perfectly free to do just what we pleased. The col
lege understood us, and what the world thought never
entered our heads.
Those were certainly nightmarish times for the
Faculty of a small but husky college filled with live
wires who specialized in applied mischief. It beats
all what peculiar things college students can do and
not think anything of it at all ; and it 's funny how
closely wisdom and blame foolishness seem to be re
lated. I remember after I had spent two hours put
ting my Polykon down on a concrete foundation so
that I could recite John Stuart Mill by the ream, it
A Funeral That Flashed In The Pan 81
seemed as if I couldn't live half an hour longer
without a certain kind of pie that was kept in cap
tivity a mile awaj downtown at a lunch-counter.
And, moreover, I could n't eat that pie alone. A col
lege student does n't know how to masticate without
an assistant or two. When I think of the hours and
hours I have spent traveling around at midnight and
battering on the doors of perfectly respectable houses,
trying to drag some student out and take him a mile
or two away downtown after pie, I am struck with
awe. When I came to this town I walked two days
for a job and then sat around with my feet on a sofa
cushion for three days. I '11 bet I 've walked twice
as far hunting up some devoted friend to help me
go downtown and eat a piece of pie. And that pie
seemed three times as important as the easy lessons
for beginners in running the earth that I had been
absorbing all the evening.
You need n't grin, Bill. You were just as bad. I
remember you were the biggest math, shark in college.
You could do calculus problems that took all the
English letters from A to Z and then slopped over into
the Greek alphabet ; and everybody predicted that you
would be a great man if anybody ever found any use
for calculus. And yet the chief ambition of your life
was to find a way of tampering with the college clock
so that it would run twice as fast as its schedule.
You used to sit around and figure all evening over
it and declare that if you could only do it once and
watch the Profs, letting out classes early and going
82 At Good Old Siwash
home to supper at one P. M. you would consider your
life well spent Sounds fiddling now, doesn't it?
But I admired you for it then. I really looked up
to you, Bill, as a man with a firm, fixed purpose,
while I was just a trifler who would be satisfied to
steal the hands of the clock or jolly it into striking
two hundred times in a row.
There was Rearick, for instance. He was the
smartest man in our class. Took scholarship prizes
as carelessly as a policeman takes peanuts from a
Dago stand. Since then he 's gone up so fast that
every time I see him I insult him by congratulating
him on getting the place he's just been promoted from.
But what was Rearick's hobby at Siwash ? Stealing
hatpins. He had four hundred hatpins when he
graduated, and he never could see anything wrong in
it. Guess he 's got them yet. Perkins is in Congress
already. He out-debated the whole Northwest and
wrote pieces on subjects so heavy that you could
break up coal with them. But I never saw him so
earnest in debate as he was the night he talked old
Bill Morrison into letting him drive his hack for
him all evening. He told me he had driven every
hack in town but Bill's, and that Bill had baffled
him for two years. It cost him four dollars to turn
the trick, but he was happier after it than he was
when he won the Siwash-Muggledorfer debate. Said
he was ready to graduate now — college held nothing
further for him. Perkins' brains were n't addled,
because he has been working them double shift ever
A Funeral That Flashed In The Pan 83
since. He just had the college microbe, that 's all.
It gets into your gray matter and makes you enjoy
things turned inside out. You remember " Prince "
Hogboom's funeral, don't you ?
What year was it ? Why, ninety-ump-teen. What ?
That 's right, you got out the year before. I re
member they held your diploma until you paid for
the library cornerstone that your class stole and cut
up into paper-weights. Well, by not staying the
next year you missed the most unsuccessful funeral
that was ever held in the history of Siwash or any
where else. It was one of the very few funerals
on record in which the corpse succeeded in licking
the mourners. I Jve got a small scar from it now.
You may think you 're going home to that valuable
baby of yours, but you are not. You '11 hear me out.
I have n't talked with a Siwash man for a month, and
all of these Hale and Jarhard and Stencilmania fel
lows give me an ashy taste in my mouth when I talk
with them. It 's about as much fun talking college
days with a fellow from, another school as it is to
talk ranching with a New England old maid; and
when I get hold of a Siwash man you can bet I
hang on to him as long as my talons will stick.
You just sit right there and start another Wheeling
conflagration while I tell you how we killed Hogboom
to make a Siwash holiday.
• I helped kill him myself. It was my first murder.
It was an awful thing to do, but we were desperate
men. It was spring — in May — and not one of us
84 At Good Old Siwash
had a cut left You know how unimportant your cuts
are in the fall when you know that you can skip
classes ten times that year without getting called
up on the green carpet and gimleted by the
Faculty. Ten cuts seem an awful lot when you begin.
You throw 'em away for anything. You cut class to
go downtown and buy a cigarette. You cut class to
see a dog fight. I 've even known a fellow to cut a
class in the fall because he had to go back to the
room and put on a clean collar. But, oh, how different
it is in May, when you have n't a cut left to your
name and the Faculty has been holding meetings on
you, anyway; when classroom is a jail and the
campus just outside the window is a paradise, green
and sunshiny and fanned by warm breezes — excuse
these poetries. And you can sit in your class in
Evidences of Christianity — of which you knew as
much as a Chinese laundryman does of force-feed
lubrication — and look out of the window and see
your best girl sitting on the grass with some smug
oyster who has saved up his cuts. How I used to
hate these chaps who saved up their cuts till spring
and then took my girl out walking while I went to
classes ! Is there anything more maddening, I 'd like
to know, than to sit before a big, low window trying
to follow a psychology recitation closely enough to
get up when called on, and at the same time watch
five girls, with all of whom you are dead in love,
strolling slowly off into the bright distance with five
job-lot male beings who are dull and uninteresting
A Funeral That Flashed In The Pan 85
and just cold-blooded enough to save their cuts
until the springtime ? If there is I 've never
had it.
In this spring of umpty-steen it seemed as if only
one ambition in the world was worth achieving —
that was to get out of classes. Most of us had used
up our cuts long ago. The Faculty is never any too
patient in the spring, anyhow, and a lot of us were
on the ragged edge. I remember feeling very confi
dently that if I went up before that brain trust in
the Faculty room once more and tried to explain how
it was that I was giving absent treatment to my be
loved studies, said Faculty would take the college
away from me and wouldn't let me play with it
never no more. And that 's an awful distressing fear
to hang over a man who loves and enjoys everything
connected with a college except the few trifling reci
tations which take up his time and interfere with
his plans. It hung over five of us who were trying
to plan some way of going over to Hambletonian Col
lege to see our baseball team wear deep paths around
their diamond. We were certain to win, and as the
Hambletonians hadn't found this out there was a
legitimate profit to be made from our knowledge —
profit we yearned for and needed frightfully. I won
der if these Wall Street financiers and Western rail
road men really think they know anything about hard
•times? Why, I've known times to be so hard in
May that three men would pool all their available
funds and then toss up to see which one of them
86 At Good Old Siwash
would eat the piece of pie the total sum bought
I 've known Seniors to begin selling their personal
effects in April — a pair of shoes for a dime, a dress
suit for five dollars — and to go home in June with
a trunk full of flags and dance programs and nothing
else. I Ve known students to buy velveteen pants in
the spring and go around with big slouch hats and
very long hair — not because they were really artistic
and Bohemian, but because it was easier to buy the
trousers and have them charged than it was to find a
quarter for a haircut
That 's how busted live college students with un-
appreciative dads can get in the spring. That 's how
busted we were ; and there was Hambletonian, twenty
miles away, full of money and misguided faith in
their team. If we could scrape up a little cash we
could ride over on our bicycles and transfer the finan
cial stringency to the other college with no trouble
at all. But it was a midweek game and not one
of us had a cut left. That was why we murdered
Hogboom.
It happened one evening when we were sitting on
the front porch of the Eta Bita Pie house. That was
the least expensive thing we could do. We had been
discussing girls and baseball and spring suits, and
the comparative excellence of the wheat cakes at the
Union Lunch Counter and Jim's place. But what
ever we talked about ran into money in the end and
we had to change the subject. There 's mighty little
a poor man can talk about in spring in college, I can
A Funeral That Flashed In The Pan 87
tell you. We discussed around for an hour or two,
bumping into the dollar mark in every direction, and
finally got so depressed that we shut up and sat
around with our heads in our hands. That seemed
to be about the only thing to do that did n't require
money.
" We '11 have to do something desperate to get to
that game," said Hogboom at last. Hogboom was a
Senior. He ranked " sublime " in football, " excel
lent " in baseball, " good " in mandolin, " fair " in
dancing, and from there down in Greek, Latin and
Mathematics.
" Intelligent boy," said Bunk Bailey pleasantly ;
" tell us what it must be. Desperate things done to
order, day or night, with care and thoroughness. Trot
out your desperate thing and get me an axe. I '11
do it."
"Well," said Hogboom, "I don't know, but it
seems to me that if one of us was to die maybe the
Faculty would take a day off and we could go over
to Hambletonian without getting cuts."
" Fine scheme ; get me a gun, Hogboom." " Do
you prefer drowning or lynching ? " " Kill him
quick, somebody." " Look pleasant, please, while the
operator is working." " What do you charge for
dying ? " Oh, we guyed him good and plenty, which
is a way they have at old Harvard and middle-aged
Siwash and Infant South Dakota University and
wherever two students are gathered together any
where in the U. S. A.
88 At Good Old Siwash
Hogboom only grinned. " Prattle away all you
please," he said, " but I mean it. I 've got magnifi
cent facilities for dying just now. I '11 consider a
proposition to die for the benefit of the cause if you
fellows will agree to keep me in cigarettes and pie
while I 'm dead."
" Done," says I, " and in embalming fluid, too.
But just demonstrate this theorem, Hoggy, old boy.
How extensively are you going to die ? "
" Just enough to get a holiday," said Hogboom.
" You see, I happen to have a chum in the telegraph
office in Weeping Water, where I live. Now if I
were to go home to spend Sunday and you fellows
were to receive a telegram that I had been kicked to
death by an automobile, would you have sense enough
to show it to Prexy ? "
" We would," we remarked, beginning to get in
telligent.
" And, after he had confirmed the sad news by
telegram, would you have sense enough left to sug
gest that college dismiss on Tuesday and hold a
memorial meeting ? "
" We would," we chuckled.
" And would you have foresight enough to suggest
that it be held in the morning so that you could rush
away to Weeping Water in the afternoon to attend
the funeral ? "
" Yes, indeed," we said, so mildly that the cop two
blocks away strolled down to see what was up.
" And then would you be diplomatic enough to pro-
A Funeral That Flashed In The Pan 89
duce a telegram saying that the report was false, just
too late to start the afternoon classes ? "
" You bet ! " we whooped, pounding Hoghoom with
great joy. Then we sat down as unconcernedly as if
we were planning to go to the vaudeville the next
afternoon and arranged the details of Hogboom's
assassination. As I was remarking, positively noth
ing looks serious to a college boy until after he has
done it.
That was on Friday night. On Saturday we killed
Hogboom. That is, he killed himself. He got per
mission to go home over Sunday and retired to an
upper back room in our house, very unostentatiously.
He had already written to his operator chum, who
had attended college just long enough to take away
his respect for death, the integrity of the telegraph
service and practically everything else. The result
was that at nine o'clock that evening a messenger boy
rang our bell and handed in a telegram. It was
brief and terrible. Wilbur Hogboom had been sub
merged in the Weeping Water River while trying to
abduct a catfish from his happy home and had only
just been hauled out entirely extinct.
It was an awful shock to us. We had expected him
to be shot. We read it solemnly and then tiptoed up
to Hogboom with it. He turned pale when he saw
the yellow slip.
" What is it ? " he asked hurriedly. " How did it
happen ? "
" You were drowned, Hoggy, old boy," Wilkins
90 At Good Old Siwash
said. " Drowned in your little old Weeping Water
River. They have got you now and you 're all damp
and drippy, and your best girl is having one hysteric
after another. Don't you think you ought to throw
that cigarette away and show some respect to your
self ? We've all quit playing cards and are going
to bed early in your honor."
" Well, I 'm not," said Hogboom. " It 's the first
time I have ever been dead, and I 'm going to stay
up all night and see how I feel. Another thing, I 'm
going down and telephone the news to Prexy myself.
I 've had nothing but hard words out of him all my
college course, and if he can't think up something
nice to say on an occasion like this I 'm going to give
him up."
Hogboom called up Prexy and in a shaking voice
read him the telegram. We sat around, choking each
other to preserve the peace, and listened to the fol
lowing cross section of a dialogue — telephone talk
is so interesting when you just get one hemisphere
of it
" Hello ! That you, Doctor ? This is the Eta Bita
Pie House. I 've some very sad news to tell you.
Hogboom was drowned to-day in the Weeping Water
River. We 've just had a telegram — Yes, quite
dead — No chance of a mistake, I 'm afraid — Yes,
they recovered him — We 're all broken up — Oh,
yes, he was a fine fellow — We loved him deeply —
I 'm glad you thought so much of him — He was
always so frank in his admiration of you — Yes, he
A Funeral That Flashed In The Pan 91
was honorable — Yes, and brilliant, too — Of course,
we valued him for his good fellowship, but, as you
say, he was also an earnest boy — It 's awful — Yes,
a fine athlete — I wish he could hear you say that,
Doctor — !No, I 'm afraid we can't fill his place —
Yes, it is a loss to the college — I guess you just ad
dress telegram to his folks at Weeping Water —
That 's how we 're sending ours — Good-night —
Yes, a fine fellow — Good-night."
Hogboom hung up the 'phone and went upstairs,
where he lay for an hour or two with his face full
of pillows. The rest of us were n't so gay. We could
see the humor of the thing all right, but the awful
fact that we were murderers was beginning to hang
over our heads. It was easy enough to kill Hogboom,
but now that he was dead the future looked tolerably
complicated. Suppose something happened ? Suppose
he did n't stay dead ? There 's no peace for a mur
derer, anyway. We did n't sleep much that night.
The next day it was worse. We sat around and
entertained callers all day. Half a hundred students
called and brought enough woe to fit out a Demo
cratic headquarters on Presidential election night.
They all had something nice to say of Hoggy. We
sat around and mourned and gloomed and agreed with
them until we were ready to yell with disgust.
Hogboom was the most disgracefully lively corpse
I ever saw. He insisted on sitting at the head of the
stairs where he could hear every good word that
was said of him, and the things he demanded of us
92 At Good Old Siwash
during the day would have driven a stone saint to
crime. Four times we went downtown for pie ; three
times for cigarettes; once for all the Sunday news
papers, and once for ice cream. As I told you, it
was May, the time of the year when street-car fare
is a problem of financial magnitude. We had to bor
row money from the cook before night. Hoggy had
us helpless, and he was taking a mean and contemp
tible advantage of the fact that he was a corpse. Half
a dozen times we were on the verge of letting him
come to life. It would have served him right.
Old Siwash was just naturally submerged in sor
row when Monday morning cajne. The campus
dripped with sadness. The Faculty oozed regret at
every pore. We loyal friends of Hogboom were looked
on as the chief mourners and it was up to us to fill
the part. We did our best. We talked with the soft
pedal on. We went without cigarettes. We wiped
our eyes whenever we got an audience. Time after
time we told the sad story and exhibited the telegram.
By noon more particulars began to come in. Prexy
got an answer to his telegram of condolence. The
funeral, the telegram said, would be on Tuesday
afternoon. There was great and universal grief in
Weeping Water, where Hogboom had been held in
reverent esteem. Hoggy's chum in the telegraph office
simply laid himself out on that telegram. Prexy read
it to me himself and wiped his eyes while he did it.
He was a nice, sympathetic man, Prexy was, when he
was n't discussing cuts or scholarship.
A Funeral That Flashed In The Pan 93
Getting the memorial meeting was so easy we hated
to take it. The Faculty met to pass resolutions Mon
day afternoon, and when our delegation arrived they
treated us like brothers. It was just like entering
the camp of the enemy under a flag of truce. Many
a time I 've gone in on that same carpet, but never
with such a feeling of holy calm. " They would,
of course, hold the memorial meeting," said Prexy.
They had in fact decided on this already. They
would, of course, dismiss college all day. It was, per
haps, best to hold the memorial in the morning if so
many of us were going out to Weeping Water. It
was nice so many of us could go. Prexy was going.
So was the mathematics professor, old " Ichthyo
saurus " James, a very fine old ruin, whom Hogboom
hated with a frenzy worthy of a better cause, but
who, it seemed, had worked up a great regard for
Hogboom through having him for three years in the
same trigonometry class.
We went out of Faculty meeting men and equals
with the professors. They walked down to the cor
ner with us, I remember, and I talked with Gander,
the Polykon professor, who had always seemed to me
to be the embodiment of Comanche cruelty and cun
ning. We talked of Hogboom all the way to the
corner. Wonderful how deeply the Faculty loved
the boy; and with what Spartan firmness they had
concealed all indications of it through his career!
When Monday night came we began to breathe
more easily. Of course there was some kind of a
94 At Good Old Siwash
deluge coming when Hogboom appeared, but that
was his affair. We didn't propose to monkey with
the resurrection at all. He could do his own ex
plaining. To tell the truth, we were pretty sore at
Hogboom. He was making a regular Roman holiday
out of his demise. It kept four men busy running
errands for him. We had to retail him every com
pliment that we had heard during the day, especially
if it came from the Faculty. We had to describe in
detail the effect of the news upon six or seven girls,
for all of whom Hogboom had a tender regard. He
insisted upon arranging the funeral and vetoed our
plans as fast as we made them. He was as domineer
ing and ugly as if he was the only man who had ever
met a tragic end. He acted as if he had a monopoly.
We hated him cordially by Monday night, but we were
helpless. Hoggy claimed that being dead was a nerve-
wearing and exhausting business, and that if he did n't
get the respect due to him as a corpse he would put
on his plug hat and a plush curtain and walk up
the main street of Jonesville. And as he was a foot
ball man and a blamed fool combined we did n't see
any way of preventing him.
However, everything looked promising. We had
made all the necessary arrangements. The students
were to meet in chapel at nine o'clock in the morn
ing and eulogize Hogboom for an hour, after which
college was to be dismissed for the day in order that
unlimited mourning could be indulged in. There
were to be speeches by the Faculty and by students.
A Funeral That Flashed In The Pan 95
Maxfield, the human textbook, was to make the ad
dress for the Senior class. \Ve chuckled when we
thought how he was toiling over it. Noddy Pierce,
of our crowd, was to talk about Hogboom as a brother ;
Rogers, of the football team, was to make a few
grief-saturated remarks. So was Perkins. Every
one was confidently expecting Perkins to make the
effort of his life and swamp the chapel in sorrow.
He was in the secret and he afterward said that he
would rather try to write a Shakespearean tragedy
offhand than to write another funeral oration about
a man who he knew was at that moment sitting in
a pair of pajamas in an upper room half a mile
away and yelling for pie.
As a matter of fact, there were so many in the
secret that we were dead afraid that it would explode.
We had to put the baseball team on so that they
would be prepared to go over to Hambletonian at
noon. The game had been called off, of course, and
Hambletonian had been telegraphed. But I was
secretary of the Athletic Club and had done the tele
graphing. So I addressed the telegram to my aunt
in New Jersey. It puzzled the dear old lady for
months, I guess, because she kept writing to me about
it. We had to tell all the fellows in the frat house
and every one of the conspirators let in a friend or
two. There were about fifty students who weren't
as soggy with grief as they should have been by
Monday night.
I blame Hogboom entirely for what happened. He
96 At Good Old Siwash
started it when he insisted that he be smuggled into
the chapel to hear his own funeral orations. We
argued half the Monday night with him, but it was
no use. He simply demanded it. If all dead men are
as disagreeable as Hogboom was, no undertaker's job
for me. He was the limit. He put on a blue bath
robe and got as far as the door on his promenade
downtown before we gave in and promised to do any
thing he wanted. We had to break into the chapel
and stow him away in a little grilled alcove in the
attic on the side of the auditorium where he could
hear everything. Sounds uncomfortable, but don't
imagine it was. That nervy slavedriver made us lug
over two dozen sofa pillows, a rug or two, a bottle
of moisture and three pies to while away the time
with. That was where we first began to think of
revenge. We got it, too — only we got it the way
Samson did when he jerked the columns out from
under the roof and furnished the material for a gen
eral funeral, with himself in the leading role.
By the time we got Hogboom planted in his lux
urious nest, about three A. M., we were ready to do
anything. Some of us were for giving the whole snap
away, but Pierce and Perkins and Rogers objected.
They wanted to deliver their speeches at the meeting.
If we would leave it to them, they said, they would
see that justice was ladled out.
The whole college and most of the town were at
the memorial meeting. It was a grand and tear-
spangled occasion. There were three grades of emo-
A Funeral That Flashed In The Pan 97
tion plainly visible. There was the resigned and
almost pleased expression of the students who were n't
in on the deal and who saw a vacation looming up
for that afternoon; the grieved and sympathetic
sorrow of the Faculty who were attempting to mourn
for what they had always called a general school
nuisance; and there was the phenomenally solemn
woe of the conspirators, who were spreading it on
good and thick.
The Faculty spoke first. Beats all how much of a
hypocrite a good man can be when he feels it to be
his duty. There was Bates, the Latin prof. He had
struggled with Hogboom three years and had often
expressed the firm opinion that, if Hoggy were re
moved from this world by a masterpiece of justice
of some sort, the general tone of civilization would
go up fifty per cent. Yet Bates got up that morning
and cried — yes, sir, actually cried. Cried into a
large pocket handkerchief that wasn't water-tight,
either. That 's more than Hoggy would ever have
done for him. And Prexy was so sympathetic and
spoke so beautifully of young soldiers getting drawn
aside by Fate on their way to the battle, and all that
sort of thing, that you would have thought he had
spent the last three years loving Hogboom — whereas
he had spent most of the time trying to get some good
excuse for rooting him out of school. You know how
Faculties always dislike a good football player. I
think, myself, they are jealous of his fame.
Maxfield made a telling address for the Senior
98 At Good Old Siwash
class. He and Hoggy had always disagreed, but it
was all over now; and the way he laid it on was
simply wonderful. I thought of Hoggy up there be
hind the grilling, swelling with pride and satisfaction
as Maxfield told how brave, how tender, how affec
tionate and how honorable he was, and I wished I
was dead, too. Being dead with a string to it is
one of the finest things that can happen to a man if
he can just hang around and listen to people.
Pierce got up. He was the college silver-tongue,
and we settled back to listen to him. Previous
speakers had made Hoggy out about as fine as Sir
Philip Sidney, but they were amateurs. Here was
where Hoggy went up beside A. Lincoln and Alex
ander if Pierce was anywhere near himself.
There is no denying that Pierce started out mag
nificently. But pretty soon I began to have an uneasy
feeling that something was wrong. He was eloquent
enough, but it seemed to me that he was handling
the deceased a little too strenuously. You know
how you can damn a man in nine ways and then pull
all the stingers out with a " but " at the end of it.
That was what Pierce was doing. " What if Hog-
boom was, in a way, fond of his ease ? " he thundered.
" What if the spirit of good fellowship linked arms
with him when lessons were waiting, and led him
to the pool hall ? He may have been dilatory in his
college duties; he may have wasted his allowance
on billiards instead of in missionary contributions.
He may have owed money — yes, a lot of money.
A Funeral That Flashed In The Pan 99
He may, indeed, have been a little selfish — which
one of us is n't ? He may have frittered away time
for which his parents were spending the fruit of
their early toil — but youth, friends, is a golden age
when life runs riot, and he is only half a man who
stops to think of petty prudence."
That was all very well to say about Rameses or
Julius Caesar or some other deceased who is pretty
well seasoned, but I '11 tell you it made the college
gasp, coming when it did. It sounded sacrilegious
and to me it sounded as if some one who was noted as
an orator was going to get thumped by the late Mr.
Hogboom about the next day. I perspired a lot from
nervousness as Pierce rumbled on, first praising the
departed and then landing on him with both oratorical
feet. When he finally sat down and mopped his fore
head the whole school gave one of those long breaths
that you let go of when you have just come up from
a dive under cold water.
Rogers followed Pierce. Rogers was n't much of
a talker, but he surpassed even his own record that
day in falling over himself. When he tried to illus
trate how thoughtful and generous Hogboom was he
blundered into the story of the time Hoggy bet all
of his money on a baseball game at Muggledorfer,
and of how he walked home with his chum and car
ried the latter's coat and grip all the way. That
made the Faculty wriggle, I can tell you. He illus
trated the pluck of the deceased by telling how Hog
boom, as a Freshman, dug all night alone to rescue
100 At Good Old Siwash
a man imprisoned in a sewer, spurred on by his cries
— though Rogers explained in his halting way, it
afterward turned out that this was only the famous
" sewer racket " which is worked on every green
Freshman, and that the cries for help came from a
Sophomore who was alternately smoking a pipe and
yelling into a drain across the road. Still, Rogers
said, it illustrated Hoghoom's nobility of spirit. In
his blundering fashion he went on to explain some
more of Hoggy's good points, and by the time he sat
down there was n't a shred of the latter's reputation
left intact. The whole school was grinning uncom
fortably, and the Faculty was acting as if it was
sitting, individually and collectively, on seventeen
great gross of red-hot pins.
By this time we conspirators were divided between
holy joy and a fear that the thing was going to be
overdone. It was plain to be seen that the Faculty
wasn't going to stand for much more loving frank
ness. Pierce whispered to Tad Perkins, Hogboom's
chum, and the worst victim of his posthumous whims,
to draw it mild and go slow. Perkins was to make
the last talk, and we trembled in our shoes when he
got up.
We need n't have feared for Perkins. He was
as smooth as a Tammany orator. He praised Hog-
boom so pathetically that the chapel began to show
acres of white handkerchiefs again. Very gently he
talked over his career, his bravery and his achieve
ments. Then just as poetically and gently he glided
A Funeral That Flashed In The Pan 101
on into the biggest lie that has been told since
Ananias short-circuited retribution with his unholy
tale.
" What fills up the heart and the throat, fellows,"
he swung along, " is not the loss we have sustained ;
not the irreparable injury to all our college activities ;
not even the vacant chair that must sit mutely elo
quent beside us this year. It 's something worse than
that. Perhaps I should not be telling this. It 's
known to but a few of his most intimate friends.
The saddest thing of all is the fact that back in Weep
ing Water there is a girl — a lovely girl — who will
never smile again."
Phew! You could just feel the feminine side of
the chapel stiffen — Hogboom was the worst fusser
in college. He was chronically in love with no less
than four girls and was devoted to dozens at a time.
We had reason to believe that he was at that time en
gaged to two, and spring was only half over at that.
This was the best of all; our revenge was complete.
" A girl," Perkins purred on, " who has grown up
with him from childhood ; who whispered her promise
to him while yet in short dresses; who sat at home
and waited and dreamed while her knight fought his
way to glory in college ; who treasured his vows and
wore his ring and — "
" 'T ain't so, you blamed idiot ! " came a hoarse
voice from above. If the chapel had been stormed by
Comanches there could n't have been more of a com
motion. A thousand pairs of eyes focused themselves
102 At Good Old Siwash
on the grill. It sagged in and then disappeared with
a crash. The towsled head of Hogboom came out of
the opening.
" I '11 fix you for that, Tad Perkins ! " he yelled.
" I '11 get even with you if it takes me the rest of my
life. I ain't engaged to any Weeping Water girl.
You know it, you liar ! I 've had enough of this — "
You could n't hear any more for the shrieks. When
a supposedly dead man sticks his head out of a jog
in the ceiling and offers to fight his Mark Antony it
is bound to create some commotion. Even the pro
fessors turned white. As for the girls — great smell
ing salts, what a cinch ! They fainted in windrows.
Some of us carried out as many as six, and you had
better believe we were fastidious in our choice, too.
There had never been such a sensation since Siwash
was invented. Between the panic-stricken, the dazed,
the hilarious, the indignant and the guilty wretches
like myself, who were wondering how in thunder there
was going to be any explaining done, that chapel was
just as coherent as a madhouse. And then Hogboom
himself burst in a side door, and it took seven of us
to prevent him from reducing Perkins to a paste and
frescoing him all over the chapel walls. Everybody
was rattled but Prexy. I think Prexy's circulation
was principally ice water. When the row was over
he got up and blandly announced that classes would
take up immediately and that the Faculty would meet
in extraordinary session that noon.
How did we get out of it? Well, if you want to
A Funeral That Flashed In The Pan 103
catch the last car, old man, I '11 have to hit the high
spots on the sequel. Of course, it was a tremendous
scandal — a memorial meeting breaking up in a fight.
We all stood to be expelled, and some of the Faculty
were sorry they could n't hang us, I guess, from the
way they talked. But in the end it blew over be
cause there was n't much of anything to hang on any
one. The telegrams were all traced to the agent at
Weeping Water, and he identified the sender as a
long, short, thick, stout, agricultural-looking man in a
plug hat, or words to that effect. What 's more, he
declared it was n't his duty to chase around town con
firming messages — he was paid to send them. Hog-
boom had a harder time, but he, too, explained that
he had come home from Weeping Water a day late,
owing to a slight attack of appendicitis, and that
when he found himself late for chapel he had climbed
up into the balcony through a side door to hear the
chapel talk, of which he was very fond, and had
found, to his amazement, that he was being reviled
by his friends under the supposition that he was
dead and unable to defend himself. Nobody believed
Hogboom, but nobody could suggest any proof of his
villainy — so the Faculty gave him an extra five-
thousand-word oration by way of punishment, and
Hogboom made Perkins write it in two nights by
threats of making a clean breast. Poor Hoggy came
out of it pretty badly. I think it broke both of his
engagements, and what between explaining to the
Faculty and studying to make a good showing and
104 At Good Old Siwash
redeem himself, he did n't have time to work up an
other before Commencement — while the rest of us
lived in mortal terror of exposure and did n't enjoy
ourselves a bit all through May, though it was some
comfort to reflect on what would have happened if
the scheme had worked — for Hambletonian beat us
to a frazzle that afternoon.
That 's what we got for monkeying with a solemn
subject. But, pshaw ! Who cares in college ? What
a student can do is limited only by what he can think
up. Did I ever tell you what we did to the English
Explorer ? Take another cigar. It is n't late yet.
CHAPTER V
COLLEGES WHILE YOU WAIT
MIND you, old head, I 'm not saying that a little
education is n't a good thing in a college course.
I learned a lot of real knowledge in school myself
that I wouldn't have missed for anything, though I
have forgotten it now. But what irritate me are the
people who think that the education you get in a
modern American super-heated, ' cross-compound col
lege comes to you already canned in neat little text
books sold by the trust at one hundred per cent
profit, and that all you have to do is to go to your
room with them, fill up a student lamp with essence
of General Education and take the lid off.
Honest, lots of them think that. It might have
been so, too, in the good old days when there was
only one college graduate for each town and he had
to do the heavy thinking for the whole community.
But, pshaw ! the easiest job in the world nowadays is
to stuff your storage battery full of Greek verbs and
obituaries in English literature, and the hardest job
is to get it hitched up to something that will bring
in the yellowbacks, the chopped-wood furniture, the
automobile tires and the large majorities in the fall
106 At Good Old Siwash
elections. I Ve seen brilliant boys at old Siwash go
out of college knowing everything that had ever hap
pened in the world up to one hundred years ago, and
try to peddle hexameters in the wholesale district in
Chicago. And I 've seen boys who slid through the
course just half a hair's breadth ahead of the Faculty
boot, go out and do the bossing for a whole Con
gressional district in five years. They had n't learned
the exact chemical formula of the universe, but they
had learned how to run the blamed thing from prac
ticing on the college during study hours.
Not that I 'm knocking on knowledge, you under
stand. Knowledge is, of course, a grand thing to
have around the house. But nowadays knowledge
alone is n't worth as much as it used to be, seems
to me. A man has to mix it up with imagination,
and ingenuity, and hustle, and nerve, and the science
of getting mad at the right time, and a fourteen-year
course of study in understanding the other fellow.
The college professors lump all this in one course
and call it applied deviltry. They don't put it down
in the catalogue and they encourage you to cut classes
in it. But, honestly, I would n't trade what I learned
under Professor Petey Simmons, warm boy and
official gadfly to the Faculty, for all the Lat. and
Greek and Analit. and Diffy. CaL, and the other
studies — whatever they were — that I took in good
old Siwash.
You remember Petey, of course. He went through
Siwash in four years and eight suspensions, and
Colleges While You Wait 107
came out fresh — as fresh, as when he went in, which
is saying a good deal. Every summer during his
career the Faculty went to a rest cure and tried to
forget him. He was as handy to have around school
as a fox terrier in a cat show. There are two varie
ties of college students — the midnight-oil and the
natural-gas kind; and Petey was a whole gas well
in himself. Not that he didn't study. He was
the hardest student in the college, but he did n't
recite much in classes. Sometimes he recited in the
police court, sometimes to his Pa hack home, and
sometimes the whole college took a hand in looking
over his examination papers. He used to pass medium
fair in Horace ; sub-passable in Trig., and extraordi
nary mediocre in Polikon. But his marks in Imagi
nation, the Psychological Moment and Dodging
Consequences were plus perfect, extra magnificent,
and superlatively some, respectively.
I saw Petey last year. He is in Chicago now.
You have to bribe a doorkeeper and bluff a secretary
to get to him — that is, you do if you are an ordinary
mortal. But if you give the Siwash yell or the Eta
Bita Pie whistle in the outside office he will emerge
from his office out over the railing in one joyous
jump. He came to Chicago ten years ago equipped
with a diploma and a two-year tailor-bill back at
Jonesville that he had been afraid to tell his folks
about. If he had been a midnight-oil graduate he
would have worn out three pairs of shoes hunting for
a business house which was willing to let an earnest
108 At Good Old Siwash
young scholar enter its employ at the bottom and rise
gradually to the top as the century went by. But
Petey was n't that kind. He had been used to run
ning the whole college and messing up the universe
as far as one could see from the Siwash belfry if
things did n't suit him. So he picked out the likeliest-
looking institution on Dearborn Street and offered
it a position as his employer. He was on the pay
roll before the president got over his daze. Two
weeks later he promoted the firm to a more respon
sible job — that of paying him a bigger salary —
and a year ago the general manager gave up and went
to Europe for two years ; said he would take a posi
tive pleasure in coming back and looking at the
map of Chicago after Petey had done it over to suit
himself.
Imagination was what did it. You can't take
Imagination in any college classroom, but you can
get more of it on the campus in four years than
you can anywhere else in the world. You Ve got to
have a mighty good imagination to get into any real
warm trouble — and by the time you have gotten
out of it again you have had to double its horse-power.
That was Petey's daily recreation. In the morning
he would think up an absolutely air-tight reason for
being expelled from Siwash as a disturber, an anar
chist, a superfluosity and a malefactor of great
stealth. That night he would go to his room and
figure out an equally good proof that nothing had
happened or that whatever had happened was an act
Colleges While You Wait 109
of Providence and not traceable -to any .student.
Figuring out ways for selling bonds in carload lots
was just recreation to him after a four-year course
of this sort.
But to back in on the main track. I whistled
outside of Petey's office the other day and went in
with him past two magnates, three salesmen and a
bank president. I sat with my feet on a mahogany
table — I wanted to put them on an oak desk, but
Petey declared mahogany was none too good for a
Siwash man — and we spent an hour talking over
the time when Petey manufactured excitement in
wholesale lots at Siwash, with me for his first assistant
and favorite apprentice. Those are my proudest
memories. I won my track S. and got honorably
mentioned in three Commencement exercises; but
when I want to brag of my college career do I men
tion these things ? Not unless I have a lot of time.
When I want to paralyze an alumnus of some rival
college with admiration and envy, I tell him how
Petey and I manufactured a real Wild West college
— buildings, Faculty, bad men and all — for one
day only, for the benefit of an Englishman who had
gotten fifteen hundred miles inland without noticing
the generol color scheme of the inhabitants.
We met this chap accidentally — a little favor of
Providence, which had a special pigeonhole for us in
those days. Our team had been using the Kiowa foot
ball team as a running track on their own field that af
ternoon, and the score was about 105 to 0 when the
110 At Good Old Siwash
timekeeper turned off the massacre. Naturally all Si-
wash was happy. I will admit we were too happy to be
careful. About two hundred of us made the hundred-
mile trip home by local train that night, and I remem
ber wondering, when the boys dumped the stove off the
rear platform and tied up the conductor in his own
bell-rope, if we were n't getting just a little bit indis
creet; and when a college boy really wonders if he
is getting indiscreet he is generally doing something
that will keep the grand jury busy for the next few
months.
I was in the last car, and had just finished telling
" Prince " Hogboom that if he poked any more win
dow-lights out with his cane he would have to finish
the year under an assumed name, when Petey crawled
over two mobs of rough-housers and came up to me.
He was seething with indignation. It was breaking
out all over him like a rash. Petey was excitable
anyway.
" What do you suppose I Ve found in the next
car ? " he said, fizzing like an escape valve.
" Prof ? " said I, getting alarmed.
" Naw," said Petey ; " worse than that. A chap
that has never heard of Siwash. Asked me if it was
a breakfast food. He 's an Englishman. I 'm ag'in'
the English." He stopped and began kicking a water-
tank around to relieve himself.
" How did he get this far away from home ? " I
asked.
" He 's traveling," snorted Petey ; " traveling to
Colleges While You Wait 111
improve his mind. Hopeless job. He 's one of those
quarter-sawed old beef-eaters who stop thinking as
soon as they 've got their education. He 's the editor
of a missionary publication, he told me, and he ia
writing some articles on Heathen America. Honest,
it almost made me boil over when he asked me if
anything was being done to educate the aborigines
out here."
" What did you do ? " I asked.
" Do ? " said Petey. " Why, I answered his ques
tion, of course. I told him he was n't fifty miles
from a college this minute, and he said, ' Oh, I say
now ! Are you spoofing me ? ' What 's ' spoofing ' ? "
" Kidding, stringing, stuffing, jollying along, blow
ing east wind, turning on the gas," says I. " * Spoof
ing ' is University English. They don't use slang
over there, you know."
" Well, then, I spoofed him," said Petey, grinning.
" He said it was remarkable how very few revolvers
he had seen, and then he wanted to know why there
was no shooting on the train with so much disorder.
He 's pretty well posted now. I M go a mile out of
my way to help a poor dumb chap like him. I told
him this was the Y. M. C. A. section of Si wash and
that the real rough students were coming along on
horseback. I said they were n't allowed on the trains
because they were so fatal to passengers. I informed
him that all the profs at Siwash went armed, and
that the course of study consisted of mining, draw
poker, shooting from the hip, broncho-busting, sheep-
112 At Good Old Siwash
shearing, History of Art, bread-making and Evidences
of Christianity."
" Did he admit by that time that you were a
good, free-handed liar ? " I asked.
" Admit nothing," said Petey ; " he took it all
down in his notebook and remarked that in a wild
country like this, remote from civilization, a knowl
edge of bread-making would undoubtedly be invalu
able to a man."
" He was spoofing you," says I.
" He was n't," said Petey ; " he thinks he 's a thou
sand miles from a plug hat this minute. He 's so
interested he is going to stop over for a day or two
and write up the college for his magazine. I Ve
invited him to stay at the Eta Bita Pie House with
us, and we 're going to show him a real Wild West
school if we have to shoot blank cartridges at the
cook to do it."
" Petey," said I solemnly, " some day you '11 bump
an asteroid when you go up in the air like this. This
friend of yours will take one look at Siwash and ask
you if Sapphira is feeling well these days."
" Bet you five, my opera hat, a good mandolin and
a meal ticket on Jim's place against your dress suit,"
said Petey promptly. " And you better not take it,
either."
" Done ! " says I. " I bet you my hunting-case
suit against your earthly possessions that you can't
tow old Britannia-rules-the- waves around Siwash for
a day without disclosing the fact that you are the
Colleges While You Wait 113
best catch-as-catch-can liar in this section of the solar
system."
" All right," said Petey. " But you 've got to help
me win the stuff. This is a great big contract. It 's
going to be my masterpiece, and I need help."
" I 'm with you clear to Faculty meeting, as usual,"
says I. " But what 's the use ? He '11 catch on."
" Leave that to me," said Petey. " Anyway, he
won't catch on. When I told him we had a check
room for pappooses in the Siwash chapel he wrote it
down and asked if the Indians ever massacred the
professors. He wouldn't catch on if we fed him
dog for dinner. Just come and see for yourself."
I agreed with Petey when I took a good look at
the victim a minute later. We found him in the
car ahead, sitting on the edge of the seat and looking
as if he expected to be eaten alive, without salt, any
minute. You could have told that he was from ex
tremely elsewhere at first glance. He was as different
as if he had worn tattoo-marks for trousers. He was
a stout party with black-rimmed eyeglasses, side whis
kers that you would n't have believed even if you had
seen them, and slabs of iron-gray hair with a pepper-
and-salt traveling cap stuck on top of his head like
a cupola. He was beautifully curved and his black
preacher uniform looked as if it had been put on
him by a paperhanger. I forgot to tell you that his
name was the Reverend Ponsonby Diggs. He had
to tell it to me four times and then write it down, for
the way he handled his words was positively heart-
114 At Good Old Siwash
less. He clipped them, beheaded them, disemboweled
them and warped them all out of shape. Have you
ever heard a real ingrowing Englishman start a word
in the roof of his mouth and then back away from it
as if it was red-hot and had prickles on it ? It 's
interesting. They seem to think it is indecent to
come brazenly out and sound a vowel.
The Reverend Ponsonby Diggs — as near as I
could get it he called himself " Pubby Daggs " —
greeted Petey with great relief. He seemed to regard
us as a rescue brigade. " Reahly, you know, this is
extraordinary," he sputtered. " I have never seen
such disorder. What will the authorities do ? "
That touched my pride. " Pshaw, man ! " I says ;
" we 're only warming up. Pretty soon we '11 take
this train out in the woods and lose it."
I meant it for a joke. But the Reverend Mr.
Diggs had n't specialized in American jokes. " You
don't mean to say they will derail the train ! " he
said anxiously. Then I knew that Petey was going
to win my dress suit.
I assured the Reverend — pshaw, I 'm tired of say
ing all that ! I 'm going to save breath. I assured
Diggsey that derailing was the kindest thing ever
done to trains by Siwash students, but that as his
hosts we would stand by him, whatever happened.
Then Petey slipped away to arrange the cast and I
kept on answering questions. Say! that man was a
regular magazine gun, loaded with interrogation
points. Was there any danger to life on these trains ?
Colleges While You Wait 115
Would it be possible for him to take a ride in a stage
coach? Were train robbers still plentiful? Had
gold ever been found around Siwash? Were the
Indians troublesome ? Did we have regular school
buildings or did we live in tents ? Had not the rail
road had a distinctly — er — civilizing influence in
this region? Was it not, after all, remarkable that
the thirst for learning could be found even in this
wild and desolate country?
And Siwash is only half a day from Chicago by
parlor car!
I answered his questions as well as I could. I
told him how hard it was to find professors who
would n't get drunk, and how we had to let the men
and women recite on alternate days after a few of
the hen students had been winged by stray bullets.
I had never heard of Greek, I said, but I assured him
that we studied Latin and that we had a professor
to whom Caesar was as easy as print. I told him how
hard we worked to get a little culture and how many
of the boys gave up their ponies altogether, wore
store clothes and took 'em off when they went to
bed all the time they were in college; but, try as I
would, I could n't make the answers as ridiculous as
his questions. He had me on the mat, two points
down and fighting for wind all the time. His thirst
for knowledge was wonderful and his objection to
believing what his eyes must have told him was still
more wonderful. There he was, half-way across the
country from New York, and he must have looked out
116 At Good Old Siwash
of the car windows on the way ; but he had n't seen
a thing. I suppose it was because he was n't looking
for anything but Indians.
All this time Petey was circulating about the car,
taking aside members of the Rep Rho Betas and
talking to them earnestly. The Rep Rho Betas were
the Sophomore fraternity and were the real demons
of the college. Each year the outgoing Sophomore
class initiated the twenty Freshmen who were most
likely to meet the hangman on professional business
and passed on the duties of the fraternity to them.
The fraternity spent its time in pleasure and was
suspected of anything violent which happened in the
county. Petey was highbinder of the gang that year
and was very far gone in crime.
We were due home about ten p. M., and just before
they untied the conductor Petey hauled me off to
one side.
"It's aU fixed," he said; "it's glorious. We '11
just make Siwash into a Wild West show for his
benefit. The Rep Rho Betas will entertain him days
and he '11 stay at the Eta Pie House nights.
I 'm putting the Eta Bites on now. You Ve got to
get him off this train before we get to the station
and keep him busy while I arrange the program.
Just give me an hour before you get him there.
That 'B all I ask."
Now I never was a diplomat, and the job of lugging
a fat old foreigner around a dead college town at
night and trying to make him think he was in peril
Colleges While You Wait 117
of his life every minute was about three numbers
larger than my size. I couldn't think of anything
else, so I slipped the word to Ole Skjarsen that Diggs
was a Kiowa professor who was coming over to get
notes on our team and tip them off to Muggledorfer
College. I judged this would create some hostility
and I was n't mistaken. Ole began to climb over
his fellow-students and I was just able to beat him
to his prey.
" Come on," I whispered. " Skjarsen 's on the
warpath. He says he wants to bite up a stranger
and he thinks you '11 do."
" Oh, my dear sir," said the Reverend Ponsonby,
jumping up and grabbing a hatbox, " you don't mean
to tell me that he will use violence ? "
" Violence nothing ! " I yelled, picking up four
pieces of baggage. " He won't use violence. He '11
just eat you alive, that 's all. He 's awful that way.
Come, quick! "
" Oh, my word ! " said Diggsey, grabbing his other
five bundles and piling out of the car after me.
The train was slowing down for the crossing west
of Jonesville, and I judged it wouldn't hurt the
great collector of Western local color to roll a little.
So I yelled, " Jump for your life ! " He jumped.
I swung off and went back till I met him coming
along on his shoulder-blades, with a procession of
baggage following him. He was n't hurt a bit, but
he looked interesting. I brushed him off, cached the
baggage — all but a suitcase and the hatbox which he
118 At Good Old Siwash
had n't dropped for a minute — and we began to
edge unostentatiously into Jonesville.
For an hour or more we dodged around in alleys
and behind barns, while up on the campus the boys
burned a woodshed, an old fruit-stand, half a hun
dred drygoods boxes and half a mile of wooden side
walk by way of celebration. The glare in the sky
was wild enough to satisfy any one, and when some
of the boys got the old army muskets that the cadets
drilled with out of the armory and banged away, I
was happy. But how I did long to be close up to
that fire! It was a cold night in early November,
and as I lay behind woodsheds, with my teeth wear
ing themselves out on each other, I felt like an early
Christian martyr — though it wasn't cold they suf
fered from as a rule. As for the Reverend Pubby,
he wanted to creep away to the next town and then
start for England disguised as a chorus girl, or any-
thing ; but I would n't let him. We sneaked around
till nearly midnight and then crept up the alley to
the Eta Bita Pie House, wondering if we would ever
get warm again.
I 've seen some grand transformation scenes, but
I never saw anything more impressive than the way
the Eta Bita Pie House had been done over in two
hours. We always prided ourselves on our house.
It cost fifteen thousand dollars, exclusive of the
plumber's little hold-up and the Oriental rugs, and it
was full of polished floors and monogram silverware
and fancy pottery and framed prints, and other
Colleges While You Wait 119
bang-up-to-date incumbrances. But in two hours
thirty boys can change a whole lot of scenery. They
had spread dirt and sand over the floor, had ripped
out the curtains and chased the pictures. They had
poked out a window-light or two, had unhung a few
doors, and had filled the corners with saddles, old
clothes, flour barrels and dogs. You never saw so
many dogs. The whole neighborhood had been
raided. They were hanging round everywhere,
homesick and miserable; and one of the Freshmen
had been given the job of cruising around and kick
ing them just to keep them tuned up.
A dozen of the fellows were playing poker on an
old board table in the middle of the big living-hall
when we came in. Their clothes were hand-me-downs
from Noah's time, and every one of them was out
raging some convention or other. Our boys always
did go in for amateur theatricals pretty strongly,
and the way our most talented members abused the
English language that night when they welcomed
the Reverend Pubby was as good as a book.
" Proud ter meet you," roared Allie Bangs, our
president, taking off his hat and making a low bow.
" Set right in and enjoy yourself. White chips is
a dime, limit is a dollar and no gunplay goes."
When Pubby had explained for the third time
that he had never had the pleasure of playing the
game, Bangs finally got on to the curves in his pro
nunciation and understood him.
l( What ! Never played poker ! " he whooped.
120 At Good Old Siwash
" Hell a humpin', where was you raised ? You sure
ain't a college man? Any lop-eared galoot that
did n't play poker in Siwash would get run out by
the Faculty. You ought to see our president put up
his pile and draw to a pair of deuces. What ! — a
Keverend ! I beg your pardon, friend. 'S all right.
Jest name the game you 're strong at and we '11 try
to accommodate you later on. Here, you fellows,
watch my chips while I show the Reverend around
our diggin's. You nip one like you did last time,
Turk Bowman, and there '11 be the all-firedest row
that this shack has ever seed. Come right along,
Reverend."
That tour was a great triumph for Bangs. We
always did admire his acting, but he outdid him
self that night. The rest of us just kept quiet and
let him handle the conversation, and I must say it
sounded desperate enough to be convincing. Of
course he slipped up occasionally and stuck in words
that would have choked an ordinary cow-gentleman,
but Diggsey was that dazed he would n't have sus
pected if they had been Latin. I thought it would
be more or less of a job to explain how we were
living in a fifteen-thousand-dollar house instead of
dugouts, but Bangs never hesitated a minute. He
explained that the house belonged to a millionaire
cattle-owner who had built it from reading a society
novel, and that he let us live in it because he pre
ferred to live in the barn with the horses. The boys
had filled their rooms full of junk and one of them
" Har's das spy! " he yelled. " Kill
him, fallers-, he ban a spy! "
See page 132
Colleges While You Wait 121
had even tied a pig to his bed — while the way
Bangs cleared rubbish out of the bathtub and prom
ised to have some water heated in the morning was
convincingly artless. He had just finished explain
ing that, owing to the boiler-plate in the walls, the
house was practically Indian proof, when an awful
fusillade of shots broke out from the kitchen. Bangs
disappeared for a moment, gun in hand, and I
watched our guest trying to make himself six inches
narrower and three feet shorter. I don't know when
I ever saw a chap so anxious to melt right down into
a corner and be mistaken for a carpet tack.
" 'S all right," said Bangs, clumping in cheerfully.
" Jest the cook having another fit. We 've got a cook,"
he explained, "who gets loaded up 'bout oncet a
month so full that he cries pure alcohol, and when
he gits that way he insists on trying to shoot cock
roaches with his gun. He ain't never killed one, but
he 's gotten two Chinamen and a mule, and we Ve
got to put a stop to it. He 's tied up in the cellar
a-swearin' that if he gits loose he '11 come upstairs
and furnish material for nineteen fancy funerals
with silver name-plates. But, don't you worry,
Reverend. He can't hurt a fly 'less he gits loose.
Here 's your room. That boss blanket on the cot 's
brand new ; towel 's in the hall and you '11 find a
comb somewheres round. Just you turn in if you
feel like it, and when you hear Wall-Eye Denton and
Pete Pearsall trying to massacre each other in the
next room it 's time to git up."
122 At Good Old Siwash
Pubby said he would retire at once, and we left
him looking scared but relieved. I '11 bet he sat
up all night taking notes and expecting things to
happen. We sat up, too, but for a different reason.
You can't imagine how much work it took to get that
house running backward. And it was an awful job
to do the Wild West stunt, too. We sat and criticised
each other's dialect and actions until there were as
many as three free fights going on at once. One man
favored the Bret Harte style of bad man; another
adhered to the Henry Wallace Phillips brand ; while
still another insisted on following the Remington
school. We compromised on a mixture and then
spent the rest of the night learning how to -forget
our table manners.
The result was magnificent. I shall never forget
the Reverend Pubby's pained but fascinated ex
pression as he sat at breakfast the next morning and
watched thirty hungry savages shoveling plain, un
varnished grub into their faces. The breakfast
couldn't have gone better if we had had a dress
rehearsal. Our guest could n't eat. He was afraid
to talk. He just held on to his chair, and we could
see him stiffen with horror every time some eater
would rise up so as to increase his reach and spear
a piece of bread six feet away with his fork. The
breakfast was a disgusting display of Poland-China
manners and was successful in every particular.
We confidently expected Petey Simmons to turn
up during the meal and tell us what to do next.
CoUeges While You Wait 123
He had spent the night with his odoriferous Rep
Rho Beta brothers cooking up the rest of the plot
and had promised to run up at breakfast. But no
Petey appeared. We strung the meal along as far
as we could toward dinner and then took up the
job of keeping the Reverend Pubby contented and
in the house until the life-saving crew arrived. Did
you ever try to lie all morning with a slow-speed
imagination ? That 's what we had to do. We ex
plained to Pubby that the students caroused all night
and never came to college in the morning; we told
him it was against the rules for strangers to go on
the campus in the morning; we told him it was
dangerous to go out-of-doors because of the Alfalfa
Delts, who were suspected of being cannibals; we
told him forty thousand things, most of which con
tradicted each other. If it had n't been for the
boys who kindly started a fight whenever his rev
erence had tangled Bangs and me up hopelessly on
some question we could n't have survived the in
quisition. As it was, I perspired about a barrel
and my brain ached for a week.
We went to lunch and put on another exhibition of
free-hand feeding, getting more grumpy and disgusted
every minute. We were all ready to yell for mercy
and put on our civilized clothes when we heard a ter
rific riot from outside. Then Petey came in.
If there ever was a sure-enough Wild Westerner
it was Petey that afternoon. He had on the whole
works — two-acre hat, red woolen shirt, spurs, and
124 At Good Old Siwash
even chaps — nice hairy ones. I discovered next day
that he had swiped my fine bearskin rug and cut
it up to make them. In his belt he had a revolver
which couldn't have been less than two feet long.
Petey was a little fellow, with one of those nineteen-
sizes-too-large voices, and when he turned the full
organ on you Would have thought old Mount Vesuvius
had wakened up and rumbled into the room.
" Howdy, Reverend," he thundered. " We jest
come along to take you on a little ride over to
college. Got a nice gentle cow-pony out here. She
bucks as easy as a rockin'-horse. Don't mind about
your clothes. Just hop right on. The boys is some
anxious to get along, it being most classtime."
We followed the two of them out to the back yard.
There were seven Rep Rho Betas on seven moth-
eaten ponies which they had dug up from goodness
knows where. The rigs they had on represented
each fellow's idea of what a cowboy looked like,
and would have made a real cowpuncher hang him
self for shame. Petey confessed afterward that, of
all the Rep Rho Betas, only seven had ever been on
a horse, and, of these, three kept him in agony for
fear they would fall off and compel him to explain
that they were on the verge of delirium tremens.
They were a weird-looking bunch, but, gee ! they were
fierce. Pirates would have been kittens beside them.
I guess the Reverend Pubby had never done much
in the Centaur line, for he came very near balking
entirely right there. It took us five minutes to
bfi *>
Colleges While You Wait 125
explain that there was no other way of getting out to
Siwash and that the Faculty would take it as a
personal insult if he didn't come. We also had to
explain how disagreeable the Faculty was when it
was insulted. And then after he had consented we
spent another five minutes hoisting him aboard a
prehistoric plug and telling him how to stick on.
Then the line filed out through the alley with a regu
lar ghost-dance yell, while we detained Petey. We
were about to massacre him for leaving us to sweat all
morning, but we forgot all about it when Petey told
us what he had been doing. He admitted that, in
order not to annoy the profs and cause unnecessary
questions, he had taken the liberty to build a tem
porary Siwash College for this special occasion.
Yes, sir; nothing less than that. You remember
Dillpickle Academy, the extinct college in the west
part of town? It had been closed for years because
the only remaining student had gotten lonesome.
But most of the equipment was still there, and
Petey had borrowed it of the caretaker for one day
only, promising to give it back as good as new in the
morning. Petey could have borrowed the great seal
away from the Department of State. He and his
Rep Rho Betas had let a lot of students into the
deal, had been working all morning, and Siwash was
ready for business at the new stand.
We wanted to measure Petey for a medal then
and there, but he refused, being needed on the firing-
line. He rode off and we made a grand rush for
126 At Good Old Siwash
the new Siwash College — special one-day stand,
benefit performance. We got there before the es
corting committee and had a fine view of the grand
entry. The Reverend Pubby had fallen off four
times, and the last mile he had led his horse. It was
a sagacious scheme bringing him along, as none of the
others had a chance to exhibit their extremely sketchy
horsemanship in anything better than a mile-an-
hour gait.
Old Dillpickle Academy was busier than it had
ever been in real life when we got there. Fully fifty
students were on the scene. They were decked out
in cowboy clothes, hand-me-downs, big straw hats,
blankets — any old thing. One thing that impressed
me was the number of books they were carrying.
At Siwash we always refused to carry books except
when absolutely necessary. It seemed too affected
— as if you were trying to learn something. But
out there at near-Siwash every man had at least
six books. I saw geographies, spellers, Ella Wheeler
Wilcox's poems, Science and Health, and the Con
gressional Record. Learning was just naturally ram
pant out there. Students were studying on the fence.
They were walking up and down the campus
" boning " furiously. They were even studying in
the trees. You get fifty college boys to turn actors
for a day and you will see some mighty mixed
results. There was " Bay " Sanderson, for instance.
" Bay's " idea of being a wild and Western student
was to sit on the front gate with a long knife stuck
CoUeges While You Wait 127
in his belt and read detective stories. He did it all
through the performance, and whenever the guest
was led past him he would turn the book down care
fully, pull the knife out of his belt and whoop three
times as solemn as a judge.
You never saw any one so interested as the Rever
end Ponsonby Diggs. His eyes stuck out like incan
descent globes. He had been pretty well jolted up,
and he yelled in a low, polite way every time he
made a quick movement, but his thirst for informa
tion was still vigorous. As head host Petey was
pumpee, and he was always four laps ahead of
the job.
" Eh, I say," said Pubby, after surveying the
scene for a few minutes. " This is all very inter
esting, you know. But what a little place ! "
" Hell, Reverend," said Petey emphatically.
" she 's the biggest school in the world."
The Reverend was a man of guile. He did n't
bat an eye.
" How many students has the college ? " he in
quired.
" We 've got a hundred, all studying books and
learning things," said Petey proudly.
" Reahly, now ? " said the Reverend ; " I say,
reahly ? And these cows ! Might I ask if these cows
are a part of the college ? "
" Sure thing," said Petey. " Sophomore roping
class uses 'em. Great class to watch."
" I say now, this is extraordinary," said the Rev-
128 At Good Old Siwash
erend. "You don't mean to tell me you tie up
cows?"
" Hope 'em and tie 'em and brand 'em," said
Petey. " What 's college for if it ain't to learn
you things ? "
" I say now, this is extraordinary," said the Rev
erend. I gave him four more " extraordinaries "
before I did something violent He 'd used two hun
dred that morning. " Might I see the class at
work ? " he inquired.
Petey did n't even hesitate. " Sorry, Reverend,"
says he. " But the Professor of Roping and Brand
ing has been drunk for a week. Class ain't work
ing now."
The college bell tapped three times. " That 's
cleaning-up bell," said Petey.
" Oh, I say now," said the Reverend, hauling out
his notebook. " What 's cleaning-up bell ? "
" Why, to clean up the college," said Petey. " We
clean it up once a week. With the fellows riding
their horses into class and tracking mud and clay
in, and eating lunches and stuff around, it gets
pretty messy before the end of the week. We make
the Freshmen clean it out. There they go now."
A dozen " supes " filed slowly into the building
with brooms and shovels. Pubby could n't have
looked more interested if they had been crowned
heads of Europe.
Just then a fine assortment of sounds broke out in
the old building. The doors burst open and a young
CoUeges While You Wait 129
red-headed Mick from the seventh ward near by rode
a pony down the steps and away for dear life. Be
hind him came a double-sized gent with yard-wide
mustaches. He was dressed in a red shirt, overalls
and firearms. He was a walking museum of weap
ons. Petey told me afterward that he had borrowed
him from the roundhouse near by, and that for a
box of cigars he had kindly consented to play the
part of an irritable arsenal for one afternoon only.
" That 'B the janitor," said Petey in an awestruck
whisper. " Get behind a tree, quick. He 's sure
some vexed. He hates to have the boys ride their
ponies into classroom."
We got a fine view of the janitor as he swept past.
He was a regular volcano in pants. Never have I
heard the English language more richly embossed
with profanity. Firing a fat locomotive up the grades
around Siwash with bad coal gives a man great
talent in expression. We listened to him with awe.
Pubby was entranced. He asked me if it would be
safe to take anything down in his notebook, and when
I promised to protect him he wrote three pages.
By this time the campus was filling up. Word
had gotten around the real college that the big show
of the season was being pulled off up at Dillpickle,
and the students were arriving by the dozen. We
were getting pretty nervous. The new arrivals
were n't coached, and sooner or later they were bound
to give the snap away. We decided to introduce our
guest to the president. If we could keep things
130 At Good Old Siwash
quiet another half hour all would be safe, Petey
assured us.
We took the Reverend up to the main entrance,
Petey's thinker working like a well-oiled machine
all the way. He pointed out the tree where they
hanged a horse thief, and Pubby made us wait till
he had gotten a leaf from it. The Senior classes at
Dillpickle had had the custom of hauling boulders
on to the campus as graduation presents. Petey
explained that each boulder marked the resting
place of some student whose career had been fore
shortened accidentally, and he described several of
the tragedies — invented them right off the reel.
Pubby was so interested he did n't care who saw his
notebook. When Petey told him how a pack of tim
ber wolves had besieged the school for nine days and
nights, four years before, he almost cried because
there was no photograph of the scene handy. We
had to promise him a wolf skin to comfort him.
Dillpickle Academy was a plain old brick building,
with one of those cupolas which were so popular
among schools and colleges forty years ago. I don't
know just what mysterious effect a cupola has on
education, but it was considered necessary at that
time. In front of the building was a wide stone
porch. Inside we could see half a dozen dogs and
a horse. Pubby looked a bushel of exclamation
points when Petey explained that they belonged to
the president. He looked a lot more when he saw
a counter with a fine assortment of chewing tobacco
CoUeges While You Wait 131
and pipes on it. That, Petey whispered to me, was
his masterpiece. He had borrowed the whole thing
from a corner grocery store.
Petey had just put his eye to the window of the
president's room, ostensibly to find out whether
Prexy was in a good humor and in reality to find out
whether Kennedy, an old grad who had consented to
play the part, was on duty, when one of the boys
hurried up and grabbed me.
" Just evaporate as fast as you can," he whispered ;
" there are six cops on the way out. They 're going to
pinch the whole bunch of us."
Wow this was a fine predicament for a young and
promising college — to be arrested by six lowly cops
on its own campus, in the act of showing a distin
guished visitor how it ran the earth, and was par
ticular Hades with the trigger-finger! Bangs was
showing Pubby the window through which the Pro
fessor of Arithmetic had thrown him the term before,
and I told Petey. He sat down and cried.
" After all this work and just as we had it
cinched ! " he moaned. " I '11 quit school to-morrow
and devote my life to poisoning policemen. This has
made an anarchist of me."
There was nothing to do. We could n't very well
explain that the college would now have to run away
and hide because some enthusiastic Freshman had
fired a horse-pistol on the streets of Jonesville. I
looked at the crowd of fantastic students getting
ready to bolt for the fence. I looked at our victim,
132 At Good Old Siwash
fairly punching words into his notebook. It was the
brightest young dream that was ever busted by a fat
loafer in brass buttons. Then I saw Ole Skjarsen
and had my one big inspiration.
" Excuse me," I said, rushing over to Pubby,
" but you '11 have to mosey right out of here.
There 's Ole Skjarsen, and he looks ugly."
"Oh, my word!" said Pubby; he remembered
Ole from the night before.
" Right around the building ! " yelled Petey, grab
bing the cue. Naturally Ole heard him and saw
those whiskers. " Har 's das spy ! " he yelled.
" Kill him, f allers ; he ban a spy ! " We dashed
around the building, Ole following us. And then,
because the cops had arrived at the front gate, the
whole mob thundered after us.
Well, sir, you never saw a more successful race
in your life. There were no less than a hundred
Siwash students behind us, and, though no one but
Ole Skjarsen had any interest in us, they were all
trying to break the sprint record in our direction,
it being the line of least resistance. And, say! We
certainly had misjudged the Reverend Ponsonby
Diggs. He may have been fat, but how he could
run! His work was phenomenal. I think he must
have been on a track team himself at some earlier part
of his career, for the way he steamed away from
the gang would have reminded you of the Lusitania
racing the Statue of Liberty. He lost his cap. He
shed his long black coat. He rolled over the fence
2
3
o
CoUeges While You Wait 133
at the rear of the campus without even hesitating,
and the last we saw of him he was going down the
road out of Jonesville into the west, his legs revolv
ing in a blue haze. Even if we had wanted to stop
him, we could n't have caught him. And besides,
Ole caught Petey and me just outside of the campus
and we had to do some twenty-nine-story-tall ex
plaining to keep from getting punched for harboring
spies. No one had thought to put him next to the
game.
That all? Goodness, no! We cleaned up for a
week and had been so good that the Faculty had
about decided that nothing had happened when the
Reverend Ponsonby Diggs appeared in Jonesville
again. He came with a United States marshal for
a bodyguard, too. He had footed it to the next
town, it seems, and had wired the nearest British
consul that he had been attacked by savages at
Siwash College and robbed of all his baggage. They
say he demanded battleships or a Hague conference,
or something of the sort, and that the consul's office
asked a Government officer to go out and pacify
him. They stepped off the train at the Union Station
and went right up to college — only four blocks
away.
Petey and I remained considerably invisible, but
the boys tell me that the look on the Reverend's face
when he arrived at the real Siwash was worth per
petuating in bronze. He went up the fine old
avenue, past the fine new buildings, in a daze; and
134 At Good Old Siwash
when our good old Prexy, who had him skinned
forty ways for dignity, shook hands with him and
handed him a little talk that was a saturated solution
of Latin, he could n't even say " most extraordinary."
You can realize how far gone he was.
Some of the boys got hold of the marshal that day
and told him the story. He laughed from four p. M.
until midnight, with only three stops for refresh
ments. The Reverend Pubby Diggs stayed three
days as the guest of the Faculty and he didn't get
up nerve enough in all that time to talk business.
We saw him at chapel where he could n't see us, and
he looked like a man who had suddenly discovered,
while falling out of his aeroplane, that somebody
had removed the earth and had left no address be
hind. His baggage mysteriously appeared at his
room in the hotel on the first night, and when he
left he had n't recovered consciousness sufiiciently
to inquire where it came from. I think he went
right back to England when he left Siwash, and
I '11 bet that by now he has almost concluded that
some one had been playing a joke on him. You give
those Englishmen time and they will catch on to
almost anything.
CHAPTER VI
THE GEEEK DOUBLE CEOSS
SUFFERING bear-cats ! Say ! excuse me while
I take a long rest, Jim. I need it. I 've just
read a piece of information in this letter that makes
me tired all over.
What is it? Oh, just another variety of compe
tition smothered with a gentlemanly agreement —
that 's all ; another bright-eyed little trust formed
and another readjustment of affairs on a business
basis. We old fellows needn't break our necks to
get back to Siwash and the frat this fall, they write
me. Of course they'll be delighted to see us and
all that ; but there 's no burning need for us and we
need n't jump any jobs to report in time to put
the brands on the Freshmen and rescue them from
the noisome Alfalfa Belts and Sigh Whoops — be
cause there is n't going to be any rescuing this fall.
They 've had an agreement at Siwash. They 're
going to approach the Freshies under strict rules.
No parties. No dinners at the houses. No abduc
tions. No big, tall talk about pledging to-night or
staggering through a twilight life to a frowzy-headed
and unimportant old age in some bum bunch. All
136 At Good Old Siwash
done away with. Everything nice and orderly.
Freshman arrives. You take his name and address.
Call on him, attended by referees. Maintain a gen
eral temperature of not more than sixty-five when
you meet him on the campus. Buy him one ten-cent
cigar during the fall and introduce him to one girl
— age, complexion and hypnotic power to be care
fully regulated by the rushing committee. Then
you send him a little engraved invitation to amalga
mate with you; and when he answers, per the self-
addressed envelope inclosed, you are to love him like
a brother for the next three and a half years. Gee !
how that makes me ache !
Think of it ! And at old Siwash, too ! — Siwash,
where we never considered a pledge safe until we
had him tied up in a back room, with our colors
on him and a guard around the house ! That settles
me. I 've always yearned to go back and cavort over
the campus in the fall when college opened; but
not for me no more! Why, if I went back there
and got into the rushing game, first thing I knew
they 'd have me run up before a pan-Hellenic coun
cil, charged with giving an eligible Freshman more
than two fingers when I shook hands with him;
and I 'd be ridden out of town on a rail for rush
ing in an undignified manner.
Bushing? What's rushing? Oh, yes; I forgot
that you never participated in that delicious form
of insanity known as a fall term in college. Rush
ing is a cross between proposing to a girl and abduct-
The Greek Double Cross 137
ing a coyote. Rushing a man for a frat is trying
to make him believe that to belong to it is joy and
inspiration, and to belong to any other means misery
and an early tomb; that all the best men in college
either belong to your frat or couldn't get in; that
you 're the best fellows on earth, and that you 're
crazy to have him, and that he is a coming Senator;
that you can't live without him ; that the other gang
can't appreciate him ; that you never ask men twice ;
that you don't care much for him anyway, and that
you are just as likely as not to withdraw the spike
any minute if you should happen to get tired of the
cut of his trousers; that your crowd can make him
class president and the other crowds can make him
fine mausoleums ; that you love him like real brothers
and that he has already bound himself in honor to
pledge — and that if he does n't he will regret it all
his life; and, besides, you will punch his head if
he doesn't put on the colors. That's rushing for
you.
What 's my crowd ? Why, the Eta Bita Pie, of
course. Could n't you tell that from my skyscraper
brow? We Eta Bites are so much better than any
other frat that we break down and cry now and
then when we think of the poor chaps who can't be
long to us. We 're bigger, grander, nobler and
tighter about the chest than any other gang. We 've
turned out more Senators, Congressmen, Supreme
Justices, near-Presidents, captains of industry, for
eign ambassadors and football captains than any two
138 At Good Old Siwash
of them. We own more f rat houses, win more college
elections, know more about neckties and girls, wear
louder vests and put more cross-hatch effects on our
neophytes than any three of them. We 're so im
measurably ahead of everything with a Greek-letter
name that every Freshman of taste and discrimina
tion turns down everything else and waits until we
crook our little finger at him. Of course, sometimes
we make a mistake and ask some fellow that is n't
a man of taste and discrimination; he proves it
by going into some other frat; and that, of course,
keeps all the men of poor judgment out of our gang
and puts them in the others. Regular automatic dis
pensation of Providence, isn't it?
It 's been a long time since I had a chance to
gather with the brethren back at Siwash and agree
with them how glorious we are, but this note brings
it all back. My ! how I 'd like this minute to go
back about ten years and cluster around our big grate
fire, which used to make the Delta Kaps so crazy
with envy. Those were the good old days when
we came back to college in the fall, looked over
the haycrop in the Freshman class, picked out the
likeliest seed repositories, and tthen proceeded to
carve them out from the clutches of a round dozen
rival frats, each one crazy to get a spike into every
new student who looked as if he might be president
of the Senior class and an authority on cotillons
some day. No namby-pamby, drop-three-and-carry-
one crochet effects about our rushing those days!
The Greek Double Cross 139
We just stood up on our hind legs and scrapped it
out. For concentrated, triple-distilled, double-X ex
citement, the first three weeks of college, with every
frat breaking its collective neck to get a habeas
corpus on the same six or eight men, had a suffra
gette riot in the House of Parliament beaten down
to a dove-coo.
There was nothing that made us love a Freshman
so hard as to have about six other frats after him.
I 've seen women buy hats the same way. They 've
got to beat some other woman to a hat before they
can really appreciate it. And when we could swat
half a dozen rival frats over the heart by waltzing
a good-looking young chap down the walk to chapel
with our colors on his coat, and could watch ihem
turning green and purple and clawing for air —
well, I guess it beat getting elected to Congress or
marrying an heiress-apparent for pure, unadulter
ated, unspeckled joy!
Competition was getting mighty scarce in the
country even then. There were understandings be
tween railroad magnates and beef kings and biscuit
makers — and even the ministers had a scale of
wedding fees. But competition had a happy home
on our campus. About the best we had been able
to do had been to agree not to burn down each other's
frat houses while we were haltering the Freshmen.
I Ve seen nine frats, with a total of one hundred and
fifty members, sitting up nights for a week at a time
working out plans to despoil each other of a runty
140 At Good Old Siwash
little fellow in a pancake hat, whose only accomplish
ment was playing the piano with his feet. One frat
wanted him and that started the others.
Of course we 'd have got along better if we 'd put
the whole Freshman class in cold storage until we could
have found out who the good men were and who the
spoiled fruit might be. We were just as likely to
fall in love with a suit of clothes as with a future
class orator. We took in one man once because he
bought a pair of patent-leather tan shoes in his
Junior year. We argued that, if he had the nerve
to wear the things to his Y. M. C. A. meetings, there
must be some originality in him after all — and we
took a chance. We won. But it 's a risky business.
Once five frats rushed a fellow for a month because
of the beautiful clothes he wore — and just after the
victorious bunch had initiated him a clothing house
came down on the young man and took the whole
outfit. You can't always tell at first sight. But
then, I don't know but that college fraternities exer
cise as much care and judgment in picking brothers
as women do in picking husbands. Many a woman
Jias married a fine mustache or a bunch of noble
clothes and has taken the thing that wore them on
spec. That 's one more than we ever did. You could
fool us with clothes; but the man who came to
Siwash with a mustache had to flock by himself.
He and his whiskers were considered to be enough
company for each other.
There were plenty of frats in Siwash to make
The Greek Double Cross 141
things interesting in the fall. There were the Alfalfa
Delts, who had a house in the same block with us
and were snobbish just because they had initiated
a locomotive works, two railroads and a pickle fac
tory. Then there were the Sigh Whoopsilons, who
got to Siwash first and who regarded the rest of us
with the same kindly tolerance with which the
Indians regarded Daniel Boone. And there were
the Chi Yis, who fought society hard and always
had their picture taken for the college annual in
dress suits. Many 's the time I 've loaned my dress
suit to drape over some green young Chi Yi, so
that the annual picture could show an unbroken row
of open-faced vests. And there were the Shi Delts,
who were a bold, bad bunch; and the Fli Gammas,
who were good, pious boys, about as exciting as a
smooth-running prayer-meeting; and the Delta
Kappa Sonofaguns, who got every political office
either by electing a member or initiating one; and
the Delta Flushes; and the Mu Kow Moos; the
Sigma Numerous; and two or three others that we
did n't lie awake nights worrying about. Every one
of these bunches had one burning ambition — that
was to initiate the very best men in the Freshman
class every fall. That made it necessary for us, in
order to maintain our proud position, to disappoint
each one of them every year and to make ourselves
about as popular as the directors of a fresh-air and
drinking-water trust.
Of course we always disappointed them. Would n't
142 At Good Old Siwash
admit it if we did n't. But, holy mackerel ! what a
job it was! Herding a bunch of green and timid
and nervous and contrary youngsters past all the
temptations and pitfalls and confidence games and
blarneyfests put up by a dozen frats, and landing
the bunch in a crowd that it had never heard of two
weeks before, is as bad as trying to herd a bunch
of whales into a fishpond with nothing but hot air
for gads. It took diplomacy, pugnacity and psycho
logical moments, I tell you; and it took more: it
took ingenuity and inventiveness and cheek and
second sight and cool heads in time of trouble and
long heads on the job, from daybreak to daybreak.
I 'd rather go out and sell battleships to farmers, so
far as the toughness of the job is concerned, than
to tackle the job of persuading a wise young high-
school product with two chums in another frat that
my bunch and he were made for each other. What
did he care for our glorious history? We had to
use other means of getting him. We had to hypno
tize him, daze him, waft him off his feet; and if
necessary we had to get the other frats to help us.
How ? Oh, you never know just how until you have
to; and then you slip your scheme wheels into gear
and do it. You just have to ; that 's all. It 's like
running away from a bear. You know you can't,
but you 've got to ; and so you do.
Makes me smile now when I think of some of the
desperate crises that used to roll up around old Eta
Bita Pie like a tornado convention and threaten to
The Greek Double Cross 143
engulf the bright, beautiful world and turn it into
a howling desert, peopled only by Delta Kappa
Whoops and other undesirables. I 'm far enough
away, now, to forget the heart-bursting suspense and
to see only the humor of it. Once I remember the
Shi Delts, in spite of everything we could do, man
aged so to befog the brain of the Freshman class
president that he cut a date with us and sequestered
himself in the Shi Delt house in an upper back
room, with the horrible intention of pledging himself
the next morning. Four of the largest Shi Delts
sat on the front porch that evening and the telephone
got paralysis right after supper. They had told the
boy that if he joined them he would probably have
to leave school in his Junior year to become governor ;
and he did n't want to see any of us for fear we
would wake him up. I chuckle yet when I think
of those four big bruisers sitting on the front porch
and guarding their property while I was shinning up
the corner post of the back porch, leaving a part of
my trousers fluttering on a nail and ordering the
youngster in a blood-curdling whisper to hand down
his coat, unless he wanted to lose forever his chance
of being captain of the football team in his Sopho
more year. He weighed the governorship against the
captaincy for a minute, but the right triumphed and
he handed down his coat. I sewed a big bunch of
our colors on it, discoursed with him fraternally
while balancing on the slanting roof, shook hands
with him in a solemn, ritualistic way and bade him
144 At Good Old Siwash
be firm the next morning. When the Shi Delts came
in and found that Freshman pledged to another gang
they had a convulsion that lasted a week; and to
this day they don't know how the crime was
committed.
There was another Freshman, I remember, who
was led violently astray by the Chi Yis and was
about to pledge to them under the belief that their
gang contained every man of note in the United
States. We had to get him over to the house and
palm off a lot of our alumni as leading actors and
authors, who had dropped in to dinner, before he
was sufficiently impressed to reason with us. Of
course this is not what the English would call " rully
sporting, don't you know ! " but in our consciences
it was all classified as revenge. We got the same
doses. Fillings, of the Mu Kow Moos, pulled one
of our spikes out in beautiful fashion once by im
personating our landlord. He rushed up the steps
just as a Freshman rushee was starting down all
alone and demanded the rent for six months on the
spot, threatening to throw us out into the street that
minute. The Freshman hesitated just long enough
to get his clothes out of the house, and we did n't
know for a month what had frozen his feet
The Fli Gams weren't so slow, either. They
found out once that one of the men we were just
about to land had a great disgust for two of our
men. What did one of their alumni do but happen
craftily over our way and mention in the most
The Greek Double Cross 145
casual manner the undying admiration that the boy
had for those two? Of course we sandwiched him
between them for a week — and of course we were
pained and grieved when he tossed us into the dis
card ; but we got even with them the next year. We
picked up an eminent young pugilist, who made his
headquarters in the next town, and for a little con
sideration and a suit of clothes that was a regular
college yell we got him to hang around the campus for
a week. We rushed him terrifically for a day and
then managed to let the Fli Gams get him. They
rushed him for a week in spite of our carefully
regulated indignation and then proposed to him.
When he told them that he might consider coming
to school — as soon as he had gone South and had
cleaned up a couple of good scraps — they let out
an awful shriek and fumigated the house. They
were nice young chaps, but no judge of a pugilist.
They expected to be able to see his hoofs.
Well, it was this way every year all fall. Ding-
dong, bing-bang, give and take, no quarter and pretty
nearly everything fair. As I said, it was n't con
sidered exactly proper to burn a rival frat house
in order to distract the attention of the occupants
while they were entertaining a Freshman, but other
wise we did pretty nearly what we pleased to each
other — only being careful to do it first. Of course
a lot of things are fair in love and war that would
not be considered strictly ethical in a game of cro
quet. And rushing a Freshman is as near like love
146 At Good Old Siwash
as anything I know of. It is n't that we love the
Freshman so much. When I think of some of the
trash we fought over and lost I have to laugh. But
we could n't bear the idea of losing him. To sit by
and watch another gang win the affections of a young
fellow who you know is designed by Nature for your
frat and the football team; to note him gradually
breaking off the desperate chumminess that has
grown up between you in the last forty-eight hours;
to think that in another day he will have on the
pledge colors of another fraternity and will be lost
to you forever and ever and ever, and then some —
what is losing a mere girl to some other fellow com
pared with that ? Of course I realize now that, even
if a Freshman does join another frat, you can eventu
ally get chummy with him again after college days
are over if you find him worth crossing the street to
see; and I find myself lending money to Shi Delts
and borrowing it from Delta Whoops just as freely
as if they were Eta Bites. But somehow you don't
learn these things in time to save your poor old
nerves in college.
When I was in school the Alfalfa Delts, the Sigh
Whoopsilons and the Chi Yis were giving us a hor
rible race. I 'm willing to admit it now, though I 'd
have fought Jeffries before doing it ten years ago.
Each fall was one long whirlwind. The President
of the United States in an ofiice-seekers' convention
would have had a placid time compared with the
Freshmen, We did n't exactly use real axes on each
Naturally I was somewhat dazzled
Page 147
The Greek Double Cross 147
other and we did n't actually tear any Freshman in
two pieces, but we came as near the limit as was
comfortable. No frat was safe for a minute with
its guests. If you tried to feed 'em there was kero
sene in the ice cream. If you entertained them some
frat with a better quartet worked outside the house.
If you took them out to call the parlor would fill up
with riffraff in no time; and if you took your eye
off your victim for a minute he was gone — some
other gang had got him. I sometimes think some
of the crowds knew how to palm Freshmen the way
magicians do, from the way they disappeared.
Even the girls took a hand in it. When I was a
Sophomore I was intrusted with the task of leading
a Freshman three blocks down to Browning Hall to
call on one of our solid girls, and before I had gone
a block two Senior girls met us. They were bare
acquaintances of mine, being strong Delta Kap.
allies, and they usually managed to see me only after
a severe effort ; but this time you 'd have thought
I was a whole regiment of fiances. They literally
fell on my neck. It was cruel of me, they declared,
to be so unsociable. There I was, a football hero —
I 'd just broken my rib on the scrub team — and
every girl in school was dying to tell me how grand
it was to suffer for one's college ; and yet I would n't
so much as hint that I wanted to come to the sorority
parties — and lots more talk of the same kind.
Naturally I was somewhat dazzled and I 'd walked
about half a block with the prettiest one before I
148 At Good Old Siwash
noticed that the other one was steering Freshie the
other way. I turned around and never even said
" Good day " to that girl ; but it was too late.
About a dozen Delta Kaps appeared out of the
ground and tried to look surprised as they gathered
around that scared little Freshman and engulfed
him. We never saw him again — that is, in his
innocent condition — and the boys wouldn't even
trust me with the pledges we were rushing around
for bait the rest of the fall term. Bait? Oh, yes.
Sometimes we 'd pledge a man on the quiet and
leave him out a week or two, so that plenty of frats
could bid him — made them appreciate his worth,
you know, and got every one well acquainted.
By the time I was a Senior the competition was
desperate. We spent the summers scouring the
country for prospects and we spent the first week
of school smuggling our trophies into our houses
and pledging them, without giving the other fellow
a look in — that is, we tried to. We came back
fairly strong in my Senior year, with a good bunch
of prospects; but the one that excited us most was
a telegram from Snooty Vincent in Chicago. It
was brief and erratic, like Snooty himself, and read
as follows:
Freshman named Smith will register from Chi
cago. Son of old man Smith, multimillionaire.
Kid 's a comer. Get him sure ! SNOOTY.
The Greek Double Cross 149
That was all. One of the half million Smiths of
Chicago was coming to college — age, weight, com
plexion, habits and time of arrival unknown. That
telegram qualified Snooty for the paresis ward. We
did n't even know what Smith his millionaire father
was. The world is full of Smiths who are pestered
by automobile agents. All we knew was the fact
that we had to find him, grab him, sequester him
where no meddling Alfalfa Delt or Chi Yi could
find him, and make him fall in love with us inside
of forty-eight hours. Then we could lead him forth,
with the colors and his art^nouveau clothes on, spread
the glad news — and there would n't have to be any
more rushing that fall. ,We 'd just sit back and take
our pick.
We sat back and built brains full of air-castles
for about three minutes — and then got busy. It
was matriculation day. There were half a dozen
trains to come yet from Chicago on various roads.
We had to meet them all, pick out the right man by
his aura or by the way the porter looked when he
tipped him, and grab him out from under the rave
nous foe. The next train was due in ten minutes and
the depot was a mile away. We sent Crawford down.
He was trying for the distance runs anyway.
The rest of us went out to show a couple of classy
boys from a big prep school how to register and find
a room, and pick out textbooks; and incidentally
how to distinguish a crowd of magnificent young
student leaders from eleven wrangling bunches of
The Greek Double Cross 151
Petey grabbed his hat and discharged himself
toward the depot. We brought in those big prep
school boys and tried to give them the time of their
lives, but our hearts were n't in it. We were think
ing of those Mu Kow Moos — that f rat of all others
— blissfully towing home a prize they'd stumbled
onto and did n't know anything about ! We thought
of those beautifully designed air-castles we were
hoping to move into and we got pumpkins in our
throats. Stung on the first day of school by a bunch
that had to wear their pins on their neckties to keep
from being mistaken for a literary society! Oh,
thunder! We went in to dinner all smeared up
with gloom. Then the door opened and Petey came
in. He was five feet five, Petey was, but he stooped
when he came under the chandelier. He had a suit
case in one hand and a stranger in the other.
" Boys," he said, " I want you to meet Mr. Smith,
of Chicago."
At first glance you wouldn't have taken Smith
for a perambulating national bank, with a wheel
barrow of spending-money every month. He was
well-enough dressed and all that, but he did n't loom
up in any mountainous fashion as to looks. He was
runty and his hair was a kind of discouraged red.
He had freckles, too, and he was so bashful that his
voice blushed when he used it. He didn't have a
word to say until dinner, when he said " thank you "
152 At Good Old Siwash
to Sam, the waiter. Altogether he was so meek that
he had us worried; but then, as Allie Bangs said,
you can't always tell about these multimillionaires.
Some of them didn't have the nerve of a mouse.
He 'd seen millionaires in New York, he said, who
were afraid of cab drivers.
" And besides," said Petey, when a few of us were
talking it over after dinner, " I 'd never have got him
if he had n't been so meek. I was determined that
no Mu Kow Moo was going to hang anything on us;
and when I saw the three of them coming I waded
right in. Allison and Briggs, those two dumb
Juniors, were doing the steering. It was like taking
candy from the baby. I just fell right into them
and took about five minutes to tell those two how
glad I was to see them back. I introduced myself
to Smith ; and — would you believe it ? — he was still
carrying his suitcase ! I grabbed it and apologized for
not having carried it all the way up from the station.
You should have seen those yaps scowl. They wanted
to shred me up, but I never noticed them again. I
pointed out all the sights to Smith and told him his
friends had written me about him. There was so little
room on the sidewalk that I suggested we two walk
ahead ; and I shoved him right into the middle of the
walk and made Allison and Briggs fall behind. I had
a piece of luck just then. Old Pete and his sawed-off
cab came by and I flagged him in a minute. I shoved
Smith in and got in after him. Then I told the two
babes that I could take care of Smith all right and that
The Greek Double Cross 153
there was no need of their walking clear up to the
house. After that I shut the door and we came
away. If looks could kill I 'd be tuning up my
harp this minute. Say, if I didn't have any more
nerve than those two I 'd get a permit from the
city to live. And all the time Smith never made a
kick. I had him hypnotized. Now I 'm going in
and make him jump through a hoop."
We should have been very happy — and we would
have been, but just then Symington came in with
some astounding news. The Alfalfa Delts had a
man named Smith, of Chicago, over at their house.
He was on the front porch, with the whole gang
around him ; and from the looks of things they 'd
have him benevolently assimilated before twenty-
four hours. Naturally this created a tremendous lot
of emotion around our house. It was a serious situ
ation. We might have the right Smith and then
again we might have a Smith who would be borrow
ing money for car fare inside of ten minutes. We
had to find out which Smith it was before we tam
pered with his young affections.
Did you ever snuggle up to a young captain of
industry and ask him who his father was and whether
he was important enough in the business world to
be indicted by the Government for anything? That
was the job we tackled that night Smith was meek
enough, but somehow even Petey's nerve had its
limits. We approached the subject from every cor
ner of the compass. We led up to it, we beat around
154 At Good Old Siwash
it — and finally we got desperate and led the boy
up to it. But he was too shy to come down with
the information. Yes, he lived in Chicago. Oh, on
the North Side. Yes, he guessed the stock market
was stronger. Yes, the Annex was a great hotel.
No, he didn't know whether they were going to
put a tower on the Board of Trade or not. Yes,
the Lake Shore Drive was dusty in summer. —
[Good!] — He wouldn't care to live on it. —
[Bah!] — Altogether he was as unsatisfactory to
pump as a well full of dusty old brickbats. Just
then Rawlins, who had been scouting around seeing
what he could run against in the dark of the moon,
arrived with the stunning information that the Chi
Yis had a man named Smith, of Oak Park, at their
house and that every corner of the lawn was guarded
by picked men!
When we got this news most of us went upstairs
and bathed our heads in cold water. Oak Park
sounded even more suspicious than Chicago. It 's
a solid mahogany suburb and everybody there is
somebody or other. You have to get initiated into
the place just as if it were a secret society, it 's so
exclusive. That meant there were three Smiths from
Chicago in school. We had only one Smith. We
had a one-in-three shot.
We stuck the colors on the boys from the big prep
school just to keep our hands in and went to bed
so nervous that we only slept in patches. Still, two
Chicago Smiths in other frat houses were better than
The Greek Double Cross 155
one. It meant that at least one f rat was n't sure of
its man. Maybe neither one was. Our scouts had
reported that, from what they could pick up, neither
Smith had it on our Smith much in looks. That
could only mean one thing: there had been a leak
in the telegraph office again. What show has a guile
less sixty-five-dollar-a-month operator against a
bunch of crafty young diplomatists ? They had read
our telegram and were after the same Smith that
we were.
By morning the suspense around the house could
have been shoveled out with a pitchfork. If one
of the other frats had the right Smith and knew
it, and had pledged him during the night, there was
positively no use in living any longer. Petey, who
had shared his room with our Smith, reported that
he was now like wax in our hands. But that did n't
comfort us much. It was too confoundedly puzzling.
Maybe we had the heir to a subtreasury panting to
join us and maybe his freckles were his fortune. All
Petey had gouged out of him during the night was
the fact that his father wanted him to come to
Siwash because it was a nice, quiet place. Oh, yes;
it was deadly calm!
It could n't have been more than seven o'clock
when the telephone rang. Petey answered it. A
relative of Smith's was at the hotel and had heard
the boy was at our house. Would we please tell
him to come right down? Petey said he would and
then rang off. Then he grabbed the 'phone again
156 At Good Old Siwash
and asked Central excitedly why she had cut him
off. Central said she had n't, but of course she rang
the other line again.
"Hello!" said Petey blandly. "This is the
Alfalfa Belt house?"
" No ; it 's the Chi Yi house," was the answer.
Petey put the receiver up contentedly and we all
turned handsprings over the library table. Fifty
per cent safe, anyway. The Chi Yis were trying
to sort out the Smiths, too.
It was an hour before anything else happened.
Then Matheson of the Alfalfa Delts, a ponderous
personage, who wore a silk hat on Sunday and did
instructing, came over and asked if we had a man
named Smith with us. He was to be a pupil of his,
he said, and he wanted to arrange his work. Of
course Matheson was hoping to get a green man at
the door, but he didn't have any luck. Bangs him
self let him in and let him read two or three maga
zines through in the library while we turned some
more handsprings — in the dining room this time.
The Alfalfa Delts were fishing, too. It was a fair
field and no favors.
After a while Bangs told Matheson that the man
named Smith presented his compliments and said
it was all a mistake. His tutor's name was not
Matheson, but Muttonhead. That sent Matheson
away as pleasant as you please.
All that day we sat around and beat off the enemy
and got beaten off ourselves. Our Smith got a
The Greek Double Cross 157
Faculty notice to appear at once and register —
that is, it got as far as the door. We sent it back
to the Chi Yi house. We sent the Alfalfa Belt
Smith a telegram from Chicago, reading : " Father
ill. Come at once." That only got as far as a door,
too. Some Alfalfa Delt got it and sent the boy back
with the answer : "So careless of father ! " Blan-
chard called up the fire department and sent it over
to the Chi Yi house, hoping to be able to slip over
and cut out Smith in the confusion that followed;
but the game was too old. The Chi Yis had played
it themselves the year before and refused to bite.
Meantime we had found a Chi Yi alumnus in the
kitchen trying to sell a book to the cook ; and in the
proceedings that followed we discovered that the
book had a ten-dollar bill in it. All around, it was
an entertaining but profitless day. By night, there
was n't another idea left in the three camps. We
sat exhausted, each clutching its Smith and glaring
at the other two.
As far as our Smith was concerned we almost
wished some one would steal him. He was about
as interesting as a pound of baking powder. What
with fishing for his Bradstreet rating, and inventing
lies to keep him from going out and seeing the town,
and watching the horizon for predatory Alfalfa
Delts and Chi Yis, we were plumb worn out. We
were so skittish that, when the bell rang about eight
o'clock, we let it ring four times more before we
answered it; and when the ringer claimed to be an
158 At Good Old Siwash '
Eta Bita Pie from Muggledorfer who had come over
to attend Siwash, we made him repeat pretty nearly
the whole ritual before we would consider his cre
dentials good.
He got in at last, slightly peevish at our un-
brotherly welcome, and took his place in the library
circle. We were explaining the whole situation to
him, when Allie Bangs gave an earnest yell and
stood on his head in the corner.
" What did you say your name was ? " he asked
the visitor after he had been set right side up again.
" Maxwell, of Fella Kappa chapter," said the
latter.
" No, it is n't," said Bangs earnestly. " You
ought to know your own name ! " he went on severely.
" It 's Smith — and you 're a barb from the corn
field ! You 've come to Siwash to forget how to plow
and to-morrow you 're going to organize a Smith
Club. Do you hear? Don't let me cateh you for
getting your name now — and listen closely."
It was all as simple as beating a standpat Con
gressman. Maxwell was a stranger, of course. He
was to pin his Eta Bita Pie pin on his undershirt
and go forth in the morning a brand-new Smith,
green and guileless. It was to occur to him just
before chapel that a Smith Club ought to be formed
and he was to post a notice to that effect. He would
get a couple of well-known non-fraternity Smiths in
terested and have them visit the houses and see the
Chicago Smiths. With all the Smiths in session
The Greek Double Cross 159
that night he ought to have no difficulty in finding
out which was the son of old man Smith. He could
be lowdown and vulgar enough to ask right out if
he wished. If he found out he was to cut out that
Smith and bring him to our house — if he had to
bind and gag him. If he didn't he was to bring
all three — if he could.
There was a quiet and most reassuring tone in
Maxwell's voice as he said : " I can." They evi
dently had their little troubles at Muggledorfer, too.
" After we get them here," said Bangs earnestly,
" we '11 just pledge all three. We '11 surely get the
right one that way and perhaps the other two will
not be so bad."
Upstairs, Petey Simmons was wearily explaining
to our Smith for the ninth time that Freshmen were
not allowed to appear on the campus for the first
three days: and that it was considered good form
to keep indoors until the Sophomore rush; and that
there was n't a room left in town anyway, and he
might as well stay with us a while; and that the
police were looking for college students downtown
and locking them up, as they did each fall, to show
their authority. Blanchard relieved him of his task
and he came downstairs mopping his brow. Then
we went to work and planned details until midnight.
It was to be the plot of the century and every wheel
had to mesh.
We spent the next day in a cold perspiration.
Neither Alfalfa Delt nor Chi Yi paraded any
160 At Good Old Siwash
pledged Freshmen. They were still hunting for the
right Smith, too — - evidently. They fell for the
Smith Club plan with such suspicious eagerness that
it was plain each bunch had some nasty, low-lived
scheme up its sleeves. We were righteously indig
nant. It was our game and they ought not to butt
in. But Maxwell only smiled. He was a Napoleon,
that boy was. He just waved us aside. " I '11 run
this little thing the way we do at Muggledorfer,"
he explained. " You fellows can play a few lines
of football pretty well, but when it comes to sur
rounding a Freshman and making a Greek out of
him, I would n't take lessons from old Ulysses him
self." And so we left him alone and held each
other's hands and smoked and cussed — and hoped
and hoped and hoped.
Maxwell went after the three Smiths himself that
night. He had taken a room in an out-of-the-way
part of town and his plan was to take them over
there after the meeting to discuss the future good
of the Smith Club. Then about a dozen of us would
slide gently over there — and a curtain would have
to be drawn over the woe that would ensue for the
other gangs. Meanwhile, all we had to do was to
sit around the house and gnaw our fingers. Maxwell
called for our Smith last and he had the other two
in tow. Oh, no ; we did n't invite them in. Two
Alfalfa Delts and three Chi Yis were sitting on our
porch, visiting us. Three Chi Yis and two Eta
Bita Pies were sitting on the Alfalfa Delt porch.
The Greek Double Cross 161
Four Eta Bites and two Alfalfa Belts were calling
on the Chi Yi house. It was a critical moment and
none of us was taking chances. We couldn't keep
our Smiths from wandering, but we could make sure
they did n't wander into the wrong place.
Maxwell led his flock of Smiths away and we
all sat and talked to each other in little short bites.
The Chi Yis were nervous as rabbits. They looked
at their watches every five minutes. The Alfalfa
Delts listened to us with one ear and swept the
other around the gloom. The night was charged
with plots. Innumerable things seemed trembling
in the immediate future. When the visitors excused
themselves a little later, and went away very hur
riedly, we learned with pleasure from one of our
boys, who had been wandering around to break in
a new pair of shoes or something, that the Smith
meeting, which had been called for the Erosophian
Hall, had been attended by four nondescript and
unknown Smiths and fourteen Chi Yis, who had
dropped in casually. First blood for us! Maxwell
had evidently succeeded in segregating his Smiths.
We expected a telephone call from his room at any
minute.
We kept on expecting it until midnight and then
strolled down that way. The house was dark.
A very mad landlady came down in response to
our earnest request and informed us that the young
carouser who had rented her room had not been
there that evening; and that if we were his rowdy
162 At Good Old Siwash
friends we could tell him that he would find his
trunk in the alley. Then we went home and our
brains throbbed and gummed up all night long.
We went to chapel the next morning to keep from
going insane outright. The Chi Yis were there look
ing perfectly sour. The Alfalfa Delts on the other
hand were riotous. Every one of them had a pleasant
greeting for us. They slapped us on the back and
asked us how we were coming on in our rushing.
Matheson was particularly vicious. He came over to
Bangs and put his arm around him in a friendly way.
" I am going to have dinner with my pupil to-night,"
he said triumphantly. " He wants me to come over
and get his trunk. Says he 's got a good room now
and he 's much obliged to you fellows for your
trouble. Have you heard that there 's another
Smith in school — son of a big Chicago man ?
There 's some great material here this fall, don't you
think?"
Bangs tripped on Matheson's pet toe and went
away. Something horrible had happened. How we
hated those Alfalfa Delts! They had stung us be
fore, but this was a triple-expansion, double-back-
action, high-explosive sting, with a dum dum point.
We hurt all over ; and the worst of it was, we had n't
really been stung yet and did n't know where it was
going to hit us. Did you ever wait perfectly help
less while a large, taciturn wasp with a red-hot tail
was looking you over ?
The Alfalfa Delts frolicked up and down college
The Greek Double Cross 163
that day, Smithless but blissful. We consoled our
selves with a couple of corking chaps whom the Delta
Flushes had been cultivating, and put the ribbons on
them in record time. Ordinarily we would have
been perfectly happy about this, but instead we were
perfectly miserable. We detailed four men at a time
to be gay and carefree with our pledges; and the
rest of us sat around and listened to our bursting
hearts. Of all the all-gone and utterly hopeless feel
ings, there is nothing to compare with the one you
have when your f rat — the pride of the nation —
has just been tossed into the discard by some hollow-
headed Freshman.
I took my head out of my hands just before din
ner and went down the street to keep a rushing
engagement. I had to pass the Alfalfa Delt house.
It hurt like barbed wire, but I had to look. I was
that miserable that it could n't have bothered me
much more, anyway, to see that wildly happy bunch.
But I did n't see it. I saw instead a crowd of fel
lows on the porch who made our dejection look like
disorderly conduct. There was enough gloom there
to fit out a dozen funerals, and then there would
have been enough left for a book of German phi
losophy. The crowd looked at me and I fancied I
heard a slight gnashing of teeth. I did n't hesitate.
I just walked right up to the porch and said:
" Howdedo ? Lovely evening ! " says I. " How
many Smiths have you pledged to-day ? "
The gang turned a dark crimson. Then Matheson
164 At Good Old Siwash
got up and came down to me. He was as safe-looking
as somebody else's bull terrier.
" We don't care to hear any more from you," he
said, clenching his words ; " and it would be safer
for you to get out of here. We 're done with your
whole crowd. You 're lowdown skates — that 's what
you are. You 're dishonorable and sneaky. You 're
cads ! We '11 get even. I give you warning. We '11
get even if it takes a hundred years."
" Thanks ! " says I. " Hope it takes twice as
long." Then I went back home and let my date
take care of itself.
* *
We went through dinner in a daze and sat around,
that night, like a bunch of vacant grins on legs.
Our grins were vacant because we did n't know why
we were grinning. We 'd stung the Alfalfa Belts.
We did n't know why or how or when. But we 'd
stung them! We had their word for it. Sooner or
later something would turn up in the shape of par
ticulars; only we wished it would hurry. If it
didn't turn up sooner we were extremely likely to
burst at the seams.
It turned up about nine o'clock. There was a
commotion at the front door and Maxwell came in.
He was followed by an avalanche of Smiths. There
was our Smith, and a tall, lean Smith, and a Smith
who waddled when he walked. They were all dirty
and dusty; they all wore our pink-and-blue pledge
The Greek Double Cross 165
ribbons on their coat lapels and when they got in
the house they gave the Eta Bita Pie yell and sang
about half of the songbook. Maxwell had not only
pledged them, but he had educated them.
After we had stopped carrying the bunch about
on our shoulders, and had put the roof of the house
back, and had righted the billiard table, and per
suaded the cook to come down out of a tree in the
back yard, we allowed Maxwell to tell his story.
" It was perfectly simple," he said. " Did n't
expect to be kidnapped, of course ; but it 's all in the
day's work. You 've no idea what a job I had
getting colors to pin on these chumps. If it had n't
been for my pink garters and a blue union suit I 'd
put on yesterday — "
We stopped Maxwell and backed him up to the
starting pole again. But he was no story-teller.
He skipped like a cheap gas engine. We had to take
the story away from him piece by piece. He 'd
dodged his Smiths down a side street, it seems, on
the plea that there were n't any more Smiths coming
— and they might as well go over to his room. All
would have been well if one Smith hadn't got an
awful thirst. There was a corner drug store on the
way to the room and while the quartet were insulting
their digestions with raspberry ice-cream soda a
college man with a wicked eye came by. A few
minutes later, just as they were crossing the railroad
viaduct near Smith's home, two closed carriages
drove up and six husky villains fell upon them,
166 At Good Old Siwash
shouting : " Chi Yi forever ! " And after dumping
them in the carriages, they sat on them, while the
teams went off.
" After I 'd got my man's knee out of my neck,"
said Maxwell, " I did n't seem to care much whether
I was kidnapped or not. It would bind us four
closer together after we escaped; and, besides, I
have never found kidnapping to pay — too much
risk. Anyway, they drove us nothing less than
twenty miles and bundled us into an old deserted
house. The leader told us, with a whole lot of un
necessary embroidery, that we were to stay there un
til we pledged to Chi Yi if we rotted in our shoes.
Then, of course, I saw through the whole thing. It
was an Alfalfa Delt gang disguised as Chi Yis.
The Alfalfa Belts would send another gang out the
next day, rout the bogus Chi Yis and allow the
poor Freshies to fall on their necks and pledge up.
That used to be popular at Muggledorfer.
" I did the talking and let my knees knock together
considerably. I told them that we 'd been too badly
shaken up to think, but if they would let us alone
that night we 'd try to learn to love them by morning.
So they put us upstairs and warned us that every
window was guarded; then we lay down together
and I began at the first chapter and pumped those
chaps full of Eta Bita Pie all night.
" It was six o'clock when they finally pledged.
When the gang came up they found us adamant.
'Never!' said I. 'We'll pledge Alfalfa Delt or
The Greek Double Cross 167
die martyrs to a holy cause ! ' Of course they did n't
dare give themselves away. They could n't even
shout for joy. All they could do was to wait for
the rescuing party. I spent the day teaching the
boys the songs and the yell in whispers ; and about
three o'clock I got my grand inspiration about the
colors and rigged them out. Then I dug my own
pin out and put on my vest and about four o'clock
the rescuing party drove up. Say, you 'd have
laughed to see that fight! Ham-actors in Richard
the Third would have made it look tame. The Chi
Yis put up a fist or two, threw a brick and then cut
for the timber ; and the noble Alfalfa Delts burst open
the door just as I got the chorus going on that grand
old song:
" ' Oh, you 've got to be an Eta Bita Pie
Or you won't get a scarehead when you die I '
" When they saw us there, with our colors on and
four particularly wicked-looking chair legs in our
hands, they gave one simultaneous gasp — and say,
boys, I don't believe in ghosts, but I don't see yet how
they disappeared so instantaneously! And anyway,
for Heaven's sake, bring out the prog. We drilled
eight miles to a railroad station and my vest buttons
are tickling my backbone."
Just then a telegram arrived.
" Don't look for Smith. Changed his mind and
went to Jarhard!
" SNOOTY."
168 At Good Old Siwash
No wonder we could n't blast any information out
of our Smiths! Oh, they were our Smiths all right
— and they were n't such a bad bunch at that. The
fat one turned out to be the champion mandolin
teaser in school and the lean one made the debating
team; while our own particular first-edition Smith
won the catch-as-catch-can chess championship of the
college three years later.
Just the same, I 'd like to get one fair crack at
that Smith who went to Jarhard. I 'd get even for
those three days, I '11 bet a few !
CHAPTER VII
TAKING PACE FROM FATHER TIME
HONESTLY, Bill it's so hard to keep up to
date these days, that sometimes I 'm afraid
to go to sleep at night for fear I '11 find myself in
an ethnological museum when I wake up the next
morning, with people making funny cracks about the
strange clothes I was wearing when they caught me.
I 'm not constitutionally a back number myself
either. I come as near wearing next year's styles
as most fellows, and I had my wrist broken cranking
an automobile before most Americans believed the
things would go. I was tired of this hand-chopped
furniture fad years ago, and if you hand me any
slang that I can't catch on the fly you '11 have to
make it up right now. But there 's no use talking.
No one man can keep up with this world all by
himself. Sometimes I get to thinking I 'm so far
ahead that I can afford to sit down and get a breath
or two, and when I get up I have to eat dust for the
next year trying to catch up.
Take colleges, for instance. I 've been conceited
enough to think that these nappy little college boys,
with their front hair brushed back down on their
170 At Good Old Siwash
necks, could n't show me anything that I was n't
tired of. I 've kept up to date on college things,
I 've always flattered myself. You might lose me
now and then on some new way of abusing lettuce
during a salad course, perhaps, but as far as looking
startled at anything that might be said or done
around a college campus goes, I 've had a notion
that I was n't in the learning class — which shows
how much I knew about it. This morning a gosling
from the old school — a Sophomore — came in and
visited with me for a few minutes, on the strength
of the fact that he knew my baby brother in high
school. We had n't talked a minute before he handed
me " pragmatism " and " zing-slingers." While I
was rolling my eyes and clawing for a foothold he
confessed that he was the best glider in college.
When I remarked that I had been somewhat of a
glider myself, but that I had preferred the twostep,
he laughed and explained that he was captain of the
aviation team — that they had three gliders and were
finishing a monoplane that had a home-made engine
with concentric cylinders.
Can you beat it? There I was, Petey Simmons'
best friend, and personally acquainted with eleven
thousand forms of college excitement, listening to
an infant with my mouth open and stopping him
every few words to say " land sakes," " dew tell "
and " what d' ye mean by that ? " I never was so
humiliated in my life, but there 's no getting around
the truth. I 've been ten years out of college, and
Taking Pace From Father Time 171
when I go back they '11 pull the grandfather clause
on me and wheel me in early nights. I 'm a back
number and I know the symptoms. When that young
Sophomore told me the boys of Eta Bita Pie had just
spent twenty dollars apiece on a formal dance and
house party, I put up the same kind of a lecture
to him that my father gave me when I explained that
we simply had to spend five dollars apiece on our
party, or belong in the fag end of things. And I
suppose when my father's crowd blew in a couple
of dollars for a load of wood, his father reminded
him that when HE went to college they did n't coddle
themselves with fires in their dormitories. And I
suppose that some day this Sophomore will be telling
his son that when he was in college a simple little
home-made aeroplane furnished amusement for
twenty fellows, and that they never dreamed of
dropping over to the coast on Saturdays for a dip
in the surf in their private monoplanes. Oh, well,
it 's human nature and natural law, I suppose. No
use trying to put a rock on the wheels of progress
— and there 's no use trying to ride the darned
thing either. It '11 throw you every time.
When I went to college, Billy — loud pedal on that
" I " — things were different. We did n't spend our
time fooling with gliders or blow ourselves up mon
keying with pragmatism. We attended strictly to
business. We were there for educational purposes
and we had no time to chase humming birds and
chicken hawks. Why, the gasoline money of a young
172 At Good Old Siwash
collegian to-day would have paid my board bills
then! We didn't go to Japan on baseball tours,
or lug telescopes around South America when we
ought to have been studying ethics. We lived simply
and plainly. There was n't an automatic piano in
a single frat house when I was in college, and as for
wasting our money on motion-picture shows and taxi-
cabs — nonsense. We 'd have died first.
You see I 'm getting into practice. Some day
I '11 have a son, I hope, and he '11 go back to Siwash.
Just wait till he comes home at the end of the first
semester and tries to put across any bills for radium
stickpins and lookophonic conversations with the
co-eds at Kiowa. I '11 pull a When-I-was-at-Siwash
lecture on him that will make him feel like a spider
on a hot stove. If I 've got to be a back number
I want to romp right back far enough to have some
fun out of it. I '11 make him sweat as much lugging
me up to date as I had to perspire in the old days to
illuminate things for Pa.
After all, there is no question at college more
serious than the Pa question, anyway, Bill. It was
always butting into our youthful ambitions and
tying pig iron to our coat-tails when we wanted to
soar. It 's simply marvelous how hard it is to
educate a Pa a hundred miles or more away into the
supreme importance of certain college necessities.
It is n't because they forget, either. It 's because
they don't realize that the world is roaring along.
I can see it all since this morning. Take my
Taking Pace From Father Time 173
father, for instance. There was no more generous
or liberal a Pa up to a certain point. He wanted me
to have a comfortable room and vast quantities of
good food, and he was glad to pay literary society
dues, and he would stand for frat dues; but when
it came to paying cab hire, you could jam an appro
priation for a post-office in an enemy's district past
Joe Cannon in Congress more easily than you could
put a carriage bill through him. He just said " no "
in nine languages; said that when he went to
Siwash — " and it turned out good men then, too,
young fellow " — the girls were glad to walk to enter
tainments through the mud; and when it was un
usually muddy they were n't averse to being carried
a short distance. I believe I would have had to
lead disgusted co-eds to parties on foot through my
whole college course if I had n't happened across an
old college picture of father in a two-gallon plug
hat. That gave me an idea. I put in a bill for a
plug hat twice a year and he paid it without a mur
mur. Then I paid my carriage bills with the money.
Plug hats had been the peculiar form of insanity
prevalent at Siwash in his day and he thought they
were still part of the course of study.
I got along much easier than many of the boys,
too. Allie Bangs' Pa made him buy all his clothes
at home, for fear he 'd get to looking like some of the
cartoons he 'd seen in the funny papers. " Prince "
Hogboom was a wonder of a fullback, and his favor
ite amusement was to get out at night and try to pull
174 At Good Old Siwash
gas lamps up by the roots. He was a natural born
holy terror, but his father thought he was fitted by
nature to be a missionary, and so Hoggie had to
harness himself up in meek and long-suffering clothes
and attend Bible-study class twice a week. The
crimes he committed by way of relieving himself after
each class were shocking. Then there was Petey Sim
mons, who was a perpetual sunbeam and greatly be
loved because it was so easy to catch happiness from
him. And yet Petey went through school with a cloud
over his young life, in the shape of a Pa who gave him
a thousand dollars a year for expenses and would n't
allow a single cent of it to be spent for frivolity.
And he had a blanket definition for frivolity that
covered everything from dancing parties to pie at
an all-night lunch counter. By hard work Petey
could spend about four hundred dollars on necessary
expenses, and that left him six hundred dollars a year
to blow in on illuminated manuscripts, student lamps,
debating club dues and prints of the old masters.
He had to borrow money from us all through the
year, and then hold a great auction of his art trophies
and student lamps, before vacation came, in order to
pay us back.
But all of these troubles were n't even annoyances
beside what Keg Rearick had to endure. Keg was
an affectionate contraction of his real nickname —
" Keghead." He had the worst case of " Pa " I ever
heard of. He was a regular high explosive — one of
these fine, old, hair-triggered gentlemen, who consider
Taking Pace From Father Time 175
that they have done all the thinking that the world
needs and refuse to have any of their ideas altered
or edited in any particular. Keg had had his life
laid out for him since the day of his birth, and when
he left for Siwash — on the precise day announced
by his father eighteen years before — the old man
stood him up and discoursed with him as follows :
" My son, I am about to give you the finest edu
cation obtainable. You are to go down to Siwash and
learn how to be a credit to me. Let me impress it
on you that that is your only duty. You will meet
there companions who will try to persuade you that
there are other things to be done in college besides
becoming a scholar. You will pay no attention to
them. You are to spend your time at your books.
You are to lead your class in Latin and Greek.
Mathematics I am not so particular about. You
are to waste no time on athletics and other modern
curses of college. I shall pay your expenses and
I shall come down occasionally to see how you are
progressing. And you know me well enough to know
that if I find you deviating from the course I have
laid out in any particular, you will return home and
go into the store at six dollars a week."
That 's the way Keg always repeated it to us.
With that affectionate farewell ringing in his ears
he came on down to Jonesville; and when the Eta
Bita Pies saw his honest features and his particularly
likable smile, they surrounded and assimilated him
in something less than fifteen minutes by the clock.
176 At Good Old Siwash
And then his troubles began. Keg's father had come
down the week before school and had selected a quiet
place about three miles from the college — out beyond
the cemetery in a nice lonely neighborhood, where
there was just about enough company to keep the tele
phone poles from getting despondent. Moreover, he
had n't given Keg any spending money.
"Education is the cheapest thing in the world,"
he roared. " You don't have to keep your pockets
full of dollars to live in the times of Homer and
Horace. I 've told them to let you have what you
need at the bookstore. For the rest, the college
library should be your haunt and the debating society
your recreation." If ever any one was getting
knowledge put down his throat with a hydraulic ram,
it certainly was Keg Rearick.
It is n't hard to imagine the result. Keg toiled
away three miles from anything interesting and got
bluer and gloomier and more anarchistic every day.
Would n't have been so bad if nobody had loved him.
Lots of fellows go through college with no particular
friends and emerge in good health and spirits. But
we had courted Keg and had tried to make it im
possible for him to live without us. We liked him
and we hankered for his company. We wanted to
parade him around the campus and confer him upon
the prettiest co-ed in his boarding hall, and teach
him to sing a great variety of interesting songs, with
no particular sense to them, and snatch off two or
three important offices around school. Instead of that
Taking Pace From Father Time 177
he only got to say " howdy " to us between classes,
and the rest of his time he spent Edward Payson
Westoning back and forth from his suburban lair,
without a cent in his pockets and the street-car motor-
men giving him the bell to get off of the track into
the mud every other block.
We very soon found this wasn't going to do.
Keg's spirits were down about two notches below the
absolute zero. If this was college life, he said, would
somebody kindly take a pair of forceps and remove
it. It ached. The upshot was we made Keg steward
of the frat-house table, which paid his board and
room and moved him into the chapter house. He
objected at first, because of what his father would
say when he heard of it. But he finally concluded
that anything he might say would be pleasanter than
going all day without hearing anything, so he sur
rendered and came along.
The first night at dinner, when we pushed back
our chairs and sang a few lines by way of getting
ready to go upstairs and chink a little assorted learn
ing into our headpieces, Keg cried for pure joy. He
buckled down to work the way a dog takes hold of
a root, and inside of a week he couldn't remember
a time in his young existence when he had been un
happy. He was tossing out Greek declensions to the
prof, like a geyser, and Conny Matthews, our cham
pion Livy unraveler, had shown him how to hold a
Latin verb in his teeth while he broke open the rest
of the sentence. And, besides that, we had introduced
178 At Good Old Siwash
him to all the nicest girls in the college and had
assisted the glee club coach to discover that he had
a fine tenor voice. He was a sure-enough find, and
fitted into college life as if it had been made to
measure for him.
Of course all this pleasantness had to have a gloom
spot in it somewhere. Rearick's father furnished the
gloom. He was certainly the most rambunctious, most
unreconstructed and most egregious Pa that ever
tried to turn the sunshine off of a bright young
college career. Regularly once a week a letter would
come to Keg from him. It always began " When
I was in college," and it always wound up by order
ing Keg to eat a few assorted lemons for the good
of his future. He was to go to morning prayer,
regularly — there had n't been any for twenty years.
He was to become as well acquainted as possible with
his professors, because of the inspiration it would give
him — fancy snuggling up to old Grubb. He was to
take a Sunday-school class at once. He was to re
member above all things that though it was a dis
grace to waste a minute of the precious college years
it was equally a disgrace to go through college with
out being self-supporting. He should by all means
learn to milk at once. He, Keg's father, had been
valet to a couple of very fine Holstein cows while he
was in college, and he attributed much of his success
to this fact. He would of course pay Keg's expenses
while he had to, but he would hold it to his discredit.
He must at once begin to find work*
Taking Pace From Father Time 179
This last command impressed Keg deeply, for he
had been sailing along with us without a cent. He 'd
been earning his board and room, of course, but that
was already paid for for a month out on the edge of
the planet; and as it was the first time the family
that owned the house had ever got a student boarder
they firmly declined to rebate. It 's pretty hard to
butterfly joyously along with the fancy- vest gang
without any other assets than unlimited credit at the
bookstore, so Keg began to prowl for a job. Presently
he picked up a laundry route. The laundry wagon
was a favorite vehicle on which to ride to fame and
knowledge in those days. By getting up early two
mornings a week and working late nights, Keg man
aged to put away about six dollars and forty-five cents
a week, providing every one paid his laundry bill.
He was so pleased and tickled over the idea that he
wrote to his father at once explaining that he now
had plenty of work, but had had to move downtown
in order to do it.
Did this please old pain-in-the-f ace ? Not notice
ably. There had been no such things as laundry
wagons in his day. Students were lucky if they had
a shirt to wear and one to have washed at the same
time. He wrote a letter back to Keg that bit him
in every paragraph. He was to give up the frivolous
laundry job and get some wood to saw. That and
tending cows were the only real methods of toiling
through college. He, Keg's father, had received his
board and room for milking cows and doing chores,
180 At Good Old Siwash
and he had sometimes earned as much as three dollars
a week after school hours and before breakfast saw
ing cord-wood at seventy-five cents a cord. It was
healthful and classic. He would send his old saw
by express. And he was further to remember —
there were about four more pages to memorize, a
headache in every page.
Good old Keg did his best to be obedient, but he
had no chance. In the first place, cord-wood was
phenomenally scarce in Jonesville, and anyway, peo
ple had a vicious habit of hindering the cause of
education by sawing it at the wood-yards with a
steam saw. There were plenty of cows in the out
skirts, but they were either well provided with com
panions for their leisure hours, or their owners
declined to allow Keg to practice on them — he know
ing about as much about a cow as he did about a
locomotive. And so he dawdled on with us at the
chapter house, gulping down Livy, getting a strangle
hold on Homer, and pulling in six or seven dollars
a week at his frivolous laundry job, some of which
cash he was saving up for a dress suit. And then,
one day, Pa Rearick blew in for another visit and
caught his son playing a mandolin in our lounging
room — far, far from the nearest cyclone cellar.
To judge from the conversation that followed —
we could n't help hearing it, although we went out-
of-doors at once — one might have thought that Keg
had been caught in a gilded den of sin, playing poker
with body-snatchers. Pa Rearick simply cut loose
Taking Pace From Father Time 181
and bombarded the neighborhood with red-hot ad
jectives. That he should have brought up a son to
do him honor and should have found him dawdling
his college moments away with loafers; fawning on
the idle sons of the rich ; tinkling a mandolin instead
of walking with Homer; wasting time and money
instead of trying to earn his way to success — " Bah,"
likewise " Faugh," to say nothing of other picturesque
expressions of entire disgust — from all of which one
would judge almost without effort that Keg was in
bad, and in all over.
I suppose Keg attempted to explain. Possibly some
people try to argue with a funnel-shaped cloud while
it is juggling the house and the barn and the piano.
Anyway the explanations were n't audible. Presently
Pa Rearick announced, for most of the world to hear,
that he was going to take his idle, worthless, dis
graced and unspeakable nincompoop of a son back
to his home and set him to weighing out dried apples
for the rest of his life. Then up rose Keg and spoke
quite clearly and distinctly as follows :
" No, you 're not, Dad."
" Wh-wh-wh-whowho w wy not ! " said Pa Rearick,
with perfect self-possession but some difficulty.
" Because I like this college and I 'm going to
stay here," said Keg. " I 'm standing well in my
studies and I 'm learning a lot all around."
" All I have to say is this," said Pa Rearick. I
really have n't time to repeat all of those few words,
but the ukase, when it was completely out, was the
182 At Good Old Siwash
following: Keg was to have a chance to ride home
in the cars if he packed up within ten minutes.
After that he could walk home or dance home or play
his way home with his mandolin. And he was given
to understand that, when he finally arrived, the near
est substitute to a fatted calf that would be prepared
for dinner would be a plate of cold beans in the
kitchen with the hired man.
" You may stay here and dawdle with your worth
less companions if you desire," shouted Pa Rearick
to a man in an adjoining county. " The lesson may
be a good one for you. I wash my hands of the
whole matter. But understand. Don't write to me
for a cent. Not one cent. You 've made your bed.
Now lie on it"
With which he went away, and we tiptoed carefully
in to rearrange the shattered atmosphere and comfort
Keg. We found him looking thoughtfully at nothing,
with his hands deep in his pockets, from which about
six dollars and seventy-five cents' worth of jingle
sounded now and then. We waited patiently for
him to speak. At last he turned on us and grinned
pensively.
" Do you know, boys," he said, " as a bed-maker
I can beat the owner of that prehistoric old corn-husk
mattress out in the suburbs with one hand tied
behind me."
• • • • • • •
Of course it is a sad thing to be regarded with
indignation and disgust by one's only paternal parent,
Taking Pace From Father Time 183
but Keg bore up under it pretty manfully. He dug
into his work harder than ever — and he was a good
student. Latin words stuck to him like sandburrs.
That was n't his fault, of course. Some men are
born with a natural magnetism for Latin words;
and others, like myself, have to look up quoque as
many as nine times in a page of Mr. Horace's cele
brated metrical salve-slinging. Keg went into a
literary society, too, and developed such an unholy
genius at wadding up the other fellow's words and
feeding them back to him that he made the Kiowa
debate in his Freshman year. He also chased locals
for the college paper, made his class football team,
got on the track squad and won the Freshman essay
prize. In fact, he killed it all year long and likewise
he trained all year long with his idle and vicious
companions — meaning us.
It beats all how much benefit you can get from
training with idle and vicious companions, if you
are built that way. Of course we taught him how
to play a mandolin, and how to twostep on his own
feet exclusively, and how to roll a cigarette without
carpeting the floor with tobacco, and how to make a
pretty girl wonder if she is as beautiful as all that,
without really saying it himself, and dozens of other
pretty and harmless little tricks. But that was n't
half he picked up while he was loafing away the golden
hours of his college course in our chapter house.
Conny Matthews, whose hobby was Latin verse,
plugged him up to sending in translated sonnets from
184 At Good Old Siwash
Horace for Freshman themes. Noddy Pierce showed
him how to grab the weak point in the other fellow's
debate and hang on to it through the rebuttal, while
the enemy floundered and struggled and splattered
disjointed premises all over the hall. Allie Bangs
had a bug on fencing, and because he and Keg used
to tip over everything in the basement trying to
skewer each other, they got to reading up on old
French customs of producing artistic conversations
and deaths and other things, and eventually they
wrote one of those " Ha " and " Zounds " plays for
the Dramatic Club. In fact, there 's no limit to what
you can absorb from idle and vicious companions. In
one term alone I myself picked up banjo playing,
pole vaulting, a little Spanish, a bad case of mumps,
and two flunks, simply by associating with the Eta
Bita Pie gang twenty-seven hours a day.
But nobody had to show Keg how to get jobs after
his first experience. He had a knack of scenting a
soft financial snap a mile away to leeward, and work
ing his way through college was' the least of his
troubles. It used to make me tired to see the non
chalance with which he would sleuth up to a nice fat
thing like a baseball season program, and put away
a couple of hundred with a single turn of the wrist
and about four days' hard soliciting among the long-
suffering Jonesville merchants. I never could do it
myself. I had the popular desire to work my way
through school when I entered Siwash, and I pic
tured myself at the end of my college career receiving
Taking Pace From Father Time 185
my diploma in my toil-scarred fist, without having
had a cent from home. But pshaw ! I was a joke. I
mowed one lawn in my Freshman year, after hunting
for work for three weeks ; and I lost that engagement
because the family decided the hired girl could do it
better. After that I gave up and took my checks
from home like a little man. In Siwash it is all
right to get sent through school, and nobody looks
down on you for it. The boys who make their own
way are very kind and never taunt you if you have
to lean on Pa. But all the same, you feel a little bit
disgraced. Why, I Ve seen a cotillon leader run all
the way home from a downtown store where he clerked
after school hours, in order to get into his society
harness on time ; and when the winner of the Inter
state Oratorical in my Freshman year had received
his laurel wreath and three times three times three
times three from the crazy student body, he excused
himself and went off to the house where he lived, to
fill up the hard-coal heater and pump the water for
the next day's washing.
As I started to say, some time ago, Keg proved to
be a positive genius in nailing down jobs. He had n't
been with us three months until he had presented
his laundry route to one of the boys. He did n't have
time to attend to it. He had hauled down a chapel
monitorship that paid his tuition. He got his board
and room from us for being steward, and how he
ever got the fancy eats he gave us out of four dollars
per week per appetite is an unsolved wonder. He
186 At Good Old Siwash
made twenty-five dollars in one week by introducing
a new brand of canned beans among the hash clubs.
He took orders for bookbinding on Saturdays, and
sold advertising programs for the college functions
after school hours. More than once I borrowed ten
dollars from him that year, while I was living on
hope and meeting the mailman half-way down the
block each morning just before the first of the month.
And I was n't the only man who did it, either.
Perhaps you wonder how he had time to do all
this and to mix up in all the various departments of
student bumptiousness, besides absorbing enough in
formation laid down and prescribed by the curriculum
to batter an " A " out of old Grubb, who hated to give
a top mark worse than most men hate to take quinine.
That 's one of the mysteries of college life. Xo one
has time to do anything but the busy man. In every
school there are a few hundred joyous loafers who
hold down an office or two, and make one team, and
then have only time to take a few hasty peeps at a
book while running for chapel ; and there are a dozen
men who do the debating and the heavy thinking for
half a dozen societies, and make some athletic team,
and get their lessons and make their own living on
the side — and who always have time, somehow, to
pick up some new and pleasant pastime, like reading
up for an oration on John Randolph, of Roanoke, or
some other eminent has-been. When I think of my
wasted years in college and of how I was always go
ing to take hold of Psych, and Polykon and Advanced
Taking Pace From Father Time 187
German, and shake them as a terrier does a rat, just
as soon as I had finished about three more hands of
whist — oh, well, there 's no use of crying about it
now. What makes me the maddest is that my wife
says I 'm an imposingly poor whist player at that.
Keg went home with one of us for the semester
holidays. And at commencement time he wrote an
affectionate letter home to his volcanic old sire, and
told him that he was going to stride forth into the
unappreciative world and yank a living away from
it that summer. That was the great ambition of
almost every Siwash boy. When we were n't thinking
of girls and exams in the blissful spring days, we were
stalking some summer job to its lair and sitting down
to wait for it. There was n't anything that a Siwash
boy would n't tackle in the summer vacation. The
farmer boys had a cinch, of course. They were
skilled laborers; and, besides, they came back in
the fall in perfect condition for the football squad.
Some of the town boys became street-car conductors.
The new railroad that was built into Jonesville about
that time was a bonanza for us. It was no uncommon
thing, the summer of my Sophomore year, to find a
dozen muddy society leaders shoveling dirt in a con
struction crew and singing that grand old hymn com
posed by Petey Simmons, which ran as follows:
I 've a blister on me heel, and me beak 's begun to peel;
I 've an ache for every bone that 's in me back.
I 've a feeling I could eat rubber hose and call it sweet,
And me hands is warped from lugging bits of track.
188 At Good Old Siwash
Oh, me closes they are tore, and me shoulders they are
sore,
And I sometimes wish that I had died a ' horning ';
And me eye is full of dirt, and there 's gravel in me shirt,
But I 'm going back to Siwash in the mor-r-r-r-r-r-r-rning.
One of our own boys is a division superintendent
on one of the big western roads to-day, and he caught
the railroad microbe in the shovel gang.
The boys got newspaper positions and clerked in
the stores, and one or two of them tooted cornets or
other disturbances at summer-resort hotels. One
junior, during my time, aroused the envy of the whole
college by painting the steeple of the First Baptist
Church during vacation; and when he finished the
job his class numerals were painted in big letters on
top of the ornamental knob that tipped the spire. At
least, so he announced, and no rival class had the
nerve to investigate.
But the most popular road to prosperity during the
summer was the canvassing route. About the last of
April various smooth young college chaps from other
schools would drift into Siwash and begin to sign
up agents for the summer. There were three favorite
lines — books, stereopticon slides and a patent com
bination desk, blackboard, sewing-table, snow-shovel,
trundle-bed and ironing-board — which was sold in
vast numbers at that time by students all over the
country. All though May the agents fished for vic
tims. They signed them up with contracts guaran
teeing them back-breaking profits, and then instructed
Taking Pace From Father Time 189
them with great care in a variety of speeches. Speech
No. 1, introductory. Speech No. 2, to women.
Speech No. 3, clinching talk -for waverers. Speech
No. 4, to parents. Speech No. 5, rebuttal to argument
that victim already has enough reading matter.
Speech No. 6, general appeal to patriotism and love
of progress. Then on Commencement day the hope
ful young collegians would go forth to argue with the
calm and unresponsive farmer's wife and sell her
something that she had never needed and had never
wanted, until hypnotized by the classic eloquence of
a bright-eyed young man with his foot in the crack
of the half-opened door.
I chose the book game one summer, and went out
with about thirty others. Twenty-five of them quit at
the end of the first week. That was about the usual
proportion — but the rest of us stuck. I devastated
a swath of territory fifty miles wide and a hundred
miles long. I talked, argued, persuaded, plead,
threatened and mesmerized. I sold books to men on
twine binders, to women with their hands in the
bread dough, and once, after a farmer had come
grudgingly out to rescue me from his dog, I sold a
book to him from a tree. I worked two months,
tramped four hundred miles, told the same story of
impassioned praise for and confidence in my book
eleven hundred times, and sold sixty-five volumes at a
gross profit of seventy-nine dollars — my expenses
being eighty dollars even. But it was worth the
effort. I was a shy young thing at the beginning
190 At Good Old Siwash
of the summer, who believed that strangers would
invariably bite when spoken to. When school began I
was a tanned pirate who believed the world belonged
to him who could grab it, and who would have walked
up to a duke and sold him a book on practical farming
with as much assurance as if it were a subposna I
was serving.
Keg went out with the desk crowd, and it was evi
dent from the first minute that he was going to
return a plutocrat. He sold a desk to the train
brakeman on his way to his field, and another to
a kind old gentleman who incautiously got into con
versation with him. He raged through four counties
like a plague, selling desks in farmhouses, public
libraries, harness stores, banks and old folks' homes.
He was the season's sensation and won a prize every
month from the proud and happy company. When
he had finished collecting he took a hasty run to
Denver on a sight-seeing trip, and came back to
Siwash that fall in a parlor car, with something over
four hundred dollars in his jeans.
Naturally we would have ceased worrying about
the probability of keeping Keg with us then if we
had not done so long before. As a matter of fact,
he was more prosperous than any of us. He had
made his own money and he drew his own checks
when he pleased, instead of taking them the first of
the month wrapped up in a cayenne coating composed
of parental remarks on extravagance and laziness.
He gave away all of his little jobs to the rest of us
Taking Pace From Father Time 191
first thing, and said he was content with what he
had ; but, pshaw ! — when a man has the gift he can't
dodge prosperity. Keg had to manage the college
paper that year because no one else could do it quite
so well; and it netted him about fifty dollars a
month. When the glee-club manager got cold feet
over the poor prospects, Keg backed a trip himself
— and I hate to say how much he cleared from it.
That was the first year we swept the West with our
famous football team of trained mastodons; and at
the earnest solicitation of about a dozen daily papers
here and there, Keg dashed off something like one
hundred yards of football dope at five dollars a
column — sort of a literary hundred-yard dash. He
used to write it between bites at the dinner table.
And then to top off everything, his precious desk
company came along and stole him from us early in
April. It considered him too valuable a man to
tramp the country selling desks, while there were
other young collegians who only needed the touch of
a magic tongue to get them into the great calling.
So Keg made a tour of Kiowa and Muggledorfer and
Hambletonian and Ogallala colleges, lining up can
vassers at a net profit of something like fifty dollars
per head — full or empty. When he blew in at the
end of the year to spend Commencement week with
us he was nothing short of an amateur Cro3sus. He
bulged with wealth. I remember yet the awe with
which the rest of us, hoarding our last nickels at the
end of the long and billful year, took a peep at the
192 At Good Old Siwash
balance in his checkbook and touched him humbly for
advances, great and small.
Keg had gone out the second evening of Commence
ment week to bring a little pleasure into the barren
life of a girl who hadn't been shown any attention
by any one for upward of four hours. The rest of
the boys were also away scattering seeds of kindness
in a similar manner, and so I was alone when Pa
Rearwick stumped up the walk to the chapter-house
porch and glared at me.
" I want to see my boy," he said, out of the corner
of his beard. He seemed to suspect that I had made
him into a meat pie or otherwise done away with
him.
" He 's out," I said, not very scared ; " but if you
want to wait for him, won't you make yourself quite
at home ? "
He took a seat on the porch without a word. I
went on smoking a cigarette in my most abandoned
style and saying all I had to say, which was nothing.
After a while Pa Rearick glared over at me again
in a most belligerent manner.
" Is he well ? " he asked.
" Finer 'n silk," I answered, most disrespectfully.
" Humph ! " said he ; which, being freely trans
lated, seemed to mean : " If I had an impudent, lazy,
immoral, shiftless, unlicked cub like you, I 'd grind
him up for hen feed."
Much more silence. I lit another cigarette.
" Does he get enough to eat ? "
Taking Pace From Father Time 193
" When lie has time," I said. " He 's generally
pretty busy."
" Playing the mandolin, I suppose."
" Most of the time," said I. " He runs the college
in his odd moments."
" He would n't have run the Siwash I went to,"
said Pa Rearick grimly.
" No," said I, " you egregious timber-head, he Jd
have spent his time limping after Homer." But as
I said it only to myself, no one was insulted.
" Has he learned anything ? " said old Hostilities,
after some more silence.
" Took the Sophomore Greek prize this year," I
said, blowing one of the most perfect smoke rings I
had ever achieved.
" I don't believe it," said Pa Eearick deliberately.
I blew another ring that was very fair, but it
lacked the perfect double whirl of the first one. And
presently the neatest spider phaeton that was owned
by a Jonesville livery stable drew up before the house
and Keg jumped out, telling a delicious chiffon vision
to hold old Bucephalus until he got his topcoat. Keg
was a good dresser, but I never saw him quite as
letter-perfect and wholly immaculate as he was just
then. He hurried up the steps, took one look, and
yelled " Dad," then made a rush ; and I went inside
to see if I could n't beat that smoke ring where there
was not so much atmospheric disturbance.
194 At Good Old Siwash
Pa Rearick stayed the rest of the week, and after
he had interviewed certain professors the next day
he moved over to the house and stayed with us. Mrs.
Rearick came down, too, and on this account we
did n't see quite as much of Keg as we had hoped to.
The girl in chiffon did n't, either, but that 's neither
here nor there. She was only a passing fancy, any
way. By successive degrees Keg's father viewed the
rest of us with disapproval, suspicion, tolerance, be
nevolence, interest and friendliness. But I am con
vinced that it was only on Keg's account. He gave us
credit for exercising unexpected good taste in liking
him. And maybe it was n't interesting to see him
thaw and melt and struggle with a stiff, wintry smile,
as a young man does with his first mustache, and
finally give himself up unreservedly to fatherly pride.
When a father has religiously put away these things
all his life for fear of spoiling a son, and finally finds
that that son is unspoilable, even by friendliness and
parental tenderness, he has a lot of pleasure to indulge
himself in during his remaining years.
It was like the old fire-eater to call us together
before he went and punished himself. I suppose it was
his sense of justice which was too keen for any good
use. " I 've misjudged my son," he said to us ; " and
I want to make public admission of it. I am perhaps
a little out of date — a little old-fashioned. The
world did n't move so fast when I was a boy here.
When I was in school we saved our money and
studied. My son tells me he can't afford to save
Taking Pace From Father Time 195
money — that time is too precious. I don't pretend
to understand all your ways, but he seems to think
you have been good to him and I want to thank you
for it. My son has made his way alone these two
years. I threw him out to support himself. When
I casually mentioned yesterday that times were very
hard in the business just now, he wanted to put five
hundred dollars into it. I want you to know I 'm
proud of him. I hope you young gentlemen will feel
free to stop and visit us when you come through our
town. I must say, times seem to have changed."
Right he was. Times have changed. And here I
have been dunderheading along in just his way,
imagining that I was pacing them, instead of sitting
on the fence and watching them go by. If I can
find that little Sophomore who insulted me this morn
ing, I 'm going to make him come to dinner and
tell me some more about the way they do things this
afternoon. As for to-morrow — what does he or any
one else know about it ?
CHAPTEK VIII
FKAPPED FOOTBALL
AS a rule there is only about one thing to mar
-£^-the joy of college days and nights and early
mornings. That is the Faculty. Honestly, I used
to sit up until long after bedtime every little while
trying to figure out some real reason for a college
Faculty. They interfere so. They are so inappro
priate. Moreover, they are so confoundedly ignorant
of college life.
How a professor can go through an assorted col
lection of brain stufferies, get so many college degrees
that his name looks like Halley's Comet with an
alphabet tail, and then teach college students for
forty years without even taking one of them apart
to find out what he is made of, beats my time!
That 'a a college professor for you, right through. He
thinks of a college student only as something to teach
— whereas, of all the nineteen hundred and eighty-
seven things a college student is, that is about the least
important to his notion. A boy might be a cipher
message on an early Assyrian brick and stand a far
better chance of being understood by his professor.
A college Faculty is a collection of brains tied
Frapp6d FootbaU 197
together by a firm resolve — said resolve being to
find out what miscreant put plaster of Paris in the
keyhole of the president's door. It is a wet blanket
on a joyous life ; it is a sort of penance provided
by Providence to make a college boy forget that he 's
glad he 'a alive. It 's a hypodermic syringe through
which the student is supposed to get wisdom. It
takes the place of conscience after you 've been de
stroying college property. When I sum it all up it
seems to me that a college Faculty is a dark, rainy
cloud in the middle of a beautiful May morning —
at least that 's the way the Faculty looked to me
when I was a humble seeker after the truth in Siwash
College.
The Faculty was to boys in Siwash what indigestion
is to a jolly good fellow in the restaurant district.
It was always either among us or getting ready to land
on us. Our Faculty had thirty-two profs and thirty-
three pairs of spectacles. It also had two good average
heads of hair and considerable whiskers. It could
figure out a perihelion or a Latin bill-of-fare in a
minute, but you ought to hear it stutter when it tried
to map out the daily relaxations of a college full of
husky young hurricanes, who had come to school to
learn what life looks like from the inside. Fairy
tales in the German and tea and wafers with quo
tations looked like a jolly good time to the Faculty;
and it could n't understand why some of us liked
to put gunpowder in the tea.
Now don't understand me to say that there isn't
198 At Good Old Siwash
anything good about a college professor. Bless you,
no ! There 's a lot of it. A Faculty is a lot of col
lege profs in a state of inflammation, but individually
most of the Siwash profs were nearly human at times.
I look back at some of them now with awe. They
really knew a lot. They knew so much that most of
them are there yet; and I go back and look at them
with a good deal more respect than I used to have.
I '11 tell you it fills a chap with awe to see a man
teaching along for twenty years at eighteen hundred
dollars per, and raising children, and buying books,
and going off to Europe now and then on that princely
sum — and coming through it all happy and content
with life. I go around them nowadays with my hat
off and try to persuade them that if it wasn't for
my sprained arm I could quote Latin almost as well
as the stone dog in front of Prexy's house.
And some of them are bully good fellows, too.
Nowadays they take me into their studies at Com
mencement and give me good cigars, making sure
first that there are no undergraduates around. Why,
one of the profs I worried the most, when I was a
cross between a Sophomore and a spotted hyena, is
as glad to see me nowadays as though I owed him
money. He runs a little automobile, and I hope I
may get laid out in the subway if I have n't heard
him cuss in real United States when the clutch
slipped. And he was the chap who used to pick out
the passages in Livy that had inflammatory rheuma
tism and make me recite on them, and who always told
Frapped Football 199
me that a student who smoked cigarettes would be
making a wise business move if he brought his hat to
recitation and left the less important part of his
head at home.
But, as I was saying, the Faculty at Siwash, like
all other Faculties, did n't know its place. It was n't
satisfied with teaching us Greek and Latin and Evi
dences of Christianity and tall-brow twaddle of all
sorts. It had to butt into our athletics and regulate
them. Did you ever see a farmer regulate a weed
patch with a hoe? You know how unhealthy it is
for the weeds. Well, that was the way the Faculty
regulated our athletics. It did n't believe in athletics
anyway. They were too interesting. They might
not have been sinful, but they were not literary and
they were uneconomic. Of course all the professors
admitted that good outdoor exercise was healthy
for college boys, but most of them believed that you
ought to get it in the college library out of JSTature
books. And so the way they went at the real athletics,
to keep them pure and healthful, almost drove us
into the violent ward.
Those were the days at Siwash when our football
team could start out for a pleasant stroll through
any teams in our section and wonder after it had
passed the goal line, why those undersized fellows
had been jogging their elbows all the way down the
field. That was the kind of a team we built up
every fall ; and it was n't half so much trouble to
keep other teams from beating it as it was to keep
200 At Good Old Siwash
the Faculty from blowing it to pieces with non-
eligibility notices. There was something diabolical
about that Faculty when it was wrestling with the
athletic problem. It was n't human. It was like
Mount Etna. You never could tell just when it
would stop being lovely and quiet, and scatter ruin
all over the vicinity.
Its idea of regulating athletics at Siwash was
to think up excuses for flunking every man who
weighed over one hundred and fifty-five and could
have his toes stepped on without saying " Ouch ! "
And it never got the excuses thought up until the
night before the most important games. The Faculty
pretended to be as bland and innocent as Mary's
lamb, but no one can ever tell me it didn't know
what it was about Men have to have real genius
to think up the things it did. You could n't do it
accidentally. When a Siwash Faculty could moon
along happily all fall until twenty-four hours before
the Kiowa game and then discover with regret that
our two-hundred-and-twenty-pound center had mis
spelled three words in an examination paper the year
before ; that our two-hundred-pound backs did n't
put enough rear-end collisions into their words when
they read French; and that Ole Skjarsen read Latin
with a Norwegian accent and was therefore too big
an ignoramus to play football, I decline to be fooled.
I never was fooled. Neither was Keg Rearick. But
that is hurdling about three chapters.
Honestly, we used to spend one day out of six
Frapp6d Football 201
building up our football team and the other five
defending it from the Faculty. It positively hun
gered for a bite out of the line-up. It had us help
less. If we did n't like the way it ran things we
could take our happy young college life up by the
roots and transplant it to some other school, where
the football team moved around the field like a parade.
Theoretically the Faculty could sit around and take
our best players off the team, as fast as we developed
them, for non-attention to studies. But, as a matter
of fact, it was n't an easy matter. It beats all how
early in the morning you have to get up to get ahead
of college lads who have got it into their heads that
the world will gum up on its axle and stop dead still
if their innocent little pleasures are interfered with.
I remember the fall that the Faculty decided
Miller could n't play because he had n't attended
chapel quite persistently enough the spring before.
Miller was our center and as important to the team
that year as the mainspring of a watch. The pon
derous brain trust that sat on this case did n't decide
it until the day before the big game with Muggle-
dorfer; then they practically ruled that he would
have to go back to last spring and take his chapel
all over again. It took us all night to sidestep that
outrage, but we did it. The next morning an in
dignation committee of fifty students met the Faculty
and presented alibis that were invincible. It was
demonstrated by a cloud of witnesses that Miller
had been absent nine times hand-running because he
202 At Good Old Siwash
had been sitting up nights with a sick chum. The
Faculty was inexperienced that year and let him
play; but, when it found out the next day by con
sulting the records that the chum had attended chapel
every one of those nine mornings, it got more par
ticular than ever and its heart seemed to harden.
On the day before the Thanksgiving game that year
the Faculty held a long meeting and decided that
our two guards were ineligible. There was n't a
word of truth in it. They weighed two hundred
and twenty pounds apiece and were eligible to the
All- American team, but you could n't make the human
lexicons look at it that way. They found them de
ficient in trigonometry and canned them off the team.
It was an outrage, because the two chaps did n't know
what trigonometry meant even and could n't take an
examination. We had to call the trig, professor out
of town by a telegram that morning and then have
the suspended men demand an immediate examina
tion. That worked, too ; but every time we managed
to preserve a glory of old Siwash, the Faculty seemed
to get a little more crabby and unreasonable and
diabolically persisted in its determination to regulate
athletics.
The next fall it was well understood when football
practice began that there was going to be war to
the knife between the Faculty and the football team.
We were meek and resigned to trouble, but you can
bet we were not going to sit around and embrace it.
The longest heads in the school made themselves into
Frapp6d FootbaU 203
a sort of an unofficial sidestepping committee; and
we decided that if the Faculty succeeded in massacring
our football team they would have to outpoint, out-
foot, outflank and outscheme the whole school. Just
to draw their fire, we advertised the first practice
game as a deadly combat, in which the honor of
Old Si wash was at stake. It was just a little romp
with the State Normal, which had a team that would
have had to use aeroplanes to get past our ends ; but
the Faculty bit. It held a special session that night
and declared the center, the two backs and the cap
tain ineligible because they had not prepared orations
the spring before at the request of the rhetoric pro
fessor. That was first blood for us. We chased the
Normalites all over the lot with a scrub team and
Keg Rearick sat up nights the next week writing the
orations. The result was we got four fine new dry-
cleaned records for our four star players and the
Faculty was so pleased with their fine work on those
orations that we could scarcely live with it for a
week.
That was only a skirmish, however. We knew
very well that the sacred cause of education would
come right back at us and we decided to be else
where when it struck its next blow for progress.
We talked it all over with Bost, the coach, and the
result was that a week before the Muggledorf er game,
the last week in September, Bost gave out his line-up
for the season in chapel. There were a good many
surprises in the line-up to some of us. It seemed
204 At Good Old Siwash
funny that Miller should n't make the team out and
that Ole Skjarsen should have been left off; but
the best of men will slump, as Bost explained, and he
had picked the team that he thought would do the
most good for Siwash. It was a team that I would n't
have hired to chase a Shanghai rooster out of a gar
den patch, but the blind and happy Faculty did n't
stop to reason about its excellence. It held a meet
ing the night before the Muggledorfer game and
suspended nine of the men for inattention to chapel,
smoking cigarettes during vacation and other high
crimes. The whole school roared with indignation.
Bost appeared before the Faculty meeting and almost
shook his fist in Prexy's face. He told the Faculty
that it was the greatest crime of the nineteenth cen
tury; and the Faculty told him in very high-class
language to go chase himself. So Bost went sorrow
fully out and put in the regular team as substitutes.
The next day we whipped Muggledorfer 80 to 0.
I think that would have discouraged the Faculty
if it hadn't been for Professor Sillcocks. Did I
ever tell you about Professor Sillcocks ? It 's a shame
if I have n't, because every one is the better and
nobler for hearing about him. He was about a
nickel's worth of near-man with Persian-lamb whis
kers and the disposition of a pint of modified milk.
Crickets were bold and quarrelsome beside him. He
knew more musty history than any one in the state
and he could without flinching tell how Alexander
waded over his knees in blood; but rather than take
V<4-
Our peculiar style of pushing a football right through
the thorax of the whole middle west
Page 205
Frapp6d FootbaU 205
off his coat where the world would have seen him
he would have died. He was just that modest and
conventional. He had to come to his classes through
the back of the campus up the hill ; and they do say
that one day, when half a dozen of the Kappa Kap
Pa jama girls were sitting on the low stone wall at
the foot of the hill swinging their feet, he cruised
about the horizon for a quarter of an hour waiting
for them to go away in order that he might go up
the hill without scorching his collar with blushes.
That was the kind of a roaring lion Professor Sill-
cocks was.
Well, to get back from behind Robin Hood's barn,
Professor Sillcocks had a great hobby. He believed
that college boys should indulge in athletics, but that
they should do it with their fingers crossed. Those
were n't his exact words, but that was what he meant.
It was noble to play games, but wicked to want to
win. In his eyes a true sport was a man who would
start in a foot race and come in half a mile behind
carrying the other fellow's coat. Our peculiar style
of pushing a football right through the thorax of
the whole Middle West nearly made him shudder
his shoes off and every fall in chapel he delivered
a talk against the reprehensible state of mind that
finds pleasure in the defeat of others. We always
cheered those talks, which pleased him ; but he never
could understand why we did n't go out afterward
and -offer ourselves up to some high-school team as
victims. It pained him greatly.
206 At Good Old Siwash
Naturally Professor Sillcocks participated with
great enthusiasm in the work of pruning our line-up,
and after the Faculty had thrown up its hands he
climbed right in and led a new campaign. We had
to admire the scientific way in which he went about
it, too. For a man whose most violent exercise con
sisted of lugging books off a top shelf, and who had
learned all he knew about football from the Literary
Pepsin or the Bi- Weekly Review, he got onto the
game in wonderful style. Somehow he managed to
learn just who were our star players — what they
played and how badly they were needed — and then
he went to work to quarantine these players.
First thing we knew the Millersburg game, which
was always a fierce affair, arrived ; and on the morn
ing of the game Bumpus and Van Eiswaggon, our
two star halfbacks, got notices to forget there was
such a game as football until they had taken Fresh
man Greek over again — they being Seniors and re
membering about as much Greek as their hats would
hold on a windy day. I '11 tell you that mighty near
floored us; but virtue will pretty nearly always tri
umph, and when you mix a little luck into it, it is as
slippery to corner as a corporation lawyer. We had
the luck. There were two big boners, Pacey and
Driggs, in college who wore whiskers. There always
are one or two landscape artists in college who
use their faces as alfalfa farms. We took Bumpus
and Van Eiswaggon and the leading man of a com
pany that was playing at the opera house that night
Frapp6d Football 207
over to these two Napoleons of mattress stuffing and
they kindly consented to be imitated for one day only.
Old Booth and Barrett had a tremendous layout of
whiskers in his valise and before he got through he
had produced a couple of mighty close copies of
Pacey and Driggs. That afternoon the two real
whisker kings went out in football suits and ran
signals with the team until their wind was gone.
Then they went back into the gym and their improved
editions came out. Most of the college cried when
they found that the two eminent authorities on ton-
sorial art were going to try to interfere with Millers-
burg's ambition, but those of us who were on to the
deal simply prayed. We prayed that the whiskers
would n't come off. They did n't, either. It was a
grand game. We won, 20 to 0; and the school went
wild over Pacey and Driggs. Even Prexy came out
of it for a little while and went into the gym to
shake hands with them. It took lively work to detain
him until we could get them stripped and laid out
on the rubbing boards. They were the heroes of
the school for the rest of the year and, being honest
chaps, they naturally objected. But we persuaded
them that they had saved the college with their
whiskers ; and before they graduated we begged a
bunch from each of them to frame and hang up in
the gym some day when the incident was n't quite
so fresh.
Naturally, by this time, we believed that the
Faculty ought to consider itself lucky to be allowed
208 At Good Old Siwash
to hang around the college. Professor Sillcocks
looked rather depressed for a day or two, but he soon
cheered up and seemed to forget the team's existence.
We swam right along, beating Pottawattamie, scoring
sixty points on Ogallala and getting into magnificent
condition for the Kiowa game on Thanksgiving,
That was the game of the year for us. Time was
when Kiowa used to beat us and look bored about
it, but that was all in the misty past. For two years
we had tramped all the lime off her goal lines; and
maybe we were n't crazy to do it again ! As early as
October we used to sit up nights talking over our
chances, and as November wore along the suspense
got as painful as a good lively case of too much
pie. We watched the team practise all day and
dreamed of it all night. And then the blow fell.
It wasn't exactly a blow. It was more like a
dynamite explosion. School let out the day before
Thanksgiving, and when announcement time came in
chapel Professor Sillcocks got up and begged per
mission to make a few remarks. Then this little
ninety-eight-pound thinking machine, who could n't
have wrestled a kitten successfully, paralyzed half
a thousand husky young students and a whole team
of gladiators with the following remarks:
" I have long held, young gentlemen, that the pur
suit of athletic exercises for the mere lust of winning
is one of the evils of college life. It does not
strengthen the mind or build up one's manhood. It
does not encourage that sporting spirit which leads
Frapped Football 209
a man to smile in defeat or to give up his chances
of winning rather than take an undue advantage. It
does not make for gentleness, mildness or generosity.
I have, young gentlemen, endeavored to make you see
this in the past year by all the poor means at my
disposal. I have not succeeded. But this morning
I propose to bring it to you in a new way. As chair
man of the credentials committee which passes upon
the eligibility of your football players I have decided
that the entire team is ineligible. If you ask for
reasons, I have them. They may not, perhaps, suit
you, but they suit me. These players are ineligible
because they play too well. With them you cannot
hope to be defeated and I am determined that the
Siwash football team shall be defeated to-morrow.
Your college experience must be broadened. Your
football team, I understand, has not been defeated
in three years. This is monstrous. All of you, except
the Seniors, are totally uneducated in the art of tak
ing defeat. This education I propose to open to you
to-morrow. I have made it more certain by suspend
ing all of what you call your second team and your
scrubs — I believe that is correct. And the Faculty
joins me, young gentlemen, in assuring you that if
the game with Kiowa College is abandoned — abro
gated — called off, I believe you express it — football
will cease permanently at Siwash. Young gentlemen,
accept defeat to-morrow as an opportunity and try
to appreciate its great benefits. That is all."
That last was pure sarcasm. Imagine an execu-
210 At Good Old Siwash
tioner carving off his victim's head and murmuring
politely, " That is all," to the said victim when he
had finished ! There we were, wiped out, utterly ex
tinguished — legislated into disgrace and defeat —
and all by a smiling villain who said " That is all "
when he had read the death sentence !
There was n't a loophole in the decree. Sillcocks
had carved the entire football talent of the school right
out of it with that little list of his. We would have
to play Kiowa with a bunch of rah-rah boys who had
never done anything more violent than break a cane
on a grandstand seat over a touchdown. The chaps
who were butchered to make a Roman holiday did n't
have anything at all on us. We were going to be
tramped all over by our deadly rival in order to
afford pleasure to a fuzzy-faced old fossil who had
peculiar ideas and had us to try them out on.
I guess, if the students had had a vote on it that
day, Professor Sillcocks would have been elected
resident governor of Vesuvius. We seethed all day
and all that night. The board of strategy met, of
course, but it threw up its hands. It did n't have any
first aid to the annihilated in its chest. Besides, Pro
fessor Sillcocks had n't played the game. He had just
grabbed the cards. It was about to pass resolutions
hailing Sillcocks as the modern Nero, when Rearick
began to come down with an idea. Nowadays people
pay him five thousand dollars apiece for ideas, but
he used to fork them out to us gratis — and they had
twice the candle-power. As soon as we saw Rearick
Frapped Football 211
begin to perspire we just knocked off and sat around,
and it was n't two minutes before he was making
a speech.
" Fellows," he said, " we 're due for a cleaning
to-morrow. It 's official. The Faculty has ordered
it. If I had a Faculty I 'd put kerosene on it and
call the health department ; but that 's neither here
nor there. We Ve got to lose. We 've got to let
Kiowa roll us all over the field; and if we
back out we Ve got to give up football. Now
some of you want to resign from college and some
of you want to burn the chapel, but these things
will not do you any good. Kiowa will beat us just
the same. Therefore I propose that if we have to be
beaten we make it so emphatic that no one will ever
forget it. Let 's make it picturesque and instructive.
Let 's show the Faculty that we can obey orders.
Let 's play a game of football the way Sillcocks and
his tools would like to see it. You let me pick the
team now, and give me to-night and to-morrow morn
ing to drill them, and I '11 bet Kiowa will never burn
any property celebrating."
Bost was there with his head down between his
knees and he said he did n't care — Rearick or Sill-
cocks or his satanic majesty could pick the team. As
for himself, he was going to leave college and go to
herding hens somewhere over two thousand miles
from the Faculty. So we left it to Rearick and went
home to sleep and dream murderous dreams about
meeting profs in lonesome places.
212 At Good Old Siwash
The first thing I saw next morning when I went
out of the house was a handbill on a telegraph pole.
It was printed in red ink. It implored every Siwash
student to turn out to the game that afternoon.
" New team — new rules — new results ! " it read.
" The celebrated Sillcocks system of football will be
played by the Siwash team. Attendance at this game
counts five chapel cuts after Thanksgiving. Admis
sion free. Tea will be served. You are requested
to be present."
Were we present? We were — every one of us
that was n't tied down to a bed. There was some
thing promising in that announcement. Besides, the
greenest of us were taken in by that chapel-cut busi
ness. Besides, it was free! College students are just
like the rest of the world. They 'd go to their great-
grandmother's funeral if the admission was free.
Our gang put on big crepe bows, just to be doing
something, and marched into the stadium that after
noon with hats off. It was packed. Talk about pro
motion work. Rearick had pasted up bills until all
Jonesville was red in the face. And the Faculty was
there, too. Every member was present. They sat in
a big special box and Sillcocks had the seat of honor.
He looked as pleased as though he had just reformed
a cannibal tribe. I suppose the programs did it.
They announced once more that the celebrated Sill-
cocks system of football as worked out by the coach
and Mr. Keg Rearick would be played in this game
by the Siwash team. The whole town was there too,
Frapp6d FootbaU 213
congested with curiosity. In one big bunch sat all
the Siwash men who had ever played football, in their
best clothes and with their best girls. They were the
guests of honor at their own funeral.
The Kiowa team came trotting out — behemoths,
all of them — ready to get revenge for three painful
years. They had heard all about the massacre and
regarded it as the joke of the century on Siwash.
They also regarded it as their providential duty to
emphasize the joke — to sharpen up the point by scor
ing about a hundred and ten points on the scared
young greenhorns who would have to play for us. All
our ex-players stood up and gave them a big cheer
when they came. So did everybody else. It 's always
a matter of policy to grin and joke while you 're being
dissected. Nothing like cheerfulness. Cheerfulness
saved many a martyr from worry while he was being
eaten by a lion.
Then our gymnasium doors opened and the brand-
new and totally innocent Siwash football team came
forth. When we saw it we forgot all about Kiowa,
the Faculty, defeat, dishonor, the black future and
the disgusting present. We stood up and yelled
ourselves hoarse. Then we sat down and prepared
to enjoy ourselves something frabjous.
Rearick had used nothing less than genius in
picking that team. First in line came Blakely, a
mandolin and girl specialist, who had never done
anything more daring than buck the line at a soda
fountain. He had on football armor and a baseball
214 At Good Old Siwash
mask. Then came Andrews. Andrews specialized
in poetry for the Lit magazine and commonly went
by the name of Birdie, because of an unfortunate
sonnet that he had once written. Andrews wore
evening dress, and carried a football in a shawl strap.
Then came McMurty and Boggs, sofa-pillow pun-
ishers. They roomed together and you could have
tied them both up in Ole Skjarsen's belt and had
enough of it left for a handle. James, the champion
featherweight fusser of the school, followed. He car
ried a campchair and a hot-water bottle. Petey
Simmons, five feet four in his pajamas, and Jiggs
Jarley, champion catch-as-catch-can-and-hold-on-tight
waltzer in college, came next. Then came Bain, who
weighed two hundred and seventeen pounds, had been
a preacher, and was so mild that if you stood on his
corns he would only ask you to get off when it was
time to go to class. He was followed by Skeeter
Wilson, the human dumpling, and Billings, who
always carried an umbrella to classes and who had
it with him then. Behind these came a great mob
of camp-followers with chairs, books, rugs, flowers,
lunch tables, tea-urns and guitars. It was the most
sensational parade ever held at Siwash ; and how we
yelled and gibbered with delight when we got the
full aroma of Rearick's plan!
The Kiowa men looked a little dazed, but they
did n't have time to comment. The toss-up was
rushed through and the two teams lined up, our team
with the ball. It would have done your eyes good
Frapped Football 215
to see Rearick adjust it carefully on a small doily
in the exact center of the field, mince up to it and
kick it like an old lady urging a setting hen off the
nest. A Kiowa halfback caught it and started up
the field. Right at him came Birdie Andrews, hat
in hand, and when the halfback arrived he bowed and
asked him to stop. The runner declined. McMurty
was right behind and he also begged the runner to
stop. Boggs tried to buttonhole him. Skeeter Wilson,
who was as fast as a trolley car, ran along with him
for twenty-five yards, pleading with him to listen to
reason and consent to be downed. It was no use.
The halfback went over the goal line. The Kiowa
delegation did n't know whether to go crazy with joy
or disgust. Our end of the grandstand clapped its
hands pleasantly. Down in the Faculty box one or
two of the professors, who had n't forgotten every
thing this side of the Fall of Rome, wiggled uneasily
and got a little bit red behind the ears.
The teams changed goals and Rearick kicked off
again. This time he washed the ball carefully and
changed his necktie, which had become slightly soiled.
The other Kiowa half caught the ball this time; he
plowed into our boys so hard that McMurty could n't
get out of the way and was knocked over. Our whole
team held up their hands in horror and rushed to his
aid. They picked him up, washed his face, re
arranged his clothes and powdered his nose. He cried
a little and wanted them to telegraph his mother to
come, but a big nurse with ribbons in her cap — it
216 At Good Old Siwash
was Maxwell — came out and comforted him and
gave him a stick of candy half as large as a barber-
pole.
By this time you could tell the Faculty a mile off.
It was a bright red glow. Every root-digger in the
bunch had caught on except Sillcocks. He was in
tensely interested and extremely grieved because the
Kiowa men did not enter into the spirit of the occa
sion. As for the rest of the crowd, it sounded like
drowning men gasping for breath. Such shrieks of
pure unadulterated joy hadn't been heard on the
campus in years. When the teams lined up again
Kiowa had got thoroughly wise. They had held a
five-minute session together, had taken off their shin,
nose and ear guards, had combed their hair and had
put on their hats. The result was what you might
call picturesque. You could hear ripping diaphragms
all over the stadium when they tripped out on the
field. The two teams lined up and Rearick kicked
off again. This time he had tied a big loop of ribbon
around the ball ; when it landed a Kiowa man stuck
his forefinger through the loop and began to sidle up
toward our goal, holding an imaginary skirt Our
team rushed eagerly at him, Billings and his umbrella
in the lead. On every side the Kiowa players bowed
to them and shook hands with them. The critical
moment arrived. Billings reached the runner and
promptly raised his umbrella over him and marched
placidly on toward our goal. Hysterics from the
bleachers. The Kiowa man did n't propose to be out-
Trapped FootbaU 217
done. He stopped, removed his derby and presented
the ball to Billings. Billings put his hand on his
heart and declined. The Kiowa man bowed still
lower and insisted. Billings bumped the ground with
his forehead and would n't think of it. The Kiowa
man offered the ball a third time, and we found after
ward that he threatened to punch Billings' head then
and there if he did n't take it. Billings gave in and
took the ball.
" Siwash's ball ! " we yelled joyfully. The two
teams lined up for a scrimmage. Right here a diffi
culty arose that threatened to end the game. The
opposing players insisted on gossiping with their arms
around each other's necks. They would not get down
to business. The referee raved — he was an imported
product, with no sense of humor, and was rapidly get
ting congestion of the brain. " Don't hit in the
clinches ! " yelled some joker. For five minutes the
teams gossiped. Then our quarter gave his signal —
the first two bars of " Oh Promise Me " — and passed
the ball to Wilson, who was fullbacking.
It was twice as interesting as an ordinary game
because nobody knew what Wilson would do; in
fact, he did n't seem to know himself. He stood a
minute dusting off the ball carefully and manicuring
his soiled nails. The Kiowa team and our boys
strolled up, arm in arm. Wilson still hesitated. The
Kiowa captain offered to send one of his men to
carry the ball. Wilson would n't think of causing so
much trouble. Our captain suggested that the ball
218 At Good Old Siwash
be taken to our goal. The Kiowa captain protested
that it had been there twice already. Some one sug
gested that they flip for goals. The captains did it.
Siwash won. Calling a messenger boy, our captain
sent him over to Kiowa's goal with the ball, while
the two teams sat down in the middle of the field
and the Kiowa captain set 'em up to gum.
By this time people were being removed from the
stadium in all directions. There was a sort of purple
aurora over the Faculty box that suggested apoplexy.
The learned exponents of revised football looked
about as comfortable as a collection of expiring
beetles mounted on large steel pins — that is, all but
Professor Sillcocks. He was beaming with pleasure.
I never saw a man so entirely wrapped up in manly
sports as he was just then. Evidently the new foot
ball suited him right down to the ground. He clapped
his hands at every new atrocity ; and whenever some
Siwash man put his arm around a Kiowan and helped
him tenderly on with the ball, he turned around to
the populace behind him and nodded his head as if
to say : " There, I told you so. It can be done.
See?"
When the Kiowa center kicked off for the next
scrimmage he introduced a novelty. He produced
a large beanbag, which I presume Rearick had slipped
him, kicked it about four feet and then hurriedly
picked it up and presented it to one of our men.
All of our boys thanked him profoundly and then
lined up for the scrimmage. Immediately the Kiowa
Frapp6d FootbaU 219
captain put his right hand behind him. Our captain
guessed " thumbs up." He was right and we took
the ball forward five yards. Deafening applause
from the stadium. Then our captain guessed a num
ber between one and three. Another five yards.
Shrieks of joy from Si wash and desperate cries of
" Hold 'em ! " from the Kiowa gang. Then the
Kiowa captain demanded that our captain name the
English king who came after Edward VI. That was
a stonewall defense, because Rearick had flunked two
years running in English history. Kiowa took the
ball, but the umpire butted in. It was an offside
play, he declared, because it was n't a king at all.
It was a queen and it was Siwash's ball and ten
yards. That made an awful row. The Kiowa cap
tain declared that the whole incident was " very re
grettable," but the umpire was firm. He gave us the
ball ; and on the very next down Rearick conjugated
a French verb perfectly for a touchdown.
All of this was duly announced to the stadium
and the excitement was intense. I guess there were as
many as two hundred Chautauqua salutes after that
touchdown. Both teams had tea together and our
rooters' chorus sang " Juanita," while old Professor
Grubb got up, with rage printed all over his face in
display type, and went home. He never went near
the stadium again as long as he lived, I understand.
It was a most successful occasion up to this point,
but somehow college boys always overdo a thing. The
strain was telling on the two teams; for, when you
220 At Good Old Siwash
come right down to it, no Siwash man loves a Kiowa
man any more fervently than a bull pup loves a cat.
The teams lined up again and began playing " ring-
around-a-rosy " to find who should make the next
touchdown, when something happened. Klingel, the
two-hundred-and-ten-pound Kiowan guard, started
it. He was just about as good a fellow as a white
rhinoceros, and an hour of entire civilization was
about all he could possibly stand. He had the bean-
bag and he was tired of it. Beanbags meant nothing
to him. He could n't grasp their solemn beauty. He
offered it to Petey Simmons. Petey declined, with
profuse thanks. Klingel insisted. Petey bowed very
low and swore that rather than make another touch
down on Kiowa he would suffer wild horses to tear
him into little bits. Then Klingel began to get
offside.
" You hear what I say, you little shrimp ! " he said
politely. " If you don't take this thing and quit
your yawping I 'm going to make you do it."
" Listen, you overfed mountain of pork ! " said
Petey, with equal cordiality. " If you don't like that
beanbag eat it. It would do you good. You don't
know beans anyway."
Then Klingel, without further argument, hit Petey
in the eye and laid him out.
Wow! Talk about irritating a hornet convention.
Klingel was a great little irritator. The whole game
had been torture for our real team, cooped up among
the ruffles in the stadium; and when they saw little
If you don't like that bean bag eat it "
Page 220
Frapped Football 221
Petey go down they gave one simultaneous roar and
vaulted over the railing. It was a close race, but
Ole Skjarsen beat Hogboom out by a foot. He hit
.Klingel first. Hogboom hit him second, third, fifth
and thirty-fourth. Then the two teams closed to
gether and for five minutes a cyclone of dust, dirt,
sweaters, collars, arms, legs, hair and bright red
noses swept up and down the field. The grandstand
went crazy. The five hundred Kiowa rooters grabbed
their canes and started in. They met about seven
hundred Siwash patriots and then the whole universe
exploded.
The police interfered and about half an hour later
the last Siwash student was pried off the last Kiowan.
It was the most disgraceful riot in the history of the
college. I don't think there was a whole suit of
clothes on the field when it was over ; and the Siwash
man who did n't have two or three knobs on his head
was n't considered loyal. The girls all cried. The
Faculty went home in cabs, the mayor declared mar
tial law and the Kiowa gang walked out of town to
the crossing and took the train there to avoid further
hard feelings. We were all ashamed of ourselves
and I think the two schools liked each other a little
better after that. Anyway, we regarded the whole
affair as only logical.
The Faculty held a meeting that lasted all the
next day. Then it adjourned and did absolutely
nothing at all except to pile upon us more theses,
themes and special outrages that semester than any
222 At Good Old Siwash
body of students had ever been inflicted with in a
like period. The profs would n't speak to us. They
regarded us as beneath notice. But when the real
Kiowa game was scheduled by mutual consent, two
weeks afterward, there was n't a remark from head
quarters. We played Kiowa and spread them all
over the map — and not a Faculty member was in
town that day.
I understand Professor Sillcocks is not yet thor
oughly persuaded that his style of football was n't a
success. " But for that unfortunate riot, which comes
from playing with less cultured colleges," he remarked
to a Senior the next spring, " that would have been
the most successful exhibition of mental control and
inherent gentility ever seen at Siwash."
True, very true.
CHAPTER IX
CUPID THAT OLD COLLEGE CHUM
WELL ! Well ! Well ! Here 's another maga
zine investigator who has made a great dis
covery. Listen to this, Sam : " Co-education, as found
in American colleges, is amazingly productive of
romance, and the great number of marriages result
ing between the men and women in co-educational
schools indicates all too plainly that love-making
occupies an important part of the courses of study."
Those are his very words. Is n't he the Christopher
Columbus, though! Who would have thought it?
Who would have dreamt that there were any mutual
admiration societies in co-educational colleges ? I am
amazed. What won't these investigators discover
next? Why, one of them is just as likely as not to
get wise to the fact that there is a hired-girl problem.
You can't keep anything away from these gimlet-
eyed scientists.
Oh, sure! I knew it was just about time for
some kind of an off-key noise from you, you grouchy
old leftover. Just because you graduated from one
of those paradises in pants, where they import a car-
224 At Good Old Siwash
load of girls from all over the country to one dance a
year and worry along the rest of the time with chorus
girls and sweet young town girls who began bringing
students up by hand about the time Wm. H. Taft
was a Freshman, you think you are qualified to toss
in a few hoots about co-education. Back away, Sam !
That subject is loaded. I 've had palpitations on a
college campus myself; and I want to tell you right
here that it beats having them at a stage door, or at
a summer resort, or in a parlor just around the cor
ner from nine relatives, or in one of those short-story
conservatories, or in the United States mails, forty
ways for Sunday ; and, besides, it 's educational. We
co-educationalists get a four years' course in close-
coupled conversation and girl classification while you
fellows in the skirtless schools are getting the club
habit and are saving up for the privilege of dancing
with other fellows' fiancees at the proms once a
year.
Honestly, I never could see just why a fellow should
wait until he is through college before he begins
to study the science of how to make some particular
girl believe that if Adam came back he would look
at him and say : " Gee, it swells me all up to think
that chap is a descendant of mine ! "
And I may be thick in my thought dome, but I
never could see any objection to marrying a classmate,
either, even though I did n't do it myself. I admit
co-educational schools are strong on matrimony.
Haven't I dug up for thirty-nine wedding presents
Cupid — That Old College Chum 225
for old Siwash students already? And don't I get
a shiver that reaches from my collar-button down to
my heels every time I get one of those thick, stiff,
double-barreled envelopes, with " Kindly dig," or
words to that effect, on the inside? Usually they
come in pairs — the bid to the next wedding and the
bill for the last present. Why, out of sixty-five
ninety-umpters with whom I graduated, six couples
are already holding class reunions every evening;
and just the other day another of the boys, who
thought he would look farther, came back after hav
ing made a pretty thorough inspection all over the
civilized world, and camped outside of the home of
a girl in our class until she admitted that he looked
better to her than any of the rising young business
men who had bisected her orbit in the last ten years.
They 're to be married this spring and I 'm going
back to the wedding. Incidentally I 'm going to help
pay for three more silver cups. We give a silver cup
to each class baby and each frat baby, and I Ve been
looking around this past year for a place where we
can buy them by the dozen.
Weddings ! Why, man, a co-educational college is
a wedding factory. What of it? As far as I can
see, Old Siwash produces as many governors, con
gressmen and captains of industry to the graduate
as any of the single-track schools. And I notice one
thing more. You don't find any of our college couples
hanging around the divorce courts. There is a
peculiar sort of stickiness about college marriages.
226 At Good Old Siwash
They are for keeps. When a Siwash couple does n't
have anything else agreeable to talk about it can
sit down and have a lovely three months' conversation
on the good old times. It takes a mighty acrimonious
quarrel to stand a college reunion around a breakfast
table. Take it from me, you lonesome old space-
waster, with nothing but a hatrack to give you an
affectionate welcome when you come home at night,
there is no better place on earth to find good wife
material than a college campus. Of course I don't
think a man should go to college to find a wife; but
if his foot should slip, and he should marry a girl
whose sofa pillows have the same reading matter on
them as there is on his, there 's nothing to yell for
help about. Ten to one he 's drawn a prize. Girls
who go through co-educational colleges are extra fine,
hand-picked, sun-ripened, carefully wrapped-up
peaches — and I know what I 'm talking about.
How do I know ? Heavens, man ! did n't I go
through the Siwash peach orchard for four years?
Don't I know the game from candy to carriages ?
Did n't I spend every spring in a light pink haze of
perfect bliss ? And was n't all the Latin and Greek
and trigonometry and athletic junk crowded out of
my memory at the end of every college year by the
face of the most utterly, superlatively marvelous girl
in the world ? And was n't it a different face every
spring? Oh, I took the entire course in girlology,
Sam! I never skipped a single recitation. I got a
Summa Cum Laudissimus in strolling, losing frat
Cupid — That Old CoUege Chum 227
pins, talking futures and acquiring hand-made pen
nants. And the only bitter thought I 've got is that
I can't come back.
You '11 never realize, my boy, how old Pa Time
roller-skates by until you go back to a co-ed college
ten years afterward. Here, in the busy mart of
trade, I 'm a promising young infant who has got
to " Yes, sir " and " No, sir " to the big ones, and
be good and get to work on time for thirty years
before I will be trusted to run a monopoly alone on
a quiet day; but back on the Siwash Campus, Sam,
I 'm a patriarch. That 's one reason why I don't
go back. I 'm married and I don't care to be madly
sought after, but also I don't care to make a hit as
a fine old antique for a while yet, thank you. When
I am forty, and have gummed up my digestion in
the dollar-herding game until I wheeze for breath
when I run up a column of figures, I '11 go back and
have a nice comfy time in the grandpa class. But
not now. The only difference between a thirty-year-
old alumnus and the mummy of Rameses, to a college
girl, is in favor of the mummy. It does n't come
around and ask for dances.
I suppose, Sam, you think you Ve been all lit up
under the upper left-hand vest pocket over one or
two girls in your time, but I don't believe a fellow
can fall in love so far over his ears anywhere in the
world as he can in Siwash College. That 's only
natural, for the finest girls in the world go to Siwash
— except one girl who went to another school by acci-
228 At Good Old Siwash
dent and whom I ran across about three years ago
wearing an Alfalfa Delt pin. I '11 take you up to
the house to see her some time. She was too nice a
girl to wear an Alfalfa Delt pin and I just naturally
had to take it off and put on an Eta Bita Pie pin;
and somehow in the proceedings we got married —
and all I have to say about it is three cheers for the
universe !
Anyway, as I was saying, it was as easy to fall in
love at Siwash as it was to forget to go to chapel. We
got along all right in the fall. We liked the girls
enormously and were always smashing up some foot
ball team just to please them. And, of course, we
kept ourselves all stove up financially during the win
ter hauling them to parties and things in Jonesville's
nine varnished cabs. It took about as much money to
support those cabs as it does to run a fleet of battle
ships. But it was in the spring that the real fireworks
began. Suddenly, about the first Wednesday after
the third Friday in April, the ordinary Siwash man
discovers that some girl whom he has known all year
isn't a girl at all, but a peachblow angel who is
just stopping on earth to make a better man of him
and show him what a dull, pifflish thing Paradise
would be without her. Life becomes a series of awful
blank spots, with walks on the campus between them.
He can't get his calculus because he is busy figuring
on a much more difficult problem; he is trying to
figure whether three dances with some other fellow
mean anything more to Her than charity. He gets
Cupid — That Old College Chum 229
cold chills every time lie reflects that at any minute
a member of some royal family may pass by and
notice Her, and that he will have to promote inter
national spasms by hashing him. He realizes that
he has misspent his life ; that football is a boy busi
ness; that frats are foolish, and that there ought to
be a law giving every college graduate a job paying
at least two thousand dollars a year on graduation.
He is nervous, feverish, depressed, inspired, anxious,
oblivious, glorified, annihilated, encouraged and all
cluttered up with emotion. The planet was invented
for the purpose of letting Her dig Her number three
heels into it on spring afternoons. Sunshine is im
portant because Her hair looks better with the light
on it. Every time She frowns the weather bureau
hangs out a tornado signal, and every time She smiles
somebody puts a light-blue sash around the horizon
and a double row of million-candle-power calcium
lights clear down the future, as far as he can see.
That 's what love does to a college boy in spring.
It 's a kind of rose-colored brainstorm, but it very
seldom has complications. By the next fall, the
ozone is out of the air; and after a couple has gone
strolling about twice, football and the sorority rushes
butt in — and it 's all over. Freshman girls are a
help, too. Beats all how much assistance a Freshman
girl can be in forgetting a Senior girl who is n't on
the premises! Even in the spring-fever period we
didn't get engaged to any extent. The nearest I
ever came to it was to ask the light of my life for
230 At Good Old Siwash
ninety-several if she would wear my frat pin forever
and ever until next fall. And, let me tell you, there
wasn't any local of the Bondholders' Union on the
Siwash Campus. That 's another place where you
soubrette worriers have us figured out wrong. Rush
ing a Siwash girl was about as distant a proposition
for us as trying to snuggle up to the planets in the
telescopic astronomy course. For cool, pleasant and
skillful unapproachability, a co-ed girl breaks all
records. We just worshiped them as higher beings,
and I find that a lot of Siwash boys who have married
Siwash girls are still a little bit dazed about the
whole affair. They can't figure how they ever had
the nerve to start real businesslike negotiations.
This very high-class insulation in our love affairs
caused us fellows a lot of woe once in a while. You
never could tell whether or not a girl was engaged
to some fellow back home. We did n't get imperti
nent enough to ask. I think there ought to be a law
compelling a girl who comes to college engaged to
some rising young merchant prince in the country
store back home to wear an engagement ring around
her neck, where it can be easily seen. More than
once, a Siwash man who had been conservative
enough to worship the same girl right through his
college course and who had proposed to her on the
last night of school, when the open season for thou-
beside-me talk began, has found that all the time
some chap has been writing her a letter a day and
that she has only regarded the Siwash man as a
Cupid — That Old CoUege Chum 231
kind friend, and so on. Never will I forget when
Frankling got stung that way ! Of course we did n't
generally know when a tragedy of this sort happened,
but in his case he brought it on himself. If he
had n't made a furry-eared songbird out of himself
when Ole Skjarsen drew his girl at the Senior class
party —
You want to know about this girl lottery business,
you say ? Well, it 's plain that I shall have to begin
right back at the beginning of the Siwash social sys
tem and educate you a little at a time. Now this
class party drawing is an institution which has been
handed down at Siwash ever since the ancients went
to school before the war. You see, at Siwash, as at
most colleges, there is the fraternity problem. The
frat men give parties to the sorority girls as often as
the Dean of Women will stand for it, and every one
gets gorgeously acquainted and extremely sociable.
The non-f ratters go to the Y. M. C. A. reception at
the beginning of each year and to the Commencement
exercises, and that 's about all. Of course they pick
up lots of friends among the non-sorority girls ; and
I guess D. Cupid solders up about as many jobs among
them as he does among the others. But there is n't
much chance for these two tribes to mix. That was
why the class lottery was invented. It has been a
custom at Siwash, ever since there has been a Siwash,
for each class to hold a party each year. Now class
parties are held in order that pure and perfect
democracy may be promoted, and it is necessary to
232 At Good Old Siwash
take violent measures to shuffle up the people and get
every one interested. So they draw for partners.
The class which is ahout to effervesce socially holds
a meeting. At this meeting the names of all the men
are put in one hat and the names of all the girls in
another. Then two judges of impregnable honesty
draw out a name from each hat simultaneously and
read them to the class.
When I was at Siwash a class party was the most
exciting event in college. For uncertainty and breath-
grabbing anxiety they made the football games seem
as tame as a church election. Of course everybody
can't be a Venus de Milo or an Apollo with a Beveled
Ear, as Petey Simmons used to call him. Every
class has its middle-aged young ladies, who are at
tending college to rest up from ten or fifteen years of
school-teaching, and its tall young agriculturalists
with restless Adam's apples, whose idea of being
socially interesting is to sit all evening in the same
chair making a noise like one of those $7.78-suit
dummies. That 's what made the class lotteries so in
teresting. The plow-chasers drew the prettiest girls
in the class and the most accomplished fusser among
the fellows usually drew a girl who would make the
manager of a beauty parlor utter a sad shriek and
throw up his job. Of course every one was bound in
honor to take what came out of the hat. Nobody
flinched and nobody renigged, but there was a lot of
suppressed excitement and well-modulated regret.
I have been reasonably wicked since I left college.
Cupid — That Old CoUege Chum 233
Once or twice I have slapped down a silver dollar
or thereabout and have watched the little ball roll
round and round a pocket that meant a wagon-load
of tainted tin for me; and once in a while I have
placed five dollars on a pony of uncertain ability
and have watched him go from ninth to second
before he blew up. But I never got half the heart-
ripping suspense out of these pastimes that I did out
of a certain few party drawings, when I waited for
my name to come out and wondered, while I looked
across the hall at the girl section, whether I was
going to draw the one girl in the world, any one of
four or five mighty interesting runners-up, or the
fat little girl in the corner with ropy hair and the
general look of a person who had had a bright idea a
few years before and had been convalescing from it
ever since.
Talk about excitement and consequences! Those
drawings kept us on the jump until the parties were
pulled off. Generally the proud beauties who had
been drawn by the midnight-oil destroyers did not
know them, and some one had to steer the said de
stroyers around to be introduced. What with drag
ging bashful young chaps out to call and then seeing
that they did n't freeze up below the ankles and get
sick on the night of the party ; and what with teach
ing them the rudiments of waltzing and giving them
pointers on lawn ties ; or how to charter a good sea
worthy hack in case the girl lived on an unpaved
street; and bracing up the fellows who had drawn
234 At Good Old Siwash
blanks, and going to call on the blanks we had drawn
and getting gloriously snubbed — give me a wall
flower for thorns ! — well, it was no cinch to run a
class party. But they were grand affairs, just the
same, and promoted true fellowship, besides furnish
ing amusement for the whole college in the off season.
And, besides, I always remember them with gratitude
for what they did to Frankling.
You know there are two kinds of fussers in college.
There is the chap like Petey Simmons, for instance,
whose heart was a directory of Siwash girls; and
there is the fellow who grabs one girl and stakes out
claim boards all around her for the whole four years.
That was Frankling's style. He was what we always
called a married man. He and Pauline Spencer were
the closest corporation in college. They entered
school in the same class, and he called on her every
Friday night at Browning Hall and took her to
every party and lecture and entertainment for the
next three and a half years — except, of course, the
class parties. It was one of our chief delights to
watch Frankling grind his teeth when some lowbrow
— as he called them — drew her name. She always
had rotten luck — you never saw such luck! Once
Ettleson drew her. He was a tall, silent farmer, who
wore boots and a look of gloom ; and he marched her
through a mile of mud to the hall without saying a
word, handed her to the reception committee and
went over to a corner, where he sat all evening. But
that wasn't so bad as the Junior she drew. His
Cupid — That Old College Chum 235
name was Slaughter. His father had a dairy at the
edge of Jonesville and Slaughter decided that, as the
night was cold and rainy, a carriage would be appro
priate. So he scrubbed up the milk wagon thor
oughly, put a lot of nice, clean straw on the floor,
hung a lantern from the top for heat and drove her
down to the party in state. She was game and did n't
make a murmur, but Frankling made a pale-gray ass
of himself. As I said, I never liked Frankling. He
had a nasty, sneering way of looking at the whole
school, except his own crowd. His father owned the
locomotive works and he always went to Europe for
his summers. He was one of those unnecessary indi
viduals who are solemnly convinced that if you don't
do things just as they do something is lacking in your
mind; and, though he was perfectly bred, he was
only about half as pleasant to have around as a well-
behaved hyena.
I never could see what Miss Spencer saw in him,
unless it was the locomotives. As far as we could
tell — we never got much chance to judge — she was
a real nice girl. She was a little haughty and never
had much to say, and always acted as if she was
a princess temporarily off the job. But she was a
good scout, and proved it at the class parties by
making it as pleasant as she could for the nervous
nobodies who took her; while the yellow streak in
Frankling was so broad there was n't enough white
in him to look like a collar. That 's why the whole
college went crazy with delight over the Ole Skjarsen
236 At Good Old Siwash
affair. — Last station, ladies and gents. Story be
gins here.
When we were Seniors Ole Skjarsen was the chief
embarrassment of the class. As a football player he
was a wonder, but as a society fritterling he was one
long catastrophe. He just could n't possibly get hep
— that was all. He was as companionable and as
good-natured as a St. Bernard pup and just as incon
venient to have around. He dressed like a vaudeville
sketch, and the number of things he could do in an
hour, which are not generally done in low-vest and
low-neck circles, was appalling. [However we all
loved Ole because of his grand and historic deeds
on the team, and we took him to our parties and
never so much as fell out of our chairs when he took
off his coat in order to dance with more comfort
and energy. The girls were as loyal as we were and
danced with him as long as their feet held out, and
we made them leather hero medals and really had a
lot of fun out of the whole business — all except
Frankling. It just about killed him to ihave to
mingle with Ole socially ; and when the time for the
Senior class party drew near he got so nervous that
he called a meeting of a few of us fellows and made
a big kick.
" I tell you, fellows, this has got to stop ! " he de
clared. " We 've encouraged this lumber-jack until
he has gotten too fresh for any use. Why, he '11 ask
any girl in the college to dance with him, and he
goes and calls on them, too. Now, it 's up to us to
Cupid — That Old College Chum 237
show him his place. I 'm dead against putting his
name in the hat for the party. He '11 be sure to
draw a girl who will be humiliated by having to go
with him; and I have a little too much regard for
chivalry and courtesy to allow him to do it. We '11
just have to hint to him that he 'd better have an
other engagement the night of the class party, that 's
all."
Thereupon we all rose joyously up and told Frank-
ling to go jump in the creek. And he called us
muckers and declared we were ignorant of the first
principles of social ethics. He said that Skjarsen
might be near enough our level to be inoffensive, but
as for him he declined to have anything to do with
the class party. Thereupon we gave three cheers,
and that made him so mad that he left the meeting
and fell over three chairs trying to do it with speed
and dignity. Altogether it was a most enjoyable
occasion. We 'd never gotten quite so much satis
faction out of him before.
The drawing took place the next week and, sure
enough, Frankling declined to allow his name to be
put in the hat. We put Ole's name in and were
prepared to have him draw a Class A girl ; but what
happened knocked the props out from under us. His
name came fourth and he drew the mortgaged and
unapproachable Miss Spencer.
We did n't know whether to celebrate or prepare
for trouble. It seemed reasonable that Miss Spencer
would back up Frankling and reduce Ole to an icicle
238 At Good Old Siwash
when lie asked her to go with him. But the next
morning, when we saw Frankling, we were so happy
that we forgot to worry. He was one large paroxysm.
I never saw so much righteous indignation done up
in one bundle. He cornered the class officers and de
clared in passionate tones that they had committed
the outrage of the century. They had insulted one
of the finest young women in the college. They had
made it advisable for all persons of culture to remain
away from Siwash. The disgrace must not be al
lowed. He didn't speak as a friend, but as a dis
interested party who wanted justice done; and he
proposed to secure it.
We took all this quite humbly and asked him why
he didn't see Ole himself and order him to unhand
the lady. From the way he turned pale, we guessed
he had done that already. Ole weighed two-twenty
in his summer hair-cut and was quick-tempered. We
then asked him why he did n't buy Ole off. We also
asked him why he did n't shut down the college, and
why he didn't have Congress pass a law or some
thing, and if his head had ever pained him before.
He was tearing off his collar in order to answer more
calmly and collectedly when Ole came into the room.
Ole had combed his hair and shined his shoes, and
he had on the pink-and-blue necktie that he had worn
the month before to the annual promenade with a
rented dress suit. He seemed very cheerful.
" Veil, fallers," says he, " das leetle Spencer gal
ban all rite. She say she go by me to das party.
Cupid — That Old College Chum 239
Ve ban goin' stylish tu, Aye bet yu." Then he saw
Frankling and went over to him with his hand out.
" Don't yu care, Master Frankling," he said, with
one of his transcontinental smiles. " Aye tak yust
sum good care by her lak Aye ban her steddy faller."
Phew!
Ole took Miss Spencer to the party. There is n't
a bit of doubt but that he took her in style. He put
more care and exertion into the job than any of the
rest of us and he got more impressive results. Ole
has his ideas about dress. Ordinarily he wore one
of those canned suits that you buy in the coat-and-
pants emporiums, giving your age and waist measure
in order to get a perfect fit. He wore a celluloid
collar with it and a necktie that must have been an
heirloom in the family; and he wore a straw hat
most of the year. He wore each one till it blew away
and then got another. This rig was good enough for
Ole in ordinary little social affairs, but when it came
to dances and receptions he blossomed out in evening
clothes. He had made a bargain with a second-hand
clothes-man downtown — split his wood all winter
for the use of a dress suit that had lost its position
in a prominent family and was going downhill fast.
You know how the tailors work the dress-suit racket.
They can't exactly change the style of a suit — it 's
got to be open-faced and have tails — but they work
in some little improvement like a braid on or off,
or an extra buttonhole, or a flare in the vest each
240 At Good Old Siwash
year; so that a really bang-up-to-date chap would
blush all over if he had to wear a last year's model.
I notice the automobile makers are doing the same
stunt. They can't improve their cars any more, so
they put fore doors on one year, cut 'em in two the
next and take them off the year after.
This has n't anything to do with Ole except that
that dress suit of his was behind the times one hun
dred and two counts. It had been a fat man's suit
in the first place. It fitted him magnificently at the
shoulders. He and the suit began to leave each other
from that point down. At the waist it looked like a
deflated balloon. The top of the trousers fitted him
about as snugly as a round manhole in the street.
The legs flapped like the mainsail of a catboat that 's
coming about. They ended some time before his own
legs did and there was quite a little stretch of yarn
sock visible before the big tan shoes began. Ole had
two acres of feet and he polished his shoes himself,
with great care. They were not so large as an ordinary
ballroom, but somehow he used them so skillfully
that they gave the effect of covering the entire space.
Four times around Ole's feet constituted a pretty
fair encore at our dances ; and I Ve seen him pen
up as many as three couples in a corner with them
when he got those feet tangled.
That was Ole's formal costume. But he did n't
regard it with awe. Any one could wear a dress suit.
It seemed to him that a Senior party to which he
was to escort Miss Spencer was too important to pass
Cupid — That Old CoUege Chum 241
airily off with the same old suit. He had another
card up his sleeve.
" Aye ent tal yu," he explained when we asked
him anxiously what it was he proposed to wear.
" Yust vait. Aye ban de hull show, Aye tank. Yu
fallers yust put on your yumpin'-yack suits. Aye
mak yu look lak torta cent."
Of course we waited. We didn't have anything
else to do. We worried a little, but we had gotten
used to Ole, anyway — and what was the difference ?
It would be a little hard on Miss Spencer, but it
would be magnificently horrible to Frankling, who
considered that a collar of the wrong cut might en
danger a man's whole future career. So we resigned
ourselves and attended to our own troubles.
The night of the party was a cold, clear January
evening. There was snow on the ground and it was
packed hard on the sidewalks. This was nuts for
the oil-burners. They walked their girls to the hall.
Four of the reckless ones clubbed together and hired
a big closed carriage affair from the livery stable.
It happened to be a pallbearers' carriage during tho
daytime, but they didn't know the difference and
the girls did n't tell them ; and what you don't know
will never cause your poor old brain to ache. We
frat fellows blew our hard-worked allowances for
varnished cabs and thereby proved ourselves the big
gest suckers in the bunch. To this day I can't see
why a girl who can dance all night, and can stroll
all afternoon of a winter's day, has to be hauled three
242 At Good Old Siwash
blocks in a two-horse rig every time she goes to a
party. The money we spent on cabs while I was at
Siwash would have built a new stadium, painted every
frat house in town and endowed a chair of United
States languages. But, there ! — I 'm on my pet
hobby again. How it did hurt to pay for those
hacks!
I got there late with my girl — she was a shy little
conservatory student, who evidently regarded conver
sation as against the rules — and I found the usual
complications that had to be sorted out at the begin
ning of every class party. Stiffy Short was sore. He
was short five dances for his girl — had been working
on her program for a week — and he accused the
fellows of dodging because she could n't dance ; and
was threatening to be taken sick and spend the evening
in the dressing room smoking cigarettes. Miss
Worthington, one of our Class A girls, did n't have
a dance, because Tullings, who had drawn her, had
presumed that she was to sit and talk with him all
evening. Petey Simmons was in even worse. His
girl couldn't dance, but insisted on doing so. She
had done it the year before, too. Petey had been
training up for two weeks by tugging his dresser
around the room. Then there was Glenallen. We
always had to form a committee of national defense
against Glenallen. He could n't dance, either, and he
would insist on hitching his chair out towards the
middle of the room. I Ve seen him throw as many as
four couples in a night. And there was a telephone call
Cupid — That Old College Chum 243
from Miss Morse, class secretary and first-magnitude
star. Her escort had n't shown up. He never did
show up. When we went around to lynch him the
next day he explained desperately that at the last
minute he found he had forgotten to get a lawn
necktie. You know how a little thing like a lawn
necktie that ain't can wreck an evening dress, unless
you are an old enough head to cut up a handkerchief
and fold the ends under.
We had gotten things pretty well straightened out
before we discovered that Ole was missing. That
would never do. If Miss Spencer needed rescuing
we were the boys to do it. Three of us rushed down
the stairs to send a carriage over to Browning Hall,
and that minute Ole arrived at the party.
He had worn his very best — the suit he was
proudest of and the one he knew could n't be dupli
cated. It was his lumber-camp rig — corduroy trou
sers, big boots and overshoes, red flannel shirt, canvas
pea-jacket and fur cap. He came marching up the
walk like the hero in a moving-picture show and we
thought he was alone till he reached the door. Then
we saw Miss Spencer. She was seated in state be
hind him on one of those hand-sledges the farmers
use for hauling cordwood. There were evergreen
boughs behind her and all around her, and she was
so wrapped up in a huge camp blanket that all we
could see of her was her eyes.
We gave Ole three cheers and carried Miss Spencer
upstairs on the evergreen boughs. The two were
244 At Good Old Siwash
the hits of the party. We never had a better one.
The incident broke more ice than we could have
chopped out in a month with all the dull-edged talk
we had been handing around. Every one had a good
laugh by way of a general introduction and then we
all turned in and made things hum. The wallflowers
got plucked. Somebody taught the president of the
Y. M. C. A. how to waltz and poor Henry Boggs for
got for two hours that he had hands and feet, and
that they were beyond his control. It was a tremen
dous success; we were so enthusiastic by the time
things broke up that we told the cabmen to go hang
and all walked home to the Hall, the men fighting
for a chance to pull on the sledge-rope with Ole.
Hold on, Sam. Put down your hat. This is n't
the end, thank you. It 's just the prologue. Of course
we all expected, when Ole unloaded Miss Spencer
at the Hall and she bade him good evening, and
thanked him for her delightful time and so on, that
the incident would be closed. Never dreamed of any
thing else. Lumber- jack suits and cordwood sledges
are fine for novelties, but they can't come back, you
know — once is enough. And that 's why we fell
dead in rows when Ole, straw hat and all, walked
over to Lab. from chapel with Miss Spencer the next
day — and she did n't call for the police. We
could n't have stared any harder if the college chapel
had bowed and walked off with her. And we had n't
Tecovered from the blow when Friday night rolled
around and those of us who went to call at the Hall
Cupid — That Old CoUege Chum 245
found Ole seated in Frankling's particular corner,
entertaining Miss Spencer with an average of one
remark a minute, which, so far as we could hear, con
sisted generally of " Aye tank so " and " No, ma'am."
By this time we had decided that Frankling was
sulking and that Miss Spencer was showing him that
if she wanted to be friendly with Ole, or the town
pump, or the plaster statue of Victory in the college
library, she had a perfect right to. I guess she
showed him all right, too, for after a couple of weeks
he surrendered and then the queerest rivalry Siwash
had ever seen began. Frankling, son of the locomo
tive works, authority on speckled vests and cotillons,
was scrapping with Ole Skjarsen, the cuffless wonder
from the lumber camps, for the affections of the
prettiest girl in college. ~No wonder we got so inter
ested that spring that most of us forgot to fall in
love ourselves.
I don't to this day believe that Miss Spencer
meant a word of it. I think that she was simply
good-natured, in the first place, and that, when
Frankling began to bite little semicircular pieces out
of the air, she began mixing her drinks, so to speak,
just for the excitement of the thing. Anyway,
Frankling walked over to chapel with her and Ole
lumbered back. Frankling took her to the basket
ball games and Ole took her to the Kiowa debate and
slept peacefully through most of it. Frankling bought
a beautiful little trotting horse and sleigh and took
Miss Spencer on long rides. In Siwash, young people
246 At Good Old Siwash
do not have chaperons, guards, nurses nor conserva
tors. That was a knockout, we all thought; but it
never feazed Ole. He invited Miss Spencer to go
street-car riding with him and she did it. Some of
us found them bumping over the line in one of the
flat-wheeled catastrophes that the Jonesville Company
called cars — and Miss Spencer did n't even blush.
She bowed to us just as unconcernedly as if she
was n't breaking all long-distance records for eccen
tricity in Siwash history.
Frankling dodged the whole college and got wild
in the eyes. He looked like an eminent statesman
who was being compelled to act as barker in a circus
against his will. It must have churned up his vitals
to do his sketch act with Ole; but when you have
had one of those four-year cases, and it has gotten
tangled up in your past and future, you can't always
dictate just what you are going to do. It was plain
to see that Miss Spencer had Frankling hooked, hal
tered, hobbled, staked out, Spanish-bitted, wrapped up
and stamped with her name and laid on the shelf to
be called for; and it was just as evident that she
considered he would be all the nicer if she walked
around on him for a while and massaged his dis
position a little with her little French heels.
So Frankling continued to divide time with Ole,
and all the fellows whom he had insulted about their
neckties and all the girls whom he had forgotten to
dance with sat around in perfect content and watched
the show.
He invited Miss Spencer to go street-car
riding with him
Page 246
Cupid — That Old CoUege Chum 247
We all thought it would wear out after a few
weeks. But it did n't. The semester recess came
and, when college assembled again, Ole cut Frankling
out for the athletic ball as neatly as if he had been
in the girl game all his life. Frankling countered
with the promenade two weeks later, but he went clear
to the ropes when Miss Spencer came out one fine
morning at chapel with Ole's football charm — the
one he had won the year the team had annihilated
two universities and seven assorted colleges. He came
back gamely and decorated her with fraternity hat
pins, cuff buttons, belt buckles and side combs; and
on the strength of it he got three Friday evenings in
a row. That might have jarred any one but Ole.
But he came up smiling and took Miss Spencer to a
Y. M. C. A. social, where he bought her four dishes
of ice cream and had to be almost violently restrained
from offering her the whole freezer.
Winter wore out and spring came. Frankling
brought the whole resources of the locomotive works
into play. He got a private car and took a party
off to the Kiowa baseball game, with Miss Spencer as
guest of honor. He bombarded her with imported
candy and American beauties, and cluttered up the
spring with a series of whist parties, which butted
into the social calendar something frabjous. Ole
plowed right along with his own peculiar style of
argument. He met the private-car business with a
straw ride and his prize offering was a hunk of spruce
gum from his pine woods, as big as your two fists;
248 At Good Old Siwash
and, so far as we could see, the gum got exactly the
same warmth of reception as the candy — though it
did n't disappear with anywhere near the rapidity.
As April went by, we Seniors got busy with the
first awful preliminaries of Commencement. It be
gan to be considered around college that Senior Day
would settle the affair one way or the other. Senior
Day is the last event of Commencement Week at
Siwash and more engagements have been announced
formally or otherwise that day than at any other time.
If a Senior man and girl, who had been making a
rather close study of each other, walked out on the
campus together after the exercises and took in the
corporation dinner at noon side by side, no one hesi
tated about offering congratulations. They might not
be exactly due, but it was a sign that there was going
to be an awful lot of nice-looking stationery spoiled
by the two after the sad partings were said. Now we
did n't have a doubt that either Frankling or Ole
would amble proudly down between the lilac rows
on Class Day with Miss Spencer, under the good old
pretense of helping her locate the dinner-tables a
hundred yards away; and betting on the affair got
pretty energetic. Day after day the odds varied.
When Frankling broke closing-time rules at Browning
Hall by a good thirty minutes some two-to-one money
was placed on him. When Ole and Miss Spencer
cut chapel the next day the odds promptly switched.
You could get takers on either side at any time, but
I think the odds favored Ole a little. You can't help
Cupid — That Old College Chum 249
boosting your preferences with your good money. It 's
like betting on your college team.
Commencement Week came and, although we were
Seniors, we went through it without hardly noticing
the scenery. We watched Ole and Frankling all
through Baccalaureate, and when Ole won a twenty-
yard dash across the church and over several of us,
and marched down the street with Miss Spencer, it
looked as if all was over but the Mendelssohn busi
ness. But Frankling had her in a box at the class
play the next night. How could you pay any attention
to the glorious threshold of life and the expiring gasps
of dear college days with a race like that on !
Commencement was on Wednesday and Senior Day
was Thursday. Up to Wednesday night it was an
even break — steen points all. One of the two had
won. We hadn't a doubt of it. But, if both men
had been born poker players, drawing to fill, in a
jack-pot that had been sweetened nine times, you
couldn't have told less to look at them. Frankling
was as glum as ever and Ole had the same reenforced-
concrete expression of innocence that he used to wear
while he was getting off the ball behind somebody's
goal line, after having carried it the length of the
field. We were discussing the thing that night on the
porch of the Eta Bita Pie house and were putting
up a few final bets when Ole came up, carpet-bag in
hand and his diploma under his arm, and bade us
good-by. He was going out on the midnight train
— going away for good.
250 At Good Old Siwash
For a minute you could have heard the grass grow
ing. If Ole was going away that night it meant just
one thing: the cruel Miss Spencer had tossed him
over and he was bumping the bumps downward into
a cold and cheerless future. We were so sorry we
could hardly speak for a minute. Then Allie Bangs
got up and put his arm as far across Ole's shoulder
as it would go.
" By thunder, I 'm sorry, old chap ! " he said
huskily.
For a man who had just had an air-castle fall on
his neck, Ole did n't talk very dejectedly. " Vy yu
ban sorry ? " he demanded. " Aye got gude yob St.
Paul vay. De boss write me Aye skoll come Friday.
Aye ent care to be late first t'ing."
" But, Ole — " Bangs began. Then he stopped.
You can't bawl out a question about another man's
love affairs before a whole mob.
" Yu fallers ban fine tu me," Ole began again.
" Aye lak yu bully ! Ven yu come by St. Paul, take
Yim Hill's railroad and come to Sven Akerson's
camp, femt'n mile above Lars Hjellersen's gang. Aye
ban boss of Sven's camp now. Aye gat yu gude time
and plenty flapyack."
He turned to go. Allie and I got up and walked
firmly down the walk with him. We were going to
be relieved of our suspense if we had to buy the
information.
" Now, Ole," said Allie, grabbing his carpet-bag,
" you know we 're not going to let you go down to the
Cupid — That Old College Chum 251
train alone. Besides, we want to know if everything
is all right with you. You know we love you.
We 're for you, Ole. You — you and Miss Spencer
parting good friends ? "
" Yu bet ! " said Ole enthusiastically. " She ban
fine gur'rl, Aye tal yu. Sum day Aye ban sending
her deerskin from lumber camp."
Bangs braced up again. " Er — you and Miss
Spencer — er — not engaged, are you ? " he said, the
way a fellow goes at it when he is diving into cold
water. Ole looked around in perfect good humor.
" Get married by each odder ? " he said. " Yee whiz !
no, Master Bangs. She ban nice gur'rl. It ent any
nicer in Siwash College. But she kent cook. She
kent build fire in woodstove. She kent wash. She
kent bake flatbrot. She kent make close. She yust
ban purty, like picture. Vat for Aye vant to marry
picture gallery ? Aye ban tu poor f aller fur picture
gallery, Aye tank."
" But, Ole," says I, jumping in, " you Ve been
rushing the girl all winter as if your life depended
on it. What did you mean by that ? "
Ole turned around patiently and sat down on the
steps of the First Methodist Church, which happened
to be passing just then. " Veil, Aye tal yu," he ex
plained. " Miss Spencer she ban nice tu me. She
go tu class party 'nd ent give dam vat das Frankling
f aller say. Aye ent forget dat, Aye tal yu; 'nd, by
yimmuny Christmas! Aye show her gude time all
right." "
252 At Good Old Siwash
We took Ole to the station and sat down to rest
three times on the way back. So all that terrific
performance was a reward for Miss Spencer ! " O
gratitude ! " says the poet, " how many crimes are
committed in thy name ! "
We were so dazed that night that it did n't occur
to us to wonder why Miss Spencer stood for all the
gratitude. But the next day, when the exercises were
over, that young lady stepped down from the platform
and was met by a tall chap whom she later introduced
to us as a friend of the family from her home town.
You can always spot these family friends by the way
the girl blushes when she introduces them. Miss
Spencer wore a fine new diamond ring and we knew
what it meant. It was just another case where the
girl came to school and the man stayed at home and
built a seven-room house on a prominent corner four
blocks from his hardware store and waited — and
tried not to get any more jealous than possible. I
suppose Miss Spencer used Ole as a sort of para
chute to let Frankling down easily at the last Any
way, we wiped the whole affair off the slate after that.
She was n't one of us, anyway. Made us shiver to
think of her. What if one of us had sailed in the
Freshman year and cut Frankling out!
•
CHAPTEE X
VOTES FROM WOMEN
DO I BELIEVE in woman's suffrage? Cer
tainly, if you do, Miss Allstairs. As I sit here,
where I could n't help seeing you frown if I did n't
please you, I favor anything you favor. If you want
the women to vote just hand me the ax and show
me the man who would prevent them. If you think
the women should play the baseball of our country
it 's all right with me. I '11 help pass a law making
it illegal for Hans Wagner to hang around a ball park
except as water-boy. If you believe that women ought
to wear three-story hats in theaters —
No, I 'm not making fun of you. I hope I may
never be allowed to lug a box of Frangipangi's best
up your front steps again if I am. If you want the
women to vote, Miss Allstairs, just breathe the word,
and I '11 go out and start a suffragette mob as soon
as ever I can find a brick. And I would be a powerful
advocate, too. You can't tell me that women would n't
be able to handle the ballot. You can't tell me they
would get their party issues mixed up with their
party gowns. I Ve seen them vote and I 've seen them
play politics. And let me tell you, when woman gets
254 At Good Old Siwash
the vote man will totter right back to the kitchen and
prepare the asparagus for supper, just to be out of
harm's way. His good old arguments about the glory
of the nation, the rising price of wheat and the grand
record of those sterling patriots who have succeeded
in getting their names on the government payroll won't
get him to first base when women vote. He '11 have
to learn the game all over again, and the first ninety-
nine years' course of study will be that famous sub
ject, " Woman."
How do I know so much about it ? Just as I told
you. I 've been through the mill. I 've seen women
vote. I 've tried to get them to vote my way. I 've
never herded humming birds or drilled goldfishes in
close formation, but I 'd take the job cheerfully. It
would be just a rest cure after four years' experience
in persuading a large voting body of beautiful and
fascinating young women to vote the ticket straight
and to let me name the ticket.
Oh, no ! I never lived in Colorado, and I never was
a polygamist in Utah, thank you. I 'm nothing but
an alumnus of Siwash College, which, as you know,
is co-educational to a heavenly degree. I 'm just a
young alumnus with about eighty-nine gray hairs
scattered around in my thatch. Each one of those
gray hairs represents a vote gathered by me from
some Siwash co-ed in the cause of liberty and progress
and personal friends. Eighty-nine was my total score.
Took me four years to get 'em, working seven days in
the week and forty weeks in the year. I 'm no brass-
Votes From Women 255
finished and splash-lubricated politician, but I '11 bet
I could go out in any election and cord up that many
votes with whiskers on them in three days. " Votes
for Women " is a fine sentiment and very appropriate,
Miss Allstairs, but " Votes from Women " has always
been the motto under which I have fought and been
bled — I beg your pardon ; that just slipped out acci
dentally. Of course there was nothing of the sort
possible. Now there is n't the slightest use of your
getting angry and making me feel like an Arctic ex
plorer in a linen suit. If you insist I '11 go out on
the front porch and sit there a few weeks until you
forgive me, but that 's the very best I can do for you.
I will positively not erase myself from your list of
acquaintances. When a man has been hanging around
the world in a bored way for thirty-two years, just
waiting for Fate to catch up with its assignments and
trundle you along within my range in order to give
the sun a rest —
Oh, well — if you forgive me of course I '11 stop
anything you say. Though really, now, that was n't
joshing. It came from the depths. Anyway, as I
was saying, " Votes from Women " — excuse me,
please ; I fell off there once and I 'm going to go
slow — " Votes from Women " was the burning ques
tion back at Siwash when I infested the campus. The
women had the votes already — no use agitating that.
The big question was getting 'em back when we needed
them. You see, the Faculty always insisted on regu
lating athletics more or less and on organizing things
256 At Good Old Siwash
for us — did n't believe we mere college youths could
get an organization together according to Hoyle, or
whoever drew up the rules of disorder in college
societies, without the help of some skyscraper-browed
professor. So they saw fit to organize what they
called a general athletic association. Every student
who paid a dollar was enrolled as a member, with a
vote and the privilege of blowing a horn in a lady
or gentleman like manner at all college games. And
just to assure a large membership, the faculty made a
rule that the dollar must be paid by all students with
their tuition at the beginning of the year. That, of
course, enrolled the whole college, girls and all, in the
Athletic Association. And it was the Athletic Asso
ciation that raised the money to pay for the college
teams and hired the coaches and greased old Si-
wash's way to glory every fall during the football
season.
Now this did n't bother any for a few years. The
men went to the meetings and voted, and the girls
stayed at home and made banners for the games.
Everything was lovely and comfortable. Then one
day, in my Freshman year just before the election,
there was a crack in the slate and the Shi Belts saw
a chance to elect one of their men president — it
was n't their turn that year, but you never could
trust the Shi Delts politically any farther than you
could kick a steam roller. They put up their man
and there was a little campaign for about three hours
that got up to eleven hundred revolutions a minute.
Votes From Women 257
We clawed and scratched and dug for votes and were
still short when Reilly got an idea and rushed over to
Browning Hall. Five minutes before the polls closed
he appeared, leading twenty-seven Siwash girls, and
the trouble was over. They voted for our man and
he was elected by four votes. But, incidentally, we
tipped over a can of — no, wait a minute. I 've sim
ply got to be more classical. What 's the use of a
college diploma if you have to tell all you know in
baseball language ? Let 's see — you remember that
beautiful Greek lady who opened a box under the
impression that there was a pound of assorted choco
late creams in it and let loose a whole international
museum of trouble? Dora Somebody — eh? Oh,
yes, Pandora. I always did fall down on that name.
Anyway, the box we opened in that election would
have made Pandora's little grief repository look like
a box of pink powder. The kind you girls — oh, very
well. I take it back. Honestly, Miss Allstairs, you '11
get me so afraid of the cars in a minute that I '11
have to ditch this train of thought and talk about
art. Ever hear me talk about art? Well, it would
serve you right if you did. I talked about art with
a kalsominer once, and he wanted to fight me for the
honor of his profession.
However, as I was saying, the women voted at
Siwash that fall and I guess they must have liked the
taste, for the first thing we knew we had the woman
vote to take care of all the time. The next fall pretty
nearly every girl in the college turned out to class
258 At Good Old Siwash
meetings, and the way they voted pretty nearly drove
us mad. They seemed to regard it as a game. They
fussed about whether to vote on pink paper or blue
paper; voted for members of the Faculty for class
president ; one of them voted for the President of the
United States for president of the Sophomore class;
wanted to vote twice; came up to the ballot box and
demanded their votes back because they had changed
their minds; went away before election and left
word with a friend to vote for them. Took us an hour,
right in football practice time, to get the ticket
through in our class; and what with lending pen
cils and chasing girls who carried their ballots away
with them, and getting called down for trying to
see that everything went along proper and shipshape
and according to program, we boys were half crazy
when it was all over.
But the girls liked it enormously. It was a nov
elty for them, and we saw right there that it was a
case of organize the female vote or have things
hopelessly muddled up before the end of the year.
In the interests of harmony things had to be done in
a businesslike manner. Certain candidates had to
be put through and certain factions had to be gently
but firmly stepped on. Harmony, you know, Miss
Allstairs, is a most important thing in politics.
Without harmony you can't do a thing. Harmony
in politics consists of giving the insurgents not what
they ask for, but something that you don't want. I
was a grand little harmonizer in my day too. I ran
Votes From Women 259
the oratorical league the year before it went broke
and then traded the presidency to the Chi Yi-Delta
Whoop crowd for the editorship of the Student
Weekly. That 's harmony. They were happy and
so was I. When I saw how hard they had to hustle
to pay the association debts the next fall I was so
happy I could hardly stand it.
No, Miss Allstairs, that was not meanness on my
part. It was politics. There is a great deal of
difference between meanness and politics. One
is low-down and contemptible and nasty, and the
other is expedient. See? Why, some of the most
generous men in the world are politicians. Time
and again I 've seen Andy Hoople, the big politician
of our town, pay a man's fare to Chicago so that
he could go up there and rest during the last week
of a political campaign and not bother himself and
get all worried over the way things were going —
and the man would be on the other side too.
Anyway, to — wait a minute ; I 'm going to hook
over some French now. Look out, low bridge — to
rendezvous to our muttons — how 's that ? In a good
many ways there are worse jobs than that of persuad
ing a pretty girl to vote the right way. Sometimes I
liked the job so well that I was sorry when election
came. But, on the whole, it was hard, hard work.
We tried arguments and exhortation and politics,
and you might as well have shot cheese balls at
the moon. Never touched 'em. I talked straight
logic to a girl for an hour once, showing her con-
260 At Good Old Siwash
clusively that it was her duty as a patriotic Siwash
student to vote for a man who could give a strong
mind and a lot of money to the debating cause ; and
then she remarked quite placidly that she would al
ways vote for the other man for whatever office he
wanted, because he wore his dress suit with such
an air. I had to take her clear downtown and buy
her ice cream and things before she could under
stand the gravity of the case at all —
No, indeed, Miss Allstairs, I did n't bribe her.
You must be very careful about charging people
with bribery. Bribery is a very serious offense. It 's
so serious that nowadays it 's a very grave thing
to charge a politician with it. I think it will be
made a crime soon. I bought ice cream for this
girl because she could understand things better
while she was eating ice cream. It made her think
better. Of course, you can't do that with a man
in real politics. You have to give him an office
or a contract or something in order to get his mind
into a cheerful condition. You can argue so much
better with a man when he is cheerful. No, indeed.
I would n't bribe a fly. Nobody would. There
isn't any bribing any more anyway. Illinois has
taught the world that.
But that was the least of our troubles. After you
had persuaded a girl to vote right you had to keep
her persuaded. Now most any man might be able
to keep one vote in line, but that was n't enough. Some
of us had to keep four or five votes all ready for use,
Votes From Women 261
for competition was pretty swift and there were a
tremendous number of co-eds in school. You
never saw such a job as it was. No sooner would
I have Miss A. entirely friendly to my candidate
for the editorship of the Weekly than Miss B. would
flop over and show marked signs of frost — and then
I would have to drop everything and walk over from
chapel with her three mornings hand-running, and
take her to a play, and make a wild pass about not
knowing whether any one would go to the prom with
me or not And then just as she would begin to
smile when she saw me Miss A. would pass me on
the street and look at me as if I had robbed a hen
roost. And just as I was entirely friendly with
both of them it would occur to me that I had n't
called on Miss C. for three weeks and that Bannister,
of the Alfalfa Delts, was waiting for Miss D. after
chapel every morning and would doubtless make a
low-down, underhanded attempt to talk politics to
her in the spring. For a month before each election
I felt like a giddy young squirrel running races
with myself around a wheel. Some college boys
can keep on terms of desperate and exclusive friend
liness with a dozen girls at a time — Petey Sim
mons got up to eighteen one spring when we won the
big athletic election — but four or five were as many
as I could manage by any means, and it kept me
busted, conditioned and all out of training to accom
plish this. And when election-time approached and
it came to talking real politics, and the girl you had
262 At Good Old Siwash
counted on all winter to swing her wing of the third
floor in Browning Hall for your candidate would
suddenly remember in the midst of a businesslike
talk on candidates and things that you had cut two
dances with her at the prom, and you could n't ex
plain that you simply had to do it because you had
to keep your stand-in with a girl on the first floor
who had the music-club vote in her pocket-book —
well, I may get out over Niagara Falls some day
on a rotten old tight-rope, with a sprained ankle
and a fellow on my shoulders who is drunk and
wants to make a speech standing up — but if I do
I won't feel any more wobbly and uncertain about
the future than I used to feel on those occasions.
Of course it was entirely impossible for the few
dozen college politicians to make personal friends
and supporters of all the girls in Siwash. We did n't
want to. There are girls and girls at Siwash, just
as there are everywhere else. Maybe a third of the
Siwash girls were pretty and fascinating and wise and
loyal, and nine or ten other exceedingly pleasant
adjectives. And perhaps another third were —
well, nice enough to dance with at a class party and
not remember it with terror. And then there was
another third which — oh, well, you know how it
goes everywhere. They were grand young women,
and they were there for educational purposes.
They took prizes and learned a lot, and this was
partly because there were no swarms of bumptious
young collegians hanging around them and wasting
Votes From Women 263
their time. Far be it from me, Miss Allstairs, to
speak disparagingly of a single member of your sex
— you are all too good for us — but, if you will
force me to admit it, there were girls at Siwash —
ex-girls — who would have made a true and loyal
student of art and beauty climb a high board — cer
tainly, I said I was n't going to say anything against
them, and I 'm not. Anyway, it 's no great com
pliment to be admired for your youth and beauty
alone. Age has its claims to respect too — oh, very
well ; I '11 change the subject.
As I was saying, we couldn't influence all the
co-ed vote personally, but we handled it very syste
matically. Every popular girl in the school had her
following, of course, at Browning Hall. So we
just fought it out among the popular girls. Before
elections they 'd line up on their respective sides,
and then they 'd line up the rest of the co-ed vote.
On a close election we 'd get out every vote, and we 'd
have it accounted for, too, beforehand. The real
precinct leaders had nothing on us. It took a lot of
time and worry; but it was all very pleasant at the
end. The popular girls would each lead over her
collection of slaves of Horace and Trig, and Counter
point and Rhetoric, and we 'd cheer politely while
they voted 'em. Then we 'd take off our hats and
bow low to said slaves, and they would go back to
their galleys after having done their duty as free-
born college girls, and that would be over for an
other year. Everything would have continued lovely
264 At Good Old Siwash
and comfortable and darned expensive if it had n't
been for Mary Jane Hicks, of Carruthers' Corners,
Missouri.
No, I Ve never told you of Mary Jane Hicks.
Why? The real reason is because when we fellows
of that period mention her name we usually cuss a
little in a hopeless and irritable sort of way It 'a
painful to think of her. It 's humiliating to think that
twenty-five of the case-hardened and time-seasoned
politicians of Siwash should have been double-crossed,
checkmated, outwitted, out-generaled, sewed up into
sacks and dumped into Salt Creek by a red-headed,
freckled-nosed exile from a Missouri clay farm; and
a Sophomore at that — say, what am I telling you
this for, Miss Allstairs ? Honestly, it hurts. It 's
nice for a woman to hear, I know, but I may have
to take gas to get through this story.
This Mary Jane Hicks came to Siwash the year
before it all happened and was elected to the un-
noticeables on the spot. She was a dumpy little
girl, with about as much style as a cornplanter ; and
I suspect that she bade her pet calf a fond good-by
when she left the dear old farm to come and play tag
with knowledge on the Siwash campus. Nobody
saw her in particular the first year, except that you
could n't help noticing her hair any more than you
can help noticing a barn that 's burning on a damp,
dark night. It was explosively red and she did n't
seem to care. She always had her nose turned up
a little — just on principle, I guess, And when
It was a blow between the eyes
See page 268
Votes From Women 265
you see a red-headed girl with a freckled nose that
turns up just locate the cyclone cellars in your im
mediate vicinity, say I.
Well, Mary Jane Hicks went through her Fresh
man year without causing any more excitement than
you could make by throwing a clamshell into the
Atlantic Ocean. She drew a couple of classy men
for the class parties and they reported that she
towed unusually hard when dancing. She voted in
the various elections under the protecting care of
Miss Willoughby, who was a particular friend of
mine just before the Athletic election, and that 's
how I happened to meet her. I was considerably
grand at that time — being a Junior who had had
a rib smashed playing football and was going to
edit the college paper the next year — but the way
she looked at me you would have thought that I was
the fractional part of a peeled cipher. She just
nodded at me and said " Howdedo," and then asked
if the vest-pocket vote was being successfully ex
tracted that day. That was nervy of her and I
frowned ; after which she remarked that she objected
to voting without being told in advance that the
cause of liberty was trembling in the voter's palm.
I remember wondering at the time where she had
dug up all that rot.
Miss Hicks voted at all the elections along with
the rest of the herd, and as far as I know no rude
collegian came around and broke into her studies
by taking her anywhere. Commencement came and
266 At Good Old Siwash
we all went home, and I forgot all about her. The
next fall was a critical time with the Eta Bita Pie-
Fly Gam-Sigh Whoopsilon combination, because we
had graduated a large number of men and we had to
pull down the fall elections with a small voting
strength. So I went down to college a day early to
confer with some of the other patriotic leaders re
garding slates and other matters concerning the good
of the college.
I had n't more than stepped off the train until I
met Frankling, the president of the Alfalfa Delts,
and Randolph, of the Delta Kappa Sonofaguns, and
Chickering, of the Mu Kow Moos, in close consul
tation. It was very evident that they were going to
do a little high-class voting too. And before night I
discovered that the Shi Delts and the Delta Flushes
and the Omega Salves had formed a coalition with
the independents, and that there was going to be
more politics to the square inch in old Siwash that
year than there had been since the year of the big
wind — that 's what we called the year when Max
well was boss of the college and swept every election
with his eloquence.
There were any number of important elections
coming off that fall. There were all the class elec
tions, of course, and the Oratorical election, and a
couple of vacancies to fill in the Athletic Association,
and a college marshal to elect, and goodness knows
what all else to nail down and tuck away before we
could get down to the serious job of fighting con-
Votes From Women 267
ditions that fall. I was so busy for the first three
days, wiring up the new students and putting
through a trade on the Athletic secretaryship with
the Delta Kap gang, that I couldn't pay any atten
tion to the class elections. But they were pretty
safe anyway. It was only about a day's job to put
through a class slate. The Junior election came
first, and we had arranged to give it to Miss Wil-
loughby. We always elected women presidents of
the Junior class at Siwash. Little Willoughby had
a cinch because, of course, our crowd backed her
hard — and we were strong in Juniors — and, be
sides she had a good following among the girls. So
we just turned the whole thing over to the girls to
manage and thought no more about it, being mighty
hard pressed by the miserable and un-American bi
partisan combination on the Athletic offices.
School opened on Tuesday. The Junior class
election came off on Thursday afternoon and a Miss
Hamthrick was elected president. I would have bet
on the college bell against her. It was the shock-
ingest thing that had happened in politics for five
years. Miss Hamthrick was a conservatory student.
Even when you shut your eyes and listened to her
singing she did n't sound good-looking. Davis drew
her for the Sophomore class party the year before
and exposed himself to the mumps to get out of
going. Not only was she elected president, but the
rest of the offices went to — no, I '11 not describe
them. I 'm sort of prejudiced anyway. They made
268 At Good Old Siwash
Miss Hamthrick seem beautiful and clever by
comparison.
It was a blow between the eyes. The worst of it
was we couldn't understand it. I went over to see
Miss Willoughby about it, and she came down all
powdery and beautiful about the eyes and nose and
talked to me as haughtily as if I had done it myself.
She said she had trusted us, but it was evident that
all a woman could hope for in politics was the priv
ilege of being fooled by a man. She even accused
me of helping elect the Hamthrick lady, said she
wished me joy, and asked if it had been a pretty ro
mance. That made me tired, and I said — oh, well,
no use remembering what I said. It was the last
thing I ever had a chance to say to Miss Willoughby
anyway. I was pretty miserable over it — polit
ically, of course, I mean, Miss Allstairs. You
understand. Now there 's no use saying that. It
was n't so. College girls are all very well, and one
must be entertained while getting gorged with
knowledge ; but really, when it comes to more serious
things, I never —
All right, I '11 go on with my story. The next
day we got a harder blow than ever. The Fresh
man class election came off on a snap call, and about
half the class, mostly girls, elected a lean young
lady with spectacles and a wasp-like conversation
to the presidency. We raised a storm of indig
nation, but they blandly told us to go hence. There
was nothing in the Constitution of the United States
Votes From Women 269
to prevent a woman from being president of the
Freshman class, and there did n't seem to be any
other laws on the subject Besides, the Freshman
class was a brand-new republic and didn't need the
advice of such an effete monarchy as the Senior
class. While we were talking it all over the next
day the Sophomores met, and after a terrific struggle
between the Eta Bita Pies, the Alfalfa Delts and
the Shi Delts, Miss Hicks was elected president by
what Shorty Gamble was pleased to term " the gar
goyle vote." I wouldn't say that myself of any
girl, but Shorty had been working for the place for
a year, and when the twenty girls who had never
known what it was to have a sassy cab rumble up
to Browning Hall and wait for them cast their votes
solidly and elected the Missouri Prairie Fire he felt
justified in making comments.
By this time it was a case of save the pieces.
The whole thing had been as mysterious as the
plague. We were getting mortal blows, we could n't
tell from whom. All political signs were failing.
The game was going backward. A lot of the lead
ers got together and held a meeting, and some of
them were for declaring a constitutional monarchy
and then losing the constitution. My! But they
were bitter. Everybody accused everybody else of
double-crossing, underhandedness, gum-shoeing, back
biting, trading, pilfering and horse-stealing. I think
there was a window or two broken during the
discussion. But we didn't get anywhere. The
270 At Good Old Siwash
next day the Senior class elected officers, and every
frat went out with a knife for its neighbor. A
quiet lady by the name of Simpkins, who was one
of the finest old wartime relics in school, was elected
president.
That night I began putting two and two and frac
tional numbers together and called in calculus and
second sight on the problem. I remembered what
the Hicks girl had said to me the year before. That
was more than the ordinary girl ought to know about
politics. I remembered seeing her doing more or
less close-harmony work with the other midnight-oil
consumers — and the upshot was I went over to
Browning Hall that night and called on her.
She came down in due time — kept me waiting
as long as if she had been the belle of the prom —
and she shook hands all over me.
" My dear boy," she said, sitting down on the
sofa with me, " I 'm so delighted to renew our old
friendship."
Now, I don't like to be " my dear boyeoL," by a
Sophomore, and there never had been any old friend
ship. I started to stiffen up — and then did n't.
I didn't because I didn't know what she would do
if I did.
" How are all the other good old chaps ? " she said
as cordially as could be. " My, but those were grand
days."
I did n't see any terminus in that conversation.
Besides, she looked like one of those most uncom-
" How are all the other good old chaps?" she said
Paye 270
Votes From Women 271
fortable girls who can guy you in such, an innocent
and friendly manner that you don't know what to
say back. So I brushed the preliminaries aside and
jumped right into the middle of things. " Miss
Hicks," says I, " why are you doing all this ? "
" Singular or plural you ? " she asked. " And
why am I or are we doing what, and why should n't
we?"
" Help," said I, feeling that way. " Do you deny
that you have n't been instrumental in upsetting the
whole college with those fool elections ? "
" I am a modest young lady," said she, " so, of
course, I deny it. Besides, this college is n't upset at
all. I went over this morning and every professor
was right side up with care where he belonged.
And, moreover, you must not call an election a fool
because it does n't do what you want it to. It can't
help itself."
" Miss Hicks," says I, feeling like a fly in an acre
of web, " I am a plain and simple man and not
handy with my tongue. What I mean is this, and I
hope you '11 excuse me for living — do you admit
that you had a hand in those class elections ? "
Miss Hicks looked at me in the friendliest way
possible. "It is more modest to admit it than to
declare it, is n't it ? " she asked.
" Certainly," says I ; " and this leads right back
to question Number One — Why did you do it ? "
" And this leads back to answer Number One —
Why should n't I ? " she asked again.
272 At Good Old Siwash
" Why, don't you see, Miss Hicks," says I, " that
you 've elected a lot of girls that never have been
active in college work, and that don't represent the
student body, and — "
" Don't go to the proms ? " she suggested.
" I did n't say it and I 'd die before I did," said
I virtuously. " But what 's your object ? "
" Education," said Miss Hicks mildly. " I 'm
paying full tuition and I want to get all there is out
of college. I think politics is a fascinating study.
I did n't get a chance to do much at it last year, but
I 'm learning something about it every day now."
"But what's the good of it all?" I protested.
" You '11 just get the college affairs hopelessly mixed
up — "
" Like the Oratorical Association was last year ? "
she inquired gently.
" Oh, pshaw ! " said I, getting entirely red. " Let 's
not get personal. What can we do to satisfy you ? "
" You 've been satisfying us beautifully so far,"
said Miss Hicks.
" Who 's us ? " I asked.
" I don't in the least mind telling you," said Miss
Hicks. " It 's the Blanks."
"The Blanks!" I repeated fretfully. "Never
heard of 'em."
" I know it," said Miss Hicks, " but you named
them yourselves. What do you say you 've drawn
when you draw a homely girl's name out of the hat as
a partner for a class party ? "
Votes From Women 273
"Oh! "said I.
" We 're the Blanks," said Miss Hicks, " and we
feel that we have n't been getting our full share of
college atmosphere. So we 're going into politics.
In this way we can mingle with the students and help
run things and have a very enjoyable time. It 's
most fascinating. All of us are dippy over it."
" Oh," said I again. " You mean you 're going
to ruin things for your own selfish interests ? "
" My dear boy," said Miss Hicks — my, but that
grated — " we 're not going to ruin anything. And
we may build up the Oratorical Association."
That was too much. I got up and stood as nearly
ten feet as I could. " Very well," said I. " If
there 's no use of arguing on a reasonable basis we
may as well terminate this interview. But I '11 just
tell you there 's no use of your going any further.
Now we know what we have to fight, we '11 take
precious good care that you do not do any more
mischief."
" Oh, very well," said Miss Hicks — she was in-
furiatingly good-natured — " but I might as well
tell you that we 're going to get the Athletic offices,
the prom committee, the Oratorical offices and the
Athletic election next spring."
" Ha, ha ! " said I loudly and rudely. Then I
took my hat and went away. Miss Hicks asked me
very eagerly to drop in again. Me ? I 'd as soon
have dropped on a Mexican cactus. It could n't be
any more uncomfortable.
274 At Good Old Siwash
I went away and called our gang together and
we seethed over the situation most all night. They
voted me campaign leader on the strength of my ser
vice, and the next day we got the rest of the frats
together, buried the hatchet and doped out the cam
paign. It was the pride and strength of Siwash
against a red-headed Missouri girl, weight about
ninety-five pounds; and we couldn't help feeling
sorry for her. But she had brought it on herself.
Insurgency, Miss Allstairs, is a very wicked thing.
It 's a despicable attempt on the part of the minority
to become the majority, and no true patriot will de
sert the majority in his time of need.
I 'm not going to linger over the next month. I '11
get it over in a few words. We started out to ex
terminate Miss Hicks. We put up our candidate
for the Oratorical Association presidency. The hall
was jammed jsvhen the time came, and before any
thing could be done Miss Hicks demanded that no
one be allowed to vote who had n't paid his or her
dues. Half the fellows we had there never had
any intention of getting that far into Oratorical
work, and backed out; but the rest of us paid up.
There had never been so much money in the treas
ury since the association began. Then the Blanks
nominated a candidate and skinned us by three votes.
When we thought of all that money gone to waste
we almost went crazy.
But that was just a starter. We were determined
to have our own way about the Junior prom. What
Votes From Women 275
do wall-flowers know about running a prom? We
worked up an absolute majority in the Junior class,
only to have a snap meeting called on us over in
Browning Hall, in which three middle-aged young
ladies who had never danced a step were named,
The roar we raised was terrific, but the presiden'
sweetly informed us that they had only followed
precedent — we 'd had to do the same thing the
year before to keep out the Mu Kow Moos. We
appealed to the Faculty, and it laughed at us. Un
fortunately, we didn't stand any too well there
anyway, while most of the Blanks were the pride
and joy of the professors. Anyway, they told us
to fight our own battles and they 'd see that there
was fair play. Oh, yes. They saw it. They
passed a rule that no student who was conditioned
in any study could vote in any college election.
That disenfranchised about half of us right on the
spot. If ever anarchy breaks out in this country,
Miss Allstairs, it will be because of college Faculties.
We made a last stand on the Athletic Association
treasurership. It looked for a while as if it was
going to be easy. We threw all the rules away and
gave a magnificent party for all the girls we thought
we could count on. It was the most gorgeous affair
on record, and half the dress suits in college went
into hock afterward for the whole semester. The
result was most encouraging. The girls were de
lighted. They pledged their votes and support
and we counted up that we had a clear majority.
276 At Good Old Siwash
We went to bed that night happy and woke up to
find that Miss Hicks had entertained the non-frater
nity men in the gymnasium that night and had
served lemonade and wafers. She had alluded to
them playfully as slaves, and they had broken up
about fifty chairs demonstrating that they were not.
When the election came off she had the unattached
vote solid, and we lost out by a comfortable major
ity. An estimable lady, who did n't know ath
letics from croquet, was elected. And when the
reception committee of the prom was announced the
next day it was composed exclusively of men who
would have had to be led through the grand march
on wheels.
After that we gave up. I tried to resign as cam
paign manager, but the boys would n't let me. They
admitted that no one else could have done any better,
and, besides, they wanted me to go over and see Miss
Hicks again. They wanted me to ask her what her
crowd wanted. When I thought of her pleasant
conversational hatpin work I felt like resigning from
college; but there always have to be martyrs, and
in the end I went.
Miss Hicks received me rapturously. You would
have thought we had been boy and girl friends. She
insisted on asking how all the folks were at home,
and how my health had been, and had n't it been a
gay winter, and was I going to the prom, and
how did I like her new gown? While I was at it
I thought I might as well amuse myself, too, so I
Votes From Women 277
asked her to marry me. That was the only time I
ever got ahead of her. She refused indignantly,
and I laughed at her for getting so fussed up over a
little thing.
" Marriage is a sacred subject," she said very
soberly.
" So was politics," said I, " until you came along.
If you won't talk marriage let 's talk politics. What
do you girls want ? "
" Oh, I told you a while ago," she said.
" But, Great Scott ! " said I. " Are n't you going
to leave a thing for us fellows who have done our
best for the college ? "
" Now you put it that way," she said quite kindly,
" I '11 think it over. We might find something
for you to do. There 's a couple of janitorships
loose."
" Hicksey," says I.
" Miss Hicks," says she.
" I beg your pardon — my dear girl, then," said
I. " I 've come over to the bunch to confess.
You 've busted us. We 're on the mat nine points
down and yelling for help. We don't want to run
things. We only want to be allowed to live. We
surrender. We give up. We humbly ask that you
prepare the crow and let us eat the neck. Is n't
there any way by which we can get a little something
to keep us busy and happy ? We 're in a horrible
situation. Are n't you even going to let us have
the Athletic Association next spring ? "
278 At Good Old Siwash
" I was thinking of running that myself," said
Miss Hicks thoughtfully.
I let out an impolite groan.
" But I '11 tell you what you might do," said Miss
Hicks. " You boys might try to win my crowd
away from me. You see, you 've played right into
my hand so far. You haven't paid any attention
to my supporters. Now, if you were to go after
them the way you do the other girls in the college I
shudder to think what might happen to me."
" You mean take them to parties and theaters ? "
"Why not?" asked Miss Hicks. "You see,
they 're only human. I '11 bet you could land every
vote in the bunch if you went at it scientifically."
"But — "
" Oh, I know they 're not pretty," said Miss
Hicks. " But they cast the most bee-you-ti-ful votes
you ever saw."
" What you mean," I said, " is that if we don't
show those girls a superlatively good time this winter
we won't get a look at the election next spring ? "
" They 'd be awfully shocked if you put it that
way," said Miss Hicks ; " and I would n't advise
you to talk to them about it. Their notions of honor
are so high that I had to pay for the lemonade for
the independent men myself at the last election."
" Oh, very well," says I, taking my hat, " we '11
think it over."
" You might wear blinders, you know," she sug
gested.
Votes From Women 279
" Oh, go to thunder ! " said I as earnestly as I
could.
" Come again," she said when she closed the door
after me. " I do so enjoy these little confidences."
Honestly, Miss Allstairs, when I think of that
girl I shrink up until I 'm afraid I '11 fall into my
own hat. It ought not to be legal for a girl to talk to
a man like that. It 's inhuman.
We thought matters over for two weeks and tried
one or two little raids on the enemy with most hor
rible results to ourselves. Then we gave in. We put
our pride and our devotion to art in cold storage and
took up the politicians' burden. We gave those girls
the time of their young-to-middle-aged lives. We
got up dances and crokinole parties and concerts for
them. We took them to see Hamlet. We had
sleighing parties. We helped every lecture course
in the college do a rushing business. We just backed
into the shafts and took the bit without a murmur.
And maybe you think those girls did n't drive us.
They seemed determined to make up for the
drought of all the past. They were as coy and un
certain and as infernally hard to please as if they 'd
been used to getting one proposal a day and two on
Sunday. Let one of us so much as drop over to
Browning Hall to pass the time of day with one of
the real heart-disturbers, and the particular vote that
he was courting would go off the reservation for a
week. It would take a pair of theater tickets at
the least to square things.
280 At Good Old Siwash
We gave dances that winter at which only one in
five girls could dance. We took moonlight strolls
with ladies who could remember the moon of seventy-
six, and we gave strawrides to girls who insisted on
talking history of art and missionary work to us all
the way. When I think of the tons of candy and
the mountains of flowers and the wagonloads of lat
est books that we lavished, and of the hard feelings
it made in other quarters, and of our loneliness amid
all this gayety, and of our frantic efforts to make the
prom a success, with ten couples dancing and the rest
decorating the walls, I sometimes wonder whether
the college was worth our great love for it after all.
But we were winning out. By April it was easy
to see this. The Blanks thawed with the snow
drifts. They got real friendly and sociable, and
after the warm weather came on we simply had to
entertain them all the time, they liked it so. When
I think of those beautiful spring days, with us saun
tering with our political fates about the campus,
and the nicest girls in the world walking two and
two all by themselves — Oh, gee ! Why, they even
made us cut chapel to go walking with them, just
as if it was a genuine case of " Oh, those eyes ! " and
" Shut up, you thumping heart."
All this time Miss Hicks would n't accept any in
vitation at all. She just flocked by herself as usual,
and watched us taking her votes away from her
without any concern apparently. I always felt that
she had something saved up for us, but I couldn't
Why, they even made us cut chapel to go walking
with them
Page 280
Votes From Women 281
tell what it was; and anyway, we had those votes.
By the time the Athletic election came around there
was n't a doubt of it.
I must say the women did pretty well during the
year. They 'd cleaned up the Oratorical debt, and
somehow there was about three times as much money
in the Athletic treasury after the football season as
there had ever been before. But they 'd raised a lot
of trouble too. No passes. Dues had to be paid up.
Nobody got any fun out of the class affairs. They got
up lectures and teas and made the class pay for them.
And, anyway, we wanted to run things again.
We 'd felt all year like a bunch of last year's sun
flowers. Besides, we 'd earned it. We 'd earned a
starry crown as a matter of fact, but all we asked
was that they give our little old Athletic Association
back and let us run it once more.
Miss Hicks announced herself as a candidate, and
we felt sorry for her. Not one of her gang was with
her. They were enthusiastically for us. We 'd
planned the biggest party of the year right after the
election in celebration, and had invited them already.
Election day came and we hardly worried a bit.
The result was 189 to 197 in favor of Miss Hicks.
Every independent man and every bang-up-to-date
girl in college voted for her.
Of course it looks simple enough now, but why
could n't we see it then ? We supposed the real girls
knew that it was a case of college patriotism. And, of
course, it was a low-lived trick for Miss Hicks to
282 At Good Old Siwash
float around the last day and spread the impression
that we 'd never loved them except for their votes.
She simply traded constituencies with us, that 's all.
Take it coming or going, year in or year out, you
could n't beat that girl. I '11 bet she goes out to
Washington state and gets elected governor some day.
I went over to Browning Hall the night after the
election, ready to tell Miss Hicks just what every
body thought of her. I was prepared to tell her that
every athletic team in college was going to disband
and that anarchy would be declared in the morning.
She came down as pleasant as ever and held out her
hand.
" Don't say it, please," she said, " because I 'm
going to tell you something. I 'm not coming back
next year."
" Not coming back ! " said I, gulping down a piece
of Belief as big as an apple.
" No," she said, " I 'm — I 'm going to be mar
ried this summer. I 've — I Ve been engaged all
this year to a man back home, but I wanted to come
back and learn something about politics. He 's a
lawyer."
" Well, you learned enough to suit you, did n't
you ? " I asked.
" Oh, yes," she said with a giggle. " Was n't it
fun, though ! My father will be so pleased. He 's
the chairman of the congressional committee out at
home and he 's always told me an awful lot about
politics. I 've enjoyed this year so much."
Votes From Women 283
" Well, I have n't," I said ; " but I hope to enjoy
next year." And then I took half an hour to tell her
that, in spite of the fact that she was the most arrant,
deceitful, unreliable, two-faced and scuttling poli
tician in the world, she was almost incredibly nice.
She listened quite patiently, and at the end she held
up her fingers. They 'd been crossed all the time.
No, that 's the last I ever saw of her, Miss All-
stairs. She left before Commencement. She sent
me an invitation to the wedding. I '11 bet she
did n't quite get the significance of the magnificent
silver set we Siwash boys sent. We sent it to the
groom.
That was the end of women dominion at Siwash.
There wasn't a rag of the movement left next fall.
But we boys never entirely forgot what happened
to us, and it 's still the custom to elect a co-ed to
some Athletic office. They do say that the only way
to teach a politician what the people want is to bore
a shaft in his head and shout it in, but our expe
rience ought to be proof to the contrary. Why, all we
needed was the gentle little hint that Mary Jane
Hicks gave us.
CHAPTER XI
SIO TRANSIT GLORIA AJLL-AMERICA
HOW did the Siwash game come out Saturday?
Forget it, my boy. You '11 never know in this
oversized, ingrowing, fenced-off, insulated metropolis
till some one writes and tells you. Every fall I
ask myself that same question all day Saturday and
Sunday, and do you suppose I ever find a Siwash
score in one of those muddy-faced, red-headed, ward-
gossip parties that they call newspapers in New York ?
Never, not at all, you hopeful tenderfoot from the
unimportant West. After you 've existed in this
secluded portion of the universe a few years you '11
get over trying to find anything that looks like news
from home in the daily disturbances here. And I
don't care whether your home is in Buffalo, Chicago
or Strawberry Point, Iowa, either. Go down on the
East Side and beat up a policeman, and you '11 get
immortalized in ten-inch type. Go back West and get
elected governor, and ten to one if you 're mentioned
at all they '11 slip you the wrong state to preside over.
Excuse me, but I 'm considerably sore, just as I
am every Sunday during the football season. Here
I am, eating my heart out with longing to know
Sic Transit Gloria All-America 285
whether good old Siwash has dusted off half a town
ship with Muggledorfer again, and what do I get to
read ? Four yards of Gale ; five yards of Jarhard ;
two yards of Ohell; and a page of Quincetown,
Hardmouth, Jamhurst, Saint Mikes, Holy Moses
College and the Connecticut Institute of Etymology.
Nice fodder for a loyal alumnus eleven hundred and
then some miles from home, is n't it ? Honest, when
I first hit this seething burg I used to go down to
the Grand Central station on Sunday afternoon and
look at the people coming in from the trains, just
because some of them were from the West. Once I
took a New Yorker up to Riverside Park, pointed
him west and asked him what he saw. He said he
saw a ferryboat coming to New York. That was all
he had ever seen of the other shore. He called it
Hinterland. That made me mad and I called him
an electric-light bug. We had a lovely row.
But we 're blasting out a corner for the old coll.,
even back here. We 've got things fixed pretty nicely
here now, we Siwash men. Down near Gramercy
Park there 's an old-fashioned city dwelling house,
four stories high and elbow-room wide. It 's the
Siwash Alumni Club. There are half a hundred
Siwash men in New York, gradually getting into the
king row in various lines of business, and we pay
enough rent each year for that house to buy a pretty
fair little cottage out in Jonesville. Whenever a
Siwash man drops in there he 's pretty sure to find
another Siwash man who smokes the same brand of
286 At Good Old Siwash
tobacco and knows the same brand of college songs.
We Ve got one legislator, four magazine publishers,
two railroad officials, a city prosecutor and three
bankers on the membership roll, and maybe some
day we '11 have a mayor. Then we '11 pass a law
requiring the boys and girls of New York to spend
at least one hour a day learning about Siwash Col
lege, Jonesville, the big team of naughty-nix and
the formula for getting credit at the Horseshoe Cafe.
We '11 make it obligatory for every newspaper to pub
lish a full page about each Siwash game in the fall,
with pictures of the captain, the coach and the full
back's right leg. Hurrah for revenge! I see it
coming.
Join the club ? Why, you don't have to ask to join
it. You 've got to join it. Ten dollars, please, and
sign here. When we get a little huskier financially
we won't charge new-fledged graduates anything for
a year or two, but we Ve got to now. The soulless
landlord wants his rent in advance. You '11 find the
whole gang there Saturday nights. Just butt right
in if I 'm not around. You 're a Siwash man, and
if you want to borrow the doorknob to throw at a
hackman you Ve a perfect right to do it.
I '11 tell you, old man, you don't know how nice
it is to have a hole that you can hunt in this hurri
cane town, when you 're a bright young chap with a
glorious college past and a business future that you
can't hock for a plate of beans a day ! Leaving col
lege and going into business in a big city is like
Sic Transit Gloria All-America 287
taking a high dive from the hall of fame into an
ice-water tank. Think of that and be cheerful.
You 've got a nice time coming. Just now you 're
Rudolph Weedon Burlingame, Siwash Naughty-
several, late captain of the baseball team, prize
orator, manager of two proms and president of the
Senior class. To-morrow you '11 be a nameless cum-
berer of busy streets, useful only to the street-car
companies to shake down for nickels. To-morrow
you 're going around to the manager of some firm
or other with a letter from some customer of his, and
you 're going to put your hand on your college di
ploma so as to have it handy, and you 're going to
hand him the letter and prepare to tell the story of
your strong young life. But just before you begin
you '11 go away, because the manager will tell you
he 's sorry, but he 's busy, and there are fourteen
applicants ahead of you, and anyway he '11 not be
hiring any more men until 1918, and will you please
come around then, and shut the door behind you, if
you don't mind.
Yep, that 's what will happen to you. You '11
spend your first three days trying to haul that
diploma out. The fourth day you '11 put it in your
trunk. I 've known men to cut 'em up for shaving
paper. You '11 stop trying to tell the story of your
life and in about a week you '11 be wondering why
you have been allowed to live so long. In two weeks
a clerk will look as big as a senator to you and
you '11 begin to get bashful before elevator men.
288 At Good Old Siwash
You '11 get off the sidewalk when you see a man who
looks as if he had a job and was in a hurry. You '11
envy a messenger boy with a job and a future ; you '11
wonder if managers are really carnivorous or only
pretend to be. You feel as tall as the Singer Build
ing to-day, but you '11 shrink before long. You '11
shrink until, after a long, hard day, with about nine
turndowns in it, you '11 have to climb up on top of
the dresser to look at yourself in the glass.
That 's what you 're going up against. Then the
Siwash Club will be your hole and you '11 hunt it
every evening. You '11 be a big man there, for we
judge our members not by what they are, but by what
they were at school. You '11 sit around with the boys
after dinner, and the man on your right, who is run
ning a railroad, will be interested in that home run
you made against Muggledorfer, and the man on your
left, who won't touch a law case for less than five
thousand dollars, will tell you that he, too, won the
Perkins debate once. And he '11 treat you as if
you were a real life-sized human being instead of a
job hunter, knee high to a copying clerk. You '11
be back in the old college atmosphere, as big as the
best of 'em, and after you 've swapped yarns all
evening you '11 go to bed full of tabasco and pepper,
and you '11 tackle the first manager the next morn
ing as if he were a Kiowa man and had the ball.
And sooner or later you '11 get old Mr. Opportunity
where he can't give you the straight arm, and if
you don't put a knee in his chest and tame him for
Sic Transit Gloria All-America 289
life you have n'*t got the real Si wash spirit, that 's
all. '
Funny thing about college. It isn't merely an
education. It 's a whole life in itself. You enter it
unknown and tiny — just a Freshman with no rights
on earth. You work and toil and suffer — and fall
in love — and climb and rise to fame. When you
are a Senior, if you have good luck, you are one of
the biggest things in the whole world — for there
is n't any world but the campus at college. Freshmen
look up to you and admire men who are big enough
to talk with you. The Sophomores may sneer at
faculties and kings, but they would n't think of
sassing you. The papers publish your picture in
your football clothes. You dine with the professors,
and prominent alumni come back and shake you by
the hand. Of course, you know that somewhere in
the dim nebulous outside there is a President of the
United States who is quite a party in his way, but
none of the girls mention it when they tell you how
grand you looked after they had hauled the other
team off of you and sewed on your ear. They talk
about you exclusively because you 're really the only
thing worth talking about, you know.
When Commencement comes you move about the
campus like some tall mountain peak on legs. The
students bring their young brothers up to meet you
and you try to be kind and approachable. They give
you a tremendous cheer when you go down the aisle
in the chapel to get your prizes. You are referred
290 At Good Old Siwash
to on all sides as one of the reasons why America is
great. The professors when they bid you good-by ask
you anxiously not to forget them. Then Commence
ment is over and college life is past, and there is
nothing left in life but to become a senator or run
a darned old trust. You leave the campus, taking
care not to step on any of the buildings, and go out
into the world pretty blue because you 're through
with about everything worth while ; and you wonder
if you can stand it to toil away making history eleven
months in the year with only time to hang around
college a few weeks in spring or fall. You 're done
with the real life. You 're an old man, you 've seen
it all ; and it sometimes takes you two weeks or more
to recover and decide that after all a great career
may be almost as interesting in a way as college itself.
So you buck up and decide to accept the career —
and that 's where you begin to catch on to the general
drift of the universe in dead earnest.
Take a man of sixty, with a permanent place in
Who 's Who and a large circle of people who believe
that he has some influence with the sunrise and sun
set. Then let him suddenly find himself a ten-year-
old boy with two empty pockets and an appetite for
assets, and let him learn that it is n't considered even
an impertinence to spank him whenever he tries to
mix in and air his opinions. I don't believe he would
be much more shocked than the college man who finds,
at the conclusion of a glorious four-year slosh in
fame, that he is really just about to begin life, and
Sic Transit Gloria All- America 291
that the first thing he must learn is to keep out from
under foot and say " Yes, sir," when the boss barks at
him. It 's a painful thing, Burlingame. Took me
about a year to think of it without saying " ouch."
The saddest thing about it all is that the two
careers don't always mesh. The college athlete may
discover that the only use the world has for talented
shoulder muscles is for hod-carrying purposes. The
society fashion plate may never get the hang of how
to earn anything but last year's model pants; and
the fishy-eyed nonentity, who never did anything
more glorious in college than pay his class tax, may
be doing a brokerage business in skyscrapers within
ten years.
When I left Siwash and came to New York I
guess I was as big as the next graduate. Of course
I had n't been the one best bet on the campus, but I
knew all the college celebrities well enough to slap
them on the backs and call them by pet names and
lend them money. That of course should be a great
assistance in knowing just how to approach the presi
dent of a big city bank and touch him for a cigar
in a red-and-gold corset, while he is telling you to
make yourself at home around the place until a job
turns up. Allie Bangs, my chum, went on East with
me. We had decided to rise side by side and to buy
the same make of yachts. Of course we were sensible.
We did n't expect to crowd out any magnates the first
week or two. We intended to rise by honest worth,
if it took a whole year. All we asked was that the
292
At Good Old Siwash
fellows ahead should take care of themselves and not
hold it against us if we ran over them from behind.
We didn't think we were the biggest men on earth
— not yet. That's where we fell down. We've
never had a chance to since. You've got to seize
the opportunity for having a swelled head just as you
have for everything else.
It took us just six weeks to get a toe-hold on the
earth and establish our right to breathe our fair share
of New York air. At the end of that time neither
one of us would have been surprised if we had been
charged rent while waiting in the ante-rooms of New
York offices to be told that no one had time to tell
us that there was no use of our waiting to get a
chance to ask for anything. Talk about a come
down ! It was worse than coming down a bump-the-
bumps with nails in it. It was three months before
we got jobs. They were microscopic jobs in the same
company, with wages that were so small that it
seemed a shame to make out our weekly checks on
nice engraved bank paper — jobs where any one from
the proprietor down could yell " Here, you ! " and
the office boy could have fired us and got away with
it. If I had been hanging on to a rope trailing
behind a fifty-thousand-ton ocean liner I don't be
lieve I should have felt more inconsequential and
totally superfluous.
But they were jobs just the same and we were
game. I think most college graduates are after they
get their feelings reduced to normal size. We hung
Sic Transit Gloria All-America 293
on and dug in, and sneaked more work into our
positions, and did n't quarrel with any one except the
window-washer's little boy who brought meat for the
cats in the basement. We drew the line at letting
him boss us. And how we did enjoy being part of
the big rumpus on Manhattan Island. We had a
room — it was n't so much of a room as it was a sort
of stationary vest — and we ate at those hunger cures
where a girl punches out your bill on a little ticket
and you don't dare eat up above the third figure
from the bottom or you '11 go broke on Friday. By
hook or crook we always managed to save a dollar from
the wreckage each week for Sunday, and say, did you
ever conduct a scientific investigation into just how far
a dollar will go providing a day's pleasure in a big
city? We did that for six months, and if I do say
it myself we stretched some of those dollars until the
eagle's neck reached from Tarrytown to Coney Island.
We saw New York from roofgarden to subcellar. We
even got to doing fancy stunts. WTe 'd dig out our
dress suits, go over to one of those cafes where you
begin owing money as soon as you see the head waiter,
and put on a bored and haughty front for two hours
on a dollar and twenty cents, including tips. And
what we did n't know about the Subway, the Snubway
and the Grubway, the Clubway, and the various Dub-
ways of New York was n't worth discovering or even
imagining.
We had n't been conducting our explorations for
more than a week when a most tremendous thing
294 At Good Old Siwash
happened to us. You know how you are always run
ning up against mastodons in the big town. You see
about every one who is big enough to die in scare-
heads. Taking a stroll down Fifth Avenue with an
old residenter and having him tell about the people
you pass is like having the hall of fame directory read
off to you. Well, one Sunday night when we were
blowing in our little fifty cents apiece on one of those
Italian table d'hote dinners with red varnish free,
Allie looked across the room and began to tremble.
" Look at that chap," says he.
" Who is he ? " I asked, getting interested.
"Roosevelt?"
" Roosevelt nothing," he says scornfully. " Man
alive, that 's Jarvis ! "
I just dropped my jaw and stared. Of course you
remember Jarvis, the great football player. At that
time I guess most of the college boys in America said
their prayers to him. Out West we students used to
read of his terrific line plunges on the eastern fields
and of his titanic defense when his team was hard
pushed, and wonder if any of us would ever become
great enough to meet him and shake him by the hand.
What did we care for the achievements of Achilles
and Hector and Hercules and other eminent hasbeens.,
which we had to soak up at the rate of forty lines of
Greek a day ? They had old Homer to write them up
— the best man ever in the business. But they were
too tame for us. I 've caught myself speculating more
than once on what Achilles would have done if Jarvis
Sic Transit Gloria All-America 295
had tried to make a gain through him. Achilles was
probably a pretty good spear artist, and all that,
but if Jarvis had put his leather-helmeted head down
and hit the line low — about two points south of the
solar plexus — they would have carted Ac. away in
a cab right there, invulnerability and all.
That 's about what we thought of Jarvis. We had
his pictures pasted all over our training quarters
along with those of the other super-dreadnoughts
from the colleges that break into literature, and I
imagine that if he had suddenly appeared back in
Jonesville we should have put our heads right down
and kow-towed until he gave us permission to get up.
And here we were, sitting in the same cafe with him.
I '11 tell you, I had never felt the glory of living in
the metropolis and prowling around the ankles of the
big chiefs more vividly than right there in that room
the night we first saw him.
We sat and watched Jarvis while our meat course
got cold. There was no mistaking him — some peo
ple have their looks copyrighted and Jarvis was one
of them. We would have known it was he if we
had seen him in a Roman mob. After a while Bangs,
who always did have a triple reenforced Harveyized
steel cheek, straightened up. " I 'm going over to
speak to him," he said.
" Sit still, you fool," says I ; " don't annoy him."
" Watch me," says Bangs ; " I 'm going over to
introduce myself. He can't any more than freeze me.
And after I Ve spoken to him they can take my little
296 At Good Old Siwash
old job away from me and ship me back to the hay-
fields whenever they please. I '11 be satisfied."
" You ought to bottle that nerve of yours and sell
it to the lightning-rod pedlers," says I, getting all
sweaty. " Just because you introduced yourself to
a governor once you think you can go as far as you
like. You stay right here — " But Bangs had gone
over to Jarvis.
I sat there and blushed for him, and suffered the
tortures of a man who is watching his friend making
a furry-eared nuisance of himself. There was the
greatest football player in the world being pestered
by a frying-sized sprig of a ninth assistant shipping
clerk. It was preposterous. I waited to see Bangs
wilt and come slinking back. Then I was going to
put on my hat and walk out as if I didn't belong
with him at all. But instead of that Bangs shook
hands with Jarvis, talked a minute and then sat down
with him. When Bangs is routed out by the Angel
Gabriel he '11 sit down on the edge of his grave and
delay the whole procession, trying to find a mutual
acquaintance or two. That 's the kind of a leather-
skin he is.
Presently Bangs turned around and beckoned to
me to come over. More colossal impudence. I was n't
going to do it, but Jarvis turned, too, and smiled at
me. Like a hypnotized man I went over to their
table. " I want you to meet Mr. Jarvis," said Bangs,
with the air of a man who is giving away his aero
plane to a personal friend.
Sic Transit Gloria All-America 297
" Glad to meet you," said Jarvis kindly.
" M-m-m-mrugh," says I easily and naturally.
Then I sat down on the edge of a chair.
Well, sir, Jarvis — it was the real Jarvis all right
— was as pleasant a fellow as you would ever care
to meet. There he was talking away to us fishworms
just as cordially as if he enjoyed it. He did n't
seem to be a bit better than we were. I Ve often
noticed that when you meet the very greatest people
they are that way. It 's only the fellows who are n't
sure they 're great and who are pretty sure you are n't
sure either, who have to put up a haughty front.
Jarvis offered us cigarettes and put us so much at
our ease that we stayed there an hour. It was a
dazzling experience. He told us a lot about the city,
and asked us about ourselves and laughed at our
experiences. And he told us that he often dined
there and hoped to see us again. When we got safely
outside, after having bade him good-by without any
sort of a break, I mopped my forehead. Then I took
off my hat. " Bangs," said I, " you 're the world's
champion. Some day you '11 get killed for impudence
in the first degree, but just now I 've got ten cents
and I 'm going to buy you a big cigar and walk home
to pay for it."
Incredible as it may sound, that was the beginning
of a real friendship between the three of us. Jarvis
seemed to take a positive pleasure in being demo
cratic. And he was wonderfully thoughtful, too. He
realized instinctively that we had about nine cents
298 At Good Old Siwash
apiece in our clothes as a rule, and he didn't offer
to be gorgeous and buy things we could n't buy back.
We got to dropping in at the cafe once a week or
so and eating at the same table with him. Why on
earth he fancied eating around with grubs like us,
when he could have been tucking away classy fare
up on Fifth Avenue, we could n't imagine. Some
people are naturally Bohemian, however. It seemed
to delight Jarvis to hear us tell about our team, and
our college, and our prospects, and how lucky we
had been up to date, not getting stepped on by any
financial magnate or other tall city monument. He
wasn't a talkative man himself. It was especially
hard to pry any football talk out of him, probably
because he was so modest. When we insisted he
would finally open up, and tell us the inside facts
about some great college game that we knew by
heart from the newspaper accounts. And he would
mention all the famous players by their first names
— you can't imagine how much more alarming it
sounded than calling a president " Teddy " — and
we would just sit there and drink it in, and watch
history from behind the scenes until suddenly he
would stop, look absent and shut up like a clam.
No use trying to turn him on again. Presently he
would bid us good night and go away. The first
time we thought we had offended him and we were
miserable for a week. But when we ran across him
again he seemed as pleased as ever to see us. It
was just moods, after all, we finally decided, and
Sic Transit Gloria All-America 299
thought no more about it. Great men have a right
to have moods if they want to. We admired his
moods as much as the rest of him, and were only
glad they were n't violent.
It was a couple of months before we got up courage
enough to ask him to drop in at our room. Even
Allie got timid. He explained that he did n't want
to break the spell. But finally I braced up myself
and invited him to drop around with us, and he con
sented as kindly as you please. Came right up to our
little three by twice and wouldn't even sit in the
one chair. Sat on the bed and looked over our col
lege pictures, and chatted until Allie asked him if he
was going back for the big game that fall. Then he
said sort of abruptly that he could n't get away, and
a few minutes afterward he went home. We thought
we 'd offended him again, but a week afterward he
turned up and called on us — we 'd asked him to
drop in any time. We decided that he didn't like
to have too much familiarity about his football career
and we respected him for it. It 's all right for a
man like that to be affable and democratic, but he
must n't let you crawl all over him. He 's got his
dignity to maintain.
As the winter came on Jarvis dropped up to see
us quite frequently. He never asked us to come and
see him and we were really a little grateful — for I
don't believe I should have had the nerve to go
bouncing into the apartments of a national hero and
hobnob with the mile-a-minute class. Anyway we
300 At Good Old Siwash
did n't expect it or dream of it. And we did n't ask
him any more questions about himself. We did n't
care to try to elbow into his circle. If he chose to
come slumming and sit around with us, we were
more than content. We had seen enough of him
already to keep us busy paralyzing Siwash fellows
for a week when we went back to Commencement.
" Jarvis ? Oh, yes. Fact is, he 's a friend of ours.
Comes up to our rooms right along. We happened
to meet him in a cafe. And say, he tells us that
when he made that fifty-yard run — and so on."
We used to practise saying things like this naturally
and easily. We could just see the undergrads at
the frat house sitting around in circles and lapping
it up.
All this time we were plugging away down at the
plant, early and late, with every ounce of steam we
had. There 's one good thing about business in this
Bedlam — when you break in you keep right on
going. By the time Commencement rolled around
we were getting checks with two figures on them, and
had a better job treed and ready to drop. Ask for
a vacation ? Why, we would n't have asked for four
days off to go home and help bury our worst enemy.
That 's what business does to the dear old college
days when it gets a good bite at them. There we
were, one year out of Siwash, breaking forty-five
reunion dates, and never even sitting around with our
heads in our hands over it This business bug is a
bad, bad biter all right. Just let it get its tooth into
Sic Transit Gloria All-America 301
you, and what do you care if some other fellow is
smoking your two-quart pipe back in the old chapter
house ? And for that matter, what do you care about
anything else until you get up far enough to take
breath and look around ? Sometimes, after a couple
of weeks of extra hard work, I 've taken my mind
off invoices long enough to wag it around a bit and
I 've felt like a swimmer coming up after a long dive.
We landed those promotions in July and went
right after another pair. I got mine in August —
Allie in September. And along in December they
called us both up in the office, where the big crash
was. He said nice things to us about getting a
chance to fire our own chauffeurs if we kept on
tending to business, and first thing we knew we had
offices of our own in the back of the building, with
our names painted on the doors, and call-bells that
brought stenographers and the same old brand of
office boys that used to blow us out of the other
offices along with their cigarette smoke. And we
realized then that if we worked like thunder for
thirty years more and saved our money and made
it earn one hundred per cent, perhaps some of the
real business kings would notice us on the street
some day. That 's about the way the college swelling
goes down.
All this time we had n't seen much of Jarvis.
He 'd stopped coming to the cafe and we 'd really
been so busy that we almost forgot about him. It 's
simply wonderful the things business will drive out
302 At Good Old Siwash
of your mind. It was n't until late in the winter
that we realized that we 'd probably lost track of
Jarvis for good — that is, until we climbed up into
his set and discovered him at some dinner that was
a page out of the social register. We mixed around
a lot more now. We went to the million-candle-power
restaurants every now and then, and ate a good deal
more than sixty-five cents' worth apiece without batting
an eye; and we went to see a play occasionally and
did n't climb up into the rarefied atmosphere to find
our seats, either. And whenever we broke in with the
limousine crowd we kept a bright lookout for Jarvis.
We wanted to see him and show him that we were
coming along. We wanted him to be proud of us.
I 'd have given all my small bank balance to hear
him say : " Fine work, old man ; keep it up." I '11
tell you when a big chap like that takes an interest
in you, it 's just as bracing as a hypodermic of
ginger. Baccalaureates and inspirational editorials
can't touch it.
I was holding down the proud position of shipping
clerk and Allie was my assistant the next spring, and
it seemed as if we had to empty that warehouse every
twenty-four hours and find the men to load the stuff
with search-warrants. Help was scandalously scarce.
We could n't have worked harder if we had been
standing off grizzly bears with brickbats. I 'd just
fired the fourth loafer in one day for trying to roll
barrels by mental suggestion, when the boss came into
my office.
Sic Transit Gloria All-America 303
" Can you use an extra man ? " he asked me.
" Use him ? " says I, swabbing off my forehead —
I 'd been hustling a few barrels myself. " Use him ?
Say, I '11 give him a whole car to load all by himself,
and if he can get the job finished by yesterday he can
have another to load for to-day."
"Now, see here," said the boss, sitting down;
" this is a peculiar case. This chap 's been at me for
a job for months. There 's nothing in the office.
He 's a fine fellow and well educated, but he 's on
his uppers. He can't seem to land anywhere. I 'm
sorry for him. He looks as if he was headed for the
bread line. He 's too good to roll barrels, but it
won't hurt him. If you '11 take him in and use him
I '11 give him a place as soon as I get it ; let me
know how he pans out."
" Just ask him to run all the way here," I said,
and put my nose down in a bill of lading. After a
while the door opened and some one said, " Is this
the shipping clerk ? " It was the ghost of a voice I
used to know and I turned around in a hurry. It was
Jarvis.
I don't suppose it is strictly business to cry while
you are shaking hands with a husky you 're just
putting into harness at one-fifty per. I did n't intend
to do it, but somehow when your whole conception of
fame and glory comes clattering down about your
ears, and you find you 've got to order your star
and idol to get a hustle on him and load the car at
door four damquick, you are likely to do something
304 At Good Old Siwash
foolish. I just stood and sniveled and let my mouth
hang open. Neither of us said a word, but presently
I put my arm around his shoulders and led him out
into the shipping room. " There 's the foreman," I
said, in a voice like a wet sponge. " And you report
here at six o'clock sharp." Then I went and hunted
up Allie and for once we let business go hang in
business hours. We could n't work. We kept claw
ing for the solid ground and trying to readjust so
ciety and the universe and the beacon lights of
progress all afternoon.
When quitting time came we waited for Jarvis.
We did n't say anything, but we loaded him into a
cab and took him up to the old cafe. Then he told
us his story, while we learned a lot of things about
glory we had n't even vaguely suspected before. He
was one of the greatest football players who ever car
ried a ball, Jarvis was. Of that there was no doubt.
He admitted it himself then. I might say he con
fessed it. He 'd come to his university without any
real preparation — you know even in the best regu
lated institutions of learning they sometimes get your
marks on tackling mixed with your grades on en
trance algebra. He 'd spent two hours a day on
football and the rest of his time being a college hero.
He 'd had to work at it like a dog, he said. How he
got by the exams, he never knew. It seemed to him
as if he must have studied in his sleep. By the time
he graduated he 'd had about every honor that has
been invented for campus consumption. He belonged
Sic Transit Gloria All-America 305
to the exclusive societies. All kinds of big people had
shaken hands with him — asked for the privilege.
He had a scrapbook of newspaper stories about his
career that weighed four pounds. He knew the
differences between eight kinds of wine by the taste
and he had a perfect education in forkology, waltz-
ology, necktiematics, and all the other branches of'
social science.
He would never forget, he said, how he felt when
he was graduated and the university moved off be
hind him and left him alone. It was up to him
to keep on being a famous character, he felt. His
college demanded it. He had to make good. But
there he was with a magnificent football education
and no more football to play. His financial training
consisted in knowing when his bank account was over
drawn. His folks had pretty nearly paralyzed them
selves putting him through and he was n't going to
draw on them any further. He went to New York
because it seemed to be almost as big as the uni
versity, and he started all alone on the job of shoulder
ing his way past the captains of finance up to the
place where his college mates might feel proud of him
some more.
The result was so ridiculous that he had to laugh
at it himself. He lost five yards every time he
bucked an office boy. His college friends kept in
viting him out and he went until they began offering
him help. Then he cut the whole bunch. He did n't
care to have them watch the struggle. He 'd been in
306 At Good Old Siwash
New York two years when he met us, he said, and
he had n't earned enough money to pay his room-
rent in that time. There were times when he might
have got a decent little job at twelve dollars per, or
so, but he would have had to meet the boys who had
looked up to him as a world-beater and somehow he
just could n't tackle it. When we had come over
and paid homage to him he saw we had taken him
for a successful man of the world, as well as a mem
ber of the All- America team, and he had n't been
able to resist the desire to let two human beings look
up to him again. He had n't invited us to his room,
he said, because part of the time he did n't have a
room; and he even confessed that once or twice
he 'd walked up to our rooms from downtown be
cause he was crazy for a smoke and did n't have the
price.
I guess there never was a more peculiar dinner
party in New York. Part of the time I sniveled
and part of the time Allie sniveled, and once or twice
we were all three all balled up in our throats. But
after a while we braced up and I told Jarvis what
the Boss had told me, and we drank a toast to the
glad new days, and another to success, and another
to Jarvis, the coming business pillar, and some more
to our private yachts and country homes, and to Com
mencement reunions, and this and that. Then we
chartered a sea-going cab and took Jarvis home with
us. We made him sleep in the bed while we slept
on the floor, and the next morning we loaned him a
Sic Transit Gloria All-America 307
pair of overalls that we had honorably retired and
we all went down to work together.
The next three months were perfectly ridiculous.
We simply could n't order Jarvis around. Suppose
you had to ask the Statue of Liberty to get a move
on and scrub the floors ? We could n't get our in
grained awe of that freight hustler out of our systems.
Of course when any one was around we had to keep
up appearances, but when I was alone and I had
something for Jarvis to do I 'd call him in and get
at it about this way : " Er — say, Jarvis, could you
help me out on a little matter, if you have the time \
You know there 's a shipment for Pittsburgh that '3
got to go out by noon. I think the car is at door 6.
Those barrels ought to be put into the car right away,
and if you 'd see that they get in there I 'd be very
much obliged to you. I 'd attend to it myself, but
they 've given me a lot of stuff to go over here."
Then Jarvis would grin cheerfully and hustle those
barrels in before I could get over blushing. If you
don't believe football has its advantages in after life
you ought to watch a prize tackle waltzing a three-
hundred-pound barrel through a car door.
By day we ordered Jarvis about in this fashion,
and made him earn his one-fifty with the rest of the
red-shirted gang. But at six o'clock we dropped all
that like a hot poker. Nights we were his adoring
young friends again. We sat together in restaurants
and said " sir " to him to his infinite disgust, and
made him tell over and over again the stories of
308 At Good Old Siwash
the big games and the grand doings of the old days.
When his promotion came, three months later, and
he went into a small job in the office, with a traveling
job looming up in the offing, we held a celebration
that set us back about half the price of a railroad
ticket home. It meant more to us than it did to him.
To him it was three dollars more a week, congenial
work and a chance. But to us it was the release of
a great man from grinding captivity — a racehorse
rescued from the shafts of a garbage cart ; a Richard
the Lion-hearted hauled from the gloomy dungeon,
where he had had to peel his own potatoes, and set
on the road to kingly pomp and circumstance again.
Excuse me for this frightful mess of language. I
can't help getting a little squashy with my adjectives
when I think of that glorious banquet night.
I 'm glad to say that Jarvis kept coming along after
that. He developed into a first-class salesman, and in
a couple of years he came in from the road and took
a desk in the house with his name on the side in
gilt letters. When this happened we made him look
up every one of his old college friends again. He
hesitated a little, but we got behind him and pushed.
We pushed him into his college club and back to Com
mencement, and we really pushed him out of our life
— for every one was glad to see him, of course, and
to his amazement he found that he was still a grand
old college institution among the alumni. So he
trained with his own crowd after that, but even now
we go over to his club and dine with him at least once
Sic Transit Gloria All-America 309
a year — always on some anniversary or other. And
for the last two years he has been sending his machine
around for us.
Oh, no, you don't! I-'m paying for this lunch,
young fellow. Don't fight any one about paying for
your lunch just because you still have the price. It 's
a privilege we older chaps insist on with you new
comers anyway. And remember, there is always a
bunch of us before the fire at the club Saturday
evenings, and we don't talk business. While you 're
waiting for that job, don't you dare miss a meeting.
And say — one thing more. Don't be afraid of those
blamed office boys. They 're all a bluff. I 'm getting
so I can fire them without even getting pale.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
Los Angeles
This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.
FIB 1 3 1989
RENEWALS
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AA 000747615 3
| atgoodoldsiwash00fitciala | OL7180479M | OL7870420W | 374 | 1,911 |
zh | N/A | N/A | **人口工作应全面转型升级**
**杨成钢**
**(西南财经大学人口研究所，成都611130)**
**摘 要：中国人口态势已经明显变化：低生育水平长期稳定，人口老龄化加速，少子化现象严重，城市化进程加快，人口流动规模巨大。中国人口管理服务制度则在目标设计、日标实现路径、实现方式等方面与人口态势变化不相适应，应当进行全面的转型升级，在相应方面做出制度化改进。**
**关键词：人口态势；人口管理服务制度；人口转变；转型升级**
**中图分类号：C 924.24 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-5919(2016}06-0100-07**
**习近平主席在中共十八届五中全会上关于人口问题的讲话谈及人口长期均衡发展和家庭发展，这被认为是国家最高领导层对于中国人口管理服务工作方向的最新诠释，也被理解为对中国人口管理服务提出了全新的工作要求。本文认为，这是积极的政策选择，顺应了中国人口发展的变化态势。但是要有效应对人口变化，只对人口管理服务做出一般工作改进还不够，而应当在人口管理服务制度的层面上进行全面转型升级。**
**一、中国人口发展态势的变化**
**中国今天的人口发展态势完全不同于实行计划生育政策的初期，已经发生了根本的变化。这种变化从纯人口学角度观察，主要包括以下几个方面：**
**1.低生育水平已经难以逆转**
**中国人口处于低生育水平，这已是不争的事实。尽管由于人口基数过大的原因，中国人口的总规模还在增加，但是增长趋势已经严重递减和萎缩。全国的妇女总和生育率不管是按人口普查数据还是按相关部门修正数据，都没有超过1.65，已经长期低于更替生育水平。个别地区，例如上海，总和生育率低于1，处于极低水平；局部地区，例如四川等地，人口总规模已经出现负增长。重要的是，这种低生育水平业已成为稳态，形成难以逆转**
**的趋势。之所以形成这种局面，最根本的原因在于这是人口转变深化的结果。中国的人口转变不仅呈现出低生育的变动结果和趋势，而且形成了维持长期稳定低生育水平的全新动力机制。**
**人口转变的动力机制主要指促使转变的作用因素和作用过程，作用因素通常包括：政策或制度干预因素、经济发展因素和文化变迁因素；作用过程有时是单一因素发动，有时是多种因素相互交织、相互促进。**
**对于中国人口转变过程，特别是其动力机制的变化，人们的认识并不统一。较长时期以来，直有一种观点认为，低生育水平是由于政策抑制的结果，并没有反映人们真实的生育意愿，一旦政策放开，就会出现较大的生育反弹。即使在开放单独生育政策，甚至全面放开二孩生育政策推出以后，这种声音也没有完全消泯。另外一种观点认为，虽然中国人口长期处于低生育水平，但是随着国家全面放开二孩生育政策的推出，生育水平也将应声而变，逐步回归正常。实际上，这两种观点都没有充分认识到中国人口转变已经深化，从动力机制上发生了根本的改变。**
**深人理解中国人口转变及其动力机制，必须充分认识到其特点及其变化的阶段性。中国的人口转变过程具有自己的特点：一是转变行程短，用20多年的时间就完成了西方许多国家上百年才**
**收稿日期：2016-08-24**
**作者简介：杨成钢，男，河南三门峡人，西南财经大学人口所教授。**
**基金项目：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“人口转变、产业转型与中国经济社会可持续发展研究”(项目编号：13JJD820013)**
**完成的人口转变历程；二是作用因素复杂、多元，行政的、法律的、经济的、文化的多种因素形成结构化力量，综合发力；三是转变过程具有文化黏性，现实的约束与文化上的从众行为交织，造成生育意愿和生育行为之间的脱节。**
**而对于其变化的阶段性，我个人认为，这种阶段性可以分为三步：从实行计划生育到20世纪80年代末期可以视作第一阶段。这一阶段中国经济刚刚开始起步，工业化和城市化水平都还不高，主要是政策抑制发挥作用。整个90年代可以视为第二个阶段。这一阶段中国经济进人新的发展期，特别是邓小平南巡讲话发表以后，市场经济活力得到更加充分的调动和释放，人民生活水平较为普遍的得到改善和提升。这时人口转变的动力机制应该是经济发展与政策抑制共同发挥作用。进人新世纪以来的这十多年可以被视为第三个阶段。这一阶段不仅中国经济快速增长，而且城市化水平得到快速提高，以农村青壮年人口为主体的农业转移人口大规模常态化地涌人城市就业、生活，不仅使他们的生活方式发生了改变，而且使他们的生活观念，包括生育观念都产生了重大改变。可以认为，这一阶段人口转变的动力机制更多的是经济发展因素在发挥作用了。**
**也许引起人们对中国人口转变动力机制发生根本变化有所质疑的原因还在于人们对于中国传统生育文化的认知。不错，中国传统确实有男孩偏好、传宗接代的生育文化，而且也已经有一些研究显示出，较高比例的人口有至少生育二孩的生育意愿，但开放单独生育和全面放开二孩生育政策推出后的生育状况并没有出现人们原来所预期的那种生育堆积现象，甚至还有一定程度的遇冷①。这说明人们的生育行为和生育意愿可以并不同步。我们也可以将其理解为是一种文化变迁中的黏性效应，就是说，某些生育群体即使生育观念没有充分改变，生育意愿还存有多子偏好和男孩偏好，但在生育行为上却选择了少生优育或接**
**受生女孩的现实。这是一种微妙的生育文化心态，既反映了人口转变动力的强大，也反映了生育文化变迁的黏性。**
**毋庸置疑，中国的人口转变已经彻底完成，生育的动力机制已经发生了根本的改变，低生育水平将成为中国在未来较长历史时期内难以逆转的一种人口现实。**
**2.人口老龄化日趋严重**
**从老龄化规模上看，根据2000年“五普”数据，中国65岁以上的老龄人口为8800万人，占全国人口的7.0%，占世界老龄人口的21.4%；60岁以上人口占全国人口的10.33%，那时中国就已是世界老龄人口规模最大的国家②。而根据2010年“六普”数据，65岁以上的老龄人口达到了1.1亿，占全国人口的8.9%；60岁以上老年人口达到1.7亿，占全国人口的13.3%③。最新的权威数据来自国家统计局在《2015年中国统计年鉴》发布的抽样调查结果：截至2014年底，中国65岁以上人口已达1.3775亿，占总人口比重为10.1%，60岁以上人口占总人口的比重更达到15.5%。目前，中国老年人口的绝对规模已经非常庞大，是世界上唯一的老年人口规模超过1亿人的国家。**
**从老龄化速度上看，“六普”与“五普”数据相比，60岁及以上人口的比重上升2.93个百分点，65岁及以上人口的比重上升1.91个百分点。与国际上对比，65岁以上人口比例由7%增长到14%，法国用了115年，美国用了69年，瑞士用了50年，英国用了45年，而中国只用27年时间，中国老龄化速度仅次于日本，是所有发展中国家最快的一个国家。**
**3.少子化趋势明显**
**少子化一般较少引起关注，但实际上，少子化与老龄化一样，反映了人口年龄结构的变化趋势，并且二者之间有着密切的联系，对经济社会的发展有着重要影响。在中国，少子化情况已然非常**
**①** **参见石智雷、杨云彦：《符合“单独二孩”政策家庭的生育意愿与生育行为》，《人口研究》2014年第5期；韩雷、田龙鹏：《“全面二孩”的生育意愿与生育行为一-—基于2014年湘潭市调研数据的分析》，《湘潭大学学报》2016年第1期。**
**②** **参见杜鹏：《新世纪的中国人口——中国第五次全国人口普查资料分析(当代人口科学论丛)》，北京：中国人民大学出版社2011年版**
**③** **参见国务院人口普查办公室：《中国2010年人口普查资料》(上、中、下册)，北京：中国统计出版社2012年版。**
**严重，根据人口学的统计标准，一个社会0一14岁人口占比15%一18%为“严重少子化”，15%以内为“超少子化”①。中国历次人口普查的数据表明，中国0—14岁的少儿人口占比呈现令人吃惊的锐减态势：1982年为33.6%，1990年为27.7%，2000年为22.9%，到2010年已经降为16.6%，到2014年继续降到16.5%，而且学界普遍认为，这种减少的趋势还将持续。**
**从0一14岁人口的绝对数量的变化来看。1995年共有3.2亿，到了2005年减少到2.6亿，到了2014年，更是减少到2.2亿。少儿人口的绝对数量下降的速度非常快。**
**人口出生率也是观察少子化进程的一个角度。从人口的出生率来看，1995年为17.12%0，2005年降为12.40%，到了2010年继续降为11.90%，2014年受生育政策调整的影响，缓慢上升至12.37%②。从整个趋势看，近20年来，不管是人口出生率还是人口自然增长率都处于下降趋势，并且这种下降趋势还将继续。**
**4.人口城乡结构变化显著**
**改革开放以来，中国城镇化速度加快，城镇化水平快速提高。1978年全国城镇化率为17.92%，1996年城镇化率突破30%，达到30.48%。2003年，城镇化率突破40%，达到40.53%。2011年中国城镇化率已突破50%，达到51.27%③。而最近的国家统计局公报数据显示，2015年中国的城镇化率已经突破56.1%，这个数字比世界平均城镇化水平高1.2%④。根据国家“十三五”规划，未来城镇化过程仍将稳步推进，力争2020年中国城镇化率达到60%⑤.城镇化水平的提高，不仅对中国经济社会发展产生重**
**要影响，而且会在很大程度上改变国人的生活方式和生活观念，包括其婚姻生活和生育观念。**
**当然，中国人口城镇化发展并不均衡，存在明显的地域差异，江苏、浙江、辽宁、广东、天津、北京和上海等东部经济发达地区的城镇化率普遍达到60%以上，而西藏、贵州、云南、甘肃、河南、新疆、广西等中西部经济次发达地区城镇化率仍然在40%以下，东西部区域差异巨大⑥。**
**5.人口流动性大幅增加**
**自改革开放以来，中国的流动人口规模逐步提高。1982年中国流动人口仅有6.57万⑦，而截至2015年，中国流动人口数量已达2.47亿人，流动人口占比 17.97%⑧。中国已成为全球人口流动最为活跃的区域之一。**
**随着城镇化进程稳步推进和区域经济合作的日趋紧密，中国的人口迁移流动规模仍将不断增加。《中国人口流动发展报告(2015)》预计，2015一2020年间，人口迁移规模将达到2.91亿人，其中农业转移人口2.2亿人，城镇之间人口迁移约7000万人。预期到2030年中国流动迁移人口总量将突破3.1亿人。另外我国人口迁移还存在以下几个主要特征：一是人口流出地主要为中西部经济欠发达地区和西南地区；流人地测为东南沿海等经济发达地区。2013年安徽、四川、湖南、河南、贵州和江西六省占全国跨省流出人口的71.07%。而珠三角的广东，长三角的浙江、上海、江苏，北京，以及海西经济区的福建六省市占全国跨省流入人口总数的87.83%⑨。二是目前人口流动的主要人群虽然还是农村人口，但预期随着区域经济一体化的推进，区域间经济联系的加强，城镇之间人口流动将日趋活跃。2015—2020年**
**冯按涵：《日本少子化政策经验及其对我国少子化政策的启示研究》，东北财经大学2016年硕士论文。**
**参见中青网“中国少子化拉响警报：人口或在2017年后迅速下降”，http：//news. youth. cn/jy/201509/t201509287162254.htm。**
**参见国家发展与改革委员会：《国家新型城镇化报告2015》，北京：中国财政出版社2015年版。**
**参见世界银行网站数据整理得到世界平均城镇化率水平，http：//data. worldbank. org. en/indicator/SP. URB.** **TOTL. IN.ZS? view = chart。**
**参见《国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要》，新华社北京2016年3月17日：**
**参见童玉芬、武玉：《中国城市化进程中的人口特点与问题》，《人口与发展》2013年第4期。**
**参见段成荣、杨舸、马学阳：《中国流动人口研究》，北京：中国人口出版社2012年版。**
**参见国家卫生计生委流动人口司：《中国人口流动发展报告》，北京：中国人口出版社2015年版。**
**参见国家卫生计生委流动人口司：《中国人口流动发展报告》，北京：中国人口出版社2013年版。**
**间中国城镇之间人口迁移数量估计可达7000 万。三是人口流动导致区域经济分化，由于人口流出，黑龙江、河南、安徽等省市出现“人口逆差”，面临人口缩减压力，并带来经济潜在增速的下行。2015年黑龙江、吉林和辽宁的名义 GDP 增长率分别为-0.29%3.41%和0.26%，经济下滑趋势明显①。**
**人口的流动不仅表明经济要素的活力增加，而且意味着信息的扩散和文化的互动，进而影响人们社会生活和家庭行为选择。**
**人口是一切人类社会活动的基础变量，中国人口态势的上述变化必将从不同方面对中国的经济社会发展构成相应的影响。学界有必要进行前瞻性的研究，而人口管理服务部门更应当未雨绸缪，思考原有人口政策和制度设计是否与新的人口形势相适应，以及在新的人口态势下如何进行良性改进，以适应人口态势的新变化。**
**从学界的反应来讲，有学者曾经提出观点认为，随着中国人口生育政策的调整，人口态势的变化和人口问题热点的转换，中国的人口研究工作重点应该从过去较多的关注人口的生育、年龄结构等自然变动转移到对人口迁移问题的研究上来②。这一观点具有高度的理论敏感性和前瞻性，值得理论界认真思考和对待，但是笔者不敢苟同的是，人口迁移问题固然应该受到高度关注，但是人口自然变动方面的问题并非不再重要和紧迫，许多问题并未解决或消失，只是有了新的呈现，甚至是更加复杂的呈现。理论界对人口自然变动进行深入探索研究的使命并未终结，政策指导价值依然存在。**
**而从人口管理服务部门的适应性来讲，我认为，以当今人口态势变化的深刻和复杂，一般就事论事、见招拆招的政策改进并不足以应对，需要进行制度化的改进。这也是本文讨论的重点。**
**二、现有人口管理服务制度与人口新态势不相适应**
**公平地讲，中国的人口管理服务制度是在人口**
**管理实践当中不断探索，不断完善的，从20世纪70年代初期开始实行计划生育到今天已经取得了长足的进步，但是仍存在与人口发展新态势不相适应之处。这种不适应表现在以下四个方面：**
**1.制度目标**
**制度目标又包括价值目标和技术目标两个方面的内容。首先看价值目标，任何一种制度设计都不可避免地带有某种价值倾向性，这种价值倾向性反映了制度设计的根本观念和指导思想，因而具有方向性和基础性意义。中国人口制度目标存在的不足是更多看到了物，较少看到人。制度设计伊始，政府就把人口的变动和调整作为进行经济建设、实现国家现代化的手段和途径，而没有充分考虑人口自身的发展规律，没有将人口自身的发展作为目的去对待。**
**固然，人口是经济增长的重要条件，可以在现代化建设中发挥工具性作用，但它毕竟不是工具，它的本质是人。人口就是人群，就是群体的人。在人类社会，人的价值才是终极价值，人的需求才是根本需求，如同毛泽东所言：世间一切事物中，人是最可宝贵的。我们发展经济，进行现代化建设，都是为了让人生活得更幸福，更有尊严。换句话说，人是目的，经济增长才是工具和手段。如果我们把人当成工具，牺牲人的尊严和幸福去满足经济增长的需要，那是本末倒置。**
**其次看技术目标，技术目标也指工作业务目标，我国长期以控制人口数量、调节生育为主要工作业务目标，大约2010年以后开始倡导人口长期均衡发展，全面两孩政策推出以后，人口长期均衡发展就成为明确的技术目标，或者工作业务目标。与过去相比，这一目标考虑了人口的发展规律，当然是一种进步。目前的缺陷在于还缺乏可操作化标准，向量之间关系并没在理论上说清，例如怎样才算人口长期均衡?均衡的标准是什么?一定的人口数量要对应怎样的人口质量和人口结构?或者反过来，如果设定一个理想的合理的人口结构，将会要求人口的数量调整到什么样的生育水平?都还需要进一步研究。**
**①** **参见陈洁“2015各省经济总量排名大挪移拖累重工业东北三省整体下滑”，《21世纪经济报道》，2016年2月17 日，http：//news.21so.com/2016/21cbhnews** \_ **217/307316.html。**
**②** **参见陈卫、吴丽丽：《中国人口迁移与生育率关系研究》，《人口研究杂志》2006年第1期。**
**人口理论史上曾经有一个适度人口理论，特别是以法国人口学家索维为代表的现代适度人口理论①，将人口的变动与技术的发展水平相对应比较，试图提出一种动态的人口与经济均衡模型，遗憾的是他的理论没有考虑人口内部自身的均衡，因为所谓适度是相对于某一标准来说的，这个标准不仅是经济技术关系，也要考虑人口内部各个向量之间的关系，要对应不同的关系来谈适度与否。我们今天探讨人口长期均衡发展也面临同样的问题。但是，如果能够在理论上取得突破，寻求到一个可操作化的技术标准，那么将是对人口理论发展的一个重要贡献。**
**也有的学者提出使用稳定人口作为指标②。稳定人口是人口学中的重要指标，反映了人口数量变化的稳定性，也间接地反映出一个人口的年龄结构的稳定协调和均衡③，但是，稳定人口也只是数量目标，它既没有全面地反映人口内部数量质量结构三个方面的协调均衡关系，也没有反映出人口外部与经济社会发展和资源环境变化之间的均衡关系，所以也很难成为一个理想的技术标准。**
**2.目标实现路径**
**中国长期通行的制度目标实现路径是典型的行政化为主的实现路径，自上而下，由国及家，是一种科层制的从中央到省市县乡，逐级进行政策落实的信息传导机制和路径，也是一种反向的由下向上、逐级进行责任保证的行为约束机制和目标实现路径。中国人口管理的最初推进是完全行政化，后来随着时间的发展逐步地加入法律的因素，从大概1998年开始逐步地建立和完善了一些相关法律制度，试图通过法治的途径来实现制度目标，但是在实际的政策推行过程中真正将政策落到实处的还是行政化的手段，例如“党政一把手亲自抓，负总责”“一票否决目标责任制”等等方式，都是循名责实，通过行政方式完成量化目标，以至于在今天的人口政策调整，全面放开二孩后，人们的生育意愿又比较低的情况下，很多管理**
**部门甚至有些手足无措，不知从何将工作做起。**
**另外，行政化为主的实现路径还体现在政策对于体制内人员具有很强的约束力而对体制外人员却缺乏有效的约束。这表明制度目标的实现还在很大程度上需要依托行政资源的推动，其自身的严肃性和执行力还存在明显不足。**
**3.目标实现方式**
**中国的人口制度长期以来主要采用管理的方式，并且在早期，其管理具有较大的强制性。虽然自进入新世纪后逐步地在原来的人口管理制度中注入一些服务的因素，推出了诸如关爱女孩行动、利益导向机制、家庭能力建设等广受欢迎的人口制度目标实现方式，但总体上是将服务寓于管理之中的。这种目标实现方式在人口进人低生育水平阶段，生育政策调整以后，势必面临很大的挑战。新的人口政策环境下也许仍然需要必要的人口管理，但是可以预见的是，人口的服务、政策的激励和导引将会是主要的目标实现方式。**
**4.制度作用边界**
**这里说的是体制问题。中国人口管理服务制度中长期存在制度作用边界的问题，“大人口还是小人口”是长期讨论的话题④。人口问题具有复杂性和综合性，人口管理服务需求具有多样性，一个人口现象背后牵扯到一系列的经济社会文化因素，一一个人口问题的解决需要一系列部门联手统筹，共同发力，比如失独家庭困难救助的问题，远不是人口部门一家可以解决的。又比如养老公共服务资源供给问题，不是人口部门的工作范围，但是又与人口问题有着密切的联系。目前的体制框架下人口管理服务部门并不具有足够的资源统筹能力和综合协调能力，在以前那种单一的工作目标条件下，也许还可以利用所谓国策优势勉为其难，新的人口环境下，如果想适应人口发展的需要，统筹的解决一些人口问题的话，就难免会遇到**
**阿尔弗雷·索维：《人口通论》(上)，北京：商务印书馆1983年版。**
**Preston，Samuel H. Ansley J. Coale，“Age Structure， Growth， Attrition， and Accession： A New Synthesis”， Population** **Index， 1982， 48 (2)； Preston， Samuel H.，7“ An Integrated System for Demographie Estimation from Two Age** **Distributions”， Derography，1983，20(2).**
**参见陈卫：《基于广义稳定人口模型的中国生育率估计》，《人口研究》2015年第6期。**
**乔晓春：《“大人口”管理体制的构建》，《人口与发展》2012年第2期。**
**体制障碍，触碰人口管理制度的作用边界。**
**三、中国人口管理服务制度需要全面转型升级**
**所谓人口管理服务，其本质意义是指对涉及人口的各种问题之社会治理。制度层面的人口管理服务体现为对人口问题进行社会治理的一系列政策组合与工作机制。所谓全面转型升级是指人口管理服务制度在政策目标、政策目标实现路径和实现方式上都有一种积极的选择和全新的呈现。在今天的人口政策语境中就是不再拘泥于人口数量控制的陈旧思维，不再纠结于生一个还是生几个的窠臼之中，而是以国民利益最大公约数作为政策价值目标，以人口长期均衡发展作为政策技术标准，以利益导向和家庭发展作为政策路径，以礼法结合，也即法治与人本相结合作为政策实现方式的综合性政策体系设计和系统化政策机制建构。具体可分为转型和升级两方面内容。**
**1.关于转型**
**人口管理服务制度的转型方向有两个，一个是向大人口转型，另一个是向家庭发展服务转型。**
**所谓大人口就是要增加人口管理服务部门的职能，拓宽其工作边界。如果说在以前的高生育水平时代，人口部门还可以把管理和服务都集中于计划生育的工作目标上的话，那么在今天中国人口已经进人低生育水平阶段，人口政策已经调整的大背景下，人口部门就不应当再将其管理服务工作拘泥于原来单一的工作目标和狭隘的工作边界内了。人口问题不仅仅是生育问题，人口的管理服务工作更是具有广泛的内容，微观上要帮助人口的发展和能力提升、促进家庭的发展和能力建设；宏观上不仅要顺应人口自身发展规律，促进实现人口内部数量质量结构之间的均衡，而且要顺应经济社会发展规律和自然生态环境变化规律，促进实现人口与经济社会发展和资源环境变化的外部均衡。所以人口管理服务部门应当积极作为，积极争取和主动开拓各种涉及人口的工作领域，以服务换职能，在广泛人口服务中争取自己的广泛人口管理服务职能。**
**所谓家庭发展，从政策设计视角出发，应当是这样一种政策效果：在努力保障家庭安全的基础**
**上，让每一个家庭同步共享国家和地区经济社会发展成果，使其家庭建设能力不断提升，家庭生活质量和社会尊严不断提高，家庭幸福感不断增加的过程。**
**在中国社会，家庭发展有着特别的意义。与西方社会以个人作为社会细胞不同，中国文化把家庭理解为最基本的社会细胞和社会单元，高度重视家庭的建设和发展。让家庭发展同步共享社会发展成果是中国现代化建设的出发点和落脚点，也是时代发展的必然要求。**
**中国当前的家庭发展服务领域有着广泛的社会需求，也是中国长期以来的社会服务短板。人口部门主动将人口工作向家庭发展的支持和服务转型正好扮演了积极的政府角色，满足了人民群众的家庭发展需求。**
**2.关于升级**
**升级的内容包括：第一，确立积极的亲民的政策目标。所谓积极，就是要主动适应经济社会发展的趋势，主动引领社会价值，建构社会行为规范。所谓亲民，就是要树立以人为本，以民为本的价值取向，充分满足人民群众的需要，切实代表人民群众的根本利益。变国家意志主导为民本意志主导，使人口政策更多的尊重民众的利益诉求和家庭个体的人口决策和行为选择。我们当然不能排除国家意志和集体理性，但是可以通过改进决策机制来最大限度的顺应民意，最大程度的反映和代表多数人的个体理性。通过建立和引导民众对人口政策规范的价值认同来协调国家整体利益与家庭个体利益，建立国家意志与民众意志的价值互信和目标共识。**
**第二，选择务实的理性的也是智慧的目标实现路径。自下而上，更多尊重家庭自主选择。在低生育水平的人口环境下，人口管理服务工作的着力方向很有可能随着时间的推移从过去的人口生育抑制逐步转向人口生育激励，这是目前世界上那些较早的完成人口转变的经济发达国家普遍的选择，中国很难例外。生育激励绝不可能、更不应该采用行政手段自上而下进行干预，只能反过来，自下而上，在尊重生育家庭自主选择的基础上进行新的价值导引和利益诱导，在更加全面周到的生育健康服务和生育制度保护基础上，减少生育家庭的生育后顾之忧，降低生育活动的各种直**
**接成本和间接成本。这是目前全面放开生育二孩政策以后已经出现的生育家庭决策选择迹象，也是人口管理服务部门应当未雨绸缪、尽早筹划的制度设计路径。**
**第三，寻求礼法结合、法制与人本相结合的政策实现方式。**
**这里含义有三点：(1)法制建立的价值取向应倾向于国民性。法是国家工具，正因为如此，确立正确的价值方向显得尤为重要。国家的本质意义并非疆土，更非行政机器，而是在共同价值规范下凝聚在一起的民众。是为国民。国民在则国家在，国民利益即是国家利益。所有的国家工具和国家行为都应以保护国民利益，尊重国民权利为其价值取向。所以一个善治国家，一个真正的社会主义国家，其立法同法都应代表国民利益，充分尊重和保护每一个国民的基本人权和其他合理的权利诉求。固然，这一过程会存在整体利益与个体利益的矛盾，但也惟其如此，法才有存在的价值。好的法律和制度并不回避这种矛盾，而是在公开公平公正的原则下，通过寻求各方利益的最大公约数来建立共同的行为规范。这样的规范由于充分尊重了个体权利，从而其作为整体利益的代表才有了正当性基础。(2)正因为法的严肃性、强制性，才更需要将法置于人本主义的基础之上，使法成为扬善抑恶的工具和引领社会趋向人本价值的手段。这不仅包括立法过程对国民基本利益诉求和人本愿望表达的充分尊重，而且包括执法过程对执法对象社会处境、事件发生环境的充分理解以及对执法结果所引起的社会价值导向的正确认知，避免法的滥用、误用而使其沦为恶**
**法，损害法治声誉。更要彻底杜绝侵犯公民基本权利的以权代法、以政代法、粗暴执法、依法犯法，以执法名义践踏法律，侵犯公民基本权利的违法行为。(3)更进一步讲，是不是所有的国民行为都需要在“法”的层面去规范也是值得思考的。法作为一种调节社会关系的强制手段，并非理所当然的第一选项。何时当立?立于何种范围?如何执法?要把握好其边界绝不简单。这一点早在中国古代先秦时期，一些卓有见识的政治家和思想家就注意到了。究竟以礼为法，还是以法为礼，抑或礼法结合，曾是非常热门的讨论话题，也是诸多王朝治国理政首先要做出的方向性选择。老子曾提出治民要遵循“失道而后德，失德而后仁，失仁而后义，失义而后礼”的顺序。荀子倡法，但主张“礼法结合”。他们都是将法作为伦理规范约束之后的最后一个选项，试图尽量控制法的作用边界，以避免其峻急严苛。这些理念和主张，我们不能将其仅仅理解为古人的政治理想主义，而应当认识到其正是中国传统文化所积淀的治国理政经验总结。**
**此外还须认识到法是有成本的，立法和司法的过程都将耗费大量行政费用。如果不管行为大小，影响如何，动辄用法，其制度成本势必高企，最终会使财政不堪重负。所以，如果不是重要的社会行为，或能用非正式制度加以调整约束的行为和关系，就没有必要以法作器，而可以选择成本更低的方式。**
**中国人口管理服务制度化的转型和升级也许不能齐头并进，也不可能一蹴而就，但要适应人口新态势，尽早加以思考和筹划是大有必要的。**
**Population Work Should Be Transformed and Upgraded in an All-around Way**
**Yang Chenggang**
**_(Institute of Population Research， Southweslern University of Finance and Economies， Chengdu 610074， China)_**
**Abstract： China’s population situation has changed significantly， with the long-term stability of low fertility， accelerating aging population， severe sub-replacement fertility， accelerating process of urbanization， and huge population mobility. As China’s population management service system is not compatible with the change of population situation in the aspects of goal design， path to goal realization and way of realization， we should carry out transformation and upgrading in an all-around way， and make institutional improvement in the corresponding aspects.**
**Keywords： population situation. population management service system， population transition. transformation and upgrading** | null | null | null | null | null |
en | hf cc0-1.0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/storytracer/US-PD-Books | A new translation of Job, Ecclesiastes and the Canticles, with introductions and notes chiefly explanatory
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NEW TRANSLATION
•■!TARIA.N
THE BOOK" - 0% i> S A I. M S
AND OP
THE PROVERBS,
WITH
mTRODUCTIONS, AND NOTES, CHIEFLY
EXPLANATOllY.
By GEORGE R. NOYES, D.D.,
HANCOCK PBOFESSOK OF HEBREW, ETC., AND DEXTER LECXaKEK
IN HARVARD UNIVERSlTr.
FIFTH EDITION.
BOSTON:
AMERICAN UNITARIAN ASSOCIATION.
1874.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by
THE AMERICAN UI^^ITAKIAN ASSOCIATION,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
THE PSALMS.
INTEODUCTION.
I. General Character and Value of the Psalms.
The Book of Psalms has been styled by some of the German
critics, in allusion to a portion of Grecian literature, The Hebrew
Anthology ; that is, a collection of the lyric, moral, historical,
and elegiac poetry of the Hebrews. Regarded in this light alone,
it presents a most interesting subject of literary taste and curi-
osity. Many of these psalms must have been composed some
hundreds of years before the period which is commonly assigned
to the origin of the Hiad of Homer. But it is not with them as
with many of the productions of the classic Muse, of which the
antiquity constitutes their greatest claim upon the attention of
the scholar, and of which the subjects possess little or no interest
for the world in its manhood. It was the privilege of the Hebrew
bards to be employed upon subjects possessing an interest as en-
during as the attributes of God and the nature of dependent man.
Their poetry has the deep foundation of eternal truth. It comes,
for the most part, in language the most glowing, from the very
depths of the soul, rich in sentiments adapted to the soufs most
urgent wants. Hence its living spirit, its immortal freshness.
Hence its power of reaching the hearts of all men, in all countries
and in all ages. Where, in the whole compass of literature, cau
one find more of the ' ' thoughts that breathe and words that burn "
than in the Hebrew Anthology ? Then, too, what variety is there
in the subjects of these ancient compositions ! How diverse the
states of heart and fortune that occasioned them ! How various
the strains of joy, sorrow, gratitude, love, hope, confidence, fear,
[5J
6 ' INTRODUCTION.
remorse, and penitence, wliieli come from tlie sacred lyre ! There
is scarcely a conceivable state of the human soul, in which one may
not repair to the Psalter, as it were to a sympathizing friend.
What a sensation would be produced in the literary world by
such a collection of poetry as is presented in the Book of Psalms,
could it come recommended by the attraction of novelty ! But the
trnth is, that, in general, the ear is accustomed to these admirable
productions, before the mind can comprehend their meaning or
fed their beauty ; so that, in maturer life, it requires no incon-
siderable effort to give them that attention which is necessary for
the leception of the impressions they are adapted to impart.
Another obstacle to a proper estimate of the poetry of the Scrip-
tures is the very imperfect translation, and wretched arrangement,
in which it has been presented to English readers. Let the lover
of poetry imagine what impressions he should receive from the
odes of Collins or Gray, cut up into fragments like the verses in
the common version of the Bible, and he may comprehend what
injustice has been done to the Hebrew poets.
The compositions in the Book of Psalms are the productions of
various authors and periods, belong to different species of poetry,
and possess various degrees of poetic merit. While some of them
present the fresh gushes of excited feeling, or the calmer expres-
sion of the sublimest sentiments, in the boldest language of poetry,
others consist only of moral maxims artificially arranged in a sen-
tentious style, or of elaborate and imitative prayers and praises,
prepared for the public worship of God.
The Psalms, says De Wette, are lyric poems. This is all that
is implied in the name which they bear, "^alimg^ from rpulXetv,
chordas tangere, Jidibus canere, signifies the music of a stringed
instrument, the sound of the lyre; then, a song sung to the music
of the lyre. This word Is used by the Alexandrian translators for
the Hebrew "^^T??, as well as ipuXkeiv for the verb 172 T ; but these
Hebrew words, whatever may be their etymology, have the signi-
fication of song accompanied with music. Psalter (ipalrifpiov) , the
name which, in imitation of the Greeks, we give to the collection
of Psalms, properly denotes a stringed instrument ; and the appel-
lation is to be understood in the same manner as when we give to
a collection of lyric poems the title of The Lyre. The Jews call
INTRODUCTION. J
the Psalms t'^^!!?!, songs of i^raise, and the collection t^^lbri?! "ItD*
also, abbreviated, C^l^i, an appellation which applies to a part
only of the Psalms. The term, D^S;^t?2 or d^l'^d, songs, odeSy
would be more correct.
The Psalms are lyric, in the proper sense ; for with the He-
brews, as in the ancient world generally, song and music were
connected, and the titles to most of the Psalms determine their
connection with music, though in a manner which is often unin-
telligible to us. These compositions deserve, moreover, the name
of lyric, on account of their character as works of taste. The
essence of lyric poetry is the immediate expression of feeling ; and
feeling is the sphere to which most of the Psalms belong. Pain,
sorrow, fear, hope, joy, confidence, gratitude, submission to God,
every thing that moves and elevates the soul, is expressed in
these hymns.
In the Psalms we have merely the remains of the lyric poetry
of the Hebrews. The productions of this class were undoubtedly
far more numerous than would seem to have been the case from
these remains, and spread tkrough a wider and more diversified
field. The Psalter is chiefly composed of religious and devotional
hymns ; but it cannot be maintained, that the lyric poetry of the
Hebrews was exclusively devoted to the service of religion and
of public worship. The supposition is sufficiently contradicted by
those invaluable examples of another species of lyric poetry, which
are preserved in other parts of the Scriptures ; such as David's
elegy over Saul and Jonathan, the song at the well (Numb. xxi.
17), and especially the Song of Solomon, although the last be-
longs to a somewhat different branch of poetical composition. In
the Book of Psalms itself, there is one production which possesses
an altogether secular character, namely, Ps. xlv. For most of
the hymns which are extant, we are indebted probably to the reli-
gious use to which they were consecrated, rather than to any com-
mon poetical sympathy ; and hence so few secular songs have been
preserved from destruction.
In respect to their contents and character, the Psalms have been
classified in the following manner : * —
* See De Wette's Commentar iiber die Psalmen, p. 3. Biblical Reposi-
tory for 1833, p. 448.
8 INTRODUCTION.
I. H^Tiins in praise of Jehovah. 1. Generally as God of na-
ture and of man, Ps. viii., civ., cxlv. 2. As God of nature and
of Israel, Ps. xix., xxix., xxxiii., Ixv., xciii., cxxxv., exxxvi.,
cxlvii., and others. 3. As God of Israel, Ps. xlvii., Ixvi., Ixvii.,
Ixxv. 4. As the saviour and helper of Israel, Ps. xlvi., xlvii.,
xlviii., Ixxv., Ixxvi. ; and of individuals, Ps. xviii., xxx., cxxxviii.,
and others.
II. National psalms, containing allusions to the ancient history
of the Israelites, and to the relation of the people to Jehovah,
Ps. Ixxviii., cv., cvi., cxiv.
III. Psalms of Zion and of the temple, Ps. xv., xxiv., Ixvlii.,
Ixxxi., Ixxxvii., cxxxii., cxxxiv., cxxxv.
IV. Psalms relating to the king, Ps. ii., xx., xxi., xlv., Ixxii.,
ex.
V. Psalms which contain complaints under affliction and the
persecution of enemies, and prayers for succor ; the most nu-
merous class, comprising more than a third part of the whole col-
lection. These psalms of complaint are, — 1. Personal, relating
to the case of an individual, Ps. vii., xxii., Iv., Ivi., cix., and
others. 2. National, Ps. xliv., Ixxiv., Ixxix., Ixxx., cxxxvii.,
and others. 3. Personal and national at the same time, Ps. Ixix.,
Ixxvii., cii. From these divisions proceed still others. 4. Gen-
eral psalms of complaint, reflections on the wickedness of the
world, Ps. X., xii., xiv., xxxvi. 5. Didactic psalms, respecting
the condition of the pious and the godless, Ps. xxxvii., xlix.,
badii. 6. Psalms of thanksgiving for deliverance from enemies,
which also pass over into the first class, Ps. xxxiv., xl., and
others.
VI. Religious and moral psalms. 1. Odes to Jehovah with
special allusions, Ps. xc, cxxxix. 2. Expressions of religious
conviction, hope, confidence, Ps. xxiii., xci., cxxi., cxxvii.,
cxxviii. 3. Expressions of religious experience, resolutions, &c.,
Ps. xlii., xliii., ci., cxxxi. 4. Development of religious or moral
ideas, Ps. i., cxxxiii. 5. Didactic poems relating to religion,
Ps. xxxii., 1. 6. Collections of proverbs, in alphabetical order,
Ps. cxix. The few which cannot be brought under any of the
foregoing classes and divisions either constitute new ones by
themselves, or possess an intermediate character.
INTRODUCTION. 9
It will be perceived, that, in this classification, proposed by
De Wette, no place is assigned to psalms relating to the Messiah.
This is in accordance with the opinion of the above-mentioned
distinguished commentator, and others, who reject the doctrine of
a double sense in the Scriptures, that there is not in the Book
of Psalms any prediction relating to the Messiah. The question
whether any, and, if any, how many, of the Psalms relate to the
Messiah is attended with considerable difficulty. At first view,
it would be natural to expect, that the 'lyrical productions of the
Jewish poets, as well as the writings of the prophets, would con-
tain allusions to the Messiah. But when we come to examine
those which have been chiefly referred to as containing the Mes-
sianic hopes, such as the ii., xvi., xxii., xL, xlv., Ixxii., ex., we
seem to find, on the principles of historical interpretation which
are applied to all other books, in some of them no predictions
whatever, but only references to the past or the present ; in others,
only glowing anticipations, which seem to refer to the writer of
the psalm, or to Jewish kings contemporary with him. The ques-
tion can be decided only by a critical examination of each psalm.
But it deserves consideration, whether Christ may not be said to
have fulfilled what is written in the Psalms concerning him, when
he filled out, or completed, what was valuable in the experience,
or precious in the hopes, of David and other servants of God,
wliich are the proper subjects of the Psalms.* His life and suffer-
infifs were analo2i;ous to theirs, but of a higher character and
attended with more glorious results. It is well observed by
Stanley, in connection with other valuable remarks on the sub-
ject, " The Psalter is especially prophetic of Christ, because, more
than any other part of the ancient Scriptures, it enters into those
truths of the spiritual life, of which he was the great revealer."f
This view is confirmed by the interpretation of the Psalms which
has generally prevailed in the Christian church. The ever-recur-
ring remark of the common expositor is, "This psalm in part
refers to David, and in part to Jesus Christ ; '' or, " This psalm is
fulfilled in a lower sense in David, but in a higher and better sense
in Christ." But the supposition that the psalm itself contained,
* See Int. to the Prophets, p. Ixx.
t History of the Jewish Chiu-ch, vol. ii. p. 161.
1*
10 INTRODUCTION.
in the mind of the writer, more senses than one, seems to con-
tradict all just views of the nature of language. In regard to
some of the references * made to the Psalms by Paul and Peter,
and the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews, it seems necessary
to suppose that they were not inspired as critics and interpreter.s,
but that they argued according to a mode of reasoning and of
interpretation which they held in common with their contempo-
raries, but which cannot be regarded as valid at the present day.
Now, it is an indisputable fact, that the ancient Jews, without
regard to any just laws of interpretation, without any regard to
the connection in which words stand, and especially in pursuance
of the typical or the allegorical method, applied hundreds of pas-
sages of the Old Testament to the Messiah, which no one in
modern times can suppose to relate to him.f It would be singu-
lar, therefore, if we did not find traces of the same mode of apply-
ing Scriptural passages in the writers of the New Testament.
It is probable, that, in some cases, the reference in the New
Testament to a passage in the Psalms is merely in the way of
rhetorical illustration, ov o^ argumentum ex concessis ; for instance,
in John xiii. 18 ; Matt, xxii, 44, &c. But this mode of explanation
cannot be applied to such passages as Acts iv. 25, xiii. 33, and
several in the Epistle to the Hebrews, without doing violence to
language.
These observations are offered for the consideration of those,
of whom I am one, who can find no psahn of which, in its primary
sense, the Messiah is the exclusive subject. Of recent orthodox
commentators, Tholuck finds only four, namely, Ps. ii., xlv.,
Ixxii., and ex., containing a direct and literal reference to the
Messiah. So also Hengstenberg applies to him only the same
psalms. It seems to me that all four plainly indicate that they
refer to kings actually living and reigning in the time of the
writers. Nor is any thing ascribed to them, or hoped for them,
which, when due allowance is made for the language of Oriental
hyperbole, does not belong to the conception of a Jewish theocratic
king, the vicegerent of Jehovah. As the ancient prophets, such
as Isaiah, Jeremiah, Micah, «fec., predict the Messiah in the char-
* Acts iv. 25; xiii. 33; Heb. i. 5, 6; x. 5, &c.
t See Sclioettgen's Horae Hebraicae et Talmudicae, passim.
INTRODUCTION. ll
actcr of a perfect Jewish king, it follows, of course, that the repre-
sentations of actual kings in the Psalms will resemble the Mes-
sianic predictions of the Prophets. But why some writers should
exert their ingenuity to find predictions of a future Messiah,
where there are none, it is difficult to say. If the predictions of
a Messiah in the Old Testament are regarded as a miraculous
attestation of the truth of Christianity, are not the plain and
universally acknowledged predictions of a Messianic kmg in the
writings of the prophets Isaiah, Micah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and
Zechariah, enough for the purpose? Why multiply doubtful
cases of Messianic predictions, when there are so many beyond
doubt ? Truly, it is cause for thankfulness, that God has laid the
foundations of the Christian religion deeper than some of its
friends imagine.
On the relation of the literature and history of the Jewish Com-
monwealth to the Christian dispensation. Dean Stanley * has a pas-
sage, which we cannot help citing for the benefit of those who
cannot have access to his expensive work : "I may be allowed to
express by an illustration the true mode of regarding this ques-
tion. In the gardens of the Carthusian Convent, which the Dukes
of Burgundy built near Dijon for the burial place of their race, is
a beautiful monument, which alone of that splendid edifice escaped
the ravages of the French Revolution. It consists of a group of
prophets and kings from the Old Testament, each holding in his
hand a scroll of mourning from his writings ; each with his own
individual costume and gesture and look ; each distinguished from
each by the most marked peculiarities of age and character, —
absorbed in the thoughts of his own time and country. But above
these figures is a circle of angels, as like each to each as the
human figures are unlike. They too, as each overhangs and over-
looks the prophet below him, are saddened with grief. But their
expression of sorrow is far deeper and more intense than that of
the prophets whose words they read. They see something in the
prophetic sorrow, which the prophets themselves see not ; they are
lost in the contemplation of the Divine Passion, of which the
ancient saints below them are but the unconscious and indirect
exponents.
* Lectures on the Hist, of the Jewish Church, part ii. pp. xii.-xv.
12 INTRODUCTION.
*' This exquisite mediaeval monument, expressing, as it does, the
instinctive feeling at once of the tnithful artist and of the devout
Christian, represents better than any words the sense of what we
call, in theological language, ' the Types ' of the Old Testament.
The heroes and saints of old times, not in Judea only, — though
there more frequently than in any other country, — are indeed
' tyjDes,' that is, ' likenesses,' in their sorrows of the Greatest of
all sorrows, in their joys of the Greatest of all joys, in their good-
ness of the Greatest of all goodness, in their truth of the Greatest
of all truths. This deep inward connection between the events of
their own time and the crowning close of the history of their
whole nation, — this gradual convergence towards the event which,
by general acknowledgment, ranks chief in the annals of mankind,
— is clear, not only to the all-searching Eye of Providence, but
also to the eye of any who look above the stir and movement of
earth. It is part, not only of the foreknowledge of God, but of the
universal workings of human nature and human history. The
angels see, though man sees not. The mind flies silently upwards
from the earthly career of David or Isaiah or Ezekiel to those
vaster and wider thoughts which they imperfectly represented.
* The rustic murmur ' of Jerusalem was, although they knew it
not, part of ' the great wave that echoes round the world.' It is a
continuity recognized by the Philosophy of History no less than by
Theology, — by Hegel even more closely than by Augustine. But
the sorrow, the joy, the goodness, the truth of those ancient heroes
is notwithstanding entirely their own. They are not mere machines
or pictures. When they speak of their trials and difficulties, they
speak of them as from their own experience. By studying them,
with all the peculiarities of their time, we arrive at a profounder
view of the truths and events to which their expressions and the
story of their deeds may be applied in after-ages than if we
regard them as the organs of sounds unintelligible to themselves,
and with no bearing on their own period. Where there is a senti-
ment common to them and to Christian times, a word or act which
breaks forth into the distant future, it will be reverently caught
up by those who are on the watch for it, to whom it will speak
words beyond their words, and thoughts beyond their thoughts.
* Did not our heart burn within us while He walked with us by
INTRODUCTION. 13
the way, and while He opened to us the Scriptures ? ' But, even
in the act of uttering these sentiments, they still remained encom-
passed with human, Jewish, Oriental peculiarities, which must not
be explained away or softened down, for the sake of producing an
appearance of uniformity which may be found in the Koran, but
which it is hopeless to seek in the Bible ; and which, if it were
found there, would completely destroy the historical character of
its contents. To refuse to see the first and direct application
of their expressions to themselves is like an unwillingness — such
as some simple and religious minds have felt — to acknowledge
the existence, or to dwell on the topography, of the city of Jeru-
salem and the wilderness of Arabia, because those localities
have been so long associated with the higher truths of spiritual
religion."
The hearts of the pious for ages have felt the value of the
Psalms as helps to devotion, and many have labored for expres-
sions in which to set forth their praise. For its truth, as well as
beauty, we quote the following description by Bishop Home, who
yet saw some things in them which modern views of interpretation
will not permit us to find : —
"In them," says he, "we are instructed to conceive of the
subjects of religion aright, and to express the different affections
which, when so conceived of, they must excite in our minds.
They are, for this purpose, adorned with the figures, and set off"
with all the graces, of poetry ; and poetry itself is designed yet
farther to be recommended by the charms of music thus conse-
crated to the service of God ; that so delight may prepare the way
for improvement, and pleasure become the handmaid of wisdom,
while every turbulent passion is calmed by sacred melody, and the
evil spirit is still dispossessed by the harp of the son of Jesse.
This little volume, like the paradise of Eden, affords us in perfec-
tion, though in miniature, every thing that groweth elsewhere, —
' every tree that Is pleasant to the sight, and good for food ; ' and
above all, what was there lost, but is here restored, tlie tree of life
in the midst of the garden. That which we read as matter of
speculation in the other Scriptures is reduced to practice when
we recite it in the Psalms ; in those, faith and repentance are de-
scribed, but in these they are acted : by a perusal of the former,
14 INTRODUCTION.
we learn how others served God ; but, by using tlie latter, we serve
him ourselves."
" The hymns of David," says Milman, " excel no less in sub-
limity and tenderness of expression than in loftiness and purity
of religious sentiment. In comparison with them, the sacred
poetry of all other nations sinks into mediocrity. They have em-
bodied so exquisitely the universal language of religious emotion,
that (a few fierce and vindictive passages excepted, natural in the
warrior-poet of a sterner age) they have entered, with unques-
tioned propriety, into the ritual of the holier and more perfect
relifrion of Christ. The songs which cheered the solitude of the
desert caves of Engedi, or resounded from the voice of the Hebrew
people as they wound along the glens or the hill-sides of Judea,
have been repeated for ages in almost every part of the habitable
world, in the remotest islands of the ocean, among the forests of
America, or the sands of Africa. How many human hearts have
they softened, purified, exalted ! Of how many wretched beings
have they been the secret consolation ! On how many communi-
ties have they drawn down the blessings of Divine Providence,
by bringing the affections into unison with their deep devotional
fervor ! "
Luther, in his preface to the Psalter, has the following just
remarks: "A human heart is like a ship on a wild sea, driven
by high winds from the four quarters of the world. Here rush
fear and anxiety on account of future calamity, there press afflic-
tion and sorrow, caused by })resent evil ; here blow hope and con-
fidence in future prosperity, there come security and joy in present
good. These high winds teach a man to speak with earnestness,
to open his heart, and pour out the bottom of it. For he who is
in fear and distress speaks of trouble very differently from one
who is in joy ; and he Avho is in joy speaks of joy very differently
irom one who is in fear. It comes not from the heart, it is said,
when a sad man laughs, or a joyful man weeps ; that is, the bot-
tom of his heart stands not open, and nothing comes forth. But
what is the greater part of the Psalter but such earnest speech in
the midst of high winds of every kind ? Where do we find a
sweeter voice of joy than in the psalms of thanksgiving and
praise ? There you look into the heart of all the holy as into a
INTRODUCTION. 15
beautiful garden, — as into heaven itself. What delicate, sweet,
and lovely flowers are there springing up of all manner of beauti-
ful, joyous thoughts towards God and his goodness ! On the
other hand, where do you find more profound, mournful, pathetic
expressions of sorrow than the plaintive psalms contain ? There
again you look into the heart of all the holy as into death, — yea,
as into the pit of despair. How dark and gloomy is it there, in
consequence of all manner of melancholy apprehension of God's
displeasure ! So also when the psalmists speak of fear or hope,
they use such words, that no painter could so delineate, and no
Cicero or eloquent orator so describe them."
We will add two passages more from the highly valuable work
to which we have already referred : * —
*' The Psalter has further become the Sacred Book of the world,
in a sense belonging to no other part of the Biblical records. Not
only does it hold its place in the liturgical services of the Jewish
Church, not only was it used more than any other part of the Old
Testament by the writers of the New, but it is in a special sense
the peculiar inheritance of the Christian Church through all its
different branches. ' From whatever point of view any Church
hath contemplated the scheme of its doctrine, by whatever name
they have thought good to designate themselves, and however
bitterly opposed to each other in church government or observance
of rites, — you will find them all, by harmonious and universal
consent, adopting the Psalter as the outward form by which they
shall express the inward feelings of the Christian life.' It was so
in the earliest times. The Passover psalms were the ' Hymn ' of
the Last Supper. In the first centuries, psalms were sung at the
Love-feasts, and formed the morning and evening hymns of the
primitive Christians. ' Of the other Scriptures,' says Theodoret
in the fifth century, ' the generality of men know next to nothing.
But the Psalms you will find again and again repeated in private
houses. In market-places, in streets, by those who have learned
them by heart, and who soothe themselves by their divine melody.'
* When other parts of Scripture are used,' says St. Ambrose,
' there is such a noise of talking in the church, that you cannot
hear what is said ; but, when the Psalter is read, all are silent.
* Stanley : Lectiu-es on the Hist, of the Jewish Church, ii. 162-4 ; 170-4.
16 INTRODUCTION.
They were sung by the ploughmen of Palestine, in the time of
Jerome ; by the boatmen of Gaul, in the time of Sidonius Apolli-
naris. In the most barbarous of churches, the Abyssinians treat
the Psalter almost as an idol, and sing it through from end to end
at every funeral. In the most Protestant of churches, — the Pres-
byterians of Scotland, the Nonconformists of England, — ' psahn-
singing' has almost passed into a flimiliar description of their
ritual. In the Churches of Rome and of England, they are daily
recited, in proportions such as far exceed the reverence shown to
any other portion of the Scriptures.
If we descend from churches to individuals, there is no one book
which has played so large a part in the history of so many human
souls. By the Psalms, Augustine was consoled on his conversion
and on his death-bed. By the Psalms, Chrysostem, Athanasius,
Savonarola, were cheered in persecution. With the words of a
psalm, Polycarp, Columba, Hildebrand, Bernard, Francis of As-
sisi, Huss, Jerome of Prague, Columbus, Henry the Fifth, Edward
the Sixth, Ximenes, Xavier, Melancthon, Jewell, breathed their
last. So dear to Walhice in his wanderings was his Psalter, that
during his execution he had it hung before him, and his eyes
remained fixed upon it as the one consolation of his dying hours.
Tlie unhappy Darnley was soothed in the toils of his enemies by
the 55th Psalm. The G8th Psalm cheered Cromwclf s soldiers to
victor}' at Dunbar. Locke, in his last days, bade his friend read
the Psalms aloud ; and it was whilst in rapt attention to their words
that the stroke of death fell upon him. Lord Burleigh selected
them out of the whole Bible as his special delight. They were the
framework of the devotions and of the war-cries of Luther : they
were the last words that fell on the ear of his imperial enemy,
Charles the Fifth."
" But there are three points in which the Psalms stand unri-
valled : —
" The first is the depth of personal expression and experience.
There are doubtless occasions when the psalmist speaks as the
organ of the nation. But he is for the most part alone with him-
self and with God. Each word is charged with the intensity of
some grief or joy, known or unknown. If the doctrines of St.
l*aul derive half their force from their connection with his personal
INTRODUCTION. 17
struggles, the doctrines of David also strike home and kindle
a fire wherever they light, mainly because they are the sparks
of the incandescence of a living human experience like our
own. The patriarchs speak as the fathers of the chosen race ;
the prophets speak as its representatives and its guides. But
the psalmist speaks as the mouthpiece of the individual soul, of the
free, independent, solitary conscience of man everywhere.
" The second of these peculiarities is, what we may call in one
word, the perfect naturalness of the Psalms. It appears, perhaps,
most forcibly, in their exultant freedom and joyousness of heart.
It is true, as Lord Bacon says, that, ' if you listen to David's harp,
you will hear as many hearselike airs as carols ; ' yet still the
carols are found there more than anjnvhere else. ' Rejoice in
the Lord.' — 'Sing ye merrily.' — 'Make a cheerful noise.'
— ' Take the psalm, bring hither the tabret, the merry harp,
with the lute.' — 'O praise the Lord, for it is a good thing to
sing praises unto our God.' — 'A joyful and pleasant thing it is
to be thankful.' This, in fact, is the very meaning of the word
* psalm.' The one Hebrew word which is their very pith and mar-
row is * hallelujah.' They express, if we may so say, the sacred
duty of being happy. Be happy, cheerful, and thankful, as ever
we can, we cannot go beyond the Psalms. They laugh, they
shout, they cry, they scream for joy. There is a wild exhilaration
which rings through them. They exult alike in the joy of battle,
and in the calm of nature. They see God's goodness everywhere.
They are not ashamed to confess it. The bright side of creation
is everywhere uppermost; the dark, sentimental side is hardly
ever seen. The fury of the thunder-storm, the roaring of the sea,
are to them full of magnificence and delight. Like the Scottish
poet in his childhood, at each successive peal they clap their hands
in innocent pleasure. The affection for birds and beasts and
plants, and sun and moon and stars, is like that which St. Francis
of Assisi claimed for all these fellow-creatures of God, as his
brothers and sisters. There have been those for whom, on this
very account, in moments of weakness and depression, the Psalms
have been too much ; yet not the less is this vein of sacred merri-
ment valuable in the universal mission of the chosen people. And
the more so, because it grows out of another feeling in the Psalms,
18 INTRODUCTION.
which has also jarred strangely on the mhids of devout but narrow
schools, ' the free and princely heart of innocence,' which to mod-
ern religion has often seemed to savor of self-righteousness and
want of proper humility. The psalmist's bounding, buoyant hope,
his fearless claim to be rewarded according to his righteous deal-
ing, his confidence in his own integrity, no less than his agony
over his own crimes ; his passionate delight in the Law, not as a
cruel enemy, but as the best of guides, sweeter than honey and
the honeycomb, — these are not according to ^he requirements of
Calvin, or even of Pascal : they are from a wholly diiferent point
of the celestial compass than that which inspired the Epistles to
the Romans and Galatians. But they have not the less a truth
of their own, a truth to nature, a truth to God, which the human
heart will always recognize. The frank, unrestrained benediction
on the upright, honest man, ' the noblest work of God,' with which
the Psalter opens, is but the fitting prelude to the boundless gene-
rosity and prodigality of joy with which in its close it calls on
* every creature that breathes,' without stint or exception, to
* praise the Lord.' It may be that such expressions as these
owe their first impulse, in part, to thejiew epoch of national pros-
perity and individual energy ushered in by David's reign ; but
they have swept the mind of the Jewish nation onward towards
that mighty destiny which awaited it ; and they have served,
though at a retarded speed, to sweep on, ever since, the whole
spirit of humanity in its upward course. ' The burning stream has
flowed on, after the furnace itself has cooled.' As of the classic
writers of Greece it has been well said, that they possess a charm
quite independent of their genius, in the radiance of their brilliant
and youthful beauty ; so it may be said of the Psalms, that they
possess a like charm, independent even of their depth of feeling
or loftiness of doctrine. In their free and generous grace, the
youthful, glorious David seems to live over again with a renewed
vigor. ' All our fresh springs ' are in him, and in his Psalter.
"These various peculiarities of the Psalms lead us, partly by way
of contrast, partly by a close though liidden connection, to their
main characteristic, which appears nowhere else in the Bible with
equal force, unless it be in the life and words of Christ himself.
The ' reason why the Psalms have found such constant favor iu
INTRODUCTION. 19
every portion of tlie Christian Cliurch, while forms of doctrine and
discourse have undergone such manifokl changes In order to repre-
sent the changing spirit of the age, is this, that they address them-
selves to the siniple, intuitive feelmgs of the renewed soul.' They
represent ' the freshness of the soul's infancy, the love of the soul's
childhood ; and therefore are to the Christian what the love of
parents, the sweet affections of home, and the clinging memory
of Infant scenes, are to men in general.'"
Perhaps the maledictions or imprecations, contained In some of
the psalms, may appear inconsistent with the views which have
been advanced. I am here willing to admit the unsoundness of
some of the explanations which have been given of these Impre-
cations. They cannot all, as has been supposed, be regarded as
mere predictions or denunciations of the punishment which awaits
evil-doers. Some of them, at least, are wishes or prayers. See Ps.
cxxxvii. 8. But on this subject it should be remembered that —
I. Many prayers against enemies, contained in the Psalms, are
equivalent to prayers for personal safety. They -^ere composed
by the head of the nation, in a state of war, when prayer for the
destruction of enemies was equivalent to prayer for preservation
and success. So Christian ministers are accustomed to pray for
success for the arms of their country. So on our national festivals
we are accustomed to thank God that he enabled our fathers to
overcome their enemies. What is harsh, therefore, In prayers of
this kind. Is Incidental to a state of warfare. This explanation
will also apply to the psalms composed by David during his perse-
cution by Saul. These prayers should never be used by private
Christians with respect to personal enemies.
II. Another consideration is, that these prayers are expressed
in the strong language of poetry ; and that some of the particular
thoughts and expressions, which are connected with the general
subject of the prayer, result from an effort for poetic embellish-
ment and effect, rather than from vindictiveness of feeling.
III. The imprecations which are not Included in the classes
above mentioned are extremely few. I shall not undertake to
reconcile a part of Ps. Ixix., cix., and cxxxvii., with the general
spirit of even the Jewish religion, and far less with the spirit of
Him who said, "Forgive, and ye shall be forgiven," and who
20 INTRODUCTION.
spent his last breath in prayer for his murderers, — " Father, for-
give them, for they know not what they do."
But is it strange that a human soul should be embittered by
persecution so as occasionally to utter a sentiment inconsistent
with the religion which it professes ; that one, who had even
spared the life of his deadly enemy when entirely in his power,
should, under circumstances of great provocation, express personal
feelings inconsistent with his own general character, and with the
spirit of his religion ? Why should not the language of David,
as well as his conduct, be sometimes inconsistent with what is
right? It must be remembered, too, that, in the Jewish religion,
the duty of forgiveness had been less insisted on, because the age
was not prepared to comprehend it. The law was our school-
master to bring us unto Christ. There are no imaginable circum-
stances in which Christians would be justifiable in using the
language of the psalms above referred to, or similar language,
in their addresses to the God and Father of our Lord Jesus
Christ.
A wi'iter in the Andover *' Bibliotheca Sacra"* has undertaken,
if we understand him, to maintain the absolute rectitude of all
these imprecations, and their immediate inspiration by the Deity.
But if this be so, then are Christian ministers in general very
deficient in their duty, and there is far too little cursing in Chris-
tian pulpits. If the psalms in question are consistent with abso-
lute rectitude, then our Saviour's precept to "bless them that
curse us,, and to pray for them that despitefully use us," cannot
be; unless, indeed, to pray yb?' our enemies be to pray that "ini-
quity may be added to their iniquity," " that they may be blotted
out of the book of the living," " that there may be none to show
them compassion, and none to pity their fatherless children,"
and that "their little ones may be taken and dashed against the
stones."
It was not, I suppose, a want of common sense or of Christian
feeling, but adherence to an unfounded theory of inspiration, that
led the writer in the "Bibliotheca Sacra" to maintain a view
apparently so inconsistent, not only with the precepts and spirit of
Christ, but with the general feelings of the Christian Church.
. * Vol. i. p. 102.
INTRODUCTION. 21
For the attempt to explain the imprecations of the Psalms as sim-
ple predictions, wJiich has been made by interpreters from the
time of Augustine * to the present day, shows the uncongeniality
of such imprecations with the feelings of Christians. A recent
Orthodox commentator on the Psalms, well known by some of
his writings which have been translated in this country, adopts
substantially the view which I have given of the subject. Having
suggested every excuse for these imprecations of which the case
admits, and especially having suggested whether some of them
may not have been uttered as disinterested prayers for simple di-
vine retribution, rather than as expressions of personal feeling and
passion, he says: "If now the question be asked, whether in no
case the unholy fire of personal anger mingled itself with the holy
fire of the psalmist, we dare not maintain such a thing even of
the apostles. f ^Vhether in excited speech the anger be such as
' worketh not the righteousness of God,' J or such as that with
which Christ himself was animated, § may generally be known
from the nature of the case ; namely, when there is an evident
satisfaction in being permitted to be the instrument of divine retri-
bution, or when particular kinds of retribution are prayed for with
evident pleasure, or when it is manifest that the representation
of them is connected with delight on the part of the speaker.
Thus Ps. cix. and lix. contain many expressions of a passionate
character : Ps. cxlix. 7, 8 ; cxxxvii. 8, 9 ; Ivui. 10 ; and xli. 10, may
also have proceeded from a similar feeling. On other passages
individual feeling may decide differently." ||
For all that is pure and wholesome in religion and morality,
and adapted to promote peace and good-will among men, one
would be glad to adduce all possible authority. But the solicitude
to obtain a divine sanction for hating and cursing even enemies
would be truly marvellous, did we not know to what extremes
good men are sometimes led by attachment to theory.
* 0pp., vol. V. Serm. 22. So Luther on Ps. Iv.
t Acts XV. 39, xxiii. 3 ; Phil. Si. 2 ; Gal. v. 12.
X James i. 20.
§ Mark iii. 5.
II Tholuck's Uebersetzung imd Auslegung der Psalmen, Halle, 1843
p. biiii.
22 INTRODUCTION.
n. Authors of the Psalms.
The opinion has long since been exploded, that David was the
sole author of the Psalms. For the contents of some of them
prove that they were written during the captivity at Babylon.
According to the Hebrew inscriptions, which are translated in the
Common version of the Scriptures, and which form the Italic titles
in the following translation, the authors of the Psalms are Moses,
David, Solomon, Asaph, Heman, Ethan, and the sons of Korah.
But great uncertainty rests on these inscriptions, because sev-
eral of them are inconsistent with the contents of the psalms to
which they are prefixed. It is, indeed, not improbable that the
name of the author was originally prefixed to his composition by
his own hand. This is said to have been the practice of the
Oriental poets from a very remote age, as it certainly was of
several of the Hebrew prophets. If this were the case with re-
spect to the Psalms, it is probable that many of the titles were
lost in consequence of the use made of them in public worship,
and that their place was afterwards partially supplied by uncer-
tain tradition or mere conjecture. What is certain is, that many
of the inscriptions are at undeniable variance with the contents of
the psalms to which they are prefixed; and this fact tends to
throw discredit on those with which the tenor of the composition
sufficiently agrees. In the Septuagint and Syriac versions, the
titles in many instances vary from the Hebrew.
To David the Hebrew titles ascribe seventy-three psalms, —
according to some editions, seventy-four. Of these, many contain
positive internal evidence of the accuracy of their titles. From his
fiime as a player upon the harp when he was invited to play be-
fore Saul, from his appellation of " the sweet psalmist of Israel,"
'and from the tradition of antiquity, there can be no doubt that he
was the author of most of those which are ascribed to him, and of
»some which have no title. But several of the psalms which bear
David^s name cannot be his, as they contain allusions to the Baby-
lonian captivity, and similar events belonging to a later age,
besides occasional Chaldaisma.
INTRODUCTION. 23
*' The inscriptions indicating the authorship of David," says
Eichhorn, "cannot be all right; not, however, on account of the
greatness of the number ascribed to him. Who knows not, that,
as a shepherd and in a private station, David knew no truer friend
than his harp ; and that, when a king, he gloried in his songs
more than in his crown? The whole course of his life, whether
joyous or sorrowful, he introduced into his compositions. Who,
then, can be surprised at the number of psalms of lamentation
which come under his name ? Who ever suffered more, or more
variously, or more undeservedly, than David? From the con-
dition of a shepherd he raised himself to the throne. Through
what hosts of enviers and enemies must he have pressed before he
reached it ! More than once was he obliged to flee from the jave-
lin of Saul with his harp in his hand ; what wonder, then, that it
sounded his terrors ? How often was he compelled to rove through
the wilderness to avoid the persecution of one who should have
loved and protected him, as a member of his house and successor
to his throne ! And when these dangers were past, long was it
before the dangers of his life were past. Ishbosheth contended
with him as a rival aspirant for the throne ; and, until the whole
royal family was extinct, he never felt himself at rest. Then he
engaged, with various success, in war with the neighboring kings,
from Egypt to the Euphrates ; and at last, after so many victories,
he was destined to find his most dangerous enemy in the person
of his own son, the rebellious Absalom. Amid so many and
bitter calamities, the number of his poetic sighs and lamentations
is not a matter of surprise. Besides, is it at all probable that the
brief chronicles of the Hebrews make us acquainted with all his
domestic afflictions through the whole course of his life ? These,
however, are not less hard to be borne than public calamities," *
The characteristics of David's poetry are said, by the same dis-
tinguished critic, to be loveliness and deep feeling. AVith him
agrees so good a judge of poetry as the author of ' ' The Pleasures
of Hope." "His traits of inspiration are lovely and touching,
rather than daring and astonishing. His voice, as a worshipper,
has a penetrating accent of human sensibiKty, varying from plain-
tive melancholy to luxuriant gladness, and even rising to ecstatic
* Emleitung in das Alte Test., § 622.
24 INTRODUCTION.
rapture. In grief, * his heart is melted like wax, and deep answers
to deep, whilst the waters of affliction pass over him ;' or his soul is
led to the green pastures by the quiet waters, or his religious con-
fidence pours forth the metaphors of a warrior, in rich and exulting
succession. ' The Lord is my rock, and my fortress, and my de-
liverer, — my God, my strength, in whom I will trust, — my buck-
ler, and the horn of my salvation, and my high tower.' Some of
the sacred writers may excite the imagination more powerfully
than David, but none of them appeal more interestingly to the
heart. Nor is it in tragic so much as in joyous expression, that
I conceive the power of his genius to consist. Its most inspired
aspect appears to present itself, when he looks abroad upon the
imiverse with the eye of a poet, and with the breast of a glad and
grateful worshipper. When he looks up to the starry firmament,
his soul assimilates to the splendor and serenity which he contem-
plates. This lofty but bland spirit of devotion reigns in the eighth
and in the nineteenth psalm. But, above all, it expands itself in
the hundred and fourth into a minute and diversified picture of the
creation. Verse after verse in that psalm leads on the mind
through the various objects of nature as through a mighty land-
scape ; and the atmosphere of the scene is colored, not with a dim
or mystic, but with a clear and warm, light of religious feeling.
He spreads his sympathies over the face of the world, and rejoices
in the power and goodness of its protecting Deity. The impres-
eion of that ex(|uisite ode dilates the heart with a pleasure too
instinctive and simple to be described."
To Moses only one psalm is ascribed, namely, the ninetieth.
In this beautiful elegy there is nothing absolutely inconsistent
with the supposition, that he was the author of it. Most critics,
however, have supposed it to savor of a later age. Grotius re-
marks, '* that it was not composed by him, but adapted by the
author to the circumstances and feelings of Moses, containing
sentiments which he might have expressed." The writers of the
Talmud ascribe the ten psalms following the ninetieth to Moses ;
but they do this upon the wholly unfounded supposition, that
those psalms which have no title are to be attributed to the au-
thor whose name occurs in the next preceding title. The ninety-
INTRODUCTION. 25
nintli certainly could not have been written by him, since it con-
tains the name of the prophet Samuel, who was not born till
nearly three hundred years after the death of Moses.
Twelve psalms, namely, Ps. 1. and Ixxiil.-lxxxlii., are ascribed
to Asaph, a celebrated Levite, and chief of the choirs of Israel in
the time of David (1 Chron. xvi. 4, 5). That he was a poet, and
composed as well as sung, is evident from 2 Chron. xxix. 30:
" Moreover Hezekiah the king and the princes commanded the Le-
vites to sing praise unto the Lord with the words of David, and of
Asaph the seer." But he could have been the author of but a
small portion of these twelve psalms. Ps. Ixxiv., Ixxvil., Ixxix.,
Ixxx., indisputably belong to the times of the captivity; and sev-
eral of the rest have with good reason been referred to the same
period. They may, however, have been written by a later poet
of the same name. Eichhorn, Rosenmiiller, and De Wette are of
opinion, that, of all the psalms ascribed to Asaph, the contem-
porary of David, only the fiftieth is decidedly his. This, how-
ever, is enough to place him in the number of poets of the very
first order. It is marked Dy a deeper vein of thought and a loftier
tone of sentiment than any of the compositions of David. In
Asaph, the poet and the philosopher are combined. "He was,"
says Eichhorn, " one of those ancient wise men who felt the in-
sufficiency of external religious usages, and urged the necessity of
cultivating virtue and purity of mind." It may well be asserted
of him, as of the scribe in the New Testament, who said that for
a man to love God with all the heart, and with all the understand-
ing, and with all the soul, and with all the strength, and to love
his neighbor as himself, was more than all the whole burnt-oSier-
ings and sacrifices, — that Tie was not far from the kingdom of Ood.
Eleven psalms, the forty-second and forty-third being supposed
to be one psalm, — namely, Ps. xlil.-xlix., and Ixxxiv., Lxxxv.,
Ixxxvii., and Ixxxviii., — are ascribed to the sons of Korah, a
Levitical family of singers (1 Chron. vi.). In consequence of the
ambiguity of the Hebrew preposition, it has been doubted whether
the inscription is intended to designate them as the authors of these
psalms, or only as the musicians who were to perform them in the
2
26 INTRODUCTION.
temple. The preposition, however, is the same that denotes au-
thorship in the case of those psahns which are ascribed to David.
Heman the Ezraliite, whose name occurs in the title of one of
these psalms, may have been one of the sons or descendants of
Korah ; or the mention of him in the Inscription may have arisen
from the amalgamation of contradictory titles. The titles Avere
probably given them by some one who had learned from tradition,
that they were the productions of the sons of Korah, but had not
been informed of the names of their respective authors. It is
probable that only a few of the most distinguished sons of Korah
were concerned in their production. Whatever may be the true
explanation of their inscriptions, it is almost universally conceded
that the psalms in question were not written by David. In style
they differ materially from his. Whoever was their author, they
are not uuAvorthy of Asaph. No psalms in the whole collection
possess a more permanent interest. None Indicate a richer ima-
gination or a more powerful inspiration. None breathe a bolder,
freer spirit of enthusiasm, or contain more sublime and affecting
sentiments. Most of them, especially Ps. xlli., xlvi., and Ixxxiv.,
belong to that order of compositions, which, having once passed
through the mind, are never forgotten ; and which are most re-
membered in seasons when much that passes for poetry, being
weighed in the balance, is found lighter than vanity.
In the Hebrew titles, the eighty-eighth psalm is ascribed to
He:^ian, and the eighty-ninth to Ethan, both called Ezrahltes.
The persons intended were, probably, Levltical singers in the
lime of David, — mentioned In 1 Chron. vl. 33, 44. But there can
be little doubt that the titles are wrong, and that these psalms
belong to a later age than that of David.
To Solomon only two of the psalms are inscribed, namely, the
seventy-second and one hundred twenty-seventh. But these could
scarcely have been written by him. It has been suggested, that
his name was prefixed to the latter, merely because the first verse
mentions the building of a house, which the author of the title
supposed to refer to the temple. Of the seventy-second he seems
to be the subject, rather than the author. It Is not improbable,
INTRODUCTION. 27
hoAvever, that some of the psalms were written by Solomon, since,
in 1 Kings iv. 32, he is said to have written one thousand and
five songs.
The remaining fifty-one psalms have, in the Hebrew, no titles
indicating their authors. And, from what has been said of the
Hebrew inscriptions, it follows that the authors of more than half
of the psalms are unknown to us. As to the inscriptions which
are added in the ancient versions, they are evidently the conjec-
tures of editors and copyists. Modern interpreters, also, have
exercised their sagacity in assigning authors to the anonymous
psalms. Some suppose that many of them belong to the age of
the Maccabees. I see no improbability in the supposition that
some of them did. The book of Daniel was added to the canon
after that time ; and, in all ages, religious poets are impelled to
express their feelings in hymns. But I have not thought it
allowable to indulge in, or to follow, mere conjectures.
ni. Titles of the Psalms.
Besides the names of the authors, some of the titles indicate the
species of the composition ; some, the occasion and subject of it ;
some refer to the leader of the choir of singers ; some, to the
musical instrument to be used ; and some, to the tune to which the
psalm was to be sung. Respecting the origin and antiquity of
these titles, the opinion of Rosenmiiller is as plausible as any that
has been offered.
" I doubt not that all the psalms once had a title containing the
name of the author, and in some instances the occasion of the
composition, as was the custom of the Arabic, Syriac, and He-
brew poets. But those titles which relate to the air, or the
instrument to which the psalm was to be sunj^r, appear to have
proceeded from those who, at various periods, made use of the
psalms for public worship. Thus, in 2 Sam. xxii., which con-
tains the eighteenth psalm, there is in the title no mention of the
leader of the music The use of the psalms in public worship
affords a reason for the mutilation or loss of the more ancient in-
28 INTRODUCTION.
scriptions, which mentioned the name of the author and the occa-
sion and subject of the psalm. Those who collected the psalms
at different periods undertook to supply the deficiency of titles
from their own judgment or fancy, without a due regard to manu-
scripts, or to the tenor of the psalm. Not a few seem to have
been added by commentators, copyists, and even readers. This
is proved by the Greek, Syriac, Arabic, Latin, and even by some
Hebrew manuscripts. In many cases, probably, a conjecture,
placed by a reader in the margin of a aianuscript, was in course
of time introduced into the text. Hence it may be seen how it
happens that many of the psalms are at variance with their titles,
and could not have been written by the author to whom they are
assigned. We conclude, therefore, that all the Hebrew titles are
not to be rashly rejected, nor indiscriminately received. But, with
the help of sound criticism and interpretation, we must distinguish
those which were given by the poet from those which were added
by a later hand."
To Indicate the species of composition with respect to the senti-
ment, the metre, or the music to which it was adapted, the He-
brew terms Mismor, Sldr, SJdr-Mismor, Mismor-SJiir, Maschil^
Miclitam, Shiggaion, and Shir-Hammaclwlotli are used.
With the exception of the last term, it is doubtful whether it
can be ascertained in what respects these titles differ, and still
more doubtful, whether there are words in English to express
their difference. What is certain is, that they all denote a spe-
cies of psalm, with respect to the sentiment, the measure, or the
music. I have thought it better to translate all of them by
the next generic term which is applicable to all of them, rather
than to puzzle the English reader with the Hebrew terms Mich-
tam and MascJiil, or the barbarous English psalm-song or so7ig-
psalm.*
The title Maschil is very probably derived from the verb signi-
fying to he wise, and hence translated by some critics a didactic
psalm. It occurs as the title of thirteen psalms. But several of
those to which it is prefixed have not the character commonly
understood by didactic, and it is not prefixed to some that have
* See Dr. Geddes's Version.
INTRODUCTION. 29
that character. Thus it is prefixed to Ps. Iv., Ixxxviil., and cxlii.,
and not to the fiftieth.
Michtajn is sometimes transLated golden, but it is difficult to per-
ceive any peculiar excellence in the six psalms — namely, Ps. xvi.,
Ivi., Ivii., Iviii., lix., Ix. — to which it is prefixed, which should
gain for them the distinguished epithet of golden. According to
modern taste, there are many others far more deserving of this
appellation. The same objection may be made to the supposition,
that they derive their appellation from their being hung up in the
temple in golden letters, like the Mocdlacat in ^axq temple at
Mecca. Besides that there is no evidence of such a Hebrew
custom, what is there in these six psalms which should give them
such a distinction above the rest? On the whole, there seems
to be no more probable derivation of the word than that which
makes it denote writing^ that is, composition, psalm ; Li'7\'2)2, by
a change of the labials Q and i being written for Stl^rp, which
occurs in Isa. xxxviii. 9, in the title of a song.
The hundred and forty-fifth is called Teliillali, * ' Praise ; " and so
excellent was this psalm always accounted by the Jews, that the
title of the whole book of Psalms, Sephir Tehillim, *' The Book
of Praises," was taken from it. The Jews used to say, "He
cannot fail of being an Inhabitant of the heavenly Canaan, who
repeats this psalm three times a day."
Some suppose Sliiggaion to denote a song of lamentation. But
this is very uncertain.
Fifteen psalms, cxx.-cxxxiv., are entitled SJilr-HammacTialotJiy
literally, Song of steps or of ascents ; in the common version,
Song of degrees. By some they are termed Odes of ascension,
or Pilgrim songs, and are supposed to have derived their name
from the circumstance, that they were sung when the people
went up to worship in Jerusalem, at the annual festivals. To go
up to Jerusalem was a common expression with reference to jour-
neys to the metropolis. Thus, our Saviour says, " Behold, we go
up to Jerusalem." It is supposed that they travelled in the
Oriental manner, not single, but in companies, and chanted these
psalms by the way. Ps. cxx. and cxxiii., however, do not seem
suitable for such an occasion.
Others suppose them to refer to the return from the captivity.
Q
0 INTRODUCTION.
that return being styled an ascent or going up (Ez. vii. 9).
To this supposition it is objected, that Ps. cxxii. 1 speaks of
going up to the house of the Lord, which of course was in ruins
wlien they were returning from the captivity.
Others suppose the term steps to refer to a peculiarity in the
structure of some of these psalms, according to which a sentiment
or expression of the preceding verse is introduced and carried for-
ward in the next, so that there shall be a sort of climax^ or ascend'
ing series of similar sentiments. Thus, Ps. cxxi. : —
" I lift up mine eyes to the hills :
Whence cometh my help ?
My help cometh from Jehovah,
Who made heaven and earth.
He will not sutler thy foot to stumble,
Thy guardian doth not slumber.
Behold ! the (juardian of Israel
Doth neither slumber nor sleep,''^ &c.
But this peculiarity is found in only a few of the psalms to which
the title is prefixed.
Michaelis has intimated, that the word steps may have reference
to a particular species of metre, and denote something like feet
in English. He refers to the poetry of the Syrians, in which one
species is distinguished by the term denoting steps. But what the
metre is, cannot be ascertained.
Luther, Hammond, and others suppose the word to be a mu-
sical term, denoting that these psalms are to be sung in a higher
tone of voice or key.
Other parts of the titles denote the air or tune to which the
psalm is to be sung, by referring to the first words or to the name
of psalms which are now lost. See Ps. Ivii., Iviii., lis. Others
relate to the instruments of music, the choir of singers, aijd the
leader, as may be understood from the translation and the notes.
In this connection we may say a word of the term Selah.
Its signification is extremely doubtful. But its use is very gener-
ally admitted to have been that of a musical sign for the direction
of the singers. But whether it denotes a pause, or slowness of
time, or a change of tune, or a repeat, equivalent to the Italian
J)a capo, or a rest for the vocal performers, whilst the musicians
INTRODUCTION. 31
were alone to be heard, critics are divided in opinion. The last
seems the most probable opinion, namely, that the term denotes
silence! or pause! and that its use was to direct the singers who
chanted the notes of the psalm to pause a little, while the instru-
ments played an interlude or symphony. The meaning of other
titles is given in the Translation.
rV. The Collection of the Psalms, and their Division
INTO Books.
The psalms appear to have been collected at different times and
by different persons. This is manifest from the division into five
books, which is certainly as ancient as the Septuagint version.
For this version contains the doxologies which are placed at the
end of the first four books, Ps. xli. 13, Ixxii. 18-20, Ixxxix. 52,
cvi. 48. The cause of this division, says Jahn, may be gathered
from the character of the psalms contained in each book. Almost
all the psalms of the first book are the work of David. In the
second, there are twenty-two of David, one of Asaph, and eight
anonymous, ascribed to the Korahites. The third contains one,
the eighty-sixth, ascribed to David, and this doubtful ; the re-
mainder are partly Asaph's, partly the work of an uncertain
author, and partly anonymous. Two only in the fourth book are
ascribed to David, and one, ttie ninetieth, to Moses ; the others
bemg anonymous. In the fifth, fifteen are assigned to David, one
is ascribed conjecturally to Solomon, and the rest are anonymous.
These five books of the Psalms, therefore, are evidently so many
different collections, following each other in the order in which
they were made. The first person who began the collection put
together the psalms of David ; the second, those psalms of David
which it was still in his power to glean, admitting a few others ;
the third had no psalms of David in view, and when he wished to
join his own collection to the former, he added the note at the end
of the second book, " Here end the psalms of David, the son of
Jesse " (Ixxil. 20) . The fourth collected anonymous psalms, and
therefore his book exhibits only one of Moses, the ninetieth ; and
tvio of David, the hundred and first and the hundred and third,
82 INTRODUCTION.
the latter of wliicli, liowever, is certainly not his. The last made
a collection of whatever sacred poems he could gather : he has,
tlierefore^ fifteen of David, and thirty anonymous. This view of
the subject readily accounts for the fact, that some psalms con-
tained in an earlier collection again occur in a later, as the four-
teenth and fifty-third, the fifty-seventh and hundred and eighth.
The age and the authors of these collections it is impossible to
ascertain. But, as in the first collection, as well as in the rest,
there are some psalms which appear to have been written during
the captivity, we may conclude that no one of them was made till
the time of the captivity. Some of the others must have been
made at different times after the return from Babylon. The last
two books are supposed by several critics of eminence to contain
psalms referring even to the times of the Maccabees.
*' We must," says De Wette,* " suppose that the collection of
the Psalms was made gradually. There is a prevailing want
of order in it ; pieces of like character are not brought together ;
songs of David are found scattered in all the five books ; those
of Asaph are separated as widely from each other as those of the
Korahites, &c. But again, in the midst of this disorder, we
remark a certain order : the majority of David's psalms stand
together, Ps. iii.-xli. It is so also with the songs of the Korah-
ites, of Asaph, and the songs of degrees ; a circumstance whicli
evinces that they have been brought together from many separate
collections. In this view, we may also account for the fact, that
one psalm occurs twice. Ps. xiv. is the same with Ps. liii. But
less satisfactorily does this account for the recurrence of separate
portions of psalms, as in the case of Ps. Ixx. and Ps. cviii.
"It is as little possible for us to know who were the authors of
the several particular collections, as who was the compiler of the
whole. It cannot be true, as many suppose, that David himself
prepared the first collection ; because among the first psalms there
appear several of an altogether later date, as Ps. xiv., xliv., xlv.,
xlvi., xlviii. Besides, David would hardly have given himself
the honorable appellation of " servant of Jehovah," which is
annexed to his name in two of the titles, Ps. xviii., xxxvi. Even
Carpzov looked upon the first collection as a private undertaking.*
* As translated in the " Biblical Repository " for 1833, p. 464.
INTRODUCTION. 33
The age of these collections may be determined with greater
certainty. The first two (Ps. i.-lxxii.) cannot have been com-
pleted until after the captivity, since pieces are found in them
which belong to the period of the captivity (Ps. xiv., xllv., xlv.) ;
but the collection of the whole was certainly not finished until a
considerable time afterwards, though it must have been completed
before the translation of Jesus Sirac, 130 B.C., — as early as
which the collection of Psalms was probably translated into Greek.
As it respects the design of the collection of the psalms, it may
be remarked, that they who suppose it was made in behalf of the
musical service of the temple entertain too limited views of
the object;! besides that this supposition is irreconcilable with the
fact of its having probably originated from private collections. A
religious use, however, was undoubtedly the aim by which the
collectors were guided, at least in general. Ps. xlv., which is so
entirely secular, must be considered as an accidental exception,
unless we are indebted for its insertion to the allegorical method
of interpretation, which may also have been the means of pre-
serving from destruction the Song of Solomon.
"In the mode of dividing and numbering the several psalms,
the Hebrew manuscripts, and the Seventy and Vulgate, occasion-
ally differ from the printed Hebrew text. In many manuscripts,
the first psalm is numbered with the second, and, in like man-
ner, the forty-second with the forty-third, and the one hundred
and sixteenth with the one hundred and seventeenth. On the
other hand, a new psalm is commenced with Ps. cxviii. 5 ; indeed,
Ps. cxviii. is divided in some manuscripts into three psalms. The
Seventy also formerly numbered the first psalm with the second ;
and they still differ, in common with the Vulgate, from the ordinary
method of enumeration, after the tenth psalm ; inasmuch as they
join together psalms ninth and tenth, and thus fall oiie number or
psalm behind the Hebrew text, as far as to the one hundred and
forty-seventh psalm, which they separate into two, and tlms return
back once more to the old enumeration. They also unite Ps.
cxiv. with Ps. cxv., but immediately aftenvards divide Ps. cxvi.
into two, so that this difference is cancelled on the spot. It is
* Introd. ad Libr. Can., &c., part ii. p. 107.
t Comp. Eichhorn, § 62G.
34 INTRODUCTION.
necessary to be acquainted with this different mode of numbering,
because the Fathers quote by it. The Seventy have besides an
apocryphal psahn (cli.) on the victory of David over Goliah'."
V. Means of understanding the Psalms.
In order that the Psalms may be understood in the fulness of
their meaning, beauty, and spirit, the most important directions
to an English reader are these three : —
1. Gain some knowledge of Jewish antiquities. Be so familiar
with the history, the manners and customs, the climate and sce-
nery, and the modes of thinking and feeling, of the Hebrews, that
you may receive such impressions from the sacred poetry as would
be received by an enliglitened iidiabitant of ancient Jerusalem.
"It is not enough," says Bishop Lowth, "to be acquainted with
the language of this people, their manners, discipline, rites, and
ceremonies ; we must even investigate their inmost sentiments,
the manner and connection of their thoughts ; in one word, we
must see all things with their eyes, estimate all things by their
opinions. We must endeavor as much as possible to read Hebrew
as the Hebrews would have read it." For this object, they who
have less taste for the simple and innnethodical narrative of
the sacred historians may be referred to the more elaborate, but
popular and interesting, *' History of the Jews " by Milman. For
consultation, every one who wishes to understand his Bible should
own Jahn's "Biblical Archieology," which has been translated in
thiy country.
2. In addition to a general knowledge of the Jewish history and
antiquities, it is of great use to ascertain the subject, the occasion,
and the author of the psalm. It is true that these points can
rarely be discovered with any considerable degree of certainty.
Many of the captions prefixed to the psalms in this translation
must be regarded in the light of theories or conjectures. As such,
however, tliey may be regarded as useful. We may be more able
to comprehend the sentiment and feel the spirit of a psalm, if we
INTRODUCTION. 35
only assign to it an occasion similar to that for wliicli it was com-
posed. At best, however, as has been remarked by Bishop
Lowth, "much of the harmony, propriety, and elegance of the
sacred poetry must pass unperceived by us, who can only form
distant conjectures of the general design, but are totally ignorant
of the particular application," The following remarks of Mi-
chaelis are also highly deserving of consideration : "There arc
some," says he, "who undertake to explain the psalms from tlie
historical parts of Scripture, as if every occurrence were known
to them, and as if nothing had occurred during the reign of
David which was not committed to writing. This, however,
considering the extreme brevity of the sacred history, and the
number and magnitude of the facts which it relates, must of
course be very far from the truth. The causes and motives of
many wars are not at all adverted to ; the battles that are related
are few, and those the principal. Who can doubt, though ever so
inexperienced in military aifairs, that many things occurred, which
are not mentioned, between the desertion of Jerusalem by David,
and that famous battle which extinguished the rebellion of Absa-
lom.'' They who will not allow that they are ignorant of a great
part of the Jewish history will be apt to explain more of the
psalms upon the same principle, and as relating to the same facts,
than they ought; whence the poetry will appear tame and lan-
guid, abounding in words, but with little variety of description or
sentiment.
" Others have recourse to mystical interpretations, or convert
those historical passages which they do not understand into
prophecies. Into none of these errors would mankind have
fallen but througli the persuasion, that the whole history of the
Jews was minutely detailed to them, and that there were no cir-
cumstances with which they were unacquainted."
3. It is of the utmost consequence to attend to the character-
istics of the language and structure of Hebrew poetry. In order
to avoid important errors, the reader of Hebrew poetry must
especially keep in mind one of its features, by which it is dis-
tinguished from tlie poetry of the Western world, — namely, its
boldness in the use of figurative and metaphorical language.
36 INTRODUCTION.
Many mistakes have arisen from interpreting the language of
Eastern hyperbole in too strict a sense. As an instance of the
kind of language to -uhich I refer, I may mention the eighteenth
psalm, from verse ninth to the eighteenth. The simple fact, that
God aided David and the Israelites in battle, is the foundation of
this magnificent description. The Supreme Being is represented
as interposing in the midst of a tempest, and the tempest itself is
d-escribed in language extremely hyperbolical. Compare Hab.
iii. 3, &c.
As an instance of error arising from the neglect of this charac-
teristic of Hebrew poetry, it may be mentioned that several
learned critics have gravely undertaken to explain what habita-
tion David could provide for Jehovah in a single day ; that is,
before he literally " gave sleep to his eyes, or slumber to his eye-
lids." From inattention to the same thing, Ps. li. 5 has been made
tp convey a meaning at war with the attributes of God, with com-
mon sense, and with other portions of the sacred volume.
In regard to the construction of Hebrew poetry, so far as
quantity is concerned, we are entirely ignorant. It is true, that
now and then a scholar has arisen who thought he could perceive
the measures of Greek and Latin verse in the productions of the
Hebrew poets. Josephus, too, speaks of the trimeters and pen-
tameters of David. St. Jerome also observes, " K any one doubt
that the Hebrews employed similar measures to those of Hor-
ace, Pindar, Alca3us, and Sappho, let him read Pliilo, Josephus,
Origen, and Eusebius, and find by their testimony whether my
assertion be true." But the ears of a vast majority of He-
brew scholars liave not been able to detect any such measures in
Hebrew poetry, nor to distinguish it from prose, so far as mere
sound or quantity is concerned. That, in the ancient mode of
i)r'onouncing the Hebrew language, such measures existed, it is
not necessaiy to deny. But, if the ears of ninety-nine in a
hundred are to be trusted, it is impossible to discover them.*
What is obvious in the sacred poetry is a division into lines of
* For a good view of this subject, see the " Introduction to De Wette's
Comincntaiy on the Psahn?," and the works to which he refers. A transla-
tion of it may be found in the " Biblical Repository " for Juh% 1833.
INTRODUCTION. 37
nearly equal length, or containing nearly the same number of syl-
lables, two of which lines generally form a verse, or complete a
sentence. In several compositions, the initial letters of the suc-
cessive lines or stanzas follow the order of the letters of the
Hebrew alphabet. This is the case with seven of the psalms,
four chapters of the Lamentations of Jeremiah, and the last
chapter of Proverbs, from the tenth verse to the end.
But the most important feature in the construction of Hebrew
verse is as obvious in a translation as in the original. It is what
may be called a I'liytlim of sentiment. A period is divided into
members, generally two, but sometimes more, which, as it were,
balance each other by thought corresponding to thought in repe-
tition, in amplification, in reply, or in contrast.
This feature of Hebrew poetry is called parallelism. The
illustration of it constitutes the great merit of Dr. Lowth. A
more complete view of its varieties has been given by De Wette
in his "Introduction to the Psalms," the greater part of which I
shall transcribe.*
But the examples I give, of course, in the language of my own
Translation.
The Hebrew rhythm — namely, the parallelism of members — is
nothing more nor less than a rhythmical proportion, and that of
the simplest sort, between the larger sections or members of a
period ; the smaller being neglected. Nothing is more simple
than the symmetry, the proportion, between two parts of a whole :
the proportion between several begins to require more ingeim-
ity and calculation. Thus, the relation between parallel lines
is the simplest that we can conceive to exist between different
lines ; the triangle, the square, already begin to be more com-
plex, and the circle is the most jierfect of all figures. It might
also be remarked, that every period consisting of two proposi-
tions forms a whole, and suffices for a full expression of the voice
and satisfying of the ear; while a single proposition is insufficient
for either. The breast is still elevated, the ear continues to
listen, and yet there is nothing more to be said, nothing more
to be heard. In fact, the parallelism of members seems to be a
* See the translation in " Biblical Repository " for 1833, p. 494. and fol-
io wiu^.
38 ' INTRODUCTION.
fundamental law of rhythm. It obviously lies at the foundation
of the rhyme, where one verse is made to answer to the other.
The more complicated forms of rhyme, in the stanza, sonnet, &c.,
were invented at a comparatively later period : but even in these
the law of parallelism may still be detected ; at least, the ottave
rime and the sonnet naturally fall into two divisions, each answer-
ing to the other.* In like manner, the relation of the hexameter
and pentameter is that of parallelism ; and even the lyric strophes
admit, perhaps, of being referred to the same form. The rela-
tion of the strophe, antistrophe, and epode, on the contrary,
already indicates the transposition of the parallelism to the more
perfect form of the triangle.
But in what does the parallelism of members In the Hebrew
poetry consist, and how is it indicated ? Here we must forget all
the demands which might be made by the delicate, musical ear of
the Greeks, so sensitive to the measure of time ; or by that of the
moderns, so partial to similitude of sound. The Hebrew has
neither the one nor the other. His rhythm belonged more to the
thought than to the outward form and sound ; and he therefore
indicated his rhythmical divisions by the divisions of the thought,
and the proportion of the rhythmical propositions by that of the
subject-matter.
The following circumstances contributed, perhaps. In some
measure, to the formation of this rhythm of thought. The He-
brew, and whoever like him stands at that point of intellectual
cultivation where the mind is in a condition to seize only certain
general and simple relations of things. Is fond of presenting his
ideas and feelinos in short sentences : these sentences are con-
nected with each other in a manner which possesses but little
variety, usually according to the law of resemblance and contrast
(a law which readily presents itself to the observing understand-
ing), and for the most part only in couplets, because the combina-
tion of several sentences implies already the notice of a greater
variety of relations. This speaking in short sentences is still fur-
ther favcrad by the impassioned tone of the speaker; for. In the
* III the former, the two concluding verses are parallel to the first six,
and in the second there is the same relation between the first eight and the
lust six verses.
INTRODUCTION. 39
fulness and glow of Inspiration and Internal feeling, the words are
slow to adapt themselves to the thought, the speaker struggles
with language, and wrests from it nothing but single short expres-'
sions. A peculiar fondness is manifested in this style of speaking
for tautology and comparison. There is a want of versatility and
variety of expression, and yet there is a wish to express one's
self fully, and to present the subject In various points of light ;
hence the same thing Is often repeated In synonymous expressions
and figures. Now, if a person who speaks In this way is disposed
to introduce Into his discourse a regular rhythm, a proportion
between the several propositions presents Itself as a ready expe-
dient, whose original law will be that of resemblance and
contrast, — the law by which, in other cases, one proposition Is
arranged with another.
After these remarks, nothing will appear more natural than
the following form of discourse (Job vil. 1-3) : —
" Is there not a war-service for man on the earth ?
Are not his days as the days of a hireUng ?
As a sen-ant panteth for the shade,
And as a hirehng looketh for his wages,
So am I made to possess jnonths of affliction,
And wearisome nights are appointed for me."
" The earth is the Lord's, and all that is therein ;
The world, and they who inhabit it.
For he hath founded it upon the seas,
And established it upon the tioods."
Ps. xxiv. 1. 2, —
where each thought is twice expressed, and after each such
repetition there Is a pause.
But the parallelism of members is of different kinds. In the
first place, It differs according to the different laws of the associa-
tion of thoughts.* The two principal laws of resemblance and
contrast or antithesis produce the synomjmous and antithetic
parallelism, according to the terminology of Lowth ; a third is
founded simply upon a resemblance in the form of construction
and progression of the thoughts, and this we may call with Lowth
* This is the basis of the classification of parallelism given by Lowth,
Lect. XIX.
40 INTRODUCTION.
the synthetic parallelism. With the synonymous parallelism be-
longs also the identical, or the repetition with suspense ; for
example (Job xviii. 13) : —
" His limbs are consumed,
Yea, his limbs are devoured by tbe first-born of death."
Under the term "synonymous"" is included also comparison,
subordination, &c. But, as we are concerned at present chiefly
with the rhythmical form, we shall venture upon another classi-
fication, and only retain the logical arrangement in the minor
divisions.
I. Thought is represented by words : hence it will frequently
happen, where there is a perfect resemblance or antithesis of
thoughts, that the words will he equal, at least in their number ;
and sometimes, on account of the similar construction and posi-
tion of the words, there will also be a certain resemblance
of sound. This we may call the original, perfect kind of paral-
lelism of members, which coincides with metre and rhyme, yet
without being the same with them. Such is the kind of parallel-
ism in which the song of Lamech is composed (Gen, iv. 28). The
translation can present nothing more than the equality in the
number and position of the words : the rhyme must be omitted : —
" Adah and Zillah, hear my voice !
Ye wi\e,s of Lamech, mark my speech!
For I have slain a man for my wound,
And a young man — for my hurt.
If Cain was avenged sevenfold,
Then Lamech — seventy times seven."
Here all is nearly equal, except the places marked with a dash,
where the words must be su])plied from the preceding member.
Similar examples of rliyme occur in Ps. viii. 5 ; xxv. 4; Ixxxv. 11 ;
cvi. 5.* For more, see Schindlerf and Leutwein.
* The references are to the verses as numbered in the Hebrew Bible, in
which the inscriptions in the Psalms to " the leader of tlie music," &c., are
numbered as one verse ; and in which the numbering of other verses varies a
little fi'om that of the English version.
t Tract, de Accent. Ilebr., p. 81, seq.
INTRODUCTION. 41
Verses similar in their termination, but unequal in ilie number
of their words, and without exact parallelism of thought, occur
in the following passage (Job x. 17) : —
" Thou renewest thy witnesses against me,
And increasest thine anger toward me :
New hosts continually rise up against me."
Equality in the number of words, together with exact propor-
tion of thought, is a case of frequent occurrence in Job ; for
example (chap. vi. 5) : —
*' Doth the wild ass bray in the midst of grass,
Or loweth the ox over his fodder? "
Comp. chap, vi, 23 ; viii. 2.
We have an example of equality in words, with antithesis of
thought (Ps. XX. 9) : —
" They stumble and fell,
But we stand and are erect."
Comp. Isa. Ixv. 13.
Also in the synthetic parallelism, equality in the number of
words sometimes occurs ; for example (Ps. xix. 8) : —
" The law of the Lord is perfect, reviving the soul ;
The precepts of the Lord are sure, making wise the simple."
For many examples of this case, in which the number of words
is equal, see Leutwein, p. 64, seq.
n. But this external proportion of words is not the essential
part of the parallelism of members. It may be adopted, it is
true, as a rule, that the number of words is about equal, espe-
cially in certain books, as the Proverbs of Solomon and Job ; but
in the Psalms a great inequality prevails. This inequality is of
different kinds, as follows : —
1. The simple unequal parallelism, in which one of the mem-
bers is too short, compared with the other; for example (Ps.
Ixviii. 33): —
" Ye kingdoms of the earth, sing unto God ;
Sing praises to the Lord."
42 INTRODUCTION.
This construction frequently produces a grand effect; for
example, Ps. xxxvii. 13, xlviii. 5 ; Job xlv. 14, where the con-
ciseness of expression adds in one case to the vividness of the
thought; in the other, to its emphasis.
Yet in these examples the inequality seems to have arisen from
the brevity of the thought : it fell naturally into these words, and
the poet let it pass. Hence, it is still not inconceivable that
there mig-ht have been a metre. We also sometimes sacrificcj
metre to conciseness of thought, to emphasis, to a pause.
2. But a still more frequent kind of unequal parallelism — viz.,
the complex — admits not of this explanation. It consists in this,
that either (a) the first member, or (6) the second member, is
composed of two propositions, so that a complex member corre-
sponds to a simple one. This structure arises whenever, in
addition to the principal parallelism of thought, another subordi-
nate parallelism presents itself to the poet in the full flow of his
thoughts and feelings ; hence we most frequently meet with it in
lively, impassioned passages. It occurs more rarely in the booK
of Job, commonly in the speeches of Job himself, which some-
times rise to the lofty lyric style ; but it is frequently to be met
with in the Psalms. Hence there are also different kinds of
parallelism, according to the logical connection of the proposi-
tions : —
5^) The synonymous ; for example (Ps. xxxvi. 7) : —
" Thy righteousness is hke the high mountains;
Thy judgments are a great deep;
Thou, O Lord ! preservest man and beast."
(Jobx. 1): —
" I am weary of my hfe ;
I will let loose within me my complaint;
I will speak in the bitterness of my soul."
Comp. Job ill. 5, vli. 11 ; Ps. cxil. 10.
n) The antithetic (Ps. xv. 4) : —
" In whose eyes a vile person is contemned ;
But Avho honoreth them that fear the Lord ;
Who sweareth to his own hurt, and chaugeth not.**
Comp. Job X. 15 ; Ps. xllx. 11.
INTRODUCTION. 43
a) The synthetic (Ps. xv. 5) : —
" He that lendeth not his money for interest,
And taketh not a bribe against the innocent, —
He that doeth these things shall never falL"
Comp. Job X. 17, XX. 26 ; Ps. xxii. 25, xiv. 7, xviii. 31.
3. Sometimes the sunple member is disproportlonably small, so
that the inequality is still more striking ; for example (Ps. xl. 10) :
" I have proclaimed thy righteousness in the great congregation,
Lo, I have not restrained my lips,
0 Lord! thou knowest."
Sometimes a noble effect is thus produced; for example (Ps.
xci. 7) : —
" A thousand shall fall by thy side.
And ten thousand at thy right hand;
But thee it shall not touch."
Comp. Cant. vi. 4.
Frequently there is a parallelism in each several proposition
and member; for example (Ps. Ixix. 21) : —
*' Reproach hath broken my heart, and I am ftdl of heaviness;
I look for pity, but there is none ;
For comforters, but find none."
Here belongs also Ps. Ixix. 5 : —
" More numerous than the hairs of my head are they who hate me with-
out reason;
Mighty are they who seek to destroy me, being my enemies without
cause :
I must restore what I took not away."
4. Sometimes the complex member is increased to three or
four propositions ; for example (Ps. i. 3) : —
" He is like a tree planted by streams of water,
That bringeth forth its fruit in its season,
Whose leaves also do not wither;
All that he doeth shall prosper."
Comp. Ps. Ixv. 10 ; Ixviii. 31 ; Ixxxviii. 6. This form is particu-
larly frequent in the prophets, who, approaching, as they generally
do, nearer to prose, often allow the parallelism to flow almost
44 INTRODUCTION.
into a free, prosaic diction. Members with three propositions
occur in Amos i. 5, ii. 14 ; Mic. v. 4. Indeed, no less than four
propositions sometimes form one member, and with a grand
elfect ; for example (Amos iv. 13) : —
" For, behold, he formed the mountains and created the wind;
He dedareth to man Avhat is his thought ;
He maketh the morning darkness,
And walketh upon the high places of the earth :
Jehovah, God of Hosts, is his name."
5. Instead of the full subordinate parallelism, we sometimes
find only a short clause or supplement, for the most part in the
second member; for example (Ps. xxiii. 3) : —
" He reviveth my spirit ;
He leadeth me in the paths of safety,
For his name's sake."
Comp. Ps. V. 3; xxvii. 11, 12, &c.
In these forms of parallelism, the proportion is apparently
destroyed ; but it is not so, provided we suppose it to consist, not
in the number of the words and extent of the period, but in the
thoughts. The relation between two thoughts remains essen-
tially the same, although one of them may be more fully devel-
oped than the other. As it does not depend in the least upon the
measvire of the words, a considerable inequality in these makes
no difference. It were well if we could but always forget, what
was unknown to the Hebrew, the rule which requires a measure
of time in rhythm.
III. Out of the parallelism which is rendered unequal by the
complexity of one of the members, there arises, in the case of a
still greater fulness of thought, another, in which the equality is
restored by both members becoming complex. Here richness of
matter is combined with perfect proportion of form. The modes
of combination are again the same, and accordingly we meet with
the same species of parallelism : —
J^) The synonymous; for example (Ps. xxxi. 11) : —
" For my life is wasted with sorrow,
And my years with sighing ;
My strength faileth by reason of my affliction.
And my bones are consumed on accoimt of all my enemies "
INTRODUCTION. 45
Sometimes the members have an alternate correspondence ; for
example (Ps. xl. 17) : —
" But let all who seek thee
Be glad and rejoice in thee;
Let those who love thy protection
Ever sa}^, — ' The Lord be praised.' "
Comp. Ps. XXXV. 26, xxxvii. 14 ; Cant. v. 3 ; Ps. Ixxix. 2 ;
JViic. i. 4.
i) The antithetic; for example (Ps. xxx. 6) : —
" For his anger endureth but a moment,
But his favor through life;
In the evening sorrow may be a guest,
But joy cometh in the morning."
Comp. Ps. Iv. 22.
Sometimes there Is an alternate correspondence in the antithe-
sis (Ps. xllv. 3) : —
" With thine own hand didst thou drive out the nations.
And plant our fathers ;
Thou didst destroy the nations,
And cause oxir fathers to flourish."
ff
Comp. Isa. liv. 10.
3) There are also instances of this double parallelism with the
synthetic structure ; for example (Cant. ii. 3) : —
** As the apple-tree among the trees of the forest.
So is my beloved among the sons;
In his shadow I love to sit doAvn,
And his fruit is sweet to my taste."
" As high as are the heavens above the earth,
So great is his mercy to them that fear him ;
As far as the east is from the west,
So far hath he removed our transgressions from us."
Ps. ciii. 11, 12.
This species of double parallelism occurs with peculiar fre-
quency in the prophets : comp. Am. i. 2, iii. 4 seq., iv. 4 seq., ix.
2 seq. ; Mic. i. 4 seq., iii. 6 seq. ; Nah. i. 1, ii. 1 seq. ; Hab. i. 13,
16. Indeed, they were not satisfied with the latitude of this form,
but gave to one of the members, or even to both, more than two
46 INTRODUCTION.
propositions, and sometimes as many as four ; for example (Hal),
iii. 17) : —
" For the fig-tree shall not blossom,
And there shall be no fruit upon the vine;
The produce of the olive shall fail,
And the fields shall yield no food ;
The flocks shall be cut off" from the folds,
And there shall be no herd in the stalls."
Comp. Amos ii. 9, v. 5, vii. 17 ; Mic. ii. 13, vii. 3 ; Hab. ii. 5, iii. 17.
In the better poets these subordinate propositions are short ; in
the other, long, which occasions a sort of di'agging ; for example,
Zeph. iii. 19, 20.
Sometimes there are triplet parallelisms, both of the synony-
mous and synthetic class. Thus : —
" The floods, 0 Lord, lift up,
The floods lift up their voice,
The floods lift up their roaring!
Mightier than the voice of many waters,
Yea, than the mighty waves of the sea,
Is the Lord in his lofty habitation."
Ps. xciii. 3, 4.
" Thy thunder roared in the whirlwind ;
Thy lightning illumined the world;
The earth trembled and shook.
Thy way was through the sea.
And thy path through great waters.
And thy footsteps could not be found."
Ps. Ixxvii. 18, 19.
rV. But we should entertain too narrow a view of the par-
allelism of members, if we supposed it to consist exclusively in
the proportion of the thoughts. For how could we dispose of the
numerous passages where this is entirely wanting, — w^here the
thoughts are found to correspond to each other neither by their
resemblance, nor by antithesis, nor by synthesis ? The parallelism
of members assumed further a simply external rhythmical form,
such as rhyme is. Originally, and according to rule, it was ex-
pressed in the matter ; but next it left its impression as a distinct
form, even where the matter did not correspond to it. The pro-
portion grew habitual, and hence greater freedom and license in
INTRODUCTION. 47
the tliouglit« were sometimes tolerated ; besides, the constant re-
currence of resemblance and antithesis would have been tedioua
both to poet and hearer. This species of parallelism we shall call
the rhythmical, because it consists simply in the form of the period.
Examples of it occur in all the kinds.*
1 ) With the number of the words nearly equal ; for example
(Ps. xix. 12) : —
" By them also is thy servant warned,
And in keeping of them there is great reward."
2) With striking inequality in the number of the words ; for
example (Ps. xxx. 3) : —
" 0 Jehovah, my God!
I called upon thee, and thou hast healed me."
3) With a double and a simple member ; for example (Ps,
xiv. 7) : —
" Oh that salvation for Israel woiild come out of Zion !
When the Lord hringeth back the captives of his people,
Then shall Jacob rejoice, and Israel be glad."
It is deserving of remark, how the rhythmical parallelism
makes good its place where three parallel thoughts occur, and
there is no internal ground for dividing them into exactly two
members ; for example (Ps. i. 1) : —
" Happy the man that walketh not in the counsel of the unrighteous,
Nor standeth in the way of sinners,
Nor sitteth in the seat of scoflfers."
4) With two double members ; for example (Ps. xxxi. 23) : —
" I said in my distress,
I am cut off from before thine eyes ;
But thou didst hear the voice of my supplication,
When I cried unto thee."
When the members of this rhythmical parallelism are more
than double, which is sometimes the case, it approaches very near
to prose : it is too loose a form to retain an exuberant matter
* It is highly important to distinguish this sort of parallelism, in order to
avoid the mistakes which have so frequently arisen from the abuse of the
parallelism of members as an exegetical help.
48 INTRODUCTION.
•without passing ovei- into the prosaic style. "With good poets this
is rarely the case, but it sometimes occurs ; for example, Am. vi.
10 : with the later and less correct, it happens more frequently ;
for example, Mai. i. 6 ; Zech. xiii. 8, x. 6 ; Zeph. iii. 8. The length
of the members contributes in a special manner to destroy the
rhythmical form. But, "while this form of parallehsm brings us to
the utmost limits of the province of rh}i:hm, it also settles the ques-
tion, that the parallelism of members is really a rhythmical form,
which there would be room to doubt, if we had nothing but par-
allelism of thoughts.
The simply rhythmical parallelism holds the most prominent
place in the Lamentations of Jeremiah. Here the parallelism of
thoughts is to be reckoned ahnost among the exceptions ; and, when
it does occur, it is, for the most part, the subordinate parallelism
of a member by itself: in general, the rhj-thm alone predominates,
and that, too, with a regularity which is rare among Hebrew poets,
producing here a suitable effect ; namely, monotony of complaint.
The following orders of rh^-thm may be traced in the Lamen-
tations.* In chapters first and second, the verses consist of three
members, the first two of which constitute one parallel, and stand
orer against the third as the second parallel. Each member has
besides a caesura, which coincides with the sense and the accent.
Still, however, we are sometimes under the necessity of abandon-
ing the accents, because they follow the sense ; while the rhythm
is independent of the sense. According to the accents, the first
parallel is sometimes simple (for example, chap. ii. 6), yet without
a valid logical ground. The periods in chap. i. 7, and chap. ii. 19,
are distinguished by having four members. It is remarkable that
the length of these verses should so greatly exceed those which
elsewhere occur in Hebrew poetry. Lowth is of the opinion that
these long verses are adapted to lamentation, and it must be
acknowledged that they do have a tendency to produce a certain
impression of melancholy. Chap, iii. has only verses of one mem-
ber, without parallelism ; but this one member is rhythmically
divided in such a manner as to pro'duce, if not a complete
rhythmical parallelism, yet a supplementary clause which con-
duces to repose. Here again the accents sometimes stand in the
• Comp. Lo-wth, Praelect. XXII. p. 257, seq.
INTRODUCTION. 49
way ; for example, chap. iii. 3, where tT^M ^j is nol enough to
form a supplementary clause. Tiphcha, also, sometimes changes
place with Zakeph Katon, although the rhythmical caesura is al-
ways the same. Perhaps, however, every three verses are to be
considered as a rhythmical whole, since they are connected by
having the same initial letters. Chap. v. is of the same structure
with chap, iii., except that it has a real short rh^-thmical parallel-
ism ; which, however, the authors of the accents did not consider
as complete, and therefore have not separated vnih Athnach.
Chap. iv. has double parallelism, but, for the most part, simply
ihythmical.
We must notice one more exception in Hebrew rhythm.
There sometimes occur separate propositions of a single member,
almost always introduced with design, since the poet lingers upon
the thought : we may conceive it to be accompanied with a long
pause; for example, Ps. xxiii. 1; xxv. 1. Here the poet indi-
cates, as it were, the tone and character of the song; and, after a
pause, again collects himself. Cant. vii. 6 is beautiful : —
*' How fair, how pleasant art thou, love, in delights! "
where the poet loses himself, as it were, in the contemplation of
beauty. In Job x. 22 the voice sinks with two parallel clauses
beautifully to repose.
' ' In this peculiar conformation or parallelism of the sen-.
tences," says Lowth, "I apprehend a considerable part of the
Hebrew metre to consist, though it is not improbable that some
regard was also paid to the numbers and feet. But of this par->
ticular we have at present so little information, that it is utterly
impossible to determine whether it were modulated by the ear
alone, or according to any settled or definite rules of prosody."
"The nervous simplicity and conciseness of the Hebrew muse,""
says the poet Campbell, "prevent this parallelism from degen?
erating into monotony. In repeating the same idea in different
words, she seems as if displaying a fine opal, that discovers fresh
beauty in every new light to which it is turned. Her amplifica^
tions of a given thought are like the echoes of a solemn melody,
— her repetitions of it, Hke the landscape reflected in the stream;
and, whilst her questions and responses give a lifelike effect to her
3
50 INTRODUCTION.
compositions, they remind us of the alternate voices in public
devotion, to which they were manifestly adapted."
The parallelism affords an important aid in interpretation ; for
sometimes the meaning of one member of a verse is clear, where
that of the other is ambiguous. Thus the new translation of
Ps. xxiv. 4 is confirmed by the parallelism, though it does not
depend upon it. In Ps. Iv. 15, —
" May sudden death seize upon them !
May they go down to the underworld alive ! '*
the second line is no doubt intended to be synonymous with the
first, and is completely explained by it.
What goes beyond this simple rhythm, in the rhythmical art of
the Hebrews, amounts to but little. Here belongs, —
1. The artificial arrangement of the alphabetical psalms. Thus
Ps. XXV., xxxiv., xxxvii., cxi., cxii., cxix., cxlv. ; Prov. xxxi. 10,
seq. The Lamentations of Jeremiah, with the exception of the
last chapter, are alphabetically arranged by the initial letters
of the verses, and this in different ways. Commonly each verse
begins with a new letter; in Ps, xxxvii., however, only every
other verse, though with interruption and change ; in Ps. cxix.
and Lam. iii., there are alphabetical strophes, as it were, — that is,
a series of verses have the same initial letters; in Ps. cxi., cxii.,
the half-verses are alphabetically arranged. This arrangement
answers for us the valuable purposes of proving the existence
of the parallelism of members, and of confirming the system of
accentuation in the division of verses and half-verses, respecting
which we might otherwise have our doubts, as well as respect-
ing the whole law of parallelism. The alphabetical arrangement
is supposed by many* to have been Intended to assist the memory.
Michaelis, indeed, was of the opinion, that it was employed in the
first place In the funeral dirge as an aid to the mourners, and
afterwards employed on other occasions. Lowth supposes that
the alphabetic poetry "was confined altogether to those compo-
sitions which consisted of detached maxims, or sentiments without
any express order or connection." I consider the alphabetic
* As Lowth, pp. 29, 259 ; and Michaelis on Lowth, p. 562, ed. Rosenm.
INTRODUCTION. 51
arrangement as a contrivance of the rhythmical art, an offspring
of the later vitiated taste. When the spirit of poetry is flown,
men cling to the lifeless body, the rhythmical form ; and seek to
supply its absence by this. In truth, nearly aU the alphabetical
compositions are remarkable for the want of connection (which I
regard as the consequence, instead of the cause, of the alpha-
betical construction), for common thoughts, coldness and languor
of feeling, and a low and occasionally mechanical phraseology.
The thirty-seventh psalm, which is the most free in its alphabetical
arrangement, is perhaps alone to be excepted from this censure,
and in truth is one of the best didactic poems of the Hebrews.
The Lamentations are, indeed, possessed of considerable merit
in their way, but still betray an unpoetic period and degenerated
taste.
In many of the alphabetic pieces, we observe certain irregu-
larities and deficiencies, which many (as Capell) have incorrectly
imputed to the transcribers, who were the least exposed to com-
mit mistakes in these compositions, since they were confined by
the peculiar arrangement itself. In Ps. xxv. two verses begin
with i^, none with 1 ; yet the word "^li^J* in the second verse
(like the interjection of the Greek tragedians uuol) might not
have been included in the verse, or (as Bengel conjectures) might
have been written in the margin, in which case the following ^'3.
would restore the alphabetical order. Also in this, and in Ps.
xxxiv., the 1 is wanting; perhaps it should be restored by the 1
in the beginning of the second hemistich of the verse commenc-
ing with n ; and so also, perhaps, the p, which is wanting in the
seventeenth verse of the former psalm, should be replaced by
the p in ^iriip^!2?2, at the beginning of the second hemistich.
On the other hand, two verses begin with ^, and after the last
letter, t1, follows another B. This last we find also at the close
of the thirty-fourth psalm. Michaelis supposes the 5 is counted
twice, on account of its double pronunciation, as Pe and Fe.
Hasse* erected upon it a paleograpTiical hypothesis peculiar to
himself, which is hardly capable of being sustained, and gives no
satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon to be explained.
* Eichhorn's Allg. Bibl., viii. p. 42, seq.
52 INTRODUCTION.
According to this, the concluding £, with a softer pronunciation,
takes the place of the * in the Greek alphabet. The conjecture
of Bengel is no better, who supposes that 1 and & both sprung
out of the Phoenician Vau and Fau, and that the latter stands for
the former ; then the supernumerary verse with >3 must come in
the place of 1.* Rosenmiiller (1st edit.) considers both verses
as the additions of a later hand, by which these psalms were pre-
pared for the public service. But this could not be the case in
respect to Ps. xxxiv. at least, as the last verse is necessary to the
concluding of the whole : the conclusion of the twenty-fifth psalm
is also very appropriate, and cannot well be dispensed with. In
Ps. xxxvii., ^ precedes t, 5? is wanting, and IT is repeated.
Bengel accounts for this not unsatisfactorily from the interchange-
able use of "I and y in Chaldee. Others resort for help to
criticism. The thirty-ninth verse begins with tn^'^'^u^, where
perhaps the 1 was not regarded. In Ps. cxlv., the verse with 3 is
wanting, which, according to Michaelis, has fallen out of the text.
In Lam. ii., iii., iv., 5 precedes 5, which Bengel explains in the
same manner as the simliar fact in Ps. xxxvii. The order only
is different : it was the custom to place letters of a similar sound
together.
Perhaps all these irregularities are to be ascribed to the negli-
gence and unskilfulness of the poets, as we impute to the same
causes the many harsh and inelegant rhymes of our older ecclesi-
astical poets. The hypothesis of Bengel, that of many alpha-
betical psalms we have only the first imperfect sketch, amounts to
nearly the same thing. The occurrence of the same irregularities
in Ps. XXV. and xxxiv. proves their relation to each other ;
and the circumstance, that flTC, to 7xdeem, forms the conclusion
of both, may be regarded as a characteristic trait in these popu-
lar elegiac psalms (for such I esteem them), as the later Jews in
their oppression were ahvays hoping for redemption.
2. "We find in the Hebrew poetry the first beginnings of a com-
plex rhythmical structure, similar to our strophes. In Ps. xlii.,
xliii., an odd verse (refrain) forms the conclusion of a greater
* Another explanation of this in'egularity is given by Vogel in CapeUi
Crit., i. p. 123.
INTRODUCTION. 51
rhythmical period. Something of the same kind, though not
complete, occurs in Ps. cvii., where verses 1-9, 10-16, 17-32,
are separated by a nearly similar conclusion. The prophecies
Isa. ix. 7 — X, 4 and Am. i. 2 — ii. 16 are upon the same plan.
Gesenius (on Isaiah) supposes that the same kind ot' refrain is to
be found in a part of Solomon's Song. There is a singular
specimen of art in Ps. xlix., where the thirteenth and twenty-first
verses are word for Avord alike, except that by the change of
a single letter, y^''p'^ in the one becomes X^^^ in the other, so
that a different sense is produced where the sound is entirely
similar.
3. The rliytlim by gradation, in the psalms of degrees, is a
remarkable form. It consists in this, that the thought or expres-
sion of a preceding verse is resumed and carried forward in the
next ; for example (Ps. cxxi.) : —
" I lift up mine eyes to the hills:
Whence comeih my help ?
My help cometh from the Lord,
Who made heaven and earth.
He Avill not suffer thy foot to stumble ;
Thy guardian doth not slumber.
Behold ! the guardian of Israel
Doth neither slumber nor sleep.
The Lord is thy guardian;
The Lord is thy shade at thy right hand.
The sun shall not smite thee by day,
Nor the moon by night.
The Lord will 2ireseri'e thee from all evil;
He will preserve thy life.
The Lord will preserve thee, Avhen thou goest out, and when thou
comest in,
From this time forth for evermore."
Gesenius has pointed out the same arrangement in the song of
Deborah, and in Isa. xxvi., where verses 5, 6, read thus : —
" The lofty city he hath laid low,
He hath laid her low to the ground;
He hath levelled her with the dust.
The foot shall trample upon her,
The feet of the poor, the steps of the needy."
54 INTRODUCTION.
A form somewliat similar to tliis in modern poetrjis the triolet;
but it differs in making the whole composition turn upon one
principal thought.
The question whether the psalms were sung by choirs may be
distinctly answered in the affirmative, so far as it regards the
Temple psalms, and all that were destined for the public ser-
vice. It is still the custom in the synagogue for the assembly to
respond as a choir to the chant of the chorister; and Miriam,
with her women, formed an alternate chorus (Ex. xv.). By sup-
posing many of the psalms to have been sung in this way, we
shall perceive in them a greater degree of propriety, spirit, and
grandeur. Thus in that of which every other line is, "For his
mercy endureth for ever," the repetition of these words might
have had an excellent effect when sung by way of response to a
choir which sung the other line : though, to a mere reader, such
repetition may appear tedious. Ps. xxiv., cxxxv., cl., and others,
are evidently adapted to the same mode of performance. But it
by no means follows that we must divide the psalms themselves
into choruses, as iN'achtigall, Kuinoel, and others, have done in
their translations : it is probable that the chorus simply repeated.*
But even were this not the case, yet this division is a matter of
too much uncertainty to be safely attempted. It is very doubtful
whether the singing was alternate or responsive in all cases where
there is a change of the person speaking ; for the Orientals are
extremely fond of such a change of the person speaking even in
poems which are not sung.f
In what way song was connected with the dance, it is impossible
to determine. Few of the psalms which we now possess probably
ever had any connection with the dance. Songs like that of the
women upon David's victory were performed dancing : it could
hardly be the case, however, that the two performances were so
connected as to resemble the music and dance of modern times.
The dance, perhaps, consisted for the most part of certain
figures, which were executed by the files of dancers, chiefly in
circles, as the Hebrew name ^in>3 seems to indicate ; and the
* Such is the present custom in the East. The chorus repeats the melody
in a lower key. See Niebuhr's Travels, i. 176.
t Comp. Jahn, Einleit. ins Alte Test., ii. 723.
INTRODUCTION. 55
step, if not perfectly artless, was free and -without rule.* In
this case, the dance of the Hebrews was the same in relation to
other modes of dancing, as was their rhythm compared with the
rhythm of other nations.
The last direction in regard to the mode of using the psalms
may be given in the language of Dr. Hammond, citing the
opinion of the ancient fathers.
" Form thy spirit by the affection of the psalm, saith St.
Augustine. If it be the affection of love, enkindle that within
thy breast, that thou mayest not speak against thy sense and
knowledge and conscience when thou sayest, * I will love thee,
O Lord, my strength ! ' If it be an affection of fear, impress
that on thy soul, and be not thyself an insensible anvil to such
strokes of divine poetry, which thou chantest out to others,
' Oh, consider this, ye that forget God, lest he pluck you away,
and there be none to deliver you.' If it be an affection of desire
which the psalmist in a holy transportation expresseth, let the
same breathe in thee ; accounting, as St. Chrysostom minds thee
on Ps. xlii., that, when thou recitest these words, ' Like as the
hart desireth the water-brooks, so longeth my soul after thee,
O God ! ' thou hast sealed a covenant, betrothed and engaged thy
soul to God, and must never have a coldness or indifferency to
him hereafter. If it be the affection of gratitude, let thy soul be
lifted up in praises : come with affections this way inflamed,
sensible of the weight of mercies of all kinds, spiritual and tem-
poral, with all the enhancements that the seasonable application
thereof to the extremities of thy wants can add to thy preserva-
tions and pardons and joys ; or else the reciting the hallelujahs
will be a most ridiculous piece of pageantry. And so likewise
for the petitory part of the psalms, let us be always in a posture
ready for them, with our spirits minutely prepared to dart them
up to heaven. And, whatever the affection be, let the heart do
what the words signify."
* Such is still the manner of the female dancers of the East. One of
them takes the lead, extemporizing the steps and movement, which the others
imitate, following in a circle. See Niebuhr's Travels, i. 184; Lady Mon-
tague's Letters, Let. 30. For other authorities, see Jahn's Bibl. Arcbaeol.,
i. 1, 405.
66 INTRODUCTION.
The translator leaves the principles and views wliicli governed
him in his labors to be inferred from the work itself. In one
particular, however, some may be at a loss to know the reason
for the translation which I adopt. I refer to the name of the
Supreme Being, Jehovah. As it is a proper name, and not a
mere ajopellative, like the terms God and Lord, perhaps the strict
rules of interpretation require that it should be always translated
by the same term. But as the same great Being is denoted,
whether his name be translated the Lord, or Jehovah, I have
thought It best, in many cases, not to alter the name to which the
feelings of the devout have been so long accustomed. Where I
have used " the Lord " instead of " Jehovah," I have put the for-
mer in capital letters. The same rule has been adopted in translate
ino- the Proverbs. The word " Jehovah " Is now very seldom used
in prayers or in hymns, and, of course, cannot have those devout
feelings connected with it which belong to appellations of the
Supreme Being which are* habitually used. In some cases, how"
ever, the proper name of the Supreme Being — Jehovah — has a
significance which does not belong to any of the generic terms by
which he is denoted. In every case where any positive reason
whatever exists for retaining the proper name, I have retained it.
In all the other books of the Old Testament which I have trans-
lated, I have used the proper name, Jehovah, for the correspond-
hm Hebrew word.
In this edition, I have carefully revised the translation by a new
comparison of it with the original, and the aid of some English
and German versions; viz., those of Hengstenberg, Hupfeld,
Ilitzig, Wellbeloved, and Alexander, which I had not seen when
the former editions were printed. I have consulted them on
the more obscure and difficult passages, and sometimes with
advantage. I have also added a number of pages to the Intro-
duction, and some explanatory notes, which, without materially
increasing the size of the volume, will, I hope, add to its value.
Cambridge, Jime 28, 1866.
THE PSALMS.
BOOK I.
PSALM I.
The happiness of the righteous and the misery of the wicked.
1 Happy tlie man who walketh not in the counsel of the
unrighteous,
Nor standeth in the waj of sinners,
Nor sitteth in the seat of scoffers ;
2 But whose delight is in the law of the Lord,
And who meditateth on his precepts day and night.
3 He is like a tree planted by streams of water.
That bringeth forth its fruit in its season.
Whose leaves also do not wither :
All that he doeth shall prosper.
4 Not so the unrighteous ;
They are like chaff, which the wind driveth away.
5 Therefore the wicked shall not stand in judgment,
Nor sinners in the assembly of the just.
6 For the Lord knoweth the way of the righteous.
But the way of the wicked leadeth to ruin.
PSALM IL
Vain attempts of the nations against the king anointed by God.
"Why do the heathen rage
.*
And the nations meditate a vain thing ?
Why do the kings of the earth rise up.
And the princes combine together.
Against Jehovah, and against his anointed king?
58 THE PSALMS. [ps. in.
3 " Let us break their bonds asunder ;
Let us cast away from us their fetters ! "
4 He that sitteth in heaven will laugh ;
The Lord will have them in derision.
5 Then shall he speak to them in his wrath,
And confound them in his hot displeasure.
6 "I myself have anointed my king,
Upon Zion, my holy hill."
7 I will declare the decree of Jehovah :
He hath said to me, " Thou art my son ;
This day I have begotten thee.
8 Ask of me, and I will give thee the nations for thine
inheritance,
And the ends of the earth for thy possession.
9 Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron ;
Thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter's vessel."
10 Be wise, therefore, O ye kings !
Be admonished, ye rulers of the earth !
11 Be subject to Jehovah with awe,
And fear with tremblino^ !
12 Kiss the son, lest He be angry, and ye perish in your way ;
For soon shall his wrath be kindled.
Happy are all they who seek refuge in him.
PSALM IIL
Trust in God in a time of distress.
A Psalm of David, when hejledfrom his son Absalom.
How many, 0 Lord, are mine enemies !
How many are they who rise up against me !
How many are they who say of me,
" There is no help for him with God " ! [Pause.]
But thou, O Lord ! art my shield.
My glory, and the lifter-up of my head.
I call upon the Lord with my voice.
And he heareth me from his holy hill. [Pause.]
I lay me down and sleep ;
I awake, for the Lord sustaineth me.
PS. IV.] THE PSALMS. 59
6 I will not fear the ten thousands of people
Who on every side set themselves against me.
7 Arise, O Lord ! Save me, O my God !
For thou smitest the cheek of all my enemies ;
Thou breakest the teeth of the wicked.
8 Deliverance cometh from the Lord :
May thy blessing be with thy people ! [Pause.]
PSALM IV.
A prayer for deliverance from enemies; with a remonstrance to them, and
expressions of confidence in Divine aid. It may, with the last psalm,
have been occasioned by the rebellion of Absalom. But it is rather
remarkable that there is no particular allusion to the aflecting circum-
stance of David's own son being at the head of it.
For the leader of the music; to he acconwanied with stringed instruments
A psalm of David.
1 Hear me, when I call, O God of my righteousness !
Thou hast helped me, when I was in trouble, —
Have pity upon me, and hear my prayer !
2 How long, 0 men ! will ye dishonor my dignity ?
How long will ye love vanity, and seek disappointment ?
[Pause.]
3 Know ye that the Lord hath exalted one that is devoted
to him ;
The Lord will hear, when I call upon him.
4 Stand in awe, and sin no more ;
Commune with your hearts upon your beds, and desist !
[Pause.]
5 Offer sacrifices of righteousness,
And put your trust in the Lol^D !
6 There are many who say, 'VVTio will show us any* good ?
Lord, lift thou up the light of thy countenance ujion us !
7 Thou puttest gladness into my heart.
Greater than theirs, when their corn and wine are abun-
dant.
8 I will lay me down in peace, and sleep ;
For thou alone, O Lord ! makest me dwell in safety.
60 THE PSALMS. [ps. v.
PSALM V.
Prayer of a pious man for aid against impioiLS, deceitful, and sanguinary
enemies. It may be referred to the rebellion of Absalom, or to the persecu-
tion of David in the court of Saul.
For the leader of the music ; to be accompanied ivith wind instruments.
A psalm of David.
1 Give ear to my words, O Lord ;
Have regard to my cry !
2 Listen to the voice of my supplication, my King and my
God!
For to thee do I address my prayer.
3 In the morning shalt thou hear my voice, 0 Lord !
In the morning will I address my prayer to thee, and look
for help.
4 For thou art not a God that hath pleasure in wickedness ;
Xhe unrighteous man dwelleth not with thee.
5 The haughty shall not stand in thy sight ;
Thou hatest all that do iniquity.
6 Thou destroyest them that speak falsehood ;
The man of blood and deceit the Lord abhorreth.
7 But I, through thy great goodness, will come to thj'
house ;
In thy fear will I worsliip at thy holy temple.
8 Lead me, O Lord ! in thy righteousness, because of
mine enemies ;
INIake thy path straight before my face !
9 For in their mouth there is no trutli;
Their heart is malignity ;
Their throat is an open sepulchre ;
They flatter with their tongue.
10 Requite them, O God !
Let them be confounded in their devices ;
Cast them out for the multitude of their transgressions ;
For against thee have they rebelled !
11 But let all, that put their trust in thee, rejoice ;
Let them ever shout for joy, because thou defendest them ;
Let them, that love thy name, be joyful in thee !
12 For thou, O Lord ! dost bless tlie righteous ;
Witli favor dost thou encompass him, as with a shield.
PS. VI., VII.] THE PSALMS. 61
PSALM VI.
A prayer of one in great distress.
For the leader of the music; to he accompanied ivith stringed instruments;
to the octave. A psalm of David.
1 O Lord ! rebuke me not in thine anger ;
Chasten me not in thy hot displeasure !
2 Have pity upon me, O Lord ! for I am weak ;
Heal me, O Lord ! for my bones tremble !
3 My soul, also, is sore troubled ;
And thou, O Lord ! how long — ?
4 Return, O Lord ! and deliver me ;
Oh, save me according to thy mercy !
5 For in death no praise is given to thee ;
In the underworld who can give thee thanks ?
6 I am weary with my groaning ;
All the night I make my bed to swim,
And drench my couch with my tears.
7 Mine eye is wasted with grief ;
It hath become old because of all my enemies.
8 Depart from me, all ye that do iniquity ;
For the Lord heareth the voice of my weeping.
9 The Lord heareth my su2:)plication ;
The Lord accepteth my prayer.
10 All my enemies shall be ashamed and utterly confounded ;
They shall be turned back, and put to shame suddenly.
PSALM vn.
Prayer against an enemy, or, perhaps, against enemies in general.
A psalm of David, which he sang to Jehovah, on account of the reproaches
of Ciish the Benjamite.
1 O Jehovah, my God ! to thee do I look for help ;
Save me from them that persecute me, and deliver me !
2 Lest mine enemy tear me like a lion ;
Lest he rend me in pieces, while there is none to help.
62 THE PSALMS. [ps. vii.
3 O Jehovah, my God ! if I have done this, —
If there be iniquity upon my hands,
4 If I have rendered evil to my friend.
Or have despoiled him that without cause is mine enemy, —
5 Let my adversary pursue and take me ;
Let him trample me to the ground.
And lay me prostrate in the dust ! [Pause.]
6 Arise, O Lord ! in thine anger ;
Lift thyself up against the rage of mine enemies ;
Awake for me, ordain judgment !
7 Let the assembly of the nations compass thee about,
And on their account return to the height !
8 The Lord judgeth the nations ;
Judge me, O Lord ! according to my righteousness,
And requite me according to my integrity !
9 Oh, let the wickedness of the wicked be at an end ;
But establish the righteous !
For the righteous God trieth the heart and the reins.
10 My shield is with God,
Wlio saveth the upright in heart.
11 God is a righteous judge,
And a God who is angry every day.
12 If he do not desist. He sharpeneth his sword ;
He bendeth his bow, and maketh it ready ;
13 He prepareth for him the instruments of death ;
He shooteth his burning arrows.
14 Behold, he travailed with iniquity.
And conceived mischief,
But hath brought forth disappointment !
15 He made a pit and digged it.
And is fallen into the ditch which he made.
16 His mischief returneth upon his own head,
And his violence cometli down upon his own skull.
17 I will praise tlie Lord according to his righteousness ;
I will sing praise to the name of the Lord most high.
ps.vni.,ix.] THE PSALMS. 63
PSALM VIII.
The greatness of the Creator, and his goodness to man.
For the leader of the music; to he accompanied with the gittith. A
psalm of David,
1 0 Jehovah, our Lord !
How excellent is thy name in all the earth !
Thou hast set thy glory above the heavens.
2 Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings hast thou
ordained praise,
To put thine adversaries to shame,
And to silence the enemy and avenger.
3 When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers,
The moon and the stars which thou hast ordained :
4 What is man, that thou art mindful of him.
And the son of man, that thou carest for him ?
6 Yet thou hast made him little lower than God ;
Thou hast crowned him with glory and honor.
6 Thou hast given him dominion over the works of thy
hands ;
Thou hast put all things under his feet, —
7 All sheep and oxen,
Yea, and the beasts of the forest ;
8 The birds of the air, and the fishes of the sea.
And whatever passeth through the paths of the deep.
9 O Jehovah, our Lord,
How excellent is thy name in all the earth !
PSALM IX.
A thanksgiving ode for victory and deliverance from enemies ; with prayers
for future help. Supposed to have been composed after the wars men-
tioned in 2 Samuel, chap. viii.
For the leader of the music ; to be sung in the manner or with the voice of
maidens. To the Benites, or to Ben. A psalm of David.
1 I WILL praise thee, O Lord ! with my whole heart ;
I will show forth all thy marvellous works.
2 I will be glad and rejoice in thee ;
I will sing praise to thy name, O thou Most High !
64 THE PSALMS. [rs. ix.
S All my enemies are turned back ;
They fall and perish at thy presence.
4 For thou dost defend my right and my cause ;
Thou sittest upon the throne, a righteous judge.
5 Thou rebukest the nations ;
Thou destroyest the wicked ;
Thou blottest out their name for evermore !
6 The enemy is fallen, — a desolation for ever !
Thou, O Lord ! hast destroyed their cities ;
Their memory itself hath perished !
7 The Lord reigneth for ever ;
He hath prepared his throne for judgment.
8 He judgeth the world in righteousness ;
He administereth judgment to the nations with uprightness.
9 Yea, the Lord is a refuge for the opjDressed ;
A refuge in times of trouble.
10 They who know thy name put their trust in thee ;
For thou, O Lord ! forsakest not them that seek thee !
11 Sing praises to the Lord, who reigneth in Zion ;
Declare his doings among the people !
12 As the avenger of blood, he remembereth the distressed ;
He forgetteth not their complaint.
13 " Have pity upon me, [said I,] O Lord !
Look upon my atiliction through them that hate me ;
Lift me up from the gates of death :
14 That I may sliow forth all thy praise in the gates of the
daughter of Zion ;
That I may rejoice in salvation by thee."
15 Tlie nations have sunk into the pit which they made ;
In the net, which they liid, is their own foot taken.
16 Thus it is known that the Lord executeth judgment;
The wicked are ensnared in the work of their own hands.
[Stringed instruments. Pause.]
17 The wicked shall be dri^'en into the underworld ;
Yea, all the nations that forget God.
18 For the poor shall not always be forgotten ;
The hopes of the afflicted shall not perish for ever.
19 Arise, O Lord ! Let not man prevail ;
Let the nations be judged by thee !
20 Strike terror into them, O Lord!
Let tlie nations kiiow that they are but men ! [Pause.]
PS. X.] THE PSALMS. 65
PSALM X.
A prayer against impious, deceitful, and blood-thirsty enemies.'
1 "Why standest thou afjir off, O Lord?
Why hidest thou thyself in times of trouble ?
2 Through the haughtiness of the wicked the poor are in
distress ;
They are caught in the wiles which are contrived for
them.
3 The wicked boasteth of his heart's desire ;
The rapacious renounceth and contemneth Jehovah.
4 The wicked [saith] in his haughtiness, " He careth not ! "
All his thoughts are, " There is no God."
5 His course is always prosperous ;
Far in the heights are thy judgments from him ;
As for all his enemies, he puffeth at them.
6 He saith in his heart, '" I shall never fall ;
I shall never be in adversity."
7 His mouth is full of perjury, deceit, and oppression ;
Mischief and injustice are upon his tongue.
8 He sitteth in the lurking-places of the villages ;
In secret places doth he murder the innocent ;
His eyes are secretly fixed upon the poor.
9 He secretly lieth in wait, like a lion in a thicket ;
He lieth in wait to seize upon the helpless ;
He catcheth the poor, drawing him into his net.
10 He croucheth, and lowereth himself.
And the wretched fall into his paws.
11 He saith in his heart, " God doth forget ;
He hideth his face ; he doth never see it."
12 Arise, O Lord ! O God, lift up thine hand ;
Forget not the distressed !
13 Wherefore doth the wicked contemn God,
And say in his heart, " He careth not for it " ?
14 Thou dost see it ; yea, thou beholdest malice and oppres-
sion.
And markest it upon thy hand !
The poor committeth himself to thee ;
Thou art the helper of the fatherless.
Q6 THE PSALMS. [ps. xi.
15 Break thou the arm of the unjust and wicked man ;
Seek out his wickedness, till thou canst find none !
IG Jehovah is king for ever and ever ;
The gentiles shall perish out of his land.
17 Thou, O Lord ! wilt hear the desires of the distressed ;
Thou wilt strengthen their hearts ;
Thou wilt lend a listening ear !
18 Thou wilt maintain the cause of the fatherless and the
oppressed.
That henceforth none may be driven from the land.
PSALM XL
An expression of trust in God, as a security from the plots and assaults of
enemies.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of David,
1 In the Lord do I put my trust. "Why say ye to me,
" Flee, like a bird, to your mountain ?
2 For, lo ! the wicked bend their bow ;
They make ready their arrows on the string.
To shoot in secret at the upright in heart.
3 If the pillars be broken down.
What can the rio^hteous do ? "
4 The Lord is in his holy palace ;
The Lord's thi'one is in heaven ;
His eyes behold, his eyelids prove the children of men.
5 The Lord trieth the righteous ;
But the wicked, and the lover of violence, his soul hateth.
C Upon the wicked he will rain lightning ;
Fire and brimstone and a burning wind shall be the
portion of their cup.
7 For the Lord is righteous ; he loveth righteousness ;
The upright shall see his face.
PS XII., XIII.] THE PSALMS. 67
PSALM XII.
A prayer for protection against calumniating foes.
For the leader of the music ; to the octave. A psalm of David.
1 Help, Lord ; for the godly man ceaseth ;
The faithful are failing among men.
2 They speak falsehood one to another ;
With flattering lips, with a double heart, do they speak.
3 May the Lord destroy all flattering lips,
Aiid the tongue which speaketh proud things !
4 Who say, " With our tongues wUl we prevail ;
Our lips are our reliance ;
Who is lord over us ? "
6 For the oppression of the poor and the sighing of the
wretched,
Now will I stand up, saith the Lord ;
I will set in safety him whom they puff at.
6 The words of the Lord are pure ;
Like silver jDurified in a furnace on the earth,
Seven times refined.
7 Thou, O Lord ! wilt watch over them ;
Thou wilt preserve them from this generation for ever.
8 The wicked walk on every side.
When the vilest of men are exalted.
PSALM XnL
Supplication for deliverance from enemies, and confidence of obtaining it.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of David.
1 How long, 0 Lord ! wilt thou forget me for ever ?
How long wilt thou hide thy face from me ?
2 How long shall I have anxiety in my soul for ever,
And sorrow in my heart all the day ?
How long shall my enemy be exalted over me ?
3 Look down and hear me, O Lord, my God !
Enlighten my eyes, lest I sleep the sleep of death ;
68 THE PSALMS. [rs.xiv.
4 Lest my enemy say, " I have prevailed against him ! "
Lest my adversaries rejoice, when I am fallen.
5 Yet will I trust in thy goodness ;
]My heart shall rejoice in thy salvation ;
6 I will sing to the Lord, that he hath dealt kindly with me
PSALM XIV.
The complaint of a pious man in exile concerning the wickedness of men,
and supplication for the restoration of the Israelites from captivity.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of David.
1 The fool saith in his heart, " There is no God."
They are corrupt ; abominable are their doings ;
There is none that doeth good.
2 Jehovah looketh down from heaven upon the children of
men,
To see if there are any that have understanding,
That have regard to God.
3 They are all gone out of the way ; together are they
corrupt ;
There is none that doeth good — no, not one.
4 Shall not the evil-doers be requited,
Wlio devour my people like bread,
And call not upon Jehovah ?
5 Yea, then shall they be in great fear ;
For Jehovah is with the race of the righteous.
6 Ye would put to shame the counsel of the poor ;
But Jehovah is their refuge.
7 Oh that salvation for Israel would come out of Zion !
Wlieu Jehovah bringeth back the captives of his people,
Then shall Jacob rejoice, and Israel be glad.
PS. XV., XVI.] THE PSALMS. 69
PSALM XV.
The qualifications of an acceptable worshipper. This psalm may have been
composed when David removed the ark to the tabernacle on Mount Zion ;
2 Samuel, chap. vi.
A psalm of David.
1 Lord, who shall abide at thy tabernacle?
Who shall dwell upon thy holy hill ?
2 He that walketh uprightly, and doeth righteousness,
And speaketh the truth from his heart ;
3 He that slandereth not with his tongue,
That doeth no injury to his neighbor,
And uttereth no reproach against his neighbor ;
4 In whose eyes a vile person is contemned ;
But who honoreth them that fear the Lord ;
Who sweareth to his own hurt, and changeth not ;
6 He that lendeth not his money for interest.
And taketh not a bribe ao:ainst the innocent :
He that doeth these thinsfs shall never be moved.
PSALM XVI.
The person who is the subject of this psalm expresses his entire depend-
ence upon God, his latitude for Divine goodness, his satisfaction with
the condition assigned him, and his firm hopes of future protection and
favor.
A psalm of David.
1 Preserve me, 0 God ! for to thee do I look for help.
2 I have said to Jehovah, Thou art my Lord ;
I have no happiness beyond thee !
3 The holy that are in the land, and the excellent, —
In them is all my delight.
4 They who hasten after other gods shall have multiplied
sorrows ;
Their drink-offerings of blood I will not offer,
Nor will I take their names upon my lips.
6 Jehovah is my portion and my cup ;
Thou wilt maintain my lot !
70 THE PSALMS. [ps. xvn.
6 My portion hath fallen to me in pleasant places ;
Yea, I have a goodly inheritance.
7 I will bless the Lord, who careth for me ;
Yea, in the night my heart admonisheth me.
8 I set the Lord before me at all times ;
Since he is at my right hand, I shall not fall.
9 Therefore my heart is glad, and my spirit rejoiceth ;
Yea, my flesh dwelleth in security.
10 For thou wilt not give me up to the underworld ;
Nor wilt thou suffer thy holy one to see the pit.
11 Thou wilt show me the path of life ;
In thy presence is fulness of joy ;
At thy right hand are pleasures for evermore.
PSALM XVII.
A prayer for help against impious enemies; together with expressions of
confidence in the favor of God.
A psalm of David.
1 Hear the righteous cause, O Lord !
Attend to my cry ;
Give ear to my prayer from lips without deceit !
2 May my sentence come forth from thy presence ;
May thine eyes behold uprightness !
3 Provest thou my heart, visitest thou me in the night,
Triest thou me like gold, thou shalt find nothing !
4 My thoughts do not vary from my lips.
As to the deeds of men,
Through the word of thy lijDS I have kept me from the
paths of the destroyer.
5 Support my steps in thy paths.
That my feet may not slip !
6 I call upon thee, O God ! for thou wilt hear me ;
Incline thine ear to me, and listen to my prayer !
7 Show forth thy loving-kindness, 0 thou that savest by thy
right hand
Them that seek refuge in thee from their adversaries !
8 Guard pie as the apple of the eye ;
Hide me under the shadow of thy wings
PS. XVIII.] THE PSALMS. 71
9 From the wicked who assault me,
From my deadly enemies who compass me about !
10 They shut up their hard heart ;
With their mouth they speak haughtily.
11 They encompass us in all our steps ;
They fix their eyes upon us, that they may cast us on the
ground.
12 They are like a lion, eager for his prey ;
Like a young lion, lurking in secret places.
13 Arise, O Lord ! disappoint them, cast them down !
Deliver me from the wicked by thy sword,
14 From men, by thy hand, O Lord ! from men of the world,
"WTiose portion is in life ; whom thou loadest with thy
treasure ;
Whose children have enough, and leave their superfluity
to their children.
15 But I through righteousness shall see thy face ;
I shall be satisfied with the revival of thy countenance.
PSALM xxni.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of David, the servant of the Lord,
who spake to the Lord the words of this song, in the day that the Lord de-
livered him from the hand of all his enemies, and from the hand of Saul :
And he said, —
1 I LOVE thee, 0 Lord, my strength !
2 Jehovah is my rock, my fortress, and my deliverer ;
My God, my strength, in whom I trust ;
My shield, my strong defence, and my high tower.
3 I called upon the Lord, who is worthy to be praised,
And was delivered from my enemies.
4 The snares of death encompassed me ;
The floods of destruction filled me with dismay ; .
5 The snares of the underworld surrounded me,
And the nets of death seized upon me.
6 In my distress I called upon the Lord,
And cried unto my God ;
He heard my voice from his palace,
And my cry came before him into his ears.
72 THE PSALMS. [ps. xvin.
7 Then the earth quaked and trembled ;
The foundations of the mountains rocked and were shaken,
Because his wrath was kindled.
8 A smoke went up from liis nostrils,
And fire from his mouth devoured ;
Burning coals shot forth from him.
9 He bowed the heavens, and came down ;
And darkness was under his feet ;
10 And he rode upon a cherub, and did fly ;
Yea, he did fly upon the wings of the wind.
11 And he made darkness liis covering ;
His pavilion round about him was dark waters and thick
clouds of the skies.
12 At the brightness before him, his thick clouds passed away ;
Then came hailstones and coals of fire.
IS The Lord also thundered from heaven,
And the Most High uttered his voice,
Amid hailstones and coals of fire.
14 He sent forth his arrows, and scattered them ;
Continual lightnings, and discomfited them.
15 Then the channels of the deep were seen,
And the foundations of tlie earth were laid bare
At thy rebuke, O Lord !
At the blast of the breath of thy nostrils.
16 He stretched forth his hand from above ; he took me,
And drew me out of deep waters.
17 He delivered me from my strong enemy ;
From my adversaries, who were too powerful for me.
18 They fell upon me in the day of my calamity ;
But the Lord was my stay.
19 He brought me forth into a large place ;
He delivered me, because he delighted in me.
20 The Lord hath rewarded me according to my righteousness ;
According to the cleanness of my hands hath he recom-
pensed me.
21 For I have kept the ways of the Lord,
And have not wickedly departed from my God.
22 For all his laws were in my sight ;
I did not put away his statutes from me.
23 I was upright before him.
And kept myself from iniquity.
ps.xviii] THE PSALMS. 73
24 Therefore liatli the Lord rewarded me according to my
righteousness,
According to tlie cleanness of my hands before his eyes.
25 To the merciful thou showest thyself merciful ;
To the upi-iglit thou showest thyself ujjright ;
26 To the pure thou showest thyself pure,
And to the perverse thou showest thyself perverse.
27 For thou savest tlie afflicted people.
But the haughty countenance thou bringest down.
28 Thou causes t my lamp to shine ;
Jehovah, my God, enlighteueth my darkness.
29 For through thee I have broken through troops ;
Through my God I have leaped over walls.
30 The ways of God are just and true ;
His word is pure, tried in the fire ;
He is a shield to all who put their trust in him.
31 Who, then, is God, save Jehovah ?
And who is a rock, save our God?
32 It is God that girded me with strength,
And made my way 2:»lain.
S3 He made my feet like the hind's,
And set me in my high places ;
34 He taught my hands to war,
So that my arm bent the bow of brass.
35 Thou gavest me the shield of thy protection ;
Thy right hand held me up,
And thy goodness made me great.
36 Thou didst make a wide path for my steps.
So that my feet did not stumble.
37 I pursued my enemies and overtook them.
And turned not back till I had destroyed them.
38 I smote them, so that they could not rise ;
They fell under my feet.
39 Thou didst gird me with strength for the battle ;
Thou didst cast down my adversaries under me.
40 Thou didst cause my enemies to turn their backs,
So that I destroyed them that hated me.
41 They cried, but there v/as none to help ;
To Jehovah, but he answered them not.
42 I beat them small, like dust before the wind ;
I cast them out as the dirt of the streets.
74 T H E P S A L M S. [ps. xix.
43 Thou hast delivered me from the assaults of the nations ;
Thou hast made me the head of the kingdoms.
Nations whom I knew not serve me ;
44 They who have only heard of me obey me ;
Yea, men of a strange land submit themselves to me ;
45 Men of a strange land fade away, like a leaf,
And come trembling from their stronghokfe.
46 Jehovah is the living God ; blessed be my rock ;
Exalted be the God of my salvation !
47 It is Gt)d who hath given me vengeance,
And subdued the nations under me ;
48 He delivered me from my enemies ;
Yea, thou hast lifted me up above my adversaries ;
Thou hast saved me from the violent man !
49 Therefore I will give thanks to thee, O Lord ! among the
nations.
And sing praises to thy name.
50 Great deliverance giveth he to his king,
And showeth mercy to his anointed, — •
To David and to his posterity for ever.
PSALM XIX.
The glory of God manifested in the material creation, and in the law given
to man. Prayer for forgiveness and deliverance from temptation.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of David.
1 The heavens declare the glory of God ;
The firmament showeth forth the work of his hands.
2 Day uttereth instruction unto day,
And niirht showeth knowledije unto night.
3 They have no speech nor language.
And their voice is not heard ;
4 Yet their sound goeth forth to all the earth,
And their words to the ends of the world.
In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun,
6 Which Cometh forth like a bridegroom from his chamber.
And rejoiceth, like a strong man, to run his course.
PS. XX.] THE PSALMS. 75
6 He goeth forth from the extremity of heaven,
And maketh his circuit to the end of it ;
And nothing is hid from his heat.
7 The law of the Lord is perfect, reviving the soul ;
The precepts of the Lord are sure, making wise the
simple ;
8 The statutes of the Lord are right, rejoicing the heart ;
The commandments of the Lord are pure, enlightening
the eyes ;
9 The fear of the Lord is clean, enduring for ever ;
The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous alto-
gether.
10 More precious are they than gold; yea, than much fine
gold;
Sweeter than honey and the honeycomb.
11 By them also is thy servant warned,
Aiid in keeping of them there is great reward.
12 Who knoweth his own offences ?
Oh, cleanse thou me from secret faults !
13 Keep back also thy servant from presumptuous sins ;
Let them not have dominion over me !
Then shall I be upright ;
I shall not be polluted with gross transgression.
14 May the words of my mouth and the meditation of my
heart
Be acceptable in thy sight,
O Lord, my strength and my redeemer !
PSALM XX.
Prayer of a people for their king going to war. It may have been composed
•when David was going to war with the Syrians. 2 Samuel, chap, viii.-x.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of David.
1 May Jehovah hear thee in the day of trouble ;
May the name of the God of Jacob defend thee !
2 May he send thee help from his sanctuary,
And strenorthen thee out of Ziou !
3 May he have regard to all thine offerings,
And accept thy burnt sacrifice ! [Pause.]]
.76 THE PSALMS. fps. xxi.
4 May he grant thee thy heart's desire,
And fulfil all thy purposes !
5 We will rejoice in thy protection,
And in the name of our God will we set up our banners,
When Jehovah hath fulfilled all thy petitions.
G Now I know that Jehovah helpeth his anointed ;
That he heareth him from his holy heaven,
And aideth him with the saving strength of his right hand.
7 Some glory in chariots, and some in horses.
But we in the name of Jehovah our God.
8 They stumble and fall.
But we stand and are erect.
9 The Lord save the king !
May he hear us when we call !
PSALM XXL
Triumphal song of a people for the victories of their king.
For the leader of the mitaic. A psalm of David.
1 The king rejoiceth in thy strength, O Lord !
Yea, he doth greatly exult in thy protection.
2 Thou hast given him his heart's desire,
And hast not denied him the request of his lips. [Pause.]]
3 Yea, thou hast met him with rich blessings,
Thou hast placed a crown of pure gold upon his head.
4 He asked life of thee ; thou gavest it him ;
Even long life, enduring for ever.
6 Great is his jjlorv throuirh thine aid :
Honor and majesty hast thou laid upon him.
6 Thou hast made him blessed for evermore ;
Thou hast made him glad with the joy of thy countenance.
7 For the king trusteth in the Lord ;
And through the • goodness of the Most High he shall
never fall.
8 Thy hand shall overtake all thine enemies ;
Thy right hand shall overtake them that hate thee.
9 Thou wilt make them like a burnmg oven in the time of
thine anger ;
Jehovah shall swallow them up in his wrath,
And the fire shall devour them.
PS. XXII.] THE PSALMS. 77
10 Their offspring shalt thou destroy from the earth,
And their posterity from the sons of men.
11 For they spread a net of mischief against thee ;
They devised plots against thee, but they did not prevail.
12 Therefore thou wilt cause them to turn their backs ;
Thou wilt make ready thine arrows upon the strings
against them.
13 Exalt thyself, O Lord ! by thy strength !
So will we sing, and praise thy mighty deeds.
PSALM XXIL
A prayer of one in deep distress on account of his enemies ; together with
expressions of conlidence in Divine aid, and hopes of future prosperity,
and of the extension of the Icnowledge and worship of God.
For the leader of the music. To the tune of " The hind of the morning'*
A psalm of David.
1 My God, my God ! why hast thou forsaken me ?
"Why so far from mine aid, and from the words of my cry ?
2 O my God ! I cry during the day, but thou hearest not ;
In the night also, but I have no rest.
3 And yet thou art holy,
Dwelling amid the praises of Israel !
4 Our fathers trusted in thee ;
They trusted, and thou didst save them.
5 They called upon thee, and were delivered ;
They trusted in thee, and were not jDut to shame.
6 But I am a worm, and not a man ;
The reproach of men, and the scorn of the people.
7 All who see me scoff at me ;
They open wide the lips ; they shake the head.
8 " He trusted in the Loud, let him help him ;
Let him deliver him, since he delighted in him ! "
9 Surely thou art he that didst bring me into the world ;
Thou didst make me lie secure upon my mother's breast !
10 Upon thee have I cast myself from my birth ;
Thou hast, been my God from my earliest breath !
11 Oh, be not far from me, for trouble is near ;
For there is none to help !
78 THE PSALMS. [rs-xxn.
12 Many bulls surround me ;
^ Strong bulls of Bashan close me in on every side.
13 They open their mouths wide against me,
Like a ravening and roaring lion.
14 I am i^oured out like water,
And all my bones are out of joint ;
My heart is become like wax ;
It melteth in my bosom.
15 My strength is dried up like an earthen vessel,
And my tongue cleaveth to my jaws ;
Thou hast brou2:ht me to the dust of death !
16 For dogs have surrounded me ;
Bands of evil-doers have encompassed me, —
Like lions my hands and my feet.
17 I can count all my bones ;
They gaze, and feast their eyes upon me.
18 They divide my garments among them,
And for my vesture they cast lots.
19 But be not thou far from me, 0 Lord !
0 my strength ! make haste to mine aid !
20 Deliver my life from the sword ;
My blood from the power of the dog ;
21 Save me from the lion's mouth ;
Shield me from the horns of the buffaloes !
22 I will proclaim thy name to my brethren ;
In the midst of the congregation will I praise thee.
23 Praise him, ye worshippers of Jehovah !
Extol him, all ye race of Jacob,
And fear him, all ye race of Israel !
24 For he hath not despised nor abhorred the misery of the
afflicted,
Nor hath he hid his face from him ;
But when he cried unto him, he heard.
25 My praise sliall be of thee in the great congregation ;
1 will pay my vows before them that fear him !
26 The afilicted shall eat, and be satisfied ;
They that seek the Lord shall praise him ;
Your hearts shall be glad for ever and ever !
27 All the ends of the earth shall remember, and turn to
Jehovjih ;
All the families of the nations shall worship before thee !
rs. xxiii.] THE PSALMS. 79
28 For the kingdom is Jehovah's :
He is the governor of the nations.
29 All the rich of the earth shall eat and worship ;
Before him shall they also bow, who are going down to
the dust,
Who cannot keep themselves alive.
80 The future generation shall serve him ;
The race which is to come shall hear of Jehovah.
31 They shall come, and declare his righteousness ;
His mighty deeds to the people that shall be born.
PSALM xxni. >^^^
God our shepherd. » • ~'
A psalm of David.
1 The Lord is my shepherd : I shall not want.
2 He maketh me to lie down in green pastures ;
He leadeth me beside the still waters.
3 He reviveth my soul ;
He leadeth me in paths of safety,
For his name's sake.
4 When I walk through a valley of deathlike shade,
I fear no evil ; for thou art with me ;
Thy crook and thy staff, they comfort me.
6 Thou preparest a table before me
In the presence of mine enemies.
Thou anointest my head with oil ;
My cup runneth over.
6 Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of
my life.
And I shall dwell in the house of the Lord for ever.
80 THE PSALMS. [ps. xxiv., xxv
PSALM XXIV.
Hjinn to Jehovah, occasioned by the introduction of the ark of the covenant
into the tabernacle, or temple.
A psalm of David.
1 The earth is the Lord's, and all that is therein ;
The world, and they who inhabit it.
2 For he hath founded it upon the seas,
Ajid established it upon the floods.
3 Who shall ascend the hill of the Lord ?
And who shall stand in his holy place ?
4 He that hath clean hands and a pure heart ;
Wlio hath not inclined his soul to falsehood,
Nor sworn deceitfidly.
5 He shall receive a blessing from the Lord,
And favor from the God of his salvation.
G This is the race of them that seek him ;
They that seek thy face are Jacob. [Pause.]
7 Lift up your heads, 0 ye gates !
Lift yourselves up, ye everlasting doors,
That the king of glory may come in !
8 " Wlio is this king of glory ? "
Jehovah, strong and mighty ;
Jehovah, mighty in battle.
9 Lift up your heads, O ye gates !
Lift yourselves up, ye everlasting doors,
That the king of glory may enter in !
10 " Who is tliis king of glory ? "
Jehovah, God of hosts, he is the king of glory. [Pause.]
PSALM XXV.
A prayer for deliverance from enemies, for instruction in duty, for Divine
forgiveness, and for a distressed nation.
A psalm of David.
1 To thee, 0 Lord ! do I lift up my soul.
2 O my God ! I trust in thee ; let me not be put to shame J
Let not my enemies triumph over me !
3 Yea, none that hope in thee shall be put to shame :
They shall be put to shame who wickedly forsake thee.
ps.xxv.] THE PSALMS. 81
4 Cause me to know thy ways, O Lord !
Teach me thy paths !
6 Lead me in thy truth, and teach me !
For thou art the God from whom cometh my help ;
In thee do I trust at all times !
6 Remember thy loving-kindness, 0 Lord ! and thy tender
mercy,
"Which thou hast exercised of old !
7 Remember not the faults and transgressions of my youth !
According to thy mercy remember thou me,
For thy goodness' sake, O Lord !
8 Good and righteous is the Lord ;
Therefore showeth he to sinners the way.
9 The humble he guideth in his statutes.
And the humble he teacheth his way.
10 All the doings of the Lord are mercy and truth^
To those who keep his covenant and his precepts.
11 For thy name's sake, 0 Lord,
Pardon my iniquity ; for it is great !
12 Who is the man that feareth the Lord ?
Him doth he show the way which he should choose,
13 He shall himself dwell in prosperity.
And his offspring shall inherit the land.
14 The friendship of the Lord is with them that fear him,
And he will teach them his covenant.
15 Mine eyes are ever directed to the Lord,
For he will pluck my feet from the net.
16 Look upon nie, and pity me ;
For I am desolate and afflicted !
17 Lighten the sorrows of my heart.
And deliver me from my troubles !
18 Look upon my aliiiction and distress,
And forgive all my sins !
19 Consider how many are my enemies,
And with what violence they hate me !
20 Guard thou my life, and deliver me !
Let me not be put to shame, for I have trusted in thee I
21 Let integrity and uprightness preserve me,
For on thee do I rest my hope !
22 Redeem Israel, 0 God ! from all his troubles I
4*
82 THE PSALMS. [ps. xxvi.
PSALM XXVI.
A prayer for deliverance from distress, with protestations of the righteous-
ness* of him who offers it. It is commonly supposed to relate to the
persecution of David by Saul.
A psalm of David.
1 Be thou my judge, O Lord ! for I have walked in
uprightness.
I have put mj trust in the Lord, therefore shall I not
foil.
2 Examine me, O Lord ! and prove me ;
Try my reins and my heart !
3 For thy kindness is ever before my eyes,
And I walk in thy truth.
4 I sit not with men of falsehood,
And go not in company with dissemblers.
5 I hate the assembly of evil-doers.
And do not sit with the wicked.
6 I wash my hands in innocence.
And go around thine altar, O Lord !
7 To utter the voice of thanksgiving.
And tell of all thy wondrous works.
8 O Lord ! I love the habitation of thy house,
The place where thine honor dwelleth !
9 Gather not my breath with sinners,
Nor my life with men of blood,
10 In whose hands is mischief,
And whose right hands are full of bribes ! .
11 But as for me, I walk in my integrity ;
Oh, redeem me, and be merciful to me !
12 My feet tread in a straight path ;
In the congregation will I bless the Lord.
PS. XXVII.] THE PSALMS. 83
PSALM xxvn.
A pious man in distress expresses his confidence in God, and his earnest
desire for his temple. He then prays for relief in his desolate condition,
and trusts that he shall obtain it. This psalm may have been composed
on the same occasion as the last.
A psalm of David.
1 The Lord is my light and my salvation ;
"Whom shall I fear ?
The Lord is the sliield of my life ;
Of whom shall I be afraid ?
2 When the wicked came upon me to devour me,
Even my persecutors and enemies, they stumbled and feU.
3 Though a host should encamp against me, my heart shall
not fear ;
Though war should rise against me, yet will I be confident.
4 One thing have I desired of the Lord ; that do I yet seek ;
That I may dwell in the house of the Lord all the days
of my life,
To behold the grace of the Lord,
And to gaze upon his temple.
5 For in the day of trouble he will hide me in his pavilion ;
Yea, in the secret place of his tabernacle will he shelter me ;
He will set me upon a rock.
6 Yea, already doth he lift my head above my enemies,
who are around me ;
Therefore in his tabernacle will I offer sacrifices with the
sound of trumpets ;
I will sing, yea, with instruments of music I will give
praise to the Lord.
7 Hear my voice, O Lord ! when I cry unto thee ;
Have pity upon me, and answer me !
8 When I think of thy precept, " Seek ye my face ! "
Thy face. Lord, do I seek.
9 O hide not thou thy face from me ;
Cast not thy servant away in displeasure !
Thou hast been my help, do not leave me ;
Do not forsake me, O God, my helper !
10 For my fathef and my mother have forsaken me ;
But the Lord will take me up.
84 THE PSALMS. [ps. xxvin.
11 Teach me thy way, O Lord !
And lead me in the right path, because of my enemies !
12 Give me not up to the will of my adversaries !
For false witnesses have risen up against me,
And such as breathe out injustice.
13 I trust that I shall see the goodness of the Lord
In the land of the living. Hope thou in the Lord !
14 Be of good courage ; let thy heart be strong ;
Hope thou in the Lord 1
PSALM XXYHL
Prayer for aid, and for the punishment of enemies, with strong hopes of
being heard.
A psalm of David.
1 To thee do I cry, 0 Lord ! O my rock ! be not silent
to me.
Lest, if thou answer me not, I become like those who go
down to the pit !
2 LCear the voice of my supplication, when I cry unto thee,
When I lift up my hands to thy most holy sanctuary !
3 Draw me not away with the impious, and with evil-doers,
Who speak peace to their neighbors, while mischief is in
their hearts !
4 Give them according to their deeds, and the wickedness
of their doings ;
Give them accor(liiig to the work of their hands ;
Kender to them their desert !
5 For tliey regard not the doings of the Lord, nor the work
of his hands ;
Therefore will he destroy them, and not t^in build
them up.
6 Praised be the Lord, for he hath heard thu ^o'f i of my
supplications !
7 The Lord is my strength and my shield ;
My heart trusteth in him, and he helpeth raei
Therefore doth my heart exult,
And in my song [ ^vill praise him.
PS. XXIX.] THE PSALMS. 85
8 Jehovah is the strength of his people ;
He is the protecting shield of his anointed.
9 Save thy people, and bless thine inheritance ;
Feed them also, and build them up for ever !
PSALM XXIX.
The gloiy of God, as manifested in a thunder-storm.
A psalm of David.
1 Give to Jehovah, O ye sons of God !
Give to Jehovah glory and praise !
2 Give to Jehovah the glory due to his name ;
Worship Jehovah in holy attire !
3 The voice of Jehovah is heard above the waters ;
The God of glory thundereth, —
Jehovah above the great waters.
4 The voice of Jehovah is powerful ;
The voice of Jeliovah is full of majesty ;
5 The voice of Jehovah breaketh the cedars ;
Yea, Jehovah breaketh the cedars of Lebanon ;
6 Yea, he maketh them to leap like a calf, —
Lebanon and Sirion like a young buffalo.
7 The voice of Jehovah divideth the flames of fire.
8 The voice of Jehovah maketh the wilderness tremble ;
Yea, Jehovah maketh the wilderness of Kadesh tremble.
9 The voice of Jehovah maketh the hinds bring forth,
And layeth bare the forests ;
AYhile, in his palace, every one declareth his glory.
10 Jehovah sitteth above the flood ;
Yea, Jehovah sitteth king for ever.
11 Jehovah will give strength to his people ;
Jehovah will bless his people with peace.
86 THE PSALMS. [ps. xxx.
PSALM XXX.
A song of thanksgiving for deliverance from distress.
A psalm of David. To the air of songs for the dedication of a house.
1 I WILL extol tliee, O Lord ! for thou liast lifted me up,
And hast not suffered my enemies to rejoice over me.
2 0 Jehovah, my God !
I called upon thee, and thou hast healed me !
3 O Lord ! thou hast raised me up from the underworld ;
Thou hast kept me alive, that I should not go down to
the pit !
4 Sing unto the Lord, O ye his servants !
And praise his holy name !
5 For his anger endureth but a moment,
But his favor through life ;
In the evening sorrow may be a guest,
But joy Cometh in the morning.
6 I said in my prosperity, " I shall never be moved ! "
7 Thou, O Lord ! by thy favor, hast made my mountain to
stand strong;
Thou didst hide thy face, and I was troubled !
8 I cried unto thee, O Lord !
To the Lord I made supplication :
9 " What will my blood profit thee, that I should go down
to the pit ?
Can dust praise thee ? Can it declare thy faithfulness ?
10 Hear, O Lord ! and have pity upon me !
Be thou, O Lord ! my helper ! "
11 Thou didst turn my mourning into dancing ;
Thou didst loose my sackcloth, and gird me with gladness.
12 Therefore I will sing praise to thee, and not be silent ;
O Jehovah, my God ! I will give thanks to thee for ever !
PS. XXXI.] THE PSALMS. 87
PSALM XXXI.
A prayer for deliverance, in the confident hope of being heartl.
Far the leader of the music. A psalm of David.
1 In tliee, 0 Lord ! do I trust ; let me never be put to
shame ;
According to thy goodness deliver me !
2 Bow down thine ear to me ; help me speedily !
Be to me a strong rock, a high fortress, for my deliverance
3 For thou art my rock and my high fortress ;
Be thou also my guide, and lead me, for thy name's sake !
4 Draw me out of the net which they have secretly laid
for me.
For thou art my strength !
5 Into thy hand I commit my life ;
Thou wilt deliver me, O Lord, thou God of truth !
6 I hate those who regard lying vanities,
And put my trust in the Lord.
7 I will be glad and rejoice in thy mercy,
That thou hast looked upon my trouble,
And hast had regard to my distress ;
8 That thou hast not given me up to the hands of my enemies,
But hast set my feet in a wide place.
9 Have mercy upon me, O Lord ! for I am in trouble !
My face is consumed with grief;
Yea, my spirit and my body.
10 For my life is wasted with sorrow,
And my years with sighing ;
My strength faileth by reason of my affliction,
And my bones are consumed on account of all my
enemies.
11 I have become the scorn of my neighbors,
And the terror of my acquaintance ;
They who see me abroad flee from me.
12 I am forgotten like a dead man out of mind ;
I am like a broken vessel.
13 I hear the slander of many ; fear is on every side ;
For they take counsel together against me ;
They devise to take away my life.
88 THE PSALMS. [ps. xxxl
14 But I trust in thee, O Jehovah !
I say, " Thou art my God ! "
15 My destiny is in thy hand ;
Deliver me from the power of my enemies and perse-
cutors !
16 Let thy face shine upon thy servant,
And save me througli thy mercy !
17 Let me not be put to shame, O Lord ! for I have called
upon thee ;
Let the wicked be put to shame ;
Let them be silenced in the grave !
18 Let lying lij^s be jDut to silence.
Which speak proud things against the righteous,
With haughtiness and contempt !
19 O how great is thy goodness, which thou treasurest up
for them that fear thee;
Which thou showest to them that trust in thee, before the
sons of men !
20 Thou hidest them in the secret place of thy presence from
the machinations of men ;
Thou shelterest tliem in thy pavilion from the violence of
tongues.
21 Praised be the Lord ; for he hath shown me his wonderful
kindness,
As in a fortified city !
22 I said in my distress,
" I am cut olf from before thine eyes ; "
But thou didst hear the voice of my supplication,
When I cried unto thee.
23 O love the Lord, all ye his servants ;
For the Lord preserveth the faithful.
And re(piiteth the proud in full measure !
24 Be of good courage ; let your hearts be strong,
All ye who trust in the Lord !
PS. XXXII.] THE PSALMS. 89
PSALM XXXII.
The happiness of hira whose sins are forgiven. This psalm is commonly
supposed to express the feelings of David after his reproof by Nathan the
prophet. See 2 Samuel, chap. xii.
A psalm of David.
1 Happy is lie whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin
is pardoned !
2 Happy the man to whom the Lord imputeth not iniquity,
And in whose spirit there is no guile !
3 While I kept silence, my bones were wasted,
By reason of my groaning all the day long.
4 For day and night thy hand was heavy upon me ;
My moisture dried up, as in summer's drought.
5 At length I acknowledged to thee my sin,
And did not hide my iniquity.
I said, " I will confess my transgression to the Lord ; "
And thou forgavest the iniquity of my sin ! [Pause.]
6 Therefore shall every pious man pray to thee, while thou
mayst be found ;
Surely the floods of great waters shall not come near him.
7 Thou art my hidmg-place ; thou preservest me from
trouble ;
Thou compassest me about with songs of deliverance.
[Pause.]
8 I will instruct thee, and show thee the way thou
shouldst go ;
I will give thee counsel, and keej) mine eye upon thee.
9 Be ye not like the horse and the mule, which have no
understanding,
Wliose mouths must be pressed with the bridle and curb,
Because they will not come near thee !
10 The wicked hath many sorrows ;
But he that trusteth in the Lord is encompassed with
mercies.
11 Rejoice in the Lord, and be glad, ye righteous ;
Shout for joy, all ye that are upright in heart !
90 THE PSALMS. [ps. xxxiii.
PSALM XXXIIL
A hymn to Jehovah as the creator and governor of the ^011(1, and th«
special protector of the Jewish nation.
1 Rejoice, O ye righteous, in the Lord !
For praise becometh the upright.
2 Praise the Lord with the harp ;
Sing to him with the ten-stringed psaltery !
3 Sing to him a new song ;
Play skilfully amid the sound of trumpets !
4 For the word of the Lord is right,
And all his acts are faithful.
5 He loveth justice and equity ;
The earth is full of the goodness of the Lord.
6 By the word of the Lord were the heavens made,
Aiid all the hosts of them by the breath of his mouth,
7 He gathereth the waters of the sea, as a heap ;
He layeth up the deep in storehouses.
8 Let all the earth fear the Lord ;
Let all the inhabitants of the world stand in awe of him !
9 For he spake, and it was done ;
He commanded, and it stood fast.
10 The Lord bringeth the devices of the nations to nothing ;
He frustrateth the designs of kingdoms.
11 The purposes of the Lord stand for ever ;
The designs of his heart, to all generations.
12 Happy the nation whose God is Jehovah ;
The people whom he hath chosen for his inheritance.
13 The Lord looketh down from heaven;
He beholdeth all the children of men ;
14 From his dwelling-place he beholdeth all the inhabitants
of the earth, —
15 He that formed tlie hearts of all,
And observeth all their works.
16 A king is not saved by the number of his forces,
Nor a hero by the greatness of his strength.
17 The horse is a vain thing for safety,
Nor can he deliver his master by his great strength.
18 Behold, the eye of the Lord is upon them that feai
him, —
PS. XXXIV.] THE PSALMS. 91
Upon them that trust in his goodness ;
19 To save them from the power of death,
And keep them alive in famine.
20 The hope of our souls is in the Lord ;
He is our help and our shield.
21 Yea, in him doth our heart rejoice ;
In his holy name we have confidence.
22 May thy goodness be upon us, O Lord !
According as we trust in thee !
PSALM XXXIV.
Thanksgiving for deliverance from distress, and a description of the happi-
ness of the good and the misery of the wicked.
A psalm of David, when he feigned himself mad before Ahimelech, who
drove him away, and he departed.
1 I WILL bless the Lord at all times ;
His praise shall continually be in my mouth.
2 In the Lord doth my soul boast ;
Let the afflicted hear, and rejoice !
3 O magnify the Lord with me,
And let us exalt his name together !
4 I sought the Lord, and he heard me,
And delivered me from all my fears.
5 Look up to him, and ye shall have light ;
Your faces shall never be ashamed.
6 This afflicted man cried, and the Lord heard.
And saved him from all his troubles.
7 The angels of the Lord encamp around those who fear him,
And deliver them.
8 O taste, and see how good is the Lord !
Happy the man who trusteth in him !
9 O fear the Lord, ye his servants !
For to those who fear him there shall be no want.
10 Young lions want, and suffer hunger ;
But they who fear the Lord want no good thing.
11 Come, ye children, hearken to me !
I will teach you the fear of the Lord.
92 THE PSALMS. [ps. xxxv.
12 Wlio is he tliat lovetli life,
And desireth many days, in wliicli lie may see good?
13 Guard well thy tongue from evil,
And thy lips from speaking guile !
14 Depart from evil, and do good ;
Seek peace, and pursue it !
15 The eyes of the Lord are upon the righteous,
And his ears are open to their cry.
16 But the face of the Lord is against evil-doers,
To cut off their remembrance from the earth.
17 The righteous cry, and the Lord heareth,
And delivereth them from all their troubles.
18 The Lord is near to them that are of a broken heart,
And saveth such as are of a contrite spirit.
19 Many are the afflictions of the righteous ;
But the Lord delivereth him from them all.
20 He guardeth all his bones ;
Not one of them shall be broken.
21 Calamity destroyeth the wicked.
And they who hate the righteous suffer for it.
22 The Lord redeemeth the life of his servants,
And none that put their trust in him will suffer for it.
PSALM XXXV.
A prayer for help against enemies ; commonly supposed to relate to the per-
secution of David by Saul and his courtiers.
A psalm of David.
1 Contend, O Lord ! with them that contend with me !
Fi^ht a2:ainst them that fio-ht ac^ainst me !
2 Take hold of shield and buckler,
And stand up for my help !
3 Draw forth the spear and the axe against my persecutors ;
vSay to me, " I am thy salvation."
4 May they be confounded and put to shame, who seek my
life;
May they be turned back with disgrace, who devise my
hurt !
PS. XXXV.] THE PSALMS. 93
6 May they be like dust before the wind ;
May the angel of the Lord drive them !
6 May their way be dark and slippery,
And may the angel of the Lord pursue them !
7 For without cause they have laid for me a snare ;
Without cause they have digged for me a pit.
8 May unforeseen destruction come upon them !
May the snare which they have laid lay hold on them-
selves,
And may they fall into destruction !
9 Then shall my soul rejoice in the Lord ;
It shall exult in his protection.
10 All my bones shall say, Who, 0 Lord ! is like thee,
Who dost rescue the afflicted from the oppressor,
The afflicted and destitute from the sjioiler ?
11 False witnesses have risen up ;
They charge me with that which has not entered my mind.
12 They repay me evil for good ;
They cause bereavement to my soul.
13 And yet I, during their sickness, clothed myself with
sackcloth,
And afflicted myself with fasting ;
And my prayer was turned to my bosom.
14 I behaved myself as if he had been my friend or brother ;
I bowed down in sadness, as one mourning for his mother.
1.5 But at my fall they rejoice, and gather themselves to-
gether ;
Revilers whom I know not assemble themselves against
me ;
They tear me without ceasing.
16 With base men who mock for their bread,
They gnash at me with their teeth.
J 7 How long, 0 Lord ! wilt thou look on ?
O rescue my life from the destruction they plot for me ;
My precious life from these young lions !
18 I will thank thee in the great assembly ;
Before a numerous people I will praise thee.
19 Let not them that are my enemies wrongfully triumph
over me ;
Let them not wink with the eye, who hate me without
cause !
94 THE PSALMS. [ps. xxxvi.
20 For they speak not peace ;
They devise deceit against them that are quiet in the land.
21 Yea, they open their mouths wide against me ;
They say, " Aha, aha ! our eye seeth it."
22 Thou seest it, O Lord ! be not silent !
O Lord ! be not far from me !
23 Arouse thyself; awake for my defence !
My God and my Lord, awake to my cause !
24 Judge me according to thy righteousness, 0 Jehovah, my
God!
Let them not triumph over me !
25 Let them not say in their hearts, " Aha ! we have our
wish ! "
Let them not say, " We have swallowed him up ! "
26 May they all be confounded and brought to shame,
Who rejoice at my calamity !
May they be clothed with ignominy and disgrace,
Who exalt themselves against me !
27 Let them shout for joy, aad be glad,
WTio favor my righteous cause ;
Let them ever say, " The Lord be praised.
Who delighteth in the prosperity of his servant ! '*
28 So shall my tongue speak of thy righteousness,
And daily repeat thy praise.
PSALM XXXVI.
Complaint of the wickedness of men; description of the goodness of God,
prayer for help.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of David, the servant of the Lord,
1 To speak of the ungodliness of the wicked is in my
heart :
He luith no fear of God before his eyes.
2 For he fiattereth himself in his own eyes.
Till his iniquity is found out and hated.
3 The words of his mouth are iniquity and deceit ;
He neglecteth to be wise and to do good.
PS. xxxvn.] THE PSALMS. 95
4 He devisetli mischief upon his bed ;
He persevereth in an evil way ;
He abhorreth not sin.
5 Thy goodness, O Lord ! reacheth to the heavens,
And thy faithflihiess to the clouds ;
6 Thy righteousness is like the high mountains ;
Thy judgments are a great deep ;
Thou, 0 Lord ! preservest man and beast !
7 How precious is thy loving-kindness, O God !
Yea, the sons of men seek refuge under the shadow of
thy wings.
8 They are satisfied with the abundance of thy house,
And thou causest them to drink of the full stream of thy
pleasures.
9 For with thee is the fountain of life ;
Through thy light we see light.
10 O continue thy loving-kindness to them that know thee,
And thy favor to the upright in heart !
H Let not the foot of the proud come upon me,
Nor the hand of the wicked remove me !
12 Lo ! already are the workers of iniquity fallen ;
They are cast down ; they are unable to rise !
PSALM XXXVII.
A didactic psalm on the rewards of the righteous and the punishment of the
"wicked.
A psalm of David.
1 Be not thou angry on account of the wicked,
Nor be envious of those who do iniquity.
2 For soon shall they be cut down like grass,
And wither like the green herb.
3 Trust in the Lord, and do good ;
Abide in the land, and delight in faithfulness.
4 Place thy delight in the Lord,
And he will give thee thy heart's desires.
5 Commit thy way to the Lord ;
Trust in him, and he will give thee success !
96 THE PSALMS. [ps. xxxvn.
6 He will cause thy justice to shine forth like the light,
And th^^ righteousness like the noonday's brightness.
7 Hope thou patiently on the Lord,
And in him place thy trust !
Be not angry on account of the prosperous, —
On account of him that deviseth deceit !
8 Cease from anger ; give not way to wrath ;
Be not provoked, so as to do evil !
9 For evil-doers shall be rooted out ;
But they who trust in the Lord, they shall inherit the
land.
10 Yet a little while, and the wicked shall be no more ;
Thou mayst look for his place, and he will not be found.
11 But the meek shall inherit the land,
And delight themselves in the fulness of prosperity.
12 The wicked man plotteth against the just.
And gnasheth at him with his teeth.
13 The Lord laugheth at him ;
For he seeth that his day is coming.
14 The wicked draw the sword.
And bend their bow,
To cast down the afflicted and the needy.
And to slay the upright.
15 Their swords shall enter their own hearts,
And their bows shall be broken in pieces.
16 Better is the little of the righteous man
Than the great abundance of the wicked ;
17 For the arms of the wicked shall be broken.
But the Lord will uphold the righteous.
18 The Lord careth for the life of the upright,
And their inheritance shall endure for ever.
19 They shall not be ashamed in the evil time,
And in the days of famine they shall have enough.
20 But the wicked shall perish ;
Yea, tlie enemies of the Lord shall be consumed, like the
glory of the fields ;
They sliall be consumed into smoke.
21 The wicked borroweth, and repayeth not ;
But the righteous is merciful and bountiful.
22 For they who are blessed by God shall inherit the land,
And they who are cursed by him shall be rooted out.
PS. XXXVII.] THE PSALMS. 97
23 The steps of the good man are directed by the Lord ;
He deligliteth himself in his way.
24 Though he fall, he shall not be utterly cast down,
For the Lord holdeth him by the hand.
25 I have been young, and now am old ;
Yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken,
Nor his offspring begging bread.
26 He is ever merciful and lendeth,
And his offspring shall be blessed.
27 Depart from evil, and do good ;
So thou shalt dwell in the land for ever.
28 For the Lord loveth righteousness,
And forsaketh not his servants ;
They are preserved for ever ;
But the posterity of the wicked shall be rooted out.
29 The righteous shall inherit the land,
And shall dwell therein for ever.
30 The mouth of the righteous uttereth wisdom,
And his tongue speaketh what is right.
31 The law of his God is in his heart ;
His footsteps shall not slip.
32 The wicked watcheth the righteous,
And seeketh to slay liim ;
33 The Lord will not leave him in his hand.
Nor suffer him to be condemned, when he is judged.
34 Trust in the Lord, and keep his way.
And he will exalt thee to the possession of the land,
Whilst thou shalt see the destruction of the wicked !
35 I have seen a wicked man in great power,
And spreading himself like a green cedar ;
36 But he passed away, and, lo ! he was no more ;
Yea, I sought him, but he was not found.
37 Mark the righteous man, and behold the upright,
That posterity is to the man of peace !
38 But transgressors will all be destroyed ;
The posterity of the wicked shall be rooted out.
39 The salvation of the just is from the Lord.
He is their strength in the time of trouble.
40 The Lord will helj) and deliver them ;
He will deliver them from their enemies, and save th^,
Because they trust in him.
6
98 THE PSALMS. [ps. xxxviii.
PSALM XXXVIII.
A prayer of one in deep affliction. It may have been occasioned by the
affair of Bathsheba, or by some other oifence of David.
A psalm of David. To bring to remembrance.
1 0 Lord ! rebuke me not in thy wratli,
Nor chasten me in thy hot displeasure !
2 For thine arrows have deeply pierced me,
And thy hand hath been heavy upon me.
3 There is no soundness in my flesh, because of thine anger ,
Nor rest in my bones, because of my sin.
4 For my iniquities have gone over my head ;
Like a heavy burden, they are more than I can bear.
5 My wounds putrefy and are loathsome on account of my
folly.
6 I am bent ; I am bowed down greatly ;
I go mourning all the day long.
7 For my loins are full of burning heat,
And there is no soundness in my flesh.
8 I am weakened and bruised exceedingly ;
I roar by reason of the disquietude of my heart.
9 O Lord ! thou knowest all my desire,
And my groaning is not hidden from thee !
10 My heart panteth ; my strength faileth me ;
The very light of my eyes is gone from me.
11 My friends and acquaintance keep aloof from my woe,
And my kinsmen stand afar off:
12 While they who seek my life lay snares for me ;
They who seek my hurt threaten destructiouj
And meditate deceit all the day long.
13 But I, like a deaf man, hear not ;
And, like a dumb man, open not my mouth.
14 I am like one who heareth nothing,
And in whose mouth is no reply.
15 For in thee, O Loud ! do I put my trust ;
Thou wilt hear, O Lord, my God !
16 For I have prayed, " Let them not rejoice over me;
Let thera not exult at the slipping of ray feet ! "
17 For I am ready to fall,
And my pain doth never leave me ;
PS. XXXIX.] THE PSALMS. 99
18 For I confess my iniquity,
And am troubled on account of my sin.
19 But my enemies flourish and are strong ;
They who hate me without cause are multiplied,
20 They who repay good with evil are my enemies,
Because I follow that which is good.
21 Forsake me not, O Lord !
O my God ! be not far from me !
22 Make haste to mine aid, 0 Lord, my salvation !
PSALM XXXIX.
Complaints of one in affliction respecting the shortness and vanity of human
life, with expressions of submission, and prayer for relief.
A psalm of David. For the leader of the music of the Jeduthunites.
1 I SAID, I will take heed to my ways,
That I may not sin with my tongue ;
I will keep my mouth with a bridle,
While the wicked is before me.
2 I was dumb with silence ; I spake not even what was good ;
But my pain was increased.
3 My heart was hot within me ;
In my anguish the fire burst forth.
And I spake with my tongue :
4 Lord, make me to know mine end,
And the number of my days,
That I may know how frail I am !
5 Behold, thou hast made my days as a hand-breadth.
And my life is as nothing before thee ;
Yea, every man in his firmest state is altogether vanity.
[Pause.]
6 Surely every man walketh in a vain show ;
Surely he disquieteth himself in vain ;
He heapeth up riches, and knoweth not who shall gather
them.
7 What, then, 0 Lord ! is my hope ?
My hope is in thee !
8 Deliver me from all my transgressions ;
Let me not be the reproach of scoffers \
100 THE PSALMS. ' [PS. XL.
9 Yet T am dumb ; I open not my mouth ;
For thou hast done it !
10 But remove from me thine infliction ;
For I am perishing by the blow of thine hand.
11 When thou with rebukes dost chasten man for iniquity,
Thou causest his glory to waste away like a moth !
Surely every man is vanity.
12 Hear my prayer, 0 Lord !
Give ear to my cry ;
Be not silent at my tears !
For I am but a stranger with thee,
A sojourner, as all my fathers were.
13 O spare me, that I may recover strength,
Before I go away, and be no more !
PSALM XL.
Thanksgiving for past favors, resolutions of obedience to the Di\'ine "will,
and prayer for continued mercy.
Far the leader of tlie music. A psalm of David.
1 I TRUSTED steadfastly in the Lord,
And he listened, and heard my cry.
2 He drew me out of a horrible pit,
Out of the miry clay ;
He set my feet upon a rock,
And made my steps firm.
3 He hath put into my mouth a new song,
A song of praise to our God.
Many shall see, and fear.
And put their trust in the Lord.
4 Happy the man who maketh the Lord his trust,
And resorteth not to men of pride and falsehood !
6 Many, O Lord, my God ! are the wonderful works
which thou hast done ;
Many have been thy gracious purposes towards us ;
None can be compared to thee !
Would I declare and rehearse them, they are more than
can be numbered.
PS. XL.] THE PSALMS. 101
6 In sacrifice and oblation thou hast no pleasure ;
Mine ears thou hast opened ;
Burnt-ofFering and sin-oiFering thou requirest not.
7 Therefore I said, " Lo, I come ;
In the scroll of the book it is prescribed to me ;
8 O my God ! to do thy will is my delight,
And thy law dwelleth in my heart ! "
9 I have proclaimed thy righteousness in the great assembly ,
Lo, I have not restrained my lips,
0 Lord ! thou kiiowest !
10 I hide not thy justice in my heart ;
1 declare thy faithfulness and thy salvation ;
I conceal not thy mercy and truth from the great assembly.
31 Withdraw not from me thy tender mercies, O Lord !
May tliy loving-kindness and thy truth continually pre-
serve me !
12 For evils without number have encompassed me ;
My iniquities have overtaken me ;
I cannot see the end of them ;
They are more than the hairs of my head,
And my heart dieth within me.
13 May it please thee, O Lord ! to deliver me !
■ O Lord ! make haste to mine aid !
14 May they all be confounded and covered with shame
Who seek to take away my life !
Let them be driven back with disgrace
Who desire to do me injury !
15 Let them be overwhelmed with confusion
Who cry out to me, Aha ! aha !
16 But let all who seek thee
Be glad and rejoice in thee !
Let those who love thy protection
Ever say, " Great is Jehovah ! "
17 I am poor and afflicted, yet the Lord thinketh upon me ;
Thou art my help and my deliverer ;
My God ! make no delay !
102 THE PSALMS. [ps. xli.
PSALM XLI.
Prayer of one in affliction, whose enemies desired and plotted his destruc-
tion.
For the leader of the music, A psalm of David.
1 Happy is he who hath regard to the poor !
The Lord will deliver him in time of trouble.
2 The Lord will preserve him, and keep him alive ;
He shall be happy on the earth ;
Thou wilt not give him up to the will of his enemies !
3 The Lord will strengthen him upon the bed of disease ;
All his bed thou wilt change in his sickness.
4 I said, O Lord ! be merciful to me !
Heal me, for I have sinned against thee !
5 My enemies speak evil of me :
" When will he die, and his name perish ? "
6 If one come to see me, he sj)eaketli falsehood ;
His heart gathereth malice ;
A\Tien he goeth abroad, he uttereth it.
7 All that hate me whisper together against me ;
Against me do they devise mischief:
8 " A deadly disease cleaveth fast unto him ;
He lieth down, and he shall never arise ! "
9 Yea, my familiar friend in whom I trusted, who did eat
of my bread, —
He hath lifted wp his heel against me.
10 But do thou, O Lord ! have pity upon me ;
Raise me up, that I may requite them !
11 By this I know that thou favorest me,
Because my enemy doth not triumph over me.
12 As for me, thou wilt uphold me in my integrity ;
Thou wilt set me before thy face for ever !
13 Praised be Jehovah, the God of Israel,
From everlasting to everlasting. Amen ! Amen !
BOOK IL
PSALM XLII., XLIIL
The aspirations of an afflicted exile after the temple and worship of God.
For the leader of the music. A song of the sons of Korah.
1 As the hart panteth for the water-brooks,
So panteth my soul for thee, O God !
2 My soul thirsteth for God, the living God :
When shall I come, and appear before God ?
3 My tears have been my food day and night,
While they say to me continually, " Where is thy God ? ''
4 Wiien I think of it, I pour out my soul in grief;
How I once walked with the multitude,
Walked slowly with them to the house of God,
Amid sounds of joy and praise with the festive multitude !
5 Why art thou cast down, O my soul ?
And why art thou disquieted within me ?
Hope thou in God ; for I shall yet praise him,
Him, my deliverer and my God !
6 My soul is cast down within me,
While I remember thee from the land of Jordan and
Hermon,
From the mountain Mizar.
7 Deep calleth for deep at the noise of thy waterfalls ;
All thy waves and billows have gone over me !
8 Once the Lord commanded his kindness by day,
And by night his praise was with me, —
Thanksgiving to the God of my life.
9 Now I say to God, my rock, Why hast thou forgotten me ?
Why go I mournmg on account of the oppression of the
enemy ?
[103]
104 "THE PSALMS. [ps. xliv.
10 Like the crushing of my bones are the reproaches of the
enemy,
While they say to me continually, " 'SYliere is thy God ? "
11 Why art thou cast down, O my soul ?
And why art thou disquieted within me ?
Hope thou in God ; for I shall yet praise him,
Him, my deliverer and my God !
1 Judge me, O God ! and defend my cause against a
merciless nation !
Deliver me from unjust and deceitful men !
2 Thou art the God of my refuge : why dost thou cast me off?
Why go I mourning on account of the oppression of the
enemy ?
3 O send forth thy light and thy truth ; let them guide me ;
Let them lead me to thy , holy mountain, and to thy
dwelling-place !
4 Then wijl I go to the altar of God,
To the God of my joy and exultation ;
Yea, upon the harp will I praise thee, O God, my God !
5 Vfliy art thou cast down, O my soul ?
And why art thou disqideted within me ?
Hope thou in God ; for I shall yet praise him,
Him, my deliverer and my God !
PSALM XLIV.
Prayer of a pious Israelite for the relief of his oppressed and persecuted
nation.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of the sons of Kordh.
1 0 God ! we have heard with our ears,
Our fathers have .told us,
Wliat deeds thou didst in their days.
In the days of old.
2 With thine own hand didst thou drive out the nations,
Ajid pLmt our fathers ;
Thou didst destroy the nations,
And cause our fathers to flourish.
PS. XLiy.] THE PSALMS. 105
3 For not by their own swords did they gain possession of
the land,
Nor did their own arms give them victory ;
But thy right hand, and thine arm, and the light of thy
countenance ;
For thou didst favor them !
4 Thou art my king, O God !
O send deliverance to Jacob !
5 Through thee we may cast down our enemies ;
Through thy name we may trample upon our adversaries I
0 I trust not in my bow,
Nor can my sword save me.
7 But it is thou only who savest us from our enemies,
And puttest to shame those who hate us !
8 In God will we glory continually ;
Yea, we will praise thy name for ever ! [Pause.]
9 Yet now thou hast cast us off, and put us to shame ;
Thou goest not forth with our armies.
10 Thou makest us turn back from the enemy.
And they who hate us make our goods their prey.
11 Thou makest us like sheep destined for food.
And scatterest us among the nations.
12 Thou sellest thy people for nought,
And increases t not thy wealth by their price.
13 Thou makest us a reproach to our neighbors,
A scorn and a derision to those who are around us.
14 Thou makest us a byword among the nations,
And causest the 23eople to shake their heads at us.
15 My ignominy is continually before me.
And shame covereth my face,
16 On account of the voice of the scoffer and the reviler,
And on account of the enemy and the avenger.
17 All this hath come upon us ;
Yet have we not forgotten thee.
Nor have we been false to thy covenant.
18 Our hearts have not wandered from thee.
Nor have our feet gone out of thy path ;
19 Though thou hast crushed us in a land of jackals,
And covered us with thick darkness.
20 If we had forgotten the name of our God,
Or stretched forth our hands to a strange God,
6*
106 THE PSALMS. [ps. xlv.
21 Surely God would search it out ;
For he knoweth the secrets of the heart.
22 But for thy sake we are killed all the day ;
We are counted as sheep for the slaughter.
23 Awake ! why sleepest thou, 0 Lord ?
Arise ! cast us not off tor ever !
24 Wherefore dost thou hide thy face,
And forget our affliction and oppression ?
25 Our soul is bowed down to the dust ;
Our body cleaveth to the earth.
26 Ai'ise, O thou, our strength !
And deliver us, for thy mercy's sake !
PSALM XLY.
The praises of a king.
For the leader of the music. To be accompanied with the Shoshannm. A
song of loveliness by the sons of Korah.
1 My heart is overflowing with a good matter ;
I will address my work to the king :
May my tongue be like the pen of a ready writer !
2 Thou art the fairest of the sons of men ;
Grace is jooured upon thy lips ;
For God hath blessed thee for ever !
3 Gird thy sword to thy thigh, thou hero ! —
Thy glory and ornament !
4 In thy glorious array ride fortli victoriously,
On account of truth and mildness and justice ;
And thy right hand shall teach thee terrible things !
5 Thine arrows are sharp ;
Nations shall fall before thee ;
They shall j^ierce the hearts of the king's enemies.
6 Thy throne is God's for ever and ever ;
The sceptre of thy kingdom is a sceptre of equity !
7 Thou lovest righteousness, and hatest iniquity ;
Therefore hath God, thy God, anointed thee
With the oil of gladness above thy fellows !
PS. XLVi.] THE PSALMS. 107
8 All thy garments are myrrh, aloes, and cassia ;
From ivory palaces stringed instruments delight thee.
9 Daughters of kings are among thy chosen women ;
On the right hand stands the queen
In gold of Ophir.
10 Listen, 0 daughter ! consider, and incline thine ear ;
Forget thy people and thy father's house !
11 For the king is captivated with thy beauty ;
He is now thy lord ; honor thou him !
12 So shall the daughter of Tyre seek thy favor with gifts,
The rich among the people.
13 All glorious is the king's daughter in. her apartment ;
Her robe is embroidered with gold.
14 In variegated garments shall she be led to. the king ;
The virgin companions that follow her shall be brought
unto thee.
15 "With gladness and rejoicing shall they be brought ;
They shall enter the king's j^alace.
16 Instead of thy fathers shall be thy children,
AVIiom thou shalt make princes through all the land.
17 I will make thy name memorable throughout all gen-
erations ;
So shall the nations praise thee for ever and ever !
PSALM XLVI.
Thanksgiving for victory over enemies, and trust in God as a national
refuge and defence.
For the leader of the music. Of, or for, the sons of Korah. To he sung in
the manlier, or with the voice, of virgins.
1 God is our refuge and strength ;
An ever present help in trouble.
2 Therefore will we not fear, thouofh the earth be chanped ;
Though the mountains tremble in the heart of the sea ;
3 Though its waters roar and be troubled,
And the mountains sliake with the swellins: thereof.
[Pause.]
4 A river witli its streams shall make glad the city of God,
The holy dwelling-place of the Most High.
108 THE PSALMS. [fs. XLvn.
5 God is the midst of her ; she shall not be moved ;
God will help her, and that full early.
6 The nations raged ; kingdoms were moved ;
He uttered his voice, the earth melted.
7 The Lord of hosts is with us ;
The God of Jacob is our refuge. [Pause.]
8 Come, behold the doings of the Lord ;
What desolations he hath made in the earth !
9 He causeth wars to cease to the end of the earth ;
He hath broken the bow, and snapped the spear asunder,
And burned the chariots in fire.
10 " Desist, and know that I am God ;
I will be exalted among the nations, I will be exalted
throughout the earth ! "
11 The Lord of hosts is with us ;
The God of Jacob is our refuge.
PSALM XLVIL
A hymn of thanksgiving to Jehovah, as the giver of victory to the Israelites.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of the sons of Korah.
1 O CLAP your hands, all ye nations !
Shout unto God with the voice of triumph !
2 For terrible is Jehovah, the Most High,
The great king over all the earth.
3 He hath subdued nations under us,
And kingdoms under our feet ;
4 He hath chosen for us an inheritance,
The glory of Jacob, whom he loved. [Pause.]
5 God goeth up with a shout ;
Jehovah with the sound of the trumpet.
6 Sing praises to God, sing praises !
Sing praises to our king, sing praises !
7 For God is king of all the earth ;
Sing to him hymns of praise !
8 God reigneth over the nations ;
God sitteth upon his holy throne.
rs. XLViii.] THE PSALMS. 109
9 The princes of the nations gather themselves together
To the people of the God of Abraham ;
For the mighty of the earth belong to God ;
He is supremely exalted.
PSALM XLVIII.
A hymn of thanksgiving for the deliverance of Jerusalem from invading
enemies.
A psalm of the so7is of Korah.
1 Great is Jehovah, and greatly to be praised
In the city of our God, upon his holy mountain.
2 Beautiful in its elevation is Mount Zion,
The joy of the whole earth ;
The joy of the farthest North is the city of the great king ;
.3 In her palaces God is known as a refuge.
4 For, lo ! kings were assembled against it ;
They passed away together.
5 As soon as they saw, they were astonished ;
They were confounded, and hasted away.
6 There terror seized upon them, —
Pain, as of a woman in travail ;
7 As when the east wind breaketh in pieces
The ships of Tarshish.
8 As we have heard, so have we seen
In the city of the Lord of hosts, in the city of our God ;
God will establish it for ever. [Pause.]
9 We think of thy loving-kindness, 0 God !
In the midst of thy temple !
10 As thy name, O God ! so thy praise, extendeth to the
ends of the earth ;
Thy right hand is full of righteousness.
11 Mount Zion rejoiceth.
The daughters of Judah exult,
On account of thy righteous judgments.
12 Go round about Zion ; number her towers ;
13 Mark well her bulwarks ; count her palaces ;
That ye may tell it to the next generation !
14 For this God is our God for ever and ever ;
He will be our guide unto death.
110 THE PSALMS. [ps. xlix.
PSALM XLIX.
The condition of the righteous and the wicked. The rich oppressor not to
be envied. The comfort of the righteous, when they are oppressed, in the
consideration that God is their ti-ieud.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of the sons of Korah.
1 Hear this, all ye nations ;
Give ear, all ye inhabitants of the world ;
2 Both high and low, rich and poor alike !
3 My mouth shall speak wisdom,
And the meditation of my mind shall be understanding.
4 I will incline mine ear to a poem ;
I will utter my song upon the harp.
5 Why should I fear in the days of adversity,
"When the iniquity of my adversaries encompasseth me ;
6 They who trust in their riches.
And glory in the greatness of their wealth ?
7 No one can redeem his brother from death,
Nor give a ransom for liim to God,
8 That he should live to eternity,
And not see the pit.
9 Too costly is the redemption of his life,
And he givetli it up for ever.
10 For he seeth that wise men die,
As well as the foolish and the ignorant ;
They perish alike.
And leave their wealth to others.
11 They imagine that their houses will endure for ever.
And their dwelling-places from generation to generation :
Men celebrate their names on the earth.
12 Yet man, who is in honor, abideth not ;
He is like the beasts that perish.
13 Such is the way which is their confidence !
And they who come after them approve their maxims.
[Pause.]
14 Like sheep they are cast into the underworld ;
Death shall feed upon them ;
And the upright shall soon trample upon them. .
Their form shall be consumed in the underworld.
And they shall no more ha\ e a dwelling-place.
PS. L.] THE PSALMS. Ill
15 But God will redeem my life from the underworld ;
Yea, he will take me under his care. [Pause.]
16 Be not thou afraid, when one becometh rich ;
Wlien the glory of his house is increased !
17 For, when he dieth, he will carry nothing away ;
His glory will not descend after him.
18 Though in his life he thought himself happy, —
Though men praised thee, while thou wast in prosperity, — ■
19 Yet shalt thou go to the dwelling-place of thy fathers,
Who never more shall see the light !
20 The man who is in honor, but without understanding,
Is like the beasts that perish.
PSALM L.
The true way of serving God ; or, outward forms of no avail without inter-
nal rectitude.
A psalm of Asaph.
1 The mighty God, Jehovah, speaketh, and calleth the
earth,
From the rising of the sun to its going down.
2 Out of Zion, the perfection of beauty,
God shineth forth.
3 Our God Cometh, and will not be silent ;
Before him is a devouring fire,
And around him a raging t'empest.
4 He calleth to the heavens on high,
And to the earth, while he judgeth his people :
5 "■ Gather together before me my godly ones,
Who have made a covenant with me by sacrifice ! "
6 (And the heavens shall declare his righteousness,
For it is God himself that is judge.) [Pause.]
7 " Hear, O my people, and I will speak !
O Israel, and I will testify against thee !
For I am God, thine own God.
8 I reprove thee not on account of thy sacrifices ;
For thy burnt-oiFerings are ever before me.
9 I will take no bullock from thy house,
Nor he-goat from thy folds ;
112 THE PSALMS. [ps. u
10 For all the beasts of the forest are mine,
And the cattle on a thousand hills.
11 I know all the birds of the mountains,
And the wild beasts of the field are before me.
12 If I were hungry, I would not tell thee ;
For the world is mine, and all that is therein.
J 3 Do I eat the flesh of bulls,
Or drink the blood of goats ?
14 OiFer to God thankso-ivina-
And pay thy vows to the Most High !
15 Then call upon me in the day of trouble :
I will deliver thee, and thou shalt glorify me ! "
16 And to the wicked God saith,
" To what purpose dost thou talk of my statutes ?
And why hast thou my laws upon thy lips? —
17 Thou, who hatest instruction
And castest my words behind thee !
18 AYlien thou seest a thief, thou art in fi'iendship with him,
And hast fellowship with adulterers.
19 Thou lettest loose thy mouth to evil,
And thy tongue frameth deceit ;
20 Thou sittest and speakest against thy brother;
Thou slanderest thine own mother's son.
21 These things hast thou done, and I kept silence ,
Hence thou though test that I was altogether like tliv?elf :
But I will reprove thee, and set it in order before thin*
eyes.
22 Mark this, ye that forget God,
Lest I tear you in pieces, and none deliver you !
23 Whoso oflereth praise honoreth me ;
And to him who hath regard to his ways
Will I show salvation from God."
PS. Lil THE PSALMS. 113
PSALM LI.
A prayer for forgiveness of sins.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of David, irhpn NatJinn the prophet
came unto him, after his intercourse with Bathsheba.
1 Be gracious unto me, O God ! according to thy loving
kindness ;
According to the greatness of thy mercy, blot out my
transgressions !
2 Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity,
And cleanse me from my sin !
3 For I acknowledge my transgressions,
And my sin is ever before me.
4 Against thee, thee only, have I sinned.
And in thv sioht have I done evil ;
So that thou art just in thy sentence,
And righteous in thy judgment.
5 Behold ! I was born in iniquity.
And in sin did my mother conceive me.
6 Behold ! thou desirest truth in the heart ;
So teach me wisdom in my inmost soul !
7 Purge me with hyssop, until I be clean ;
Wash me, until I be whiter than snow !
8 Make me to hear joy and gladness.
So that the bones which thou hast broken may rejoice !
9 Hide thy face from my sins,
And blot out all my iniquities !
10 Create within me a clean heart, O God !
Renew within me a steadfast spirit !
11 Cast me not away from thy presence.
And take not thy holy spirit from me !
12 Restore to me the joy of thy protection.
And strengthen me with a willing spirit !
13 Then will I teach thy ways to transgressors,
And sinners shall be converted to thee.
14 Deliver me from the guilt of blood, O God, the God of
my salvation !
That my tongue may sing aloud of thy goodness !
15 O Lord ! oj^en thou my lips,
That my mouth may show forth thy praise !
114 THE PSALMS. [ps. lu.
16 For thou desirest not sacrifice, else would I give it ;
Thou delightest not in burnt-offerings.
17 The sacrifice which God loveth is a broken spirit ;
A broken and contrite heart, O God ! thou w ilt not
despise !
18 Do good to Zion according to thy mercy ;
Build up the walls of Jerusalem !
19 Then shalt thou be pleased with sacrifices of righteousness,
With burnt-offerings and complete oflferings ;
Then shall bullocks be offered upon thine altar.
PSALM LII.
Remonstrance against a proud and malignant enemy, and prediction of hig
downfall.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of David, when Doeg, the Edomite,
came and told Saul, and said to him, David is come to the house of
Abimelech.
1 "Why gloriest thou in mischief, thou man of violence ?
The goodness of God yet continueth daily.
2 Thy tongue deviseth mischief,
Like a sharp razor, thou contriver of deceit !
3 Thou lovest evil more than good,
iVnd to lie more than to speak truth. [Pause.]
4 Thou lovest all devouring words,
0 thou deceitful tongue !
5 Thee also shall God utterly destroy !
He shall seize thee, and tear thee from thy dwelling-place,
And uproot thee from the land of the living. [Pause.]
6 The righteous shall see and fear,
And shall laugh at him.
7 " Behold the man that made not God his strength,
But trusted in the abundance of his riches,
And placed his strength in his wickedness ! "
8 But I sliall be like a green olive-tree in the house of
God;
1 will trust in the goofhiess of God for ever and ever.
9 I will praise thee for ever for what thou hast done ;
I will trust in thy name, because it is good,
Before the eyes of thy godly ones !
PS. Liii., Liv.] ^HE PSALMS. 115
PSALM LIII.
Complaint of the wickedness of men ; uttered, probably, by one livinj^ under
severe oppression in a foreign land, "vvhither he had been carried captive.
For the leader of the music. To be swig on wind instruments. A psalm
of David.
1 The fool saitli in his heart, " There is no God ! "
They are corrupt ; their doings are abominable ;
There is none that doeth good.
2 God looketh down from heaven upon the children of men,
To see if there are any that have understanding,
That have regard to God.
3 They are all gone astray ; together are they corrupt ;
There is none that doeth good, no, not one.
4 Shall not the evil-doers be requited,
Who eat up ray people like bread,
And call not upon God ?
5 Yea ! fear shall come upon them.
Where no fear is ;
For God will scatter the bones of him that encampeth
against thee ;
Thou shalt put them to shame, for God despiseth them !
6 O that salvation for Israel would come out of Zion !
Wlien God bringeth back the captives of his people,
Jacob shall rejoice, and Israel be glad.
PSALM LIV.
A prayer against enemies.
For the leader of the music. To be sung on stringed instruments. A psalm
of David, ichen the Ziphiies came and said to Saul, Doth not David hidi
himself with us ?
1 Save me, 0 God ! by thy name,
And by thy strength defend my cause !
2 O God ! hear my prayer.
Give ear to the words of my mouth !
3 For enemies have risen up against me,
And oppressors seek my life ;
They have not set God before their eyes. [Pause.]
116 THE PSALMS. [ps. lv.
4 Behold ! God is my helper ;
The Lord is the support of my life.
5 He will repay evil to my enemies ;
For thy truth's sake, O God ! cut them off !
6 With a willing heart will I sacrifice to thee ;
I will praise thy name, O Lord ! for it is good ;
7 For thou hast delivered me from all trouble.
So that my eye hath looked with joy upon my enemies !
PSALM LV.
A prayer against enemies, especially against a treacherous firiend.
For the leader of the music. To he sniirj on stringed instruments. A psalm
of David.
1 Give ear to my prayer, O God !
Hide not thyself from my suj^plication !
2 Attend unto me, and hear me !
I wander about mourning and wailing,
3 On account of the clamors of the enemy,
On account of the violence of the wicked.
For they bring evil upon me,
And in wrath set themselves against me.
4 My heart trembleth in my bosom.
And the terrors of death have fallen upon me.
5 Fear and treml)ling have seized me,
And horror hatli overwhelmed me.
6 Then I say, O that I had wings like a dove !
For then would I fly away, and be at rest.
7 Behold, I would wander far away.
And take up my abode in a wilderness. [Pause.]
8 I would hasten away to a shelter
From the rushing wind and tempest.
9 Confound, O Lord ! divide their counsels !
For I behold violence and strife in the city.
10 Day and night do these go about its walls ;
In the midst of it are iniquity and mischief.
11 Wickedness is in the midst of it ;
Oppression and fraud depart not from its streets.
PS. Lv.] THE PSALMS. 117
12 It was not an enemy that reviled me,
Then I could have borne it ;
Nor one that hated me, who rose up against me ;
From him I could have hid myself.
13 But it was thou, a man my equal,
My friend, and my acquaintance.
14 We held sweet converse together,
And walked to the house of God in company.
15 May sudden death seize upon them !
May they go down to the underworld alive !
For w^ickedness is in their dwellings, in the midst of them.
IG As for me, I will call upon God,
And Jehovah will save me.
17 At evening, at morn, and at noon I mourn and sigh,
And he will hear my voice.
18 He will deliver me in peace from my conflict ;
For many have risen up against me.
19 God will hear me, and bring them down, —
He that hath been judge of old. [Pause.]
Because they have no changes,
Therefore they fear not God.
20 They lift up their hands against their friend,
And break their covenant with him.
21 Their speech was softer than butter,
But war was in their heart ;
Their words were smoother than oil.
Yet were they drawn swords.
22 " Cast thy. burden upon the Lord, and he will sustain
thee ;
He will never suffer the righteous to fall ! "
23 Yea, thou, O God ! wilt bring them down into the lowest
pit!
Bloody and deceitful men shall not live out half their days.
But I will trust in thee !
118 THE PSALMS. [ps. lvi
PSALM LVI.
A prayer for help by one surrounded by enemies.
For the leader of the music. To he sung to the tune of " The dumb dove
among strangers." A psalm of David, when the Philistines took him in
Gath.
1 Have pity upon me, 0 God ! for man panteth for my
life;
My adversary daily oppresseth me !
2 Mine enemies daily pant for my life,
And many are they who war proudly against me.
3 When I am in fear,
I will pui my trust in thee !
4 Through God shall I praise his word ;
In God do I put my trust ; I will not fear ;
What can flesh do to me ?
6 Every day they wrest my words ;
All their thoughts are against me for evil.
6 They gather themselves together, they hide themselves,
they watch my steps,
Lying in wait for my life.
7 Shall they escape by their iniquity?
In thine anger cast down the people, O God !
8 Count thou my wanderings ;
Put my tears into thy bottle !
Are they not recorded m thy book ?
9 When I cry to thee, my enemies shall turn back ;
This I know, that God is for me.
10 Through God shall I praise his word ;
I shall glory in the promise of Jehovah.
11 In God do I put my trust ; I will not fear :
What can man do to me ?
12 Thy vows are upon me, O God !
I will render praises to thee !
13 For thou hast delivered me from death,
Yea, my feet from falling,
That I may walk before God in the light of the living.
PS. LVii.] THE PSALMS. 119
PSALM LVn.
For the leader of the music. To he simg to the tune of " Do not destioy.'*
A psalm of David, when he fled from Saul in the cave.
1 Have pity upon me, O God ! have pity upon me,
For in thee doth my soul seek refuge !
Yea, in the shadow of thy wings do I take shelter,
Until these calamities be overpast !
2 I call upon God the Most High,
Upon God, who performeth all things for me ;
3 He will send from heaven, and save me ;*
He will put to shame him that panteth for my life ;
[Pause.]
God will send forth his mercy and his truth.
4 My life is in the midst of lions ;
I dwell among them that breathe out fire ;
Among men whose teeth are spears and arrows,
And whose tongue is a sharp sword.
5 Exalt thyself, O God ! above the heavens,
And thy glory above all the earth !
6 They have prepared a net for my steps ;
My soul is bowed down ;
They have digged a pit before me,
But into it they have themselves fallen.
7 My heart is strengthened, O God ! my heart is strength-
ened !
I will sing, and give thanks.
8 Awake, my soul ! awake, psaltery and harp !
I will wake with the early dawn.
9 I will praise thee, 0 Lord ! among the nations ;
I will sing to thee among the kingdoms !
10 For thy mercy reacheth to the heavens.
And thy truth to the clouds !
11 Exalt thyself, O God ! above the heavens.
And thy glory above all the earth !
120 THE PSALMS. [ps. lviii.
PSALM LVIII.
An invective against wicked rulers. Prayers and hopes for their destruction.
For the leader of the music. To the tune of " Do not destroy" A psalm
of David.
1 Do ye, indeed, administer justice faithfully, ye mighty
ones ?
Do ye judge with uprightness, ye sons of men ?
2 Nay, in your hearts ye contrive iniquity ;
Your hands weio'li out violence in the land !
3 The wicked are estranged, from their very birth ;
The liars go astray as soon as they are born.
4 They have poison, like the poison of a serpent ;
Like the deaf adder's, which stoppeth her ear ;
5 Which listeneth not to the voice of the charmer,
And of the sorcerer, skilful in incantations.
6 Break their teeth, O God ! in their mouths !
Break out the great teeth of the lions, O Lord !
7 May they melt like waters, whicli flow away ;
May their arrows, when they aim them, be as if cut in
pieces !
8 May they be like the snail, which melteth away as it goeth ;
Like the abortion of a woman, that seetli not the sun !
9 Before your pots feel the heat of the thorns,
Whether fresh, or burning, may they be blown away !
10 The righteous shall rejoice, when he seeth such vengeance ;
He shall bathe his feet in the blood of the wicked.
11 Then shall men say, " Truly there is a reward for the
righteous !
Truly there is a God who is judge upon the earth ! "
PS. Lix.] THE PSALMS. •■J21
PSALM LIX.
The contents of this psalm seem much better suited to a case of invasion
from heathen enemies, than to the case refen-ed to in the Hebrew inscrip-
tion. See ver. 5.
Far the leader of the music. To the tune of " Do not destroy." A psalm
of David, when Saul sent, and they watched the house to kill him.
1 Deliver me from my enemies, 0 my God !
Defend me from tliem that rise up against me !
2 Deliver me from the doers of iniquity,
And save me from men of blood !
3 For, lo ! they lie in wait for my life ;
The mighty are gathered against me,
Without any offence or fault of mine, 0 Lord !
4 Without any offence of mine, they run and prepare them-
selves ;
Awake to help me, and behold !
6 Do thou, O Jehovah, God of hosts, God of Israel,
Awake to punish all the nations !
Show no mercy to any wicked transgressors ! [Pause.]
6 Let them return at evening.
Let them howl like dogs,
And go round about the city !
7 Behold ! with their mouths they belch out malice j
Swords are upon their lips ;
" For who," say they, " will hear ? "
8 Yet thou, O Lord ! wilt laugh at them ;
Thou wilt hold all the nations in derision !
9 O my Strength ! to thee will I look !
For God is my defence ;
10 My God will come to meet me with his mercy ;
God will cause me to look with joy upon my enemies.
11 Slay them not, lest my people forget ;
Scatter them by thy power, and cast them down,
O Lord, our shield !
12 The word of their lips is the sin of their mouth ;
Let them be overtaken in their pride.
For the curses and the falsehood which they utter !
6
122 THE PSALMS. Tps. lx,
13 Consume tliem in thy wrath ; consume them that they be
no more,
That they may know that God ruleth m Jacob,
Even to the ends of the earth ! [Pause.]
14 Let them return at evening,
Let them howl hke dogs,
And go round about the city !
15 Let them wander about for food,
When they have passed the night unsatisfied !
16 But I will sing of thy power ;
Yea, in the morning will I sing aloud of thy mercy ;
For thou hast been my defence,
My refuge in the day of my distress.
17 To thee, O my Strength ! will I sing !
For God is my defence ; a God of mercy to me.
PSALM LX.
Prayer for success, and hopes of victory and conquest in a very disastrous
state of public affairs.
For the leader of the music; upon the Shnshan-Eduth ; a psalm of David
for instruction ; ivhen he was at strife with the Syrians of Mesopotamia,
and the Syrians of Zoha ; lohen Joab returned, and smote twelve thousand
Edomites in the valley of Salt.
1 0 God ! thou hast forsaken us ; thou hast broken us in
pieces ;
Thou hast been angry ! 0 revive us again !
2 Thou liast made the land tremble ; thou hast rent it ;
0 heal its breaches, for it tottereth !
3 Thou hast caused thy people to see hard things ;
Thou hast made us drink the wine of reeling.
4 Lift up a banner for them tliat fear thee,
For the sake of thy faitlifulness, that they may escape !
5 That thy beloved may be delivered.
Save with thy right hand, and answer me !
6 God promiseth in his holiness ; I will rejoice ;
1 shall yet divide Shechem,
And measure out the valley of Succoth.
PS. LXi.] THE PSALMS. 123
7 Gilead shall be mine, and mine Manasseh ;
Ej)hraim shall be my helmet,
And Jiidah my sceptre ;
8 Moab shall be my wash-bowl ;
Upon Edom shall I cast my shoe ;
I shall triumph over Philistia !
9 Who will bring me to the strong city ?
Who will lead me into Edom ?
10 Wilt not thou, O God ! who didst forsake us,
And didst not go forth with our armies ?
11 Give us thine aid in our distress,
For vain is the help of man !
12 Through God we shall do valiantly ;
For he will tread down our enemies.
PSALM LXI.
A prayer of an exile for help, for restoration to his native landj and for the
health and prosperity of the king.
For the leader of the music. To he sung upon stringed instruments. A
■psalm of David.
1 Hear my cry, 0 God !
Attend to my prayer !
2 From the extremity of the land I cry unto thee in deep
sorrow of heart;
Lead me to the rock that is high above me !
3 For thou art my refuge,
My strong tower against the enemy.
4 I shall dwell in thy tabernacle for ever ;
I will seek refuge under the covert of thy wings.
6 For thou, 0 God ! wilt hear my vows,
And give me the inheritance of those who fear thy name.
6 0 prolong the life of the king !
May his years extend through many generations !
7 May he reign for ever before God !
Grant that mercy and truth may preserve him !
8 So will I sing praise to thy name for ever ;
I will daily perform my vows.
124 THE PSALMS. L^s. lxu.
PSALM LXII.
Trust in God in circumstances of distress.
Fm' the leader of the music of the Jeduthunites. A psalm of David.
1 Truly my soul resteth on God alone ;
From him cometh my deliverance !
2 He alone is my rock and my salvation ;
He is my safeguard, I shall not wholly fall !
3 How long w^ill ye continue to assault a single man ?
How long will ye all seek to destroy me,
Like a bending wall, or a tottering fence ?
4 They study how to cast me down from my eminence ;
They delight in falsehood ;
They bless with their mouths, but in their hearts they
curse.
6 My soul, rest thou on God alone,
For from him cometh my hope !
6 He alone is my rock and my salvation ;
He is my safeguard, — I shall not fall.
7 From God cometh my help and my glory :
My strong rock, my refuge, is God.
8 Trust in him at all times, ye people !
Pour out your hearts before him !
God is our refuge !
9 Truly men of low degree are vanity,
And men of high degree are a lie ;
Placed in the balance,
They are all lighter than vanity.
10 Trust not in extortion ;
Place no vain hopes in rapine !
If riches increase, set not your heart upon them !
11 Once hath God promised, twice have I heard it,
That power beloiigeth unto God.
12 To thee also, O Lord ! belongeth mercy ;
For thou dost render to every man according to his work !
PS. Lxm.] THE PSALMS. 125
PSALM LXni.
Aspirations after God, and confidence in his protection. Supposed to have
reference to the circumstances of David during the rebellion, of Absalom.
A psalm of David, when he was in the wilderness of Judah.
1 O God ! thou art my God ! earnestly do I seek thee !
My soul thirsteth, my flesh longeth for thee,
In a dry, thirsty land, where is no water 1
2 Thus I look toward thee in thy sanctuary,
To behold thy power and thy glory !
3 For thy loving-kindness is better than life ;
Therefore my lips shall praise thee !
4 Thus will I bless thee, while I live ;
In thy name will I lift up my hands !
5 My soul shall be satisfied as with marrow and fatness,
And with joyful lips my mouth shall praise thee,
6 When I think of thee upon my bed,
Ajid meditate on thee in the night-watches.
7 For thou art my help,
And in the shadow of thy wings I rejoice.
8 My soul cleaveth to thee ;
Thy right hand holdeth me up.
9 While they who seek to destroy my life
Shall themselves go down into the depths of the earth.
10 They shall be given up to the sword,
And be a j)ortion for jackals.
11 But the king shall rejoice in God ;
All that swear by him shall be honored ;
But the mouth of liars shall be stopped.
126 THE PSALMS. [ps. lxiv., lxv.
PSALM LXIV.
Prayer for protection from enemies. Supposed to refer to Da\'id's calum-
niators in the court of Saul, or during the rebellion of Absalom.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of David.
1 Hear my voice, 0 God ! when I pray !
Preserve my life from the terrors of the enemy !
2 Hide me from the assembly of the wicked, —
From the brawling crowd of evil-doers !
3 For like a sword they sharjjen their tongues,
Like arrows they aim their poisoned words,
4 To shoot in secret at the upright ;
Suddenly do they shoot at him without fear.
5 They prepare themselves for an evil deed ;
They commune of laying secret snares :
" Who," say they, " will see them ? "
6 They meditate crimes : " We have finished," say they,
" our plans ! "
The heart and bosom of every one ot them are deep.
7 But God will shoot an arrow at them ;
Suddenly shall they be wounded.
8 Thus their own tongues shall bring them down ;
All who see them will flee away.
9 Then will all men stand in awe.
And declare what God hath done,
And attentively consider his work.
10 The righteous shall rejoice, and trust in the Lord ;
All the upright in heart shall glory.
PSALM LXV.
Trust in the power and goodness of God.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of David.
1 To thee belongeth trust, to thee praise, 0 God in Zion !
And to thee shall the vow be performed !
2 O Thou that hearest prayer !
To thee shall all flesh come !
rs. Lxv.] THE PSALMS. 127
3 My iniquities are heavy upon me ;
But thou wilt forgive our transgressions !
4 Happy is he whom thou choosest,
And bringest near thee to dwell in thy courts !
May we be satisfied with the blessings of thy house,
Thy holy temple !
5 By wonderful deeds dost thou answer us in thy goodness,
O God, our salvation !
'Who art the confidence of all the ends of the earth,
And of the most distant seas !
6 Thou makest fast the mountains by thy power,
Being girded with strength !
7 Thou stillest the roar of the sea,
The roar of its waves,
And the tumult of the nations.
8 They who dwell in the ends of the earth are awed by thy
signs ;
Thou makest the outgoings of the morning and of tlie
evening to rejoice !
9 Thou visitest the earth and waterest it ;
Thou eurichest it exceedingly ;
The river of God is full of water.
Thou suppliest the earth with corn.
When thou hast thus i^repared it.
10 Thou waterest its furrows,
And breakest down its ridges ;
Thou makest it soft with showers,
And blessest its increase.
11 Thou crownest the year with thy goodness ;
Thy footsteps drop iruitfulness ;
12 They drop it upon the pastures of the wUderness,
And the hills are girded with gladness.
13 The pastures are clothed with flocks,
And the valleys are covered with com ;
They shout, yea, they sing for joy.
128 THE PSALMS. [ps. lxvi.
PSALM LXVI.
Thanksgiving to God after deliverance from great distress.
For the leader of the music. A psalm,
1 Shout joyfully unto God, all ye lands !
2 Sing ye the honor of his name ;
Make his praise glorious !
3 Say unto God, How terrible are thy doings !
Through the greatness of thy power thine enemies are
suppliants to thee !
4 Let all the earth worship thee ;
Let it sing praise to thee, let it sing praise to thy name !
[Pause.]
6 Come, behold the works of God !
How terrible his doino;s amons^ the sons of men !
6 He turned the sea into dry land ;
They went through the deep, on foot ;
Then we rejoiced in him.
7 By his power he ruleth for ever ;
His eyes are fixed upon the nations ;
Let not the rebellious exalt themselves ! [Pause."]
8 O bless our God, ye nations,
And make the voice of liis praise to be heard !
9 It is he who preserveth our lives,
And suffereth not our feet to stumble.
10 Thou hast, indeed, proved us, 0 God !
Thou hast tried us as silver is tried.
11 Thou })rouglitest us into a snare.
And didst lay a heavy burden upon our backs ;
12 Thou didst cause men to ride upon our heads,
And we have gone through fire and water :
But thou hast brought us to a place of abundance.
13 I will go into thy house with burnt-ofierings ;
I will pay thee my vows, —
14 The vows which my lips uttered,
Which my mouth promised in my trouble.
16 Burnt sacrifices of fatlings will I off'er to thee with the
fat of rams ;
Bullocks, with he-goats, will I sacrifice to thee. [Pause.]
PS. Lxvn.] THE PSALMS. 129
16 Come and hear, all ye wlio fear God,
And I will relate what he hath done for me !
17 I called upon him with my mouth,
And praise is now upon my tongue.
18 If I had meditated wickedness in my heart,
The Lord would not have heard me :
19 But surely God hath heard me ;
He hath had regard to the voice of my supplication.
20 Blessed be God, who did not reject my prayer,
Nor withhold his mercy from me !
PSALM LXVn.
A hymn of praise.
For the leader of the music. To be sung on stringed instruments. A psalm.
1 O God ! be merciful to us, and bless us,
And cause thy face to shine upon us ! [Pause.]
2 That thy doings may be known on earth.
And thy saving power to all the nations.
3 Let the nations praise thee, 0 God !
Yea, let all the nations praise thee !
4 Let all the nations be glad, and shout for joy !
For justly dost thou judge the people,
And govern the nations on the earth.
6 Let the nations praise thee, O God !
Yea, let all the nations praise thee !
6 For the earth hath yielded her increase.
And God, our God, hath blessed us.
7 May God continue to bless us.
And may all the ends of the earth fear him !
130 THE PSALMS. [ps. lxvih.
PSALM LXVIII.
A triumphal ode, on the occasion of the removal of the ark to Mount Zion.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of David.
1 Let God arise, and his enemies are scattered,
And they who hate him flee before him !
2 As smoke is dispersed, so thou dispersest them ;
As wax melteth before the fire,
So perish the wicked before the face of God.
3 But tlie righteous are ghid and rejoice in his presence,
Yea, they exult exceedingly.
4 Sing unto God ; sing praises to his name !
Prepare a way for him who rideth through the desert !
Jehovah is his name ; be joyful in his presence !
6 The father of the fatherless, and the protector of the
widow,
Is God in his holy habitation.
6 God causeth the forsaken to dwell in houses ;
He leadeth forth to prosperity them that are bound ;
But the rebellious shall dwell in a barren land.
7 O God ! when thou didst go before thy people,
When thou didst march through the wilderness, [Pause.]
8 The earth quaked, and the heavens dropped at the pres-
ence of God ;
This Sinai trembled at the presence of God, the God of
Israel.
9 Thou, O God ! didst send a plentiful rain ;
Thou didst strengthen thy wearied inheritance.
10 Thy people established themselves in the land ;
Thou, O God ! in thy goodness, didst prepare it for the
needy !
11 The Lord gave the song of victory
Of the maidens publishing glad tidings to the mighty host.
12 " The kings with their armies have fled, — have fled !
And the matron at home divideth the spoil.
13 Truly ye may repose yourselves in the stalls,
Like the wings of a dove covered with silver.
And her feathers with shining gold."
PS. Lxvm.] THE PSALMS. 131
14 When tlie Most High destroyed the kings in the land,
It was white [with their bones] like Salmon.
15 Ye lofty hills, ye hills of Bashan,
Ye many-to^Dped hills, ye hills of Bashan,
16 Why frown ye, ye many-topped hills,
At the hill in which God is pleased to dwell,
In which Jehovah will dwell for ever ?
17 The chariots of God are myriads, yea, thousands of
thousands ;
The Lord is in the midst of them, as upon Sinai, in the
sanctuary.
18 Thou hast ascended on high,
Thou hast led captive the vanquished.
Thou hast deceived gifts among men.
Even the rebellious, that here thou mightst dwell, O
Lord God!
19 Praised be the Lord daily !
When we are heavy-laden, the Mighty One is our help.
20 Our God is a God of salvation ;
From the Lord Jehovah cometh deliverance from death.
21 But God smiteth the head of his enemies,
Even the hairy crowns of those who go on in their ini-
quity.
22 " I will bring them back," saith the Lord, " from Bashan ;
I will bring them back from the deep sea ;
23 That thy foot may be dipped in their blood.
That thy dogs may drink the blood of thine enemies."
24 We have seen thy procession, O God !
The procession of my God, my king, to his sanctuary !
23 The singers go before, the minstrels follow,
Amidst damsels playing on timbrels.
26 Praise ye God in your assemblies ;
Praise the Lord, all ye from the fountain of Israel !
27 Here is Benjamin, the youngest, and his leaders ;
The chiefs of Judah, and their band ;
The chiefs of Zebulon, and the chiefs of Naphtali.
28 Thy God has ordained thy strength, [O Israel !]
Show forth thy might, O God ! thou who hast wrought
for us !
29 Because of thy temple in Jerusalem
Shall kings bring presents to thee.
132 THE PSALMS. [ps. lxix.
30 Rebuke the wild beast of tbe reeds,
The multitude of bulls with the calves of the nations,
So that they shall cast themselves down with masses of
silver ;
Scatter thou the nations that delight in war !
31 Princes shall come out of Egypt ;
Ethiopia shall haste with outstretched hands to God.
32 Ye kingdoms of the earth, sing unto God ;
Sing praises to Jehovah ;
33 To him who rideth upon the ancient heaven of heavens I
Behold, he uttereth his voice, his mighty voice !
34 Give glory to God,
Whose majesty is in Israel, and whose might is in the
clouds !
35 Terrible art thou, 0 God ! from thy sanctuary !
The God of Israel giveth strength and power to his people.
Praised be God !
PSALM LXIX.
Prayer for aid against enemies. Hope of deliverance, and of return from
exile.
For the leader of the 7nus{c. Upon the Shoshannim. A psalm of David,
1 Save me, O God !
For the waters press in to my very life !
2 I sink in deep mire, where is no standing ;
I have come into deep waters, and the waves flow over me.
3 I ^m weary with crying ; my throat is parched ;
Mine eyes are wasted, while I wait for my God.
4 IMore numerous than the hairs of my head are they who
hate me without reason ;
]\Iighty are they who seek to destroy me, being my ene-
mies without cause :
I must restore what I took not away.
5 O God ! thou knowest my offences,
And my sins are not hidden from thee !
6 Let not them that trust in thee through me be put to shame,
O Lord Jehovah, God of hosts !
Let not them that seek tliee tlu'ough me be confounded,
O God of Israel !
PS. Lxix.] THE PSALMS. 133
7 For on account of thee do I suffer reproach,
And shame covereth my face !
8 I am become a stranger to my brothers ;
Yea, an alien to my mother's sons.
9 For zeal for thy house consumeth me,
And the reproaches of them that reproach thee fall upon me.
10 When I weep and fast,
That is made my reproach ;
11 When I clothe myself in sackcloth,
Then I become their by-word.
12 They who sit in the gate speak against me.
And I am become the song of drunkards.
13 Yet will I address my prayer to thee, O Lord I
May it be in an acceptable time according to thy great
goodness !
Hear, 0 God ! and afford me thy sure help !
14 Save me from the mire, and let me not sink ;
May I be delivered from my enemies, — from the deep
waters !
15 Let not the water-flood overflow me ;
Let not the deep swallow me up.
And let not the pit close her mouth upon me !
IG Hear me, 0 Lord ! since great is thy loving-kindness ;
According to the abundance of thy tender mercies look
upon me !
17 Hide not thy face from thy servant ; ^
I am greatly distressed, O make haste to mine aid !
18 Draw near to me, and redeem my life ;
Deliver me because of my enemies !
19 Thou knowest my reproach, and dishonor, and shame ;
All my adversaries are in thy view !
20 Reproach hath broken my heart, and I am full of heavi-
ness ;
I look for pity, but there is none ;
For comforters, but find none.
21 For my food they give me gall.
And in my thirst they give me vinegar to drink.
22 May their table be to them a snare ;
May it be a trap to them, while they are at ease !
23 May their eyes be darkened, that they may not see ;
And cause their loins continually to shake !
134 THE PSALMS. [ps. ucx.
24 Pour out upon tliem thine indignation,
And may the heat of thine anger overtake them !
25 Let their habitation be desolate,
And let none dwell in their tents !
26 For they persecute those whom thou hast smitten,
And talk of the pain of those whom thou hast wounded.
27 Add iniquity to their iniquity,
And let them never come into thy favor !
28 Let them be blotted out of the book of the living ;
Let not their names be written with the righteous !
29 But I am poor, and sorrowfiil :
May thine aid, O God ! set me on high !
30 Then I will praise the name of God in a song ;
I will give glory to him with thanksgiving.
31 More pleasing shall this be to the Lord
Than a full-horned and full-hoofed bullock.
32 The afflicted shall see, and rejoice ;
The hearts of them that fear God shall be revived.
33 For the Lord heareth the poor.
And despiseth not his people in their bonds.
34 Let the heaven and the earth praise him ;
The sea, and all that move therein !
35 For God will save Zion, and will build the cities of Judah,
That they may dwell therein, and possess it.
36 Yea, the posterity of his servants shall possess it,
And they that love him shall dwell therein.
PSALM LXX.
This psalm is a repetition of the last five verses of the fortieth psahn, with
some slight variations.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of David, for remembrance.
1 Make haste, 0 God ! to deliver me,
O Lord ! come speedily to mine aid !
2 May they all be confounded, and covered with shame,
Who seek to take my life !
May tliey be driven back with disgrace
Who desire to do me injury !
PS. Lxxi.] THE PSALMS. 135
3 May they be turned back with shame
Who cry out to me, " Aha ! aha ! "
4 But let all who seek thee be glad and rejoice in thee !
Let them that love thy protection ever say,
" May God be praised ! "
6 But I am poor and needy ;
O God ! hasten to mine aid !
Thou art my help and my deliverer,
O Lord ! make no delay !
PSALM LXXI.
Prayer for assistance against enemies, and hope of deliverance. Commonly
supposed to have been composed by David in his old age, during the
rebellion of Absalom.
1 In thee, 0 Lord ! do I put my trust!
Let me never be put to shame !
2 In thy goodness deliver and rescue me ;
Incline thine ear to me, and save me !
3 Be thou the rock of my abode, where I may continually
resort I
Thou hast granted me deliverance ;
For thou art my rock and my fortress !
4 Save me, O my God ! from the hand of the wicked, —
From the hand of the unjust and cruel !
5 For thou art my hope, 0 Lord Jehovah !
Thou hast been my trust from my youth !
6 Upon thee have I leaned from my birth ;
From my earliest breath thou hast been my support ;
My song hath been continually of thee !
7 I am a wonder to many,
But thou art my strong refuge.
8 Let my mouth be filled with thy praise ;
Yea, all the day long, with thy glory.
9 Cast me not off in mine old age ;
Forsake me not, when my strength faileth !
10 For my enemies speak against me,
And they who lay wait for my life consult together :
11 " God," say they, " hath forsaken him ;
Pursue and seize him ; for he hath none to deliver him! "
136 THE PSALMS. [ps. lxxi
12 0 God ! be not far from me !
Come speedily to mine aid, O my God !
13 Let them perish with shame who are my enemies ;
Let them be covered with contemj)t and dishonor who
seek my hurt !
14 But I will hope continually ;
I shall yet praise thee more and more.
15 My mouth shall speak of thy goodness^ —
Of thy sure protection all the day long ;
For thy mercies are more than I can number.
16 I will celebrate thy mighty deeds, O Lord Jehovah !
I will make mention of thy goodness, of thine only !
17 O God ! thou hast taught me from my youth,
And thus far have I declared thy wondrous deeds ;
18 And now, when I am old and gray-headed,
O God ! forsake me not.
Until I make known thine arm to the next generation, —
Thy mighty power to all that are to come !
19 For thy goodness, O God ! reacheth to the heavens ;
Wonderful things doest thou !
O God ! who is like unto thee ?
20 Thou hast suffered us to see great and grievous troubles ;
Thou wilt again give us life,
And wilt bring us back from the depths of the earth !
21 Thou wilt increase my greatness ;
Thou wilt again comfort me !
22 Then will I praise thee with the psaltery ;
Even thy fiithfulncss, 0 my God !
To thee will 1 sing with the harp,
O Holy One of Israel !
23 My lips shall rejoice, when I sing to thee ;
And ni}^ soul, which thou hast redeemed from death ;
24 My tongue also shall continually sj)eak of thy righteous-
ness :
For all who seek my hurt are brought to shame and con-
founded.
PS. Lxxii.] THE PSALMS. 137
PSALM LXXII.
Prayer for a righteous and prosperous reign for a king. The Hebrew title
of this psalm is ambiguous, admitting of the translation Of or For Solo-
mon. It is, perhaps, most probable that it was prefixed by some one who
supposed Solomon to be the subject, rather than tlie author, of the psalm.
For Solomon.
1 To the king, O God ! give thy justice,
And to the son of a king thy righteousness !
2 Yea ! he shall judge thy people with equity,
And thine oppressed ones with justice.
3 For the mountains shall bring forth peace to the people,
And the hills, through righteousness.
4 He shall defend the oppressed of the people ;
He shall save the needy,
And break in pieces the oppressor.
5 They shall fear thee as long as the sun and moon shall
endure,
From generation to generation.
6 He shall be like rain descending on the mown field, —
Like showers which water the earth.
7 In his days shall the righteous flourish.
And great shall be their prosperity, as long as the moon
shall endure.
8 He shall have dominion from sea to sea,
And from the river to the ends of the earth.
9 They that dwell in the desert shall bow before him,
And his enemies shall lick the dust.
10 The kings of Tarshish and of the isles shall bring presents ;
The kings of Sheba and Seba shall offer gifts ;
11 Yea, all kings shall fall down before him ;
All nations shall serve him.
12 For he shall deliver the poor who crieth for aid,
And the oppressed who hath no helper.
13 He shall spare the weak and needy,
And save the lives of the poor.
14 He shall redeem them from deceit and violence,
And theu' blood shall be precious in his sight.
138 THE PSALMS. [ps. lxxii.
15 He shall prosper, and to liim shall be given of the gold
of Sheba ;
Prayer also shall be made fbr him continually,
And daily shall he be praised.
16 There shall be an abundance of corn in the land ;
Its fruit shall shake like Lebanon, even on the tops of the
mountains ;
And they of the cities shall flourish as the grass of the
earth.
17 His name shall endure for ever ;
His name shall be continued as long as the sun.
By him shall men bless themselves ;
All nations shall call him blessed.
18 Praised he God, Jehovah, the God of Israel,
Who alone doeth wonderful things !
19 Praised he his glorious name for ever !
May his glory fill the whole earth! Amen,, Amen !
20 Here end the psalms of David, the son of Jesse,
BOOK in.
PSALM LXXin.
A meditation on the "ways of Providence in the distribution of happiness and
misery, or in appointing the condition of the wicked and of the righteous.
The subject is similar to that of Ps. xxxvii., xxxix., and xlix., and of the
book of Job.
A psalm of Asaph.
1 Trult God is good to Israel, —
To those who are pure in heart.
2 Yet my feet almost gave way;
My steps had well nigh slipped :
3 For I was envious of the proud,
When I saw the prosperity of the wicked.
4 For they have no pains even to their death ;
Their bodies are in full health.
6 They have not the woes of other men.
Neither are they smitten like other men.
6 Therefore pride encircleth their neck as a collar ;
Violence covereth them as a garment.
7 From their bosom issueth their iniquity ;
The designs of their hearts burst forth.
8 They mock, and speak of malicious oppression ;
Their words are haughty ;
9 They stretch forth their mouth to the heavens,
And their tongue goeth through the earth ;
10 Therefore his people walk in their ways,
And there drink from full fountains.
11 And they say, " How doth God know ?
How can there be knowledge with the Most High ? *'
12 Behold these are the ungodly !
Yet they are ever prosperous ; they heap up riches.
[139]
140 THE PSALMS. [ps. lxxhi.
13 Verily I have cleansed my heart in vain ;
In vain have I washed my hands in innocence.
14 For every day have I been smitten ;
Every morn have I been chastened.
15 If I should resolve to speak like them,
Surely I should be treacherous to the family of thy
cliildren.
16 So, when I studied to know this,
It was painful to my eyes ;
17 Until I went into the sanctuaries of God,
And considered what was their end.
18 Behold ! thou hast set them on slij^pery places ;
Thou castes t them down into unseen pits.
19 How are they brought to desolation in a moment,
And utterly consumed with sudden destruction !
20 As a dream when one awaketh,
Thou, O Lord ! when thou awakest, wilt make their vain
show a derision.
21 When my heart was vexed
And I was pierced in my reins,
22 Then was I stupid and without understanding ;
I was like one of the brutes before thee.
23 Yet am I ever under thy care ;
By my right hand thou dost hold me up.
24 Thou wilt guide me with thy counsel,
And at last receive me in glory.
25 Whom have I in heaven but thee.
And whom on earth do I love in comparison with thee ?
26 Though my flesh and my heart fail,
God is the strength of my heart, and my portion for ever.
27 For, lo ! they who are far from thee perish ;
Thou destroyest all who estrange themselves from thee.
28 But it is good for me to draw near to God ;
I put my trust in the Lord Jehovah,
That I may declare all thy works. \
PS. Lxxiv.l THE PSALMS. 141
PSALM LXXIV.
Prayer on account of the desolation of the temple, and other grievous afflic-
tions of the Hebrew nation.
A psalm of Asaph.
1 O God ! why hast thou cast us off for ever ?
Why doth thine anger smoke against the flock of thy
pasture ?
2 Remember the people which thou didst purchase of old ;
Thine own inheritance, which thou didst redeem ;
That Mount Zion, where thou once didst dwell !
3 Hasten thy steps to those utter desolations !
Every thing in the sanctuary hath the enemy abused !
4 Thine enemies roar in the place of thine assemblies ;
Their own symbols have they set up for signs.
5 They appear like those who raise the axe against a thicket ;
6 They have broken down" the carved work of thy temple
with axes and hammers ;
7 They have cast fire into thy sanctuary ;
They have profaned, and cast to the ground, the dwelling-
place of thy name.
8 They said in their hearts, " Let us destroy them all to-
gether ! "
They have burned all God's places of assembly in the land.
9 We no longer see our signs ;
There is no prophet among us,
Nor any one that knoweth how long this desolation shall
endure.
10 How long, 0 God ! shall the adversary revile?
Shall the enemy blaspheme thy name for ever ?
11 Why withdrawest thou thy hand, even thy right hand ?
Take it from thy bosom, and destroy !
12 Yet God was our king of old.
Working salvation in the midst of the earth.
13 Thou didst divide the sea by thy power ;
Thou didst crush the heads of the sea-monsters in the
waters.
14 Thou didst break in pieces the head of the crocodile ;
Thou gavest him for food to the inhabitants of the desert.
142 THE PSALMS. [ps. lxxv
15 Thou didst cleave forth the fountain and the stream ;
Thou didst dry up perennial rivers.
16 Thine is the day, and thine the night ;
Thou didst prepare the light and the sun.
17 Thou didst establish all the boundaries of the earth ;
Thou didst make summer and winter.
18 O remember that the enemy hath reviled Jehovah ;
That an imj)ious peojDle hath blasphemed thy name !
39 Give not up the life of thy turtle-dove to the wild beast ;
Forget not for ever thine afflicted people !
20 Have regard to thy covenant !
For all the dark places of the land are full of the abodes
of cruelty.
21 0 let not the afflicted go away ashamed !
Let the poor and needy praise thy name !
22 Arise, O God ! maintain thy cause !
Remember how the impious revileth thee daily !
23 Forget not the clamor of thine adversaries, —
The noise of thine enemies, which continually increaseth !
PSALM LXXV.
ThanksgiAnng in view of deliverance from enemies. This psalm contains no
indication of the time of its composition, except that it resembles those
which were composed in the later ages of the kingdom.
For the leader of the music. To the tune of " Do not destroy." A psalm
of Asaph.
1 "We give thanks to thee, 0 God ! we give thanks to thee,
and near is thy name ;
Men shall declare thy wondrous deeds !
2 " Wlien I see my time,
Then will I judge with equity.
3 The earth trembleth, and all her inhabitants ;
But I uphold her pillars."
4 I say to the proud, Behave not proudly !
To the wicked. Lift not up your horn !
5 Lift not up your horn on high,
And speak not with a stiff neck !
PS. Lxxvi.] THE PSALMS. 143
6 For promotion cometh neither from the east, nor from the
west, nor from the south ;
7 But it is God that judge th ;
He putteth down one, and setteth up another.
8 For in the hand of the Lord there is a cup ;
The wine is foaming and full of spices,
And of it he poureth out ;
Even to the dregs shall all the wicked of the earth drink it.
9 Therefore I will extol him for ever ;
I will sing praise to the God of Jacob.
10 " I will bring down all the power of the wicked ;
But the righteous shall lift up their heads."
PSALM LXXVL
Thanksgiving for victory over powerful enemies. This psalm probably
belongs to the same age with the preceding.
Fw the leader of the music. Upon stringed instruments. A psalm of
Asaph.
1 In Judah is God known ;
Great is his name in Israel.
2 In Jerusalem is his tabernacle.
And in Zion his dwelling-place.
3 There brake he the lightning of the bow,
The shield, the sword, and all the weapons of battle.
4 More glorious and excellent art thou
Than those mountains of robbers !
5 Spoiled are the stout-hearted ;
They sank into their sleep ;
The hands of the mighty were powerless.
6 Before thy rebuke, 0 God of Jacob !
Fell chariot and horseman into a deep sleep !
7 Thou, thou, 0 God ! art terrible !
Who can stand before thee in thine anger ?
8 Thou didst cause judgment to be heard from heaven ;
The earth trembled and was still,
9 When God arose to judgment,
To save all the oppressed of the earth !
144 THE PSALMS. [ps. lxxa^i.
10 The wrath of man shall praise thee,
When thou girdest on the whole of thy wrath !
11 Make and j^erform vows to Jehovah, your God !
Let all that dwell around him. bring gifts to the terrible One,
12 Who casteth down the pride of princes.
Who is terrible to the kings of the earth I
PSALM LXXVn.
Prayer in a season of great public calamity. Consolation and hope derived
from meditation upon former favors of God to the nation.
For the leader of the music of the Jeduthunites. A psalm of Asaph,
1 I CALL upon God ; I cry aloud for help ;
I call upon God, that he would hear me !
2 Li the day of my trouble I seek the Lord ;
In the night is my hand stretched forth continually ;
My soul refuseth to be comforted.
3 I remember God, and am disquieted ;
I think of him, and my spirit is overwhelmed.
4 Thou keepest mine eyelids from closing ;
I am distressed, so that I cannot speak !
5 I think of the days of old, —
The years of ancient times.
6 I call to remembrance my songs in the night ;
I meditate in my heart,
And my spirit inquireth :
7 Will the Lord be angry for ever ?
Will he be fovorable no more ?
8 Is his mercy utterly withdrawn for ever ?
Doth his promise fail from generation to generation ?
9 Hath God forgotten to be gracious ?
Hath he in anger shut up his compassion ?
10 Then I say, " This is mine affliction,
A change in the right hand of the Most High."
11 I remember the deeds of Jehovah ;
I think of thy wonders of old.
12 I meditate on all thy works,
And talk of thy doings.
PS. Lxxviii] THE PSALMS. 145
13 Thy ways, O God ! are holy !
Who so great a god as our God ?
14 Thou art a God who doest wonders ;
TIiou hast manifested thy power among the nations.
15 Witli thy strong arm thou didst redeem thy people, —
The sons of Jacob and Josei^h.
16 The waters saw thee, O God !
The waters saw thee, and feared,
And the deep trembled.
17 The clouds poured out water,
The skies sent forth thunder,
And thine arrows flew.
18 Thy thunder roared in the whirlwind ;
Thy lightning illumined the world ;
The earth trembled and shook.
19 Thy way was through the sea,
And thy jDath through great waters ;
And thy footsteps could not be found.
20 Thou didst lead thy people like a flock,
By the hands of Moses and Aaron.
PSALM LXXVin.
Admonition to keep God's commandments, drawn from his former dealings
toward the nation of Israel.
A psalm of Asaph.
1 Give ear, O my people, to my instruction !
Incline your ears to the words of my mouth !
2 I will open my mouth in a psalm ;
I will utter sayings of ancient times. *
3 What we have heard and learned, •'^,
And our fathers have told us,
4 We will not hide from their children ;
Showing to the generation to come the praises of Jehovah,
His might, and the w^onders he hath wrought.
6 For he appointed statutes in Jacob,
And established a law in Israel,
Which he commanded our fathers
To make known to their children ;
140 THE PSALMS. [ps. lxxvih.
6 So that the generation to come might know them j
The children, which should be born, and rise up,
Who should declare them to their cliildren ;
7 That they might put their trust in God,
And not forget his deeds,
But keep his commandments ;
8 And might not be, like their forefathers,
A stubborn and rebellious generation, —
A generation whose heart was not fixed upon God,
And whose spirit was not steadfast toward the Almighty.
9 The children of Ephraim were like armed bowmen,
AVho turn their backs in the day of battle.
10 They kept not the covenant of God,
And refused to walk in his law ;
11 And forgot his mighty deeds,
And the wonders he had shown them.
12 Marvellous things did he in the sight of their fathers,
In the land of Egypt, in the field of Zoan.
13 He divided the sea, and caused them to pass through ;
Yea, he made the waters to stand as a heap.
14 By day he led them by a cloud,
And all the night by a light of fire.
15 He clave the rocks in the wilderness.
And gave them drink, as from the great deep.
16 From the rock he brought flowing streams.
And made water to run down like rivers.
17 Yet still they sinned against him,
And provoked the Most High in the desert.
18 They tempted God in their hearts.
By asking food for their delight.
19 Yea, they spake against God, and said,
" Can Grod spread a table in the wilderness ?
20 Behold ! he smote the rock, and the water flowed,
And streams gushed forth :
Is he also able to give bread ?
Can he provide flesh for his people ? "
21 When, therefore, the Lord heard this, he was wroth:
So a fire was kindled against Jacob,
And annfer arose as^ainst Israel,
22 Because they believed not in God,
And trusted not in his aid.
PS. Lxxvni.] THE PSALMS, 147
23 Yet he had commanded the clouds above,
And had opened the doors of heaven ;
24 And had rained down upon them manna for food,
And had given them the corn of heaven.
25 Every one ate the food of princes ;
He sent them bread to the fulL
26 Then he caused a strong wind to blow in the heavens.
And by his power he brought a south wind ;
27 He rained down flesh upon them as dust,
And feathered fowls as the sand of the sea.
28 He caused them to fall in the midst of their camp,
liound about their habitations.
29 So they did eat, and were filled ;
For he gave them their own desire.
30 Their desire was not yet satisfied.
And their meat was yet in their mouths,
31 When the wrath of God came upon them.
And slew their strong men,
And smote down the chosen men of Israel.
32 For all this they sinned still.
And put no trust in his wondrous works.
B3 Therefore he consumed their days in vanity.
And their years in sudden destruction.
34 When he slew them, they sought him ;
They returned, and sought earnestly for God ;
35 And remembered that God was their rock.
And the Most High their redeemer.
36 But they only flattered him with their mouths,
And spake falsely to him with their tongues.
37 For their hearts were not true to liim,
Nor were they steadfast in his covenant.
38 Yet, being full of compassion, he forgave their iniquity,
And w^ould not utterly destroy them ;
Often he restrained his indignatioil.
And stirred not up all his anger.
39 He remembered that they were but flesh, —
A breath, that passeth and cometh not back.
40 How often did they provoke him in the wilderness !
How often did they anger him in the desert !
41 Again and again they tempted God,
And offended the Holy One of Israel.
148 THE PSALMS. [ps. lxxviu.
42 They remembered not his hand,
Nor the day when he dehvered them from the enemy ;
43 What signs he had wi:cught in Egypt,
And what wonders in the fields of Zoan.
44 He tnrned their rivers into blood,
So that they could not drink of their streams.
45 He sent amongst them flies, which devoured them,
And frogs, which destroyed them.
46 He gave also their fruits to the caterpillar,
And their labor to the locust.
47 He destroyed their vines with hail,
And their sycamore-trees with frost.
48 He also gave up their cattle to hail.
And their flocks to hot thunderbolts.
49 He sent against them the fierceness of his anger,
Wrath, indignation, and woe, —
A host of angels of evil.
50 He made a way for his anger,
He spared them not from death.
But gave up their lives to the pestilence.
61 He smote all the firstborn in Egypt ;
The first-fruits of their strength in the tents of Ham.
62 But he led forth his own people like sheep,
And guided them like a flock in the wilderness.
63 He led them on safely, so that they feared not,
"NYliile the sea overwhelmed their enemies.
64 He brought them to liis own sacred border.
Even to this mountain which his right hand had gained.
65 He cast out the nations before them, [ance,
And divided their land by a measuring-line, as an inherit-
And caused the tribes of Israel to dwell in their tents.
66 Yet they tempted and provoked God, the Most High,
And kept not his statutes ;
57 Like their fathers they were faithless, and turned back ;
They turned aside, like a deceitful bow.
68 They provoked his anger by their high places,
And stirred up his jealousy by their graven images,
69 God saw this, and was wroth.
And greatly abhorred Israel ;
CO So that he forsook the habitation at Shiloh,
The tabernacle where he dwelt among men,
PS. Lxxix.] THE PSALMS. 149
61 And delivered his strength into captivity,
And his glory into the hand of the enemy.
62 His own people he gave up to the sword,
And was wroth with his own inheritance.
63 Fire consumed tlieir young men,
And their maidens did not bewail them.
64 Their priests fell by the sword,
And tlieir widows made no lamentation.
63 But at length the Lord awaked as from sleep,
As a hero who had been overpowered by wine ;
G6 He smote his enemies, and drove them back.
And covered them with everlasting disgrace.
67 Yet he rejected the tents of Joseph,
And chose not the tribe of Ephraim ;
08 I>ut chose the tiibe of Judah,
Tlie Mount Zion which he loved ;
69 Where he built, like the heavens, his sanctuarj' ;
Like the earth, which he hath established for ever.
70 And he chose David, his servant.
And took him from the shee23folds ;
71 From tending the suckling ewes he brought Mm.
To feed Jacob his people.
And Israel his inheritance.
72 He fed them with an upright heart,
And guided them with skilful hands.
PSALM LXXIX.
Lamentation for the desolation of the city and the temple.
A psalm of Asaph.
O God ! the nations have come into thine inheritance ;
They have polluted thy holy temple ;
They have made Jerusalem a heap of ruins !
They have given the dead bodies of thy servants to be
food for the birds of heaven,
The flesh of thy holy ones to the wild beasts of the
earth !
Their blood have they shed like water around Jerusalem,
And there was none to bury them !
150 THE PSALMS. [rs. lxxx.
4 "We have become the reproach of our neighbors, —
The scorn and derision of those around us.
5 How long, O Lord ! wilt thou be angry for ever ?
How long shall thy jealousy burn like fire ?
6 Pour out thy wrath on the nations which acknowledge
thee not,
And on the kingdoms which call not upon thy name !
7 For they have devoured Jacob,
And laid waste his dwelling-place.
8 O remember not against us former iniquities ;
Let thy tender mercy speedily succor us,
9 For we are brought very low !
Help us, O God of our salvation! for the honor of thy
name ;
For thy name's sake save us, and forgive our iniquities !
10 Why should the nations say, " Where is their God ? "
May the revenging of the blood of thy servants, which
hath been shed,
Be manifested among the nations before our eyes !
11 Let the cry of the prisoner come before thee !
According to the greatness of thy power preserve those
that are appointed to die !
12 And return sevenfold into our neighbors' bosoms
The reproach with which they have reproached thee,
O Lord !
13 So shall we, thy people, and the flock of thy pasture,
Give thanks to tliee for ever,
And show forth thy i^raise to all generations.
PSALM LXXX.
Prayer for deliverance in a time of great national calamity.
For the leader of the music. Upon the Shushan-Eduth. A psalm of
Asaph.
1 Give ear, O vShepherd of Israel !
Thou who leadest Joseph like a flock.
Thou who sittest between the cherubs, shine forth !
2 Before Ephraim and Benjamin and Manasseh, stir up thy
strength.
And come and save us !
PS. Lxxx.] THE PSALMS. 151
3 Bring us back, O God !
Aud cause, tliy face to shine, that we may be saved !
4 O Lord, God of hosts !
How long wilt thou be angry against the prayer of thy
people ?
5 For thou causest them to eat the bread of tears,
And givest them tears to drink, in full measure.
6 Thou hast made us the object of strife to our neighbors,
And our enemies hold us in derision.
7 Bring us back, O God of hosts !
And cause thy face to shine that we may be saved !
8 Thou didst bring a vine out of Egypt ;
Thou didst expel the nations, and plant it.
9 Thou didst prei^are a place for it ;
It spread its roots, and filled the land.
10 The mountains were covered with its shade,
And its branches were like the cedars of God.
11 It sent out its boughs to the sea.
And its branches to the river.
12 Why hast thou now broken down its hedges,
So that all who pass by do pluck from it ?
13 The boar from the wood doth v/aste it,
And the wild beast of the forest doth devour it.
14 O God of hosts ! return, we beseech thee,
Look down from heaven, and behold,
And have regard to this vine !
15 Protect what thy right hand planted ;
The branch which thou madest strong for thyself !
16 It is burnt with fire ; it is cut down ;
Under thy rebuke they perish.
17 IMay thy hand be over the man of thy right hand.
The man whom thou madest strong for thyself!
18 So will we no more turn back from thee :
Revive us, and upon thy name alone will we call !
19 Bring us back, O Lord, God of hosts I
And cause thy face to shine, that we may be saved !
152 THE PSALMS. [rs. lxxxi.
PSALM LXXXI.
Exhortation to religious obedience. Adapted to the celebration of the feast
of Taberiintles, or, as some suppose, of the Passover. See Levit. xxiii.
4,-&c., and33, &c.
For the leader of the music. On the Giitith. A psalm of Asaph.
1 Sing joyfully to God, our strength !
Shout with gladness to the God of Jacob !
2 Raise a song, and strike the timbrel,
The sweet-sounding harp, and the psaltery !
3 Blow the trumpet at the new moon ;
At the full moon, also, on our festal day !
4 For this is a statute for Israel,
A law of the God of Jacob ;
5 He appointed it as a memorial in Joseph,
AYhen he went out of the land of Egypt,
Where he heard a language which he knew not.
6 "I relieved [said he] thy shoulders from their burden ;
Thy hands were removed from the hod.
7 Thou didst call in trouble, and I delivered thee ;
In the secret place of thunder I answered thee ;
I proved thee at the waters of ^Meribah. [Pause.]
8 Hear, O my people ! and I will admonish thee !
O Israel ! that thou wouldst hearken to me !
9 Let there be no strange god within thee,
Nor worship thou any foreign god !
10 I, Jehovah, am thy God,
Who brought thee out of the land of Egypt :
Open wide thy mouth, and I will fill it !
11 But my people would not listen to my voice.
And Israel Avould not hearken to me.
12 So I gave them up to the obstinacy of their hearts,
And they walked according to their own devices.
13 " O that my people had hearkened to me !
That Israel had walked in my ways !
14 Soon would I have brought low their enemies.
And turned my hand against their adversaries. [them,
15 The haters of Jehovah should have become suppliants to
And their prosperity should have endured for ever.
16 With the finest of the wheat I would have fed them,
And with honey out of the rock would I have satisfied
them."
PS. Lxxxii., Lxxxm.] THE PSALMS. 153
PSALM LXXXn.
Against unjust Jewish magistrates; or, against tjTannical foreign kings, who
oppressed the Jewish nation.
A psalm of Asaph,
1 God standeth in God's assembly,
He judgeth in the midst of the gods.
2 " How long will ye judge unjustly,
And favor the cause of the wicked ? [Pause.]]
3 Defend the poor and the fatherless ;
Do justice to the wretched and the needy !
4 Deliver the poor and the destitute ;
Save them from the hand of the wicked !
n They are without knowledge and without understanding ;
They walk in darkness:
Therefore all the foundations of the land are shaken.
6 I have said, Ye are gods,
And all of you children of the Most High ;
7 But ye shall die like men.
And fall like the rest of the princes."
8 Arise, O God ! judge the earth !
For all the nations are thy j)ossession.
PSALM LXXXHL
Prayer against the enemies of the Jewish nation; commonly supposed to
have been composed in the days of Jehoshaphat, when a combination of
the neighboring kings was formed against Judah.
A psalm of Asaph.
1 O God ! keep not silence !
Hold not thy peace, and be not still, O God !
2 For, lo ! thine enemies roar,
And they who hate thee lift up their heads.
3 For they form secret plots against thy people,
And consult toijfether ai^ainst thv chosen ones.
7*
154 THE PSALMS. [ps. lxxxih.
4 " Come," say tliej, " let us blot tliem out from the num-
ber of the nations,
That the name of Israel may no more be remembered ! "
5 With one consent they consult together,
Against thee do they form a league, —
6 The tents of Edom and the Ishmaelites,
Of Moab and the Hagarenes,
7 Gebal and Ammon and Amalek,
The Pliilistines, with the inhabitants of Tyre.
8 The Assyrians also are joined with them ;
They lend their strength to the children of Lot.
9 Do to them as to the Midianites,
As to Sisera, as to Jabin at the brook Kison,
10 Who perished at Endor,
And were trampled like dung to the earth.
11 Make their chiefs like Oreb and Zeeb ;
Yea, all their princes as Zeba and Zalmunna !
12 Wlio say, " Let us seize on God's habitations ! "
13 Make them, O my God! like whirling chaff;
Like stubble before the wind !
14 As fire consumeth the forest,
And as flame setteth the mountains in a blaze,
15 So pursue them with thy tempest.
And terrify them with thy storm !
16 Cover their faces with shame.
That they may seek thy name, 0 Lord ! .
17 Let them be confounded !
Yea, let them be put to shame, and perish !
18 That tliey may know that thy name alone is Jehovah ;
That thou art the Most High over all the earth.
PS. Lxxxi v.] THEPSALMS. 155
PSALM LXXXIV.
Aspirations after the worship of God in the sanctuary.
For the leader of the music. On the Gittiih. A psalm of the sons oj
Korah.
1 Ho"W lovely are thy tabernacles, 0 Lord of hosts !
2 My soul longetli, yea, fainteth, for the courts of the Lord ;
My heart and my flesh cry aloud for the living God.
3 The very sparrow findeth an abode,
And the swallow a nest, where they may lay their young,
By thine altars, O Lord of hosts,
My king and my God !
4 Happy they who dwell in thy house.
Who are continually praising thee ! [Pause.]
5 Happy the man whose glory is in thee,
In whose heart are the ways [to Jerusalem] !
6 Passing through the valley of Baca, they make it a fountain ;
And the early rain covereth it with blessings.
7 They go on from strength to strength ;
Every one of them appeareth before God in Zion.
8 Hear my prayer, O Lord, God of hosts !
Give ear, 0 God of Jacob ! [Pause.]
9 Look down, O God ! our shield.
And behold the face of thine anointed !
10 For a day spent in thy courts is better than a thousand :
I would rather stand on the threshold of the house of my
God,
Than dwell in the tents of wickedness.
11 For the Lord God is a sun and a shield ;
The Lord giveth grace and glory ;
No good thing doth he withhold
From them that walk uprightly.
12 O Lord of hosts !
Happy the man who trusteth in thee !
156 THE PSALMS. [ps. lxxxv.
PSALM LXXXV.
A prayer for the establishment and prosperity of the Jewish nation aftei
their return from captivity.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of the sons of Korah,
1 O Lord ! thou hast been favorable to thy land ;
Thou hast brought back the captives of Jacob ;
2 Thou didst forgive the iniquity of thy people,
And cover all their sins ! [Pause.]
3 Thou didst take away all thy displeasure,
And abate the fierceness of thy wrath.
4 Restore us, 0 God of our salvation !
And let thine anger towards us cease !
5 Wilt thou be angry with us for ever ?
Wilt thou continue thy wrath from generation to genera-
tion?
6 Wilt thou not revive us again,
That thy people may rejoice in thee?
7 Show us thy compassion, O Lord !
And grant us thy salvation !
8 I will hear what God the Lord will speak:
Truly he will speak peace to his people, and to his servants ;
Oidy let them not turn again to folly !
9 Yea, his salvation is near to those who fear him,
That glory may dwell in our land.
10 INIercy and truth shall meet together,
Ivighteousness and pence shall kiss each other ;
11 Truth shall spring out of the earth ;
Righteousness shall look down from heaven.
12 Yea, Jehovah Avill give prosperity.
And our land shall yield her increase.
13 Righteousness shall go before him.
And set us in the way of his steps.
PS. Lxxxvi.] THE PSALMS. 157
PSALM LXXXVI.
This psalm corresponds very -well with its title. There are numerous sea-
sons in the life of David to which it will apply.
A prayer of David.
1 Incline thine ear, 0 Lord ! and hear me,
For I am poor and distressed !
2 Preserve my life, for I am devoted to thee !
Save, O thou my God ! thy servant who trusteth in thee !
3 Have pity upon me, 0 Lord !
For to thee do I cry daily !
4 Revive the soul of thy servant,
For to thee, O Lord ! do I lift up my soul !
5 For thou. Lord, art good, and ready to forgive ;
Yea, rich in mercy to all that call uj)on thee !
6 Give ear, O Lord ! to my prayer,
And attend to the voice of my supjolication !
7 In the day of my trouble I call upon thee.
For thou dost answer me !
8 Among the gods there is none like thee, O Lord !
And there are no works like thy works !
9 All the nations which thou hast made must come and wor-
ship before thee, O Lord !
And glorify thy name !
10 For great art thou, and wondrous are thy works ;
Thou alone art God !
11 Teach me, O Lord ! thy way,
That I may walk in thy truth ;
Unite all my heart to fear thy name !
12 I will praise thee, 0 Lord, my God ! with my whole
heart ;
I will give glory to thy name for ever !
13 For thy kindness to me hath been great ;
Thou hast delivered me from the depths of the underworld !
14 0 God ! the proud have risen against me ;
Bands of cruel men seek my life,
And set not thee before their eyes.
15 But thou, O Lord! art a God full of compassion and
kindness,
Long-suffering, rich in mercy and truth I
158 THEPSALMS. [ps. Lxxxvn., Lxxxvni.
Look upon me, and have compassion upon me !
Give thy strength to thy servant,
And save the son of thy handmaid !
17 Show me a token for good,
That my enemies may see it and be confounded ;
Because thou, O Lord ! helpest and comfortest me !
PSALIM LXXXYIL
The glory of Zion, as the source and centre of the religion of the world.
A psalm of the sons of Korah.
1 His foundation is in the holy mountains ;
2 Jehovah loveth the gates of Zion
More than all the dwellings of Jacob.
3 Glorious things are said of thee,
O city of God ! [Pause.]
4 " I name Egypt and Babylon among them that know me ;
Behold ! Philistia, Tyre, and Ethiopia, —
They also were born there."
5 And of Zion it shall be said,
*' Men of every nation were born there,
And the Most Ilij^h hath established her."
6 Jehovah, when he numbereth the nations, shall write,
'" These were born there ! " [Pause.]
7 Singers as well as dancers, —
All my sprmgs are in thee !
PSALM LXXXVIIL
Prayer of one in deep and various distress.
A psalm of the sons of Korah. For the leader of the music. Upon wind
instruments. A psalm of Ileman, the Ezrahite.
1 O Lord, God of my salvation !
To thee do I cry by day.
And by night is my prayer before thee !
2 Let my supplication come before thee ;
Incline thine ear to my cry!
PS. I.XXXYUI.]
THE PSALMS.
159
3 For my soul is full of misery,
And my life draweth near to the underworld.
4 I am counted with those who are going down to the pit ;
I am like one who hath no strength.
6 I am left to myself among the dead,
Like the slain who lie in the grave,
Wliom thou no more rememberest.
And who are cut off from thy [protecting] hand.
6 Thou hast placed me in a deep pit,
In a dark and deep abyss.
7 Thy wrath presseth hard upon me.
And thou aiflictest me with all thy waves ! [Pause.]
8 Thou hast put mine acquaintances far from me,
Yea, thou hast made me their abhorrence :
I am shut up, and cannot go forth.
9 Mine eyes languish by reason of my affliction.
I call upon thee daily, O Lord !
To thee do I stretch out my hands !
10 Canst thou show wonders to the dead ?
Shall the dead arise, and praise thee ? [Pause.3
11 Shall thy goodness be declared in the grave,
Or thy faithfulness in the place of corruption ?
12 Shall thy wonders be known in the dark.
And thy justice in the land of forgetfulness ?
To thee do I cry, O Lord !
In the morning doth my cry come before thee.
Why, 0 Lord ! dost thou cast me off ?
Why hidest thou thy face from me ?
I have been afflicted and languishing from my youtli ;
I suffer thy terrors, and am distracted.
16 Thy fierce wrath overwhelmeth me ;
Thy terrors utterly destroy me.
17 They surround me daily like water;
They compass me about together.
18 Lover and friend hast thou put far from me ;
My acquaintances are withdrawn from my sight.
13
14
15
160 THE PSALMS. [ps. lxxxix.
PSALM LXXXIX.
Prayer for the race and kingdom of David.
A psalm of Ethan, the Ezrahite.
1 I WILL sing of tlie mercies of the Lord for ever ;
With my mouth will I make known thy faithfulness to all
generations !
2 For I know that thy mercy endureth for ever ;
Thou hast established thy truth like the heavens.
3 "• I have made a covenant with my chosen ;
I have sworn to David, my servant :
4 Thy family I will establish for ever,
And build up thy throne to all generations." [Pause.]
5 The heavens shall j^raise thy wonders, O Lord !
. And the assembly of the holy ones thy truth !
6 Who in the heavens can be compared to Jehovah?
AVho is like Jehovah among the sons of God ?
7 A God greatly to be feared in the assembly of the holy-
ones.
And to be had in reverence above all who are around Him ?
8 O Jehovali, God of hosts !
Who is miglity like thee, O Jehovah?
And thy faithfulness is round about thee.
9 Thou rulest the raging of the sea ;
AVhen tlie waves tliereof rise, thou stillest them !
10 Thou didst break llahab in pieces, as one that is slain ;
Tliou didst scatter thine enemies with thy mighty arm.
11 The heavens are thine ; thine also is the earth ;
Tiie world and all that is therein, thou didst found them.
12 The North and tlie South were created by thee ;
Tabor and llermon rejoice in thy name.
13 Thine is a miglity arm ;
Strong is thy hand, and high thy right hand.
14 Justice and equity are the foundation of thy throne ;
]Mercy and truth go before thy face.
15 Happy the people that know the trumpet's sound !
They walk, O Lord ! in the light of thy couutenanco ;
16 In thy name they daily rejoice.
And in thy rigliteousness they glory !
PS. Lxxxix.] THE PSALMS. 161
17 For thou art the glory of their strength ;
Yea, through thy favor our horn exalteth itself!
18 For from Jehovah is our shield,
And from the Holy One of Israel is our king.
19 Once thou spakest in a vision to thy holy one,
And saidst, — "I have laid help on one that is mighty;
I have exalted one chosen from the people ;
20 I have found David, my servant ;
With my holy oil have I anointed him.
21 With him shall my hand be established,
And my arm shall strengthen him.
22 The enemy shall not have power over him,
Nor shall the unrighteous man oppress him.
23 For I will beat down his foes before him,
And overthrow them that hate him.
24 My faithfulness and mercy shall be with him.
And througli my name shall liis horn be exalted.
25 I will extend his hand to the sea,
And his right hand to the rivers.
26 He shall say to me, ' Thou art my father,
My God, and the rock of my salvation ! '
27 I will also make him my first-born,
Highest of the kings of the earth.
28 My mercy I will continue to him for ever ;
My covenant with him shall be steadfast.
29 I will make his family to endure for ever ;
And his throne shall be as lasting as the heavens.
SO Should his children forsake my law,
And walk not in my statutes,
31 Should they break my commandments,
And observe not my precepts,
32 I will punish their transgressions with a rod,
And their iniquity with stripes.
33 But my kindness will I not withdraw from him,
Nor suiFer my faithfulness to fail.
34 I will not break my covenant.
Nor alter what hath gone from my lips.
35 Once have I. sworn in my holiness.
That I will not be false unto David.
36 His family shall endure for ever.
And his throne as the sun before me.
162 THE PSALMS. [ps. Lxxxix.
37 It shall be established for ever like the moon ;
Like the faithful witness in the sky."
38 But now thou forsakest and abhorrest,
And art angry with, tliine anointed.
39 Thou hast made void the covenant with thy servant ;
Thou hast cast his crown to the ground.
40 Thou hast broken down all his hedges ;
Thou hast brought_^his strongholds to ruin.
41 All who pass by plunder him ;
He is a reproach to his neighbors. ,
42 Thou hast lifted up the right hand of his enemies ;
Thou hast made all his adversaries to rejoice.
43 Yea, thou hast turned the edge of his sword,
And made him unable to stand in battle.
44 Thou hast brought his glory to an end,
And hast cast down his throne to the ground.
45 Thou hast shortened the days of his youth ;
Thou hast covered him with shame.
46 How long, O Lord ! wilt thou hide thyself for ever ?
How long shall thine anger burn like fire ?
47 Remember how short is my life,
To what frailty thou hast created all men !
48 What man liveth, and seeth not death ?
Who can deliver himself from the underworld ?
49 Where, Lord, is thy former loving-kindness
AVhicli thou didst swear to David in thy truth ?
50 Remember, O Lord ! the reproach of thy servants,
How I bear in my bosom the taunts of all the many nations,
51 With which tliine enemies have reproached me, O Lord !
With which they have reproached the footsteps of thine
anointed !
62 Praised he Jehovah for ever !
Ame)i, yea, amen /
BOOK IV.
PSALM XC.
The eternity of God, and the frailty of man. Prayer for divine mercy and
forbearance.
A prayer of Moses, the man of God.
1 Lord ! tliou hast been our dwelling-place
In all generations !
2 Before the mountains were brought forth,
Or ever thou hadst formed the earth and the world,
Even from everlasting to everlasting thou art God !
3 But man thou turnest again to dust,
And sayst, " Return, ye children of men ! "
4 For a thousand years are, in thy sight,
As yesterday when it is past,
And as a watch in the night.
5 Thou earnest him away as with a flood ;
He is a dream ;
In the morning he springeth up like grass,
6 Which flourisheth and shooteth up in the morning,
And in the evening is cut down, and withered.
7 For we are consumed by thine anger.
And by thy wrath are we destroyed.
8 Thou settest our iniquities before thee.
Our secret sins in the light of thy countenance.
9 By reason of tliine anger all our days vanish away ;
We spend our years like a thought.
10 The days of our life are threescore years and ten.
And, by reason of strength, may be fourscore years :
Yet is the pride of them weariness and sorrow ;
For it vanisheth swiftly, and we fly away.
[163]
164 THE PSALMS. [vs. xci.
11 Yet who attendeth to the j^ower of thine anger ?
Who with due reverence regardeth thine indignation ?
12 Teach us so to number our days,
That we may apply our hearts to wisdom !
13 Desist, O Lord ! How long — ?
Have comi^assion upon thy servants !
14 Satisfy us speedily with thy mercy,
That we may rejoice and be glad all our days !
15 Make us glad according to the time in which thou hast
afflicted us ;
According to the years in which we have seen adversity I
16 Let thy deeds be known to thy servants,
And thy glory to their children !
17 Let the favor of the Lord our God be upon us,
And establish for us the work of our hands ;
Yea, the work of our hands, establish thou it !
PSALM XCL
The safety and happiness of him who puts his trust in God.
1 He who sitteth under the shelter of the Most High
Maketh his abode in the shadow of the Almighty.
2 I say to the Lord, Thou art my refuge and my fortress ;
My God, in whom I trust.
3 Surely he will deliver thee from the snare of the fowler,
And from the wasting pestilence ;
4 He will cover thee with his feathers,
And under his winors shalt thou find refuire ;
His faithfulness shall be thy shield and buckler.
5 Thou shalt not be afraid of the terror of the night,
Nor of the arrow that llieth by day ;
6 Nor of the jiestilcnce that walketh in darkness.
Nor of the plague that destroyeth at noonday.
7 A thousand shall fall by thy side,
And ten thousand at thy right hand ;
But thee it sliall not touch.
8 Thou shalt only behold with thine eyes,
And see the recompense of the wicked.
PS. xcii.] ' THE PSALMS. 165
9 Because tliou hast made the Lord thy refuge,
And the Most High thy habitation,
10 No evil shall befall thee,
Nor any j^lague come near thy dwelling.
11 For he will give his angels charge over thee,
To guard thee in all thy ways.
12 They shall bear thee up in their hands,
Lest thou dash thy foot against a stone.
13 Thou shalt tread upon the lion and the adder;
The young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under
foot.
14 " Because he loveth me, I will deliver him ;
I will set him on high, because he knoweth my name.
15 When he calleth upon me, I will answer him ;
I will be wdth him in trouble ;
I will deliver him, and bring him to honor.
16 With long life will I satisfy him,
And show him my salvation."
PSALM xcn.
Praise to God, as the righteous governor of the world.
A psalm for the Sahhaih-day.
It is a good thing to give thanks to the Lord,
And to sing praises to thy name, O Most High !
To show forth thy loving-kindness in the morning.
And thy faithfulness every night,
Upon the ten-stringed instrument and the lute.
Upon the harp with a solemn sound.
For thou. Lord, hast made me glad by thy doings ;
In the works of thy hands I greatly rejoice !
How great are thy works, 0 Lord !
How deep thy purposes I
But the unwise man knoweth not this,
And the fool understandeth it not.
When the wicked spring up like grass.
And all who practise iniquity flourish,
It is but to be destroyed for ever !
166 THE PSALMS. [ps. xciii.
8 Thou, O Lord ! art for ever exalted !
9 For, lo ! thine enemies, O Lord I
For, lo ! thine enemies perish.
And dispersed are all who do iniquity !
10 But my horn thou exaltest like the buffalo's ;
I am anointed with fresh oil.
11 Mine eye hath gazed with joy upon mine enemies ;
Mine ears have heard with joy of my wicked adversaries.
12 The rigliteous shall flourish like the palm-tree ;
They shall grow ui3 like the cedars of Lebanon ;
13 Planted in the house of the Lord,
They shall flourish in the courts of our God.
14 Even in old age they bring forth fruit ;
They are green, and full of sap ;
15 To show that the Lord, my rock, is upright,
That there is no unrighteousness in him.
PSALM XCIII.
Praise of God* as eternal king, the controller of all nature, and the protectoi
of his people.
1 Jehovah reigneth ; he is clothed with majesty ;
Jehovah is clothed with majesty, and girded with strength ;
Therefore the earth standeth firm, and cannot be moved.
2 Thy throne was established of old ;
Thou art from everlasting !
3 The floods, O Lord ! lift up,
The floods lift up their voice ;
The floods lift up their roaring !
4 Mightier than the voice of many w^aters,
Yea, than the mighty waves of the sea,
Is the Lord in his lofty habitation.
6 Thy promises are most sure ;
Holiness becometh thy house, 0 Lord ! for ever !
PS. xciv.] THE PSALMS. 167
PSALM XCIV.
Prayer for the punishment of the oppressors of the Jewish nation.
1 O Lord ! thou God of vengeance !
O thou God of vengeance ! shine forth !
2 Rouse thyself, thou judge of the earth !
Render a recompense to the proud !
3 How long, O Lord ! shall the wicked,
How long shall the wicked triumph ?
4 How long shall their lips pour forth insolence ?
How long shall all the evil-doers boast ?
5 0 Lord ! they trample upon thy people,
And oppress thine inheritance !
6 They slay the widow, and the stranger,
And murder the fatherless ;
7 And they say, " The Lord doth not see.
The God of Jacob doth not regard ! "
8 Be instructed, ye most stupid of mankind !
0 when, ye fools, will ye be wise ?
9 He that planted the ear, shall he not hear ?
He that formed the eye, shall he not see ?
10 He that chastiseth nations, shall not he punish ?
He that teacheth man knowledge, shall not he know ?
11 The Lord knoweth the thoughts of men,
That they are vanity.
12 Happy the man, O Lord ! whom thou correctest.
Whom by thy teaching thou makest wise ;
13 To give him peace in the days of adversity,
Until a pit be digged for the wicked !
14 For the Lord will not forsake his people,
Nor abandon his own inheritance.
15 For judgment shall return to justice,
And all the upright in heart shall follow it.
16 \Vlio will rise up for me against the wicked ?
Who will stand up for me against the evil-doers ?
17 If the Lord had not been my help,
1 had well niofh dwelt in the land of silence.
18 When I think that my foot is slipping.
Thy goodness, 0 Lord ! holdeth me up.
168 THE PSALMS. [ps. xcv.
19 In tlie multitude of anxieties within me,
Thy consohitions revive my soul.
20 Shall with thee be allied the throne of iniquity,
Which deviseth mischief against law ?
21 They band together against the life of the righteous,
And condemn innocent blood.
22 But the Lord is my fortress,
And my God the rock of my refuge.
23 He will bring upon them their own iniquity ;
Yea, through their own wickedness he will cut them off;
Yea, tlie Lord, our God, will cut them off.
PSALM XCV.
Exhortation to praise and obey God.
1 0 COME, let US sing to the Lord ;
Let us raise a voice of joy to the rock of our salvation !
2 Let us come into his presence with thanksgiving.
And sing joyfully to him with 2:)salms !
3 For Jehovali is a great God ;
Yea, a great king over all gods.
4 In his hands are the depths of the earth ;
His also are the heights of tlie mountains.
6 The sea is his, and he made it ;
The dry land also his hands formed.
6 O come, let us worship and bow down !
Let us kneel before the Lord, our maker !
7 For he is our God,
And we are the people of his pasture and the flock of his
hand.
0 that ye would now hear his voice !
8 " Harden not your hearts as at Meribah [the strife],
As in the day of temptation [Massah] in the wilderness,
9 Where your fathers tempted me
And tried me, although they had seen my works.
10 Forty years was I offended with that generation :
And I said, ' They are a people of a j^ierverse heart,
And who have no regard to my ways.'
11 Therefore I sware, in my wrath.
That they should not enter into my rest."
PS. xcvi.] THE PSALMS. 169
PSALM XCVI.
Exhortation to the praise and worship of God. This psalm is., with some
slight variations, a part of that contained in 1 Chron., chap, xvi., and said
to have been composed by David on the occasion of the translation of the
ark to Mount Zion. See 1 Chron. xvi. 7, 23-33.
1 O SING to Jehovah a new song ;
Sing to Jehovah, all the earth !
2 Sing to Jehovah ; praise his name,
Show forth his salvation fi*om day to day !
3 Proclaim his glory among the nations,
His wonders among all people I
4 For Jehovah is great, and greatly to be praised ;
He is to be feared above all gods.
5 For all the gods of the nations are idols ;
But Jehovah made the heavens.
6 Honor and majesty are before him ;
Glory and beauty are in his holy abode.
7 Give to Jehovah, ye tribes of the people,
Give to Jehovah glory and praise !
8 Give to Jehovah the glory due to his name ;
Bring an offering, and come into his courts !
9 O worship Jehovah in holy attire !
Tremble before him, all the earth !
10 Say among the nations, Jehovah is king ;
i The world shall stand firm ; it shall not be moved ;
He will judge the nations in righteousness.
11 Let the heavens be glad, and the earth rejoice ;'
I Let the sea roar, and the fulness thereof;
12 Let the fields be joyful, with all that is therein ;
1 Let all the trees of the forest rejoice
13 Before Jehovah ! for he cometh,
He cometh to judge the earth !
He will judge the world with justice,
And the nations with faithfulness.
8
170 THE PSALMS. [ps. xcvn.
PSALM XCVII.
Praise to God as the supreme ruler, the punisher of the idolatrous enemies
of the Jews, and the rewarder of his worshippers. This psalm was prob-
ably occasioned by some victory gained by the Jews.
1 The Lord reignetli, let the earth rejoice !
Let the miiltitude of isles be glad !
2 Clouds and darkness are round about him ;
Justice and equity are the foundation of his throne.
3 Before him goeth a fire,
Which burneth up his enemies around.
4 His lio-htninos illumine the world ;
The eartli beholdeth and trembleth.
5 The mountains melt like wax at the presence of the Lord,
At the presence of the Lord of the whole earth.
6 The heavens declare his righteousness,
And all nations behold his glory.
7 Confounded be they who worship graven images,
Who glory in idols !
To him, all ye gods, bow down !
8 Zion hath heard, and is glad,
And the daughters of Judah exult
On account of thy judgments, 0 Lord !
9 For thou, O Lord ! art most high above all the earth ;
Thou art far exalted above all gods !
30 Ye that love the Lord, hate evil !
He preserveth the lives of his servants,
And delivereth them from the hand of the wicked.
11 Light is sown for the righteous,
And joy for the upright in heart.
12 Rejoice, O ye righteous, in the Lord,
And praise his holy name !
PS. xcviii., xcix.] THE PSALMS. 171
PSALM XCVIII.
A psalm of .praise to God for his mighty deeds for his people.
A psalm.
1 Sing to the Lord a new song ;
For lie hath done marvellous things ;
His own right hand and his holy arm have gotten him the
victory !
2 The Lord hath made known his salvation ;
His righteousness hath he manifested in the sight of the
nations.
3 He hath remembered his mercy and truth toward the
house of Israel,
And all the ends of the earth have seen the salvation of
our God.
4 Shout unto the Lord, all the earth !
Break forth into joy, and exult, and sing !
5 Sing to the Lord with the harp.
With the harp, and the voice of song !
6 With clarions, and the sound of trumpets,
Make a joyful noise before the Lord the King !
7 Let the sea roar, and the fulness thereof;
The world, and they that dwell therein ;
8 Let the rivers clap their hands,
And the mountains rejoice together
9 Before the Lord ! for he cometh to judge the earth !
With righteousness will he judge the world,
And the nations with equity.
PSALM XCIX.
Hymn of praise with reference to God's goodness to his people in ancient
times.
1 The Lord reigneth, let the nations tremble !
He sitteth between the cherubs, let the eai'th quake !
2 Great is the Lord upon Zion ;
He is exalted over all the nations.
172 THE PSALMS. ' [I'S. c.
3 Let men praise thy great and terrible name I
It is holy.
4 Let them declare the glory of the King who loveth justice !
Thou hast established equity ;
Thou dost execute justice in Jacob !
5 Exalt ye Jehovah, our God,
And bow yourselves down at his footstool !
He is holy.
6 Moses and Aaron, with his priests,
And Samuel, Vv^ho called upon his name, —
They called upon the Lor.D, and he answered them.
7 He spake to them in tlie cloudy pillar ;
They kept his commandments.
And the ordinances which he gave them.
8 Thou, O Lord, our God ! didst answer them ;
Thou wast to them a forgiving God,
Though thou didst punish their transgressions !
9 Exalt the Lord, our God,
And worship at his holy mountain !
For the Lord, our God, is holy.
PSALM C.
Exhortation to praise God.
. . A psalm of praise.
1 Raise a voice of joy unto the Lord, all ye lands I
2 Serve the Lord with gladness ;
Come before his presence with rejoicing !
3 Know ye that Jehovah is God !
It is he that made us, and we are his,
His people, and the flock of his pasture.
4 Enter into his gates with thanksgiving.
And his courts with praise ;
Be thankful to him, and bless his name !
5 For the Lord is good ; his mercy is everlasting ;
And his truth endureth to all generations.
PS. CI., cii.] THE PSALMS. 173
PSALM CI.
Jlesolution of a king to govern -vvith justice. This psalm is supposed to have
been composed by David, when he removed the ark to Mount Zion.
A psalm of David. •
1 I WILL sing of mercy and justice ;
To thee, O Lord ! will I sing !
2 I will have regard to the way of uprightness :
"\Ylien thou shidt come to me,
I will walk within my house with an upright heart.
3 I will set no wicked thing before mine eyes ;
I hate the work of evil-doers ;
It shall not cleave to me.
4 The perverse in heart shall be flir from me ;
I will not know a wicked person.
5 Whoso slandereth his neighbor in secret, him will I cut
off;
Him that hath a haughty look and a proud heart I will not
endure.
6 Mine eyes shall be upon the faithful of the land, that they
may dwell with me ;
He that walketh in the way of uprightness shall serve me.
7 He who practiseth deceit shall not dwell in my house ;
He who telleth lies shall not remain in my sight.
8 Every morning will I destroy the wicked of the land.
That I may cut off all evil-doers from the city of the Lord.
PSALM CIL
Prayer in affliction and for restoration from captivity. This psalm was un-
doubtedly composed in the time of the captivity, and probably near the
close of it, when hopes were cherished of a restoration.
A prayer of the afflicted, when in deep distress he poureth out his complaint
before the Lord,
1 Hear my prayer, 0 Lord !
And let my cry come unto thee !
2 Hide not thy face from me in the day of my trouble ;
Incline thine ear to me when I call ;
Answer me speedily !
174 THE PSALMS. [ps. cu
3 For my life is consumed like smoke,
And my bones burn like a brand.
4 My heart is smitten and withered like grass ;
Yea, I forget to eat my bread.
5 By reason of my sighing, my bones cleave to my skin ;
6 I am like the pelican of the wilderness ;
I am like an owl amid ruins.
7 I am sleepless ;
I am like a solitary bird upon the house-top.
8 All the day long my enemies reproach me ;
They who rage against me curse by me.
9 For I eat ashes like bread,
And mingle my drink with tears,
10 On account of thine indignation and thy wrath ;
For thou hast lifted me up and cast me down !
11 My life is like a declining shadow,
And I wither like grass.
12 But thou, O Lord ! endurest for ever,
And thy name from generation to generation !
13 Thou wilt arise and have pity upon Zion,
For the time to favor her, yea, the set time, is come.
14 For thy servants take pleasure in her stones ;
Yea, they have a regard for her dust.
15 Then shall the nations fear the name of Jehovah,
And all the kings of the earth thy glory.
16 For Jehovah will build up Zion ;
He will appear in his glory.
17 He will regard the prayer of the destitute,
And not despise their supplication.
18 This shall be written for the generation to come,
That the people to be born may praise Jehovah.
19 For he looketli down from his holy height.
From heaven doth he cast his eye upon the earth,
20 To listen to the sighs of the prisoner.
To release those that are doomed to death ;
21 Tliat they may declare the name of Jehovah in Zion,
And his praise in Jerusalem,
22 AVlien the nations are assembled together,
And the kingdoms to serve Jehovah.
23 He hath weakened my strength on the way,
He hath shortened my days.
PS. cm.] THE PSALMS. 175
2i I say, 0 my God ! take me not away in the midst of my
days !
Thy years endure through all generations.
25 Of old hast thou laid the foundations of the earth,
And the heavens are the work of thy hands ;
26 They shall perish, but thou shalt endure ;
Yea, all of them shall wax old like a garment ;
As a vesture shalt thou change them,
And they shall be chaDged ;
27 But thou art the same.
And thy years have no end.
28 The children of thy servants shall dwell securely.
And their posterity shall be established before thee.
PSALM cm.
Praise to God for his righteousness and mercy, especially towards his people
A psalm of David.
1 Bless the Lord, O my soul !
And all that is within me, bless his holy name !
2 Bless the Lord, 0 my soul !
And forget not all his benefits !
3 Who forgiveth all thine iniquities ;
Who healeth all thy diseases ;
4 Who redeemeth thy life from the grave ;
Who crowneth thee with loving-kindness and tender mer-
cies ;
5 Who satisfieth thine old age with good.
So that thy youth is renewed like the eagle's.
6 The Lord executeth justice
And equity for all the oppressed.
7 He made known his ways to Moses,
His doings to the children of Israel.
8 The Lord is merciful and kind,
Slow to anger and rich in mercy.
9 He doth not always chide,
Kor doth he keep his anger for ever.
10 He hath not dealt wdth us according to our sins,
Nor requited us according to our iniquities.
176 THE PSALMS. [ps. civ.
11 As high as are the heavens above the earth,
So great is his mercy to them that fear him.
12 As far as the east is from the west,
So far hath he removed our transgressions from us.
13 Even as a father pitieth his children,
So the Lord pitieth them that fear him.
14 For he knoweth our frame,
He remembereth that we are dust.
15 As for man, his days are as grass ;
As a flower of the field, so he flourisheth.
16 The wind passeth over it, and it is gone ;
And its place shall know it no more.
17 But the mercy of the Lord is from everlasting to ever-
lasting to them that fear him,
And his righteousness to childi'en's children,
18 To such as keep his covenant.
And remember his commandments to do them.
19 The Lord hath established his throne in the heavens,
And his kingdom ruleth over all.
20 Bless the Lord, ye his angels,
Ye mighty ones who do his commands,
Hearkening to the voice of his word !
21 Bless the Lord, all ye his hosts ;
Ye, his mmisters, who do his pleasure !
22 Bless the Lord, all his works,
In all places of his dominion !
Bless the Lord, 0 my soul !
PSALM CIV.
The power and goodness of God, as displayed iu the works of creation and
providence.
1 Bless the Lord, O my soul !
O Lord, my God ! thou art very great !
Thou art clothed with glory and majesty !
2 He covereth himself with light as with a garment ;
He spreadeth out the heavens like a curtain ;
3 He layeth the beams of his chambers in the waters ;
He makcth the clouds his chariot ;
He ridcth upon the wdngs of the wind.
PS. CIV.] THE PSALMS. 177
4 He maketh the winds his messengers,
The flaming lightnings his ministers.
5 He established the earth on its foundations ;
It shall not be removed for ever.
6 Thou didst cover it with the deep as with a garment ;
The waters stood above the mountains !
7 At thy rebuke they fled ;
At the voice of thy thunder they hasted away.
8 The mountains rose, the valleys sank,
In the place which thou didst appoint for them.
9 Thou hast established a bound which the waters may not
pass,
That they may not return, and cover the earth.
10 He sendeth forth the springs in brooks ;
They run among the mountains ;
11 They give drink to all the beasts of the forest ;
In them the wild asses quench their thirst.
12 About them the birds of heaven have their habitation ;
They sing among the branches.
13 He watereth the hills from his chambers ;
The earth is satisfied with the fruit of thy works !
14 He causeth grass to spring up for cattle.
And herbage for the service of man,
To bring forth food out of the earth,
15 And wine that gladdeneth the heart of man.
Making his face to shine more than oil,
And bread that strengtheneth man's heart.
16 The trees of the Lord are full of sap,
The cedars of Lebanon, which he hath planted ;
17 There the birds build their nests ;
In the cypresses the stork hath her abode.
18 The high hills are a refuge for the wild goats.
And the rocks for the conies.
19 He appointed the moon to mark seasons ;
The sun knoweth when to go down.
20 Thou makest darkness, and it is night,
When all the beasts of the forest go forth !
21 The young lions roar for prey,
And seek their food from God.
22 When the sun ariseth, they withdraw themselves,
And lie down in their dens.
8*
178 THE PSALMS. [PS. CIV.
23 Man goeth forth to liis work,
And to his labor, until the evening.
24 O Lord ! how manifold are thy works !
In wisdom hast thou made them all !
The earth is full of thy riches !
25 Lo ! this great and wide sea !
In it are moving creatures without number,
Animals small and great.
26 There go the ships ;
There is the leviathan, which thou hast made to play -
therein.
27 All these wait on thee
To give them their food in due season.
28 Thou givest it to them, they gather it ;
Thou openest thine hand, they are satisfied with good.
29 Thou hidest thy face, they are confounded ;
Thou takest away their breath, they die,
And return to the dust.
30 Thou sendest forth thy spirit, they are created,
And thou renewest the face of the earth.
31 The glory of the Lord shall endure for ever ;
The Lord shall rejoice in liis works ;
32 He looketh on the earth, and it trembleth ;
He toucheth the hills, and they smoke.
33 I will sing to the Lord as long as I live,
I will sing jiraise to my God while I have my being.
34 May my meditation be acceptable to him !
I will rejoice in the Lord.
35 May sinners perish from the earth,
And the wicked be no more !
Bless the Lord, O my soul !
Praise ye the Lord !
*»«. cv.] THE PSALMS. 179
PSALM CV.
Commemoration of God's faithfulness and goodness to the nation of Israel
from the earliest period of their histoiy. The first fifteen verses of this
psahn are a part of David's hymn on tlie removal of the ark to Zion, con-
tained in 1 (Jhron. xvi. 8-22.
3 O GIVE thanks unto the Lord ;
Call upon his name ;
Make known his deeds among the people !
2 Sing unto him ; sing psalms unto him ;
Tell je of all his wondrous works !
3 Glory ye in his holy name ;
Let the hearts of them that seek the Lord rejoice !
4 Seek the Lord, and his majesty ;
Seek his face continually !
5 Rernember the wonders he hath wrought,
His miracles and the judgments of his mouth,
6 Ye offspring of Abraham his servant,
Ye children of Jacob his chosen !
7 Jehovah, he is our God,
His judgments are over all the earth.
8 He remembereth his covenant for ever,
And the promise to a thousand generations ;
9 The covenant which he made with Abraham,
And the oath which he gave to Isaac ;
10 Which he confirmed to Jacob for a decree,
And to Israel for an everlastins: covenant.
11 " To thee," said he, " will I give the land of Canaan
For the lot of your inheritance."
12 A^Hien they were yet few in number.
Very few, and strangers in the land ;
13 When they went from nation to nation,
From one kingdom to another people,
14 He suffered no man to oppress them;
Yea, he rebuked kings for their sakes.
15 " Touch not," said he, '' mine anointed,
And do my prophets no harm ! "
16 Again, when he commanded a fiimine in the land,
And broke the whole staff of bread,
180 THE PSAL5IS. [PS. cv.
17 He sent a man before tliem ;
Joseph was sold as a slave.
18 His feet they hurt with fetters ;
He was bound in chains of iron ;
19 Until his prediction came to pass,
And the word of the Lord proved him.
20 Then the king sent, and loosed him ;
The ruler of nations, and set him free ; ' ■
21 He made him governor of his house,
And lord of all his possessions ;
22 To bind his princes at his pleasure, -
And teach his counsellors wisdom.
23 Israel also came into Egypt,
And Jacob sojourned in the land of Ham ;
24 Where God increased his people greatly.
And made them stronger than their enemies.
25 He turned their hearts to hate his people,
And form devices against his servants.
26 Then sent he Moses his servant,
And Aaron, whom he had chosen.
27 They showed his sii2fns amonof them.
And his wonders in the land of Ham.
28 He sent darkness upon them, and made it dark ;
And they did not disobey his word.
29 He turned their waters into blood,
And caused their fish to die.
30 Their land brought forth frogs in abundance,
Even in the chambers of their kings.
31 He spake, and there came flies,
And lice in all their coasts.
32 Instead of rain he gave tliem hail,
And flaming fire in tlieir land.
S3 He smote also their vines and fiir-trees.
And broke the trees of their coasts.
34 He spake, and the locusts came.
Destructive locusts without number,
33 "N^Hiich ate up all the herbage in their land,
And devoured the fruits of their fields.
36 Then he smote all the first-born in their land,
The first-fruits of ^11 their strength.
PS. cvi.] THE PSALMS. 181
37 He led forth his people with silver and gold ;
Nor was there one feeble person in all their tribes.
38 Egypt was glad when they departed,
For their terror had fallen upon them.
39 He spread out a cloud for a covering,
And fire to give light by night.
40 They asked, and he brought quails.
And satisfied them with the bread of heaven.
41 He opened the rock, and the waters gushed forth,
And ran in the dry places like a river.
42 For he remembered his holy promise,
"Which he had made to Abraham his servant;
43 And he led forth his people with joy,
And his chosen with gladness.
44 He gave to them the lands of the nations,
And they inherited the labor of the peoples ;
45 That they might observe his statutes.
And obey his laws.
Praise ye the Lord !
PSALM CVI.
Commemoration of the national sins of the Jews throughout their history,
and of God's mercies to them. This is evidently a psalm of the captivity.
See verses 46, 47.
1 Praise ye the Lord !
O give thanks to the Lord, for he is good ;
For his mercy endureth for ever !
2 Who can utter the mighty deeds of the Lord ?
Who can show forth all his praise ?
3 Happy are they who have regard to justice,
Wlio practise righteousness at all times !
4 Remember me, 0 Lord ! with the favor promised to thy
people ;
O visit me with thy salvation !
5 That I may see the prosperity of thy chosen,
That I may rejoice in the joy of thy people,
That I may glory with tliine inheritance I
182 THE PSALMS. [ps. cvl
6 We have sinned with our fathers ;
We have committed iniquity ; we have done wickedly.
7 Our fathers in Egypt did not regard thy wonders ;
They remembered not the multitude of thy mercies ;
But rebelled at the sea, the Red sea.
8 Yet he saved them for his own name's sake,
That he might make his mighty power to be known.
9 He rebuked the Red sea, and it was dried up,
And he led them through the deep as through a desert,
iv) He saved them from the hand of him that hated them,
And redeemed them from the hand of the enemy.
11 The waters covered their enemies ;
There was not one of them left.
12 Then believed they his words,
And sang his praise.
13 But they soon forgot his deeds,
And waited not for his counsel.
14 They gave way to appetite in the wilderness,
And tempted God in the desert ;
15 And he gave them thvAr request.
But sent upon them k^anness.
16 Tliey also envied Moses in the camp,
And Aaron, the holy one of the Lord.
17 Then the earth opened, and swallowed up Dathan,
And covered the company of Abiram,
18 And a fire was kindled in their company ;
The flames burned up the wicked.
19 They made a calf in Horeb,
And worshipped a molten image ;
20 They changed their God of glory
Into the image of a grass-eating ox.
21 They forgot God, their saviour,
Who had done such great things in Egypt,
22 Such wonders in the land of Ham,
Such terrible things at the Red sea.
23 Then he said that he would destroy them ;
Had not ]\Ioses, his chosen, stood before him in the breach,
To turn away his wrath, that he might not destroy them.
24 Tiiey also des[)ised the pleasant laud.
And believed not his word ;
PS. cvi.] THE PSALMS. 183
25 But murmured in their tents,
And would not hearken to the voice of the Lord.
26 Then he lifted up his hand against them,
And swore that he would make them fall in the wilderness ;
27 That he would overthrow their descendants among the
nations.
And scatter them in the lands.
28 They also gave themselves to the worship of Baal-peor,
And ate sacrifices offered to lifeless idols.
29 Thus they provoked his anger by their practices,
And a plague broke in upon them.
30 Then stODd up Phinehas, and executed judgment,
And the plague was stayed.
31 And this was counted to him for righteousness,
To all generations for ever.
32 They provoked him also at the waters of Meribah
And evil befell Moses on their account. [strife],
33 For they provoked his spirit.
So that he spake inconsiderately with his lips.
34 They did not destroy the nations.
As Jehovah had commanded them.
35 They mingled themselves with the peoples.
And learned their practices.
M They even worshipped their idols,
AYhich became to them a snare.
37 Their sons and their daughters they sacrificed to demons,
38 And shed innocent blood,
The blood of their own sons and daughters.
Whom they sacrificed to the idols of Canaan ;
And the land was polluted with blood.
39 Thus they defiled themselves with their works,
And played the harlot with their practices.
40 Then burned the anger of the Lord against his people,
So that he abhorred his own inheritance.
41 And he gave them into the hand of the nations,
And they who hated them ruled over them.
42 Their enemies oppressed them,
And they were bowed down under their hand.
43 Many times did he deliver them ;
But they provoked him by their devices,
And they were brought low for their iniquities.
184 THE PSALMS. \fs. cir.
44 Yet, when lie heard their cries,
He had regard to their afiSiction ;
45 He remembered his covenant with them.
And repented according to the greatness of his mercj,
46 And caused them to find pity
Among all that carried them captive.
47 Save us, 0 Jehovah, our God ! and gather us from among
the nations,
That we may give thanks to thy holy name,
And glory in thy praise !
48 Messed he Jehovah, the God of Israel,
From everlasting to everlasting !
And let all the people say, Amen !
Praise ye Jehovah !
BOOK Y.
PSALM CVII.
The goodness of God to various classes of men, in delivering them from
calamities of various kinds. Tliis psalm appears from its contents to have
been composed some time after the return from the Babylonish captivity.
1 O GIVE thanks to the Lord, for he is good ;
For his mercy endureth for ever !
2 Let the redeemed of the Lord say it,
Whom he hath redeemed from the hand of the enemy ;
3 Whom he hath gathered from the lands,
From the east, the west, the north, and the south.
4 They were wandering in the wilderness, in a desert,
They found no way to a city to dwell in.
5 They were hungry and thirsty,
And their souls fainted within them.
6 Then they cried to the Lord in their trouble,
And he delivered them out of theu' distress.
7 He led them in a straight way.
Till they came to a city where they might dwell.
8 O let them praise the Lord for his goodness,
For his wonderful works to the children of men !
9 For he satisfieth the thirsty.
And the hungry he filleth with good.
10 They dwelt in darkness and the shadow of death,
Being bound in affliction and iron ;
11 Because they disobeyed the commands of God,
And contemned the will of the Most High ;
12 Their hearts he brought down by hardship ;
They fell down, and there was none to help.
13 But they cried to the Lord in their trouble.
And he saved them out of their distresses ;
[185]
186 THE PSALMS. [ps. cvii-
14 He brouglit them out of darkness and the shadow of death,
And brake their bands asunder.
15 O let them praise the Lord for his goodness,
For his wonderful works to the children of men !
16 For he hath broken the gates of brass,
And cut the bars of iron asunder.
17 The foolish, because of their transgressions,
And because of their iniquities, were afflicted ;
18 They abhorred all kinds of food ;
They were near to the gates of death.
19 Then they cried to the Lord in their trouble,
And he delivered them out of their distresses ;
20 He sent his word, and healed them.
And saved them from their destruction.
21 O let them praise the Lord for his goodness,
For his wonderful works to the children of men !
22 Let them offer the sacrifices of thanksgiving,
And declare his works with joy !
23 They who go down to the sea in ships.
And do business in great waters,
24 These see the works of the Lord,
And his wonders in the deep.
25 He commandetli, and raiseth the stormy wind,
Which lifteth high the waves.
26 They mount up to the heavens,
They sink down to the depths.
Their soul melteth with distress ;
27 They reel and stagger like a drunken man.
And all their skill is vain.
28 Tlien they cry to the Lord in their trouble,
And he saveth them out of their distresses ;
29 He turneth the storm into a calm,
And the waves are hushed ;
30 Then they rejoice that they are still.
And he bringeth them to their desired haven,
31 O let them praise the Lord for his goodness,
For his wonderful works to the children of men !
32 Let them extol him in the congregation of the people,
And praise him in the assembly of the elders !
PS. cviii.] THE PSALMS. 187
33 He turneth rivers into a desert,
And springs of water into dry ground ;
34 A fruitful land into barrenness,
For the wickedness of them that dwell therein.
35 He turneth the desert into a lake of water,
And dry ground into springs of water ;
36 And there he causeth the hungry to dwell.
And they build a city for a dwelling-place,
37 And sow fields and plant vineyards,
Which yield a fruitful increase.
38 He blesseth them, so that they multiply greatly,
And sufFereth not their cattle to decrease.
39 When they are diminished and brought low
By oj^pression, affliction, and sorrow,
40 He poureth contempt upon princes,
And causeth them to wander in a patliless wilderness ;
41 But he raiseth the poor from their affliction.
And increaseth their families like a flock.
42 The righteous see it and rejoice,
And all iniquity shutteth her mouth.
43 Whoso is wise, let him observe this.
And have regard to the loving-kindness of the Lord !
PSALM CVHL
Prayer for deliverance from enemies ; expression of assurance of it. This
psalm is composed of parts of two other psalms; namely, Ps. Ivii. 7-11,
and Ps. Ix. 5-12. It has been conjectured that it was compiled for some
public occasion in the later period of the Jewish nation.
A psalm of David.
1 O God ! my heart is strengthened !
I will sins: aiTcl mve thanks.
2 Awake, my soul ! awake, my psaltery and harp !
I will wake with the early dawn.
3 I will praise thee, O Lord ! among the nations ;
I will sing to thee among the peoj^les !
4 For thy mercy reacheth to the heavens,
And thy truth above the clouds.
5 Exalt thyself, O God ! above the heavens,
And thy glory above all the earth !
188 THE PSALMS. [^s. cix.
6 That thy beloved ones may be delivered,
Save with thy right hand, and answer me !
7 God promiseth in his holiness ; I will rejoice
I shall yet divide Shechem,
And measure out the valley of Succoth ;
8 Gilead shall be mine, and mine Manasseh ;
Ephraim shall be my helmet.
And Judah my sceptre.
9 Moab shall be my washbowl ;
Upon Edom shall I cast my shoe ;
I shall triumph over Philistia.
10 Who will bring me to the strong city ?
IVlio will lead me into Edom ?
11 Wilt not tliou, 0 God ! who didst forsake us,
"SYlio didst not go forth with our armies ?
12 Give us thine aid in our distress,
For vain is the help of man !
13 Tlirough God we shall do valiantly ;
For he will tread down our enemies.
PSALM CIX.
Prayer against enemies.
Far the leader of the mvsic. A psalm of David,
1 0 God of my praise I be not silent !
2 For the mouths of the wicked and the deceitful are opened
against me ;
They speak against me with a lying tongue.
3 They assault me on every side with words of hatred ;
They fight against me without a cause. *
4 For my love they are my adversaries :
But I give myself unto prayer.
5 They repay me evil for good.
And hatred for love.
6 Set thou a wicked man over him.
And let an adversary stand at his right hand I
7 When he is judged, may he be condenmed,
And may his prayer be a crime !
PS. cix.] THE PSALMS. 189
8 May his days be few,
And another take his office !
9 May his children be fatherless,
And his wife a widow !
10 May his children be vagabonds and beggars,
And from their ruined dwellings seek their bread !
11 May a creditor seize on all that he hath,
And a stranger plunder his substance !
12 May there be none to show him compassion,
And none to pity his fatherless children !
13 May his posterity be cut off ;
In the next generation may his name be blotted out !
14 May the iniquity of his fathers be remembered by the
Lord,
And may the sin of his mother never be blotted out !
15 May they be before the Lord continually ;
And may he cut off their memory from the earth !
16 Because he remembered not to show pity,
But persecuted the afflicted and the poor man,
And sought the death of the broken-hearted.
17 As he loved cursing, let it come upon him ;
As he delighted not in blessing, let it be far from him !
18 May he be clothed with cursing as with a garment ;
May it enter like water into his bowels.
And like oil into his bones !
19 May it be to him like the robe that covereth him.
Like the girdle with which he is constantly girded !
20 May this be the wages of mine adversaries from the Lord,
And of them that speak evil against me !
21 But do thou, O Lord, my God ! take part with me,
For thine own name's sake !
Because great is thy mercy, O deliver me !
22 For I am afflicted and needy,
And my heart is wounded within me.
23 I am going like a shadow ;
I am driven away as the locust.
24 My knees totter from fasting,
And my flesh faileth of fatness.
25 I am a reproach to my enemies ;
They gaze at me ; they shake their heads.
26 Help me, O Lord, my God !
O save me, according to thy mercy !
190 THE PSALMS. [ps. ex.
27 Tliat they may know that this is thy hand ;
That thou, 0 Lord ! hast done it !
28 Let them curse, but do thou bless !
When they arise, let them be put to shame ;
But let thy servant rejoice !
29 May my enemies be clothed with ignominy ;
May they be covered with their shame, as with a mantle !
30 I will earnestly praise the Lord with my lips ;
In the midst of the multitude I will praise him.
31 For he standeth at the right hand of the poor,
To save him from those who would condemn him.
PSALM ex.
Promise to the king on Mount Zion that he should be victorious over all his
enemies, and have priestly as well as regal dignity.
A psalm of David.
1 Jehovah said to ray lord,
" Sit thou at my right hand,
Until I make thy foes thy footstool."
2 Jehovah will extend the sceptre of thy power from Zion :
Rule thou in the midst of thine enemies !
3 Thy people shall be ready, when thou musterest thy
forces, in holy splendor ;
Thy youth shall come forth like dew from the womb of
the morning.
4 Jehovah hath sworn, and he will not repent :
" Thou art a priest for ever,
After the order of Melchisedeck ! "
5 The Lord is at thy right hand.
He shall crush kings in the day of his wrath.
6 He shall execute justice among the nations ;
He shall fill them with dead bodies,
He shall crush the heads of his enemies over many lands.
7 He shall drink of the brook in the way ;
Therefore shall he lift up his head.
PS. CXI., cxn.] THE PSALMS. 191
PSALM CXI.
Hymn of praise for God's goodness to his people, in his works and word.
1 Praise ye the Lord !
I will praise the Lord with my whole heart,
In the assembly of the righteous, and in the congregation.
2 The works of the Lord are great,
Sought out by all who have pleasure in them.
3 His deeds are honorable and glorious.
And his righteousness endureth for ever.
4 He hath established a memorial of his wonders ;
The Lord is gracious and full of compassion.
5 He giveth meat to them that fear him ;
He is ever mindful of his covenant.
6 He showed his people the greatness of his works,
When he gave them the inheritance of the heathen.
7 The deeds of his hands are truth and justice ;
All his commandments are sure ;
8 They stand firm for ever and ever.
Being founded in truth and justice.
9 He sent redemption to his people ;
He established his covenant for ever ;
Holy, and to be had in reverence, is his name.
10 The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom ;
A good understanding have all they who keep his com-
mandments ;
His praise endureth for ever.
PSALM cxn.
The blessedness of the righteous man.
1 Praise ye the Lord !
Happy the man who feareth the Lord,
Who taketh delight in his commandments !
2 His posterity shall be mighty on the earth ;
The race of the righteous shall be blessed.
3 Wealth and riches shall be in his house ;
His righteousness shall endure for ever.
192 THE PSALMS. [ps. cxin.
4 To the righteous shall arise light out of darkness ;
He is gracious and full of compassion and righteousness.
5 Happy the man who hath pity and lendeth !
He shall sustain his cause in judgment ;
6 Yea, he shall never be moved :
The rio-hteous shall be in everlastincj remembrance.
7 He is not afraid of evil tidings ;
His heart is firm, trusting in the Lord.
P His heart is firm ; he hath no fear,
Till he see his desire upon his enemies.
9 He hath scattered blessings ; he hath given to the poor ;
His righteousness shall endure for ever ;
His horn shall be exalted with honor.
10 The wicked shall see, and be grieved ;
He shall gnash his teeth, and melt away ;
The desire of the wicked shall perish.
PSALM CXIII.
Praise to God for his condescending goodness.
1 Praise ye the Lord !
Praise, 0 ye servants of the Lord !
Praise the name of the Lord !
2 Blessed be the name of the Lord
From this time forth, even for ever !
3 From the rising of the sun to its going down,
May the Lord's name be praised 1
4 The Lord is high above all nations ;
His glory is above the heavens.
5 Who is like the Lord, our God,
That dwelleth on high,
6 That looketh down low
Upon the heavens and the earth ?
7 He raiseth the poor from the dust,
And exalteth the needy from the dungliill, .
8 To set him among princes,
Even among the princes of his people.
9 He causeth the barren woman to dwell in a house,
A joyful mother of children.
Praise ye the Lord !
PS. cxiv., cxv.] THE PSALMS. 193
PSALM CXIV.
On the coming forth from Egypt, under the guidance of God.
1 "When Israel came forth from Egypt,
The house of Jacob from a people of strange language,
2 Judah was his sanctuary,
And Israel his dominion.
3 The sea beheld, and fled ;
The Jordan turned back.
4 The mountains ski23iDed like rams,
And the hills like lambs.
6 What aileth thee, O thou sea ! that thou fleest ?
Thou, Jordan, that thou turnest back ?
6 Ye mountains, that ye skip like rams,
And ye hills like lambs ?
7 Tremble, O earth ! at the presence of the Lord,
At the presence of the God of Jacob ;
8 Who turned the rock into a standing lake,
And the flint into a fountain of water I
PSALM CXV.
Prayer that Jehovah would display his glory as the true God, by giving aid
to his people against the worshippers of idols.
1 Not unto us, 0 Lord ! not unto us,
But unto thy name, give glory,
For thy mercy and thy truth's sake !
2 Why should the nations say,
" Where is now their God ? "
3 Our God is in the heavens ;
He doeth whatever he pleaseth.
4 Their idols are silver and gold.
The work of men's hands :
6 They have mouths, but they speak not ;
Eyes have they, but they see not ;
6 They have ears, but they hear not ;
Noses have they, but they smell not ;
9
194 THE PSALMS. L^s. cxvi.
7 They li'ave hands, but they handle not ;
They have feet, but they walk not ;
Nor do they speak with their throats.
8 They who make them are like unto them ;
And so is every one that trusteth in them.
9 O Israel ! trust thou in the Lord !
He is their help and their shield.
10 O house of Aaron ! trust ye in the Lord !
He is their help and their shield.
11 Ye that fear the Lord trust in the Lord !
He is their help and their shield.
12 The Lord hath been mindful of us ; he will bless us ;
He will bless the house of Israel ;
He will bless the house of Aaron.
13 He will bless them that fear the Lord, both small and
great.
14 The Lord will increase you more and more,
You and your children.
15 Blessed are ye of the Lord,
Who made heaven and earth.
16 The heaven is the Lord's heaven ;
But the earth he hath given to the sons of men.
17 The dead praise not the Lord, —
No one who goeth down into silence.
18 But we will bless the Lord,
From this time forth even for ever !
Praise ye the Lord !
PSALM CXVI.
Thanksgiving for deliverance from distress.
1 I REJOICE that the Lord hath heard the voice of my
supplication,
2 That he hatli inclined his ear to me and heard me ;
I will call upon him as long as I live.
3 The snares of death encompassed me,
And the pains of the underworld seized upon me ;
I found distress and sorrow.
4 Then called I upon the Lord :
0 Lord ! deliver me I
PS. cxvi.] THE PSALMS. 195
5 Gracious is the Lord, and righteous ;
Yea, our God is merciful.
6 The Lord preserveth the simple ;
I was brought low, and he helped me.
7 Return, O my soul ! to thy rest !
For the Lord hath dealt kindly with thee.
8 For thou hast preserved me from death ;
Thou hast kept mine eyes from tears,
And my feet from falling !
9 I shall walk before the Lord,
In the land of the living.
10 I had trust, although I said,
" I am grievously afflicted ! "
11 I said in my distress,
" All men are liars."
12 What shall I render to the Lord
For all his benefits to me ?
13 I will take the cup of salvation,
And call upon the name of the Lord ;
14 I will pay my vows to the Lord,
In the presence of all his people.
15 Precious in the eyes of the Lord
Is the death of his holy ones.
16 Hear, 0 Lord ! for I am thy servant ;
I am thy servant, the son of thy handmaid !
Thou hast loosed my bonds.
17 I will offer to thee the sacrifice of thanksgiving,
And will call upon the name of the Lord.
18 I will pay my vows to the Lord
In the presence of all his people,
19 In the courts of the house of the Lord,
In the midst of thee, O Jerusalem I
Praise ye the Lord !
196 THE PSALMS. [ps. cxvn., cxvm.
PSALM CXVII.
A psalm of praise.
1 Praise the Lord, all ye nations !
Praise him, all ye people !
2 For great toward us hath been his kindness,
And the faitlifulness of the Lord endureth for ever.
Praise ye the Lord !
PSALM CXVIIL
A psalm of public thanksgiving and triumph for deliverance from danger
and victory over enemies.
1 O GIVE thanks to the Lord, for he is good ;
For his kindness endureth for ever !
2 Let Israel now say,
His kindness endureth for ever !
3 Let the house of Aaron now say.
His goodness endureth for ever !
4 Let all who fear the Lord say,
His kindness endureth for ever !
6 I called upon the Lord in distress ;
He heard, and set me in a wide place.
6 The Lord is on my side, I will not fear :
Wliat can man do to me ?
7 The Lord is my helper ;
I shall see my desire upon my enemies,
8 It is better to trust in the Lord
Than to put confidence in man ;
9 It is better to trust in the Lord
Than to put confidence in prmces.
10 All the nations beset me around.
But in the name of the Lord I destroyed them.
11 They beset me on every side ;
But in the name of the Lord I destroyed them.
12 They beset me around like bees ;
They were quenched like the fire of thorns,
For in the name of the Lord I destroyed them.
PS. cxvm.] THE PSALMS. 197
13 Thou didst assail me with violence to bring me down !
But the Lord was my support.
14 The Lord is my glory and my song ;
For to him I owe my salvation.
15 The voice of joy and salvation is in the habitations of the
righteous :
" The right hand of the Lord doeth valiantly ;
16 The right hand of the Lord is exalted ;
The right hand of the Lord doeth valiantly."
17 I shall not die, but live,
And declare the deeds of the Lord.
18 The Lord hath sorely chastened me,
But he hath not given me over to death.
19 Open to me the gates of righteousness.
That I may go in, and praise the Lord !
20 This is the gate of the Lord,
Throuo;h which the rio-hteous enter.
21 I praise thee that thou hast heard me,
And hast been my salvation.
22 " The stone which the builders rejected
Hath become the chief corner-stone.
23 This is the Lord's doing ;
It is marvellous in our eyes !
2-1 This is the day which the Lord hath made ;
Let us rejoice and be glad in it !
25 Hear, 0 Lord ! and bless us !
Hear, O Lord ! and send us prosperity ! "
26 " Blessed be he that cometh in the name of the Lord !
We bless you from the house of the Lord."
27 " Jehovah is God, he hath shone upon us :
Bind the sacrifice with cords to the horns of the altar ! "
28 Thou art my God, and I will praise thee ;
Thou art my God, and I will exalt thee !
29 O give thanks to the Lord, for he is good ;
For his kindness endureth for ever !
198 THE PSALMS. [ps. cxix.
PSALM CXIX.
The excellence of the divine laws, and the happiness of those who obser\'e
them. The aim of the poet seems to have been to present these two ideas
in every possible variety of expression.
1 Happy are they who are upright in their way,
Who walk in the hiw of the Lord !
2 Happy are they who observe his ordinances,
And seek him with their whole heart ;
3 Who also do no iniquity,
But walk in his ways !
4 Thou hast commanded us to keep thy precepts diligently.
5 O that my ways were directed to keep thy statutes !
6 Then shall I not be put to shame,
When I have respect to all thy commandments.
7 I will praise thee in uprightness of heart,
When I shall have learned thy righteous laws.
8 I will keep thy statutes ;
Do not utterly forsake me !
9 How shall a young man keep his way pure ?
By taking heed to it according to thy word.
10 With my whole heart have I sought thee ;
0 let me not wander from thy commandments !
11 Thy word have I hid in my heart.
That I might not sin aijainst thee.
12 Blessed be thou, O Lord !
0 teach me thy statutes !
13 With my lips do I declare
All the precepts of thy mouth.
14 In the way of thine ordinances I rejoice
As much as in all riches.
15 I meditate on thy precepts.
And have respect unto thy ways.
16 I delight myself in thy statutes ;
1 do not forget thy word.
17 Deal kindly with thy servant, that I may live,
And have regard to thy word !
PS. cxix.] THE PSALMS. 199
18 Open thou mine eyes,
That I may behold wondrous things out of thy law !
19 I am a stranger in the earth ;
O hide not thy precepts from me !
20 My soul breaketh within me,
On account of longing for thy judgments at all times.
21 Thou rebukest the proud, the accursed,
Who wander from thy commandments.
22 Eemove from me reproach and contempt,
For I have kept thine ordinances !
23 Princes sit and speak against me,
But thy servant meditate th on thy statutes.
24 Thine ordinances are my delight ;
Yea, they are my counsellors.
25 My soul cleaveth to the dust ;
O revive me, according to thy word !
26 I have declared my ways, and thou hast heard me ;
Teach m.e thy statutes !
27 Make me to understand the way of thy precepts !
So will I meditate upon thy wonders.
28 My soul weepeth for trouble ;
O lift me up according to thy promise !
29 Remove from me the way of falsehood,
And graciously grant me thy law !
30 I have chosen the way of truth,
And set thy statutes before me.
SI I cleave to thine ordinances ;
O Lord ! let me not be put to shame !
32 I will run in the way of thy commandments,
When thou shalt enlarge my heart. ,
33 Teach me, O Lord ! the way of thy statutes,
That I may keep it to the end !
34 Give me understanding, that I may keep thy law ;
That I may observe it with my whole heart !
35 Cause me to tread in the path of thy commandments.
For in it I have my delight.
36 Incline my heart to thine ordinances,
And not to the love of gain !
200 THE PSALMS. [ps. cxix.
37 Turn away mine eyes from beliolding vanity,
And quicken me in thy law !
38 Fulfil to thy servant thy promise,
Which thou hast made to him who feareth thee !
39 Turn away the rej^roach which I fear ;
For thy judgments are good.
40 Behold, I have longed for thy precepts ;
0 quicken thou me in thy righteousness !
41 Let thy mercies come to me, 0 Lord !
And thy help according to thy promise !
42 So shall I be able to answer him that reproacheth me ;
For I trust in thy promise.
43 O take not the word of truth utterly out of my mouth !
For I trust in thy judgments.
44 So shall I keep thy law continually,
For ever and ever.
45 I shall walk in a wide path ;
For I seek thy precepts.
46 I will speak of thine ordinances before kings,
And will not be ashamed.
47 I will delight myself in thy commandments, which I love ;
48 I will lift up my hands to thy precepts, which I love;
1 will meditate on thy statutes.
49 Remember thy promise to thy servant,
Because thou hast caused me to hope !
60 This is my comfort in my affliction ;
For tliy promise revivcth me.
51 The proud have had me greatly in derision ;
Yet have I not swerved from thy law.
52 I remember tliy judgments of old, O Lord !
And I comfort myself.
53 Indignation burnetii, within me,
On account of the wicked who forsake thy law.
54 Thy statutes have been my song
In the house of my pilgrimage.
55 In tlie night, O Lord ! I think of thy name,
And keep thy law !
56 This liave I as my own.
That I keep thy precepts.
PS. cxix.] THE PSALMS. 201
57 Thou art my portion, O Lord !
I have resolved that I will keejo thy precepts.
58 I have sought thy favor with my whole heart ;
Be gracious unto me according to thy promise !
59 I think on my ways,
And turn my feet to thy statutes ;
60 I make haste, and delay not,
To keep thy commandments.
61 The snares of the wicked surround me ;
Yet do I not forget thy law.
62 At midnight I rise to give thanks to thee
On account of thy righteous judgments.
63 I am the companion of all who fear thee,
And who obey thy precepts.
64 The earth, O Lord ! is full of thy goodness ;
O teach me thy statutes !
63 Thou dost bless thy servant, O Lord !
According to thy promise !
66 Teach me sound judgment and knowledge !
For I have fiith in thy commandments.
67 Before I was afflicted, I went astray ;
But now I keep thy word.
68 Thou art good and doest good ;
O teach me thy statutes !
69 The proud forge lies against me.
But I keep thy precepts with my whole heart.
70 Their heart is senseless like fat ;
But I delight in tliy law.
71 It is good for me that I have been afflicted,
That I might learn thy statutes.
72 The law of thy mouth is better to me
Than thousands of gold and silver.
73 Thy hands have made and fashioned me ;
Give me understanding, that I may learn thy command-
ments !
74 They who fear thee shall see me and rejoice,
Because I trust in thy word.
75 I know, O Lord ! that thy judgments are right,
And that in faithfulness thou hast afflicted me.
9*
202 THE PSALMS. [ps. cxix.
76 0 let thy loving-kindness be my comfort,
According to thy promise to thy servant !
77 Let thy tender mercies come to me, that I may live !
For thy law is my delight.
78 May the proud be jDut to shame, who wrong me without
cause !
But I will meditate on thy precepts.
79 Let those who fear thee turn unto me,
And they that know thine ordinances !
80 May my heart be perfect in thy statutes,
That I may not be put to shame !
81 My soul fainteth for th}^ salvation ;
In thy promise do I trust.
82 Mine eyes fail witli looking for thy promise ;
When, say I, wilt tliou comfort me ?
83 Yea, I am become like a bottle in the smoke ;
Yet do I not forget thy statutes.
84 How many are the days of thy servant ?
AVhen wilt thou execute judgment uj^on my persecutors?
85 The proud have digged pits for me ;
Tliey who do not regard thy law.
86 All thy commandments are faithful ;
They persecute me without cause ; help thou me I
87 They had almost consumed me from the earth ;
]^ut I forsook not thy precepts.
88 Quicken me according to thy loving-kindness,
That I may keep the law of thy mouth !
89 Thy word, O Lokd ! abideth for ever,
Being established like the heavens ;
90 I'liv faithfulness endureth to all venerations.
'J'hou hast established the earth, and it abideth.
91 They continue to this day accorchng to their ordinances ;
For they are all subject to thee.
92 Had not thy law been my delight,
I should have perished in my affliction.
93 I will never forget thy precejits ;
For by them thou revivest me.
94 T am thine, lielp me I
For I seek thy precepts.
FS. cxix.] THE PSALMS. 203
95 The wicked lie in wait to destroy me ;
But I will have regard to thine ordinances.
96 I have seen an end of all perfection ;
But thy law is exceeding broad.
97 0 how I love thy law !
It is my daily meditation.
98 Thou hast made me wiser than my enemies by thy pre-
For they are ever before me. [cepts ;
99 I have more understanding than all my teachers ;
For thine ordinances are my meditation.
100 I have more wisdom than the ancients,
Because I keep thy precepts.
101 I have restrained my feet from every evil way,
That I might keep thy word.
102 I dej^art not from thy statutes,
For thou teachest me !
103 How sweet are thy words to my taste ;
Yea, sweeter than honey to my mouth !
104 From thy precepts I learn wisdom;
Therefore do I hate every false way.
105 Thy word is a lamp to my feet.
And a light to my path.
106 I have sworn, and I will perform it.
That I will keep thy righteous statutes.
107 I am exceedingly afflicted ;
Revive me, 0 Lord ! according to thy word !
108 Accept, O Lord ! the free-will offering of my mouth,
And teach me thy statute^s !
109 My life is continually in my hand ;
Yet do I not forget thy law.
110 The wicked lay snares for me.
Yet do I not go astray from thy precepts.
111 I have made thine ordinances my 230ssession for ever ;
For they are the joy of my heart.
112 I have inclined my heart to perform thy statutes,
Always, — even to the end,
113 T hate impious men.
And thy law I do love.
204 THE PSALMS. [ps. cxix.
114 Thou art my hiding-place and my shield ;
In thy -vyord I put my trust !
115 Depart from me, ye evil-doers !
For I will keep the commandments of my God.
116 Uphold me according to thy promise, that I may live ;
And let me not he ashamed of ray hope !
117 Do thou hold me up, and I shall be safe,
And I will have respect to thy statutes continually !
118 Thou castest off all who depart from thy laws ;
For their deceit is vain.
119 Thou throwest away all the wicked of the earth, like
Therefore I love thine ordinances. [dross ;
120 My flesh trembleth through fear of thee,
And I am afraid of thy judgments.
121 I have done justice and equity ;
0 leave me not to mine oppressors
122 Be surety for thy servant for good ;
Let not the proud oppress me !
123 IMine eyes fail with looking for thy help,
And for thy rigliteous jDromise.
124 Deal with thy servant according to thy mercy,
And teach me thy statutes !
125 I am thy servant ; give me understanding,
That I may know thine ordinances !
126 It is time for thee, O Lord ! to act ;
For men have made void thy law.
127 Therefore I love thy commandments above gold ;
Yea, above fine gold.
128 Therefore I esteem all thy precepts concerning all things
to be right ;
1 hate every false way.
129 "Wonderful are thine ordinances ;
Therefore do I observe them.
130 Tlie communication of thy precepts giveth light ;
It giveth understanding to the simple.
131 I open my moutli and pant ;
For I long for thy commandments.
132 Look thou upon me, and be gracious to me.
As is just to those who love tliy name !
PS. cxix.] THE PSALMS. 205
133 Establish my footsteps in thy word,
And let no iniquity have dominion over me !
134 Redeem me from the oppression of men,
So will I keep thy precepts !
135 Let thy face shine on thy servant,
And teach me thy statutes !
136 Rivers of water run down mine eyes,
Because men keep not thy law.
137 Righteous art thou, O Lord !
And just are thy judgments !
138 Just are the ordinances which thou hast ordained,
And altogether righteous.
139 My zeal consumeth me,
Because my enemies forget thy word.
140 Thy word is very pure,
Therefore thy servant loveth it.
141 Of mean condition am I, and despised ;
Yet do I not forget thy precepts.
142 Thy righteousness is everlasting righteousness,
And thy law is truth.
143 Trouble and anguish have taken hold of me,
But thy laws are my delight.
144 The justice of thine ordinances is everlasting ;
Give me understanding, and I shall live !
145 I cry to thee with my whole heart ;
Hear me, O Lord ! that I may keep thy statutes.
146 I cry unto thee ; save me.
And I will observe thine ordinances.
147 I come before the dawn with my prayer ;
I trust in thy promise !
148 My eyes anticipate the night-watches.
That I may meditate upon thy promise.
149 Hear my voice according to thy loving-kindness ;
O Lord ! revive me according to thy mercy !
150 Near are they whose aim is mischief;
They are far from thy law ;
151 Yet thou art near, O Lord !
And all thy commandments are truth !
206 THE PSALMS. [ps. cxix.
152 Long have I known concerning thine ordinances,
That thou hast founded them for ever.
153 Look upon my affliction, and deliver me !
For I do not forget thy law.
154 Maintain my cause, and redeem me ;
Revive me according to thy promise !
155 Salvation is far from the wicked,
Because they seek not thy statutes.
15G Great is thy compassion, O Lord !
Revive thou me according to thine equity !
157 Many are my persecutors and my enemies,
Yet do I not depart from thine ordinances.
158 I behold the transgressors, and am grieved
Because they regard not thy word.
159 Behold, how I love thy precepts !
0 Lord ! revive me according to thy loving-kindness !
160 The whole of thy word is truth.
And all thy righteous judgments endure for ever.
161 Princes have persecuted me without cause ;
But my heart standeth in awe of thy word.
162 I rejoice in thy word.
As one that hath found great spoil.
163 I hate and abhor lying,
And thy law do I love.
164 Seven times a day do I praise thee
On account of thy righteous judgments.
165 Great peace have they who love thy law,
And no evil shall befall them.
166 0 Lord ! I wait for thy salvation,
And kee]) thy commandments !
167 My soul observeth thine ordinances,
And lovetli them exceedingly.
168 I keep thy precepts and thine ordinances ;
For all my ways are before thee.
169 Let my prayer come near before thee, O Lord !
According to thy promise, give me understanding !
170 Let my supplication come before thee ;
O deliver me according to thy pi*omise I
PS. cxx., cxxi.] THE PSALMS. 207
171 My lips shall pour forth praise ;
For thou teacliest me thy statutes.
172 My tongue shall sing of thy word ;
For all thy commandments are right.
173 Let thy hand be my help ;
For I have chosen thy precepts !
174 I long for thy salvation, O Lord !
And thy law is my delight !
175 Let me live, and I will praise thee ;
Let thy judgments help me !
176 I wander like a lost sheep ; seek thy servant,
For I do not forget thy commandments !
PSALM CXX.
Complaints concerning enemies, especially deceivers and calmnniatora.
A psalm of steps.
1 In my distress I called upon the Lord,
And he answered me.
2 0 Lord ! deliver me from lying Tips,
From the deceitful tongue !
3 "WTiat profit to thee,
Or what advantage to thee, is the false tongue ?
4 It is like the sharp arrows of the mighty man ;
Like coals of the juniper.
5 Alas for me, that I sojourn in Mesech,
That I dwell in the tents of Kedar !
6 Too long have I dwelt
T^itn them that hate peace !
7 I am for peace ; yet, when I speak for it.
They are for war.
PSALM CXXI.
Confidence of safety tmder the protection of God.
A psalm of the steps, or the goings up.
1 1 LIFT up mine eyes to the hills :
Whence cometh my help ?
208 THE PSALMS. [ps. cxxn.
2 My help cometh from the Lord,
Who made heaven and earth.
3 He will not suffer thy foot to stumble ;
Thy guardian doth not slumber.
4 Behold, the guardian of Israel
Doth neither slumber nor sleep.
5 The Lord is thy guardian ;
The Lord is thy shade at thy right hand.
6 The sun shall not smite thee by day,
Nor the moon by night.
7 The Lord will preserve thee from all evil ;
He will preserve thy life.
8 The Lord will preserve thee, when thou goest out and
when thou comest in,
From this time forth for ever.
PSALM CXXII.
Hymn of the Israelites on tlieir journey to the festivals in Jerusalem.
A -psalm of the steps, or the goings up. By David.
1 I WAS glad when they -said to me,
Let us go up to the house of the Lord !
2 Our feet are standing
Within thy gates, O Jerusalem !
3 Jerusalem, the rebuilt city !
The city that is joined together !
4 Thither the tribes go up,
The tribes of the Lord, according to the law of Israe\
To praise the name of the Lord.
5 Tlicrc stand the thrones of judgment.
The thrones of the house of David.
6 Pray for the peace of Jerusalem !
May they prosper who love thee !
7 Peace be within thy walls.
And prosperity within thy palaces !
8 For my brethren and comj)anions' sake -wiU I say,
Peace be Avithin thee !
9 For the sake of the liouse of the Lord, our God
Will I seek thy good !
F8. cxxiii., cxxiv.] THE PSALMS. 209
PSALM CXXIII.
Prayer for the deliverance of the Jewish nation from oppression.
A song of the steps, or the goings up.
1 To thee do I lift up mine eyes,
O Thou who dwellest in the heavens !
2 Behold, as the eyes of servants look to the hand of their
masters.
And as the eyes of a maiden to the hand of her mistress,
So do our eyes look to the Lord, our God,
Until lie have pity upon us.
3 Have mercy upon us, O Lokd ! have mercy upon us,
For we are overwhelmed with contemj)t !
4 Our soul is filled to the full with the scorn of those who are
at ease,
And with the contempt of the proud.
PSALM CXXIV.
Thanksgiving for deliverance from national calamity.
A psalm of the steps, or the goings up. By David.
1 If the Lord had not been for us.
Now may Israel say,
2 If the Lord had not been for us,
When men rose up against us,
3 Then had they swallowed us up alive.
When their wratli burned against us ;
4 Then the waters had overwhelmed us ;
The stream had gone over our soul ;
5 The proud waters had gone over our soul.
6 Blessed be the Lord,
Wlio hath not given us a prey to their teeth !
7 We have escaped'like a bird from the snare of the fowler ;
The snare is broken, and we have escaped.
8 Our helj) is in the name of the Lord,
Who made heaven and earth. '
210 THE PSALMS. [ps. cxxv., cxxvi.
PSALM CXXV.
Trust in Jehovah, as the perpetual protector of Israel.
A psalm of the steps, or the goings up.
1 They who trust in the Lord shall be as Mount Zion,
Which cannot be moved, which. stancleth for ever.
2 As the mountains are round about Jerusalem,
So the Lord is round about his people,
Henceforth even for ever !
3 For the sceptre of the wicked shall not remain upon the
portion of the righteous,
Lest the righteous put forth their hands to iniquity.
4 Do good, O Lord ! to the good.
To them that are upright in heart !
5 But such as turn aside to their crooked ways, —
May the Lord destroy them with the evil-doers !
Peace be to Israel !
PSALM CXXVI.
Prayer of those who had returned from captivity for the restoration of the
exiles remaining at Babylon.
A psalm of the steps, or the goings up.
1 When the Lord brought back the captivity of Zion,
We were like them that dream.
2 Then was our mouth filled with laughter.
And our tongue with singing.
Then said they among the nations,
" The Lord hath done great things for them ! "
3 Yea, the Lord hath done great things for us,
For which we are glad.
4 Bring back, O Lord ! our captivity,
Like streams in the South !
6 They who sow in tears *
Shall reap in joy.
6 Yea, he goeth forth weeping, bearing his seed ;
He shall surely come back rejoicing, bearing his sheaves.
PS. cxxvii., cxxviii.] THE PSALMS. 211
PSALM CXXVII.
"Without the blessing of God, nothing prospers.
A psalm of the steps, or the goings up. Bi/ Solomon,
1 Except the Lord build the house,
The builders labor in vain ;
Except the Lord guard the city,
The watchman waketh in vain.
2 In vain ye rise up early, and go to rest late.
And eat the bread of care !
The same giveth he his beloved one in sleep.
3 Behold ! sons are an inheritance from the Lord,
And the fruit of the womb is his gift.
4 As arrows in the hand of the warrior,
So are the sons of young men :
5 Happy the man that hath his quiver full of them !
They shall not be put to shame.
When they speak with adversaries in the gate.
PSALM CXXVIIL
Blessings promised to the religious man.
A psalm of the steps, or the goings up.
1 Happy is he who feareth the Lord,
Who walketh in his ways !
2 Thou shalt eat the labor of thy hands ;
Happy shalt thou be, and it shall be well with thee !
3 Thy wife shall be like a fruitful vine within thy house ;
Thy children like olive-branches round about thy table.
4 Behold ! thus Iiapi^y is the man who feareth the Lord !
5 Jehovah shall bless thee out of Zion,
And thou shalt see the prosperity of Jerusalem all the
days of thy life ;
6 Yea, thou shalt see thy children's children.
Peace be to Israel !
212 THE PSALMS. [ps. cxxix., cxxx.
PSALM CXXIX.
Grateful acknowledgment of past deliverances, and hopes of future aid, and
of the downfall of enemies.
A psalm of the steps, or the goings up.
1 Much have they afiSdcted me from my youth,
May Israel now say ;
2 Much have they afflicted me from my youth,
Yet have they not prevailed against me.
3 The ploughers ploughed up my back ;
They made long their furrows ;
4 But the Lord was righteous ;
He cut asunder the cords of the wicked.
5 Let all be driven back with shame
Who hate Zion !
6 Let them be as grass upon the house-tops,
Wliich withereth before one pulleth it up ;
7 With which the reaper filleth not his hand.
Nor he that bindeth sheaves his bosom !
8 And they who pass by do not say,
" The blessing of the Lord be upon you !
We bless you in the name of the Lord ! "
PSALM CXXX.
Prayer for forgiveness and help for Israel.
A psalm of the steps, or the goings up,
1 Out of the depths do I cry to thee, 0 Lord !
2 O Lord ! listen to my voice,
Let thine ears be attentive to my supplication !
3 If thou, Lord, shouldst treasure up transgressions,
Lord, who could stand?
4 But with thee is forgiveness,
That thou mayst be feared.
6 I trust in the Lord ; my soul doth trust.
And in his promise do I confide.
PS. cxxxi., cxxxii.] THE PSALMS. 213
6 My soul waitetli for the Lord
More than they who watch for the morning ;
Yea, more than they who watch for the morning !
7 O Israel ! trust in the Lord !
For with the Lord is mercy,
And with him is plenteous redemption.
8 He will redeem Israel
From all his iniquities.
PSALM CXXXI.
Profession of humility, contentment, and submission.
A psalm of the steps, or the goings up. Of David.
0 Lord ! my heart is not haughty, nor my eyes lofty ;
I employ not myself on great things, or things too won-
derful for me !
Yea, I have stilled and quieted my soul
As a weaned child upon his mother ;
My soul within me is like a weaned child.
O Israel ! trust in the Lord,
Henceforth even for ever !
PSALM cxxxn.
Prayer at the dedication of the temple. "With ver. 8-10, compare 2 Chron.
vi. 41, 42.
A psalm of the steps, or the goings up,
1 O Lord ! remember David,
And all his affliction !
2 How he sware to Jehovah,
And vowed to the Mighty One of Jacob :
3 " I will not go into my house,
Nor lie down on my bed,
4 I will not give sleej* to my eyes.
Nor slumber to my eyelids.
214 THE PSALMS. [rs. cxxxii.
6 Until I find a place for Jehovah,
A habitation for the Mighty One of Jacob."
6 Behold, we heard of it at Ephratah ;
We found it in the fields of the forest.
7 Let us go into his habitation ;
Let us worship at his footstool !
8 Ai'ise, O Lord ! into thy rest,
Thou, and the ark of thy strength !
9 Let thy priests be clothed with righteousness,
And thy holy ones shout for joy !
10 For the sake of thy servant David,
Reject not the prayer of thine anointed !
11 Jehovah hath sworn in truth unto David,
And he will not depart from it :
" Of the fruit of thy body will I place upon the throna
for thee.
12 If thy children keep my covenant.
And my statutes, which I teach them,
Their children also thi'oughout all ages
Shall sit upon thy throne."
13 For Jehovah hath chosen Zion ;
He hath desired it as his dwelling-place.
14 " Tills is my resting-place for ever ;
Here will I dwell, for I have chosen it.
15 I will abundantly bless her provision ;
I will satisfy her poor with bread.
16 I will also clothe her priests with salvation,
And her holy ones shall shout aloud for joy.
17 There will I cause to spring forth a horn for David ;
I have prepared a light for mine anointed.
18 His enemies will I clothe with shame,
And the crown shall glitter upon his head."
PS. cxxxm.-cxxxv.] THE PSALMS. 215
PSALM CXXXIII.
Praise of unity among brethren.
A psalm of the steps, or the goings up. By David,
1 Behold, how good and pleasant it is
For brethren to dwell together in unity !
2 It is like precious perfume upon the head,
Which ran down upon the beard,
The beard of Aaron ;
Which went down to the very border of his garments ;
3 Like the dew of Hermon,
Like that which descendeth upon the mountains of Zion.
For there the Lord commandeth a blessing,
Even life for evermore.
PSALM CXXXIV.
Exhortation to the servants of the temple to celebrate the praises of God.
A psalm of the steps, or the goings up.
1 O PRAISE the Lord, all ye servants of the Lord,
Who stand in the house of the Lord by night !
2 Lift up your hands to the sanctuary,
And praise the Lord !
3 May the Lord, who made heaven and earth,
Bless thee out of Zion !
PSALM CXXXV.
A national psalm of praise to Jehovah.
1 Praise ye the Lord !
Praise ye the name of the Lord !
Praise him, 0 ye servants of the Lord !
2 Ye who stand in the house of the Lord,
In the courts of the house of our God !
3 Praise ye the Lord, for the Lord is good ;
Praise his name, for he is kind !
216 THE PSALMS. [ps! Cxxxr.
4 For the Lord chose Jacob for himself,
And Israel for his own possession.
5 I know that the Lord is great ;
That our Lord is above all gods.
6 All that the Lord pleaseth, that he doeth,
In heaven and upon earth,
In the sea, and in all deeps.
7 He causeth the clouds to ascend from the ends of the earth ;
He maketh lightnings for the rain ;
He bringeth the wind from his store-houses.
8 He smote the first-born of Egypt,
Both of man and beast.
9 He sent signs and wonders into the midst of thee, O Egypt !
Against Pharaoh and all his servants !
10 He smote many nations,
And slew mighty kings ;
11 Sihon, the king of the Amorites,
And Og, the king of Bashan,
And all the kings of Canaan ;
12 And gave their land for an inheritance.
For an inheritance to Israel, his people.
13 Thy name, O Lord ! endureth for ever ;
Thy memorial, O Lord ! to all generations !
14 For the Lord judgeth his people,
And hath compassion on his servants.
15 The idols of the nations are silver and gold,
The work of men's hands.
16 They have mouths, but they speak not ;
Eyes have they, but they see not.
17 They have ears, but they hear not ;
And there is no breath in their mouths.
18 They that make them are like them ;
So is every one that trusteth in them.
19 Praise the Lord, O house of Israel !
Praise the Lord, O house of Aaron !
20 Praise the Lord, 0 house of Levi !
Ye that fear the Lord, bless the Lord !
21 Praised be the Lord out of Zion, —
He that dwelleth in Jerusalem !
Praise ye the Lord !
PS. cxxxvi.] THE PSALMS. 217
PSALM CXXXVI.
A psalm of thanksghdng for God's blessings to the people of Israel.
1 0 GIVE thanks to the Lord ! for he is kind ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
2 O give thanks to the God of gods ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
3 O give thanks to the Lord of lords ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
4 To him. that alone doeth gi-eat wonders ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
5 To him that made the heavens with wisdom ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
6 To him that spread out the earth upon the waters ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
7 To him that made the great lights ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
8 The sun to rule the day ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
9 The moon and stars to rule the night ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
10 To him that smote in Egypt their first-born ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
11 And brought Israel from the midst of them ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
12 With a strong hand and an outstretched arm ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
13 To him who divided the Red sea into parts ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
14 And made Israel to pass through the midst of it ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
15 And overthrew Pharaoh and his host in the Red sea ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
16 To him who led his peof)le through the wilderness ,
For his goodness endureth for ever !
17 To him who smote great kings' ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
18 And slew mighty kings ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
10
218 THE PSALMS. [PS. cxxxvii.
19 Sihon, the king of tlie Amorites ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
20 And Og, the king of Bashan ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
21 And gave their land for an inheritance ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
22 For an inheritance to Israel his servant;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
23 Who remembered us in our low estate ;
For his fjoodness endureth for ever !
24 And redeemed us from our enemies ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
25 ^\^lO giveth food unto all ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
26 O give thanks to the God of heaven ;
For his goodness endureth for ever !
PSALM CXXXVII.
The sadness of the captivity at Babylon.
1 By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we
wept,
When we remembered Zion.
2 We hung our harps on the willows in the midst thereof.
3 For there they who carried us away captive required of
us a sons:
o '
They who wasted us required of us mirth :
" Sinof us one of the sono-s of Zion ! "
4 How shall we sing the Lord's song
In a strange land ?
6 If I forget thee, O Jerusalem,
Let my right hand forget her cunning !
6 If I do not remember thee.
Let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth ;
If I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy !
7 Remember, 0 Lord ! against the children of Edom
The day of the calamity of Jerusalem !
Who said, " Raze it.
Raze it to its foundations ! "
PS. cxxxviii.] THE PSALMS. 219
8 0 daughter of Babylon, thou destroyer !
Haj^py be he who requiteth thee
As thou hast dealt with us !
9 Happy be he. who seizeth thy little ones
And dasheth them against the stones !
PSALM CXXXVIII.
Thanksgiving for deliverance from trouble.
A psalm of David.
1 I WILL praise thee with my whole heart ;
Before the gods will I sing praise to thee ;
2 I will worship toward thy holy temple,
And praise thy name for thy goodness and thy truth ;
For thy promise thou hast magnified above ail thy name !
3 In the day when I called, thou didst hear me ;
Thou didst strengthen me, and encourage my soul.
4 All the kings of the earth shall praise thee, O Lord !
When they hear the promises of thy mouth !
5 Yea, they shall sing of the ways of the Lord ;
For great is the glory of the Lord.
6 The Lord is high, yet he looketh upon the humble,
And the proud doth he know from afar.
7 Though I walk through the midst of trouble, thou wilt
revive me ;
Thou wilt stretch forth thy hand against the wrath of my
enemies ;
Thou wilt save me by thy right hand !
8 The Lord will perform all things for me ;
Thy goodness, O Lord ! endureth for ever :
Forsake not the works of thine hands !
220 THE PSALMS. [ps. cxxxix.
PSALM CXXXIX.
The universal presence and knowledge of God.
For the leader of the viusic. A psalm of David.
1 O Lord ! thou liast searched me and known me !
2 Thou knowest my sitting-down and my rising-up ;
Thou understandest my thoughts from afar !
3 Thou seest my path and my lying-down,
And art acquainted with all my ways !
4 For before the word is upon my tongue,
Behold, O Lord ! thou knowest it altogether !
5 Thou besettest me behind and before,
And layest thine hand upon me !
6 Such knowledge is too wonderful for me ;
It is high, I cannot attain to it!
7 Whither sliall I go from thy sj)irit,
And whither shall I flee from thy presence ?
8 If I ascend into heaven, thou art there !
If I make my bed in the underworld, behold, thou art there!
9 If I take the wings of the morning,
And dwell in the remotest parts of the sea,
10 Even there shall thy hand lead me,
And thy right hand shall hold me !
11 If I say, "■ Surely the darkness shall cover me;"
Even the night shall be light about me.
12 Yea, the darkness hideth not from thee,
But the night shineth as the day ;
The darkness and the light are both alike to thee !
13 For thou didst form my reins ;
Thou didst weave me in my mother's womb.
14 I will praise thee ; for I am fearfully and wonderfully
made ;
INIarvellous are thy works,
And this my soul knoweth full well !
15 My frame was not hidden from thee.
When I was made in secret.
When I was curiously wrought in the lower parts of the
earth.
PS. cxL.] THE PSALMS. 221
16 Tliine eyes did see my substance, while yet unformed,
And in thy book was every thing written ;
My days were appointed before one of them existed.
17 How precious to me are thy thoughts, O God !
How great is the sum of them !
18 If I should count them, they would outnumber the sand :
When I awake, I am still with thee !
19 O that thou wouldst slay the wicked, O God !
Ye men of blood, depart from me !
20 For they speak against thee wickedly ;
Thine enemies utter thy name for falsehood.
21 Do I not hate them that hate thee, 0 Lord ?
Do I not abhor them that rise up against thee ?
22 Yea, I hate them with perfect hatred ;
I count them mine enemies.
23 Search me, 0 God ! and know my heart ;
Try me, and know my thoughts ;
24 And see if the way of trouble be within me,
And lead me in the way everlasting !
PSALM CXL.
Prayer for aid against wicked enemies.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of David.
Deliver me, O Lord ! from the evil man,
Save me from the man of violence,
Who meditate mischief in their heart,
And daily stir up war !
They sharpen their tongues like a serpent ;
The poison of the adder is under their lips. [Pause.J
Defend me, 0 Lord ! from the hands of the wicked.
Preserve me from the man of violence,
'\yiio have purposed to cause my fall ! [Pause.]
The proud have hidden snares and cords for me ;
They have spread a net by the way-side ;
They have set traps for me.
I say to Jehovah, Thou art my God ;
Hear, 0 Jehovah ! the voice of my supplication !
222 THE PSALMS. [ps. cxli.
7 The Lord Jehovah is my saving strength :
Thou shelterest my head in the day of battle !
8 Grant not, O Lord ! the desires of the wicked ;
Let not their devices prosper ;
Let them not exalt themselves !
9 As for the heads of those who encompass me,
Let the mischief of their own lips cover them !
10 Let burning coals fall upon them ;
May they be cast into the fire,
And into deep waters from which they shall not arise !
11 The slanderer shall not be established upon the earth ;
Evil shall pursue the violent man to destruction.
12 I know that the Lord will maintain the cause of the
afflicted,
And the right of the poor.
13 Yea, the righteous shall praise thy name ;
The upright shall dwell in thy presence !
PSALM CXLL
A prayer for deliverance from enemies.
For the leader of the music. A psalm of David.
1 I CRY to thee, O Lord ! make haste unto me !
Give ear to my voice, when I cry unto thee !
\ Let my prayer come before thee as incense,
And the lifting-up of my hands, as the evening sacrifice !
5 Set a watch, O Lord ! before my mouth ;
Guard the door of my lips !
i Let not my heart incline to any evil thing ;
Let me not practise wickedness with the doers of iniquity,
And let me not eat of their delicacies !
6 Let the righteous smite me, — it shall be a kindness ;
Let him reprove me, and it shall be oil for my head ;
Let him do it again, and my head shall not refuse it ;
But now I pray against tlieir wickedness !
6 When their judges are liurle^ over the side of the rock,
They shall hear how jjleasant are my words.
P8. cxui.] THE PSALMS. 223
7 So are our bones scattered at the mouth of the underworld,
As when one furroweth and ploweth ujj the land.
8 But to thee do my eyes look, O Lord Jehovah !
In thee is my trust ;
Let not my life be poured out !
9 Preserve me from the snares which they have laid for me.
And from the nets of evil-doers !
10 Let the wicked fall together into their own traps,
Whilst I make my escape !
PSALM CXLIL
Prayer for deliverance from enemies.
A psalm of David ; a prayer, when he was in the cave
I CRY unto the Lord with my voice ;
With my voice to the Lord do I make my supplication.
I pour out my complaint before him ;
I declare before him my distress.
When my spirit is overwhelmed within me,
Thou knowest my path!
In the way which I walk, they have hid a snare for me.
I look on my right hand, and behold,
But no man knoweth me ;
Refuge faileth me ;
No one careth for me.
I cry unto thee, 0 Lord !
I say, Thou art my refuge,
My portion in the land of the living.
Attend to my cry, for I am brought very low ;
Deliver me from my persecutors,
For they prevail against me !
Bring me out of prison.
That I may praise thy name !
The righteous shall gather around me,
When thou shalt show me thy favor.
224 THE PSALMS. [ps. cxliu
PSALM CXLIII.
A prayer for deliverance from enemies.
A psalm of David.
1 Hear, my prayer, O Lord ! give ear to my supplications !
In thy faithfulness, and in thy righteousness, answer me !
2 Enter not into judgment with thy servant ;
For before thee no man living is righteous.
3 For the enemy pursueth my life ;
He hath smitten me to the ground ;
He hath made me dwell in darkness,
As those that have been dead of old.
4 My spirit is overwhelmed within me ;
My heart within me is desolate.
5 I remember the days of old ;
I meditate on all tliy works ;
I muse on the deeds of thy hands.
6 I stretch forth my hands unto thee ;
My soul thirsteth for thee, like a parched land.
7 Hear me speedily, O Lord !
My spirit faileth ;
Hide not thy face from me,
Lest I become like those who go down to the pit !
8 Cause me to see thy loving-kindness speedily ;
For in thee do I trust !
Make known to me the way which I should take ;
For to thee do I lift up my soul !
9 Deliver me, O Lord ! from mine enemies ;
For in thee do I seek refuge !
10 Teach me to do thy will ;
For thou art my God !
Let thy good spirit lead me in a plain path !
11 Revive me, O Lord ! for thy name's sake !
In thy righteousness, bring me out of my distress !
12 And, in tliy compassion, cut off mine enemies,
And destroy all that distress me !
For I am thy servant.
FS. cxLiv.] THE PSALMS. 225
PSALM CXLIV.
Thanksgiving, prayer against enemies, and supplication for blessings upon
the people.
A psalm of David,
1 Blessed be the Lord, my rock,
Wlio teacheth my hands to war.
And my fingers to fight !
2 He who is my lovmg-kindness and my fortress ;
My high tower and my deliverer,
My shield, and he in whom I trust ;
Who subdueth peoples under me.
3 Lord, what is man, that thou art mindful of him.
Or the son of man, that thou makest account of him ?
4 Man is like a vapor ;
His day is like a shadow that passeth away.
5 Bow thy heavens, O Lord ! and come down ;
Touch the mountains, so that they shall smoke !
6 Cast forth lightnings, and scatter them ;
Shoot forth thine arrows, and destroy them !
7 Send forth thine hand from above ;
Rescue and save me from deep waters ;
From the hands of aliens,
8 Whose mouth uttereth deceit.
And whose right hand is a right hand of falsehood !
9 I will sing to thee a new song, 0 God !
Upon a ten-stringed psaltery will I sing praise to thee ;
10 To thee, who givest salvation to kings.
Who deliverest David, thy servant, from the destructive
sword !
11 Rescue and deliver me from the hands of aliens.
Whose mouth uttereth deceit.
And whose right hand is a right hand of falsehood !
12 That our sons may be as plants,
Grown up in their youth ;
Our daughters as corner-pillars,
Hewn like those of a palace !
10*
226 THE PSALMS. [ps. cxlv.
13 That our garners may be full,
Affording all kinds of store ;
That our sheep may bring forth thousands
And ten thousands in our streets.
14 That our cattle may be fruitful ;
That there be no breaking in, or going out ;
And no outcry in our streets.
15 Happy the people that is in such a state !
Yea, happy the people whose God is Jehovah !
PSALM CXLV.
Praise to God for his righteous and merciful government and his kind
providence.
A song of praise. By David,
1 I WILL extol thee, my God, the King!
I will praise thy name for ever and ever !
2 Every day will I bless thee.
And praise thy name for ever and ever !
3 Great is the Lord, and greatly to be praised ;
Yea, his greatness is unsearchable.
4 One generation shall praise thy works to another,
And shall declare thy mighty deeds.
6 I will speak of the glorious honor of thy majesty,
And of thy wonderful works.
6 Men shall speak of the might of thy terrible deeds,
And I will declare thy greatness ;
7 They shall pour forth the praise of thy great goodness,
And sing of thy righteousness.
8 The Lord is gracious, and full of compassion,
Slow to anger, and rich in mercy.
9 The Lord is good to all,
And his tender mercies are over all his works.
10 All thy works praise thee, O Lord !
And thy holy ones bless thee !
11 They speak of the glory of thy kingdom.
And talk of thy power ;
;2 To make known to the sons of men his mighty deeds,
And the glorious majesty of his kingdom.
PS. cxLYi.] THE PSALMS. 227
13 Thy kingdom is an everlasting kingdom,
And thy dominion endureth throughout all generations.
14 The Lord upholdeth all that fall,
And raiseth up all that are bowed down.
15 The eyes of all wait upon thee.
And thou givest them their food in due season ;
16 Thou openest thine hand,
And satisfiest the desire of every living thing.
17 The Lord is righteous in all his ways,
And merciful in all his works.
18 The Lord is nigh to all that call upon him,
To all that call upon him in truth.
19 He fulfilleth the desire of them that fear him ;
He heareth their cry, and saveth them.
20 The Lord preserveth all that love him ;
But all the wicked he will destroy.
21 My mouth shall speak the praise of the Lord ;
And let all flesh bless his holy name for ever and ever !
PSALM CXLVI.
Admonition to trust not in man, but in the justice and mercy of God.
Praise ye the Lord !
Praise the Lord, 0 my soul !
I will praise the Lord, as long as I live ;
I will sing praises to my God, while I have my being.
Put not your trust in princes.
In the son of man, in whom is no help !
His breath goeth forth ; he returneth to the dust ;
In that very day his plans perish.
Happy is he that hath the God of Jacob for his help ;
Whose hope is in the Lord, his God ;
Who made heaven and earth,
The sea, and all that is therein ;
Who keepeth truth for ever ;
Who executeth judgment for the oppressed ;
Who giveth food to the hungry.
The Lord setteth free the prisoners ;
228 THE PSALMS. [ps. cxlvh.
8 The Lord oj^enetli the eyes of the blnid ;
The Lord ruiseth up them that are bowed down ;
The Lord loveth the righteous.
9 The Lord preserveth the strangers ;
He relieveth the fatherless and the widow ;
But the way of the wicked he maketh crooked.
10 The Lord shall reign for ever ;
Thy God, O Zion ! to all generations !
Praise ye the Lord !
PSALM CXLVn.
The power and goodness of God in nature, and in his pecxiliar favor to
Israel.
1 Praise ye the Lord !
For it is good to sing praise to our God ;
For it is pleasant, and praise is becoming.
2 The Lord buildeth up Jerusalem ;
He gathereth together the dispersed of Israel.
3 He liealeth the broken in heart,
And bindeth up their wounds.
4 He counteth the number of the stars ;
He calleth them all by their names.
5 Great is our Lord, and mighty in power ;
His understanding is infinite.
6 The Lord lifteth up the lowly ;
He casteth the wicked down to the ground.
7 Sing to the Lord with thanksgiving ;
Sing praises upon the harp to our God !
8 Who covereth the heavens with clouds,
Who prepareth rain for the earth,
Who causeth grass to grow upon the mountains.
9 He giveth to the cattle their food,
And to the J'^oung ravens, when they cry.
10 He de.lighteth not in the strength of the horse,
He taketh not pleasure in the legs of a man.
11 The Lord taketh pleasure in those who fear him,
In those who trust in his mercy.
12 Praise the Lord, 0 Jerusalem !
Praise thy God, O Zion !
PS. cxLYiii.] THE PSALMS. 229
13 For he hath strengthened the bars of thy gates ;
He hath blessed thy children within thee.
14 He maketh peace in thy borders,
And satisfieth thee with the finest of the wheat.
15 He sendeth forth his command to the earth ;
His word runneth very swiftly.
16 He giveth snow like wool,
And scattereth the hoar-frost like ashes.
17 He casteth forth his ice like morsels ;
Who can stand before his cold ?
18 He sendeth forth his word, and melteth them ;
He causeth his wind to blow, and the waters flow.
19 He publisheth his word to Jacob,
His statutes and laws to Israel.
20 He hath dealt in this manner with no other nation ;
And, as for his ordinances, they have not known them.
Praise ye the Lord !
PSALM CXLVin.
Invocation of the heavens and the earth to praise the Lord.
1 Praise ye the Lord !
Praise the Lord from the heavens I
Praise him in the heights !
2 Praise him, all ye his angels !
Praise him, all ye his hosts !
3 Praise ye him, sun and moon !
Praise him, all ye stars of light !
4 Praise him, ye heavens of heavens !
Ye waters, that are above the heavens !
B Let them praise the name of the Lord ;
For he commanded, and they were created.
6 He hath also established them for ever ;
He hath given them a law, and they transgress it not.
7 Praise the Lord from the earth,
Ye sea-monsters, and all deeps !
8 Fire and hail, snow and vapor ;
Thou tempest, that fulfillest his word !
'ZBO THE PSALMS. [ps. cxlix.
9 Ye mountains, and all hills !
Fruit-trees, and all cedars I
10 Ye wild beasts, and all cattle !
Ye creeping things, and winged birds !
11 Ye kings, and all peoples,
Princes, and all judges of the earth !
12 Young men and maidens,
Old men and children !
13 Let them praise the name of the Lord !
For his name alone is exalted ;
His glory is above the earth and the heavens.
14 He exalteth the horn of his people,
The glory of all his godly ones,
Of the children of Israel, a people near to him.
Praise ye the Lord !
PSALM CXLIX.
Praise to God for national blessings, especially for success against foreign
enemies.
1 Praise ye the Lord !
Sing unto the Lord a new song ;
His praise in the assembly of the godly !
2 Let Israel rejoice in him that made him ;
Let the sons of Zion be joyful in their king !
3 Let them praise his name in the dance ;
Let them praise him with the timbrel and harp I
4 For the Lord taketh pleasure in his people ;
He will beautify the distressed with salvation.
6 Let the godly rejoice in their glory ;
Let them shout for joy upon their beds !
6 Let the praises of God be in their mouth,
And a two-edged sword in their hand,
7 To execute vengeance upon the nations,
And punishment upon the peoples !
8 To bind their kings with chains,
And their nobles with fetters of iron ;
9 To execute upon them the sentence which is written
This honor have all his godly ones.
Praise ye the Lord !
PS. CL.] THE PSALMS. 231
PSALM CL.
Exhortation to praise God.
1 Praise ye the Lord !
Praise God in his sanctuary !
Praise him in his glorious firmament !
2 Praise him for his mighty deeds !
Praise him according to his excellent greatness !
3 Praise him with the sound of trumpets !
Praise him with the psaltery and harp !
4 Praise him with the timbrel and dance !
Praise him with stringed instruments and pipes !
5 Praise him with the clear-sounding cymbals !
Praise him with the high-sounding cymbals !
6 Let every thing that hath breath praise the Lord !
Praise ye the Lord !
THE PROYERBS.
INTEODUCTION TO THE PROVERBS.
That part of Hebrew literature wliicli has come down to us
under the name of the Proverbs of Solomon contains something
more than the title indicates. It is not wholly composed of short,
sententious maxims and enigmatical propositions, such as com-
monly receive the name of proverbs, but in part of several di-
dactic discourses of considerable length, containing exhortations
to prudence and virtue, warnings against vice and folly, and
eulogies upon true wisdom. The first nine chapters belong to
the latter species of composition. These discourses, as well as
the proper proverbs, are expressed in the peculiar form and lan-
guage of Hebrew poetry, and without doubt belong to the most
flourishing period of Hebrew literature. On the nature and his-
tory of this kind of composition, the following just remarks have
been made by Holden, in his Preliminary Dissertation to the
Proverbs : —
*' Short and pithy sentences have been employed from the most
remote antiquity as the vehicle of ethical instruction, and par-
ticularly adapted to the simplicity of the early ages. "When
writings were but few, and the reasonings of systematic philoso-
phy almost unknown, just observations on life and manners, and
useful moral precepts, delivered in concise language, and often
in verse, would form a body of the most valuable practical wis-
dom, which, by its influence on the conduct, must have con-
tributed largely to the peace and well-being of society. An acute
remark, a moral adage, an admonition conveyed in a brief and
compact sentence, would arrest the attention and operate upon
the hearts of a rude people with a force of which there is no
[235]
236 INTRODUCTION TO
example in periods of greater cultivation. Yet, in every age,
they are well fitted to impress the minds of the young and the
uninformed; and, as they are the most valuable guides in the
alFairs of life, when we are called upon, not to deliberate, but to
act, not to unfold a circuitous argument, but to transact business,
all must find it highly advantageous to retain in their memories
the maxims of proverbial wisdom.
"This method of instruction appears to be peculiarly suited to
the genius and disposition of the Asiatics, among whom it has
prevailed from the earliest ages. The Gymnosophists of India
delivered their philosophy in brief, enigmatical sentences ; * a
practice adopted and carried to a great extent by the ancient
Egj'ptians.f The mode of convejang instruction by compendious
maxims obtained among the Hebrews, from the first dawn of their
literature, to its final extinction in the East through the power of
the Mohammedan arms ; and it was fiimiliar to the inhabitants
of Syria and Palestine, as we learn from the testimony of St.
Jerome 4 The eloquence of Arabia Avas mostly exhibited in
detached and unconnected sentences, which, like so many loose
gems, attracted attention by the fulness of the periods, the ele-
gance of the phraseology, and the acuteness of proverbial say-
ings.§ Nor do the Asiatics || at present differ in this respect from
* Diog. Laert. Pr&m., p. 4, Genev. 1615.
t Jahlonski, Pantheon ^gypt, Proleg., c. 3. Brucker, lib. i. c. 8.
X "Familiare est Syris, ct maxime Palaistinis, ad omnem scrmonem suum
parabolas jungere." — Hieron., Comment. Matt, xviii. 23.
§ " Orationes autem eorum minime in partes suas juxta rhetoricaj apud
Grgecos et Latinos prseccpta distributa;, nee methodice coucinnatae; adeo ut
scntentiarum in lis frequentium gemmse vere dispersoe, minimeque inter se
colligatas videantur, tot usque sermo arena sine calce recte dici posse videatur.
In sententiarura tamen rotunditate, phrasium elegantia, ac proverbiorum
acumine, invenies quod animum feriat." — Pococke, Specimen Historiae Ara-
buni, p. 167, ed. White, Oxon. 1806. See Sale's Prelim. Discourse to the
Koran, § 1, p. 35, Lond. 1812.
II Hottingeri, Hist. Orient., lib. ii. cap. 5. Erpenii Prov. Arab. Cent, duse,
LeidiB, 1614. Schultens, Antholog. Senten. Arab., Lug. Bat. 1772. " Ve-
teres Arabum sententiaj sunt innumerae; et permulta sunt volumina, quaj
Amthal sive Sententias complectuntur." — Sir William Jones, Poeseos Asiati-
cae Commentarii, p. 276, ed. Eichhom, Lips. 1777. See D'Herbelot, Biblio-
THE PROVERBS. 237
their ancestors ; as numerous amthal, or moral sentences, are in
circulation throughout the regions of the East, some of which
have been published by Hottinger, Erpenius, the younger Schul-
tens, and others who have distinguished themselves by the pursuit
of Oriental learning. ' The moralists of the East,' says Sir
William Jones, 'have in general chosen to deliver their precepts
in short, sententious maxims, to illustrate them by sprightly com-
parisons, or to inculcate them in the very ancient forms of agree-
able apologues. There are, indeed, both in Arabic and Persian,
philosophical tracts on ethics, written with sound ratiocination and
elegant perspicuity ; but in every part of the Eastern world, from
Pekin to Damascus , the popular teachers of moral wisdom have
immemorially been poets, and there would be no end of enumer-
ating their works, which are still extant in the five principal lan-
guages of Asia.'*
** The ingenious, but ever-disputing and loquacious Greeks
were indebted to the same means for their earliest instruction in
wisdom. The sayings of the Seven Wise Men, the Golden Yerses
of Pythagoras, the remains of Theognis and Phocylides, if genu-
ine, and the Griomai of the older poets, testify the prevalence
of aphorisms in ancient Greece. Had no specimens remained of
Hellenic proverbs, we might have concluded this to be the case ;
for the Greeks borrowed the rudiments, if not the principal part,
of their knowledge from those whom they arrogantly termed bar-
barians ; f and it is only through the medium of compendious
maxims and brief sentences that traditionary knowledge can be
preserved. J This mode of communicating moral and practical
th^que Orientale, in Amthal; and Les Maximes des Orientaux, at the end
of vol. iv. [See also Arabum Proverbia, edidit G. W. Freytag, Bonnae ad
Rhenum, 1838. This work is in four volumes, octavo.]
* Disc, on the Philos. of the Asiatics, Works, vol. i. p. 167, 4to.
t Brucker, Hist. Philos., lib. ii. cap. 1. Burnet, Archseologi^, lib. i.
cap. 9. Shuckford's Connections, Pref. to vol. i.
J The greatest part of Greek aphorisms have, no doubt, perished; having
fallen into neglect when the dialectic art and a systematic pliilosophy gained
ground among this acute and disputatious people. Eusebius, in his treatise
against Marcellus, lib. i. cap. 3, makes mention of Greek proverbs, and col-
lectors of them. Among the Dq)erdlta are the Kvpiac Ao^ai of Epicurus.
238 INTRODUCTION TO
wisdom accorded with the sedate and deliberative character of the
Romans ; * and, in truth, from its influence over the mind, and its
fitness for popular instruction, proverbial expressions exist in all
ages and in all languages." f
The whole collection seems, in the title of the book, to be
ascribed to Solomon as the author ; and, as in 1 Kings iv. 32, that
wise monarch is said to have uttered three thousand proverbs,
such has been the received opinion of the Jewish and Christian
churches.
In modern times, however, this opinion has been called in
question. The learned and sagacious critic, Grotius, advanced
the opinion, that the Book of Proverbs was not an original compo-
sition of Solomon, but a selection made by him from the proverbs
of numerous writers who lived before his time. J This opinion
has been adopted, and maintained by a variety of arguments, by
distinguished critics in modern times. The most important con-
sideration, however, seems to be, that it is not probable, according
to the analogy of the literature of other nations, that one man
should be the author of so much proverbial wisdom. Such prov-
erbs, it is said, have usually been the result of the general sense
and experience of a community, and the product of a large nura-
— Diog. LiBi-t, lib. X. p. 724. Cicero, De Fiuibus, lib. ii. § 7; De Nat. Deor.,
lib. 1. § 30.
* Seneca, Ep. 59. Both Suetonius (Vita Caesaris, § 56) and Cicero (ad
Divers., lib. ix. Ep. 16) speak of the Dicta Collectanea of Caisar; namely,
Apophthegms collected by him; and some aphoristic sayings of the ancients
are reported by Valerius Maximus, lib. vii. cap. 2.
t Kay's Collection of English Proverbs is well known ; and there is a
book entitled, Adagia, sive Proverbiorum omnium quae apud Gra?cos, Lati-
nos, Ilcbricos, Arabcs, Sec, in usu fuerunt Collectio, fol.. Erf. 1646. Sir
AVilliam Jones mentions the precepts of Odin, written in the Runic tongue,
and the work of a Persian poet, Sheikh Attar, as instances of aphoristic
composition (Comment, de Poes. Asiat, p. 274, ed. Eichhom, Lips. 1777).
Grotius, in his Proleg. to tlie Proverbs, speaks of the 'E/cAoyoi of tlie Byzan-
tine emperors.
t " Videtur hie liber esse kx^oyij optimarum sententiarum ex plurimis qui
ante Salomonem fuere scriptoribus, quales tK'Aoyag multi imperatonun Con-
Btantinopolitanorum conscribi in sues usus fecere."
THE PROVERBS. 239
ber of minds. Solomon may have composed a considerable
number of proverbial maxims ; and other wise men of the nation,
before and after him, may have done the same. Now it is not
uncommon, when one has become distinguished for wisdom or wit
in a nation, that many things should be ascribed to him of which
he is not the author. Thus the Greeks, it is said, ascribed most
of their sententious maxims to Pythagoras ; the Arabs, theirs to
Lokman and a few others ; the Northern nations, theirs to King
Odin. In this way the Hebrews may haye ascribed their proverbs
to their wisest king, Solomon, because it was known of him that
he had accomplished more than others in this kind of sententious
poetry. Thus the opinion may have been formed, that Solomon
was the author of the whole collection of the Hebrew proverbs.
But that he was not in a strict sense the author of all the Proverbs
has been thought probable, not only from the argument before
mentioned, but also from the character of some of the maxims,
which would come more naturally from persons in a situation in
life different from that of a king. Chap. xxx. is expressly
ascribed to another author, namely, to Agur, the son of Jakeh.*
These arguments, however, are not in the highest degree con-
clusive. It is very evident that the Book of Proverbs is not a
mere collection of oral maxims, which were circulated among the
people before they were committed to writing, like Freytag's col-
lection of Arabic, or Bay's of English proverbs. The uniformity
in the structure and expression of the proverbs shows that they
were the result of elaborate composition. They are all marked
by the peculiar characteristic of Hebrew poetry, the parallelism.
There is also such a general similarity in the diction and style of
composition in these proverbs, that it is difficult to believe, that,
in their present form, they could have been the production of a
great many authors. Many of the thoughts may have been in
circulation among the people, expressed in a different way. But
the style and the poetical form in which they are expressed seem
to indicate, that very few authors could have had a hand in the
composition. From these considerations, and from the historical
* Some other considerations, of little weight, are adduced in De Wette's
Introduction, vol. ii. p. 543, Amer. transl.
240 INTRODUCTION TO
tradition of the Jews, the more probable conclusion seems to be,
that Solomon was the composer of the greater part, at least, of
the proverbs ascribed to him. Of others he may have been only
the collector.
The Book of Proverbs bears evident marks of being composed
of several smaller collections, which were made at different times.
It may accordingly be divided into five distinct parts.
I. The first part consists of the first nine chapters, and con-
tains, not what accordinsfto the common use of languag-e are called
proverbs, but connected moral discourses in praise of wisdom, and
Urging to the practice of virtue, especially the virtue of chastity.
The discourse or discourses in these nine chapters probably came
from the same author. There seems to be no suflicient reason for
rejecting the Jewish tradition, that Solomon was the author of this
part of the book. De Wette* objects that its didactic and ad-
monitory tone, and its strict injunction of chastity, indicate a
teacher of youth, a prophet, or a priest, as the author, rather than
a king like Solomon. This objection seems to have some weight ;
but wliether it should be reirarded as decisive against the Jewish
tradition concerning the authorship of the book is very doubtful.
Our knowledge of the intellectual habits and moral character of
Solomon at different periods of his life is too imperfect to allow
one to conclude with confidence, that he could not have been the
author of this portion of the book. Berthokltf also suggests, that
a person whose harem was so crowded as that of Solomon would
not be likely to speak so highly of the happiness of a man with
one wife, in chap. v. 18. lie suggests, also, that the warnings
against adultery, in chap. vi. 24, &c., and vii. 5-23, could hardly
have come from one to whom it was known that his mother be-
came his father's wife by the commission of that sin. Some few
of the sentiments also, in his opinion, indicate a private person
as the author, rather than a king, such as m chap. vi. 26-31. The
reader can judge how much force there is in these arguments.
To me they seem to have but little weight. The experience of
the effects of sin and folly may suggest wise precepts, as well as
the enjoyment of the fruits of wisdom.
* Einleitimg, kc, ^ 281. f Emleitimg, &c., § 505.
THE PROVERBS. 241
II. The second part begins -vvitb chap, x., and extends to chap.
xxii. 17. It is of a very different character from the nine pre-
ceding chapters. It contains proverbs properly so called ; sen-
tentious maxims of morality or prudence, contained commonly
in single verses, and having no connection with each other. This
portion of the book has also a separate title, manifestly indicating
that it once formed a collection by itself, independent of the first
nine chapters.
m. At chap. xxii. 17, it seems probable that another collec-
tion begins. For it is introduced by an exhortation extending
through several verses, similar to that in chap. i. 1-6. This third
portion extends from chap. xxii. 17 to chap. xxv. It seems to
be distinguished from the second part by a greater connection
between the verses, and a more negligent use of the parallelism.
lY. The fourth part of the book begins with chap. xxv. It
has a new title, or preface, setting forth that the proverbs con-
tained in it were collected by men employed by Iving Hezekiah.
It extends to chap. xxx.
V. The fifth portion of the book begins with chap, xxx., and
extends to the end. It contains some proverbial maxims of a
certain Agur, some advice addressed by his mother to a king
called Lemuel, and an alphabetical poem ; that is, a poem the
lines of which begin with the different letters of the Hebrew
alphabet in regular succession, the subject of which is the praises
of a good wife.
The Book of Proverbs is, in a moral and religious point of
view, one of the most valuable portions of the Old Testament.
It gives a view of the Jewish religion and morality, as pervading
the common life of the Jews, much more favorable than that
which we receive from the accounts of the ceremonies and forms
which are elsewhere enjoined.
It is true that the religion and morality of the Book of Prov-
erbs will not bear a favorable comparison with those of Jesus
Christ. Its morality is much less disinterested, being for the
most part founded in prudence, rather than in love. Its motives
generally are of a much less elevated kind than those which
Christianity presents. The idea of the immortality of the soul
11
242 INTRODUCTION TO
does not appear to liave dawned upon the mind of the author.
Prudential motives, founded on a strict earthly retribution, are
the principal encouragements to a life of virtue which he presents.
This is well, it is true, as far as it goes ; for man should ever be
reminded of the laws of the Creator, and of the consequences
of violating them. But hioher and more disinterested and affec-
tionate motives are necessary for the formation of a perfect
character, a character which shall command our highest esteem
and love.
But the religion of the Book of Proverbs, v/hen compared with
that of the heathen world, appears to the highest advantage.
Jehovah is there represented as the one creator of the universe,
the governor of the Avorld, and the disposer of human destinies.
lie is set forth as the first cause of all things ; and man's highest
duty is declared to be that of acknowledging, in sentiment and
practice, the power, wisdom, and goodness of God in the creation
and government of mankind. He is represented as holy and
just ; as knowing every thing which takes place on the earth 5 as
loving, commending, and rewarding piety and virtue ; and as
abhorring and punishing sin and transgression.
" For the ways of man are before the eyes of the Lord,
And he weighcth well all his paths." — Chap. v. 21.
" The eyes of the Lord are in every place;
They behold the evil and the good." — Chap. xv. 3.
" The under-world, yea, the region of death, is before the Lord;
How much more the hearts of the sons of men! " — lb. 11.
" All the ways of a man are pure in his own eyes ;
But the Lord weigheth the spirit." — Chap. xvi. 2.
The incomprehensibility of God is also set forth in this book
in striking language. Ko human powers are capable of compre*
bending his nature, or understanding his works.
" I have not learned wisdom,
Nor have I the knowledge of tlie Most Holy.
Who hath gone up into heaven and come down ?
\Yho hath gathered the Avind in his fists ?
Who hatli bound up the waters in a garment ?
Who hath estal)lished all the ends of the earth?
What is his name, and what his son's name, if thou knowest?"
Chap. XXX. 2-i.
THE PEOVERBS. 243
The providence of God is represented as ever active and
universal. It is over all his works, and nothing takes place
■which is not in accordance with his will and ordination. It is
accomplished by the almighty power of God, and no mention
is made in this book of the instrnmentality of angels. Not only
the outward fortunes, but the minds of men, according to it, are
under the complete control of God.
" Trust in the Loko with all thy heart,
And lean not on thine own understanding;
In all thy ways acknowledge him,
And he will make thy paths plain." — Chap. iii. 5, 6.
" To man belongeth the preparation of the heart ;
But the answer of the tongue is from the Lord." — Chap. xvi. 1.
" Commit thy doings to the Lord,
And thy purposes shall be established." — lb. 3.
" As streams of water,
So is the heart of the king in the hand of the Lord;
He turneth it whithersoever he will." — Chap. xxi. 1.
" It is the blessing of the Lord that maketh rich.
And he addeth no sorroAV with it." — Chap. x. 22.
From this last quotation. Dr. G. L. Bauer* takes occasion to
remark, that, according to this book, "blessings are granted
to God's favorites, independent of any exertions on their part."
A more superficial and unfounded remark, or more inconsistent
with the whole tenor of the book, could not have been made.
The obvious meaning of the verse is, that, while wealth, in
general, may be gained with labor by the wicked as well as the
righteous, only that wealth is free from, sorrow which is gained
by means which have the approbation and blessing of the Lord.
In fact, the most prevalent idea in the whole book is that of an
exact temporal retribution to men for their good and bad deeds.
What inconceivable rashness, then, was it in Dr. Bauer to assert
the doctrine of the book to be, that blessings were granted to
God's favorites, independent of any exertions "on their part !
* See Extracts from Bauer's Theolog}'' of the Old Testament, London,
1838, p. 84.
244 INTRODUCTION TO
Another important religious doctrine tauglit in this book is,
that the evils which afflict the righteous man are to be regarded
by him as the chastenings inflicted by God in order to promote
the moral improvement of him whom he loves.
" My son, despise not the correction of the Lord,
Nor be impatient under his chastisement !
For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth,
Even as a father the son in whom he dehghteth." — Chap. iii. 11, 12.
But the character of God, as a father seeking to reclaim the
wicked by manifestations of love, is not prominent in this book.
The doctrine of Christ on this subject is so flir beyond what can
be found in the Book of Proverbs, or in any part of the Old
Testament, as to deserve the appellation of a new doctrine.
Dr. Bauer thinks that he finds in this book the doctrine, that
Jehovah predestinated men to wickedness and to punishment.
The passage on which he founds the remark is contained in
chap. xvi. 4. In the common version it is translated, " The Lord
hath made all things for himself; yea, even the wicked for the
day of evil."
Against the interpretation of this passage which makes it mean,
that the Lord made man wicked on purpose to inflict evil upon
him, the most obvious remark is, that common sense cannot
reconcile it with the strict doctrine of retribution which pervades
the Book of Proverbs. The verse seems also not only to admit,
but to require, a translation somcAvhat different. Thus, —
" The Lord hath ordained every thing for its end ;
Even the wicked for the day of evil."
It appears to me, that, if we take into view the connection in
which the verse stands, and also the general tenor of the book
in regard to a righteous retribution, the meaning of the passage
will appear to be nothing more than this, — that God has ordained
every thing to that which answers to it, or is fit for it, and the
wicked he has ordained for the day of evil, i.e. of punishment.
There is not only a wise arrangement and correspondence iu
good things, but also in evil things ; for the evil of punishment
follows the evil of guilt : the evil day is appointed for the evil-
THE PROVERBS. 245
doer. The idea, tliat the Ahniglity makes men wicked for the
very purpose of inflicting evil on them, is too metaphysical for
the writer, whose maxims are drawn from common sense and
observation, and not from mystical or metaphysical musings.
The necessity of religion, which is spoken of under the name
of the fear of the Lord, is inculcated in tliis book in strong
and emphatic language, as the beginning of wisdom and the
fountain of happiness. Of sacrifices and offerings very little is
said. The author insists almost exclusively upon the substantial
duties of morality and religion. He seems to rely upon obedi-
ence to God's laws, amendment of life, justice, purity, and mercy,
as the means of securing the forgiveness and favor of God,
rather than upon formal offerings for sin.
" To do justice and equity
Is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice." — Chap. xxi. 3.
Such are the views of morality and religion taught in the Book
of Proverbs ; views which may well command our admiration,
when we consider when and where they were taught. Still, we
must remember that our duty is now to be learned from Christ,
rather than from Solomon. We must examine ourselves by the
light of the Sermon on the Mount, rather than by that of
the Book of Proverbs. A greater than Solomon is here. He is
come in his kingdom, and by his laws we are to be judged.
One interesting characteristic of the Book of Proverbs is the
frequent personification of wisdom, as an attribute of God, as
well as the guide of men, which occurs in it. She is represented
as existing prior to the creation.
" The Lord created me, the firstling of his course,
Before his works, of old;
I was anointed from everlasting,
From the beginning, even before the earth was made.
"When as yet there were no deeps, I was brought forth ;
When there were no springs abounding with water. . , .
Then was I by him, as a master-builder;
I was his delight day by day,
246 INTRODUCTION TO
Exulting continually in bis presence ;
Exulting in the habitable part of his earth,
And my delight was Avith the sons of men."
Chap. viii. 22-24, 30, 31.
Wisdom is liere represented as a female and a queen, the
assistant, counsellor, and architect of the Almighty in the crea-
tion of the world out of chaos. This bold personification is
perfectly agreeable to the genius of the Hebrew poets, who repre-
sent Zion as stretching out her hands, having none to comfort
her ; and the inanimate ways which lead to the temple of Jeru-
salem as mourning, because none came to the solemn festivals ;
and all the trees of the field as clapping their hands, in token of
joy that the ransomed of Jehovah were returning to Zion.
That the representation of wisdom in the eighth chapter of
this book is a i)er.'>onifioation, and not a real person, as the Church
fathers and many in modern times have supposed, is perfectly
manifest from tlie connection in which it stands, and the previous
personification of wisdom as an attribute of man. It is the same
attribute by which kings reign and princes decree justice, that
is found by all that love her, that loves them who love her,
that cries aloud to the sons of men at the corners of the streets,
which is immediately afterwards represented as the counsellor
and architect of the Deity. If, when he speaks of wisdom as the
guide and instructor of men, he does not refer to any thing
personal, we have no reason to suppose, that, when he speaks of
wisdom as the counsellor and architect of the Deity, he meant
any thing more than that all the works of God were created by
his wisdom, and manifest its excellence.
This personification of wisdom in the Book of Proverbs is wor-
thy of attention, as illustrating the natural origin of the doctrine
of a personal Logos, or intermediate personal agent between the
Deity and created things in the creation and government of
the world. For how easy would be the transition from a per-
sonification of wisdom, as is contained in chap, viii., to the repre-
sentation of it as a real person !
A list of the principal commentators on this book may be seen
in Roscnraiiller's Scholia in Vetus Testamentum. The latest
THE PROVERBS. 247
English works on the Proverbs, which I have seen, are — An
Attempt towards an Improved Translation of the Proverbs, with
Notes Critical and Explanatory, and a Preliminary Dissertation,
by the Rev. George Holden, London, 1819, 8vo ; a New Trans-
lation of the Proverbs, with Explanatory Notes, by William
French, D.D., and Ilev. George Skinner, M.A., London, 1831 ;
and the translation in Boothroyd's Version of the Bible, London,
1843. The best recent w^orks on Proverbs, which I have exam-
ined, are the Scholia of Rosenmiiller, Leipzig, 1829; the German
Version and Commentary of Umbreit, Heidelberg, 1826 ; the
excellent German version of De Wette, in the fourth edition of
his Translation of the Scriptures, Heidelberg, 1858 5 Berfheau's
Spriiche Salomo's, Leipzig, 1847 ; and Stuart's Commentary ou
Proverbs, Andover, 1852.
THE PROYERBS.
I.
Introduction. "Warning against evil company. — Chap. I. 1-19.
1 The proverbs of Solomon, the son of David, king of
Israel :
2 That one may learn wisdom and instruction,
And receive words of understanding ;
3 That one may gain the instruction of prudence,
Justice, equity, and uprightness ;
4 Which will give caution to the simple.
To the young man wisdom and discretion ;
5 Let the wise man hear, and he will increase his knowledge,
Ajid the man of understanding will gain wise counsels ;
6 So as to understand a proverb and a deep maxim,
The words of the wise and their dark sayings.
7 The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge ;
Fools despise wisdom and instruction.
8 Hear, O my son ! the instruction of thy father,
And neglect not the teacliing of thy mother !
9 For they shall be a graceful wreath for thy head,
And a chain around thy neck.
10 ]My son, if sinners entice thee,
Consent thou not !
11 If they say, " Come with us,
Let us lie in wait for blood,
Let us lurk secretly for him who is innocent in vain ;
12 Let us swallow them up alive, like the underworld.
Yea, in full health, as those that go down into the pit ;
11* [249]
ZoO THE PROYERBS. [chap. i.
13 We shall find all kinds of precious substance,
"We shall fill our houses with spoil ;
14 Thou shalt cast thy lot among us ;
"We will all have one purse ; " —
15 My son, walk thou not in their way,
Refrain thy foot from their path I
16 For their feet run to evil,
And make haste to shed blood.
17 For as the net is spread in vain
Before the eyes of any bird,
18 So they lie in wait for their own blood ;
They lurk secretly for their ow^n lives.
19 Such are the ways of every one greedy of unjust gain ;
It taketh away the life of the possessor thereof.
n.
The exhortation of "Wipclom to the obsen^ance of her counsels, and wammg
against neglecting them. — Chap. I. 20-33.
20 WiSDO-Ai crieth out in the highway ;
In the market-place she uttereth her voice ;
21 At the head of the noisy streets she crieth aloud ;
At the entrances of the gates, throughout the city, she
proclaimeth her words [saying] :
22 " How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity?
How long will scoffers delight themselves in scoflSug,
And fools hate knowledge ?
23 Turn ye at my reproof!
Behold, I will pour out my spirit to you ;
I will make known my w^ords to you !
24 " Because I have called, and ye have refused, —
Because I have stretched out my hand, and no one hath
regarded, —
25 Because ye have rejected all my counsel,
And have slighted my rebuke, —
2G I also will laugh at your calamity,
I will mock when your fear cometh ;
27 When your fear cometh upon you like a storm,
And destruction overtaketh you like a whirlwind,
When distress and anguish come upon you.
CHAP. II ] THE Pliu V xL,ii,iiS. 251
28 Then will they call upon me, but I will not answer !
They will seek me early,
But they shall not find me !
29 Because they have hated knowledge,
And have not chosen the fear of the Lord, —
30 Because they would not attend to my counsel,
And have despised all my reproof, —
31 Therefore shall they eat of the fruit of their own way,
And be filled to the full with their own devices ;
32 Yea, the turning away of the simple shall slay them,
And the carelessness of fools shall destroy them.
33 But whoso hearkeneth to me shall dwell securely.
And shall not be disquieted with the fear of evil."
ni.
The advantages attending the pursuit of wisdom, and the evils to be avoideu
by such a course. — Chap. II.
1 Oh, my son, that thou wouldst receive my words,
And treasure up my precej^ts w^ithin thee ;
2 That thou wouldst apply thine ear to wisdom,
And incline thy heart to understanding !
3 For if thou wilt call aloud to knowledge.
And lift up thy voice to understanding, —
4 If thou wilt seek her as silver.
And search for her as for hidden treasures, —
5 Then shalt thou understand the fear of the Lord,
And find the knowledge of God.
6 For the Lord giveth wisdom ;
From his mouth proceed knowledge and understanding :
7 He layeth up safety for the righteous ;
He is a shield to them that walk uprightly :
8 He guardeth the paths of equity.
And defendeth the way of his servants.
9 Then shalt thou understand righteousness and equity
And uprightness, yea, every good path.
10 When wisdom entereth into thy heart,
And knowledge is pleasant to thy soul,
11 Discretion will guard thee,
Understanding will preserve thee.
252 THE PROVERBS. [chap. in.
12 It will deliver tliee from the way of the wicked,
From the men who s^ieak 23erverse things ;
13 Who forsake the paths of uprightness,
To walk in the ways of darkness ;
14 Who rt'joice in doing evil,
And delight in the perverseness of the wicked ;
15 Whose paths are crooked,
And who are froward in their ways.
16 It will deliver thee from the wife of another,
From the stranger, who useth smooth words ;
17 Who forsaketh the friend of her yonth.
And forgetteth the covenant of her God.
18 For her house sinketh down to Death,
And her paths to the shades of the dead :
19 None that go to her return again ;
They will not attain the paths of life.
20 Therefore walli thou in the way of good men,
And keep tlie paths of the righteous :
21 For the ui:)right shall dwell in the land,
And the righteous shall remain in it ;
22 But the wicked shall be cut off from the land,
And transojressors shall be rooted out of it.
Exhortation to obedience, to reliance upon God, to the due payment of offer-
inf^s prescribed by tlie hiw, and to patience under the divine chastisements
The inestimable value of wisdom set forth. — Chap. III. 1-26.
1 My son, forget not my teaching,
And let thy heart observe my precepts !
2 For length of da3^s, and years of life,
And peace shall they multiply to thee.
3 Let not kindness and truth forsake thee ;
Bind them around thy neck,
Write them upon the tablet of thy heart :
4 Tlien shalt thou find favor and good success
In the sight of God and man.
5 Trust in the Lord with all thy heart,
And lean not on thine own understanding ;
6 In all thy ways acknowledge him.
And he will make thy paths plain.
CHAP. III.] THE PROVERBS. 253
7 Be not wise in thine own eyes ;
Fear the Lord, and depart from evil.
8 It shall be health to thy muscles,
And moisture to thy bones.
9 Honor the Lord with thy substance,
And with the first-fruits of all thy increase ;
10 So shall thy barns be filled wdth plenty,
And thy vats overflow with new wine.
11 My son, despise not the correction of the Lord,
Nor be impatient under his chastisement !
12 For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth,
Even as a father the son in whom he delighteth.
13 Happy the man who findeth wisdom ;
Yea, the man who getteth understanding !
14 For the profit thereof is greater than that of silver,
And the gain thereof than that of fine gold.
15 More precious is she than pearls.
And none of thy jewels is to be compared with her.
16 Length of days is in her right hand ;
In her left hand are riches and honor.
17 Her ways are ways of pleasantness,
And all her paths are j^eace.
18 She is a tree 'of life to them that lay hold of her.
And happy is every one who hath her in his grasp.
19 The Lord by wisdom founded the earth ;
By understanding he framed the heavens.
20 By his knowledge the deep waters were cleft,
And the clouds drop down the dew.
21 My son, let them not depart from thine eyes ;
Keep sound w^isdom and discretion !
22 For they shall be life to thy soul.
And grace to thy neck.
23 Then shalt thou go on thy way securely,
And thy foot shall not stumble ;
24 When thou liest down, thou shalt not be afraid.
Yea, thou shalt lie down, and thy sleep shall be sweet.
25 Be not thou afraid of sudden alarm,
Nor of the storm that is for the wicked, when it cometh ;
26 For the Lord shall be thy confidence ;
Yea, he will keep thy foot from being taken.
254 THE PROVERBS. [chap, hi., iv.
V.
Various precepts. — Chap. III. 27-35.
27 Withhold not kindness from those who need it,
Allien it is in the power of thy hand to do it.
28 Say not to thy neighbor, " Go, and come again.
And to-morrow I will give to thee," when thou hast it by
thee.
29 Devise not evil against thy neighbor,
While he dwelleth securely by thee.
30 Contend not with a man without cause,
When he hath done thee no harm.
31 Envy not the oppressor,
And choose none of his ways.
32 For the perverse man is the abomination of the Lord,
But he is in friendship with the upright.
33 The curse of the Lord is upon the house of the wicked,
But he blesseth the dwelling of the righteous.
34 Surely the scorners he treateth scornfully,
But giveth favor to the lowly.
35 The wise shall obtain honor.
But fools shall bear off shame.
VI.
Exhortation to wisdom and virtue. — CnAP. lY,
1 Hear, ye children, the instruction of a father,
And attend, that ye may learn understanding !
2 For I give you good instruction ;
Forsake ye not my commandments.
3 For I was my father's son,
A tender and only child in the sight of my mother.
4 He taught me, and said to me.
Let thy heart hold fast my words ;
Keep my commandments, and live.
5 Get wisdom, get understanding ;
Forget not, and depart not from, the words of my mouth.
6 Forsake her not, and she will guard thee :
Love her, and she will preserve thee.
CHAP. IV.] THE PROVERBS. 255
7 Wisdom is the principal tiling ; therefore gain wisdom,
And with all thy gain, gain understanding.
8 Exalt her. and she will promote thee ;
She will bring thee to honor, when thou dost embrace
her ;
9 She will give to thy head a graceful wreath,
A beautiful crown will she bestow" upon thee.
10 . Hear, O my son ! and receive my sayings !
So shall the years of thy life be many.
11 I have taught thee the way of wisdom,
I have guided thee in the right path.
12 When thou goest, thy steps shall not be confined ;
And, Avhen thou runnest, thou shalt not stumble.
13 Take fast hold of instruction ; let her not go ;
Keep her, for she is thy life.
14 Enter not into the path of the wicked,
And go jiot in the way of evil men ;
15 Avoid it, pass not upon it,
Turn from it, and go away.
16 For they sleep not, unless they have done mischief;
Yea, their sleep is taken away, unless they have caused
some to fall.
17 For they eat the bread of wickedness,
And drink the wine of violence.
18 But the path of the righteous is as the light of dawn,
Which groweth brighter and brighter unto the perfect day.
19 The way of the wicked is as thick darkness ;
They know not at what they stumble.
20 My son, attend to my words ;
Incline thine ear to my sayings ;
21 Let them not depart from thine eyes ;
Keep them in the midst of thy heart ! .
22 For they are life to those who find them,
And health to all their flesh.
23 More than any thing wliich thou watchest, watch thy
heart ;
For from it goeth forth life.
21 Put away from thee a deceitful mouth,
And remove far from thee perverse lips.
25 Let thine eyes look straight forward.
And thine eyelids be directed before thee.
256 THE PROVERBS. [chap. v.
26 Give heed to tlie path of thy foot,
And let all thy ways be steadfast.
27 Turn not to the right hand or to the lett ;
Eemove thy foot from evil.
VII.
"Warning against unclaastity. — Chap. V.
1 My son, attend to my wisdom,
And bow thine ear to my understanding ;
2 That thou mayst keep discretion,
And that thy lips may preserve knowledge !
3 Ti'uly, the lips of a strange woman drop honey,
And her mouth is smoother than oil ; ,
4 But her end is bitter as wormwood.
Sharp as a two-edged sword.
5 Her feet go down to death ;
Her steps lay hold of the under-world.
6 That she may not ponder the way of life.
Her paths waver when she lieedeth it not.
7 Hear me now, therefore, 0 children !
And turn not away from the words of my mouth I
8 Remove thy way far from her,
And come not nigh the door of her house:
9 Lest thou give thy bloom to others,
And thy ye:irs to a cruel one ;
10 Lest strangers be filled with thy wealth.
And thine earnings be in the house of an alien ;
11 And lest thou mourn in thy latter end,
When thy ilesh»and thy body are consumed,
12 And say, " How have I hated instruction !
And how hath my heart despised reproof!
13 I have not obeyed the voice of my teachers,
Nor inclined mine ear to my instructors ;
14 I have well-nigh follen into utter misery,
In the midst of the congregation and the assemblj.'
15 Drink water out of thine own cistern,
And running water out of thine own weU •
CHAP. VI.] THE PROVERBS. 257
16 So shall thy fountains overflow in the streets,
In the wide streets, as streams of water ;
17 They shall belong to thee alone,
And not to strangers with thee;
18 And thy fountain shall be blessed,
Yea, thou slialt have joy in the wife of thy youth.
19 A lovely hind, a graceful doe.
Her breasts shall satisfy thee at all times,
And thou shalt be always ravished with her love.
20 Why, then, my son, wilt thou be ravished with a wanton,
And embrace the bosom of a stranger ?
21 For the ways of man are before the eyes of the Lord,
And he weigheth well all his paths.
22 His own iniquities shall ensnare the Avicked ;
Yea, he shall be held fast by the cords of his own sins.
23 He shall die for want of instruction ;
Yea, through the greatness of his folly he shall stagger.
VIII.
Warning against suretyship, indolence, falsehood, and other vices.
Chap. VI. 1-19.
1 ]\It son, if thou hast become surety for another.
If thou hast stricken hands for another,
2 If thou hast become ensnared by the words of thy mouth,
If thou hast been caught by the words of thy mouth,
3 Do tills now, my son, and rescue thyself, —
Since thou hast fallen into the hands of thy neighbor, —
Go, prostrate thyself, and be urgent with thy neighbor !
4 Give not sleej) to thine eyes, nor slumber to thine eyelids ;
5 Rescue thyself, as a roe from the hand,
And as a bii J from the hand of the fowler.
6 Go to the ant, 0 sluggard !
Consider her ways, and be wise !
7 She hath no governor,
Nor overseer, nor ruler ;
8 Yet she prepareth in the summer her food.
She gathereth in the harvest her meat.
258 THE PROVERBS. tcHAP. vi.
9 How long wilt tliou lie in bed, O sluggard ?
When wilt thou arise from thy sleep ?
10 "A little sleep, — a little slumber, —
A little foldins: of the hands to rest : "
11 So shall thy poverty come upon thee like a robber,
Yea, thy want, as an armed man !
12 A worthless wretch is the unrighteous man,
Who walketh w^ith a deceitful mouth ;
13 Who winketh with his eyes,
Speaketh with his feet,
And teacheth with his fingers.
14 Fraud is in his heart ;
He deviseth mischief continually ;
He scattereth contentions.
15 Therefore shall calamity come upon him suddenly;
In a moment shall he be destroyed, and that without
remedy.
16 These six things doth the Lord hate ;
Yea, seven are an abomination to him :
17 Lofty eyes, a false tongue,
And hands which shed innocent blood ;
18 A heart that contriveth wicked devices,
Feet that are swift in running to mischief,
19 A false witness, that uttereth lies,
And him that soweth discord amons: brethren.
IX.
Exhortation of obedience to parents, and warning against unchastity.
Chap. VI. 20- VII.
20 Keep, O my son ! the commandment of thy father.
And forsake not the precepts of thy mother !
21 Bind them continually to thy heart.
Tie them around thy neck !
22 When thou goest forth, they shall guide thee ;
When thou sleepest, they shall watch over thee ;
And, when thou awakest, they shall talk with thee.
CHAP. VII.] THE PROVERBS. 259
23 For the commandment is a lamp, and instruction a light ;
Yea, the rebukes of correction lead to life.
24 They shall guard thee from the evil woman,
From the smooth tongue of the unchaste woman.
25 Desire not her beauty in thy heart,
Nor let her catch thee with her eyelids ;
26 For by a harlot a man is brought to a morsel of bread,
And the adulteress layeth snares for the precious life.
27 Can a man take fire into his bosom.
And his clothes not be burned ?
28 Can one walk upon burning coals,
And his feet not be scorched ?
29 So is it with him who goeth in to his neighbor's wife ;
Whoever toucheth her shall not go unpunished.
30 Men do not overlook a thief.
Though he steal to satisfy his appetite, when he is
hungry ;
31 If found, he must repay sevenfold,
And give up all the substance of his house.
32 Whoso committeth adultery with a woman lacketh under-
standing ;
He that doeth it destroyeth himself;
33 Blows and dishonor shall he get.
And his rej^roach shall not be wij)ed away.
34 For jealousy is the fury of a man ;
He will not spare in the day of vengeance ;
35 And he will not pay regard to any ransom,
Nor be content, though thou offer many gifts.
1 My son, keep my words.
And treasure up my commandments with thee !
2 Keep my commandments and live !
Yea, my teaching, as the apple of thine eye !
3 Bind them upon thy fingers.
Write them upon the tablet of thy heart !
4 Say unto wisdom, " Thou art my sister ! "
And call understanding thy near acquaintance ;
5 That they may keep thee from the wife of another,
From the stranger, that useth smooth words.
6 For through the window of my house,
Through the lattice I was looking forth,
260 THE PROVERBS. [chap. vii.
7 And I saw among the simple ones,
I discerned among the youths,
A young man void of understanding.
8 He was passing through the street near her corner,
And was going the way to her house,
9 At twilio^ht, in the eveninsj,
At midnight, yea, in the thick darkness.
10 And, behold, a woman met him,
In the attire of a harlot, and subtle of heart, —
11 One noisy and unruly,
Whose feet abide not in her house ;
12 Who is now in the streets, now in the broad places,
And lurketh near every corner.
13 She caught hold of him and kissed him,
And with a shameless face said to him,
14 " Thank-offerings have been upon me,
And this day have I performed my vows ;
15 Therefore came I forth to meet thee, —
Diligently to seek thy face, and I have found thee !
16 I have spread my bed with coverlets.
With tapestry of the thread of Egypt.
17 I have sprinkled my bed
With myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon.
18 Come, let us take our fill of love until the morning;
Let us solace ourselves with caresses.
19 For the good-man is not at home ;
He is gone a long journey ;
20 He hath taken a purse of money with him ;
At the day of the full moon he will return."
21 By her much fair speech she seduced him ;
By the smoothness of her lips she di'ew him away.
22 He goeth after her straightway.
As an ox Q-oeth to the slauo'hter,
Or as one in fetters to the chastisement of the fool,
23 Till an arrow strike tlu-ough his liver ; —
As a bird hasteneth into tlie snare,
And knoweth not that it is hxid for its life.
24 Now, therefore, ye children, hearken to me,
And attend to the words of my mouth !
25 Let not thy heart turn aside to her ways ;
Go not astray in her paths !
CHAP. VIII.] THE PROVERBS. 261
26 For many are the wounded which she hath cast down ;
Yea, countless is the number of those slain by her.
27 Her house is the way to the under-world,
Leading down to the chambers of death.
X.
The excellence of -wisdom. — Chap. VIII.
1 Doth not wisdom cry aloud,
And understanding put forth her voice ?
2 Upon the top of the high places,
By the wayside.
In the cross-ways.
She taketli her station.
3 By the side of the gates,
In the entrance of the city,
In th§ aj^proaches to the doors, she crieth aloud.
4 " To you, 0 men ! do I call.
And my voice is to the sons of men !
5 O ye simple ones ! learn wisdom,
And ye fools, be ye of an understanding heart !
6 Hear, for I speak excellent things.
And my lips utter that which is right.
7 For my mouth speaketh truth, >
And wickedness is an abomination to my lips.
8 All the words of my mouth are in uprightness ;
There is nothing crooked or deceitful in them ;
9 They are all plain to the man of understanding,
And right to those who find knowledge.
10 Receive my instruction, and not silver,
And knowledsre rather than choice gold !
11 For wisdom is better than pearls.
And no precious things are to be compared with her.
12 " I, wisdom, dwell with prudence.
And find out the knowledije of sasfacious counsels.
13 The fear of the Lord is to hate evil ;
Pride, and arrogance, and the evil way,
And the deceitful mouth, do I hate.
262 THE PROVERBS.. [chap. vin.
14 Counsel is mine, and sound reason ;
I am understanding ; I liave strength.
15 By me kings reign,
And princes decree justice.
16 By me princes rule.
And nobles, even all the judges of the earth.
17 I love them that love me,
And they who seek me early shall find me.
18 Riches and honor are with me ;
Yea, durable riches and j^rosperity.
19 My fruit is better than gold, yea, than fine gold,
And my revenue than choice silver.
2i. I walk in the way of righteousness,
In the midst of the jDaths of equity.
21 I cause those who love me to jjossess substance ;
Yea, I fill their treasuries.
22 " The Lord created me, the firstling of his course,
Before his v»^orks, of old ;
23 I was anointed fi'om everlasting, •
From the beginning, even before the earth was made.
21 When as yet there were no deeps, I was brought forth
When there were no springs, abounding with water.
25 Before the mountains were settled.
Yea, before the hills, I w^as brought forth ;
26 Ere yet he had made the land and the wastes,
And the first of the clods of the earth.
27 When he framed the heavens, I was there ;
When he drew a circle upon the face of the deep ;
28 When lie made firm the sky above,
And the fountains of the deep rushed forth ;
29 When he gave to the sea its bounds.
That the waters should not pass their border ;
When he marked out the foundations of the earth, —
30 Then was I by him as a master-builder ;
I was his delight day by day.
Exulting before him at all times ;
31 Exulting in the habitable part of his earth,
And my delight was with the sons of men.
32 '' Now, therefore, ye childi"en, hearken to me !
For happy are they who keep my ways !
33 Hear instruction, and be wise !
Yea, reject it not !
CHAP. IX.] THE PROVERBS. 263
34 Happy the man who hearkeneth to me,
Who watchetli clay by day at my gates,
Who waiteth at the posts of my doors ;
35 For he that findeth me findeth life,
And obtaineth favor from the Lord ;
3G But he who misseth me doeth violence to liimself ;
All they wiio hate me love death."
XI.
Wisdom represented as inviting to a sumptuous feast all who need her
bounty. The different reception given to admonition by a Avise man and
a scoffer. The foundation of true wisdom. Warning against the delu-
sions of folly. — Chap. IX.
1 Wisdom hath builded her house ;
She hath hewn out her seven j^illars.
2 She hath killed her fatlings ;
She hath mingled her wine ;
Yea, she hath furnished her table.
3 She hath sent forth her maidens ;
She crieth aloud upon the highest places of the city :
4 " Whoever is simple, let him turn in hither ! "
To him that is void of understanding she saith,
5 " Come, eat of my bread,
And drink of the wine which I have mingled !
6 Forsake folly, and live !
And go forward in the way of understanding !
7 " He who correcteth a scoffer
Bringeth shame upon himself;
And he who rebuketh the wicked
Bringeth upon himself a stain.
8 Rebuke not a scoffer, lest he hate thee ;
Rebuke a wise man, and he will love thee.
9 Give instruction to a wise man, and he will be yet wiser ;
Teach a righteous man, and he will increase his learning.
10 The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.
And the knowledge of the Most Holy is understanding.
11 Yea, through me thy daj^s shall be multiplied,
And the years of thy life shall be increased.
264 THE PROVERBS. [chap. x.
12 If thou art wise, tlion art wise for thyself;
And if thou art a scoffer, thou alone must bear it."
13 The foolish woman is clamorous ;
She is very simple, and careth for nothing.
14 She sitteth at the door of her house,
Upon a seat in the high j)laces of the city,
15 To call aloud to those that pass by,
Who go straight forward in their ways,
16 " Whoever is simple, let him turn in hither ! "
And to him that is void of understanding she saith,
il " Stolen water is sweet,
And bread eaten in secret is pleasant."
18 But he considereth not that the dead are there.
That in the vales of the under-world are her gueste.
XII.
Various unconnected Proverbs. — Chap. X.-XXII. 16.
1 The Proverbs of Solomon.
A wise son maketh a glad father.
But a foolish son is the grief of his mother.
2 Treasures of wickedness do not profit ;
But righteousness delivereth from death.
3 The Lord will not suffer the righteous to famish ;
But he disappointeth the craving of the wicked.
4 lie that worketh with a slack hand becometh poor ;
But the hand of the diligent maketh rich.
6 He that gathereth in summer is a wise son ;
But he that sleepeth in harvest is a son causing shame.
6 Blessings are upon the head of the just ;
But the mouth of the wicked concealeth violence.
7 Tlie memory of the righteous man shall be blessed ;
But the name of the wicked shall rot.
8 He who is wise in heart leceiveth precepts ;
But the foolish talker falleth headlong.
9 He tliat walketh uprightly walketh securely ;
But he that perverteth his ways shall be punished.
CHAP. X.] THE PROVERBS. 265
10 He tliat winketh with the eye causeth sorrow ;
And a foolish talker falleth heaclloncf.
11 The mouth of the righteous is a fountain of life ;
But the mouth of the wicked concealeth violence. •
12 Hatred stirreth up strife ;
But love covereth all oiFences.
13 Upon the lips of a man of understanding wisdom is found ;
But a rod is for the back of him that lacketh understand-
ing.
14 "Wise men treasure up knowledge ;
But the mouth of the foolish is destruc:tion close at hand.
15 The rich man's wealth is his strong city ;
The destruction of the poor is their poverty.
16 The earnings of the righteous minister to life ;
The revenues of the wicked, to sin.
17 He that keepeth instruction is in the path of life ;
But he that refuseth reproof goeth astray.
18 He that hideth hatred hath lying lips ;
And he that uttereth slander is a fool.
19 In the multitude of words there wanteth not offence ;
But he who restraineth his lips is wise.
20 The tongue of the righteous is as choice silver ;
The understanding of the wicked is of little worth.
21 The lips of the righteous feed many ;
But fools die through want of wisdom.
22 It is the blessing of the Lord that maketh rich,
And he addeth no sorrow with it.
23 It is as sport to a fool to do mischief;
But a man of understanding hath wisdom.
24 The fear of the wicked shall come upon him ;
But the desire of the righteous shall be granted.
25 When the whirlwind passeth by, the wicked is no more;
But the righteous is an everlasting foundation.
26 As vinegar to the teeth, and as smoke to. the eyes,
So is the sluggard to them that send him.
27 The fear of the Lord prolongeth life ;
But the years of the wicked shall be shortened.
28 The hope of the righteous shall be gladness ,
But the expectation of the wicked shall come to nothing.
29 The way of the Lord is a stronghold for the upright,
But destruction for those who do iniquity.
12
266 THE PROVERBS. [chap. xi.
30 The righteous shall never be moved ;
But the wicked shall not dwell in the land.
31 The mouth of the righteous man yieldeth wisdom ;
But the perverse tongue shall be cut off.
32 The lips of the righteous know what is acceptable ;
But the mouth of the wicked what is perverse.
1 False scales are an abomination to the Lord ;
But a perfect weight is his delight.
2 When pride cometh, then cometh disgrace ;
But with the humble is wisdom.
3 The integrity of the upright shall guide them ;
But the perverseness of transgressors shall destroy them.
4 Riches do not profit in the day of wrath ;
But righteousness delivereth from death.
5 The righteousness of the good man maketh his way
plain ;
But the wicked falleth throuo;h his wickedness.
6 The righteousness of the upright delivereth them ;
But transgressors are ensnared in their own mischief.
7 When the wicked man dietli, his hope cometh to an end ;
Yea, the expectation of the unjust cometh to an' end.
8 The righteous man is delivered from trouble,
And the wicked cometh into it in his stead.
9 By his mouth the vile man destroyeth his neighbor ;
But by the knowledge of the righteous are men delivered.
10 When it goeth well with the righteous, the city rejoiceth;
And when the wicked perish, there is shouting.
11 By the blessing of the upright the city is exalted ;
But it is overthrown by the mouth of the wicked.
12 He who despiseth his neighbor is void of understanding ;
A man of discernment holdeth his peace.
13 He who goeth about as a tale-bearer revealeth secrets ;
But he who is of a faithful spirit concealeth a matter.
14 Where there is no counsel, the people fall ;
But in a multitude of counsellors there is safety.
15 He that is surety for another shall smart for it ;
But he that hatetli suretyship is sure.
16 A graceful woman obtaineth honor,
Even as strouix men obtain riches.
17 He that doeth good to himself is a man of kindness ;
But he that tormenteth his own flesh is cruel.
CHAP, xn] THE PROVERBS. 267
18 The wicked toileth for deceitful wages ;
But he who soweth rigliteousness shall have a sure reward
19 As righteousness tendeth to life,
So he who pursueth evil pursueth it to his death.
20 The perverse in heart are the abomination of the Lord ;
But the upright in their way are his delight.
21 From generation to generation the wicked shall not go
unpunished ;
But the posterity of the righteous shall be delivered.
22 As a jewel of gold in a swine's snout,
So is a iDcautiful woman who is without discretion.
23 The desire of the righteous is only good;
But the expectation of the wicked is wrath.
24 There is that scattereth, and yet increaseth ;
And there is that withholdeth more than is right, yet he
cometh to want.
25 The bountiful man shall be enriched.
And he that watereth shall himself be watered.
26 ' Him that keepeth back corn the people curse ;
But blessing shall be upon the head of him that selleth
it.
27 He, who earnestly seeketh good, seeketh favor ;
But he that seeketh mischief, it shall come upon him.
28 He who trusteth in his riches shall fall ;
But the righteous shall flourish as a leaf.
29 He that harasseth his household shall inherit wind ;
And the fool shall be the servant of the wise.
30 The fruit of a righteous man is a tree of life ;
And the wise man winneth souls.
31 Behold, the righteous man is requited on the earth ;
Much more the wicked man and the sinner !
1 He who loveth correction loveth knowledge ;
But he who hateth rebuke remaineth stupid.
2 The good man obtaineth favor from the Lord ;
But the man of wicked devices he condemneth.
3 A man shall not be established by wickedness ;
But the root of the righteous shall not be moved.
4 A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband ;
But she who causeth shame is as rottenness in his bones.
6 The purposes of the righteous are just ;
The designs of the wicked are deceitful.
268 THE PROVERBS. tCHAP. xii.
6 The words of the wicked lie in wait for men's blood ;
But the mouth of the upright delivereth them.
7 The wicked are overthrown, and are no more ;
But the house of the righteous shall stand.
8 A man will be commended according to his wisdom ;
But he that is of a perverse heart shall be despised.
9 Better is he that demeaneth himself, and hath a ser-
vant,
Than he that exalteth himself, and hath no bread.
10 The righteous man careth for the life of his beast ;
But the tender mercies of the wicked are cruel.
11 Pie who tilleth his own land shall be satisfied with
bread ;
But he who followeth worthless persons is void of under-
standing.
12 The wicked man longeth after the prey of evil-doers ;
But the root of the righteous yieldeth fruit.
13 In the transgression of the lips is a dangerous snare ;
But the righteous man shall escape from trouble.
14 By the fruit of a man's mouth he shall be filled with
good,
And the recompense of a man's hands shall be rendered
unto him.
15 The way of a fool is right in his own eyes ;
But he that hearkeneth to counsel is wise.
16 A fool's wrath is instantly known ;
But he that hideth insult is wise.
17 He that speaketh truth testifieth what is right ;
But a false witness, deceit.
18 There is who babbleth like the piercing of a sword ;
But the tongue of the wise is health.
19 The lip of truth shall be established for ever ;
But the tongue of falsehood, but for a moment.
20 Deceit is in the heart of those who contrive evil ;
But to the counsellors of peace shall be joy.
21 No evil shall happen to the righteous ;
But the wicked shall be filled with calamity.
22 False lips are the abomination of the Lord ;
But they who deal truly are his delight.
23 A prudent man concealeth his knowledge ;
But the heart of fools proclaimeth iheix foolishness
CHAP. XIII.] THE PROVERBS. 269
24 The hand of the diligent shall bear rule ;
But the slothful shall be under tribute.
25 Anxiety in the heart of a man boweth it down ;
But a kind word maketli it glad.
26 The righteous showeth the way to his neighbor ;
But the way of the wicked leadeth them astray.
27 The slothful man shall not roast his game ;
But a precious treasure to any man is he that is diligent.
28 In the path of righteousness is life,
And in her pathway there is no death.
1 A wise son listcneth to the instruction of his father ;
But a scoffer listeneth not to rebuke.
2 By the fruit of a man's mouth he shall eat good ;
But the appetite of transgressors shall be sated with vio-
lence.
3 He who keepeth his mouth keepeth his life ;
But destruction shall be to him who openeth wide his lips.
4 The appetite of the sluggard longeth, and hath nothing ;
But the appetite of the diligent is fully satisfied.
5 A righteous man hateth words of falsehood ;
But a wicked man causeth disgrace and shame.
6 Righteousness preserveth him who is upright in his way ;
But wickedness overthroweth the sinner.
7 There is who maketh himself rich, yet hath nothing, —
Who maketh himself poor, yet hath great riches.
8 A man's wealth is the ransom of his life ;
But the poor man heareth no threatenings.
9 The light of the righteous shall rejoice ;
But the lamp of the wicked shall be put out.
10 By pride cometh only contention ;
But with the well-advised is wisdom.
11 Wealth gotten by vanity will become small ;
But he who gathereth it into the hand increaseth it.
12 Hope deferred maketh the heart sick ;
But the desire accomplished is a tree of life.
13 He that despiseth the word shall be destroyed ;
But he who revereth the commandment shall be rewarded
14 The instruction of the wise is a fountain of life ;
By it men escape from the snares of death.
15 A good understanding winneth favor ;
But the way of transgressors is hard.
270 THE PROVERBS. [chap. xiY.
16 Every prudent man acteth with knowledge ;
But a fool spreadeth abroad his folly.
17 A wicked messenger ftilleth into trouble ;
But a faithful ambassador is health.
18 Poverty and shame are for him who rejecteth instruc-
tion ;
But he that regardeth reproof shall come to honor.
19 The desire accomplished is sweet to the soul ;
But it is an abomination to fools to depart from evil.
20 He who walketh with wise men shall be wise ;
But the companion of fools shall be destroyed.
21 Calamity pursueth the wicked ;
But the righteous is rewarded with good.
22 The ffood man leaveth his substance to his children's
children ;
But the wealth of the sinner is laid up for the just.
23 There is much food from the fallow-ground of the
poor ;
But there is who is brought low for want of uprightness.
24 He that spareth the rod hateth his son ;
But he who loveth him chasteneth him early.
25 The righteous man eateth to the satisfying of his de-
sire ;
But the stomach of the wicked sufFereth want.
1 The wise woman buildeth her house ;
But the foolish teareth it down with her hands.
2 He who walketh in uprightness feareth the Lord;
But he who is perverse in his ways despiseth him.
3 In the moutli of the foolish pride is a scourge ;
But the lips of the wise preserve them.
4 Where there are no oxen, the crib is clean ;
But there is great increase by the strength of the ox.
5 A fixithful witness doth not lie ;
But a false witness poureth forth lies.
6 The scoffer seeketh wisdom, and findeth it not ;
But knowledge is easy to the man of understanding.
7 Go from the presence of a foolish man ;
For thou hast not perceived in him the lips of knowledge.
8 The wisdom of the prudent is in giving heed to his
way ;
But the folly of fools is deceit.
CHAP. XIV.] THE PROVERBS. 271
9 Fools make a mock at sin ;
But with the upright is favor.
10 The heart knoweth its own bitterness,
And a stranger cannot intermeddle with its joy.
11 The house of the wicked shall be destroyed ;
But the tent of the upright shall flourish.
12 There is a way which seemeth right to a man,
But its end is the way to death.
13 Even in laughter the heart is sorrowful.
And the end of joy is grief.
14 The perverse in heart shall be filled with his own
ways ; ^
And from himself shall the good man be satisfied.
15 The simple man believeth every word ;
But the prudent looketh well to his steps.
16 The wise man feareth, and departeth from evil ;
But the fool is haughty and confident.
17 He who is hasty in his anger will commit folly ;
And the man of wicked devices will be hated.
18 The simple inherit folly ;
But the prudent are crowned with knowledge.
19 The evil bow before the good ;
Yea, the wicked at the gates of the righteous.
20 The poor is hated even by his own neighbor ;
But the rich hath many friends.
21 He who despiseth his neighbor sinneth ;
But happy is he who hath mercy on the poor.
22 Do not they who devise evil fail of their end ?
But they who devise good meet with kindness and truth.
23 In all labor there is profit ;
But the talk of the lips tendeth only to penury.
24 Riches are a crown to the wise ;
But the promotion of fools is folly.
25 A true witness saveth lives ;
But a deceitful witness poureth forth lies.
26 In the fear of the Lord is strong confidence ;
Yea, to his children he will be a refuge.
27 The fear of the Lord is a fountain of life ;
By it men escape from the snares of death.
28 In a numerous people is the glory of a king ;
But the want of people is the destruction of a prince.
272 THE PROVERBS. [chap. xv.
29 He who is slow to anger is of great understanding ;
But lie who is of a hasty spirit setteth folly on high.
30 A quiet heart is the life of the flesh ;
But the ferment of passion is rottenness to the bones.
31 He who oppresseth the poor reproacheth his Maker ;
But he who hath mercy on the poor honoreth him.
32 By his wickedness the wicked is thrust down ;
But the righteous hath hope even in death.
33 Wisdom resteth quietly in the heart of the wise ;
But in the breast of fools it will be made known.
34 Righteousness exalteth a people ;
But the reproach of nations is sin.
35 The king's favor is toward a wise servant ;
But his wrath is against him that causeth shame.
1 A soft answer turneth away wrath ;
But harsh words stir up anger.
2 The tongue of the wise maketh knowledge pleasing ;
But the mouth of fools poureth forth folly.
3 The eyes of the Lord are in every place ;
They behold the evil and the good.
4 A mild tongue is a tree of life ;
But perverseness therein is a wound in the spirit.
6 The fool despiseth the correction of his father ;
But he that regardeth reproof is prudent.
6 In the house of the righteous is much wealth ;
But in the revenues of the wicked there is trouble.
7 The lips of the wise spread abroad knowledge ;
But tlie heart of the foolish is not sound.
8 The sacrifice of the wicked is an abomination to the
Loud ;
But the prayer of the righteous is his delight.
9 The way of the wicked is an abomination to the Lord ;
But him who foUoweth after ritrliteousness he loveth.
10 bore chastisement shall be to him that forsaketh the
way;
He that hateth reproof shall die.
11 The underworld, yea, the region of death, is before the
Lord ;
How much more the hearts of the sons of men !
12 The scoffer loveth not his reprover ;
He will not resort to the wise.
:hap. XV.] THE PROVERBS. 278
13 A joyous heart maketh a bright countenance ;
But by sorrow of the heart the spirit is broken.
14 The heart of the man of understanding seeketh knowl-
edge ;
But the mouth of fools feedeth on folly.
15 The days of the afflicted are alfevil;
But he that hath a cheerful heart hath a continual feast.
16 Better is a little, with the fear of the Lord,
Than much treasure, and trouble therewith.
17 Better is a dinner of herbs, where there is love,
Than a fatted ox, and hatred therewith.
18 The passionate man stirreth up strife ;
But he who is slow to anger appeaseth strife.
19 The way of the slothful is as a hedge of thorns ;
But the way of the righteous is a highway.
20 A wise son maketh a glad father ;
But a foolish man despiseth his mother.
21 Folly is joy to him who lacketh wisdom ;
But the man of understanding walketh uprightly.
22 Without counsel, plans come to nought ;
But with a multitude of counsellors they are established.
23 A man hath joy by the answer of his mouth ;
And a word in due season, how good it is !
24 The path of life is upv/ard for the wise.
So that he turneth away from the underworld beneath.
25 The Lord destroyeth the house of the proud ;
But he will establish the border of the widow.
26 Evil devices are an abomination to the Lord ;
But pleasant words are pure.
27 He who is greedy of gain troubleth his own house ;
But he who hateth bribes shall live.
28 The heart of the righteous meditateth on his answer ;
But the mouth of the wicked poureth out evil things.
29 The Lord is far from the wicked ;
But he heareth the prayer of the righteous.
SO The light of the eyes rejoiceth the heart,
And good tidings make the bones fat.
31 The ear that hearkeneth to the reproof of life
Shall dwell among the wise.
32 He that refuseth instruction despiseth his own life ;
But he that hearkeneth to rebuke getteth understanding.
12*
274 THE PROVERBS. [chap. xvi.
33 The fear of the Lord guideth to wisdom,
And before honor is humility.
1 To man belongeth the preparation of the heart $
But the answer of the tongue is from the Lord.
2 All the ways of a jnan are pure in his own eyes ;
But the Lord weigheth the spirit.
3 Commit thy doings to the Lord,
And thy purposes shall be established.
4 The Lord hath ordained every thing for its end ;
Yea, even. the wicked for the day of evil.
5 Every one that is proud in heart is an abomination to
the Lord ;
From generation to generation he shall not be unpunished.
6 Through kindness and truth, iniquity is expiated ;
And, through the fear of the Lord, men depart from evil.
7 When a man's ways please the Lord,
He maketh even his enemies to be at peace with him.
8 Better is a little with righteousness,
Than great revenues without right.
9 The heart of man deviseth his way,
But the Lord establisheth his steps.
10 A divine sentence is upon the lips of a king ;
His mouth transgresseth not in judgment.
11 A just balance and scales are the appointment of the
Lord ;
All the weio-hts of the basr are his work.
12 The doing of wickedness is an abomination to kings ;
For by righteousness is the throne established.
13 Righteous lips are the delight of kings,
And they love him who speaketh right things.
14 The wrath of a king is messengers of death ;
But a wise man will pacify it.
15 In the liglit of the king's countenance is life.
And his favor is a like a cloud bringing the latter rain.
16 How much better is it to get wisdom than gold !
Yea, to get understanding is rather to be chosen than
silver.
17 It is the highway of the upright to depart from evil ;
He that taketh heed to his way preserveth his life.
18 Pride goeth before destruction,
And a haughty spirit before a fall.
CHAF. XVII.] THE PROVERBS. 275
19 Better is it to be of a humble spirit with the lowlj,
Than to share the spoil with the proud.
20 He who giveth heed to the word shall find good ;
And he who trusteth in the Lord, hajDpy is he !
21 The wise in heart shall be called intelligent,
And sweetness of the lips increaseth learning.
22 Understanding is a wellspring of life to him that
hath it.
And the chastisement of fools is their folly.
23 The heart of the wise man instructeth his mouth,
And addeth learning to his lips.
24 Pleasant words are like a honeycomb, —
Sweet to the taste, and health to the bones.
25 There is a way that seemeth right to a man,
But the end thereof is the way to death.
26 The hunger of the laborer laboreth for him ;
For his mouth urgeth him on.
27 A worthless man diggeth mischief,
And on his lips there is, as it were, a burning fire.
28 A deceitful man stirreth up strife.
And a whisperer separateth friends.
29 A man of violence enticeth his neighbor.
And leadeth him into a way which is not good.
30 He who shutteth his eyes to devise fraud, —
He who compresseth his lips, hath accomplished mis-
chief!
31 The hoary head is a crown of glory.
If it be found in the way of righteousness.
32 He who is slow to anger is better than the mighty ;
And he who ruleth his s^jirit, than he that taketh a city.
33 The lot is cast into the lap ;
But the whole decision thereof is from the Lord.
1 Better is a dry morsel, and quietness therewith.
Than a house full of flesh-banquets with strife.
2 A prudent servant shall rule over a son who causeth
shame ;
Yea, with brothers he shall share the inheritance.
3 The refining-pot is for silver, and the furnace for gold j
But the Loi^D trieth hearts.
4 An evil doer listeneth to mischievous lips ;
And a lier giveth ear to a destructive tonijue.
276 THE PROVERBS. [chap, xvn
5 Whoso mocketli the poor reproacheth his Maker ;
He that is glad at calamities shall not go unpunished.
6 Children's children are the crown of the aged,
And their fathers the glory of sons.
7 Excellent speech becometh not tlif^ base ;
How much less lying lips the noble !
8 A gift is a precious stone in the eyes of him who
taketh it ;
Whithersoever it turneth, it hath success.
9 He who covereth an offence seeketh love ;
But he who recurreth to a matter removeth a friend.
10 A reproof will penetrate deeper into a wise man
Than a hundred stripes into a fool.
11 An evil man seeketh only rebellion;
Therefore shall a cruel messenger be sent against him.
12 Let a man meet a bear robbed of her whelps,
Rather than a fool in his folly.
13 Whoso returneth evil for good,
Evil shall not depart from his house.
14 The be^innino; of strife is as when one letteth out water
Therefore leave off contention before it rolleth onward.
15 He that justifieth the wicked,
And he that condemneth the just,
Both alike are an abomination to the Lord.
16 Why should a price be in the hand of a fool
To get wisdom, seeing he hath no sense ?
17 A friend loveth at all times ;
But in adversity he is born a brother.
18 A man who lacketh understanding striketh hands,
And becometh surety in the presence of his friend.
19 He who loveth strife loveth transgression ;
He who raiseth high his gate seeketh ruin.
20 He that is of a deceitful heart shall find no good ;
And he that turneth about with his tongue shall fall into
mischief.
21 Whoso begetteth a fool doeth it to his sorrow ;
Yea, the father of the fool hath no joy.
22 A merry heart doeth good to ilia body ;
But a broken spirit drieth up the bones.
23 The wicked man taketh a gift out of the bosom,
To pervert the ways of judgment.
CHAP. XVIII.] THE PROVERBS. 277
24 Wisdom is before the face of him that hath under-
standing ;
But the eyes of a fool are in the ends of the earth.
25 A foolish son is a grief to his father,
And bitterness to her that bore him.
26 Moreover, to punish the righteous is not good,
Nor to smite the noble for their equity.
27 He that spareth his words is imbued vrith knowledge ;
And he that is of a cool spirit is a man of understanding.
28 Even a fool, when he is "silent, is accounted wise ;
He that shutteth his lips is a man of understanding.
1 He who separateth himself seeketh his own desire ;
Against all sound discretion he rusheth on.
2 The fool hath no delight in understanding.
But rather in revealing his own mind.
8 When the wicked cometh, then cometh also contempt ;
And with baseness, shame.
4 The words of a man's mouth are deep waters.
And the wellspring of wisdom is an overflowing brook.
6 It is not good to be partial to ihe wicked.
So as to overthrow the righteous in judgment.
6 The lips of a fool enter into strife,
And his mouth calleth for blows.
7 A fool's mouth is his destruction,
And his lips are a snare for his life.
8 The words of a talebearer are like sweet morsels ;
For they go down to the innermost parts of the body,
9 Moreover, he that is slothful in his work
Is brother to him that is a great waster.
10 The name of the Lord is a strong tower ;
The righteous runneth to it, and is safe.
11 The rich man's wealth is his strong city,
And as a high wall, in his own conceit.
12 Before destruction the heart of a man is haughty,
And before honor is humility.
13 He who answereth a matter before he hath heard it,
It is folly and shame to him.
14: The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity ;
But a wounded spirit who can bear ?
15 The heart of the intelligent will acquire knowledge,
And the ear of the wise will seek knowledge.
278 THE PROVERBS. [chap. xix.
16 A gift maketh room for a man,
And bringetli him into the presence of the great.
17 He that first pleadeth his cause appeareth just ;
But his opponent cometh, and searcheth him through.
18 The lot causeth contentions to cease,
And parteth asunder the mighty.
19 A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong
city ;
Yea, their contentions are like the bars of a castle.
20 With the fruit of a man's mouth shall his stomach be
filled ;
He shall be filled with the produce of his lips.
21 Death and life are in the power of the tongue ;
They that love it shall eat its fruit.
22 He that findeth a wife fiijdeth a blessing,
And obtaineth favor from the Lord.
23 The poor useth entreaties ;
But the rich answereth roughly.
24 A man of many friends will show himself false ;
Yet there is a friend who sticketh closer than a brother.
1 Better is the poor man who walketh in his integrity,
Than he who is of false lips and a fool.
2 Moreover, that the soul be without knowledge is not good,
And he that hasteth with his feet stumbleth.
3 The folly of man destroyeth his way,
And then his heart fretteth ao^ainst the Lord.
4 Wealth maketh many friends ;
But the poor is separated from his neighbor
5 A false witness shall not be unpunished.
And he that speaketh lies shall not escape.
6 Many are they who caress the noble,
And every one is the friend of him who giveth gifts.
7 All the brethren of the poor man hate him ;
How much more do his friends go far from him !
He runneth after their words, — they are gone !
8 He that getteth wisdom loveth himself ;
He that keepeth understanding shall find good.
9 A false witness shall not be unpunished,
And he that speaketh lies shall perish.
10 Luxury is not seemly for a fool ;
Much less should a servant have rule over princes.
CHAP. XIX.] THE PROVERBS. 279
11 A man of understanding is slow to anger ;
Yea, it is his glory to pass over an offence.
12 The wrath of a king is like the roaring of a lion ;
But his favor, like dew upon the grass.
13 A foolish son is a calamity to his father,
And the contentions of a wife are a continual dropping.
14 Houses and riches are an inheritance from fathers ;
But a prudent wife is from the Lord.
15 Slothfulness caste th into a deep sleep,
And the idle person shall suffer hunger.
16 He that keepeth the commandment keepeth his life ;
But he that neglecteth his ways shall die.
17 He who hath pity on the poor lendeth to the Lord,
And that which he giveth will he repay him.
18 Chasten thy son because there is hope,
But let not thy soul desire to slay him.
19 A man of great wrath will suffer punishment ;
For if thou deliver him, yet must thou do it again.
20 Listen to counsel and receive instruction,
That thou mayst be wise in thy latter years.
21 Many are the devices in the heart of a man ;
But the purpose of the Lord, that shall stand.
22 The charm of a man is his kindness ;
And better is a poor man than a liar.
23 The fear of the Lord tendeth to life.
And he that hath it shall abide satisfied ;
He shall not be visited with evil.
24 The slotliful man dippeth his hand into the dish :
He doth not bring it back even to his mouth.
25 Strike the scoffer, and the simple will become prudent ;
Reprove a man of understanding, and he will discern
knowledge.
26 The son that causeth shame and disgrace doeth violence
to his father,
And chaseth away his mother.
27 Cease, my son, to listen to the instruction
That causeth thee to w^ander from the words of knowledge !
28 A worthless witness scoffeth at justice.
And the mouth of the wicked swalloweth down iniquity.
29 Punishments are prepared for scoffers,
And stripes for the back of fools.
280 THE PROVERBS. [chap, xxi
1 Wine is a mocker, strong drink a brawler,
And he that reeleth with it is not wise.
2 The terror of a king is like the roaring of a lion ;
He who provoketh him sinneth against himself.
3 It is an honor to a man to cease from strife ;
But every fool rusheth into it.
4 The sluggard will not plough by reason of the cold ;
Therefore shall he beg in harvest, and have nothing.
5 A design in the heart of a man is like deep waters ;
But a man of understanding draweth it out.
6 Many will proclaim their own kindness ;
But a faithful man who can find ?
7 He who walketh in his integrity is a righteous man ;
Happy will be his children after him !
8 The king, sitting upon the throne of judgment,
Scattereth with his eyes all the wicked like chaff.
9 Who can say, " I have kept my heart clean ;
I am free from my sin ? "
10 Divers weights and divers measures, —
Both of them are an abomination to the Lord.
11 Even in childhood one maketh himself known by h 8
doings.
Whether his actions will be pure and right.
12 The ear that heareth, and the eye that seeth, —
The Lord made them both.
13 Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty ;
Open thine eyes, and thou shalt be satisfied with bread.
14 " Bad ! bad ! " saith the buyer ;
But when he hath gone his way, then he boasteth.
15 There is gold and abundance of pearls ;
But the lips of knowledge are a precious vase.
16 Take his garment who is surety for another ;
Yea, take a pledge of him who is bound for a stranger.
17 The bread of falsehood is sweet to a man ;
But afterwards his mouth is filled with gravel.
18 Purposes are established by counsel ;
Therefore with good advice make war.
19 He who goetli about as a tale-bearer revealeth secrets ;
Therefore associate not with him who keepeth open his lips.
20 Wlioso curseth his father or his mother.
His lamp shall be put out in midnight darkness.
CHAP. xxi.J THE PROVERBS. 281
21 A possession may be gotten hastily in the beginning,
But in the end it will not be blessed.
22 Say not thou, "I will repay evil ; "
Wait on the Lord, and he will help thee.
23 Divers weights are an abomination to the Lord,
And a false balance is not good.
2i A man's steps are from the Lord ;
How, then, can a man understand his way ?
25 It is a snare to a man to utter a vow rashly,
And after vows to consider.
26 A wise king scattereth the wicked like chaff.
And brinoreth over them the wheel.
27 The spirit of a man is the lamp of the Lord,
Which searcheth all the inner chambers of his body.
28 Mercy and truth preserve the king ;
Yea, his throne is upholden by mercy.
29 The glory of young men is their strength,
And the beauty of old men is the gray head.
30 Wounding stripes are the remedy for a bad man ;
Yea, stripes which reach to the inner chambers of the body.
1 As streams of water.
So is the heart of the king in the hand of the Lord ;
He turneth it whithersoever he will.
2 All the ways of a man are right in his own eyes ;
But the Lord weigheth the heart.
3 To do justice and equity
Is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice.
4 Tlie lofty look, the proud heart.
The lamp of the wicked, is ruin.
6 The plans of the diligent tend only to plenty ;
But the hasty hasteneth only to want.
6 The getting of treasures by a false tongue
Is the fleeting breath of them that seek death.
7 The rapine of the wicked shall snatch them away.
Because they refuse to do justice.
8 The way of the guilty man is crooked ;
But he that is pure, his doings are right.
9 Better is it to dwell in a corner of the housetop
Than with a brawling woman in a large house.
10 The soul of the wicked longeth to do evil ;
His neighbor findeth no compassion in his eyes.
282 THE PROVERBS. [chap. xxx.
■ 11 Wlien the scoffer is punished, the simple is made wise ;
When the wise man is taught, he receiveth knowledge.
12 The righteous man hath regard to the house of the
wicked ;
He casteth the wicked headlong into ruin.
13 Whoso stoppeth his ears at the cry of the poor,
He also shall cry aloud, but shall not be heard.
14 A gift in secret pacifieth anger ;
And a present in the bosom, strong wrath.
15 To do justice shall be joy to the righteous ;
But destruction is for them that do iniquity.
16 A man who wandereth from the way of discretion
Shall rest in the assembly of the dead.
17 He that loveth pleasure will be a poor man ;
He that loveth wine and oil will not be rich.
18 The wicked shall be a ransom for the righteous ;
And in the room of the upright shall be the transgressor.
19 It is better to dwell in a desert land
Than with a contentious and fretful woman.
20 Precious treasure and oil are in the dwelling of the wise ;
But the foolish man swalloweth them up.
21 He who followeth after righteousness and mercy
Shall find life, prosperity, and honor.
22 A wise man scaleth the city of the mighty,
And bringeth down the strength in which it trusted.
23 Wlioso keepeth his mouth and his tongue
Keepeth his soul from trouble.
24 The proud and haughty, — scoffer is his name ;
He acteth with haughty arrogance.
2,") The desire of the sluggard will destroy him ;
For his hands refuse to labor.
26 The covetous man coveteth all the day long ;
But the righteous man giveth, and doth not witlihold.
27 The sacrifice of the wicked is an abomination ;
How much more when he bringeth it with an evil design !
28 A ftilse witness shall perish ;
But a man that hearkeneth shall speak forever.
29 The wicked man hardeneth his face ;
But the upright directeth his way.
30 Wisdom is nothing, and understanding is nothing,
And devices are nothing, against the Lord.
CHAP. XXII.] THE PROVERBS. 283
31 The horse is prepared for the day of battle ;
But victory is from the Lord.
1 A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches ;
And better is good-will than silver and gold.
2 The rich and the poor meet together ;
The Lord is the Maker of them all.
3 The prudent man seeth the evil, and hideth himself ;
But the simple rush on, and are punished.
4 By humility and the fear of the Lord
Are riches and honor and life.
5 Thorns and snares are in the way of the deceitful ;
He that will preserve his life will be far from them.
6 Train up a child in accordance with his way,
And when he is old he will not depart from it.
7 The rich ruleth over the poor, "
And the borrower is servant to the lender.
8 He who soweth iniquity shall reap calamity,
And the rod of his punisliment is prepared.
9 He who hath a bountiful eye shall be blessed,
Because he giveth of his bread to the poor.
10 Cast out the scoffer, and contention will go out;
Yea, strife and reproach will cease. ,
11 He who loveth purity of heart,
Grace is upon his lips, and the king will be his friend.
12 The eyes of the Lord watch over knowledge ;
But he overthroweth the words of the treacherous.
13 The slothful man saith, " There is a lion without ;
I shall be slain in the streets."
14 The mouth of strange women is a deep pit ;
He with whom the Lord is angry shall fall therein.
15 Folly is bound to the heart of a child ;
But the rod of correction will drive it far from him.
16 He that ojDpresseth the poor to increase his wealth.
And he that giveth to the rich, shall surely come to want.
284 THE PROVERBS. tcHAP. xxiii.
XIII.
Other Proverbs. — Chap. XXII. IT-XXIV. 22.
17 Incline thine ear, and hear the words of the wise,
A^nd give heed to my instruction !
18 For it will be a pleasant thing, if thou keep them in thy
bosom,
Wlien they are altogether established upon thy lips.
19 That thy trust may be in the Lord,
I have this day given to thee instruction, yea, to thee.
20 Behold, I have written to thee excellent things
Concerning counsel and knowledge ;
21 That I may make thee know rectitude, and words of truth •
That thou mayst bring back words of truth to them that
send thee.
22 Rob not the poor man, because he is poor,
Nor crush thou the destitute at the gate ;
23 For the Lord will maintain their cause,
And despoil their spoilers of life.
2i Make no friendship with a passionate man.
Nor be the companion of a man prone to wrath ;
25 Lest thou learn his ways.
And take to thyself a snare.
26 Be not thou one of those who strike hands, —
Of those who are sureties for debts.
27 When thou hast nothing to pay,
Wliy should thy bed be taken from under thee ?
28 Remove not the ancient landmark.
Which thy fathers have made.
29 Seest thou a man diligent in his business ?
He shall be the minister of kings ;
He shall not serve obscure men.
1 When thou sittest to eat with a ruler,
Consider well what is before thee ;
2 For thou wilt put a knife to thy throat,
If thou art a man given to appetite !
3 Long not for his dainties.
For they are deceitful meat.
CHAP. XXIII.] THE PROVERBS. 285
4 Toil not to become rich ;
Cease from this, thy wisdom.
5 Wilt thou let thine eyes fiy toward them ? They are gone !
For riches truly make to themselves wings ;
They fly away like the eagle toward heaven.
6 Eat not the bread of him that hath an evil eye,
And long not for his dainties ;
7 For as he thinketh in his heart, so is he.
" Eat and drink ! " saith he to thee ;
But his heart is not with thee.
8 The morsel, which thou hast eaten, thou shalt vomit up ;
And thou wil-t have thrown away thy sweet words.
9 Speak not in the ears of a fool ;
For he will despise the wisdom of thy words.
10 Remove not the ancient landmark,
And enter not into the fields of the fatherless !
11 For their avenger is mighty ;
He will maintain their cause against thee.
12 Apply thy heart to instruction,
And thine ears to the words of knowledge.
13 Withhold not correction from a child ;
If thou beat him with the rod, he will not die.
14 Beat him thyself with the rod,
And thou shalt rescue him from the underworld.
15 My son, if thy heart be wise,
My heart shall rejoice, even mine ;
16 Yea, my reins shall exult,
When thy lips speak right things.
17 Let not thy heart envy sinners,
But continue thou in the fear of the Lord aU the day
long;
18 For surely there shall be a reward.
And thine expectation shall not be cut off.
19 Hear thou, my son, and be wise ;
And let thy heart go forward in the way !
20 Be not thou among winebibbers.
And riotous eaters of flesh ;
21 For the drunkard and the glutton shall come to poverty,
And drowsiness will clothe a man with ragrs.
22 Hearken to thy father, who begat thee,
And despise not thy mother when she is old.
286 THE PROVERBS. [chap, xxiv
23 Buy the truth, and sell it not ;
Buy wisdom and instruction and understanding.
24 The father of a righteous man shall greatly rejoice ;
Yea, he who begetteth a wise child shall have joy in
him.
25 Let thy father and thy mother have joy ;
Yea, let her that bore thee rejoice !
26 My son, give me thy heart,
And let thine eyes observe my ways !
27 For a harlot is a deep ditch ;
Yea, a strange woman is a narrow pit.
28 Like a robber she lieth in wait,
And increaseth the treacherous among men.
29 Who hath woe ? Who hath sorrow ?
Who contentions ? Who anxiety ?
Who wounds without cause ? Who dimness of eyes ?
30 They that tarry long at the wine ;
They that go in to seek mixed wine.
31 Look not thou upon the wine when it is red,
When it sparkleth in the cup.
When it goeth down smoothly.
32 At the last it biteth like a serpent,
And stingeth like an adder.
33 Thine eyes will look upon strange women.
And thy heart will utter perverse things.
84 Yea, thou shalt be as one that lieth down in the midst of
the sea.
And as one that lieth down upon the top of a mast.
35 They have stricken me [shalt thou say], — I suffered no
pain !
They have beaten me, — I felt it not !
When shall I awake ? I will seek it yet again.
1 Be not thou envious of wicked men,
And desire not to be with them !
2 For their heart studieth destruction.
And their lips speak mischief.
3 Through wisdom is a house builded.
And by understanding is it established ;
4 Yea, by knowledge are the chambers filled
With all precious and goodly substance.
CHAP. XXIV.] THE PROVERBS. 287
6 The wise man is strong ;
Yea, the man of understanding establisheth his strength.
6 For by wise counsel shalt thou make war,
And by the multitude of counsellors cometh success.
7 Wisdom is too high for the fool ;
He openeth not his mouth at the gate.
8 He that deviseth to do evil
Shall be called mischief-master.
9 The purpose of folly is sin ;
And a scoffer is an aborftination to men.
10 If thy spirit faint in the day of adversity,
Faint will be thy strength,
11 Deliver thou those who are dragged to death,
And those who totter to the slaughter, — O keep them
back!
12 If thou sayst, " Behold, we knew it not ! "
Doth not he that weigheth the heart observe it r
Yea, he that keepeth thy soul knoweth it,
And he will render to every man according to his
works.
13 Eat honey, my son, for it is good,
And the honeycomb, which is sweet to thy taste ;
14 So learn thou wisdom for thy soul !
When thou hast found it, there shall be a reward,
And thy expectation shall not be cut off.
15 Plot not, O wicked man ! against the habitation of the
righteous ;
Spoil not his resting-place !
16 For though the righteous fall seven times, yet shall he rise
up again ;
But the wicked shall fall into mischief.
17 Rejoice not when thine enemy falleth,
And let not thy heart be glad when he stumbleth ;
18 Lest the Lord see, and it displease him.
And he turn away his anger from him.
19 Fret not thyself on account of evil men.
Neither be thou envious of the wicked ;
20 For there shall be no posterity to the evil man ;
The lamp of the wicked shall be put out.
288 THE PROVERBS. [chap, xxiv
21 My son, fear tliou the Lord and the khig ;
And mingle not with them that are given to change !
22 For their calamity shall rise up suddenly,
And their ruin, coming from them both, in a moment.
XIV.
Other Proverbs. — Chap. XXIV. 23-34.
23 These also are words of the wise.
It is not good to have respect of persons in judgment.
24 He that saith to the wicked^, " Thou art righteous,"
Him shall the people curse ;
Nations shall abhor him.
25 But it shall be well with them that punish him,
And the blessing of prosperity shall come upon them.
26 He that giveth a right answer
Kisseth the lips.
27 Arrange thy work without,
And prepare it in thy field :
Afterwards thou mayst build thy house.
28 Be not a witness witliout cause against thy neighbor.
And deceive not with thy lips.
29 Say not, "As he hath done to me,
So will I do to him ;
I will render to the man according to his doings."
30 I passed by the field of the slothful.
And by the vineyard of the man void of understanding,
31 And, lo ! it was all overgrown with thorns,
And the face thereof was covered with nettles,
And the stone wall thereof was broken down.
33 Then I saw, and considered it well ;
I looked upon it, and received instruction.
33 "A little sleep, a little slumber !
A little folding of the hands to rest ! "
34 So shall poverty come upon thee like a highwayman r
Yea, want like an armed man.
CHAP. XXV.] THE PROVERBS. 289
XV.
Other Proverbs. — Chap. XXV.-XXIX.
1 These also are proverbs of Solomon, which the men
of Hezekiah, king of Judah, collected.
2 It is the glory of God to conceal a thing ;
But it i-s the glory of kings to search out a matter.
5 As the heavens for their height,
And as the earth for its depth,
So is the heart of kings unsearchable !
4 Take away the dross from the silver.
And there will come forth a vessel for the founder ;
6 Take away the wicked man from the presence of the
king,
And his throne will be established by righteousness.
6 Put not thyself forth in the presence of the king,
Nor set thyself in the place of the great ;
7 For better is it that one should say to thee,
" Come up hither ! "
Than that he should put thee in a lower j)lace.
In the presence of the prince whom thine eyes behold.
8 Go not forth hastily to engage in a suit,
Lest thou know not what to do in the end of it,
When thine adversary hath put thee to shame.
9 Maintain thy cause with thine adversary.
But reveal not another's secret ;
10 Lest he that heareth it put thee to shame.
And thy infamy depart not from thee.
11 A word spoken in season
Is like apples of gold in figured-work of silver.
12 As a rhig of gold, and an ornament of fine gold,
So is a wise reprover to an attentive ear.
13 As the cold of snow in the time of harvest.
So is a faithful messenger to them that send him ;
For he refresheth the spirit of his masters.
14 As clouds and wind without rain.
So is the man that boasteth falsely of giving. *■
15 By long forbearing is a prince appeased ;
And a soft tongue breaketh bones.
13
290 THE PROVERBS. [chap. xxvi.
16 Hast thou found honey ? eat what is sufficient for
thee,
Lest thou be surfeited with it, and vomit it up.
17 Let thy foot be seldom in the house of tliy friend,
Lest he be surfeited with thee and hate thee.
18 A battle-hammer, and a sword, and a sharp arrow,
Is the man who beareth false witness against his neighbor.
19 As a bi'oken tooth, and a wavering foot,
So is trust in an unfaithful man in time of trouble.
20 As he that taketh off a garment on a cold day,
As vinegar upon nitre,
So is he that singeth songs to a heavy heart.
21 If thine enemy be hungry, give him bread to eat ;
And if he be thirsty, give him water to drink ;
22 For thou wilt heap coals of fire upon his head.
And the Lord will reward thee.
23 As the north wind bringeth forth rain,
So a backbiting tongue maketh an angry countenance.
24 Better is it to dwell in a corner of the housetop,
Than with a quarrelsome woman in a large house.
25 As cold water to the thirsty,
So is good news from a far country.
26 As a troubled fountain, and as a corrupted spring,
So is a righteous man falling before the wicked.
27 To eat much honey is not good ;
So the search of hio-h thincrs is weariness.
28 As a city broken through and without a wall.
So is he that hath no rule over his spirit.
1 As snow in summer, and as rain in harvest.
So honor is not becoming to a fool.
2 As the sparrow wandereth, and the swallow fiieth
away.
So the curse without cause shall not come.
3 A whip for the horse, a bridle for the ass.
And a rod for tlie back of tlie fool.
4 Answer not a fool according to his folly.
Let thou also become like to him.
5 Answer a fool according to his folly.
Lest he be wise in his own conceit.
6 He cutteth off the feet, and drinketh damage,
Who sendeth a message by the hand of a fool.
CHAP, xxvn.] THE PROVERB S. 291
7 The legs of a lame man hang loose ;
So is it with a proverb in the mouth of fools.
8 As he who bindeth a stone in a sling,
So is he that giveth honor to a fool.
9 As a thorn lifted up by the hand of a drunkard,
So is a proverb in the mouth of fools.
10 As an archer who woundeth every one,
So is he who hireth fools and hireth wayfarers.
11 As a dog returneth to that which he hath vomited,
So a fool repeateth his folly.
12 Seest thou a man wise in his own conceit ?
There is more hope of a fool than of him.
13 The slothful man saith, " There is a lion in the way ,
There is a lion in the streets."
14 As a door turneth upon its hinges,
So doth the sluggard upon his bed.
15 The sluggard dippeth his hand into the dish ;
It grieveth him to bring it again to his mouth.
16 The sluggard is wiser in his own conceit
Than seven men who can render a reason.
17 As one that taketh a dog by the ears,
So is he who, passing by, is enraged on account of the
quarrel of another.
18 As a madman
That casteth about darts, arrows, and death,
19 So is the man who deceiveth his neighbor,
And saith, " Was I not in sport ? "
20 Where there is no wood, the fire goeth out ;
So, where there is no talebearer, contention ceaseth.
21 As coal is for heat, and as wood for fire.
So is a contentious man for kindling strife.
22 The words of a talebearer are like dainties ;
For they go down to the innermost parts of the body.
23 As drossy silver spread over an earthen vessel,
So are warm lips and an evil heart.
24 The hater dissembleth with his lips.
And layeth up deceit within him.
25 When he speaketh fair, believe him not !
For there are seven abotninations in his heart.
26 His hatred is covered by deceit ;
His wickedness shall be revealed in the great assembly.
292 THE PROVERBS. [chap, xxvn
27 He that diggetli a pit shall fall therein ;
Aiid he that rolleth a stone, it shall return upon him.
28 A lying tongue hateth those whom it woundeth,
And a flattering mouth worketh ruin.
1 Boast not thyself of to-morrow ;
For thou knowest not what a day may bring forth !
2 Let another man praise thee, and not thine own
mouth ;
A stranger, and not thine own lips.
3 A stone is heavy and sand is weighty ;
But a fool's wrath is heavier than both.
4 Wrath is cruel, and anger overwhelming ;
But who is able to stand before jealousy ?
5 Better is open rebuke
Than love kept concealed.
6 Faithful are the wounds of a friend ;
But the kisses of an enemy are deceitful.
7 He who is fed to the full loatheth the honeycomb ;
But to the hungry any bitter thing is sweet.
8 As a bird that w^andereth from its nest,
So is a man who wandereth from his place.
9 Oil and perfume gladden the heart ;
Sweet also is one's friend by hearty counsel.
10 Thine own friend and thy father's friend forsake not ;
And go not into thy brother's house in the day of thy
calamity.
Better is a neighbor that is near, than a brother far off.
11 Be wise, my son, and make my heart glad.
That I may give an answer to him that reproacheth
me.
12 A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself;
The simple pass on, and are punished.
13 Take his garment who is surety for another ;
Yea, take a pledge of him who is bound for a stranger.
14 He who blesseth his neiglibor with a loud voice, rising
early for it.
It shall be accounted to him as a curse.
15 A continual dropping in a very rainy day
And a quarrelsome wife are alike.
16 He who restraineth her restraineth the wind ;
And his riglit hand layeth hold of oil.
CHAP XXVIII.] THE PROVERBS. 293
17 Iron sharpeneth iron ;
So one man sharpeneth the face of another.
18 He that watcheth the fig-tree shall eat its f»'uit ;
So he that is careful for his master shall come to honor.
19 As in water face answereth to face,
So doth the heart of man to man.
20 The realms of the dead are never full ;
So the ejes of man are never satisfied.
21 The lefiniug-pot is for silver, and the furnace for
gold;
So let a man be to the mouth that givetli him praise.
22 Though thou shouldst beat a fool in a mortar,
Among bruised wheat, w^ith a pestle.
Yet will not his folly depart from him.
23 Be thou diligent to know the state of thy flocks,
And look well to thy herds !
24 For riches last not for ever ;
Not even a crown endureth from generation to generation.
25 The hay disappeareth, and the tender grass showeth itself,
And the herbage of the mountains is gathered in.
2G The lambs are thy clothing.
And the goats the price of thy field.
27 There is goat's milk enough for thy food.
For the food of thy household.
And for the sustenance of thy maidens.
1 The wicked flee when no one pursueth ;
But the righteous is as bold as a lion.
2 Through the transgression of a land many are its rulers ;
But through men of prudence and understanding the
23rince shall live long.
3 A poor man who oppresseth the needy
Is a sweeping rain which leaveth no food.
4 They who forsake the law praise the wicked ;
But they who keep the law contend with them.
5 Wicked men understand not equity ;
But they who seek the Lord understand all things.
6 Better is a j)Oor man who walketh in uprightness,
Than he who is perverse in his ways, though he be rich.
7 He that keepeth the law is a wise son ;
But he that is the companion of prodigals bringeth shame
on his father.
294 THE PROVERBS. [chap. xxvm.
8 He that increasetli his substance by usurious gain
Gathereth it for him who will pity the poor.
9 He that turueth away his ear from hearing the law,
Even his prayer shall be an abomination.
10 He that causeth the righteous to go astray in an evil way
Shall himself fall into his own pit ;
But the upright shall have good things in possession.
11 The rich man is wise in his own conceit ;
But the poor man, who hath understanding, will search
him through.
12 When the righteous rejoice, there is great glorying ;
But, when the wicked are exalted, men hide themselves.
13 He that covereth his sins shall not prosper ;
But he that confesseth and fofsaketh them shall have
mercy.
14 Happy the man who feareth. always !
But he who hardeneth his heart shall fall into miscliief.
15 As a roa]'ing lion and a hungry bear,
So is a wicked ruler over a needy people.
16 The prince who is weak in understanding is great in
oppression ;
But he who hateth unjust gain shall prolong his days.
17 A man who is burdened with life-blood —
Let him flee to the pit ! let no man stay him !
18 He who walketh uprightly shall be safe ;
But he wdio is perverse in his ways shall fall at once.
19 He who tilleth his land shall have bread enough ;
And he that followeth after worthless persons shall have
poverty enough.
20 A faithful man shall abound with blessings ;
But he that maketh haste to be rich shall not go unpun-
ished.
21 To have respect to persons is not good ;
Since for a piece of bread that man will transgress.
22 He who hath an evil eye hasteth after wealth,
And considereth not that poverty will come upon him.
23 He who rebuketh a man shall afterwards find f\»vor
More than he who flattereth with his tongue.
24 Whoso stealeth from his father or his mother,
And saitli, " It is no transgression,"
The same is the companion of a robber.
CHAP. XXIX.] THE PROVERBS. 295
25 He who is of a proud heart stirreth up strife •,
But he that trusteth in the Lord shall be rich.
2t3 He who trusteth in his own understanding is a fool ;
But he who walketh wisely shall be delivered.
27 He who giveth to the poor shall not want ;
But he that hideth his eyes shall have many a curse.
28 When the wicked are exalted, men liide themselves ;
But, when they perish, the righteous increase.
1 He who, being often rej^roved, hardeneth his neck,
Shall suddenly be destroyed, and that without remedy.
2 When the righteous are powerful, the people rejoice ;
But when the wicked beareth rule, the people mourn.
3 He who loveth wisdom rejoiceth his Either ;
But he who is a companion of harlots destroyetli his sub-
stance.
4 A king by equity establisheth a land ;
But he who receiveth gifts overthrov»^eth it.
5 A man who flattereth his neighbor
Spreadeth a net for his feet.
6 In the transgression of a wicked man there is a snare ;
But the righteous shall sing and rejoice.
7 A righteous man careth for the cause of the poor ;
A wicked man discerneth not knowledge.
8 Scoffers kindle a city into a Hame ;
But wise men pacify wrath.
9 If a wise man contend in a cause with a fool,
Whether he rage or laugh, there will be no rest.
10 The bloodthirsty man hateth the upright ;
But the righteous seek to preserve his life.
11 A fool letteth all his anger come out ;
But a wise man keej)eth it back.
12 If a ruler listen to words of falsehood,
All his servants become wicked.
13 The poor man and the oppressor meet together :
The Lord giveth light to the eyes of them both.
14 The king that judgeth the poor with uprightness,
His throne shall be established for ever.
15 The rod and reproof give wisdom ;
But a child left to himself bringeth shame to his mother.
16 When the wicked are powerful, transgression increaseth;
But the righteous shall see their fall.
296 THE PROYEKBS. ' [chap, xxx,
17 Chastise tliy son, and he will give thee rest ;
Yea. he will give delight to thy soul.
18 AVhere there is no vision, the people become unruly ;
But he that keepeth the law, happy is he.
19 A servant will not be corrected by words ;
For. though he understand, he will not obey.
20 Seest thou a man hasty in his words ?
There is more hope of a fool than of him.
21 He that bringeth up his servant delicately from child-
hood
Shall have him become a son at the last.
22 An angry man stirreth up strife,
And a passionate man aboundeth in transgression.
23 A man's pride will bring him low ;
But he that is of a humble spirit shall obtain honor.
24 He who shareth with a thief hateth himself :
He heareth the curse, but maketh no discovery.
25 The fear of man brino^eth a snare ;
But whoso putteth his trust in the Lord shall be safe.
26 Many are they who seek the ruler's favor ;
But every man's judgment cometh from the Lord.
27 As the unjust man is an abomination to the righteous,
So the upright in hi& way is an abomination to the wicked.
XYI.
The words of Agur. — Chap. XXX.
The words of Agur, the son of Jakeh, even his proph-
ecy ; the inspired utterance of the man to Ithiel, even to
Ithiel and Ucal.
Truly I am more stupid than any man ;
There is not in me the understandincr of a man.
I have not learned wisdom,
Nor have I gained the knowledge of the Most Holy.
Who hath gone up into heaven and come down ?
"Who hath gathered the wind in his fists ?
Who hath bound up the waters in a garment?
Who hath established all the ends of the earth ?
What is his name, and what his son's name, if thou
knowest ?
CHAP. XXX.] THE PROVERBS. 297
5 Every word of God is pure ;
A shield is he to them that put their trust in him.
6 Add not to his words,
Lest he rebuke thee, and thou be found a liar.
7 Two things do I ask of thee ;
Withhold them not from me, before 1 die !
8 Remove far from me falsehood and lies ;
Give me neither poverty nor riches ;
Feed me with the food which is needftil for me ;
9 Lest I be full, and deny thee,
And say, " Who is the Lord ? "
Or lest I be poor, and steal.
And violate the name of my God.
10 Talk not against a servant to his master,
Lest he curse thee, and thou suffer for it.
11 There is a class of men that curse their fathers,
And do not bless their mothers.
12 There is a class who are pure in their own eyes,
And yet are not washed from their filthiness.
13 There is a class, — O how lofty are their eyes.
And how are their eyelids lifted up !
14 There is a class, whose teeth are swords,
And their jaw-teeth knives.
To devour the poor from off the earth,
And the needy from among men.
15 The vampire hath two daughters ; .
" Give ! give ! " [is their cry.]
There are three tilings which are never satisfied ;
Yea, four which say not. '" Enough ! "
16 The underworld, and the barren womb ;
The earth, which is not satiated with water,
And fire, which never saith, " It is enough ! "
17 The eye that mocketh at a father.
And scorneth to obey a mother.
The ravens of the valley shall pick it out,
And the young eagles shall eat it.
18 These thi-ee things are too wonderful for me ;
Yea, there are four v>'hich I understand not :
IS*
298 THE PROVERBS. [chap. xxx.
19 The track of an eagle in the air,
The track of a serpent upon a rock,
The track of a ship in the midst of the sea,
And the track of a man with a maid.
20 Such is the way of an adulterous woman ;
She eateth, and wipeth her mouth,
And saith, " I have done nothing wrong."
21 Under three things is. the earth disquieted;
Yea, under four it cannot bear up :
22 Under a servant when he becometh a king,
And a fool when he is filled with bread ;
23 Under an odious woman when she becometh a wife.
And a handmaid when she becometh heir to her mistress.
24 There are four things which are small upon the earth,
Yet are they wise, instructed in wisdom.
25 The ants are a people not strong.
Yet they prepare in the summer their food.
26 The conies are a feeble people,
Yet do they make their houses in the rocks.
27 The locusts have no king,
Yet do they all go forth in bands.
28 The lizard seizeth with its hands,
And is in king's palaces.
29 These three have a graceful step ;
Yea, four are graceful in their walk :
SO The lion, the liert) among beasts.
Which turnetli not back for any ;
31 The loin-girded war-horse, the he-goat,
And a kino; who cannot be withstood.
32 If thou hast been foolish in lifting thyself up.
And hast meditated evil.
Put thy hand on thy mouth !
33 For, as the pressing of milk bringeth forth cheese.
And as the pressing of the nose bringeth forth blood,
So the pressing of anger bringeth forth strife.
CHAP. XXXI.] THE PR0VERB3. 299
XVII.
Advice given to a king. — Chap. XXXI. 1-9.
The words given to King Lemuel ; the prophecy which
his mother taught him.
What, O my son ! and what, O son of my womb !
Yea, wliat, O son of my vows ! [shall I say to thee ?3
Give not thy strength to women.
Nor thy ways to that which destroyeth kings !
It is not for kings, O Lemuel ! —
It is not for kings to drink wine.
Nor for princes to desire strong drink ;
Lest they drink, and forget the law,
And pervert the rights of any of the afflicted.
Give strong drink to him who is ready to perish,
And wine to him that hath a heavy heart ;
Let him drink and forget his poverty,
And remember his misery no more !
Open thy mouth for the dumb,
In the cause of every orphan !
Open thy mouth, judge righteously,
Aiid maintain the cause of the poor and needy !
XYIIL
Character of a good wife. — Chap. XXXI. 10-31.
10 Who can find a capable woman ?
Her worth is far above pearls.
11 The heart of her husband trusteth in her.
And he is in no want of gain.
12 She doeth him good, and not evil,
All the days of her life.
13 She seeketh wool and flax,
And worketh willingly with her hands.
14 She is like the merchants' ships ;
She bringeth her food from afar.
15 She riseth while it is jet night.
And giveth food to her family,
And a task to her maidens.
300 THE PROVERBS. [chap. xxxi.
16 She layeth a plan for a field, and buyeth it ;
With the fruit of her hands she planteth a vineyard.
17 She girdeth her loins with strength,
And maketh strong her arms.
18 She perceiveth how pleasant is her gain.
And her lamp is not extinguished in the night.
19 She putteth forth her hands to the distaif,
And her hands take hold of the sjDindle.
20 She spreadeth out her hand to the poor.
Yea, she reacheth forth her hands to the needy.
21 She hath no fear for her household on account of the snow,
For all her household are clothed with crimson.
22 She maketh for herself coverlets ;
Her clothing is of fine linen and purple.
23 Her husband is known in the gates.
When he sitteth with the elders of the land.
24 She maketh linen garments and selleth them,
And delivereth girdles to the merchant.
25 Strength and honor are her clothing;
And she laugheth at the days to come.
26 She openeth her mouth with wisdom.
And kind instruction is upon her tongue.
27 She looketh well to the ways of her household,
And eateth not the bread of idleness.
28 Her children rise up, and extol her ;
Her husband, and praiseth her, [saying, ]J
29 " Many daughters have done virtuously,
But thou excellest them all."
30 Grace is deceitful, and beauty vain ;
But the woman that feareth the Lord, she shall be praised.
31 Give ye her of the fruit of her hands.
And let her works praise her in the gates.
NOTES TO THE PSALMS.
Ps. I.
This psalm sets forth, in vivid and picturesque description, the happi-
ness of the righteous and the misery of the wicked. It is quite a
probable supposition, that it was prefixed by one of the compilers of
the Psalms (see p. 31, &c.), as an introduction to his collection. This
may be the reason, that in some manuscripts it seems not to have
been numbered with the other psalms, and in others to have been
united with the second psalm.
The promises of the Jewish religion, limited as they are to the
present world, are to be regarded as statements of what is generahy
true, or of what is the tendency of piety and virtue, other things being
equal. Our Saviour, in his instructions, makes much less account of
outward good than the Jewish writers. He had meat to give, as well
as to eat, which the world knew not of. He promises his followers
something better than length of days, or riches and honors, — a treas-
ure Avhich the world can neither give nor take away ; namely, riches
of the soul, a heart at peace with itself and with God, a conscious-
ness of the divine favor, and a hope extending into eternity : in a
word, spiritual and everlasting life.
1. — counsel; i.e., his purjjoses, plan of life.
3. — like a tree. In a country where water was scarce, and the
trees and herbs were often parched with heat, this image was more
striking than it can appear to us, who hve in a chmate where the trees
are usually green, wherever they stand. (See Bush's Illustrations, ad
loc.)
5. — shall not stand. This may be understood in a general sense,
that the wicked shall fall into ruin ; or, in a legal sense, that they shall
fail in their cause. — in judgment ; i.e., when they are judged by the
Almighty. The allusion is to those signal seasons of retribution with
which Divine Providence visits evil-doers in this world. (Comp. Isa.
iii. 14; Mai. iii. 5; Job xix. 29.) — in the assembly of the just ; i.e., in
the assembly of the righteous Israelites, who are preserved and blessed
by the Almighty, the wicked shall not be found, having been separated
therefrom by the just judgments of God. (Comp. Isa. i. 24-28: iv.
^6.)
6. — knoiueth; i.e., he is well acquainted with the righteous, and
careii for them.
I OA1 1
802 NOTES.
Ps. n.
This psalm purports to have been composed by a king, soon after
his inauguration to his otiice. He is full of pious confidence in God,
as having appointed him to his high destiny. He feels himself to be
the earthly representative of Jehovah, and regards the attempts of
subject nations to throw off his yoke as offences against his God. The
sentmrents which he expresses are not very different from those which
have been entertained by modern kings and tlieir supporters, tliough
the language is peculiar to a king of Israel, an Eastern monarch of a
peculiar religious faith. The young king feels sure, that tlie attempts
of his enemies — being offences against Jehovah as well as himseff,
the anointed vicegerent of Jehovah — will be fi-ustrated, and that lie
shall be signally victorious over them all. He earnestly admonishes
the insurgents to desist from their rebellious attempts, and put them-
selves under the protection of Jehovah by paying liomage to his
earthly representative, before they should feel the effects of his an-
ger.
The language of the psalm in ver. 7 evidently implies, that the
writer of the psalm is the king who is the subject of it, Avhether it
be David or some other Jewish king. The rebellion described in it is
also represented as existing in the time of the writer. It is only in a
typical sense, therefore, that Christ and his kingdom can be regarde<l
as the subject of the psalm. This has been the general opinion of the
Christian Church. Thus, the version of the Scriptures published by
Barker in 1G06, before tlie common version, has for the caption of this
psalm, " Tlie prophet David rejoiceth, that, notwithstanding his ene-
mies' rage, yet God will continue his kingdom for ever, and advance
it even to the end of the world ; and therefore exhorteth kings and
rulers, that they would humbly submit themselves under God's yoke,
because it is in vain to resist God. Hcnin is fi<iured Chrisfs Idmjdom."
But there is no reason for su]){)osing that the writer had in view any
kingdom but his own. (See Introduction, p. 9, &c.)
2. — Against Jehovah. The government of the Israelites was theo-
cratic. Jehovah was regarded as king of the Jewish state, so that
the nations which combined against it are represented as combining
against Jehovah. Thus, in 1 Chron. xxix. 23, Solomon is said to have
sat upon the throne of Jehovah ; that is, the throne of Israel. — his
anointed kinfj. This epithet was appropriate to every king of Israel, as
receiving from Jehovah the power and authority, of which consecra-
tion by pouring oil upon the head was the outward symbol.
4. — will lait(/h. This expression is designed to represent in a
lively manner the futility of exertions made in opposition to the will
of Jehovah.
7. This verse expresses the confidence of the writer, who was king
of Israel, that he was the special care of Jehovah as king. — Thou
art mi/ son ; i.e.. Thou art my favored king, dear to me as a son. The
term son of God \s used in the Scrii)tures in different senses, — some
times denoting that one is the object of special love to God, as a sou
is to a father (see Exod. iv. 22) ; sometimes denoting a moral resem-
blance to the Deity, as a son resembles his father : thus Christians are
PSALMS. oOli
called sons of God. And sometimes the expression denotes resem-
blance to God in power and dominion : thus the term is applied to
kings. Sometimes two of these senses are united. In this verse, tlie
expression seems to be one both of endearment and of oflBce. — b'^-
(jotten thee; i.e., made thee my favored king. (Comp. Ps. Ixxxix. 2(3,
27; 2 Sam. vii. 14.)
8. — ends of the earth. A hyperbolical expression, denoting the
most distant lands.
11. Be subject to Jehovah; i.e., in a political sense, by submitting to
the king of Israel, his vicegerent. (See the note on ver. 2.)
12. Iviss the son. Give the sign of political subjection and homage
to the king of Israel. This must be admitted to be a very doubtful
rendering. When the Hebrew word ')S has been used to denote son in
ver. 7, it is very strange that the Chaldee IS should be used here
in the same sense, and that, too, without the article. But I can-
not persuade myself, that either of the renderings which have been
proposed in its place — whether Lay hold of instruction, according to the
ancient versions ; or Lay hold of obedience or duty, according to Hitzig ;
or Zrty hold of purity, or Worship purely, according to other critics —
has any better support from the usage of words, or other philological
considerations. I prefer, therefore, to retain the rendering of the
common version, which is that of De Wette, Gesenius, Hengsten-
berg, and others. (See 1 Sam. x. 1.) — lest He be angry; i.e., lest
Jehovah be angry ; the pronoun here referring to the more distant
antecedent.
Ps. III.
The subject of this psalm is a pious man in eminent station, prob-
ably King l)avid, surrounded by enemies who regarded his downfall
as certain. But he has confidence in the protection of Jehovah, and
prays to him as one who can and will deliver him. The superscrip-
tion of this psalm assigns it to David, and mentions the occasion on
whicli it was composed; namely, his flight from his rebelUous son,
Absalom. If this be correct, it is singular that there should be in the
psalm no allusion to the feelings which must have agitated the royal
parent's heart on being compelled to flee for his life from his own
son.
2. — no help, &c. ; i.e., it is all over with him : God will not inter-
fere to save him.
3. — My glory ; the cause or vindicator of my glory and greatness.
— lifter-up of my head. The image may be drawn from a person sink-
ing in deep waters ; or from one whose head is bowed down, and his
eyes fixed on the ground in afiliction.
4. — with my voice; i.e., probably, with my whole voice, earnestly
or aloud.
7. — smitest the cheek, &c. Images drawn from the slaying of a wild
beast.
304 NOTES.
Ps. IV.
The occasion of this psalm was similar to that of the last. On
account of ver. 8, some suppose it to have been composed on the
evening of the day when the preceding psalm was sung.
For the leader of tJie music; i.e., to be used by him in public wor-
ship. (See Introduction, p. 27.)
1. — 0 God of my righteousness ; i.e., vindicator of my righteous
cause.
2. — dishonor my dignity ; i.e., my royal dignity, by your conspiracy
and rebellion. — seek disappointment ; i.e., How long will ye seek ends
which will prove vain, and be sure to disappoint you"? (Comp. Ps.
vii. 14.)
4. — upon your beds ; i.e., in the season and place for independent
reflection. — desist; i.e., from your unrighteous or rebellious un-
dertakings.
6. Offer sacrifces of righteousness ; i.e., think not to please God by
sacrifices offered without pure .and pious intentions. Or, Offer sacri-
fices which are due.
6. — Who will show, &c. ; i.e., even many of my friends are dis-
couraged, and long for the least bright interval of success.
7. — corn and wine, &,c. Isa. ix. 3 : " They rejoice before thee with
the joy of harvest."
Ps. V.
3. In the morning, &c. These words, being repeated in the parallel
line, are probably to be understood as refei'ring, not to a customary
time of prayer, but to the earnestness with which the writer called
upon the Deity, and the speedy aid which he hoped to obtain. (See
Ps. Ixxxviii. 13.)
4. — dwtUeth not, &c. ; i.e., as a guest or friend; i.e., he enjoys not
thy favor and protection. (Comp. Ps. xv. 1 ; Ixi. 4.)
5. — stand in thy sight; i.e., they find no favor with thee ; as ex-
plained by the parallel line, and by the preceding verse.
8. — thy righteousness ; i.e., that which thou requirest, which is
pleasing to thee. — because of mine eitemies ; i.e., because my ene-
mies study to ensnare me. (Comp. Jer. xx. 10.)
9. — Their heart; literally, inward part : used to denote the seat of
the feelings, intentions, &c. (Ps. xlix. 11 ; Ixiv. 6.) — an open sepul-
chre; an image of destruction, because, when a sepulchre is open, it is
for the purpose of receiving a person into it. Possibly, the danger of
falling into an opened sepulchre may be referred to.
10. — Cast them out ; i.e., destroy them from the congregation of
thy people, who are favored and blessed by thee. (Comp. Ps. i. 5.)
— For against thee, &c. ; i.e., by rebelling against the king of thine
appointment.
PSALMS. 305
Ps. VI.
This psalm seems to contain nothing which indicates the occasion
on wliich it was composed. If it be a composition of David, it may
be referred to his situation in his fliglit from his son Absalom as well
as to any wliich the Jewish history records.
1. — not in thine anger ; i.e., in measm'e, with kindness and modera-
tion.
3. — how lonrj — ; i.e., wilt thou be angry ? or. How long wilt thon
delay to help me ? The incompleteness of the sentence was designed
to be expressive of emotion.
5. For in death, &c. The poet mentions as a reason why his life
should be spared, that, in the regions of the dead, he should have no
opportunity or ability to praise God. The ancient Hebrews do not
appear to have attained to faith in a desirable immortality after death.
They supposed that the disembodied spirits of the righteous and
wicked alike went to a dark place under ground, called Slieol, where
they existed in a half-conscious, thoughtless, inactive condition. (See,
in the New Translation of Job, the remarks prefixed to chap, xii.)
6. — to swim ; i.e., with tears. A hyperbolical expression to denote
the depth of his grief.
8. Depart, &c. Having made his supplication to the Deity, the
poet, after a pause, breaks forth into the language of hope and tri-
umph.
Ps. VII.
This psalm contains the prayer of a persecuted person against his
enemies, especially against one enemy who had uttered gross calumny
against him. The inscription of the psalm sets forth, that it was occa-
sioned by the calumnies of a certain Cush, a Benjamite. There is no
mention in the Scripture history of such a person ; but it is probable
that he was one of the courtiers of Saul, who, knowing the hatred of
his master towards David, had pretended to be David's friend in order
the more eflTectually to secure his ruin by his calumnies.
This psalm is called a Shiggaion of David. That the term denotes
a particular species of psalm is evident. But what it is, is altogether
uncertain. (See p. 29.)
3. — If I have done this; i.e., which my enemy or the courtiers
of Saul lay to my charge. (See 1 Sam. xxiv. 10 ; xxvi. 9-11.)
7. — The nations. The tribes of Israel seem to be denoted ; possibly,
all the nations of the world. — the height. The lofty judgment-seat of
Jehovah upon Mount Zion seems to be denoted. Tlie judgment which
God administers is scenically represented in images borrowed from
tlie circumstances of Eastern tribunals, which were usually held in the
midst of large assemblies.
10. 3Ii/ shield, &c. ; i.e., God is, as it were, the shield-bearer of the
righteous ; he defends them.
11. — a>yry even/ da i/, &c. ; i.e., though he may seem to overlook
wickedness, yet in fact he is constantly punishing it.
806 NOTES.
12. If he do not desist; i.e., if the wicked man do not desist from
his purpose. — He sharpeneth ; i.e., God sharpeneth.
13. — burning arrows ; i.e., lightning.
14. — disappointment ; or delusion, that which is false to one's ex-
pectations.
Ps. VIII.
It is a very plausible supposition, that this psalm was composed by
David while in tlie employment of a shepherd, before he came into
the spliere of human passions and regal cares. The images which it
contains are drawn from the stanw heavens, which in liis nightly
watches he had so often contemplated, and from the herds and flocks
which were his daily care.
The author of tlie Epistle to the Hebrews appears to apply this
psalm to the Messiah ; but he could do it only in the mj'stical or alle-
gorical sense. David is evidently speaking, not of any particular
man, but of mankind in general, in distinction from the glorious
works of God above them and the inferior animals below them.
1. — Thou hast set, &G. Otherwise, Set thou, &,c. Otherwise, Which
glory of thine extendeth to the heavens.
2. — babes and sucklings. This phrase is supposed by most modern
critics to refer to literal babes and suckhngs ; the glory of God being
illustrated by the manner in which infants draw their nourishment
from the breast ; or b}^ their cliildish prattle, and the curious questions
wliicli they sometimes j)ropose. It appears to me, that the words,
being used in connection with enemy and arenger, are rather used in a
figurative sense, as when our Saviour says, " Having hidden these
things from the wise and prudent, thou hast revealed them to babes "
(Matt. xi. 25). They are terms of humility or disparagement in refer-
ence to man ; perhaps such men as the author of the psalm, who were
so highly blessed as to have reason to praise God, or who were gifted
with poetic inspiration so as to be able to celebrate wortliily his high
praises.
5. — than God. This is the usual meaning of the term, and is best
suited to the connection. It is so rendered in some of the English
versions previous to the common version. The expression, a little
lower than God, probably refers particularly to man's sovereignty over
the animal creation.
6. — all things under his feet. The connection evidently limits this
expression to the lower animals, enumerated in the following lines.
Koberts observes that the expression is a conmion one in Hindostau.
Thus they say, " Ah ! a mighty king was he : all things were under
liis feet."
Ps. IX.
This psalm appears to be an ode of triumph and thanksgiving on
account of a victory, with prayers for continued aid. It evidently has
reference to foreign enemies of the whole Jovish nation. It may have
PSALMS. 307
been composed after the wars mentioned in 2 Sara, viii., or it may
have had an occasion not recorded in the Jewish annals.
To the Benifes, or To Ben. Tlie name of an individual singer. Oth-
erwise, On the death of Ben, or Labben. Otherwise, To the tune, " Die
for tlie son ! "
1. — marvellous works; namely, such as are mentioned in ver. 3
and 4.
3. — at thj presence; i.e., because thou wert present, aiding me and
destroying tliem.
4. — njion the throne ; i.e., the seat of judgment.
6. — I'lieir meniorij, &c. This is a hyperbolical expression, denoting
the completeness of the downfall of David's enemies.
12. — avenger of blood ; i.e., of the blood of his servants and wor-
shippers, shed by their enemies.
13. — gates of death; i.e., of Sheol, conceived of as a strong palace
under ground, with gates and bars ; a conception founded on the idea
that no return from the habitation of the dead is possible. (Comp. Job
xxxviii. 17; Isa. xxxviii. 10.)
14. — in the gates of the daughter of Zion. In the gates of cities the
great multitude used to assemble. By a peculiar idiom of the Hebrew
and Syriac languages, the daughter of a city means its inhabitants.
Thus, daughter of Tyre denotes the Tyrians (Ps. xlv. 12) ; daughter of
Jerusalem, the inhabitants of Jerusalem (Isa. xxxvii. 22) ; daughter
of my people, my countrymen (Isa. xxii. 4 ; Jer. iv. 11, ix. 7). The city
itself, in reference to the inhabitants personified as a virgin, is the
mother city. (See 2 Sam. xx. 19; Gal. iv. 26. See Gesen. Heb.
Lex. on fi3.)
15. The answer to his prayer is now described in the ruin of his
enemies.
16. At the end of this verse occur the words, Higgaion! Selah! —
the meaning of which probably is, Instrumental music ! Pause ! i.e.,
Let the singers pause, and the instrumental music strike up.
17. . — vito the underworld; i.e., they shall turn back and flee from
their enemies, the Jews (comp. ver. 13), till they are destroyed, or go
down into Sheol, the receptacle of all the dead.
Ps. X.
In the Septuagint, and some other ancient versions, this psalm
forms the concluding part of the last. But the sulyect of it seems
to be different. Ps. ix. is a song of triumph ; Ps. x., one of complaint
and distress. It seems to have been occasioned by the incursions of
foreign enemies into the land of Israel. (See ver. 16 and 18.)
] . — afar off. God is said to stand afar off, and to hide himself, wlien
he does not give his aid. On the other hand, he is said to be with a
person or a people, when he aids or delivers them.
3. — boasteth of his heart's desire. The meaning may be, that he
succeeds in obtaining all that he desires, or that he boasts of the suc-
cess of his evil plans.
4. — He careth not; i.e., God careth not.
308 NOTES.
5. — far from him; i.e., he thinks not of them.
10, — into his paws; otherwise, by his strong ones.
13. Wherefore doth the wicked, &c. ; i.e., why dost thou, by suffering
the wicked to go unpunished, give him occasion to contemn tliee 1
14. — markest it upon thy hand ; i.e., for the purpose of remembering
it. Thus, Isa. xhx. 16, "Behold, I have graven thee on the pahus
of my hands: thy walls are ever before my eyes." (See also Maun-
drell's Travels, p. 126, Amer. edit.)
15. — Seek out, &c. The Hebrews expressed the destruction of a
tiling by the expression, to seek and not find it (Job vii. 21; ISa. xli. 12).
Ps. XI.
Of the occasions recorded in the Scriptures on which David might
have composed this psalm, the most probable seems to be his persecu-
tion by Saul. But, as the psalm is not very appropriate to that occa-
sion, it may have been written by David or some other poet, on some
occasion which is not recorded.
In opposition to the timid counsels of dejected friends, who repre-
sented his affairs as desperate, the poet expresses a sublime confidence
in the aid which God would afford to the righteous cause, as the om-
niscient governor of men, the defender of the righteous, and the pun-
isher of the wicked.
The abruptness with which the third verse commences has a fine
effect, and places in a strong light the thought, that in the most dis-
couraging circumstances man should not despair, seeing there is a
righteous government in the heavens.
2. — bend their bow, &c. Observe the continuance of the figure
drawn from the bird flying away before the archer, ver. 1.
3. If the pillars be broken down ; i.e., the distinguished supporters of
what is right in a state, — firm and true patriots. Comp. Isa. xix. 10 :
*' The pillars of the land are cast down,
And all who labor for hire are grieved in heart."
— can the righteous do; i.e., what else can he do but to endeavor to
escape 1
6. — burninf) ivind ; referring to the wind Sanmin, on which see tlie
note on Job iii. 5 ; or Robinson's Cahnet, art. Wind. — portion of their
cup. It is a favorite mode of representing punishment among the He-
brews, that the wicked shall be made to drink it. ( See Job xx. 23 ; Fs.
Ixxv. 8.)
7. — see his face; i.e., enjoy his favor. When God withholds his
favor, he is said to hide his face. (Comp. Ps. xvii. 15.)
Ps. XII.
This psalm is one of complaint on account of the degeneracy of the
time's, especially of the efforts made to weaken just authority by cal-
umny and treachery. If the psalm be a production of David, it ma}^
be referred to the time of the rebellion of Absalom. Others refer it
to the persecutiim of David by Saul and his courtiers.
4. —With our tongues, &c. ; i.e., by uttering calumnies against the
rulers, and deceiving the people.
PSALMS. 309
6. The words of the Lord, &c. This refers to the promises of
Jehovah, such as' that in tlic preceding verse.
8. — the vilest of men ; otherwise, they who are a terror to men ; other-
wise, like exaltation is disgrace to men.
Ps. XIII.
The poet complains of being forgotten by Jehovah ; looks to him
for aid ; and, by the exercise of devotion, attains to peace and confi-
dence. The X)salm may be referred to the time of David's persecution
by Saul. Some of the Jewish commentators suppose tiie subject of
the psalm to be the wliole exiled Jewish people personified.
3. Enlighten mij eyes. When a person is in a faint and dying
condition, the sight seems to go from his eyes. Hence the phrase,
Enlighten my eyes, means, Eestore me from my faint and languishing
condition. So in 1 Sam. xiv. 27, " He put forth the end of the rod
tliat was in his hand, and dipped it in an honeycomb, and put his hand
to his moutli ; and his eyes were enlightened." (Comp. Ezra ix. 8; Ps.
xix. 8.) — fo'^get me for ever? Understood strictly to the letter, this
line might seem to contain a contradiction ; but, regarded as a poetic
expression of feeling, the meaning is, How long wilt thou deal with
me as if it was thy design to abandon me for ever, and thus deprive
nie of all hoje? (Cuni]-. Ixxix. 5; Ixxxix. 4G ; Ixxiv. 10.)
Ps. XIV.
In this psalm, a Hebrew poet, living in exile with his countrymen,
who experienced harsh treatment from their enemies, brings his com-
plaint to God respecting the wickedness of men. In his melancholy
state of feeling, all appears to him to be disorder and corruption. He
represents God himself as surveying from his heavenly throne the sons
of men and their proceedings on the earth, like a watchman on the top
of some lofty tower. He is said to search diligently to find a man of
true wisdom and piety, but without success. The poet expresses the
confident expectation that these evil-doers will meet with a righteous
retribution, and sighs for the deliverance of his countrymen from
captivity.
It is probable that ver. 7 relates to the captivity at Babylon,
rather than to the temporary expulsion of David and his followers by
Absalom. Of course, David could not have been the author of it.
This psalm we find repeated, with some alterations, in Ps. liii. The
Book of Psalms being made up of at least five smaller collections, the
compiler of the second collection inserted in it Ps. liii., either from
inadvertence, or on account of the variations in his copy of it.
1. The fool; i.e., unwise in a moral and religious point of view.
The ideas of impiety and folly were closely associated in the mind of
a Hebrew.
3. — no, not one. This is a poetical, hyperbolical way of describing
general depravity. It is the language of indignation, inspired by the
oppression of the Jewish peojjle by their enemies. (See ver. 4.)
7. — out of Zion; i.e., from God, the supreme king of Israel, whose
earthly dwelling-place was said to be on Mount Zion.
310 NOTES.
Ps. XV.
It has been commonly supposed, that this psalm was composed by
David on the occasion of the removal of the ark of the covenant to
Mount Zion, and the consecration of the new tabernacle, as recorded
in ^ Sam. vi. 12, &c. But it is also appropriate to religious worship on
any occasion.
1. — abide, — dwell. These terms probably have reference to the
circumstance, that a Jewish worshipper, coming from a distant part
of Palestine, would tarry some time in Jerusalem, for the purpose of
worship.
3. — his neighbor ; i.e., any one, according to Hebrew usage.
4. — to his own hurt; literally, to do hurt or injury ; i.e., to do that
which may in its consequences be hurtful to himself. The object of
the injury, in this case, is so self-evident, that the writer did not think
it necessary to express it. Otherwise, siceareth to his neighbor, &c. So
the Sept.
5. — be moved; i.e., he shall stand firm, safe, secm-e from all mis-
fortune.
Ps. XVI.
In this psalm, David, being in circumstances of danger, looks to God
for help. He acknowledges that all his happiness is in God ; ex-
presses his feeling of dependence upon him, his hatred of idolatry, and
his determination not to adopt any heathenish customs ; avows his
satisfaction with the outward condition assigned him, his coj^tidence
in Divine aid to deliver him from the danger of death, and his hopes
of future protection and tiavor.
Nothing can be more evident than that David is the subject of the
psalm throughout. For the writer constantly uses the first person, and
gives no notice that he writes in the name of any other person. But
on account of the use which is made of the psalm by the apostles Peter
and Paul, in Acts ii. 25 and xiii. 34, it has commonly been supposed to
refer in tlie literal sense to David, and in the mystical or typical sense
to Christ. They who have no belief in a mystical sense of Scripture
must suppose an error of interpretation on the part of the apostles.
The view of Hengstenberg, however, may be true, that David com-
posed the psalm to express tlie sentiments of others as well as himself.
" The psalmist has presented here a mirror in which all pious
men may recognize themselves, a pattern after which they might
conform themselves ; not as if for that purpose he transported himself
into a situation and frame of mind quite foreign to himself, but only
that lie, drawing from the source of his natural experience, just ex-
tended his consciousness so as to embrace that of the pious at large.
This supposition is raised into certainty, when we ascertain the correct
reading in ver. 10 to be " thy holy ones." — Comment, ad loc.
2. — beyond thee ; i.e., thou art the only source of my happiness.
No other gods, and no practices disapproved by thee, can confer happi-
ness.
PSALMS. 311
4. — drinlc-offerings of hlood. It is uncertain whether this expres-
sion is to be understood as signifying blood wliich tlie heathen
actually mixed in their libations wlien they bound themselves to the
commission of some dreadful deed ; or whether their libations are figu-
ratively called offerings of blood, to denote the horror with whicli the
writer regarded them. — take their names; i.e., of worshippers of
idols. I will have no intercourse with them.
5. — mtj portion and mij cup. An image drawn from a festive enter-
tainment. The meaning is, I am indebted to Jehovah for all that I
have. lie is my patron and benefactor.
7. — admonisheth me. In the stillness of the night, the season of
reflection as well as of repose, my heart admonishes me to remember
and praise God.
8. — / shall not fall; i.e., into ruin ; or, I shall not waver, or lose
my confidence.
9. — my heart, — my spirit, — my flesh. These three terms are only
an emphatic way of denoting the whole person. Thus Ps. Ixxxiv.
2: —
" My soul longeth, yea, iainteth, for the courts of the Lord ;
My heart and my flesh cry aloud for the liying God."
So in Ixiii. 1 : —
• " 0 God ! thou art my God : earnestly do I seek thee \
ilj soul thirsteth*, my flesh longeth for thee."
The expression, My flesh dwelleth in security, therefore means, I dwell
in security. The Hebrew expression, rendered dwell in security, is the
same which is used in Deut. xxxiii. 12, translated in the common
version, " The beloved of the Lord shall dwell in safety by him."
So in Judg. xviii. 7, " How they dwelt careless, after the manner of
the Zidonians." In Jer. xxiii. 6 and xxxiii. 16, " Israel shall dwell
safely." See also Deut. xxxiii. 28 ; Judg. viii, 11. To dwell in secu-
rity, then, means to he safe from calamity, or to he fearless of calamity. It
cannot mean to hope for an escape from one which has already overtaken
a person.
10. — give me up to the underworld, p1K"I.*b, to Sheol, not in Sheol.
To express the latter meaning, the preposition 12 would have been
used. (Comp. in the original Ps. xlix. 10; Job xxxix. 14.) The ex-
pression, Thou ivilt not give me up, or leai^e me, to the underivorld, means.
Thou wilt not suffer me to be brought to the grave, or to a premature
death, by the enemies which threaten me. — thy holy one. The re-
ceived text of the Hebrew reads, thy holy ones. Many critics prefer
the latter reading as the more difficult one ; i.e., the least likely to
have been designedly put into the text by transcribers. On account
of the parallelism and the reading of the ancient versions, I prefer the
singular, thy holy one, referring to the writer of the psalm. — to see the
pit; i.e., to die. That this is the proper translation and sense of the
phrase is obvious from the following passages, where the same term,
rUTi; is used. Ps. xlix. 9 : —
- T '
" That he should live to eternity,
And not see the pit."
312 NOTES.
Ps. vii. 15 ; Job xxxiii. 24, 28, 30 ; Prov. xxvi. 27 ; Ezek. xix. 4, 8.
See also Gesen. Lex. on the word riUlD, There can, in view of He-
brew usage and of the connection, be no reasonable doubt that I have
translated the verse correctly, and that the meaning is, Thou wilt not
suffer me to come to a premature grave by the hands of my enemies.
(Comp. xlix. 16.) As Jehovah by the voice of religion had guided
the poet in early life, he is confident, that, being delivered from his
present dangers, he shall experience the same guidance in the time to
come.
11. — -path of life, &c. ; i.e., Thou wilt show me the means of pre-
serving my life, or of obtaining deliverance and happiness ; thou hast
in thy gift fulness of joy and perpetual pleasures. " Life stands im-
mediately opposed to the death from which the psalmist hopes, in ver.
10, to be preserved ; and improperly would several here give to life
exactly the signification of salvation." — Hengstenberg.
It may be remarked, that the most distinguished scholars, such as
Hammond, Grotius, Le Clerc, Calvin, and others, suppose that David
is the subject of the psalm throughout. So the authors of the com-
mon version, as appears from its caption to this psalm. It was only in
a mystical sense that they applied it to Christ. Por a more critical
examination of this psalm, see Christian Examiner for July, 1834,
p. 347, &c.
Ps. XVIL
The subject of this psalm is very similar to that of the last. A pious
man, in circumstances of distress, looks to God for help, and makes
solemn protestations of his innocence to the Searcher of hearts. He
urges his requests with earnestness, on account of the general wicked-
ness of his adversaries, as well as their deadly enmity towards himself.
He sets forth the prosperous outward condition of his enemies, but
congratulates himself on having a superior happiness in communion
with God, and hopes of his favor.
1. — lips without deceit. This probably refers rather to the general
sincerity of his language than to the sincerity of this particular
prayer.
2. — my sentence; i.e., of acquittal; my justification. — behold up-
rightness; i.e., have regard to my uprightness in relation to that with
which I am charged by my enemies.
3. — in the night; i.e., when secret plans are usually adopted by
those who wish to escape detection. — find nothing; i.e., nothing of
evil; no dross. Literally, Provest thou my heart, visitest thou me in the
night, triest thou me like gold, thou wilt find nothing.
6. — in thy paths; i.e., in obedience to thy precepts.
8. — shadow of thy wings ; i.e., as the bird gathers her brood under
her wings. (Comp. Matt, xxiii. 37.)
10. — their hard heart; literally, their fat. Fat, according to He-
brew usage, denotes that which is inert, unfeeling.
14. — men of the world; i.e., who love the world, in distinction
from the religious, the spiritually-minded. — \V7iose portion is in life ;
PSALMS. 313
i.e., whose most valued good is in life. "Whether the term in life is
spoken of in contrast with tlie life after death, or whether a mere
worldly life is spoken of in contrast with a life of religion and com-
munion with God, is doubtful. liengstenberg says, " That 'D'^^ri by
itself can denote the eartlily life as opposed to the eternal, is destitute
of all proof." If the doctrine of immortality is alluded to, the psalm
could hardly have been written by David. (See Ps. vi. 5.) In Ps. xvi.
2, occurs the sentiment, " I have no happiness beyond thee ; " and in
xvi. 6, " Jeliovah is my portion and my cup." Perhaps it is most
probable, that it is with such a portion that a " i^ortion in life " is con-
trasted. (See tlie note on Ps. xlix. 15.)
15. — shall see thy face ; i.e., enjoy thy favor; hold intimate com-
munion with thee. (Comp. Isa. xxxviii. 11.) — icilh the revival of thy
countenance; literally, with the awaking of thine image. The word tl^^l^tl*
image, similitude, or manifestation, is used in Numb. xii. 8, where it is
said, " And the similitude of the Lord shall he behold." In this verse
it is parallel with '^'^p.S, thy face, and seems to be synonymous with it.
The Septuagint, Syriac, Arabic, Ethiopic, and Vulgate versions con-
strue the line substantially as I have done. So Drs. Hammond and
Geddes. Otherwise, / shall he satisfied, when I awcuce, ivith thy counte-
nance. But this is not a natural construction. If it be admissible, the
meaning of when I awake may be, when I awake in the morning, after
the composition of the psalm, or every morning ; or, when I awake
from my present state of adversity ; or, when I awake from the sleep
of death. I consider the last as the least probable.
Ps. XYIII.
The subject and design of this psalm are sufficiently evident from
its inscription; and from 2 Sam. xxii. 1, &c. It was probably written
by David, near the close of his reign, in view of the experience of his
whole life.
2. — my strong defence ; literally, my horn of defence, or safety. The
horn is often used by the Hebrews as a symbol of strength or power,
the image being drawn from animals which use their horns for defence
or assault.
4. — snares of death, — foods of destruction. We are not to suppose
that death was conceived of as a mighty hunter, or of "the floods of
destruction" as corresponding to the Acheron of the Greek poets.
These conceptions cannot be shown to have prevailed among the He-
brews. Snares and floods are often used as images of danger and
overwhelming calamity.
6. — his palace; i.e., from heaven. (See xi, 4.)
7, &c. This magnificent theophany is to be regarded as a poetic
fiction in the Oriental hyperbolic style. It is doubtful, whether, in the
description from ver. 7 to 15, any thing of an historical nature is inti-
mated, except that God gave remarkable success to the means which
David employed for his deliverance. It is possible that the idea is
conveyed, that God helped David in battle by means of a thunder-
14
314 NOTES.
storm. Bat It is more probable, that the storm is introduced only to
heighten the grandeur and impressiveness of the theophany. (Conip.
Ps. cxliv. 5, 6 ; Hab. iii. 4, 5, 6.)
8. A smoke ivent up, &c. An image of anger, borrowed from th.e
circumstance, that animals, when enraged, breathe hard, so that in
cold weather their breath ascends like smoke. (Comp. Job iv. 'J.)
— Burning coeds; i.e., lightning.
9. — bowed the heavens, &c. In a storm, the sky seems to come
down lower. The thick and dark clouds are in fact near us,
10. — rode upon a cherub. Jehovah is elsewhere represented as on
a throne borne upon cherubs ; i.e., beings of a celestial nature, hav-
ing a form com})osed of the iigures of a man, an ox, a lion, and an
eagle, — symbols of strength and wisdom. In this passage, however,
the cherubs seem to be a jiersonification of the thunder-clouds and
the wind.
15. — foundiitions of the earth. Tlie expression seems to be equiva-
lent to the channels ofihe deep ; i.e., the bottom of the sea, in the parallel
line.
19. — a large )>lace ; i.e., freedom from the danger and distress, — ■
the opposite of straits.
26. — thou showest thyself perverse. See the note on Prov. iii. S-I.
28. — nui lamp to shine. See the notes on Job xviii. 6 ; xxix. 3.
30. — Ills word is pure, &c. ; i.e., His promise, when tried, will stand
the test.
33. — like the hind's; i.e., in swiftness. Swiftness of foot was a
great qualification of an ancient warrior. (Comp. 1 Chron. xii. 8;
2 Sam. i. 23.) So an epithet of Achilles in Homer is nodag uKvg, the
swift-fooled.
34. — bow of brass. It is probable that the bow was actually of
brass or bronze ; i.e., of copper temi)ered with another metal, whi'ih
came into use before iron or steel. (See Hesiod, ^Epyat koI 'Rpepai,
V. 149, &c.; Lucret. De Per. Nat., lib. v., v. 1282; Herod., i. 25.)
Ps. XIX.
The theory which is adopted by Davidson, that this psalm consists
of two, arbitrarily put togetlior by the collector, does not recommend
itself to my judgment or taste.
2. iJai/ uttercth instruction, &c. ; i.e., every da}^ hands down to the fol-
lowing day, and every night to the following night, the knowledge of
God's glory.
3. Thei/ have no speech, &c. ; i.e., their speech is not that of the
human voice ; they utter no articulate sounds. Their language is a
silent but real language. JNlr. Addison has adopted this meaning iu
his versification of the psalm : —
" What though io solemn silonoe all
Move round this dark terrestrial ball?
What though no real voice nor sound
Amid their radiant orbs be found?
In rea.^on's ear, they all rejoice,
And utter forth a glorious voice ;
For ever singing, as they. shine,
' The hand that made us is divine.' '*
PSALMS. 315
There is anotlier mode of rendering, whicli seems to be that of tlie
Septuagint and Vulgate ; and wliich is admissible, though less prob-
able.
" It is no speech nor language,
Of which the voice is not heard ;
Their sound goeth forth to all the earth,
And their words to the end of the world."
4. In ihem, referring to the heavens, may allude lo that part of them,
near the horizon, where the sun was supposed to have his tabernacle
or pavilion, into which he retired after his journey through the hea-
vens in the day, and from which he came forth fresh and vigorous in
the morning.
5. — like a bridegroom. The allusion is to the joyous, youthful
freshness of the bridegroom. Some, however, sujjpose it to be to the
freshness of his dress. — a strong man; or hero. It is to be recol-
lected that sAviftness of foot was one of the greatest recommendations
of a hero of antiquity. (See the note on xviii. 33.)
7. — reviving the soul ; hterally, bringing back the soul or spirit, when
it is drooping, and, as it were, leaving the body. (See Lam, i. 16;
Ruth iv. 15.)
8. — are pure; i.e., free from error and imperfection, — enlighten-
ing the eyes. This exi)ression is nearly equivalent to rejoicing the heart,
in the parallel line, (See the note on xiii. 3.)
9. The fear of the Lord ; i.e., the precepts inculcating fear or rever-
ence.
12. Who hioweth, &c, ; i.e., who can estimate the number and mag-
nitude of his own sins? — secret faults ; i.e., those of which I am
unconscious ; those which escape the detection of conscience, blinded,
as it often is, by error, passion, and sin.
13, — presumptuous sins; i.e., those committed knowingly, deliber-
ately, and with a high hand. As the wox'd sins is supplied, some trans-
late from the presumptuous ; i.e., the proud.
Ps. XX.
6. Now I hnow, &c. This is evidently sung by a different choir
from that which sung ver. 1-5 and ver. 9. Some suppose that David
himself is the speaker; others, another choir representing another por-
tion of the people.
Ps. XXI.
This is a psalm of thanksgiving, which some suppose to be on ac-
count of the victory prayed for in the preceding psalm. Others think
it may have been written after the victory over the united hosts of the
Syrians and Ammonites, (See 2 Sam. chap, xii.) The psalm evidently
appears, from ver. 1-6, to relate to a king then living ; and the opinioa
that it relates to the Messiah is without the slightest foundation.
4. — enduring for ever. A hyperbolical expression for vert/ long
(Comp. ver. 6; Dan. ii. 4, iii. 9; 2 Sam. vii. 13.)
8, Here the king is addressed by another choir.
316 NOTES.
Ps. XXII.
In this psalm, a pious Israelite makes his supplication to God in the
midst of great disti-ess, on the borders of despair. God had heard his
ancestors when they cried for help, but himself he allowed to he
reduced to the utmost contempt on account of his religion (1-9).
Yet he retains his confidence in God, and prays for help, enu-
merating the dangerous and fierce enemies which encompassed him
(12-iy), repeating his sui)plicati()ns (l'J-21). And now, as in several of
the psalms which begin with lamentation, the poet rises to the confi-
dence, tliat he and his companions in religious fidelity, though at pres-
ent atflicted and depressed, will one day greatly prosper; and that the
true rehgion will have an extensive triumph.
The psalm is ascribed to David ; and, if this ascription be correct,
the occasion of its composition was probably the same with that of Ps.
v., vi., xii., and similar psalms. But tlie psahn is not very descriptive
of any circumstances in the life of David which are recorded in the
Jewish history. It may be said, however, tliat the Jewish history is
very brief, and that many seasons of distress may have occurred to
David which have not been recorded.
One reason for doubting whether the psalm relates to the circum-
stances of David is, that the persecutions which the writer suffers
seem to have been occasioned by his religion ; and that, in the latter
part of the psalm, the relief which tb,e wriier and his brothers in
atfliction are to experience is connected with the fiourishing state of
the true religion. But the difficulties of David with Saul and with
Ills son Absalom do not a])pear to have arisen from his religion. It
is not improbable, theretbre, that the psalm was written by some
Jewish prophet, who, with his followers, was exposed to contempt on
account of his adherence to Jehovah and his religion, in the midst of
idolatry and vice. In the case of Jeremiah (i. 17-19; ix. 1-0 ; xi.
18-23; XV. 15-21), we have an instance of a prophet in circumstances
very similar to those described in this psalm, and using similar lan-
guage.
The psalm has been supposed by many interpreters to refer to the
sufferings of Jesus and his subsequent exaltation. A decisive objec-
tion to this opinion is, that the writer is introduced praying in the
first person, and describing his past aiul present condition. If
the writer had intended his language to refer to a person who was
to live many hundred years after the composition of the psalm, he
was bound to inform us of it in some way. In tlie absence of such
information, we are bound to believe that the writer of the psalm is
the subject of it. Besides, it appears to me that the spirit of the psalm
bears no great resemblance to the si)irit of Jesus. There is no spirit
of mart\'rdom in it. He speaks of impending death in a very different
manner from that in whicli Jesus spake of his. As to the expres-
sions which are cited in the Gospel of John (chap. xix. 24), "They
divide my garments among them, and for my vesture they cast lots,"
these are evidently statements of matters of fact, — of what had hap*
pened to the writer of the psalm, and not predictions of the future.
There is nothing in the i^ew-Testament application of them incon-
PSALMS. 317
eistent with this view. As to the typical or mystical sense which has
been assigned to this and other psalms, it seems to be beyond tlie
province of the interpreter. Tliere are no himian means by which to
ascertain it. None but the Divine Spirit can be sure wliat it is. As
lias been well observed by Ernesti, in his Principles of Biblical In-
terpretation,* "Nor, in searcliing for this tj'pical sense, is there
need of the care and talents of an interpreter. For it is revealed by
the information and testimony of the Holy Spirit, beyond whose
slsowing we shonld not in this matter attemjit to advance."
The view of Hengstenberg, in liis Commentary on the Psalms,
appears to me deserving of consideration. I quote him tlie more
readily, because he stands at the head of the Orthodox school in Ger-
many. He maintains, that, though David wrote the psalm, he did
not, in all its circumstances, intend to describe his own personal expe-
rience, but that of an ideal I'ighteous man, in the maimer of many of
our modern hymns. "In this interpretation," says he, "justice is
done to the truth which lies at the foundation of every one of the
existing views ; while, at the same time, the difficulties which stand
in the way of every one of them are avoided. David composed the
poem for tlie use of the church, on the groundwork of liis own expe-
rience. How the righteous man in this world of sin mast suffer
much ; and how the Lord, when it comes to the last extremity, glori-
ously delivers him ; and how his sufferings, through th.e manifestation
of the Divine glory in his deliverance, and in his victory over an un-
godly world, subserve the honor of God and the sanctifying of his
name, and accelerate the approach of his kingdom, — this is the theme.
Every pnrticular righteous ?7iart might appropriate to himself the conso-
lation of this psalm, might exj^ect in his own experience the realiza-
tion of the hopes expressed in it, in so far as the reality in him corre-
sponded to the idea, in so far as lie imbodied in his own person the ideal
righteous man. That, according to this view, justice is done to all the
references which occur in the New Testament to our psalm is clear
as day, and becomes particularly obvious when we direct our attention
to the other quotations from the psalms in the history of our Saviour's
sufferings. Not one of them refers to a psalm which directly and
exclusively is of a Messianic import." — " The psalm would have been
fulfilled in Christ, even though the passers-by had not shaken the head,
or the mockers quoted its very words ; even though there had been
no dividing of his garments or casting lots upon his vestures." (Com-
ment, ad loc.)
The Mud of the morning. This was probably the name of some other
poem or song, to the measure of which this psalm was sung or chanted.
Compare the expression, the song of " the bow," in 2 Sam. i. 18. The
phrase probably denotes the morning sun scattering his first rays upon
the earth ; as the Arabian poets call the rising sun the gazelle, com-
paring his rays with the horns of that animal. Quotations to this
effect may be seen in Rosenmiiller ad loc.
1. — forsaken me. The meaning is explained by the parallel line,
Why so far from mine aid, &c., and by Ps. x. 1. It is equivalent to the
* Vol. i. p. 25, Engl, translation.
818 NOTES.
question, Wliy am I left without any visible means of escaping with
my life ?
2. — have Tio rest; i.e., from my fears, anxieties, and persecutions.
3. — artholij; i.e., not approving the wickedness of my enemies.
(Comp. Jer. xii. 1.) Otherwise, And yet thou art the Holy One; i.e., tiie
pecuhar God of the Jewish nation.
6. — a worm; i.e., weak, despised, trampled on, as a worm.
12. — btdls, — bulls of Bashan, &c. These are images of mighty
and fierce enemies.
14. — poured out like vater. To melt, or be dissolved, was an image
of fear and consternation with the Hebrews. (Comp. Josh. vii. 5.)
15. My streiiyfh, &c. Sadness and sorrow have quite dried up my
vital moisture ; I have scarce strength enough left to complain, but
am just on the point to expire, and to be laid in my grave.
16. — dogs; i.e., my enemies, greedy and fierce as dogs. — my
hands and my feet. I am now satisfied that the rendering, bound,
which in the former edition I adopted from De Wette and Ewald, is
not supported by the Arabic word to which they refer. But whether
the term "''12^3 should be rendered, with the Vulgate, Like a lion, or
lions, my hands and my feet, as Gesenius decides, or, They hai^e pierced,
&c., according to the common version, admits of considerable doubt.
That the enemies should surround his hands and his feet, like a lion, is
not a very natural expression. But it may mean that they followed
him, with special reference to those parts of his body which might
help him to escape. On the whole, the reading ^15 and ^1:^3
seem to have no sufficient support; and 'I'li^S is inadmissible.
17. — my hones ; i.e., on account of my emaciation.
18. They divide my garments, &c. The sense may be. My enemies
are so sure of my death, that they proceed to divide my garments, as
if I were dead ; or. My enemies look on me as their prey, and divide
my possessions, even my garments, among themselves.
20. — the sword; i.e., the danger of death. — My blood; literally,
my darling; a poetic name, to denote the life.
22. — my brethren; i.e., in country and religion.
26. The afflicted, shall eat, &c. ; i.e., the oppressed countrymen of
the poet, who had shared his dangers and suflferings, shall partake of
the festal sacrifices, and share his joy and gladness.
27. — the ends of the earth; i.e., the inhabitants of the most distant
lands.
29. — the rich, S^c. These, with the poor in the next line, are men-
tioned as composing the whole of mankind. (Comp. Ps. xlix. 2.)
— eat and icorship; i.e., keep the festivals and worship. — goi7rg down
to the dust ; i.e., ready to sink into the grave on account of extreme
want and misery.
31. — his righteousness ; i.e., in granting protection and deliverance
to the writer of the psalm. (See ver. 24.)
rsALMS. 319
, Ps. XXIII.
This psalm, whicli needs no analysis, was not probably written dur-
ing the royal poet's pastoral life, but after lie had become acquainted
•with adversity, and bad been surrounded by enemies/whom, however,
lie had probably subdued. (See ver. 5.)
3. — revivcth nn/ sou/ ; i.e., refreshes me when drooping and faint-
ing with fatigue, distress, &c. — in paths of safttij, &c. The allusion
is still kept up to the sl.eep or flock, who are led, not over mountains,
or through bushes and stony places, but in plain and satie paths.
4. — a valley of deatiiUke shade, &c. The allusion is still to the flock ;
and the meaning is, that, if, like the flock, the poet should stray into
some gloomy valley as dark as death, he should fear no evil, being
under the care of tlie heavenly Shepherd.
6. Here tlie image is changed. The blessings received by the poet
are so great as to be compared to a least. — anohitest, &c. To tlie
abundance and luxury of a feast it belongs, according to the customs
of the East in ancient and modern times, to pour fragrant oil on the
guests. (Comp. Matt. xxvi. 7; Amos vi. 7.)
6. — / sh(dl dwell, &c. ; i.e., released from the dangers and toils
of war, I shall have abundant opportunity to worship thee in the
sanctuary; or perhaps, in a figurative sense, I shall enjoy the most
intimate communion with thee. (See xvi. 8, &c.)
Ps. XXIV.
In this psalm, it is set forth that Jehovah, the maker of heaven and
earth, has yet a chosen dwelhng-]ilace upon the earth, where he is to be
worshipped by the pure and righteous. This glorious heavenly king
of the Jewish nation is represented as entering the sanctuary, which is
personified and exhorted to receive him worthily.
It is commonly supposed that the occasion of it was the transfer of
the ark of the covenant to the tabernacle on Mount Zion, as related in
2 Sam. vi. 1, &c. But it seems more probable to me, that the psalm
was written after the time of David, and that the gates which are so
strikinglj' personified in the seventh verse are the gates of the temple.
In this case, we may suppose the psalm to have been simg at the con-
secration of the temple, and the removal of the ark to it. There can
be no doubt that this is one of the psalms which were sung responsivelj
by several choirs of singers.
6. — And favor. There can be no doubt that up!!! is often used
T T :
in the sense of favor or kindness, considered as the consequence or
reward of righteousness. (See Gesenius and Fiirst adverb.) This
rendering is also supported by the Septuagint and Vulgate, and tlie
parallelism.
6. Tfieij that seek fhjf face are Jacob ; i.e., the true Jacob, or Israel of
God. (Comp. Isa. xlix. 3; and Introduction to Prophets, p. Ivi.)
7. Lift lip your heads, &c. Here, by a highly poetical conception, the
gates even of the splendid temple of Solomon are represented as being
320 NOTES.
too low for the entrance of the symbol of the King of kings. They
are commanded to elevate and expand themselves for his admission,
or to assume an attitude suited to the grandeur of the occasion.
Ps. XXV.
This is the first of the alphabetic psalms, each verse beginning with
a letter in the order of the Hebrew alphabet.
4. — thy ways; i.e., those which are acceptable to thee.
5. — thy truth; i.e., the true righteousness or piety which thou
requirest.
7. — of my youth; i.e., when, through want of knowledge and con-
sideration, or strength of appetite and passion, one is mostjirone to go
astray.
10. — his covenant ; i.e., his laws, to the observers of which he has
covenanted peculiar protection and favor.
11. — thy name's sake; i.e., in order to manifest thy goodness and
mercy, as in ver. 7.
14. The friendship ; i.e., intimate converse, confidential intercourse.
(Comp. Job XV. 8; Jer. xxiii. 18, Ixxix. 4.)
Ps. XXVI.
3. — before my eyes; i.e., in my thoughts continually.
6. — wash my hands in innocence; not " I perform the ceremony of
washing my hands in testimony of my innocence," but " I keep my-
self innocent." (Comp. Ixxiii. 13.) — go around thine altar ; i.e., bring
offerings, and frequently appear around thine altar for the purpose of
thanksgiving.
8. — thine honor dweUeth. This may mean, " wdiere thy glorious
presence is found ; " or " where thy wisdom, goodness, and mercy are
manifested in hearing prayer, accepting Avorship," &c.
Ps. XXVII.
4. — tJie grace or favor of the Lord. See xc. 17 ; Zech. xi. 7.
5. — in his pavilion, — seo'et place of his tabernacle. ■ These are meta-
phorical expressions, denoting simply the sure protection and safety
which would be afforded by God.
10. — my father, &c. Figurative expressions to denote extreme
desertion. — take me up; i.e., under his protection, and be my
patron.
Ps. XXVIII.
2. — most holy sanctuary ; namely, that part of the tabernacle or
temple called the holy of holies.
5. — doings of the Lord; i.e., in his moral government of the world,
such as the pimishments which he often inflicts on evil-doers.
PSALMS. 321
Ps. XXIX.
1. — sons of God ; angels, or the inliabitants of lieaven, seem to be
denoted. (See Ps. Ixxxix. 6.)
2. — ho/>/ attire; in allusion to the garments worn by priests. (See
Exod. xxxix. 1.)
3. The voice of Jehovah; i.e., the thunder. A personification. — the
great waters; i.e., tlie waters above the firmament. (Comp. ver. 10,
civ. 3; Gen. i. 7.)
6. — Sirion; another name of Hermon. See Deut. iii. 9.
9. — the hinds, &c. ; i.e., through terror. (Comp. 1 Sam. iv. 19.)
— in his palace; i.e., in heaven.
Ps. XXX.
7. — made my mountain strong. This may be a metaphorical expres-
sion, meaning, thou hast placed me in safety. (Comp. xxvii. 1.) Or,
less probably, ?«?/ mountain may mean my power, my greatness.
9. — dust ; i.e., my body, turned to dust.
11. — sackcloth; the garment of mourning. (Comp. 2 Sam. iii. 31 ;
1 lOngs XX. 32.)
Ps. XXXI.
The occasion of this psalm seems to be altogether uncertain. " It
is a mixture of prayers and praises, and professions of confidence in
God, all which do well together and are helpful to one another. Faith
and prayer must go together. He that believes, let him pray ; and he
that prays, let him believe ; for the prayer of faith is the prevailing
prayer."
6. — lying vanities; i.e., idols. (Deut. xxxii. 21 ; Jer. ii. 5, x. 15.)
12. — like a broken vessel ; i.e., neglected and despised as worth-
less.
15. — destiny; literally, times; i.e., what takes place in times ; namely,
events, fortunes, destinies. So we speak of good times, bad times,
&c.
20. — secret place, &c. (See the note on xxvii. 5.)
21. — As in a fortijled city ; i.e., I have been protected by him as
effectually as I could have been by a fortified city.
Ps. XXXII.
2. — ??o guile ; i.e., He does not dissemble with God in his acknowl-
edgment of sin and profession of penitence.
3. — kept silence; i.e., did not acknowledge my sins to God. — my
bones. Comp. Prov. xvii. 22.
4. — My moisture; i.e., vital moisture, life-blood.
6. — floods of great waters. An image denoting overwhelro'iig
calamities.
• 11*
NOTES.
9. — Because they will not come near thee. The meaning is, Be ye not
distrustful of God, and unwilling to approacli him in confidence and
obedience, hke the horse and the mule, who will not come near the
owner to observe his directions, unless they are forced by the bridle
and curb.
Ps. XXXIII.
2. — harp, — psaltery. Both these instruments seem to have been
harps of ditferent species. It is not known in what respects they
differed.
17. The horse, &c. Comp. Prov. xxi. 31.
Ps. XXXIV.
This is the second alphabetical psalm. (See the Introduction.) The
Hebrew inscription assigns an occasion for the composition of the
psalm. But it is not very consistent with this inscription, that
tlie psalm should contain no definite allusions to the circumstances of
David, and that it should contain so much of a merely didactic nature,
drawn from the general experience of human life. It is also doubtful
whether any of the alphabetical psalms belong to so early a period as
that of David.
6. — shall have li<jht ; i.e., your countenances shall be brightened
with joy. (See the note on xiii. 3.) — be ashamed; i.e., through dis-
appointment, or failure of your expectations.
6. This afflicted man. The poet points to himself, as an instance
of one delivered from trouble.
7. — angels of the Lord. Comp. Gen. xxxii. 1, 2 ; 2 Kings vi. 17.
10. Young lions. It is doubtful whether this is to be understood in
a literal or a figurative sense. According to the former, the meaning
will be, that even young lions, with all their strength, ca*inot always
procure food for themselves ; according to the latter, young lions will
mean powerful and rapacious men, who are often reduced to want.
Perhaps the last is preferable, though the first is adopted by several
critics. (Comp. xxxv. 17, Iviii. G ; Jer. ii. 15.)
20. — (/// his bones; an emphatic expression to denote the whole
man. (Comp. xxxv. 10.)
21. — destroy eth ; because he has none to deliver him, like the
righteous.
Ps. XXXV.
One opinion in regard to the occasion of this psalm is mentioned in
the text. Another is, that it relates to the enemies of Dp.vid wlio
sided with Absalom. Perhaps the most probable supposition is, that
the occasion of the psalm is unknown.
5. — May the angel of the Lord drive them ; i.e., so that they shall
stumble and fall. Probably the writer conceived of the angel as a
person employing the elements, or human means, to inflict pmiishment
on his enemies.
PSALMS. 323
12. — bereavement; i.e., They cause rae to feel myself deprived of
all wliicli can support or delight ray soul ; as a mother who is deprived
of children.
13. — turnpd to my bosom ; i.e., I prayed witli my head bent towards
my bosom. This wiis a posture in prayer said to be common among
the Orientals. (Comp. 1 Kings xviii. 42.) In Lane's Modern Egy}»-
tians (vol. i. p. 109), a Mahometan posture in prayer somewhat simi-
lar is represented.
19. — w()ik tvith the eye. The parallelism seems to show that this
was a token of triumph.
20. — not peace ; i.e., what is injurious and destructive.
21. — seet]i it; i.e., what we have long wished for concerning our
enemy.
22. — he not silent ; i.e., do not refuse to answer my prayer.
Ps. XXXVI.
It seems to me to be idle to think of finding in the history of David
an occasion for a psalm having so general a subject as this.
1. To speak, &c. The translation of this difficult passage which
I have adopted, is substantially that of Lutlier, Le Clerc, Gesenius,
and De Wette. Somewhat similar commencements of poetical com-
positions may be seen in xlv. 1, ci. 1 ; Isa. xlv. 1. If we might adopt
a various reading, which is found in most of the ancient versions, the
rendering might be. The wicked hath an oracle or inspiration of ungodli-
ness in his heart. On the whole, it seems best to adhere to the Hebrew
text.
2. — in his oivn ei/es ; i.e., the wicked flatters and beguiles his own
conscience. — found out and hated. Literally, to the finding out of his
iniquity, the hating. To find out iniquity, seems, according to Scrip-
ture usage, to carry with it the idea of retribution. (See Gen. xliv.
16.) As there are nearly as many expositions of ver. 1 and 2 as there
are commentators, of course their meaning must be considered
doubtful.
6. — a great deep. This expression seems here to refer to the
extent and all-pervading character of the Divine judgments, rather
than to their unsearchableness or mysteriousness.
8. — abundance of thy house. The world full of the riches of God's
bounty seems here to be figuratively represented as a father's Iiouse
filled with wealth.
9. — of life; i.e., of happiness. — Through thy light, &c.; i.e.,
through thy t'avor we enjoy happiness or prosperity. (Comp. iv. 6;
Esth. viii. 10 ; Isa. lix. 9.)
11. — remove me; i.e., compel me to wander from my house, city,
country, &c.
Ps. XXXVIL
This is the third of the alphabetical psalms. (See pp. 47, 48.)
3. — Abide in the land, &c.; i.e., do not forsake the land in despair,
824 NOTES.
on account of the oppression -vvliicli you are obliged to endure
(Comp. X. 18.) — delight in, or feed on. Comp. Prov. xv. 14.
9. — inherit the land. This expression seems here, and in ver. 11,
to denote a quiet, undisturbed possession of the country, unmolested
by oppressors. In otlier passages it may have a figurative sense.
13. — his daij ; i.e., of punishment. (Comp. ver. 86; Job xviii. 20.)
18. — their inheritance shall endure for ever; i.e., in the land of
Canaan, as in ver. 11, 27, 29. They shall never be driven from the
land. It the plirase be used in a figurative sense, it is plain, from
the connection, that it must denote temporal blessings.
21. l^he wicked borroweth, &c. It is probable, from the connection,
that the meaning of this verse is that the wicked is continually bor-
rowing, Avithout having the means to repay, while the righteous has
the ability to be generous. (Comp. Deut. xxviii. 12.)
37, 38. Comp. Prov. xxiii. 18 ; xxiv. 1-4, 20 ; v. 4 ; Job xlii. 12.
Posteriti/. This meaning seems to be favored by the following verse,
where the term irr^nj*:, again occurs. To say that the end of the wicked
shcdl be cut of seems incongruous. The term certainh^ has the mean-
ing " posterity " in Amos iv. 2, ix. 1 ; Dan. xi. 4. The Septuagint
version, a remnant, eyKara?.f;hiij.a, is to the peaceful man, also supports it.
Some translate the line. That a future, or hereafter, i.e., a liappy one,
is to the man of peace. But this does not so well suit ver. 38. The
principal objection to the translation of the common version is, that
neither Hebrew grammar, nor usage, will allow '^^ to be rendered, of
that man, in such a connection.
Ps. XXXVIII.
The opinion of some commentators, that this and other psalms
represent the condition of the whole Jewish nation, under the image
of a single man in distress, seems to me to carry very little proba-
bility with it.
3. — vo soundness in vvj flesh. A condition of distress is probably
represented figuratively by disease.
4. — (jone over my head, &c.; i.e., the consequences of my sins have
overwheimed me like a flood of waters.
14. — is no reply; i.e., who is able to give no answer, or reproof,
to those who upbraid him.
18. For I confess, &c. He gives a reason why he hopes to be
heard ; namely, tluit he has experienced great sorrow and pain on ac-
count of his sins.
Ps. XXXIX.
2. — even ichat was good ; i.e., "lest I should say something wrong,
I resolved to say nothing either good or bad.
3. — the fire burst forth. The fire of discontent and complaint
seems to be intended. Dr. Henry thus correctly comments upon it ■
PSALMS. 325
"Binding the distempered part did but draw the liumor to it. He
could bridle his tongue, but could not keep his passion under."
6. — in a va'm show; literally, in an image ; i.e., as Dr. Hammond
remarks, " Our liie is but a picture or image, sliadovv or dream of
life ; it vanisheth in a trice."
8. — all 1111/ tra7is(/ressions ; i.e., fi'om my distresses, the conse-
quences of my transgressions.
Ps. XL.
In this psalm the writer gives fervent thanks to God for some
great deliverance which he had expei'ienced, and for many general
mercies. He expresses also the feeling, that the best acknowledg-
ment which he can make to God is, not by sacrifices, but by obedience
to his law. The latter part of the psalm contains a prayer for deliv-
erance trom evils and dangers which still encompassed the writer.
It is so plain that the writer of the psalm who begins in the first
person, " I trusted steadfastly," &c., is the subject of it throughout,
that it is surprising that any one, Avho rejects the typical or alle-
gorical mode of interpretation as unfounded, can suppose the psalm
to relate to any other person except the writer of it. The psalra
contains no prophecy of any kind, but only thanksgiving for the past,
a description of the present, and prayer for the future. The author
of the Epistle to the Hebrews, adopting an erroneous translation of
the Septuagint version, namely, " A body thou liast prepared for
me," instead of, " Mine ears thou hast opened," applies ver. 6-8 to
the Messiah. But he does this according to the typical or allegorical
mode of interpretation which he employs elsewhere in the Epistle,
and which Avas regarded as valid by his contemporaries. It is only
in this topical sense, that the great mass of Christian interpreters
have supposed the psalm to relate to the Messiah. In its primary
sense, they have supposed David to be the subject of it throughout.
Hengstenberg observes (Comment, on Psalms, p. 65), "The direct
Messianic exposition, which was very wide-spread in former times,
has but a weak foundation in the quotation of ver. 6-8 in He-
brews, chap. X. And affirmations such as that put forth by the
author himself (i.e., Hengstenberg), at the beginning of his career, —
' There can be no doubt, that he who acknowledges the Divine
authority of the Epistle to the Hebrews must decide for the Mes-
sianic exposition,' — lose all meaning when a deeper insight has been
obtained into the way and manner in which the New Testament, and
especially the Epistle to the Hebrews, handles the declarations of the
Old Testament."
The last five verses are found repeated as the seventieth psalm,
wliich was i)robabiy an extract from this for pm-poses of religious
worship.
6. — Mine cars thou hast opened. This may mean. Thou hast
revealed to me the truth, that sacrifices and oblations are not accept-
able to thee, except as they are expressive of inward feeling, of an
obedient will, and the devotion of myself to God : or, Thou hasf
326 NOTES.
inclined me to obey thy commands. As one's ears are opened, or
attentive, cither to receive information, or to listen to commands as a
servant. ' In 1 Sam. ix. 15 ; xx. 2, 12, 13 ; xxii. 8, 17, tlie expressions,
" he had told in his ear," " will show it me," are, in the Hebrew,
'ijTi^-r.b^ n^3 or n'5a~' "he had uncovered," or "will micover his,
or my ear." "(Comp.' Isa. 1. 4, 5.) In Ruth iv. 4, " I thought to adver-
tise thee," is, in the original, "I thought to uncover thine ear."
(Comp. Job xxxiii 16; xxxvi. 10.) On the whole, tlie first meaning
seems best supported by analogous phrases and by the connection.
7. Then^fore I said ; i.e, since thou dost not desire ofiiarings, but
obedience, I said to myself, or purposed. A very common Hebrew
idiom. — Lo, I come ; i.e., instead of bringing sacrifices and ofier-
ings, I come and personally devote myself to thy service ; I stand
readv to do thy will. So Le Clerc, " Venio, ut tibi parerem." Some
critics find a difficulty in making tlie phrase "I come" mean so
much as I come in the ivni/ of olxrdiencp. It is true, there is no instance
of phraseology precisely similar. But the connection is very much in
favor of thisnieaning, and it is difficult to conceive what other mean-
ing David could have had, when he said, " I come." We may even
suppose ver. 8 to be the completion of the thought, which lie may not
have fully expressed in the words " I come." That is, supposing
that he intended to say, / come to do thij xcill, the parenthesis " In the
scroll of the book it is prescribed to me " being introduced, instead
of closing the sentence in form, he closes it virtually by the exclama-
tion, " O my God! to do thy will is my delight," &c. Lengerke says,
"/ come;" i.e., to thy house (ver. 7). I appear in thy presence,
(xlii. 4) ; or, to the altar of God (xliii. 4), not with offerings, but pre-
pared to do thy will. — In the scroll of the book ; i.e., the book of the
law, of the well-known Oriental form. Some understand the phrase
to denote the book of the divine purposes. But it does not seem
agreeable to the phraseology of the Scriptures that any one should
say of himself, that it was written in the Divine mind that he
should be obedient to the will of God. The connection in this
passage rather points us to tiie book-roll of the divine law. — it is
prescribed to me. The same Hebrew expression is used in 2 Kings
xxii. 13, translated in the common version, " Our fathers have not
hearkened unto the words of this book, to do according unto all that
■which is written concerning us," where the meaning evidently is,
" prescribed to us." Hengstenberg observes (p. 72), " The parallel
passages, as also the connection, decide against the expositions of tlie
Messianic interpreters, 'It is loritten of me.' " (Comp. Esth. ix. 23;
Prov. xxii. 20; Hos. viii. 12.) Another translation of ver. 7 is given
by Gesenius and Ewald, as follows : —
" Then I said, Lo, I come
Witli the scroll of the book which is prescribed to me."
That of De \Yette is, " Lo, I come with the scroll of the book written
in my heart;" a free rendering for "written upon me." But if, by
" coming with the scroll of the book," we understand, with Ewald,
that the poet came into the temple before God with the book of the
law in his hands, this would be a mere symbol, as much as the ofii-.r-
PSALMS. 327
ing of sacrifices, and might be performed without true obedience.
The translation, or rather paraphrase, of De Wette strikes me as quite
forced.
12, — Mij iniquities have overtaken me. Some who apply the wliole
psalm exclusively to the Messiali, being pressed with the (lilKculiy
which this line presents, translate, " My distresses have overtaken me."
But there is no clear case in the Scriptures, in which '115', though a
word of very common occurrence, denotes distress or calamity, exce|)t
in passages where, by synecdoche of the eflect for the cause, it de-
notes that distress whicii is the consequence of sin. If, therefore, we
do not translate the line, Mj iniquities, &c., we must translate Mj pun-
ishments, or My distresses, the consequences of my sins. 2 Sam. xvi. \'I
may seem to be an exception. But why may not David have regarded
the rebellion of Absalom as a punishment for his sins 1 The new
translation, therefore, which Professor Stuart* proposes, does not re-
move the difficulty.
Ps. XLI.
This psalm is commonly supposed to have been composed by David
during the rebellion of Absalom. A dangerous sickness, as well as
the reproaches and persecution of domestic enemies, seems to have
been the occasion of it.
1. — the poor. The poet is led to make this commendation of kind-
ness to the afflicted, in consequence of having felt the want of it.
8. — all his bed, &c. ; i.e., thou wilt change his bed of sickness into
a bed of health.
4. — sinned against thee; i.e., I am sufiering on account of my sins
against thee.
8. — cleaveth, &c. ; i.e., in its consequences ; in the miseries which
are upon him.
9. — who did eat of my bread. If the same sentiment prevailed
among the Hebrews, which prevails at the present day among the
Bedouin Arabs, of sacred regard to the person and property of one
with whom they have eaten bread and salt, the language is very forci-
ble. — lifted up his heel; a metaphor drawn from the horse, which
attacks with its heels. This language may well have been used by
our Saviour, in John xiii. 18, in the way of rhetorical illustration or
emphasis.
13. This doxology was, in all probability, placed here by the col-
lector of this first book of forty-one psalms. (See p. 31, &c.)
Ps. XLII., XLIII.
These two psalms undoubtedly form but one composition. They
have one subject, and are written in the same style. The concluding
verse or refrain is the same that occurs in Ps. xlii., and which is re-
* Excursus to Hebrews, p. 594.
828 NOTES.
peated after every five verses. In forty-six Hebrew maimseripts,
there is no separation between the two psalms. For beauty of imagery,
depth, and naturahiess of rehgious feeHng, and the very striking man-
ner in wliich the voice of rehgion in the poet's inmost soul is heard
in the refrains, stilling the tempest of anxiety and grief caused by his
situation, this psalm is so admirable that it probably has no superior
in any language. It seems to have been writieu in exile, among ene-
mies of the Jewish nation and religion.
1. As the huH, &c. "In the East, where streams are not common,
and where the deer are so often chased by their savage cotenants of
the forest and the glade, no wonder that they are often driven from
their favorite haunts to the parched grounds. After this, their thirst
becomes excessive ; but they dare not return to the water, lest they
should again meet the enemy. When the good liamar and his people
went through the thirsty wilderness, it is written, ' As the deer cried
for water, so did they.' In going through the desert yesterday, my
thirst was so great, I cried out like the deer for water." — Roberts's
Ulusti'ations.
2. — the living God ; in contradistinction from the idol gods, by the
worshippers of which the poet was surrounded. — appear before God ;
i.e., in his house of worship. The Hebrews attached an importance
to the place of worship almost beyond the conception of Cin-istians at
the present day.
5. — / sliall yet praise liivi, &c. ; i.e., I shall yet be delivered or re-
stored, and thus have cause to praise him.
6. — of Jordan. This may mean the land beyond the Jordan, or
the land lying near the sources of the Jordan.
7. Deep calleth, &c. ; i.e., one billow calleth for another to follow
close upon it ; i.e., one trouble comes upon me after another in quick
succession. — wafcrfidls, &c. The irresistible and overwhelming
calamities which came upon the poet are denoted.
8. — his praise ivas icith me ; i.e., on account of the happy condition
in which I found myself. — God of my life; i.e., the Preserver of my
life.
XLIII. 3. — thy light and thy truth; i.e., thy favor and thy faithful-
ness. (See XXX vi. 9 and the note.)
Ps. XLIV.
This psalm is- supposed by Calvin and many modern interpreters
to have been composed in the time of the Maccabees (see 1 Mace,
chap. i. ; 2 Mace. chap, v.), a supposition to which there seems to be no
valid objection, and which is as well suited to the contents of the psalm
as any which has been made.
12. — sellest,- &c. This language is probably figurative, denoting.
Thou deliverest thy people into the hands of their enemies, without
promoting thine own interest or honor.
22. — for thy sake; i.e., for no other reason than our attachment to
thy service and worsliip. (Comp. 1 Mace. chap, i.)
25. — bowed down, — clcaveth, &c. These are images denoting ex-
treme depression and sorrow. (Comp. cxiii. 7 ; Lam. ii. 10; Job ii. 8.)
PSALMS. 329
Ps. XLV.
This ode appears to have been composed by some courtly lard on
the occasion of the king's taking to himself a queen. There seems
to be no objection to the prevalent opinion, that it was composed on
the marriage of Solomon with a daughter of tlie king of Egypt, as
recorded in 1 Kings iii.. 1. It has been objected, that the ascription
of warlike qualities to the king is inconsistent with this supposition.
But has it been the custom of poet laureates, or even of writers of
detlicatory epistles to kings, to contine themselves to strict history, in
setting forth the pi'aises of their patrons'? We must also recollect
that Oriental usage allows a much higher degree of exaggeration than
that of the Western woi'ld. The application of the ode to Solomon
as its subject is, however, matter of conjecture, favored by the tact
that Solomon is known to have married a foreign princess. J3ut it
may have been composed in honor of several of the Jewish kings.
The ode begins with a sort of prooemium, having some resemblance
to a poet's address to his Muse (ver. 1). The king is then praised for
liis personal beauty and graceful speech (ver. 2); for his miUtary quali-
fications (ver. 8-5), and the stability and rectitude of his government
(ver. 6, 7) ; for the splendor of his dress, and the magnificence of his
establishment, especially for the beauty and high birth of the mem-
bers of his harem, among whom the queen is pre-eminent (ver. 8, 9).
Then follows an appropriate apostrophe to the queen (ver. 10-12), and
a description of her splendid dress and retinue (ver. 13-15), and of her
future hapijiness as the mother of a long line of kings and princes
(ver. 16). Finally, the poet expresses his conviction, tliat he, by his
X)oem, shall preserve her name and fame to all coming generations.
In this general account of the ode, most Christian interpreters
agree. But it has been maintained, that there is a sense in which the
language is applicable to Jesus Christ. Thus, the English version
most in use before King James's has the following caption to the
psalm : " The majesty of Solomon, his honor, strength, beauty, riches,
and power are praised ; and also his marriage Avith the Egyptian,
being an heathen woman, is blessed, if that she can renounce her peo-
ple and the love of her country, and give herself wholly to her hus-
band. Under the Avhich figure, the wonderful majesty and increase of
the kingdom of Christ, and the Church, his spouse, now taken of the
Gentiles, is described."
The arguments by which the application of the psalm to our
Saviour has been defended are the same as those which have been used
in relation to the Canticles, and may be answered in the same way.
(See the Introduction to Canticles.)
The unknown author of the Epistle to the Hebrews, who delights
in mystical or allegorical interpretations, has applied two verses of this
psalm to Jesus Christ. But it by no means follows that he would
have applied the whole of it to him. The allegorical interpretation
knows no laws. All the acknowledged laws by which the meaning
of language is obtained, lead to its absolute and entire rejection.
With respect to the ai)plication of ver. 6 and 7 hy the author
of the Epistle to the Hebrews, it was made according to a raod(j
330 NOTES.
of interpretation which was regarded by his contemporaries as valid,
but which dan have no force with a logical interpreter of the pres-
ent day. It seems that the Jews do not regard the province of
inspiration as extending to matters of interpretation. Thus, Maimo-
nides,* giving the sentiments of the Jewish doctors or wise men,
says, " In disquisition and reasoning, and judgment in the law,
prophets are on a level with other Avise men of equal abilities who are
not endued with the spirit of prophecy. If a thousand prophets, all
equal to Elijah and Elisha, should otier an interpretation of any pre-
cept, and a thousand and one wise men should give a contrary inter-
pretation of it, we are bound to abide by the opinion of the thousand
and one wise men, and to reject the opinion of the thousand illustrious
prophets." It appears to me that this distinction is just. Infallible
inspiration will assert, not argue. When one undertakes to argue, he
refers the matter, by the very nature of the process, to the reason and
judgment of him whom he addresses.
Shoshannua. I\Iusical instruments, probably so called from their
resemblance in form to lilies. — locdij song ; otherwise, love-sony, epit/ia-
lamium.
1. — is overjioiving ; literally, bubbles up or boils over with a good
matter; more strictly, good discourse. But this word is not applicable
to a poem. Literally, my loork, like the Greek noirjiia, poem or song.
Otherwise, / uill say, My work is for the king. — like the pen of a ready
writer ; i.e., I compose as fast, perhaps as finely, as an expert penman
can take down words with his pen or reed.
2. Personal beauty was regarded by the ancients as an important
accomplishment in a hero. Thus, David, in 1 Sara. xvi. 12, is praised
for his beauty. So in Homer, Agamemnon, Achilles, Hector, &c.
3. 4, 5. Instead of promising to the king in general terms prosperity
and'victory, the poet, in a vivid and picturesque way, represents him
as arming for the conflict, and going forth among the nations, adorned
with all the regal virtues, and achieving the most splendid victories.
6. Thy throne is God's; i.e., is upheld and prospered by God. God
has placed thee upon it, and he will have it under his peculiar care.
(Comp. ii. G, 7; cxi. 2.) So, in Ps. civ. 16, trees of the Lord denote
trees planted and nourished by God. This translation and exposition,
as given by Gesenius in his Hebrew Thesaurus (p. U8) and his Hebrew
Grnmmar (§ 141), I regard as on the whole the most i)robable. It is
also the translation of the Jewish critic, Aben Ezra, who refers to
Chron. xxix. 23, Then Solomon sat on the throne of the Lord, &c. That
the term God should be applied to Solomon or a Jewish king is a sup-
position which is not wholly without support from Hebrew usage.
Thus, when the witch of Endor sees Samuel, she says, " 1 see a God
ti"'nb??, rising out of the earth." But it seems to me more probable
that it is used in the same sense as in ver. 7, and in the psalms gen-
erally. If any prefer the rendering of the common version, the mean-
ing will be, " Thy throne, 0 mighty king ! " &c. The supposition, that
the king who is the subject of the psalm is addressed as the Supreme
♦ Porta Mosis, Pococke's Works, vol. i. p. 18 ; also Allen's Modem Judaism, o. 27
PSALMS. 331
Being, is repelled by the connection in ver. 7,* where he is represented
as anointed, &c., above his felloLvs ; and by the whole contents of the
psalm. Whatever may be the true interpretation, tliis cannot be. A
translation of the line somewhat different is given by De Wette and
Hupfeld ; namely, —
" Thy throne of God shall stand for ever ; "
i.e., thy throne, given and upheld by God, &c. Another well-known
construction is that of Griesbach, in Heb. i. 8, and others, —
*' God is thy throne for ever and ever ; "
i.e., God is the support and foundation of thy throne. But as sceptre
is the subject, not the predicate, of the proposition in the parallel line,
it seems more natural to regard throne as the subject, not tlie predicate,
in this. — for ever and ever. This is a common Oriental idiom to ex-
press long duration. (See Ixi. 5, xxi. 4, with the note ; 2 Sam. vii. V6 ;
1 Chron. xvii. 11-14.)
7. — anointed thee with the oil of gladness ; i.e., has given thee great
joy or prosperity. (Comp. xxiii. o ; Isa. Ixi. 3.) The image seems to be
borrowed from the use of fragrant oil at feasts and similar occasions.
— above thy fellows ; i.e., above other kings.
8. — ivorij palaces ; i.e., adorned or bordered with ivory.
9. — thj chosen women; literally, thy precious or dear ones; evidently
in reference to other meiubers of the harem, as distinguished from the
queen.
10. — Forget thy people; i.e., dispel the regret which you may have
on leaving your nation and the house of your father.
12. — daughter of Tyre; i.e., the Tyrians. (See the note on ix. 14.)
16. Instead of thy fathers, &c. As you part fi'om royal parents, you
shall be the mother of royal children.
Ps. XLVI.
2. — though the earth he changed ; i.e., though the earth become sea,
and the sea land.
4. A river, &c. ; i.e., of Jerusalem, the city of God. We need
not inquire what particular river or streams are meant. A gentle
river with its streams seems to be used as an image to denote the
peaceful state of Jerusalem, as contrasted with a condition of war and
commotion.
5. — full early ; literally, before morning appears; i.e.., with the ut-
most readiness, as a person who means to accomplish a favorite object
rises early for it. (Comp. Jer. vii. 13, 25. )
6. — He uttered his voice, &c. The meaning seems to be, that the
inhabitants of the earth melted, as it were, with terror at the sound
of his voice, and were wholly discomfited.
* This is admitted by Stuart on Hebrews, p. 294.
332 NOTES.
Ps. XL VII.
4. — an inheritance; i.e., the land of Palestine, called "the glory
of Jacob " in the next line, and " the glory of all lands " in Ezek.
XX. 15.
5. — goelli up with a shout, &c. This alludes, probably, to the carry-
ing of the ark in solemn procession to Mount Zion, on its return from
some war to which it may have been carried. (Comp. 1 Sam. iv. 3-5;
2 Sam. vi. 15, xi. 11.)
9. The princes of the nations. It seems most agreeable to the
phraseology to understand this of the nations mentioned as subdued
in ver. 3. Otherwise, leaders of the tribes of Israel have been sup-
posed to be denoted.
Ps. XL VIII.
The most common and the most probable supposition respecting
the occasion of this psalm is, tliat it was composed in reference to the
victory obtained by Jehoshaphat over the combined forces of the Moab-
ites. Ammonites, and Edomites, as recorded in 2 Chron. chap. xx.
Others have referred it to the deliverance from the invasion of Sen-
nacherib.
2. — of the ivhole earth. This must be regarded as tlie hyperbolical
descripti()n of a Hebrew poet, ascribing his own patriotic feelings to
the inhabitants of foreign lands. — The joy of the farthest North. This
rendering is more favored by the parallelism than the translation com-
monly given to the line, and at least as much by the grammatical
construction. It is adopted by De Wette, Tholuck, and Gesenius.
(See Ges. Thesaur. on HST"])
7. — as when the east wind, &c., referring to ver. 4-6. — ships of
Tarshish ; i.e., which, sailing probably from Phoenicia to so distant a
place as Tarshish in Spain, would be the largest and strongest of
ships.
8. — Jiave heard; i.e., from our fathers.
10. — of ri(]hteonsness ; manifested in the punishment of the ene-
mies of thy people ; equivalent to righteous judgments in the next verse.
11. — daughters of Judah. It may be considered as doubtful,
whether this phrase denotes the lesser cities of Judah in comparison
with the metropolis, or the female minstrels who celebrated the vic-
tories of the Jews. (See Ixviii. 11.)
Ps. XLIX.
The subject of this didactic psalm is substantially the same as tliat
of Ps. xxxix., Ixxiii., and in fact of the whole Book of Job. It is de-
signed to meet the doubts which arise in the mind on the contempla ]
tion of the manner in whicli good and evil are distributed in the'
world ; the wicked often enjoying prosperity, and the righteous su i
fering adversity. In this psalm, spiritual good, internal peace, a sense
i
PSALMS. 333
of the friendship of God, and confidence in his protection, are set
forth as more than a balance for all the advantages of prosperous wick-
edness.
It is observable that wealth alone is mentioned as the evidence of
the prosperity of the wicked. It is not improbable, therefore, that the
poet was one of many who were suffering under the oppression and
extortion of rich and powerful enemies ; possibly foreign enemies,
enemies of the Jewish nation.
I. Hear this, &c. The poet begins with the solemn dignity of a
prophet sunnnoning the whole world to listen to a lesson of religious
wisdom which concerns every class of men.
4. — incline mine ear. This may niean that the poet would give
close attention to what he was about to sing upon the harp; or that
he would hsten in order to receive what should be suggested to his
soul, as other poets are said to listen to the Muse.
9. — the redemption of his life; i.e., from death. I have reversed
tlie order of the eighth and ninth verses for the sake of clearness.
II. — men celebrate, &c. ; more literally, Men call upon their names, &c.
12. — man, who is in honor, &c. ; i.e., possessed of dignity, wealth,
&c.
13. — the way, &c. ; i.e., of thinking and acting. (See ver. 11.)
14. Like sheep; i.e., huddled together into the lower world, as
sheep into a fold. — Death shall feed upon them; i.e., consume them;
or Death shall feed them; i.e., be their shepherd, rule them. The term
nSJI admits of either rendering. — trample upon them; i.e., on the
graves of those whom they feared when alive.
15. — will redeem mi/ life from the underworld, &c. This language is
in itself ambiguous ; it being doubtful whether the meaning is, that
God would lengthen out the life of the writer, and not suffer him to
go down to a premature grave, while his insidious adversaries were cut
off, like slaughtered beasts ; or whether the meaning is, that God
would restore him to life after he was dead and buried. Similar lan-
guage is foimd in Hosea xiii. 14, —
" I will ransom them from the power of the grave ;
I will redeem them from death ;
0 death I where is thy plague ?
0 grave ! where is thy destruction ?
Kepentance is hidden from mine eyes."
In this passage from Hosea, the meaning is, that God was willing to
save the nation of Israel from temporal destruction. So in Ps. Ixxxix.
48, we read, —
" What man liveth, and seeth not death ?
Who can deliver himself from the underworld? "
In these lines, too, the meaning is, that no one can help dying and
going down to the grave. These passages seem to favor the opinion,
that by God's redeeming the poet's life from the underworld is meant,
that God would not permit him to go down into it prematurely, and
not that he would raise him from the dead. It appears, too, from ver.
6, that he was in danger from insidious foes ; so that the thought is
agreeable to the connection, that God would not suffer these foes to
bring him to a premature grave. Hengstenberg says, " According
334 NOTES.
to the connection and the contrast, the redemption of the soul of tlie
righteous from Sheol can mean nothing but deliverance from imme-
diate danger.''
On tlie other h^nd, the course of remark which the poet pursues
might lead us, from our Christian i^oint of view, to the idea of immor-
tal I'elicity, as the great distinction between the good and the bad.
The poet himself says, in ver. 10, that the wise die some time or
other, as well as the foolish. But we must remember, that thoughts
which are familiar to us might not be in the mind of a Hebrew writer
of that age. In the Book of Job, of Ecclesiastes, of Proverbs, and
other books of the Old Testament, we might expect the doctrine of
a blissful immortality to be brought in, to account for the sutferings
of the righteous. But we do not tind it. ( See the Introductions to Job,
Ecclesiastes, and Proverbs.) If the doctrine were known to the
writers of the Psalms, we might expect it to be stated more distinctly,
and to occupy an important place in tlie minds of the Avriters. On tlie
whole, therefore, it seems most probable tliat faith in a happy immor-
tality is not what is expressed by the writer in this verse, but only
confidence of deliverance from the danger of death. Inward, spiritual
good, the friendship of God, and trust in him at all times, appear to
have constituted, in the mind of the poet, the distinction between the
righteous and the wicked, however improbable it may seem at first
view to a Ciu'istian that those who had attained such elevated religious
sentiments in other respects should be destitute of faith in a desirable
immortality of tlie human soul. (See the note on vi. 5. See also a
good discussion of the subject in Hengstenberg on the Psalms, vol. iii.
pp. Ixxxi.-lxxxix., English translation.) — take me under his care.
For a similar use of npp> see Ixxiii. 24; Deut. iv. 20.
17. — carry nothing away. —
" Linquenda tellus, et domus, et plaoens
Uxor ; neque harum, qua.s colis, arborum
Te, praeter in visas cupressos,
UUa brevem doininuiu sequetur." Hor.Cann.ii.il.
Ps. L.
The sublime theophany with which this psalm is introduced (ver.
1-6) is to be regarded as a poetical representation, the meaning of
which is, that the sentiments, promises, and denunciations which fol-
low have the sanction of Divine authority. The mode of representa-
tion is designed to arrest the attention of the reader.
1. — calUih the earth; i.e., summons the inhabitants of the whole
earth as witnesses.
2. — perfection of beauty. See xlviii. 2; Lam. ii. 15. — shineth forth ;
i.e., appears in splendor.
3. — will not he silent; i.e., his approach is manifested by thunder.
(Comp. Exod. xix.)
4. — the heavens, — the earth; i.e., calls the inhabitants of them to
be, as it were, witnesses of proceedings in court.
5. — my yodly ones, &c. ; they who proless to be my godly ones, and
have bound themselves to worship and serve me by a covenant confirmed
PSALMS. 335
by tlie blood of sacrifices, wishing that they miglit be dealt with like
tlie victims, if they did not fulfil tlieir engagements.
11. — before me; i.e., I know them, as in the preceding line, and
consequently have them ready at my service.
20. Jliou sittest ; i.e., in company with others, in pubhc places.
— ihhie own mother's son. Polygamy being allo-wed among tlie He-
brews, tliey who were born of tlie same motlier were in a more in-
timate relation to each otlier than tliey who had only the same lather.
21. — I kept silence; i.e., did not make known my displeasure by
the infliction of punishment. — set it in order; i.e., the sin which
God reproves.
Ps. LI.
The inscription assigns the occasion on which this psalm was com-
posed ; namely, the sin of David in relation to Bathsheba and Uriah.
There would be no good reason for questioning the correctness of this
inscription, were it not for the last two verses, which seem to imply a
later age than that of David. Hence it becomes necessary to question
the correctness of the inscription, or the genuineness of the last two
verses. As these verses do not seem to have any connection with
the general subject of the psalm, perhaps the latter alternative is pref-
erable.
3. — ever before me, i.e., my guilt haunts me night and day, re-
proaching me with ingratitude to God.
4. Against thee, thee onltj. The writer, if David, had deeply injured
his fellow-man. But he felt his guilt most deeply in relation to God,
to whom, as being king, he was alone accountable. He had been
guilty of ingratitude to his infinite benefactor, who had raised him
from obscm'ity to a throne; so that his feeling of ill-desert in relation
to man was, as it were, swallowed up by his sense of guilt in relation to
God. In the hyperbolical language of strong emotion, he therefore
says, " Against thee, thee only, have I sinned."
5. Behold! I teas horn in iniquittj, &c. It has been doubted whether
the iniquity mentioned in this verse was that of the writer, or of the
writer's mother. Eminent critics are divided in opinion on the subject.
In the Book of Job we read, —
" Man, that is born of woman.
Is of few days and full of trouble."
" What is man, that he should be clean,
And he that is born of woman, that he should be innocent ? "
But, in these passages of Job, the being born of woman is mentioned
by way of lightening human guilt, and showing that man was more
worthy of Divine compassion on that account. But in this psalm the
writer seems deeply humbled with a sense of his actual guilt, and
ready to exaggerate rather than to lessen it. It seems better suited to
this state of teeling, that the poet should be speaking of his own per-
sonal iniquity, rather than that he should be exaggerating his low
condition by representing that he was born of sinful parents. This
consideration would alleviate instead of inci'*^lsing Ids guilt. It ap
336 NOTES.
pears to me, tlierefore, rather more probable that to be born in iniquity,
and conceived in sin, means to be born a sinner, but not in a strict
metaphysical sense. Tlie writer is a poet, using tlie hyperbolical lan-
guage of strong emotion. Under a deep sense of guilt, he expresses
the thought, that he had not only been a great sinner on particular oc-
casions, but an habitual sinner ; that he had sinned against God a long
time, even from his youth, so that he might say that he v^as, as it
were, born in iniquity and conceived in sin. (Comp. xxii. 9, 10,
Iviii. 3; Isa. xlviii. b; Job xxxi. 18.) So when we hear it said that
one is born a poet, an orator, a mathematician, &c., we do not think of
understanding the language to the letter.
6. — loisdom ; i.e., "moral strength, moral and religious principle.
10. — steadfast mind ; i.e., moral strength, fixed purposes in that
which is good.
12. — a willing spirit. It seems to be doubtful whether this phrase
denotes the Divine spirit freely bestowed, or the willing, ready, free
spirit of David, when he should obtain forgiveness of sin, and relief
fi'om fear, anxiety, &c. I prefer the latter, as the term " willing " is
nowhere else ascribed to the spirit of God, and as there is no pronoun
or article prefixed to refer the term to God. So in ver. 10 he had
asked for a steadfast spirit. (Comp. Exod. xxxv. 5.)
13. — thy ways; i.e., the ways wliich thou approvest; thy pre-
cepts.
Ps. LIL
1. Why gloriest, &c. ; i.e., why do you anticipate success in your
evil designs against me, from whom the favor of God is never with-
drawn 1
8. — like a green olive-tree, &c. ; i.e., I shall flourish and prosper, and
be under God's special protection, Uke an oUve-tree planted in the
courts of God's house.
Ps. LIII.
See the notes on Ps. xiv.
Ps. LV.
The occasion of this psalm is not indicated with any degree of
certainty. It is most connnonly referred to tlie rebehion of Absalom.
10. — these ; i.e., violence and strife.
15. — alive. Comp. Numb. xvi. 33.
19. — no changes ; i.e., because they have uniform success, they
persist in their designs, without fear of God.
Ps. LVI.
The dumb dove, &,c. This appellation was probably given to the
Hebrew nation, while exiled in a foreign land ; and may have been
PSALMS. 337
the title to a song. (Comp. Ixxiv. 10, and tlie paraphrase of the Septu-
agint.) Some critics, not thinking the Jewisli inscription of this psahn
Avell suited to its contents, have supposed that it was composed by some
exile in Babylon.
4. — his word; i.e., his promise.
8. — 7)11/ uxinderiurjs ; i.e., in order to escape m}' pursuers. (See
ver. 1.) — into thi/ bottle. As this figure is rather harsh, in itself consid-
ered, some suppose that there is an allusion to a custom, similar to that
which prevailed among the Romans, of collecting tears occasioned
by the loss of a deceased person into a glass vial, which was deposited
in the sepulchre of the dead. (See Adam's Antiquities, p. 483.) J)e
Wette refers to the traveller Morier, as showing that traces of this
custom exist among the Persians. — in tht/ book; i.e., as it were, in a
register, for remembrance.
Ps. LVIL
— to the tune of "Do not destroy; " i.e., of some psalm which began
with those words. There is much reason to doubt whether the Jew-
ish inscription, assigning the occasion of this psalm, be correct.
4. — whose teeth ; an expression suggested by the term lions, to
which ferocious men are compared in the former part of the verse.
5. — above the heavens, &c. ; namely, by displaying thy goodness in
relieving me from my distress.
6. — My soul is boiced down; i.e., I despair of escaping the plots
and snares of my enemies ; or, perhaps, in a physical sense, " 1 am
brought low " by their artifices.
7. — is strengthened ; i.e., has gained courage, firmness, confidence,
in contradistinction to a desponding, trembhng heart. (See cxii. 7.)
8. — my soul; literally, viy glory; i.e., my dearest, most glorious
part ; like eiibv ^ilov T/rop in Homer. Other instances of a similar use
of the word are in vii. 5, xvi. 9; Gen. xlix. 6. — wake with the early
dawn ; otherwise, wake the early dawn.
Ps. LVIII.
If the Jewish inscription of this psalm be correct, it may be referred
to the times of Saul. But the contents of it favor the opinion of sev-
eral critics, that it is the production of some unknown author in private
life.
1. — mighty ones. Disregarding the Hebrew points, I read t>X or
2. — weigh out; i.e., from what should be scales of justice ye weigh
out violence instead of equity.
3. — The ivicked, — The liars. The connection seems to show that
the writer is speaking of particular persons; namely, of corrupt
judges and magistrates, and not of the wicked and liars in general.
5. — the voice of the charmer. See the note on Eccl. x. 11.
8. — the snail, which melteth away, &c. Allusion is here made to the
15
338 NOTES.
slimy track winch the snail leaves behind, and which the writer re-
garded as consuming its life.
9. — fpel the heat of the thorns. This proverb seems to be borrowed
from the fires wliich in the East used to be lighted in the open air for
culinary purposes. Tlie fuel would sometimes be blown away by a
sudden gust of wind, before it had answered its purpose. The defeat
of the plans of the wicked, before they were executed, would thus be
represented.
Ps. LIX.
6. Lft them return at evening, &c. ; i.e., at the close of the day, which
they have spent in vain in lying in wait for me, let them return from
their employment. — howl like dogs; i.e., which in the East, often
having no owner, go about the city howling with hunger for whatever
may be cast about the walls of a city. (See A^er. 15.)
7. — loho — icill hear ; i.e., God will not hear, nor punish. (Comp.
X. 11.)
11. Slay them not, &c. ; i.e., put not an end to them by sudden de-
struction, but by lingering misery, so that they may be an example of
infamy which may not be forgotten.
12, This seems to be a proverbial expression, denoting that all their
words were sinful.
Ps. LX.
— Shushan-Edidh. This term seems to denote a musical instru-
ment; but why it received its peculiar appellation, " lily of testimony,"
is a ditficult question. The instrument may have been of the form of
a lily, and called lily of testimony from its consecration to the testi-
mony, or revelation, of God. — Joab returned, &c. See 1 Chron.
xviii. 13. Dr. Geddes remarks on the Jewish title to this psalm :
"Whoever imdertakes to reconcile the title of this psalm to any p&rt
of David's history will find it a hard attempt. It is, indeed, by some
[such as Venema, Dathe, and Houbigant] supposed to have been
written by David, not during his war with the Syrians, but in the be-
ginning of his reign. But this hypothesis to me appears at least
equally unfounded. David was successful in all his wars, and never
could say what is here put in his mouth. But wlien, then, was the
psalm most probably composed 1 Plainly, after some great disaster
had befallen the hosts of Judah ; and I can find no })eriod so proper as
at the commencement of the reign of Hezekiah. See his speech to
the priests and Levites, 2 Chron. xxix. 5." Others refer the psalm
to the time of the Maccabees.
3. — the trine of reeling: a common image in the Scriptures to de-
note the reception of punishment from God, which causes him on
whom it is inflicted to reel like a drunkard.
6. God promiseih, &G. " This is a beautiful transition. The psalm-
ist is already certain that his prayer has been henrd ; and, instead
of continuing his plaintive expostulations, breaks forth into joyfuJ
PSALMS. h^^
exultation, in the hope that he shall not only be rescued from his pres-
'Mit enemies, but shall also recover the ancient territories that had been
wrested from the house of David, both witliin and without the hmits
of Israel." — Geddes. — measure out; i.e., as a conquered land, for
distribution among his tbllowers.
7. — 7)iy helmet ; the chief defence of me and my kingdom. — my
sceptre; i.e., the seat of my government, the sceptre being the badge
of government.
y. Muab shall be mij icash-howl ; i.e., shall be in the most abject sub-
jection, and used for the meanest services. — cast my shoe. It was
considered the lowest menial office of a servant to bear the shoes of
his master, when he had taken them off. (Comp. Matt. iii. 11.)
Ps. LXI.
This psalm is usually referred to the time of the rebellion of
Absalom. But it is doubtful whether the psalm was composed by
David.
2. — the rock that is high above me; i.e., grant me safety and deliver-
ance, greater than I can attain by ray own strength.
6. — xind give me the inheritance, &c. ; i.e., a residence in, or do-
minion over, tlie holy land, the land of Israel.
7. — before God; i.e., under God's protection; as it were, under
his eye.
Ps. LXII.
If this psalm be a composition of David, it may most probably be
referred to the time of Saul's persecution.
3. — Like a bending wall, &c. ; i.e., with rude violence, and with
confidence of overtlirowing one in so dangerous a condition.
9. — are vanity, — area lie; i.e., they disappoint expectation; they
cannot afford the help wliich one needs.
10. — in extortion ; i.e., in what is obtained by extortion ; viz.,
wealth.
11. Once, — twice. The Hebrew way of expressing that a thing is
done repeatedly. The design is to impart solemnity and importance
to the truth declared in the next line.
12. — belongeth mercy ; i.e., not only power, as in the preceding hne,
but mercy or goodness in delivering and blessing those who trust in
thee, and in punisliing their wicked enemies.
Ps. LXIII.
2. Thus, &c. ; i.e., with such earnest desire. — thy power and thy
glory ; i.e., the symbols of them.
10. — a portion for jackals ; i.e., because they shall have no burial.
11. — swear by him; because it is implied that they who swear b/
the true God reverence and worship him.
340 NOTES.
Ps. LXIV.
4. — without fear ; i.e., of God, or of punishment.
5. — will see them ; i.e., the snares, and so escape them.
7. — wi/l shoot, &c. ; i.e., in the midst of their secret plans which iio
man can detect, God shall discover, disappoint, and destroy them.
8. — Jiee away ; i.e., in horror of their exemplary punishment.
Ps. LXY.
This psalm contains nothing from which we can infer, with the least
confidence, the author, the occasion, or the time of the composition. It
is well suited for public worship on any occasion.
8. — awed by thy signs; i.e., the operations of God, which most
clearly manifest his agency ; such as are enumerated in the following
verses. — outyoimjs of the morning, &,c. ; i.e., the east and tlie west, the
places whence the morning and evening go forth. The inexactness in
ascribing going forth to the evening arises trom connecting morning
and evening together.
9. — IVie river of God, &c. ; i.e., the source whence God supplies
the rain.
11. Thou croionest; i.e., makest it rich and beautiful. — drop fruit'
fulness; i.e., wherever thou goest, blessings simng up.
Ps. LXVI.
This psalm was evidently written after some great national deliv-
erance. But whether it relates to tlie time after David's peaceable
establishment on the throne, or to the time after the destruction of
Sennacherib's army, or to the time after the return from the captivity
at Babylon, it is difficult to decide.
3. — are s(t}))>liants to thee; i.e., to thy chosen people, of whom thou
art the supreme king. (Comp. xviii. 44.)
11. — a snare; i.e., into danger or distress.
12. — to ride upon our heads. Tiiis image seems to be borrowed
from a man riding at full speed upon a horse, who is supi^osed to lean
forward over the liead of the horse.
17. — And praise is now, &c. ; i.e., on accomit of the deliverance
which I have experienced.
Ps. LXVIII.
From the contents of this psalm, it seems probable that it was com-
posed on the occasion of the return of the ark of the covenant from some
victorious war, and its reconveyance to iSIount Zion. (See xlvii. 5,
and the note.) Dr. Geddes thinks that it may have been composed
" after David's signal and repeated victories over the combined forces
PSALMS. 341
of the EJornites, Ammonites, and Syrians, when tlie ark was brought
back in triumph to Jerusalem." (See 2 Sam. viii.-xii.) I cannot,
with I)e Wette, see any decisive traces of a later period. Il has
been suggested that it may have been occasioned by one of the con-
tests Avith nations east of the Jordan, in the time of Jehoiakim, men-
tioned 2 Kings xxiv. 2.
2. — the luicked. By this term are probably here denoted the idol-
atrous enemies of the Israelites, who were, in general, worshippers of
the true God.
4. — Prepare the ivaij, &c. See Isa. xl. 3, and the note. — ridelh
through the desert. See xvii. 10, and the note.
8. — This Sinai, &c. The pronoun is used for emphasis, as if the
poet pointed to Sinai with his hand.
9. — a iilentifat rain. Tliis probably refers to ti;e miraculous supply
of manna. — ivearied inheritance ; i.e., the people of Israel.
11. — the song of victory (comp. Hab. iii. y) ; i.e., occasion for it by
giving victory. If it be objected, that it is incongruous that tidings
should be brought to the cimquering host, the answer is that the female
minstrels celebrated t'le tidings of victory in song. In reference to the
rendering of the common version, it seems to me improbable, that
there should be a mighty host, ^"'2, of female messengers. (Comp.
Exod. XV. 20; 1 Sam. xviii. 6.)
13. — repose yourselves in the stalls, &c. Tlie meaning of this diffi-
cult verse, M'hich seems as probable as any, is, that those who had
been engaged in war might now, on their return, enjoy peaceful repose
amid their flocks and herds, having enriched themselves with spoils
of gold and silver. (Comp. Judg. v. 16; Gen. xlix. 15.)
14. — like Salmon ; i.e., when this mountain was covered with snow.
16. Why frown ye, &c. ; i.e., through envy on account of the peculiar
honor conferred upon Zion.
17. 21ie chariots of God, &c. A figurative description of the ma-
jesty of God, and his power to deliver his people. — m the sanctuary.
The sanctuary is liere regarded as a second Sinai.
18. — on high; i.e., upon Mount Zion. Comp. Ps. xxiv. in ref-
erence to the conveyance of the ark of the covenant to Mount Zion
after a victory obtained by the Israelites. — received gifts, &c. ; i.e.,
presents from conquered enemies, who were made to pay tribute.
(Comp. 2 Sam. viii. 6.) — even among the rebellious; i.e., among the
Israelites, who had often proved rebellious. (Comp. Numb. xxxv. 34.)
Otherwise, Thoti hast received gifts among men, even the rebellious, that
thou mayst dwell, viz. in heaven, as Lord God. Otherwise, and the
rebellious shall dwell with thee, 0 Lord God !
22. / ivill bring them bach; i.e., the enemies, as the connection shows.
(Comp. Amos ix. 1, 2, &c.)
26. — from the fountain, &c. ; i.e., who originate from him.
28. — Show forth thy might; i.e., by continuing and strengthening
the power of Israel.
30. — wild beast of the reeds. This, at first view, may seem most
naturally to refer to the crocodile or the riverdiorse as the emblem
of Egypt. But, as the Egyptians were not at war with the Israelites
when the psalm was probably written, and as Egypt is mentioned in
342 NOTES.
the next verse as about to be a worshipper of Jehovah, Lowth and
Dihers have supposed the lion to be referred to, as the emblem of Syria.
— bii/Js with the calves, &c. ; i.e., powerful nations and those of inferior
strength ; or bulls may denote commanders, and calves common sol-
diers. — //Kisses of silver, &c. ; i.e., as a tribute.
31. — outst/'ttched ha/ids ; i.e., either in supplication, or in bringing
presents to the temple.
33. — a/icient heaven, &c. ; i.e., which lie built and inhabited of old.
(Corap. xviii. 10.)
34. — Whose viajesty, &c. ; i.e., who manifests himself as the
mighty ruler of Israel, and who thunders in the clouds.
35. — from thy sanctuary. Comp. xx, 2.
Ps. LXIX.
From ver. 33-36, it seems highly probable that this psalm was
written during tlie captivity at Babylon. I'roni ver. 6 it may be in-
ferred that the autlior was a prophet, or some person of great distinc-
tion. Some suppose that tlie whole Jewish nation is represented by
the writer as an individual. It appears to me, that his language v/ould
liave been different, had this been his design.
4. — / must resto/'e what I took not away. This seems to be a pro-
verbial expression denoting the infliction of a penalty, or extortion of
property, in relation to the innocent.
6. — thou k/iowest my offe/ices, &c. ; i.e., that I am not an offender.
This verse is not a confession of sin, but a protestation of innocence.
The writer maintains that he is a sufferer, not for his sins, but for his
piety. (See ver. 7, &c.)
6. — through me, &c. ; i.e., when I, thy pious worshipper, am seen
to be a prey to my enemies.
8. — a st/ringer, &,c. ; i.e., on account of being changed in appear-
ance through grief and suffering.
9. — coiisni/ielh //le ; i.e., proves my destruction.
12. — sit in the gate. It is well known that the gates of cities in the
East were places of ])ublic resort for business, conversation, &c. (See
Jahn's Archseol., § 180.)
21. — gall. Tiie meaning of the original term, ".L'bi"^, is altgether
uncertain. From the common meaning of the terra, as denoting the
head, Gesenius conjectures that it was the po{)py, referring to papa-
veris capita in Livy. Otiiers su])pose it was the hemlock.
22. May. their table, &c. ; i.e., that in which they find their enjoy-
ment.
26. — talk of the pain, &c. ; in derision.
31. bullock; i.e., oflered in sacrifice.
Ps. LXXI.
7. — a wonder to r/iany ; i.e., on account of my extraordinary calam-
ities.
_ 20. — bring us back f/vm the depths of the earth; i.e., from \he extreme
miseries in which we are involved.
PSALMS. Mii
Ps. LXXII.
On account of the power and greatness ascribed to the king who is
the subject of this psahn, some have supposed that tlie ^Messiah is do-
noted. It appears to nie, that, if we make due aUoAvance for tlio
hyperboHcal language of Hebrew poetry, and that wliich was and is
applied to raonarclis in the East, thie psahn contains nothing that the
j)oet may not liave said in reference to Solomon, or any otlier Jewi;sli
king. (See note on ver. 8. Comp. what is promised to David in Ts.
Ixxxix.) The contents of the psalm agree very well with the Jewisli
conceptions of the Messiah. But there seems to be no evidence that
the writer had him in view. If this had been the case, would he not,
like the pr(3phets wlien they speak of the Messiali, have introduced
him in the beginning of the psalm as one who was to be raised up by tiie
'Deity at some future time ? (Comp. Isa. ix. xi. ; Jer. xxiii. 5, 6, xxxiii.
14, 15, 16.) Would ver. 1 have been what it is, if the king were
already living and reigning 1 The most prevalent opinion in the Chris-
tian Church has been, that Solomon is the immediate subject of the
psalm, and that only in a mystical or typical sense the Messiah is
shadowed forth. Thus the caption of the common version is, " David
praying for Solomon showeth the glorious and blessed state of his
kingdom (as typitying Clirist's) in its duration, largeness, and gra-
ciousness."
1. — the Mng, — the son of a king. The same person is denoted by
both expressions. May the king, who is also tl.e son of a king, <S:c.
The repetition is agreeable to the nature of tl;e Hebrew parallelism.
3. — the monntains shall briny forth peace, iLc Here the mountains
and the hills of Palestine, i.e., the whole land, are said to bring forth
peace like the natural productions of the earth ; i.e., abundantly.
6. — mown field. See the note on Isa. xxvi. 19.
8. — from sea to sea; i.e., from the jNIediterranean to the farthest
known sea on the east; namely, the Indian Ocean. — the river ; i.e.,
the Euphrates. The meaning of the verse is, that the dominion of
the great king shall be unlimited. Burder quotes, from Mr. Hugh
Boyd's account of his embassy to Ceylon, a passage which shows the
adulation which is paid to an Eastern monarch, his courtiers addressing
him in the language, " that the head of the king of kings might reach
beyond the sun," " that he might live a thousand years," &c. He
also quotes from Davy's Account of Ceylon the following language, as
addressed to tlie king : " Increase of age to our sovereign of five thou-
sand years ! Increase of age, as long as the sun and moon last ! In-
crease of age, as long as heaven and earth exist ! "
10. — Tarshish in Spain is probably mentioned as the most distant
place in the west, and Sheba in Arabia and Seba in Ethiopia as tiie
most distant places in the east and south.
16. — on the tops of the mountains; i.e., where corn might be least
exj^ected to grow. — shake like Lebanon ; be tall and luxuriant, waving
with the wind, like trees on Mount Lebanon.
17. — By him shall men bless themselves; i.e., they shall say, May
God make us as happy as that great king ! " In thee shall Israel
844 NOTES.
"bless, saying, God make thee as E hraim and as Manasseh!" (Gen.
xlviii. 20.)
18. Ver. 18 and 19 do not belong to the psalm, but were probably
added by the collector of Ps. xlii.-lxxii., as a doxology at the end of
his book. Ver. 20 was without doubt added by the same person.
Ps. LXXIII.
The subject of this psalm is similar to that of Ps. xlix. It may also
be compared with Ps. xvi., xvii., xxxvii., xxxix., and the whole Book
of Job. It sets forth the exercises of a pious mind in view of the man-
ner in which happiness and misery are distributed in this world, or in
view of the prosperity of the wicked, when compared with the poet's
own suflerings. Notwithstanding all the ditficulties which the subject
presents to the poet's mind, he begms with confidence in God, and
ends with it. Spiritual good, fellowship with God, a sense of his favor,
and confidence in his guidance and blessing, are to him more than a
compensation for all the outward prosperity of the wicked, which is
of short duration and ends in destruction. There is the same doubt,
whether the doctrine of immortality be contained in this psalm, as in
respect to Ps. xlix. It may be here observed, that this psahn, with Ps.
xvi., xvii., xlix., contains the strongest intimations of the doctrine
of immortality which can be traced in any of the psalms. If it be
not found in these four, it is found in none of them.
This psalm, like Ps. xlix., may have been composed in a depressed
state of the Jewish nation, perhaps daring the captivity, when the
author, with other pious Israelites, was sutlering oppression from the
enemies of his nation. It is true, that there was an Asaph, the con-
temporary of David. (See 2 Chron. xxix. 30.) But nothing obliges
us to consider that Asaph as the author.
1. — to Israel. This term seems to be used here for the true Israel,
the "pure in heart," mentioned in the parallel line. (Comp. Isa. xlix.
3; Rom. ix. 6.)
2. — gave imy ; i.e., I began to doubt respecting the goodness and
justice of God.
6. — as a collar, or neck-ornfiraent. A lifted-up or stiff neck was
with the Hebrews a sign of pride. Hence pride is said to encompass
their necks. (See Ixxv. 5.)
9. — to the heavens. A strong hyperbolical expression to denote
proud speaking. A similar one is found in the parallel line.
10. — his people ; i.e., the people of God. — dri?ik from full fount-
ains; i.e., become corrupted by the evil ways of the prosperous
wicked.
15. — to the family of thy children; i.e., the true Israel, the devoted
worshippers of God, ver. 1.
17. — the sanctuaries of God; i.e., the holy places of the temple,
where he sought the will and purposes of God, and learned them'.
Some suppose that by sanctuaries of God are denoted the sacred re-
cesses of the Divine mind. This seems to me very admissible.
20. — when thou awakest, &e. The Hebrew verb, like the English,
being used both in a transitive and intransitive sense, there is here
PSALMS. 3i5
an ambiguity. The meaning may be, ivhen thou awaJcest tlie Avicked
from their dream of nninterrupted prosperity and enjoj-ment, or, in
the intransitive sense, ic/im thou aicakest to action or to judgment; as
in XXXV. 2'6. — vain show ; i.e., their unsubstantial greatness and
prosperity. The original term is tlie same wliich is thus translated in
xxxix. 6.
21. — pierced in my reins; i.e., pained and vexed, as in the parallel
line, with the prosperity of the wicked.
24. — receive me in glory ; i.e., receive me with honor under his
protection, and set me free from reproach, danger, and distress.
(Comp. xlix. 15.) Others understand it. Thou wilt receive me into
heaven after death. But, if this were the writer's meaning, it is re-
markable that it is not expressed more distinctly, and that the same
sentiment is not expressed oftener and more prominently in other
psalms. It is also to be observed, tliat temporal ruin seems in ver. 27
and other parts of the psalm to be contrasted Avith the blessedness of
the righteous. If the psalm was written during the captivitj^, or in the
Maccabffian age, one cannot be confident that the writer does not here
allude to the doctrine of the soul's immortality ; stiU less can he be
confident that he does make such an allusion.
Ps. LXXIV.
It appears from the contents of this psalm, that it could not have
been written before the desolation of the city and temple of Jerusalem
by the Chaldseans ; and of course it could not have had for its author
Asaph, the contemporary of David. Some suppose that the psalm
refers to the calamities occasioned by Antiochus Epiphanes, as re-
corded in 1 Mace. chap. i. So Venema and Rosenmiiller. This seems
the most appropriate reference on many accounts, nor do any consid-
erations in relation to the completion of the canon of Scripture forbid
it. It is also favored by ver. 9, where it is said, " There is no prophet
among us." But Jeremiah lived after the destruction hy the Chal-
daeans. On the other hand, if ver. 6, 7 imply that the temple was
destroyed and burned, tliey are inconsistent with the supposition that
the invasion of Antioclius is referred* to. There is no reason to be-
lieve that he burned or destroyed the temple. Rosonmiiller thinks
that these verses only imply that the temple was injured by fire and
profaned.
4. — Their oivn symbols, &c. ; i.e., the symbols of their own reli-
gion, in place of the " signs " of the covenant between God and us ;
namely, the sacrifices and other religious symbols. (See" 1 Mace. i.
43-59; Joseph. Ant. xii. 5, 4.)
9. — our signs. See the note on ver. 4.
11. — from thy bosom. "This word," says Roberts, "does not
always, in Eastern language, mean the breast; but often the lap, or
that part of the body where the long robe folds round the loins. Thus,
in the folds of the garment, in front of the body, the Orientals keep
their little valuables ; and there, when they are perfectly at ease, they
place their hands."
10. — the sea-monsters, &,c. ; i.e., Pharaoh and his hosts.
15*
346 NOTES.
14. — the crocodile ; tlie well-known emblem of Egypt.
19. — wild beast; i.e., the ferocious enemy.
20. — tliy covenant ; i.e., by wliicli thou didst promise the land of
Canaan to thy people. — dark places, &c. ; i.e., caverns, probably, which
abounded in Palestine.
Ps. LXXV.
1. — and near is thy name; i.e., upon our lips ; we frequently praise
it. Others understand " thy name " to be a redundant expression for
" thou,'^ and that the meaning is, Thou art near us, or helpest us.
2. When 1 see, &c. In yer. 2, 3, and 10, tlie Deity is introduced as
speaking ; the poet speaks in the remaining verses. What* is repre-
sented as said by the Deity may have been sung by a dilierent choir,
in response to the remainder of the psalm.
4. — horn ; a metaiihor drawn from an animal which lifts up its
horns when excited.
10. — lift up their heads. Literally, their horns, as in ver. 4-5.
Ps. LXXVI.
4. — mountains of robbers, &c. ; i.e.. Thou hast displayed thy power
and glory, by enabling thy people to overcome the enemies wliicli
have occupied the fastnesses in the mountains, and there deposited
their prey.
Ps. Lxxvn.
3. / remember God, &.C,. ; i.e., how kind he has been in former
times ; but I am troubled the more, when I compare his former favor
with my present misery.
6. — niji somjs in the night, &c. ; i.e., in commemoration of the former
favors of God.
10. — A change in the right hajid of the Most High; i.e.. The right
hand of the Most High, which has been exerted in my favor and
against my enemies, has been withdrawn from me. Or we nxay
translate, A change is in thi right hand, &c. ; i.e., tlie right hand of
Cod can change my atHiction into i)rosperity. But we might have
exp,ected some adversative particle before "A change," &c., if the lat-
ter were the meaning.
16-10. In these verses the passage through the Bed Sea is poeti-
cally described.
17. — thine arrows; i.e., the hghtnings.
Ps. LXXVIII.
In this didactic psalm, there seem to be no indications of the period
in which it was written. Only from ver. 0 and 07 we may infer with
PSALMS. 317
considerable confidence, that it was not written till after the separatioa
of the ten tribes.
25. — the food of princes ; i.e., excellent food.
4y. — A host of amjeJs of evil. It seems doubtful, whether the
plagues of Egypt are here personified as messengers of evil, or
whether personal angels are represented as the ministers of God in
j)roducing these plagues. The latter supposition is most agreeable to
the representation of the later Jewish writers.
50. — made a way, &c. ; i.e., gave it free course.
57. — like a deceitful hotv ; i.e., which sends the arrow in a false
direction, so that it does not hit the mark.
58. — high places; i.e., places of worship for idols.
61. — his strength — his qlory ; i.e., the ark of the covenant. (See
1 Sara. iv. 21, 22.)
63. — did not bewail them; i.e., in the midst of the general terror
and calamity, they had no time to give to the customary lamentations
for the dead.
72. He fed them; i.e., ruled over them.
Ps. LXXIX.
This psalm seems to have been written on the same occasion aa
Ps. Ixxiv.
2. — food for the birds, &c. See ver. 3.
6. — for ever ? See note on xiii. 2.
11. — appointed to die ; i.e., destined to death by their enemies ; liter-
ally, sons of death.
Ps. LXXX.
This psalm seems to contain nothing which determines the calami-
tous time in which it was composed.
Shiishan-Eduth. See note on the caption of Ps. Ix.
I. — sittest between the cherubs. Tliis may mean that God sits or
rides on a throne borne by living cherubs. (Comp. xviii. 10 and the
note.) Or it may refer to the images of cherubs which were over
the ark of the covenant, where God was supposed to manifest himself.
(See Exod. xxv. 22.)
5. — bread of tears; i.e., grief comes daily, while in consequence
of our affliction we forget to take our ordinary food.
II. — the sea; the Mediterranean. — the river; the Euphrates.
13. The boar, &c. This is to be considered as a part of the imagery.
We need not inquire who is denoted by the boar.
15. — madest strong for thyself; i.e., raised up to be a great nation to
accomplish thine own purposes.
16. — they perish; i.e., the Israelites.
17. — over the man, &c. ; i.e., the people of Israel collectively. — oj
thy right hand ; i.e., which thy riglit hand has established.
348 NOTES.
Ps. LXXXI.
— the Giitith ; a musical instrument of the nature of the l}'re, de-
riving its name from "^^3, to strike.
5. — language which he knew not. (Corap. cxiv. 1.) In the original,
there is a change in tlie pronoun, which it is not well to imitate in
English. Otherwise, The voice of one I know not I hear, in reference
to the following language of the Deity.
6. — from, the hod ; i e., something used in carrying bricks or mor-
tar. But it ai^pears, from the use of the word in other passages, to
have been more like a basket than a modern hod.
7. — in the secret place of thunder, &c. ; i.e., enveloped in the dark
thunder-cloud. (Comp. xviii.il; Nahum i. 3; Exod. xiv. 24, 25.)
10. — Open wide, &c. ; i.e., I will satisfy your desires of good, how-
ever large they may be.
Ps. Lxxxn.
1. — God's assembly; i.e., the assembly of Israel, of which God
was the supreme king. Otherwise, the assembly of the angels.
— in the midst of the gods ; i.e., kings or earthly magistrates. Other-
wise, angels.
2. — favor the cause, &,c. ; be influenced in your judgment by the
outward condition of the parties rather than by the merits of the
case.
5. — foundations, &c. ; i.e., the land is threatened witli ruin.
6. ' — said, Ye are gods ; i.e., exalted you far above the condition of
common men to one resembling tliat of God, by investing you with
your dignity, as kings or magistrates.
Ps. Lxxxin.
I. — keep not silence ; i.e., hear our prayer. -
3. — thi/ chosen ones; literally, thi/ hidden ones; i.e., hidden, as it were,
in God's liouse. *
9. — to the Midianites. See Judg. chap. vii. — Sisera, — Jabin, &c.
See Judg. cliap. iv.
II. See Judg. vii. 25; viii. 5, &c.
12. — God's habitations ; i.e., the land of Palestine.
Ps. LXXXIV.
This psalm, which bears considerable resemblance to Ps. xlii. and
xliii., may have been composed on the same or a similar occasion.
3. The very sparrow, &c. By this language the poet expresses the
hardship of his own condition, when prevented by exile or a similar
hindrance from visiting the temple of God.
PSALMS. 349
5. — In whose heart are the ways, &.c. ; i.e., who loves the ways
whicli lead to the house of God.
6. — throvyh the valley of Baca, &c. Baca was probably a dry, bar-
ren, desolate valley ; a vale of tears, or of weeping, according to the
primary meaning of the terra. But they who had their hearts set on
Jerusalem and the temple would pass through it as joyfully as if it
Avere filled with streams. Or, Wherever they go, blessings accompany
them.
7. — from strength to strength; i.e., they shall continually increase in
strength.
9. — of thine anointed; i.e., the king of the nation. In praying for
the nation, the poet does not forget to pray for the king.
Ps. LXXXV.
7. — thy salvation; i.e., thy help, which gives deliverance.
8. / will hear, &c. The poet, having made his prayer, represents
himself as listening to the voice of Jehovah, as to an oracle, and re-
ceiving a favorable answer.
10. Meiry and truth, &.C. The whole verse means, that mercy,
fidelity, righteousness, and prosperity shall flourish and abound where
they have been wanting; the representation being drawn from the
meeting of friends who have been long absent.
11. Truth shall spring out of the earth, &c. The meaning of this
verse is commonly supposed to be, that truth or uprightness shall
flourish among men, like i^lants that spring out of the earth; and that
the righteousness, i.e. the mercy, of God will be manifested in bless-
ings upon the righteous community. But it may be doubted whether
the poet intended to express any other idea than the universal preva-
lence of truth and righteousness, representing the one as springing
out of the earth like plants, and the other as showing itself in the skies
like the sun.
13. — go before him; i.e., as the leader or forerunner in a military
march. — set us in the ivay of his steps ; i.e., the way in which God
walks, and wishes man to walk. Hitzig, relying on an Arabic root,
renders points to the way, &c., which gives the same general sense.
Ps. LXXXVII.
This psalm, Avhich could not have been written before the time of
Hezekiah, may be illustrated by those passages in Isaiah which
predict a time when the religion of Jehovah, made known to the Is-
raelites, shall be the religion of the world. (See Isa. chap, ii., xi.,
xix., xl.-lxvi.) Without predicting a personal Messiah, it may be
called, in one sense, Messianic, setting forth in a highly lyrical spirit
the glorious Messianic future which is described by the prophets.
1. His foundation ; i.e., that which God has founded; namel.v, the
city of God, Jerusalem (ver. 3), or that of Zion (ver. 1), regarded as
the representative of Jerusalem.
4. / name Egypt, &c. Jehovah is here introduced as speaking.
— They also were born there ; i.e., The inhabitants of Egypt, Babylon,
350 NOTES.
&c., sliall be regarded as citizens of Jerusalem, professing the religion
and acknowledging tiie government of tlie nation chosen by God.
The same tlioughts are expressed in the next two verses, in wliicli the
poet is the speaker.
7. Sbujers as well as dancers, &c. The meaning seems to be, that
all the mmisters of joy, of which singers and dancers are mentioned
as an example, and all the springs or sources of happiness, are to
be found in Jerusalem, the capital city of the world, " the joy of the
whole earth."
Ps. LXXXVIII.
This psalm is most generally supposed to have been written in the
time of the captivity. But it does not seem to afford sufficient indi-
cation, that it was designed to express the afflicted condition of the
wliole Jewish nation, as some critics have supposed. The terms
Malialath Leannoth, which appear in the inscription in the common
version, mean to he sung to, or accompanied with, icind instruments.
6. — lefl to viysdf: The common meaning of "^'IJSn, /ree, is not to be
lost sight of. But the connection seems to demand the secondary
sense, which I have given it ; i.e., free from protection, or destitute
of it. Otherwise, //ee, &c. ; i.e., from the cares and troubles of life.
7. — all thj waves. Comp. xlii. 7, and the note.
8. — / am shut up ; i.e., by calamity, distress, &c., as by prison
walls.
10-12. The meaning seems to be, Do good to me now, while I am
in life ; for, after I am dead, there will be no opportunity for it.
(Comp. vi. 5.) — place of corruption, — land of forget fulness ; i.e., Sheol,
the common receptacle of all the dead. (See Job xxviii. 22.)
Ps. LXXXIX.
As tills psalm contains no allusion to the destruction of the city
and temi)le of Jerusalem, it was probably written in some calamitous
period of the Jewish nation before the captivity. But whether it was
written by Hezckiah or by some one for liim, or after the defeat and
death of Josiah, or at some other period, there seem to be no suffi-
cient means of' ascertaining.
5. The heavens, &c. ; i.e., the inhabitants of heaven, the angels, as
appears from the parallel line.
6. — sons of God ; i.e., inhabitants of heaven, angels.
8. — is round about thee; i.e., encircles thee; is the element in
"wliich thou dost exist.
10, Rahah ; a significant appellation of Egypt, referring to her
pride and fierceness, as of a huge sea-monster.
12. — Tabor and Hermon. One being in the west and the other in
the east from the ])lace where the poet wrote, these mountains are
probably used to denote the west and the east, as is made probable
i)y the parallelism. — rejoice in thij name; i.e., in thee, as their Crea-
tor, according to the parallelism.
PSALMS. 351
15. — know the trumpet's sound; i.e., calling them to the festivals,
offerings, &c., especially the sabbath. (See Lev. xxiii. 24; Num.
X. 10.) — in the liyht of thy countenance ; i.e., shall enjoy thy favor.
(Comp, iv. 6.)
17. — our horn exaUeth itself; i.e., we are confident, courageous,
victorious.
18. — our shield; i.e., our king, as in the parallel line. (Comp. ver.
8, 4.) Otherwise, For to Jehovah belongeth our shield, &c.
19. — in a vision, &c. See 2 Sam. vii. 4-17.
24. — through my name; i.e., through me. — his head; literally,
his horn.
25. / ivill extend his hand; i.e., his power, dominion. By "tlie
sea" and "the rivers," the Mediterranean and the Euphrates are
probably denoted.
27. — my first-horn. This phrase is well explained by the parallel
line. All kings, according to the conceptions of the Hebrews, might
be called sons of God. (See Ixxxii. 6.) An eminent king of Israel,
distinguished above other kings, would, according to the same phra-
seology, be called the first-born son of God.
37. — Like the faithful witness, &c. ; i.e., the moon, as in the
parallel line. The moon, by its everlasting duration, would be a good
witness of the Divine fidelity in the performance of his promise.
Others suppose the rainbow to be denoted.
38. The poet now contrasts with the great promises, which have
been recited, the present condition of the nation, when its king, one
of the successors of David, was deprived of his tlu-one, or had lost
his power.
47. — To what frailty, &c. The poet urges the shortness of life as
a reason why God shoiild show mercy speedily, before the opportunity
should pass away.
50. — the reproach of thy servants ; i.e., the Israelites.
Ps. XC.
If the title of this psalm be correct, it was written by IMoses in
view of the calamities, and especially the peculiar waste of life, in the
passage through the wilderness ; and is illustrated by Num. chap. xiv.
But it is the opinion of some eminent critics, such as Grotius,
Kennicott, Geddes, and others, that the psalm was rather composed in
the time of the captivity. Whichever supposition be adopted, the
reader must remember that i*- was written in peculiar circumstances
of calamity, and that parts of it do not apply to all men in all con-
ditions.
1. — dwelling-place ; i.e., our home or refuge, to which we look.
2. — art God; i.e., mighty and wise to govern, protect, and bless
by thy providence.
8. — to dust. See Gen. iii. 19.
4. — a ivatch in the night. The Hebrews in the more ancient times
divided the night into three watches ; in the time of Christ, into four.
A watch in the night, therefore, denotes the space of tliree or four
hours.
352 NOTES.
9. — like a thought ; i.e., as swiftly as a thought passes the mind.
A similar expression occurs in the Greek poet Theognis : —
Altpa UGTE vorijxa Trapepxerai uyTiaog ii[37j.
10. — the pride of than ; i.e., that of which the}' can be most proud ;
the best and most flourishing part of them, to which we attach the
greatest value.
11. — thi7ie anger, &c. ; i.e., which is manifested in the vanity and
shortness of life.
12. — to number our days ; i.e., to consider how few they are.
13. Desist; i.e., from thine anger. (Exod. xxxii. 12.) — How
long ; i.e., wilt thou be angry "? (Comp. vi. 3, and the note.)
16, — thy deeds; i.e., of mercy to us.
Ps. XCI.
2. — sitteth under the shelter, &c. ; i.e., he who resorts to God by faith,
trust, and holy communion. — Maketh his abode, &c. ; i.e., shall find
protection,
8. — only behold ; i.e., thou shalt look on, in perfect security, while
punishment is inflicted on the wicked.
9. — thy refuge. In the Hebrew, viy refuge. Hence the Septuagint
translates the line. Because thou, 0 Lord ! art my refuge; supposing that
a different person, or singer, was to recite it. 1 cannot think the coup-
let was intended to be divided in this way. Whether the conjecture
of Lowtli* is to be adopted, or some accidental change of the person
of the pronoun on the part of the writer is to be supposed, I believe
that I have given the true meaning of the verse. Hupfeld supposes
an ellipsis of " thou hast said." Because [thou hast said,j 0 Lord ! &c.
Ps. XCIV.
This psalm seems to have been composed in a season of national
calamity. Some refer it to the time of the captivity ; others, to that
of the tyranny of Antiochus Epiphanes.
10. lie that chastiseth nations; lie that brings pimishment and ruin
on whole nations, shall he not punish your oppressors in particular?
11. That they are vanity; i.e., that men are vanity; i.e., weak, witli-
out power to accomplisli their proud purposes.
15. — judgment shall return to justice, Scx^.; i.e., however much the
judgments of God may seem to depart from justice, wliile the wicked
prosjjcr and the righteous are afflicted, they shall at last return to a
strict conformity to it, so that all the upright shall approve of them.
20. — throne of ini<iuity, &c. Comp. 1 Alacc. chap. i.
28. — their own iniquity; i.e., the destruction which they plotted
against others.
* Lecture XXVI.
PSALMS. 353
Ps. XCV.
This psalm seems to have been composed to be used in the pubhc
worship of God, and perhaps on some iiestival occasion, such as that of
the feast of tabernacles.
3. — over all (jods ; i.e., all the pretended gods of the Gentiles.
7. — flock of his hand ; i.e., which his hand leadeth.
8. The Supreme Being is now introduced as speaking. — Meribah.
(See Exod. xvii. 7.) Probably botli Meribah and Massah were intended
as proper names, with distinct reference, however, to their signification
as appellatives.
11. — I sicare, &c. See Num. xiv. 21-23; xxxii. 10, &c. — wi/
rest; i.e., the land wiiich I had destined for their resting-place.
Ps. XCVL
This psalm corresponds to a part of one which is recorded in 1 Chron.
chap, xvi., as having been sung on a difterent occasion. Perhaps it was
used on the dedicalion of the second temple, after the return from the
captivity at Babylon. It is entitled in the Septuagint version, "An
ode of David, sung when the house of God was built, after the cap-
tivity."
5. — idols; possibly cjodUiujs, Ultle idols. See Fiirst's Lexicon on
^■^^i^, a term of contempt.
6. — his holy abode; i.e., in heaven. (See cii. 19.)
11-13. The wliole creation is called upon to rejoice on account of
the coming of Jehovah to reign. But, as Jehovah is at all times the
ruler of the world, his coming to reign must be understood in a pecu-
liar sense ; and this sense, according to the conception of a Jewish poet
of that age, can be no other than that of the extension of tlie Hebrew
theocracy over the heathen nations. God would judge the world,
when the heathen nations were punished through the Jews, were
brought under their dominion, and adopted their religion, having re-
nounced their own false gods. (Comp. ii., Ixxxvii., Ixxxix., xcvii., ex.,
and various passages in the prophets.)
Ps. XCVIL
2. Clouds, &c. Comp. xviii. 11 ; Ixxxix. 14.
6. The heavens, &c. ; i.e., the whole universe, the heavens and the
earth, acknowledge and proclaim him the righteous and terrible judge.
(Comp. 1. 6.)
7. — all ye gods, &c. The connection shows that heathen gods are
denoted. Though they have no real existence, tliey are figuratively
represented as bowing down before the majesty of Jehovah. (Comp.
Num. xxxiii. 4.) The inability of the heathen gods to protect the
nations which worshipped them is probably alluded to. (Comp. Isa.
chap, xlvi.)
11. Light is sown, &c. Though prosperity may be absent for a time,
like seed which is hidden in the ground, yet in due time it shall spring
up like seed.
354 NOTES.
Ps. C.
3. — It is he that made us, &c. In this connection, these words
probably refer not so much to the fact that God created all mankind,
as to that of his having constituted the Jews a people, and framed their
national polity. (Comp. cxlix. 2; Deut. xxxii. 6.)
Ps. CI.
1. — of viercy and justice ; i.e., which it is my resolution to prac-
tise, rewarding the good and punishing the wicked.
2. — When thou shalt come to me; i.e., to prove me, or to aid me.
Otherwise, When ivilt thou come to me'i i.e., to bless me.
3. — before mi7ie eyes, &c. I will not propose to myself any
wicked scheme.
6. — dwell with me ; i.e., as my ministers and counsellors, as is inti-
mated in the parallel line.
Ps. CII.
8. — burn ; i.e., with pain.
6. — like the pelican ; i.e., I take no delight in society, but seek for
solitary places like the pelican. — like the otd; i.e., in my doleful
lamentations. Some tliink the pelicanns onocrotalus is denoted ; a mean-
ing which is favored by the etymology of the Hebrew terra.
7. — a solitary bird; referring prubably to some bird of night, like
the owl, in reference to the writer's sleeplessness, mentioned in the
preceding line.
8. — curse by me ; i.e., in imprecating curses either upon themselves
or upon others, they refer to me, as an example of extreme misery.
(Comp. Jer. xxix. 22; Isa. Ixv. 15.)
9. — ashes like bread, &c. ; through grief I lie down in ashes, and
neglect to take my food. (See xlii. 3; Job ii. 8 ; Ezek. xxvii. 30.)
10. — lifted me up, &c. This may mean, that he was lifted up as
by a whirlwind, in order to be daslied to the ground ; or, that he was
raised to an exalted station, and then cast down from his eminence.
Perhaps the tirst is preferable.
11. — a dcclininy shadow; i.e., which continually becomes fainter
and fainter, and soon vanishes away, (Comp. cix. 23.)
13. — the set time, &c. Comp. Jer. xxv. 12, 13 ; xxix. 10.
14. — in lier stones ; i.e., her scattered stones and her solitary dust
are more precious to thy worshippers than tlie goodliest palaces in
Babylon.
16. — in his (jlory. The meaning ma}^ be, that he shall be wor-
shipped witli the ancient ceremonies upon Zion, which seems to be
favored by the parallel line ; or, that the glorious power and goodness
of God shall be manifested in behalf of Israel.
17. — the destitute; i.e., the Israelites, as a people.
18. This shall be written ; i.e., the interposition of God in delivering
Ills people and building up Zion.
PSALMS. 355
20. — doomed to death ; a figurative expression, denoting the threat-
ened extinction of the Jewish nation and name.
22. When the nations are assembled, &c. When tlie Jewish nation,
after the return from exile, shaU have extended its dominion and its
rehgion over the nations of the world. (See the note on xcvi. 11, &c. ;
Isa. xlv. 14, Ixi. ; Joel iii.)
23. — hi) the way ; i.e., of hfe, tlie passage through hfe.
24. — Thy years endure, &c. The uncliangeableness and eternity
of God seem to be introduced with reference to the tliought expressed
in ver. 28 ; namely, that Israel should yet abide before God in the
promised land.
Ps. cm.
5. — like the eagle's. " It has been a- popular opinion, that the eagle
lives, and retains its vigor, to a great age ; and that, beyond the com-
mon lot of other birds, it moults in its old age, renews its teathers, and
is restored to youthful strength again. Whether the notion is in any
degree well founded or not, we need not inquire. It is enough for a
poet, whether sacred or profane, to have the authority of popular
opinion to support an image introduced for illustration or ornament.
See Isa. xl. 31. Aristot. Hist. Animal., hb. ix. c. 33. Plin. Nat.
Hist., Ub. X. c. 3. Horus Apollo, lib. ii. c. 92." — Harris.
12. — our transgressions ; i.e., the punishment due for our transgres-
sions.
14. — our frame; i.e., of what materials we are formed.
21. — Ye, his ministers, &c. ; i.e., his ministering spirits in heaven,
angels.
Ps. CIV.
1-4. The imagery is borrowed from the splendor of Oriental mon-
archs, setting forth how far Jehovah surpasses them in those things in
which their magnificence is usually displayed ; namely, in robes, tents,
palaces, chariots, and servants.
3. — in the waters ; i.e., the waters above the firmament, and which
rest upon it as a solid support. (See Gen. i. 7.) These waters above
the firmament are, as it were, the foundation of the dwelling-place of
God. — clouds his chariot. Comp. xviii. 11 ; xxix. 3.
4. — ivinds his messengers, &c. He makes the winds and lightnings,
which bid defiance to human control, to obey and serve him, as if en-
dowed with intelligence. (Comp. cxlviii. 8; Job xxxviii. 35.)
6, 8. Comp. Gen. i. 2, 9. — The mountains rose, tlie valleys sank,
&c. ; i.e., in consequence of the receding of the waters, the mountains
are poetically represented as rising out of the waters, &c. So Luther,
Hupfeld, and Hitzig. Otherwise, They go up the mountains, they go
down the valleys, &c. ; i.e.. The waters, excited by thy rebuke, dash up
the mountains, and again sink powerless into the valleys.
11. — the wild asses; i.e., which, being very wild, and living in the
most soUtary deserts, might be thought specially liable to sutler from
the want of water
356 NOTES.
13. — fruit of th)/ works; i.e., of the clouds.
10. The trees of the Lord, &c. ; i.e., the wild trees of the forest,
which were not planted by man, and receive no culture from him.
18. — the conies. See the note on Prov. xxx. 28.
19. — to mark seasons, &c. See Gen. i. 14; Ecclus. xliii. 6, 7.
26. — the leviathan, &c. In Job xli. 1, &c., the leviathan denotes
the crocodile. But the term was probably apphed to other huge sea-
monsters.
30. — tJvj spirit, &c. Comp. xxxiii. 6 ; Gen. ii. 7 ; Eccl. xii. 7 ;
Job xxxiii. 4.
32. — it tremhleth, &c. Earthquakes and volcanoes may be alluded
to in this verse.
Ps. CV.
The first fifteen verses of this psalm are a part of the hymn said to
have been given by David to the singers, on tlie removal of the ark
to Zion, wliicli is contained in 1 Chron. chap. xvi. It is tiie conjecture
of Dathe, timt some poet, after the return from the captivity at Baby-
lon, adapted these fifteen verses, with an addition of his own, to the
dedication of the second temple ; as the same or some contemporary
poet had adapted another fragment of the same hymn, namely, Ps.
xcvi., to a similar purpose. De Wette supposes the hymn in Chroni-
cles to have been compiled from the two psalms.
11. — the lot, &c. ; i.e., the assigned portion of the earth.
14. — rebuked kings, &c. See Gen. xii. 17 ; xx. 1-7.
15. — anointed, — ])rophets, &c. ; i.e., Abraliara and the patriarchs.
19. — the word of the Lord, &c. ; namely, that which Joseph uttered
respecting the future.
25. He turned their hearts, &c. The more God blessed the Israelites
and increased their numbers, the greater was tlie jealousy of the
Egyptians, wliich at length settled into confirmed hatred. The He-
brews were accustomed to attribute to the direct agency of God what
took place under liis permission, foresight, and providence. (Comp.
Matt. vi. 13.)
32. — flaming fire; i.e., lightning.
34. — Destructive locusts, &c. Undoubtedly a species of locust, dif-
ferent from that in the preceding line, is denoted. The Hebrew term
comes from a root signifying to lick up, or devour.
37. — silver, &c. See Exod. chap. xii.
40. — bread of heaven ; i.e., the manna.
44. — the labor ; i.e., tlie fruits of the labor.
Ps. CVI.
3. — practise righteousness at all times. Tlie general sentiment of
this verse is probaiily expressed with reference to the unhappy condi-
tion of the Jewish nation in consequence of their wickedness.
5. — till/ chosen; i.e., the Israelites, called the inheritance of God,
in the next line but one. '
7. — rebelled, &c. . See Exod. xiv. 11, 12.
PSALMS. 357
12. — sang his praise. See Exod. xr. 1, &c.
13. — waited not for his counsel; i.e., did not wait patiently to see
what were the designs of God, and liow he would accom{)lisli them.
14. 15. See Num. chap. xi. — leanness. This is prohably a
figure for want and misery in general.
16, 17. See Num. chap. xvi.
19. See Exod. chap, xxxii.
20. — their God of glorij ; liter ally, their gl or >/.
23. — in the breach. Tiiis figui'ative expression refers to the breach
made by an enemy in the walls of a fortified city. One stands in the
breach for the purpose of opposing the enemy, and preventing the de-
struction of the city. (See Exod. chap, xxxii., xxxiii.)
24. See Num. chap, xiii., &c.
27. Comp. Num. xiv. 28-30; Lev. xxvi. 83; Deut chap, xxviii.
28. — Baal-peor. See Num. chap, xxv,
32. See Num. cliap. xx. ; Deut. i. 37.
36, — thei/ became ; i.e., the heathen. — a snare ; i.e., caused their
ruin.
37. — to demons. So the Septuagint translates tlie term Q'^'lllf, in
this verse and in Deut. xxxii. 17. From the etymology of the term,
we may infer, perhaps, that it denotes malignant spirits ; but it is not
necessary to suppose that precisely the same notions were entertained
of demons in the time of this composition, as in that of the New Tes-
tament. The worship of Moloch is probably referred to.
39. — played the harlot ; i.e., left the true God to worship false
gods. — with their practices ; i.e., the practices of the heathen.
Ps. CVIL
In this national psalm of thanksgiving, the reader will observe the
art of the poet in dividing it into strophes, or divisions, closing with a
form of thanksgiving as the burden of the song. In ver. 1-3 the sub-
ject is stated, and then follow the strophes, closing with ver. 8, 9 ; 15,
16; 21,22; 31, 32; 43.
4. — in a desert. This may refer to the Uteral fact, that many of
the Jews fled from the Chaldseans through the desert to Egypt, &c. ;
or it may be a figurative expression, referring to the miseries of exile.
10. — darkness and the shadow of death ; i.e., in the profound dark-
ness of a gloomy dungeon. — in affliction and iron. This may be a
hendyadis for afflictive iron ; or the meaning may be, that they were
bound by their affliction, no less than by heavy chains. Perhaps the
language of the whole verse figuratively describes the misery of the
exile in Babylon.
20. — sent his word ; i.e., commanded.
25-27. The classical reader may be pleased by comparing with
this description of a storm that of Ovid, Trist. lib. i. Eleg. 2 : —
"Me miserum, quanti montes volvuntur aquaxum!
Jamjam tacturos sidera sunima putes.
Quantae diducto subsidunt aequore valles I
Jamjam tacturas tartara nigra putes.
Rector in incerto est, nee quid fugiatve petatve
Invenit ; ambiguis ars stupet ipsa malis."
358 NOTES.
83-36. This language seems to have special reference to the depopu-
lation of Palestine, and the subsequent restoration of the Jews.
Ps. CIX.
If this psalm was written by David, the curses contained in it have
probable reference to his enemies at the court of Saul. (Respecting
these imprecations, see pp. 19-21.) The following remarks of the Kev.
Dr. French,* Master of Jesus College, Cambridge, England, and Mr.
Skinner, a Fellow of the same college, agree very well with mine,
though I cannot think that the spirit even of the Jewish religion fully
justifies these imprecations : " It may be observed, with reference
to the imprecations found particularly in this psalm and in Ps. Ixix.,
that the morality which they breathe does not ill accord either with
the general character of the Mosaic dispensation, or with the state of
religious knowledge to which the Jewish nation had attained. The
love of our enemies was a duty first distinctly and positively inculcated
by the Divine Author of the Christian faith. This pure and sublime
doctrine did not form a part of the law delivered to the Jews because
of ' the hardness of their hearts.'
" Let it not be urged, that it would have been better, if the sacred
volume had nowhere exhibited the ' holy men,' who were of old, thus
betraying, even in their intercourse with God, a deep resentment of
the unprovoked injuries which the}^ were continually suflering from
the wicked. These very passages of Scripture convey an useful and
a very important lesson. For they teach Christians, in the most forci-
ble manner, the value of those pre-eminent advantages which are en-
joyed by them under the gosi)el."
6. — a ivickfd man over him ; i.e., as a judge to hear his cause.
■ — over him. This may refer to the principal enemy of David, or pos-
sibly to his enemies collectively; as the plural occurs in ver. 15.
— a« adversary, &c. ; i.e., to accuse and i)lead against him in court.
7. — his prayer, &,c. There is some doubt, whether this expression
denotes a petition for pardon to a liuman judge, or prayer to God.
The parallel line favors the former supposition ; the use of the word,
translated prayer in other passages, the latter.
8. — take his office ; i.e., which is vacated by his death.
10. — from their ruined dicellings ; i.e., going forth from them.
16. — the poor man, &c. ; such as the poet.
20. — wages. Literally, ivoi-k, and hence wages, the consequence of
work.
23. — shadow. See the note on cii. 11. — cast out as a locust. Au
image of destruction, drawn from locusts, wliich are driven by ^vinds,
or by noises, fires, &c., made by men, from the fields into the water or
waste places.
31. — at the right hand, &c. ; i.e., as his advocate.
* See the note on tliis psalm in their " New Translation," &c.
PSALMS. 359
Ps. ex.
The difficulties relating to particular portions of this psalm have
been, in good measure, removed by modern investigation. But it is
still an unsettled question among critics, who is the principal subject
of the psalm, or who is meant by "my lord," in the first line, — "Je-
liovah said to my lord ; " or, more literally, " The oracle," or " solemn
declaration, of Jehovah to my lord." There are tliree opinions upon
the subject.
I. Christian interpreters generally, until within a comparatively
recent period, have supposed Jesus Christ to be the person addressed
in the Urst line, and that the psalm predicts in figurative language his
glorious condition after his resurrection, and the triumphs of him and
his religion over all opposition. In favor of this opinion, it is alleged
that David is said in the Jewish inscription to be tlie author of the
psalm, and of course could not acknowledge a common Jewish king
as his lord. But especially the use made of the psalm by our Saviour,
in Matt. xxii. 43-15, and by the apostles, in Acts ii. 34, 1 Cor. xv.
25, Heb. i. 13, x. 18, is urged as decisive of the question. Some
expressions in the psalm are also said to be more applicable to Jesus
Christ than to a common Jewish king. In illustration of these views,
see Christian commentators generally.
II. Some modern critics, such as Rosenmiiller and Kuinol, and
some Jewish critics in ancient and modern times, have supposed the
future Messiah, according to the Jewish conceptions of him, to be
the subject of tlie psalm ; while they maintain that its representation
of him as a temporal king, a warrior, a conqueror, and shedder of
blood, is inconsistent with any thing which we know of Jesus of Naz-
areth.
III. Other critics, such as Herder,* Geddes, De Wette, Ewald,
Hitzig, and Bleek, maintain that the psalm relates to a Jewish king,
living in the time of the writer, — either David or some other Jewish
king ; and that it expresses the sanguine hopes of some Jewish poet in
favor of his sovereign, whom he is disposed to eulogize in the lan-
guage of exaggeration which was commonly applied to Eastern mon-
archs. In behalf of this opinion, it is urged, that the ascription of the
psalm to David, as its author, by some unknown hand, is of little or
no weight, when it is coneidered that several of the titles of the psalms
must be acknowledged to be erroneous ; that the first line of it evi-
dently supposes the person who is called " my lord " to be living on
earth in the time of tlie writer, and cannot reter to the distant future ,
and, finally, that the attributes of a common Jewish king are all that
the writer does in fact express in the language v»'hich he has used.
In regard to the use made of the psalm by Christ and the apostles, if
is also said, that they may have argued ex concessis ; i.e., from the ac-
knowledged opinions of their opponents or contemporaries, Avithout
vouching for their correctness ; or that they may have made use of
the psalm to express ideas for which it was not originally designed
♦ Spirit of Hebrew Poetry, vol. ii. p. 282, &c., Amer. transl.
360 NOTES.
understanding it in a typical or allegorical sense, like portions of
many other psalms.
AVithout going into a discussion of the diliicult subjects connected
with the question of the application of the psalm, I shall endeavor to
give the meaning of its language according to wliat must have been
the conceptions of the writer, (See the Introduction, pp. 9-11.)
1. — Sit thou at inij right hand ; i.e., Be associated with me in the
government of my people ; be next in honor to me. The language
is borrowed from a king commandmg his son to sit with him on his
t!n-one. (Comp. 1 Kings i. 13, 17.) Jehovah was regarded as the
supreme king of the Jewish nation, and Mount Zion as the seat of his
government. Thus, in cxlix. 2, " Let tlie sons of Zion be joyful in
their king!" cxxxiv. 3, "May the Lord, who made heaven and earth,
bless thee out of Zion ! " cxxxv. 21, " Praised be the Lord out of Zion,
he that dwelleth in Jerusalem ! " cxxxii. 13, " For Jehovah hath cho-
sen Zion ; he hath desired it as his dwelling-place." Jehovah being
thus, in a peculiar sense, the supreme king of Israel, the throne of
Judea was called the throne of Jehovah (see 1 Chron. xxix. 23), and
the human king of Israel is said to sit on the throne of Jehovah, i.e.,
at the right hand of Jehovah, the supreme king of Israel, as his
vicegerent, participating in the government of his people. So in Zech.
xiii. 7, "Awake, 0 sword! against my shepherd, even against the man
who is my fellow, saith Jehovah of hosts." A common appellation of
kings in ancient times was that of shepherds ; and Jehovah being re-
garded as the supreme king of Israel, his shepherd or earthly king is
styled the fellow or associate of Jehovah in the government of his peo-
ple. To be the fellow or associate of Jehovah amounts to the same
thing as to sit upon his right hand. In Josephus, vi. 11, 9, Jon-
athan is said to sit on the right hand of the king, and Abner on
the left. Roberts, who was a missionary in Hindoslan, says, " The
host always places a distinguislied guest on his right hand." Rosen-
miiller quotes from an ancient history of Arabia, " The Kadaf," i.e.,
the one second in rank to the king, " sits at his right hand." The
language, " Sit thou at my right hand," amoimts to the same thing as
that in ii. 7, " Thou art my son," &c., on which see the note. — thy
footstool; i.e., completely subdue them. (See Josh. x. 24, 25.) The
particle until does not imply that the king was not to sit at the right
liand of (iod after his enemies were subdued. The expression is sim-
ilar to that which we use when we say, "I hope you will be well, or
behave well, till I return." (See 1 Tim. iv. 13.)
2. Rule thou; implying strong prediction. — in the midst of thine
enemies; i.e., shalt control them, have them in subjection.
3. — he ready; i.e., willing and i)rompt to go to war with thee.
— when thou musterest thy forces ; literally, in the day of thy host. — in
holy sjdendor ; i.e., equipped in the best or choicest manner. So the
Median soldiers are called " sanctified ones ; " i.e., set apart for the war
against Babylon, Isa. xiii. 3. So in Jer. vi. 4, " Sanctity war against
her," li. 27. — like duo, &c. ; i.e., numerous as the drops of morning
dew. Perhaps at the same time their freshness may have been had in
view.
4. — a priest for ever; i.e., during thy whole life. (Comp. Exod.
xxi. 6; Deut. xv. 17; 1 Sara. i. 22; and the note on xlv. G.) The
PSALMS. 361
gi'eatness of the promise consists in the circumstance, that the sanctity
of the priest would be united with the dignity of the king in the great
personage to whom it is given ; thus making him in a liigher degree
tlie object of the divine care and favor. (Conip. Zech. vi. 18.) — the
Older of Melchiscdeck ; i.e., in the same way as Melcliisedeck united the
dignity of a priest and a king. (See Gen. xiv. 18.)
5. The Lord is at tiitj rif/ht hand. To be at one's right hand is not
tlie same thing as to sit at one's right hand. It means, to be one's de-
fender, ready to assist liim. (See xvi. 8 ; cxxi. 5.) I understand, tliere-
fore, 77/e Lord, as denoting the Supreme Being, and that tlie king who
is tiie subject of the psahn is here addressed. Otlierwise, witli a
cliange of tlie vowel-points, the line might be rendered, il/y lord at thy
right hand [O Jehovah. !] shall, &c.
7. He shall drink of the brook, &c. Here, I suppose, by a sudden
change of person, which is not uncommon in Hebrew poetry (see
civ. y, 10), the king, who was addressed by the poet in ver. 5, is intro-
duced in the third person, as pursuing his enemies, and as refreshing
and strengthening himself for such pursuit by drinking water from
a brook which he finds in the way.
I have thus, without entering into an examination of various opin-
ions, given what seems to me the literal meaning of the language of
the psalm. Whether the warrior-king whom it describes is to be re-
garded as a temporal king of Israel, or only as an image or type of
Christ in his triumphant state in heaven, the language being under-
stood in a figurative or allegorical sense, is a question which must be
decided in view of all the considerations which were glanced at in the
introduction to the notes on this psalm.
Ps. CXI.
This is one of the alphabetical psalms, in which each half- verse
begins with a different letter, according to th.e order of the Hebrew
alphabet. (See p. 47, &c.)
1. — assembly, — congrerjation, &c. ; i.e., of righteous Israelites, as-
sembled in the temple.
2. — Sought out, &c. ; i.e., as being worthy of regard and admira-
tion.
4. — a memorial, &c. ; i.e., in bis dealings with the Israelites, as
recorded in their history.
9. — redemption, &c. ; i.e., from Egyptian slavery.
Ps. CXII.
This is an alphabetical psalm of the same kind as the last. (See the
remarks on Ps. i.)
3. — His righteousness shall endure; i.e., the consequences or re-
ward of it.
4. — He is gracious, &c. It is doubtful, whether tliis is said of the
righteous maii, or of God. From ver. 4 of the last psalm, which
seems to have had the same author as this, the last is the pn'bable
meaning.
16
362 NOTES.
6, — he moved; i.e., he shall stand secure from destructive (.-a-
lamity.
9. — His horn, &c. An emblem of power and authority, borrowed
from animals whose strength was in their horns.
Ps. CXIV.
In this psalm, the subject of which is the deliverance of the Israel-
ites from Egyptian bondage, the principal idea is, that all obstacles,
even those presented by nature itself, must give way before the power
of Jehovah. " This psalm," says Herder, "is one of the finest odes
in any language. The abrupt brevity with which each particular is
expressed, the astonished admiration ascribed to the sea, to the Jor-
dan, to the mountains and hills, and repeated in the interrogatory form ;
the sublime explanation, that it all proceeded from a single glance
of Jehovah, who looked upon them from the clouds, a look wliich con-
verted rocks and stones to streams and living fountains, — all these
give us, in the compass of this little ode, the substance of a long
description." It may have been designed for the celebration of the
feast of the passover.
2. — his sanctuary ; i.e., the people set apart, and, as it were, conse-
crated, to be his peculiar people. — his dominion; i.e., the people
of which he was king in a peculiar, theocratic sense.
Ps. CXV.
This psalm seems to have been composed wlien the nation was in
distress, or in great danger, on account of foreign enemies. But it is
idle to undertake to conjecture the particular occasion of it.
1. Not unto us, &c. ; i.e.. Help and deliver us, if not on our own
account, yet on account of the honor of thy own name, and of thy
promises to the patriarchs. (Comp. Ezek. xxxvi. 22.)
8. — like unto them ; i.e., equally without power and worthless.
•17. The dead praise not, &c. See the note on vi. 5.
Ps. CXVI.
Tliere have been many conjectures in relation to the time and
occasion of the composition of this psalm. On account of some
Chaldee idioms which occur in it, 1 think the ojnnion of Dr. Ham-
mond the most probable ; namely, that it was written by some pious
Israelite after the return from the captivity at Babylon.
3. — pains of the undcncorld. The literal meaning probably is,
straits of the undcncorld. The meaning of the whole verse is, that the
writer was in imminent danger of death.
7. Return — to thij rest, &c. ; i.e., be again tranquil, after thy anxiety
and agitation.
9. — walk before the Lord ; i.e., aiming to serve him and do his will.
10. I had trust, &c. ; i.e., I did not cease to place confidence in Goi
•— although I said ; or, when I used to sai/.
PSALMS. 863
11. — All men are liars; i.e., disappoint the hopes that are placed in
tliem. All reliance on human aid is vain.
13. — the cup of salvation, &c.; i.e., of thanksgiving for the deliver-
ance which I have obtained from God. It seems to have been cus-
tomary, after oflering a sacrifice for some great deliverance, to make a
least, at which the host would take a cup of wine, and, having par-
taken of it, pass it round to his guests. (Comp. Matt. xxvi. 27.)
15. — the death of his ho/ij ones ; i.e., he preserves their lives. He
considers tlieir death too costly to be sufiered for any light reason.
16. — the son of thy handmaid ; i.e., thy servant or slave, as in the
parallel line. The children of a female slave belonged of riglit to
her master.
Ps. CXVIII.
This psalm was probably composed to be sung on the occasion of
the deliverance of some king of Israel from the dangers of war.
Different parts of it were probably to be performed by separate choirs
of singers, representing the king, the priests, and the people. The
author and the date of the composition, as well as the particular king
who is the subject of it, are wholly unknown. It is probable, how-
ever, that it was composed after the erection of the temple, and of
course was not a production of David. Some apply the psalm to
Hezekiah, after his deliverance from sickness, and from the invasion of
Sennacherib. Some suppose tliat it was sung at the dedication of the
second temple, after the return from the captivity ; some, that it
relates to the time of the Maccabees, when Simon was made governor
of the Jews. (See 1 Mace. chap, xiii., xiv.) Another opinion is, that it
is not an individual, but the whole people of Israel personified, that is
introduced as giving thanks for deliverance. We cannot find in the
psalm sufficient reasons to justify this view. In the Lamentations of
Jeremiah, and in Isaiah, chap, xl.-lxvi., there appears, however, to be
such a personification of the Jewish people. But some indications in
the particular passage in which such a use of language is alleged
seem necessary to justify the opinion. Some of the ancient Jews,
perhaps those who lived in the time of Christ, regarded the psalm as
prophetic of the Messiah, and some suppose that Christ and the apos-
tles regarded it as such. (See Matt. xxi. 42; Acts iv. 11.) But the
most common opinion of interpreters is, that those verses are quoted
only by way of accommodation, or rhetorical illustration; or, at least,
are applied to Jesus in a mystical or allegorical sense.
13. Thou didst assail, &c. An address to his enemy.
19. — the gates of righteousness ; so called because the righteous
enter them for worship.
22. The stone which the builders rejected, &c. ; i.e., he whose claims
were disregarded and despised by the chief men of the nation has
now attained to the highest dignity among his people. As was
intimated in the introduction to this psalm, history does not seem to
supply us with the means of determining who is meant by the stone
which the builders rejected. Venema and Rosenmiiller refer it to
Simon, whose history is recorded, in 1 Mace. chap, xiii., xiv.; De
Wette and Tholuck, to the whole Jewish people.
864 NOTES.
24. — ivhich the Lord hath made; i.e., so liappy and distinguished.
26. — that Cometh in the name of the Lord. This language seems to
be more appUcable to a prince than to tlie whole people.
27. — to the horns of the altar ; i.e., in order to be sacrificed.
Ps. CXIX.
This is another of the alphabetical psalms, but of a different struc-
ture from any of tlie preceding. It is divided into as many- sections,
of eight verses each, as tliere are letters in tlie Hebiew alpluibet;
namely, twenty-two, — all the lines of tlie first section beginning with
the first letter of it, Aleph; of the second with Beth ; and so to the last
in the order of the alphabet. From the structure and character of the
psalm, it is generally supposed to have been written in the later period
of the Jewish nation.
7. — righteous laws. The Hebrew term 'KS)"'?^ denotes sometimes
the law ; sometimes the sentence or judgment for or against ; sometimes
the execution of the pemdti/, the bestowment of the reicard. In this psalm it
is often difficult to decide which is meant.
19. / am a stranger, &c. As a stranger Avandering in a foreign land
feels the need of the guidance of friends, so num, a stranger in the
earth, needs the guidance of God.
25. — to the dust; i.e., of death. (See the parallel line, and xxii, 15 ;
vii. 5; xliv. 25.) — //uy word; i.e., thy promise.
26. / liave declared my icaijs, &c. ; i.e., I have made known to thee my
affairs, my purposes, my condition, and my dangers ; and have sought
thine aid.
27. — thy wonders ; i.e., of thy love. (See ver. 18.)
32. — enlarge my heart ; i.e., increase my intelligence (see 1 Ivings
iv. 29) ; or, grant me deliverance from trouble. (See Isa. Ix. 5.)
42. — ]u)a that reproachdh me; i.e., on account of my reliance on
thee.
43. — take not the word of truth, &c. ; i.e., do not deal with me so that
I shall be ashamed to mention thy word or thy promise, in wliich I
have often gloried, respecting the deliverance which thou givest to
the righteous, and the punishment which thou infiictest on the wicked.
54, — have been my song ; i.e., the subject of my song or rejoicing.
— house of my pilgrimage. This expression may refer to the exile in
Babylon, or to human life in general.
56. — as my own ; i.e., my peculiar happiness. (Comp. Rev. ii. 6.)
79. — turn unto me ; i.e., unite themselves with me, and rejoice in
my deUverance. (See ver. 74.)
83. — a bottle in the smoke; which, being made of skins, became
Bhrivelled by smoke.
84. How many are the days, &c. ; i.e., How short is my life.
89. — like the heavens. Comp. Jer. xxxi. 35, 36 ; Luke xxi. 33.
91. They continue; i.e., the heavens and the earth.
108. — free-will offering, &c. ; i.e., my prayers wliich I freely offer.
118. — their deceit is vain ; i.e., their deceitful plans shall be imsuc-
cessful, and disappoint their expectations.
127. Therefore; i.e., because I am thy servant, ver. 125.
PSALMS. 365
139. My zeal consumeth me ; i.e., I burn with indignation.
142. — everlasting righteousness ; i.e.. never to be dispensed with, or
made void.
148. — anticipate the ni(/hf -watches, &c. ; i.e., I am awake before the
watchmen annomice the night-watches, and need no warning from
them.
175. — thij judgments ; i.e., in my favor. (See ver. 149, 156, and the
note on ver. 7.)
Ps. CXX.
It seems probable that tliis psahn was composed by one living in
exile, though not in Mesecli and Kedar ; for these places were at an
immense distance from each other. Mesech was a barbarous country
in the North, between Iberia, Armenia, and Colchis ; and Kedaj' was
a district in Arabia. The terms are used figuratively to denote bar-
barous countries, as we should speak of living among Turks or Hot-
tentots. For what may be said on the appellation, " A pbr.Jm of steps,"
which is given to this and the fourteen following psalms, see p. 30.
3. — what advantage, &c. The sense of the verse is, that the
deceitful tongue does not profit, but rather injures, him that em-
ploys it.
4. — Like coals of the juniper ; which was thought by the ancients
to have great heat, and to retain it long. (See Harris's Nat. Hist.,
p. 237, &c.) But there is great reason to doubt whether the juniper is
the plant referred to in this passage. It is more probable that the
broom is the plant denoted, the Arabic name of which, according to
Dr. Robinson, is the same as the Hebrew, and the roots of which are
regarded by the Arabs as yielding the best charcoal. (See Ges.
Thesaur., on Sdl, and Robinson's Biblical Researches in Palestine,
vol. i. p. 299. I retain the term juniper, instead of broom, from rhe-
torical considerations. Ver. 3 and 4 may be rendered, ]Vhat ivill he
[God] give to thee, and what will he do to thee, thou false tongne? [He wili
give thee] sharp arrows of the mighty man, with coals of the juniper.
Ps. CXXI.
This psalm seems to have been composed by a poet who was exiled
fi-om Jerusalem, if not from Palestine. If written by David, it may
refer to the time of the rebellion of Absalom.
1. — to the hills; i.e., of Palestine, on which God, as the king of
Israel, was regarded as having his peculiar a,bode. (Comp. xiv. 7,
cxxxiv. 3, cxxxv. 21 ; 1 Kings viii. 42-44.)
6. — Nor the moon by night. We have no evidence, except what is
implied in this passage, that the Jews ascribed any noxious influences
to the moon. Perhaps, therefore, the verse may mean nothing more
than that no injury should be received by day or by night. It is not
impossible, however, that injury received from passing t' le night in
the open air may have been ascribed to the moon.
366 NOTES
Ps. CXXII.
It is not probable that this psalm was written by David. (See ver.
3 and 5.)
3. — joined together ; i.e., wholly built up, without vacant spaces.
Ps. CXXIV.
4. — over our soul ; i.e., would have destroyed us.
Ps. CXXV.
It appears from ver. 3, that this psalm was composed at a time
when Palestine was oppressed by foreign enemies, or in great danger
from them.
3. — the portion of the righteous; i.e., the land of Israel. (See cv.
11.) — Lest the righteous, Sec. \ i.e., lest the Jews be tempted by
idolatrous oppressors to renounce the worship and service of Jehovah.
5. — their crooked loays ; i.e., of the heathen oppressors, or evil-
doers, mentioned in the next line.
Ps. CXXVI.
1. — that dream ; i.e., we could scarcely believe our senses, that so
great and glorious an event had taken place.
4. — Like streams in ihe South. The streams in hot countries, espe-
cially in the southern deserts, dry up in the summer months, but
return after tlie periodical rains. (See the note on Job vi. 15, &c.) The
land of Palestine, deprived of its inhabitants during the captivity,
might be compared to one of these deserts forsaken by its streams ;
and the return of the exiles in crowds to tlieir native land might be
compared to torrents of water returning in the season of rain.
5. 6. These verses are well parajjhrased by Patrick : " Then this
small liandiul of people, who are come to i)lant themselves here again,
and have laid the foundation of the tem])le with a great mixture of
sadness and tears (Ezra iii. 1"2), shall shout for joy to see so great an
increase, and tliis pious work by their help brought unto perfection ;
just as we behold the poor husbandman, going to and fro with a little
seed, which in a scarce year he throws with 'a heavy heart into the
ground, returning again and again from the field with songs of joy in
his mouth, when the harvest comes to reward his past labors with a
plentiful crop of corn."
6. — his seed; Literally, his seed-cast; i.e., such a burden of seed
as is fit to be cast or scattered lengthwise. In English, the idea is suffi-
ciently expressed in his seed.
Ps. CXXVII.
1. — build the house, &c. There seems no good reason for referring
this to the temple. The expression is rather proverbial, referring to
houses in general.
PSALMS. 3G7
2. — bread of care ; i.e., earned by anxious labor. — in sleep.
This is an hyperbolical expression to denote, that, what others aim to
gain by wearisome efforts, God gives to the righteous without any
such painstaking, as it were, while they sleep. (Comp. Matt. vi. 34.)
Probably nothing more is expressed than the sentiment of ver. 1 ;
namely, that witiiout the blessing of God nothing prospers.
4. — of jjoiuKf men. In reference, not only to their vigor, but to
their capacity to help their parents a long time.
5. — speak icitJi adversaries in the gate; i.e., contend at law with
them. Possibly, but not so much in accordance with usage : v/hen
ihey have something to say with their enemies in the way of fight-
ing.
Ps. cxxvin.
2. — eat the labor ; i.e., the fruits of the labor, &c. Thou shalt not
sow, and another reap. (Comp. Lev. xxvi. 16 ; iJeut. xxviii. 33.)
3. — fruitful vine. The fruitfulness of the vine is the only point
of comparison. — within thy house; where the customs of the East
required the matron to be a great part of the time.
5. — out of Zion, &c. See the note on ex. 1.
Ps. CXXIX.
This psalm, which recounts the many past afflictions of the Jewish
nation, and tlie dehverances which God had afforded it, and closes with
imprecations against its enemies, was probably written soon after the
return from tiie captivity.
2. — from my youth ; i.e., from the time of the bondage in Egypt.
(Comp. Hos. ii. 15, xi. 1.)
3. — ploughed up, &c. A figurative expression to denote stripes,
and this to denote oppression in general.
4. — cut asunder die cords; i.e., delivered from servitude.
6. — grass ujX)n the housetops. The roofs of the houses being flat
and often covered with earth, grass would spring up on them, but
would soon perish with the heat of the sun. (See Jahn's Archaeol.,
§ 34.)
8. — The blessing, &c. This appears to have been a usual saluta-
tion in time of harvest. (See Ruth ii. 4.)
Ps. CXXX.
This psalm appears to have been written by one who was suffering,
in common witii his countrymen, under the pressure of some great
national calamity. Xo period seems more suitable for such a prayer
than the time of the captivity.
3. — treasure up, &c. ; i.e., in thy memory, for the purpose of
strictly punishing them.
4. — That thou mayst be feared. Hope of mercy leads to the rever-
ence and love of God. Despair would engage one for ever in a course
of sin. Before the prodigal can return to his father, he must feel sure
that he has a father to whom he can return.
368 NOTES.
8. — From all his iniquities ; i.e., from the consequences, or punish-
ment, of them.
Ps. CXXXI.
This psalm may liave been composed by David, when lie was ac-
cused of aiming to deprive Saul of liis throne. On account of the
accusations of Sanballat, it may have been used by the Jews after
the captivity.
2. — Like a weaned child; i.e., I commit myself to thy care, ac-
quiesce in my condition, and submit to be disposed of as thou pleasest,
as a weaned child resting his head on his mother's breast.
Ps. CXXXII.
6. — heard of it at Ephratah, &c. Ephratah probably here denotes
the country of Epln-aim, in which was Sliiloh, where the ark of God
remained several years. The fields of the forest probably refer to Ivir-
jath-jearim, Avhere tiie ark was kept a long time. (See 1 Sam. vii.
1, 2.) Tlie meaning, in connection with what follows, seems to be,
that, having heard of the ark in different and distant places, and as
removed from place to place, they miglit now rejoice that it had a
settled abode.
15. — bless her provision, &c. To Zion, regarded as representing
the nation, abundance and prosperity are promised.
16. — clothe her priests ivith salvation; i.e., cause them to give con-
tinual thanks for salvation granted to the people.
17. — horn for David; i.e., in his posterity. — a light, &G. This
was an emblem of splendor and prosperity. (See xviii. 28 ; Job xxix.
3, and the note.)
Ps. CXXXIII.
2. — precious perfume, &c. (See the note on Eccl. vii. 1.) • — the
border of his r/armenfs ; i.e., as seems probable, the upper border, which
went round liis neck.
3. Like the dew of Ilermon. In a country where little or no rain
falls, except at particular seasons, the dew is most grateful to the
parched lulls. It also descends in abundance. " AVe were sufficiently
instructed by experience what tlie holy psalmist means 'by the dew of
Hermon, our tents being as wet with it as if it had rained all night." —
Mamidreirs Journey, &.C., p. 97, Amer. edition. — life for evermore.
Here life, being parallel with blessings, signifies prosptrifij, happiness.
Ps. CXXXIV.
1. — bji night. It was the duty of the priests and Levites to serve
in the temple day and night. The service by night is mentioned in
particular, as being more arduous. (Lev. viii. 35; 1 Chron. ix. 33.)
2. — to the sanctuary. See xxviii. 2.
PSALMS. 369
Ps. cxxxv.
7. — for the rain ; i.e., to accompany it.
13. — memorial; i.e., that by which God is brcuglit to mind;
namely, his perfections continually displayed in fresh deeds of om-
nipotence and love. (See Exod. iii. 15.)
Ps. CXXXVII.
This beautiful psalm was probably written very soon after the cap-
tivity in Babylon, while the memory of the sufJerini^^s and indignities
connected with it was fresh in the mind of the author.
5. — her cunning. In this connection, skill in playing on the harp
seems to be referred to. Otherwise, Let mi/ right hand forget me.
6. — my tongue cleave, &c. ; i.e., refuse its office in singing.
7. — children of Edom ; who had shown great hostihty to the
Israelites, and joined with the Chaldaeans in effecting the destruction
of Jerusalem. (Comp. Ezek. xxv. 12; Obad. 10.) Respecting the
imprecations in ver. 7-9, with which the patriotic can in some degree
sympathize, but which the Christian can scarcely approve, see
p. 9, &c.
8. — thou destroyer ! I take "1^1"^ to be a noun (See De Dieu, in
Poole's Synopsis.) Otherwise, the desolated! or, luho art to be destroyed!
Ps. CXXXVIII.
This psalm is commonly supposed to refer to the circumstances of
David, when, after the death of Saul, he was established on the throne.
The term bs'^rij temple (ver. 2), seems to point to a later age than
that of David.
1. — Before the gods ; i.e., before the kings of the earth, or (see
ver. 4) the angels of God ; otherwise, before God.
2. — thy promise above all thy name; i.e., thou hast fulfilled thy
promise, and more than fulfilled it; and hast done more than has ever
been said or conceived of tliee.
6. — knoiveth from afar ; i.e., takes cognizance of them for the pur-
pose of punishment.
8. — Forsake not the works of thine hands ; i.e., complete what thy
hands have begun.
Ps. CXXXIX.
It appears, from ver. 19-24, that this admirable psalm, to attempt
to set forth the excellence of which by descriptive epithets would be
folly, was in some degree occasional. The author seems to have been
led to the composition of it by false charges against the uprightness of
his intentions, and the sincerity and purity of his course in respect to
the worship and service of Jehovah. On account of the reference
to idolatry, and certain Chaldaizing forms which occm* in it, some
critics refer the* psalm to a later age than that of David.
l(j*
870 NOTES.
4. For before the word, &c. So the Chaldee in Buxtorf s Bible. So
Dr. Watts,—
" He knows the words I mean to gpeak,
Ere from my opening lips they brejik."
There is thus some expansion of the thought expressed in ver. 2 and 3.
Otherwise, as in the common version, For there is not a word, &c. ; i.e.,
thou knowest every word wliich I utter, as well as every act which
I perform.
5. — layest thine hand npon vie : i.e., hast me completely in thy
power.
9, — ivings of the morning; i.e., if I could move as swiftly as the
rays of the morning sun, which in an instant go from one end of
heaven to the other.
15. — curiously lorought in the lower parts of the earth. This language
seems to amount to the same thing as that in ver. 13, Thou didst wrave
me in my mother's womb; i.e., in as dark a place as the lower parts of the
earth. (See Ges. Lex. on tjrc).
17. How precious to me are thy thoughts; i.e., How valuable in them-
selves, or how highly valued, precious in the contemplation, are thy
purposes of wisdom and goodness, as displayed in the formation and
care of man ! It appears to me that l)e Wette and Gesenius unne-
cessarily depart from the common meaning of the term '^p'^, when
they ascribe to it here the meaning incomprehensihle, inconceivable.
18. — Wlien I awalce, I ant still icith thee ; i.e., I am still engaged in
meditating upon thee, and what thou hast done.
24. — icay of trouble, &c. That D^S" means pai7i or trouble, there
can be no doubt. (See Isa. xiv. 3; 1 Chron. iv. 9; and Gen. iii. 16,
without regard to the vowel-points.) That it may denote sin, or
idolatry, cannot be proved. — the way everlasting ; i.e., the way which
does not end In trouble and ruin, as in Ps. i. 6. Or, iji the ancient way ;
i.e., the good old way of the worship of Jehovah, sanctioned by the
patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. (Comp. Jer. vi. 16.)
Ps. CXL.
This psalm is commonly supposed to have been composed by David
in reference to the persecution of Saul and his courtiers.
3. — sharpen their tongues like a serpent. Perliaps there may be
reference to the serpent's putting out his forked tongue, and moving it
rapidly, so as to appear to sharpen it.
Ps. CXLI.
If this psalm was written by David, it may have had the same
general occasion as the last. But it seems to contain no special allu-
sions to the circumstances of David. It is most probable that the
author and the occasion of the psalm are unknown.
4. — eat of their delicacies ; i.e., associate with them at their sump-
tuous feasts, where their evil designs are discussed. *0r, the expres-
PSALMS. 371
sion may be a figurative one to denote participation in their cherished
designs.
6. — oil for my head ; as grateful as perfumed oil, which was pourea
on tlie head of guests. (See cxxxiii. 2, and the note. Comp. Prov.
xxvii. 6 ; Eccl. vii. 5.) — But now I praij Mjalnst their wickedness ; i.e.,
but now, when I experience treatment the reverse of what is right
and kind, I am impatient under it, and pray against my enemies who
inflict it. (See Doderlein's Scholia ad loc.j The pronoun their refers
to the enemies of the poet, whom he mentions in the next verse.
6. — over the side of the rock ; according to an ancient mode of pun-
ishing malefactors. (See 2 Chron. xxv. 12.) — Then let them hear my
words, &c. " But how," asks Rosenmiiller, " could they hear his
words, after being thrown from the rock ? " But this question makes
no allowance for the language of passionate emotion, which will not
bear a strict analysis. St. Paul says that he delivered Hymeneus and
Alexander to Satan, that they might learn not to blaspheme. An un-
promising teacher ! we might say, in the spirit of Kosenmiiller's ques-
tion. Besides, we suppose that the words, let them hear, refer to the
survivors, the people warned by the fate of the judges or rulers.
7. Oar bones are scattered, &c. ; i.e., the bones of our countrymen,
friends, or followers. This may be understood as a literal description
of what had been done by the enemies of the writer, or as a meta-
phorical description of the low condition to which he and his followers
jvere reduced.
Ps. CXLII.
According to the Hebrew inscription, this psalm was composed by
David to express the feelings which he had while in the cave of Adul-
lara (I Sam. chap, xxii.), or in that of Engedi (1 Sam. chap. xxiv.).
Some suppose this title to have been a conjecture of the person who
placed it there, founded on ver. 7, Bring me out of prison, &c.
7. — out of prison; i.e., out of my distress.
Ps. CXLIII.
This psalm, if composed by David, may refer to his distress during
his persecution by Saul, or during the rebellion of Absalom. This is
one of the psalms which some Jewish and some modern critics sup-
pose to be designed for the use of the whole people, personified as a
single individual in distress. "Without doubt, many of the psalms
were designed for the use of the whole people of Israel, like Christian
hymns for the use of a congregation. But whether there is a personi-
fication of the people in the psalms of complaint is very doubtful.
Such a view needs more positive support than we find in those
psalms.
tS. — in darkness ; i.e., in hopeless calamity. (See the next verse.)
Ps. CXLIV.
This psalm, if composed by David, seems to refer to a time when
he was established on the throne, but was yet exposed to many dan-
372 NOTES.
gers from his own rebellious subjects and from the Philistines and
other foreign enemies. It contains so many verses borrowed from
other psahiis, that there is considerable plausibility in the conjecture
of I)e Wette, that it was composed, or rather compiled, long after the
age of ])avid.
3. Comp. viii. 4.
5. Comp. xviii. 9.
6. Comp. xviii. 14.
7. Comp. xviii. 16.
12. — Grown up in their youth. It is somewhat doubtful, whether
this line belongs to sons or to plants. The expression in their youth, m
the Hebrew, is not applied to plants, but only to persons, and thus
favors the former application. On the otlier hand, it may be said that
the term youth may be used metaphorically. — Hewn, &c., probably
elegantly sculptured, and possibly referring to the Caryatides, or coi
umns representing female figures.
14. — breaking in ; i.e., of enemies into the walls of our cities
— goi7ig out; i.e., in flight, or into captivity ; or, perhaps, sallying forth
to attack an enemy.
Ps. CXLV.
This is another of the alphabetical psalms, constructed like the
twenty -fifth and thirty-fourth. (See p. 47, &c.) The ancient Jews
had so high an opinion of its excellence, that they «sed to say, that a
man could not fail to be a child of the world to come, who would re-
peat this psalm three times every day.
1. — the king ; i.e., the true king, the king of kings.
Ps. CXLVI.
This is a psalm of solemn praise to God, designed probably for pub-
lic worship in the temple. It is a very ancient opinion, that it was
composed after the return from the cajUivity, being ascribed in the
Septuagint version to Haggai and Zechariah.
8. — openeth the eyes of the blind. This is probably a figurative
expression, denoting that the Lord restores from distress to prosper-
ity, when there are no hopes from human aid. (Comp. Isa. xxxv. 5;
xlii. 7.)
9. — he maketh crooked ; i.e., defeats their designs; prevents them
from attaining the object at which they aim.
Ps. CXLVII.
This psalm appears, from ver. 2, in connection with 13 and 14, to
have been composed after the return from the captivity.
8. — the broken in heart; an instance of which is his restoring those
who were exiles at Babylon.
10. — in the legs of a man ; i.e., not in infantry more than in cavalry
He needs neither the one nor the other. Otherwise, legs of a man may
denote swiftness of foot, which was considered a great accompUshment
in an ancient wanior.
PSALMS. 373
15. — His word runneth very swijlli/ ; i.e., that which he commands is
Bpeedily effected.
18. He sendeth forth his word; i.e., gives command.
Ps. CXLVIII.
1. — from the heavens; i.e., ye angels who are from the heavens, in
contradistinction from things on tlie earth, ver. 7. — in the heights ;
i.e., tlie lieavens.
2. — ail ye his hosts ; i.e., of angels. (Comp. 1 Kings xxii. 19.)
4. — Ye tvaters, &c. Comp. civ. 3 ; Gen. i. 7.
9. — all cedars; which are mentioned in xsai'ticular as representing
all wild trees.
14. — near to him. Comp. Deut. iv. 7.
Ps. CXLIX.
This psalm contains no indications of the time when it was com-
posed. The conjecture of Theodoret, that it was written after the
return from the captivity, when the nation was established, and had
obtained considerable success over their enemies, seems to be as plau-
sible as any.
1. — a neiv song. The epithet neic seems to denote nothing more
than that the psalm had not been before sung, implying, perhaps, that
there was new occasion to sing the praise of God.
2. — in him that made him; i.e., as a nation. (Comp. Deut. xxxiii,
6
4. — ivith salvation; i.e., deliverance from their enemies, or victory
over them. The distressed probably denote here the people of Israel,
mentioned in the parallel line.
5. — in their glory ; i.e., the glorious condition in which God, their
king, has placed them.
6. — a tiro-edged sword, &c. Comp. ii., ex., &c. ; Neh. iv. 13, &c.
9. — ivhich is written. This may refer to the command given to the
Israelites to destroy the nations of Palestine, in Deut. chap, vii., or,
more probably, to what is written in the book of the Divine Mind, and
referred to in ii., ex., &c. (Comp. Ivi. 8; cxxxix. 16; Jude, ver. 4;
liev. xiii. 8; xx. 15.)
Ps. CL.
It may be supposed that the first and last lines of this psalm were
sung by the whole company of singers, and that the other hues were
sung responsively by different portions of it.
1. — in ] lis sanctuary ; i.e., in the temple. — in his glorious firma-
ment; i.e., in heaven, referring to the angels.
5. — cymbals, &c. Por what information may be had respecting
the musical instruments of the Hebrews, see Pfeiffer on the Music of
the Ancient Hebrews, translated in the Biblical liepository for October,
1835; Jahn's Arclijeology, § 92-96.
NOTES ON THE PROVERBS.
Chap. I.
1-6. These verses seem to be designed as a preface, pointing out
tlie object and use of the Book of Proverbs.
2. — loisdom — instruction. It is impossible to give to these and
similar terms a precise definition, which shall apply to all cases in
which they are used. For their meaning is more or less extensive
and general, according to the connection in which they stand. It
may be said, however, tliat the term rendered icisdom, in its most
common use in this book, denotes a general knowledge of all those
subjects, divine and human, which ought to engage the mind of man ;
and especially that which may be applied to the conduct of life. It
has so extensive a signification, however, as to denote the attributes
of God manifested in the creation of the world. The term rendered
instruction more commonly denotes that knowledge or education
which relates to morals and manners ; but the particular meaning and
application of both these terms can be learned only from the context
in the passages in which they occur. The same remark applies to the
terms understanding, knowledge, and some others, which are sometimes
interchanged with the terms above mentioned. Especially, the con-
nection must show when any of these terms relate to religious sub-
jects, when to moral conduct, and when to knowledge in general.
— words of understanding ; i.e., which come from the intelligent, and
tend to make the hearer intelligent.
3. — instruction of prudence; i.e., such instruction as tends to make
one prudent. — justice, equity, uprightness. These terms denote the
same thing, and are heaped together in order to give weight to the
sentiment.
4. — to the simple; i.e., to him who, by reason of inexperience, is
liable to be imposed upon. We have an illustration of the kind of
simplicity referred to in this proverb in the term young man, in the
parallel line.
5. The wise man, &c. The maxims in this book are designed not
only for the inexperienced and ignorant : he that is wise already will
not lose his labor in reading it, but will become still wiser.
6. — deep maxim — dark sayings; i.e., such pointed, concise, figura-
tive, or enigmatical sentences and maxims as are contained in the
Book of Proverbs. The Hebrew term n^Z^'^TD seems here to denote.
376 NOTES.
not an interpretation, but a thing to he interpreted, i.e., a deep maxim. The
Septuagint has okotuvov Xoyov. Hodgson renders the term a mys-
tery.
7. The fear of the Lord. This expression, according to Scripture
usage, evidently has no exclusive reference to the emotion of fear, but
to all those sentiments which man ought to entertain towards God.
— he<jinning of knowledge. The Hebrew term sometimes denotes the
tirst of its kind, the most excellent part. Hence, the line may be i en-
dered, " The fear of the Lord is tlie perfection of knowledge ; " and
so some critics have rendered it: but as in chap. ix. 10 a difFereiis
Hebrew word is used, which must be rendered beginning, I prefer to
vuiderstand the line as conveying the idea, that religion is the begin-
ning or foundation of all valuable knowledge, without wh.ich men
remain ignorant and foolish, however great their attainments in
merely human knowledge. The religious man only will become wise.
— Fools ; i.e., impious fools. The idea of impiety was often associated
with the Hebrew term.
8. Hear. This expression implies attention and obedience. It is
the opposite of neglect, in the parallel line. — 0 my son! Tlie He-
brews and other Orientals addressed their pupils, hearers, or readers,
by the endearing appellation of son. The terms dear reader, friend,
&c., in some modern books, correspond to it.
9. — graceful ivreath — a cfiain, &c. ; i.e., they shall, being followed,
add more to thy beauty, and win more approbation and favor for thee
from God and good men, than any ornaments which thy parents can
place upon thy head or around thy neck.
11. — innocent in vain; i.e., to whom innocence is no protection.
12. Let us swallow (hem up alive, &c. ; let us inflict sudden and unex-
pected destruction upon them, as surely as Sheol devours the unre-
sisting dead.
14. — thy lot; i.e., though thou art young, thou slialt have an equal
share in the plunder with us veterans of the trade. Thou shalt draw
lots \\\\.\\ us, whenever we determine, by casting lots, to whom any
portion of the plunder we have gained shall belong. (See Ps. xxii.
18.) — one purse; containing the money we obt<iin, of which all shall
have a right to the same share.
17. For as the net is spread in vain. Comparing vii. 23, the meaning
may be, that it is spread in vain to the silly bird which sees the net,
and does not take warning from it ; and that the exhortation is, not to
be so headstrong and incautious as the silly birds, who use to run into
the net, altliough they see the fowler laying it before their eyes.
Some, however, refer the words in vain to the fowler, and suppose the
meaning to be, that the fowler loses his labor who sets his net while
the bird is looking on, because the bird, perceiving the danger, will
not come to the bait, but rather fly away ; and that those who are not
warned by the evil consequences of wickedness, which the writer sets
forth, are even sillier than the birds. While plotting destruction for
others, they are blind to the retribution which is sure to fall upon
themselves.
lU. It takcth away the life, &c. ; i.e., it brings sudden and violent
death upon those who have gained possession of it.
20. In opposition to the enticements of the wicked, wisdom is now
PROVERBS. 377
personified as a teacher, preaching to tlie sons of men. It is evi-
dent from this description, as well as from chap. viii. and ix., that a
])raclical regard to God and duty, as well as a speculative knowledge
of divine and human things, is included in the author's idea of wis-
dom. The circumstance, that wisdom, personified as a teacher, is
represented as proclaiming her lessons in the streets, highways, &c.,
is supposed by some to denote, that in active lile only is that ricn
fountain of experience from which wisdom is derived. But it may be
doubted whether this particular idea was in the author's mind. 1
rather suppose, that, having personified wisdom as a teacher, lie
represents Jier as giving her lessons where it was customary for
teachers and philoso})hers in ancient times to give their lessons. If
the language imi)lies any thing more, it is, that the lessons of wisdom
are within tlie reacli of all, presenting urgent claims to their attention.
Bishop Patrick paraphrases ver. 20 thus : " Let me advise you,
therefore, rather to hearken to the manifold instructions of wisdom,
Avhose most excellent counsels you cannot but be as well acquainted
withal as you are with that which is proclaimed in the oy.eu streets ;
for you hear them in the plain dictates of yotir own consciences, in
the laws of God, in the mouth of his prophets and ministers, in the
admonitions and examples of good men, and in the course of his provi-
dence and wise government, which call upon you more earnestly and
loudly than tliese seducers to follow and obey them."
22. — simple ones — simpUcity — scoffers — fools. If by these differ-
ent terms the author refers to different classes of persons, — which
may be doubted, — the first class may denote the wicked through
inexperience, weakness, and credulity ; the second, open scoffers at
religion and virtue ; the third, hardened, irreligious, and vicious men,
who are yet self-satisfied, and regard themselves as wiser than persons
of an opposite character.
23. — pour out. The mouth of wisdom is represented as a fountain
copiously pouring forth its streams. — my spirit ; i.e., my mind.
2-1. — stretched out my hand. It is more agreeable to usage to
understand this as a beckoning gesture, inviting the hearer to come,
than as one designed to enforce the language of the speaker, or to
offer assistance. (See Isa. xiii. 2, and Ixv. 2.)
28. — early; literally, in the morning; i.e., with great earnestness
and diligence ; as those who rise early in the morning for any object
are in earnest about it. The meaning of the whole verse is, that the
despisers of wisdom will not be able to escape from the calamity in
which they are involved.
31. — eat of the fruit, &c. " Therefore, as it is just that men should
reap what they sow, and eat such fruit as they ])lant, so these men
shall suffer the punishments which their wicked doings naturally pro-
duce; nay, be glutted and surfeited with the miserable effects of their
own counsels and contrivances." — Patrick.
32. — the turning away of the simjde; i.e., from duty and wisdom.
"For let them alone, and they need nobody but themselves to destroy
them ; their escaping dangers only making them more audacious to
run into them." — Patrick.
378 NOTES.
Chap. II.
3. — xf thou wilt call aloud, &c. ; i.e., if thou wilt, as it were, give
her a strong and pressing invitation to come and take possession of
thy soul.
5. Then shalt thou understand, &c. In chap. i. 7, he represents reli-
gion as the condition of attaining true wisdom. Here lie represents
religion as the effect of a sincere and earnest search after wisdom.
6. For the Lord giveth wisdom. And let no one doubt that he will
find true wisdom, if he seek for it in the right way ; for God gives it
to such as dihgently seek for it. (Comp. Job xxxii. 8, xxxviii. 36;
Dan. ii. 21; James i. 5, 17.)
9. Then shalt thou understand, &c. This verse is connected in sense
with ver. 5 ; ver. 6-8 being parenthetic.
10. — wisdom entereth — knowledge is pleasant, &.c. The language in
this verse seems to be borrowed from the entertainment of guests.
Wisdom then enters the heart, as her habitation, and is pleasant to
one; i.e., is cherished by him as his dearest friend, when it is not
merely speculative, but a living, practical principle.
16. — wife of another ; i.e., the adulteress, who is here not a for-
eigner (comp. ver. 17). It is commonly said that the adulteress is
called a strange woman, because that class of people were usually women
of foreign origin. It is probable, however, that the term itself often
denotes simply one of a strange lamily, one not belonging to the
taniily of the tempted person.
17. — friend of her youth ; i.e., the husband to whom she was united
when young. — covenant of her God; i.e., the marriage covenant, in
contracting which, God was called to witness by the parties. (Comp.
Mai. ii. 14.)
18. — shades of the dead. tJ'^i^t'l, literally, the weak; the shades or
ghosts of the dead, which the ancient Hebrews represented as dwell-
ing together in Sheol, destitute of blood and animal life, and therefore
weak and languid, like a sick person (Isa. xiv. 10), but yet having
some faculties, such as perception and memory.
19. — return again ; — patlis of life. The image of the preceding
verse seems to be continued ; and the representation is, that it is as
difficult for one who has become intimate with an adulteress to recover
from the moral and temporal ruin in which ho involves himself, as it
is for one who has gone down to the place of the dead to return to the
land of the living.
21. — dicell in the land. To dwell till death in the land of Israel,
the glory of all lands, the land of many promises, and not to be driven
from it into a foreign country, was considered an inestimable blessing
by every true Hebrew. Hence it was used as an image of the highest
good. It is often difficult, as in this passage, to decide whether the
expression is to be understood in a literal or a figurative sense. In
Matt. V. 5, occurs the figurative use of the expression.
PROVERBS. 379
Chap. III.
2. — peace ; i.e., prosperity, satisfaction, that which is the object of
every one's desire and pursuit, and that which he wishes for his
friend.
3. — kindness and truth. On account of tlie latter clause of the
verse, I understand these words as denoting the duties of humanity,
sincerity, and justice in man. Others, on account of the use of the
terms in otlier passages to denote the favor of God, and his faithful-
ness to his promises, understand them in the same sense here ; and
suppose the pronoun them, in the next line, to refer back to precepts in
ver. 1. — around thy neck; i.e., let them never be forgotten or neg-
lected, as you cannot fail to see and care for the ornamental chains
which you wear around your neck.
5. — lean not, &c. ; as one leans upon a staff. The precept in this
line is limited and explained by the preceding parallel line. It is, that
no one should trust to gain the ends which he seeks, or to obtain hap-
piness, by his own sagacity and wisdom, without the Divine blessing ;
that the favor of God is more essential to a happy life than any
labored plans which the human understanding can devise.
8. — thy muscles ; which, with the bones mentioned in the next line,
were meant to denote the whole body. — moisture to thy bones; the
bones being supposed to be dried up in sickness. (See xvii. 22; Job
xxi. 21; Ps. cii. 3.)
9. Honor the Lord, &c. ; i.e., obey the directions of the law by
bringing thy oblations to the house of God, and offering the first-fruits
of the harvest and the vintage, in token of thy gratitude and
dependence.
18. — tree of life ; i.e., a tree, the fruits of which lengthen life. It
is also probable that the expression has reference to the tree of life in
paradise (Gen. ii. 9, iii. 22), here used as the emblem of constant and
durable happiness.
20. — deep waters were cleft ; i.e., separated into two masses, one
above and the other beneath the firmament, according to the account
in Gen. i. 6, 7. With the mass of waters above the firmament were
supposed to be connected the clouds which drop down the dew.
22. — life to thy soul ; i.e., these precepts, being observed, will give
thee animation, cheerfulness, and vigor, when other things fail thee.
— grace to thy neck ; i.e., they shall be ornamental to thee, and secure
thee favor and admiration more than the neck-chain which is worn to
adorn the body. (Conip. i. 9.)
25. — storm ; the same word which is used in chap. i. 27.
34. — treateth scornfully. I suppose this means simply, that God
will punish the scorners, without reference to any particular mode of
punishment. So, in the New Testament, we read, " If any man cor-
rupt the temple of God, God will corrupt him ; " as it stands in the
original. (1 Cor. iii. 17.) The particular expressions used, having
reference to the sin which is punished, are merely for strength and
emphasis. A similar use of threatening language is very common in
conversation.
35. — bear off; i.e., they shall take it up, and bear it off, as their
portion. Otherwise, shame shall bear off fools ; i.e., sweep them away
like chaflf.
880 NOTES.
Chap. IV.
1. — of a father. See the note on i. 8.
4. — and live. An emphatic expression, and sufficiently agreeable
to the English as well as the Hebrew idiom, for " thou shalt live," i.e ,
live happily.
7. — principal thincj ; i.e., the most excellent of all possessions.
9. See the note on i. 9.
12. — goest, — runnest; " if thy actions and designs have no other rule,
thou shalt be at ease, and free from those straits and difficulties which
others meet withal ; and, in case thy business shall require haste, this
will be the safest, as well as the most inofiensive (if not the shortest),
way to accomplish thy ends."
13. — thy life ; i.e., thy most precious treasure, — that upon which
all happiness depends.
16. — caused some to fall ; i.e., to stumble and fall over the stumbling-
blocks set in their path. The expression in this verse may denote
that the wicked rest not till they have brought some one to ruin by
plunder, &c. ; or till they have seduced some one to become a partaker
of their wickedness. The former meaning seems to be most favored
by the connection.
17. — bread of iciclrdness, — ivine of violence ; i.e., obtained by dis-
honesty and rapine, and not by honest' labors. Others understand the
verse as denoting, that it is very agreeable to the wicked, like bread
and wine to them, to do mischief.
18. — light of dawn ; i.e., it is full of brigh.tness and joy. Their
way shines to themselves, in the joy and comfort of it ; before others,
in the lustre and honor of it. It is a growing light : it shines more and
more, not like the light of a meteor, which soon disappears, or that
of a candle, which burns dim and burns down ; but like that of the
dawn, which is soon followed by that of the rising sun, which will
arrive, in the end, at the perfect day. The light of the dayspring
will at length be noonday light, and it is this to which the righteous
are pressing forward.
19. — at what they stmnhle ; i.e., like travellers in a dark and dan-
gerous road, they are in constant danger of falling into ruin,
21. — in the midst of tliy heart; i.e., as a most precious treasure,
which is kept, not in an outer apartment, but in the innermost recesses
of the house.
22. — health; more literally, healing.
23. For from it goeth forth life. I understand this line to mean,
that as natural life, nian's most precious possession, depends upon
the heart, so his true happiness, his well-being, depends upon a well-
regulated mind and well-regulated affections. (See ver. 13.)
25. Let thine eyes look straight forward. The phraseology of this
verse is borrowed from a traveller who keeps fixed in the direction of
the road, and does not allow his eyes to wander on one side and the
other, lest by so doing he should stumble over a stone, or fall into a
hole. The precept points out the necessity of being on our guard
against the seductions of the wicked, of directing all our actions by a
good intention to a right end, and of not allowing the mind to' be
diverted trom it by any temptations.
26. — be steadfast; i.e., not turning, now in one direction, now in
another. The thought is exj^ressed more clearly in the next verse
PROVERBS. 881
Chap. V.
2. — lips jnay preserve hiowledije ; i.e., not only lay up wisdom fof
thyself, but be ready to impart it, as thou shalt have opportunity.
4. But her end is, &e. ; i.e., the end to which she leads her victims.
5. — the underworld. The meaning is, that the harlot, quickly and
surely, leads those wlio follow her to death.
6. — ponder the wai/ of life; and so turn to it from the way to Sheol.
Her paths are unsteady and vacillating, while she is unconscious of it ;
i.e., she is so absorbed and bewildered in her vacillating course of
life, that she fails to ponder the path of safety and happiness.
9. — thi/ bloom ; i.e., the beauty and strength of thy body. — thij
years; i.e., thy life. — others, &c. The plural may be used as refer-
ring, not only to the harlot, but to her base attendants and children.
— a cruel one. This may refer to a cruel master to whom he might be
sold for the crime of adultery.
11. — thy flesh and thy body are consumed; i.e., well-nigh consumed ;
when thou art reduced to a mere skeleton.
14. In the vddst of the congrex/ation, &c. ; i.e., so as to be a public
example and a shameful spectacle to all men. Some suppose that the
line has reference to condemnation for adultery in court, or to stoning
in the midst of a multitude.
15. Drink icater, &c. ; i.e., be faithful to thine own marriage bed.
Similar images occur in Num. xxiv. 7 ; Ps. Ixviii. 26 ; Cant. iv. 12 ;
Isa. xlviii. 1 ; Hos. xiii. 15 ; Sirach xxvi. 12.
16. — thy fl)untains, &c. ; i.e., thy children which shall be numerous.
(Comp. Num. xxiv. 7; Isa. xlviii. 1.) I see no sufficient reason for
altering the Hebrew text by conjecture, so as to make another mean-
ing, by the insertion of a negative, according to a few manuscripts of
the Sei)tuagint.
17. — thee alone; i.e., thou.mayst be confident that the children
of your wife are truly yours ; whereas the children of harlots are of
uncertain paternity. (Comp. Sirach xxvi. 19-21.)
18. — thy fountain ; i.e., thy wife. — shall be blessed; i.e., have a
numerous offspring. (Comp. Ps. cxxviii. 3.)
19. A lovely hind, a graceful doe. The Arabs have the proverbial
expression, "More beautiful than the ibex, or mountain-goat." (See
Bochart, tom. ii. p. 899.) It appears also from Bochart, that the ibex
was domesticated for amusement, as a lovely creature which they
delighted to adorn with chains, garlands, &c. Roberts, ad loc, says,
" The hind is celebrated for affection to her mate ; hence, in the East,
a man, in speaking of his wife, often calls her by that name."
(Comp. Cant. ii. 9, &c.)
21. — the eyes, &c. The most secret sins, such as that condemned
in this chapter, are known to God, as well as the most public trans-
gressions.
22. — ensnare — cords, &c. The image is borrowed from the condi-
tion of a wild beast or bird, caught in the nets of the hunter. The
inevitable miseries or punishment of transgression are set forth. It
brings a man into captivity to misery.
382 NOTES.
Chap. VL
1. — stricken hands. This expression denotes the same thing as
the expression become a surety, in the parallel line. If, by giving thy
hand to a creditor in presence of the debtor, thou hast become respon-
sible for the debt of the latter.
2. — ensnared. Comp. ver. 5.
3. — fallen into the hands, &c. This may denote that the surety lias
placed himself at the mercy of the debtor, who, by neglect or misfor-
tune, may expose him to the paj^ment of the debt ; or at the mercy of
tlie creditor. From what follows, the first seems the more probable
explanation. — prostrate thyself, &c. ; i.e., earnestly entreat the debtor,
for whom you have become bound, to pay the debt, and thus release
you from the obligation which you have assumed.
5. — as a roe. The comparison may refer to the anxiety and the
efforts of the roe or gazelle to extricate itself, or to the speed with
which it runs away. The fleetness of the animal is proverbial in the
countries which it inhabits. (See Robinson's Calmet, art. Antelo/ie.)
7. — overseer, &c. The diligence of the ant is the more remarka-
ble, as it has no overseer to exact its labor. It is worth mentioning,
that Aristotle, having spoken of cranes, bees, and ants as living in a
political state, says that the two former lived under a ruler, the latter
not.
8. — in the summer her food ; as a provision for winter. The illus-
tration is borrowed from what was a universal notion in ancient
times respecting the ant. But the ant is now supposed to pass the
winter, in cold climates, in a torpid state.
10. A little sleep, &c. This verse is to be regarded as the expostu-
lation of the sluggard, when called upon to leave his bed.
11. — like a robber; i.e., swiftly, unexpectedly, irresistibly. (Comp.
ver. 15.)
V2. A worthless ivretch ; literally, a man of Belial. An expression
denoting mingled abhorrence and contempt ; the most reproachful epi-
thet which one Hebrew could apply to aiiotlier.
13. — ivinketh with his eyes ; who intimates, by signs with the eyes,
hands, or feet, the base designs which he is afraid or ashamed to
express in plain words, or which he wishes to conceal from persons
who are present. — S}>eaketh with his feet, — teacheth icith las fingers.
Roberts, in his Illustrations (p. 366), observes, " When the Easterns
are in tlieir houses, they wear no sandals, so their feet and toes are
exposed. When guests wish to speak with each other so as not to
be observed by the host, they convey their meaning by the feet and
toes. Does a jierson wish to leave a room with another, he lifts
up one of his feet ; and, should the otlier refuse, he also lifts up a
foot, and then suddenly puts it down on the ground." — " When mer-
chants wish to bargatu in presence of others without making known
their terms, they sit on the ground, have a piece of cloth thrown over
the lap, and tlien put each a hand under, and thus speak with their
fingers. When the Brahmins convey religious mysteries to their
disciples, they teach with their fingers, having the hands concealed in
the folds of their robes."
PROVERBS. 383
16. — six — sf^ven. This mode of enumeration is found in otlier
parts of the Old Testament, as also in the sententious compositions of
the Arabs and Persians. (See Kos. ad loc. Comi). xxx. 18, 29; Job
V. 19; EccL xi. 2.)
17. Lo/}i/ eyes; i.e., pride, hauglitiness.
21. — around thij neck. See i. 9, iii. 3, and the note.
22. — they shall (/aide; i.e., the commandment and the precepts,
ver. 20.
23. — to life ; i.e., to true, solid, lasting happiness ; so misery is
expressed by the term death.
25. — catch thee, &c. ; i.e., suffer not thyself to be caught in the nets
of her wanton eyes. Perhaps the eyelids in particular are mentioned,
because it was the custom in the East to paint them. (See note on
Jer. iv. 30.)
26. — precious life ; i.e., shortens life by starvation, in reference to
the parallel line; or by the jealousy of the husband (see 33-35), or in
some other way.
30. — overlook; i.e., do not let him go unpunished, though he .may
plead an excuse, which the adulterer cannot. The thief had no food,
and stole some ; the adulterer had a wife, or might have had, and yet
corrupted his neighbor's wife.
35. — content ; to remit the penalty of death. (See Lev. xx. 10.)
Chap. VII.
3. — upon thy fingers ; like a ring, which is not out of sight, and
which is kept with the utmost care.
4. Say imto ivisdom, &c. ; be as well acquainted, as famihar, with
wisdom as with a beloved sister. (Comp. Job xvii. 14.)
8. — her corner. The expression here probably denotes the house
of the harlot, as is suggested by the parallel line ; and not merely her
temporary station, as in ver. 12.
11. — unruly. The term is applied in Hos. iv. 16 to an untamed
heifer.
14. — have been upon me; i.e., avow to pay them has been upon
me. These thank-offerings, or peace-offerings, consisted of oxen,
sheep, or goats, which were offered in acknowledgment of some bless-
ings received. Considerable portions of these victims used to be
returned by the priests to those who offered them, and afforded mate-
rials for a feast, to wliich they used to invite their neighbors and
friends.
17. — sprinkled, &c. ; i.e., with the liquid extract of the spices men-
tioned.
22. — as one in fetters to the chastisement of the fool. " One in fetters '*
corresponds to the ox in the parallel line, and denotes the unresisting
spirit and the forgetfulness, or disregard of consequences, with which
the young man follows the allurements of forbidden pleasure. Other-
wise, as fetters, &c. For a defence- of the version which I have
adopted, I refer to Buxtorf 's Lexicon, or Gesenius's Thesaurus, on the
term DSJ?.
384 NOTES.
Chap. VIII.
X. — wisdom. It is difficult to conceive that any one who attends
to what is said of wisdom in the Book of Proverhs, and compares this
cha])ter with chap. i. 20, «S:C., iii. 13, 20, and ix. 1-0, sliould fail to per-
ceive that the author personifies tlie attribute of wisdom ; that he
represents wisdom as a female and a queen, dispensing her rewards to
tliose who gain her acquaintance, and tlie assistant of the Almiglity
in the creation of the world. Eespecting the theory, that the autlior
describes a real })erson, the Messiah, or Jesus Christ, it is sufficient to
say, that there is no proof of it, either in this book or in any part of the
Old or New Testament ; and of course it devolves upon those who main-
tain that any thing more than the attribute of wisdom is described to
prove it. For what the author professes to describe is ivisdom. (Comp.
Job xxviii. 25-28.) Adam Clarke remarks on this verse : — "Here
wisdom is again personified ; but the prosopopoeia is carried on to a
greater length than before, and with much more variety. It is rep-
resented in this chapter in a twofold point of view : 1. Wisdom, the
power of judging rightly, implying the knowledge of divine and
human things. 2. As an attribute of God, particularly displayed in
the various and astonishing works of creation. Nor has it any other
meaning in this whole chapter, whatever some of the Fathers may
have dreamed, who find allegorical meanings every where.''
2. — top of the high places; where heralds often made their procla-
mations. (Comp. Luke xii. 3.)
9. — to the man of undersla/idiny ; i.e., who does not, like a fool,
despise instruction.
12. — dwell with prudence ; i.e., between wisdom and prudence there
is an intimate union. Those who have wisdom will have sound dis-
cretion in the conduct of life.
13. In connection with the discourse in praise of wisdom, this
verse seems to mean, that with true wisdom is connected that fear
of God which leads to hohness of life ; in other words, that the wise
man will manifest his religion in his life. (Comp. 1 John iv. 20.)
14. Counsel; the capacit}^ of managing difficult affairs, and bring-
ing them to a successful issue. — / have strength. So Eccl. vii. 19,
" Wisdom strengthens the wise more than ten mighty men," &c.
15. — kings reign; i.e., the thrones of kings can be securely estab-
lished, and the regal duties successfully discharged, only upon the prin-
ciples of true wisdom.
17. / love them, &c. The lovers and seekers of wisdom shall attain
it, and the blessings which it confers.
18. — are ivith me; i.e., in order to be bestowed upon those who seek
and find me. (Comp. iii. 16.)
22. — created me, &c. Created, or formed, is the primary meaning
af the verb T'\2'Q. (See Gesenius's Thesaurus.) It is so translated by
the Septuagint, Chaldee, and old Syriac versions. Thus also in Gen.
xiv, 19, " The most higli God, who made heaven and earth," the same
word is used. So also in Deut. xxxii. 6, " Is he not thy father, that
created thee ? " So Ps. cxxxix. 13, " Thou hast created my reins."
PROVERBS. 385
The meaning created, or formed, seems also to lie confirmed by ver. 25,
Before the hills, I teas brought forth." (See also the Son of Siracii,
chap. xxiv. 9.) At the time when visdom, in this passage, was regarded
as a real person, and not a mere rhetorical personification of an attri-
bute, there was a controversy between the Arians and Athanasians,
whether tiie term in question should be rendered created or possessed.
Some of the latter contended, that sKTtae was a corrupt reading of the
Septuagint for tKr/jaaro ; and some, that the passage related to the hu-
man nature of Christ. Since the true view has prevailed, that wisdom
is only personified, the rendering created, ov formed, has been regarded
as more agreeable to the connection. — the firstling of his ivay ; i.e., tlie
first production of his operating, creative energy ; i.e., when Jehovah
went forth, or proceeded, to create the world, when he commenced his
way, course, or process of creation, I was his first production. He caused
rae to proceed from himself to be his assistant in producing a we!l-
ordered world out of chaos. In Job xxvi. 14, xl. 19, the term Tj"!",
way, in the plural, denotes the icorlcs of God. Tlie i&vxn first has refer-
ence to time chiefly, but has connected with it the idea of superiority
or excellence. It is the same term which is used in Gen. xlix. 8,
" Keuben, thou art my first-born, the firstling of my strength." It is
also the term which is applied to the firstfruits offered in the temple
(Lev. ii. 12, xxiii. 10; Deut. xviii. 4, xxvi. 10). The term is also used
to denote the chief of its kind, dropping the idea of priority in time-
Thus, the river-horse is called the chief of the works (hterally, ivays)
of God. As to the \Aiim, literal meaning of the verse, and of the fol-
lowing passage, it is simply that wisdom was exercised, or put forth,
as the antecedent condition of the production of the world, or that the
world was made by tlie wisdom of God, as in Jer. li. 15, " He estab-
lished the world by his wisdom, and by his understanding he spread
out the heavens." (So Prov. iii. 19; Ps. civ. 24 ; Job xxviii. 25-28.)
God's putting forth of wisdom being regarded as antecedent in time to
the actual creation of the visible world, the author, who had previ-
ously repi'esented wisdom as having length of days in her right hand,
and in her left hand riches and honor, here, by a bold figure, personifies
wisdom as being formed to be the assistant, counsellor, and, as it were,
architect of the Deity, in the formation of the world out of chaos. This
bold personification is perfectly agreeable to the genius of the Hebrew
poets, who represent Zion as "stretching out her hands, having none
to comfort her ; " the inanimate ways which lead to the temple, as
"mourning because none came to the solemn feasts," and the trees of
the field as " clapping their hands," in token of joy when the ransomed
of Jehovah returned to Zion. (See the note on ver. 1.) The design
of the author is to give the very highest praise of wisdom, by represent-
ing it as not confined to common affairs, not even to the office of kings,
and as not being of modern or human origin ; but that it was older
than the creation, and that without its aid the Almighty formed no
part of his works. The eulogies upon law by Cicero and Hooker pro-
ceeded from a similar train of thought. See Cicero de Legibus, lib.
ii. cap. 4, and Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity, at the end of book 1,
where we read, " Of law there can be no less acknowledged than
that her seat is the bosom of God, her voice the harmony of the
17
386 NOTES.
world : all things in heaven and earth do her homage, the veiy least
as feeling her care, and the greatest as not exempted from her power ;
both angels and men, and creatures of what condition soever, though
each in ditierent sort and manner, yet all with uniform consent, admir-
ing lier as the mother of their peace and joj." The writer's idea of
the creation of wisdom belongs merely to tlie rlietorical personification
of it. Before we can conceive of wisdom as waiting upon the Deity
as a person, we must suppose her created. But the simple idea on
which the personification was founded is, that the exercise of wisdom
by God preceded the creation of the world, as the condition of its
order and beauty.
23. — anointecV Wisdum is the most ancient queen in the world.
God himself anointed her as such, before the origin of the visible
world.
27. — drew a circle, &c. ; i.e., by causing the apparently concave
surface of the. sky to form a cnrved boundary to tlie w'aters which
surrounded the earth, according to the opinion of the ancients. (Comp.
Job xxvi. 10.)
29. — border ; i.e., the shore of the sea. — foundations. The earth
is here represented as a house or building having foundations, &c.
30. — as a master-builder. This meaning of the term '^IT^ii, I re-
gard as, on the whole, better supported by usage (comp. Cant. vii. 2),
and by the scope and connection of the passage, than the meaning
foster-child, wdiich is preferred by some critics. The termination of
the Hebrew term is masculine, for which an obvious reason may be
given, if it denotes an artist or architect, and none if it denote a foster
child. It appears most consistent with the general design of the pas-
sage, or with what we must suppose to be its literal meaning, to
imderstand wisdom to be repret-ented as the counsellor, as it were, the
architect of the Deity, in the formation and furnishing of the world.
As to the term exult, which, according to a more literal translation
would be play, spoi-t, or dance, which is thought to be more favorable to
the Ycnderini^ foster-child , I suppose it refiers to the exultation of wis-
dom in the abundant and, as it were, lavish manifestation of her skill,
and the ease witli which she exercised it ; perhaps it may even refer
to the pleasure with which the Deity is represented as looking upon
the work of each day of creation. " And God saw that it was good."
In the Book of Job, to denote the terrible nature of the crocodile, it is
said, "In his neck dwells strength, and terror dances before him."
Tlie rendering master-builder, or architect, is favored by tlie Septuagint
and Vulgate, dpfio^ovaa, cuncta componens. Luther also renders the
term wcrkmeister, master-ivorkman.
31. Exultin<i, &c. This verse is well paraphrased by Patrick.
" More particularly I displayed my skill in the vast variety of crea-
tures wherewith I'have beautified this earth wherein you dwell, which
afford a most delightful spectacle unto me and unto all wise observers,
who may see, that, above all the rest, my principal thoughts were fixed
upon the children of men (Gen. i. 20), in whom I delighted exceed-
ingly, beholding them made in the image of God and after liis hke-
uess, capable to converse with me."
34. — watcheth day by day at viy gates. I suppose the language to be
PROVERBS. 387
borrowed from the practice of those persons in the East who waited at
the doors of rulers or persons of eminence, in order to be admitted to
tlieir presence, or to speak to them as tliey came out, and thus gain
the favors wliich they had in view. Otliers supi)ose the hmguage to
be borrowed from the case of a h)ver, waiting at the door of his mis-
tress ; or of scliolars at the door of a schooL
35. — Jindeth life ; i.e., the greatest blessing, true liappiness.
36. — love death ; i.e., behave as though they courted their own
destruction.
Chap. IX.
1. — budded her house. By a personification somewhat different
from the preceding, wisdom is represented as a queen, having built a
splendid palace, and prepared a rich feast, to wliich she invites the
sons of men, who will receive no less life, vigor, strength, and joy
from her instructions than the body does, when it partakes of a liberal
and most delicious feast. — seven pillars. Seven was regarded as the
full, perfect, and sacred number, not only by the Hebrews, but by
the Arabians and Persians.
2. — mingled her irine ; i.e., either with spices, to make it strong and
well flavored, as in chap, xxiii. 30 ; or with water, to make it more
refi'eshing and wholesome.
3. — maidens. Wisdom being represented as a female, of course
her attendants are maidens. — She crieth aloud ; i.e., by means of her
messengers.
7. — shame ; — a stain ; i.e., by being the object of the scoffer's re-
proaches and maledictions. It is the part of an enlightened conscience
and a sound judgment to decide when admonition may be offered with
the prospect of doing good. (Comp. Matt. vii. 6.)
12. — hear it; i.e., the consequences or punishment of thy scoff-
ing.
13. The foolish woman. This may be intended as a personification
of folly, so as to form a contrast with the preceding personification of
wisdom. But as the term woman is expressly mentioned, and as the
description, especially in ver. 17, 18, compared with chap. ii. 18, v. 5,
is that of a harlot, and as in this book the transition is frequent fi'om
discoursing of wisdom to warning against harlots (see chap. ii. 16 ;
V. 3 ; vii. 5), it is more probable that a literal harlot, rather than a per-
sonification of folly as a harlot, may be here intended.
17. — bread, &c. Comp. chap. xxx. 20.
18. — the dead are there; i.e., the shades, or ghosts. (See chap. ii. 18,
and the note.) The foolish man does not consider, that, by entering
the house of the harlot, he joins himself to the company of the shades
in the miderworld ; i.e., he brings destruction upon himself.
Chap. X.
1. The Proverbs, &c. With this chapter begins the collection of
proverbs properly so called ; i.e., aphorisms following each other with-
out connection. Hence the new title, the preceding part being re-
garded as an introduction to the proper proverbs. Perhaps, /oo, thev
may have once existed in a separate collection.
388 NOTES.
2. Treasures of rvickedness ; wealth gained by unjust means. Ill got,
ill spent. — righteousness delivereth, &c. Some, without necessity,
understand this term as referring particularly to beuellcence, as it
sometimes does.
3. — craving; i.e., the avaricious desires of those who make haste
to be rich, even by unjust means.
5. — gathereth ; i.e., the fruits of the earth. — son causing shame;
i.e., one who disgraces himself and his family by his folly, and tlie
poverty and misery which are tlie consequences of it.
6. — of the just ; i.e., on account of the good which is done by th.em.
— concealeth violence; while the wicked, by hypocritical professions
or studied silence, conceal tl.e injury Avhich tliey intend to inflict.
7. — rot ; and, of course, be oliensive and loathsome.
8. — the foolish talker ; i.e., who is so full of his own talk as not to
listen to the advice of the wise. — falleth headlong J' i.e., involves him-
self in danger and trouble.
9. — perverteth his ivays; i.e., turns aside from the right way into
crooked by-paths ; i.e., practises deceit and fraud.
10. — winketh ivitli the eye, &c. ; i.e., the silent language of knavery
is as pernicious as the undisguised perpetration of it. (See chap. vi.
13, and the note.)
11. — fountain of life ; i.e., utters what is useful and wholesome to
himself and others. (See ver. 6, and the note.)
12. — covereth all offences; i.e., overlooks, puts them out of sight, or
forgives them.
13. The drift of this proverb seems to be, that the wise man is pru-
dent in his words, and receives no blows ; whilst the foolish man, by
imprudent speeches, provokes and receives chastisement.
14. — treasure up; i.e., do not let out every thing without regard
to time or place, but reserve it for a fit opportunity ; while the fool sel-
dom opens his mouth but it proves a swift mischief to himself.
15. — strong citg ; i.e., in certain circumstances, wealth may pur-
chase safety, while the jioor man cannot avoid destruction.
IG. — to life; i.e., to true happiness. — to sin; which implies guilt
and punishment, or ruin.
18. — hidcth hatred; i.e., by friendly deportment to the object of
hatred. Disguised hatred and open slander are both condemned.
21. — feed many ; i.e., strengthen and nourish them for the enjoy-
ment of true happiness by their discourses.
23. — hath u-isdom: i.e., which keeps him from mischief, and makes
him rather find happiness in doing well.
2-4. The fear of the wicked; i.e., that which he fears.
25. — When the ichirhcind ; i.e., when the punishment due to the
wicked comes like a whirlwind. — everlasting foundation ; i.e., he is
safe from the whirlwind : his happiness is secure.
26. — sluggard; a dilatory, faithless agent or messenger causes
the utmost vexation, by keex)ing his employers in suspense and
anxiety.
29. TJie ivay of the Loixl, &c. By this phrase is commonly meant the
way in which tlie Lord requires man to walk. But it also means
the way in wliicli God walks; i.e., his providence or government.
Either meaning is admissible hero. Perhaps the latter is preferable;
PROVERBS. 389
in wliicli case, the second line might be rendered, Bat destruction for
them that do iniquittj.
30. — the land. See cliap. ii. 21, 22, and the note.
31. — yieldeth icisdom ; i.e., abundantly and constantly : therefore he
shall not be cut down, but be cherished and prosper; while he who
uses his tongue perversely shall be cut down like a tree that cumbers
the ground.
Chap. XI.
2. — liinnhJe is irisdom. If we interpret this in connection with
tlie parallel line, the idea is, that the humble man is wise, inasmuch
as he escapes the pain and shame which often follow pride.
4. — the daij of icralh ; i.e., the time when God brings judgments
or punishment upon men for their sins.
6. — mischief; i.e., which they design for others. Otherwise, But
the treacherous are emnared in their oicn desires.
7. — the expectation. Sac. ; i.e., death utterly destroys all his plans
and projects ; wliatever he expected to accompiish.
11. — blestinfi of the itpricjhi; their words, their wise counsels and
admonitions, which operate as a blessing.
12. — despiseih his neigJihor, &c. " It is a great weakness to speak
contemptuously of any man, or to render him ridiculous (for no man
is so mean but he is sensible of desjiisal, and may find ways to sliow
his resentment) ; therefore a thoroughly prudent person, whatsoever
he thinks of others, says nothing to their reproach." — Patrick.
16. Beauty and gracefulness of manners are to women what
strength and valor are to men.
17. — He tliat doeth good to himself; i.e., he who enjoys the boun-
ties of Providence freely is likely to be generous to others ; while he
who denies himself the common enjoyments, and even necessaries, of
life is likely to be cruel to others. (Comp. Sirach xiv. 5, 6.) On
the ground of grammatical construction, either rendering is allowable.
It is a proverb against asceticism.
18. — deceitful, icar/es; i.e., which disappoint his expectations, or
even bring pain instead of pleasure.
" Ye plough wickedness, 30 .shall reap wretchedness ;
Ye shall eat unlooked-for fruit." — Hos. x. 13.
21. From generation to generation ; literally, hand to hand. That I have
given the true meaning is probable from the parallel line, and from
the circumstance, that a similar phraseology is in use among the Per-
sians, as has been shown by Schultens ad loc. See also Gesen. The-
saurus on l'^.
22. — jeicel of gold. The Hebrew ladies wore rings suspended
from the nostril "by a hole bored through it ; a custom- Avhich still pre-
vails in the East. (Isa. iii. 21 ; Ezek. xvi. 12.) Paul Lucas, as quoted
by Bishop Lowth, speaking of a village a little this side of the Eu-
phrates, says, " They have almost all of them the nose bored, and
wear in it a great ring." — without discretion. Probably a dissolute
woman is intended. " She may have the ornament ; her mien may be
graceful, and her person attractive ; but, without the matchless jew< I
390 NOTES.
of virtue, she is like tlie swine, with a gem in his nose, wallowing in
the mire. ' The most beautiful ornament of a woman is virtue.' Ta-
mul proverb." — Roberts.
28. — desire of the riijliteous, &c. ; i.e., the desires and expectations
of the righteous shall not be disappointed, but shall terminate in good ;
while the expectation of the wicked shall end in their punishment or
ruin. (Comp. Job xi. 20.)
26. — keepeth back ; i.e., in order to obtain an exorbitant price for
it in a time of scarcity. — selleth it; i.e., at a reasonable juice,
without taking advantage of the necessities of the people.
27. — seeketh furor; i.e., by seeking to do good, he shall obtain
favor. — seeketh mischief; i.e., to do mischief.
28. — shall fall ; as a withered leaf. — as a leaf; i.e., a verdant
leaf, receiving its proper nourrshment from the tree.
2y. — harasseth his household, &c. ; i.e., by exacting of tliem excess-
ive labor, refusing them proper food, and treating them with unkind-
ness and severity, thus alienating their affections, anTl rendering them
careless of his interest. — inherit wind ; i.e., find nothing but disap-
pointment and vanity.
80. The f rait, &c. ; i.e., that Avhich a righteous man says and does,
or the inlluence which goes from him, becomes a principle of moral
life and happiness to others. — ivinneth souls; i.e., the wise man cap-
tivates others by his wisdom, and leads them to imitate him.
31. Behold, the rif/hteons, &c. ; i.e., they are punished for those occa-
sional ofiences which through infirmity they commit : much more
shall the habitually wicked be punished for the sins which they com-
mit, not througli infirmity, but with a high hand.
Chap. XII.
1. — lovefh correction ; he who is not only willing to receive instruc-
tion, but even admonition and rebuke, shows that he is a true lover
of -knowledge, by accepting the terms, however unwelcome, by which
alone it can be obtained.
3. — root of the ri(/hteous, &c. ; i.e., "But the righteous, like a tree
that hath taken a deep root in the earth, though shaken by storms and
tempests, shall remain unmovable, in a flourisliing state." — Patrick.
4. — virtuous icoman, &c. See chap. xxxi. 10-31. "A wife that
strenuously emjiloys herself in her domestic afiairs, and can prudently
command her own ])assions and desires, is a singular ornan)ent and
honor to her liusbaud, who may well glory in his happiness ; but she,
whose haziness or lasciviousness or other infamous quality makes him
hang down his head for shame, is an incurable grief and vexation,
consuming him and all that he hath." — Patrick.
6. The icords of the wicked, &.Q.. This sentiment may have particu-
lar reference heie to high dignitaries, attendants at the courts of
princes, &c.
7. — house of the righteous, &c. ; i.e., his family shall be established
in durable succession.
9. — dcmeaneth himself, &c. ; i.e., he is far happier who makes no
show in the world, but has a competent estate, so as to be able to
maintain a servant, than he who appears in great splendor and pomp
PROVERBS. 391
abroad, but wants bread to eat when he is at home. The first line
may, though less probably, be rendered, Ue that demeaneth himself, and
is a servant to himself.
10. — the life of his beast ; implying that he attends to his food, rest,
&c.; much more to the welfare of his servants, dependants, &c. — ten-
der mercies; literally, the boicels of the wicked; i.e., which in others are
the seat of pity, in him are liardened and sliut up, and only stir him
up to cruelty. Instead of that mercj' which is natural to other men,
he has nothing but cruelty. (Comp. 2 Cor. vi. 12.)
11. — tilleih, &c. ; an example of any honest employment. — fol-
lou'eth, &c. ; i.e., but he that is idle, falling into tlie company of loose
and wicked persons, will find, at last, that he wants not only bread,
but understanding.
12. — preij of evil-doers ; literally, net; i.e., what is caught in a net,
prey ; here, such prey, or unlawful gain, as is obtained by evil-doers.
— yieldeth fruit; both for his own use, and that of others.
13. In the transgression of the lips is a danc/erous snare; i.e., he wlio
seeks to injure anotlier by false and malicious speeches will be sure to
bring himself into difficulty and trouble by such a course ; while the
man of truth and sincerity escapes such evils.
14. By the fruit, &c. ; i.e., he that employs his mouth with recti-
tude and benevolence shall be satisfied with the fruit or happy conse-
quences of such a^ course; and, for wh.atever good a man effects with
his liands, he shall receive an ample rewai'd.
15. — oicn eyes; i.e., a fool is so conceited, that he consults no-
body but himself; for, whatever he does, in his own opinion he is
always in tlie right: but a wise man will not rely upon his own judg-
ment alone, but, suspecting himself, will make use of the sound advice
of other men.
16. — instantly hnown ; i.e., he cannot defer showing his resent-
ments ; like a brute, lie immediately manifests it by his looks, words,
and actions. — ludeth insidt ; i.e., overlooks it, bears it with patience,
as beneath his resentment ; or, as some suppose, seems to take no no-
tice of it at the time, because he designs afterwards to revenge it.
17. He that speaketh the truth, &c. ; i.e., he who is accustomed to
speak trutli in common conversation may be depended upon as a witr
ness in court.
18. — hahhkth, &c. This remark seems to refer to that sort of
persons who deeply wound the feelings of others by thoughtless,
unguarded remarks, without respect to persons, times, and places.
— is health ; i.e., tends to promote mental peace and happiness.
19. The lip of truth, &c. Tliis verse probably denotes, not merely
tliat falsehood is speedily detected, whilst the truth is established, but
rather that the speaker of truth shall be established in peace and
happiness, while the liar shall be brought to ruin, (h^^e chap. x. ol.)
20. Deceit, &c. It has been inferred from the antithetic line in
this verse, that by deceit is intended self-deception or disappointment.
But, as the term is connected with the adjunct in the heart, I think it
better to understand it in the most obvious sense, of deceit practised
towards others, which will not terminate in the joy which is prom-
ised, in the next line, to those who counsel peace, but rather in vexa
tion of spirit.
892 NOTES.
23. — conceahth his knowledge; i.e., is not ostentatious of it, displays
it only at a proper season, is modest ; but a fool publishes his igno-
rance, as if he were ambitious that every one should know liow great
d fool he is.
26. — shoiceih Ms neujlibor the ivay. This reading was adopted by
Geier, Jolin Taylor in his Concordance, and sonie other of the older
critics. Tiiough not so strongly supported by usage as is desirable, it
has as good a claim on this ground as the common version, and affords
a better sense. It is adopted by Gesenius, De Wette, Ewald, Furst
in his Concordance, and Bertheau.
27. — ivill not roast his game. This is probably a proverbial expres-
sion, meaning that the slothful man will not enjoy the fruit of the
labors which he does perform : less probably, that he will not catch
his game, and so have none to roast.
28. — life ; — death. It is evident that these terms are used meta-
jjliorically to denote true happiness, and ruin or misei'y.
Chap. XIII.
2. — fruit of a man's month, «&c. He that makes a good use of his
mouth in speaking of others, giving good advice, or making wise obser-
vations, will reap the benefit of it himself — appetite, &c. ; i.e., the
wicked shall suffer the violence which they meditated against others.
3. — ope)teth icide ; i.e., speaks rashly and inconsiderately; lets out
every thing which comes into his head.
5. — causeth disgrace and shame; i.e., by uttering falsehoods, he
often brings undes^erved reproach and shame on others.
7. — hath nothing, &c. " You will be deceived, if you judge of men
by the outward appearance ; for there are those who have the vanity
to make a great show in the .world, when they are not worth a
farthing ; and others who are so cunning as to dissemble their vast
estates under the garb of poverty." — Patrick. Under the despotic
governments of the East, where property is insecure, tliere exist many
motives for the concealment of it. (Comp. chap. xii. 9.)
8. — tJie ransom of his life. This line may be imderstood in differ-
ent senses, as denoting either the inconvenience or the value of
wealth. According to the first, the meaning will be, that wealth has
not so great an advantage over poverty as is sometimes thought,
since it sometimes exposes its possessor, by means of false accusers
or thieves or tyrants, to the peril of his life, which he is obliged to
redeem by the sacrifice of his riches, while no one thinks it worth
while to bring accusations against the poor. Or the line may point
out tiie value of wealth ; namely, that it enables its possessor to pre-
i^orve his life when in imminent danger. The parallelism seems to
favor the first meaning.
y. — shall rejoice ; i.e., shine with a bright, cheerful light, like that
of the sun, as described in Ps. xix. 5; i.e., their prosperity shall be
great and lasting.
10. By pride, &c. " They that have a high conceit of themselves,
and will yield to none, declare their folly, in that they can do nothing
without strife and contention." — Patrick.
11. Wealth gotten by vanity, &c. ; i.e., without effort, by luck, irreg-
PROVERBS. 393
ularly. — gaihereth into the hand ; i.e., by regular labor gets it, as it
were, by the handful.
12. — tree of 'life. See chap. iii. 18, and the note.
13. — the word; i.e., of God. But it is uncertain wliether it refers
to the written word, or to the admonition of the prophets of God.
— be rewarded. Otlierwise, he in peace.
15. A good widersfanding ; i.e., manifesting itself in inoffensive
words and virtuous actions. — is hard ; i.e., instead of winning favor,
it provokes tlie enmity and opposition of men, and thus leads to vexa
tion and misery.
16. — acteth with knowledge: i.e., with due deliberation, undertaking
only what he understands. — spreadeth abroad his foUg ; i.e., by rashly
and hiconsiderately undertaking things beyond his strength, which of
course do not succeed. His folly is thus made known to all.
17. — into trouble; i.e., receives punishment for his perfidy or
negligence. — is health; i.e., by accomplishing the objects of his
mission, procures safety and benefit both for himself and for him that
sent him.
19. — an abomination, &c. ; i.e., this is the case, although the sure
consequence of continuing in their wicked course is disappointment
and failure.
22. — for the just ; i.e., in the course of Providence is transferred
from the families of tlie wicked to tliose of the good.
23. — fallow-ground of the poor. A poor man often grows rich by
hard labor on new or fiillow ground, which requires extraordinary
tillage ; and there are those who, despising labor, lose large estates
by dishonest attempts to increase them.
Chap. XIV.
1. — wise woman, &c. " By a prudent wife, one pious, indus-
trious, and considerate, the affairs of tlie family are made to prosper,
debts ai'e paid, portions raised, the children are well educated and
maintained, and the family has comfort within doors and credit
without. Thus is the house built. Siie looks upon it as her own
to take care of, though she knows it is her husband's to bear rule in
(Esth. i. 22) ; wliiie a foolish woman, the reverse of her that has
been described, will as certainly be the ruin of her house as if she
plucked it down with her own hands." — Henry.
2. — in nprighfness, &c. " By this we may know a man that has
grace and the fear of God reigning in him ; he walks in his npriqhtness,
he makes conscience of his actions, is faithful both to God and man,
and every stop he makes, as well as every step he takes, is by rule :
here is one that honors God. But, on the contrary, he that is perverse
in his waijs, tliat wilfully follows his own appetites and passions, that is
unjust and dishonest, and contradicts his profession in his conversa-
tion, however lie may pretend to devotion, lie is a wicked man, and
will be reckoned with as a despiser of God himself." — Henry.
3. — a scourge of his pride. " A fool is so insolent, that he boldly
calumniates and wounds the reputation of others, though it come
home at last with a terrible back-blow upon himself; but wise men
17*
394 NOTES.
are careful of tlieir words, not to offend, much less abuse, the meanest
person; and thereby they remain in safety." — Pati-ick.
4. — no oxen ; i.e., employed in agriculture by the husbandman.
— the crib is clean. This is a satirical way of saying that the barn is
destitute of fodder; tliere is a scarcity of provision. So cleanness of
teeth denotes a scarcity, in Amos iv. 6. " This shows the folly of those
who addict themselves to the pleasures of the country, but do not
mind tlse business of it ; who, as we say, keep more horses than kine,
more dogs than swine : their families must needs suffer by it."
5. A faithful witness, &c. "A pers'.m of integrity will not be pre-
vailed withal, either for fear or favor, to justify the least untruth. ; but
a man of no conscience, who hath accustomed himself to lying, cares
not how many falsehoods he testifies, which he utters without any
difficulty." —Tatrick.
6. — scoffer — man of understanding. By scoffer seems to be de-
noted a frivolous, superficial, irreverent inquirer, one inclined to turn
serious things into ridicule ; and by man of imderstandinf/, a man who
has correct feelings as well as a sound mind. In order to arrive at
truth, we must seek it with ri^ht views, dispositions, and feelings.
7. Bertheau supposes the meaning to be somewhat sarcastic.
When thou hast gone to a foolish man to learn any thhig, thou hast
gone to the wrong door. There is no knowledge there to be had.
8. — his ivay, &c. " The greatest cunning and subtlety that a
■ truly wise and good man studies is to understand what he ought to
do and what to avoid, upon all occasions ; but all the skill of wicked
men, such is their folly, lies in cheating tricks, and in devising arts
of circumvention and deceit." — Patrick. Possibly the meaning may
be, that the foolish man allows himself to be deceived.
9. — make a mock, &c. Bad men make no account of injuring
their neighbors, and therefore incur general hatred ; while upright
men, by being careful not to do wrong to any one, obtain general
favor. This proverb, like many others, is somewhat enigmatical ;
the evil consequence of the course of conduct mentioned in the first
line being implied in what is said of an opposite course of conduct in
the parallel line.
10. The heart, &c. Every one has griefs and joys, the causes of
which he cannot make known so as to secure the complete sympathy
of others. Men should be slow, therefore, in passing censure upon
their neighbors on account of their feelings of grief or joy.
12. — a uritj, &c. " Examine every tiling strictly and impartially,
and be not led merely by the appetite ; for that makes many actions
seem innocent, which, in the issue, prove deadly destructive." —
Patrick.
lo. Even in lanr/hfer, &c. This proverb may denote that men some-
times put on the appearance of joy, while tlieir hearts are full of pain,
which still recurs after all the efforts to disguise it. Or, the meaning
may be, that immoderate joy leaves the heart sad, and that sorrow
treads so close upon the heels of joy, that it may be said to follow it
immediately.
14. — ivith his own wai/s ; i.e., with tlie fruit, or evil consequences,
of his course of life. — from himself; i.e., from his works ; from his
temper of mind, course of life, and the natural consequences of it.
PROVERBS. 395
15. — to his steps ; i.e., proceeds cautiously, examining before he
trusts, and considering well before he does as he is advised.
16. — feareth; i.e., the consequences of transgression, especially
when he is reminded of them by a frieud. — is haughfi/; when he is
warned, &c.
18. — inherit folly ; i.e., they retain it as their inheritance or por-
tion ; that in which they delight.
19. — bow before the <j<x)d ; i.e., however prosperous and insolent for
a time, they are often reduced to the necessity of seeking the iavor of
the good in a humble manner. — at the gates ; i.e., as suppliants,
22. — fail of their end? literally, t/o aslray, wander.
20. — labor, &c. Working without talking will make men rich ;
but tallving without working will make men poor.
24. — isfolbj; i.e., their high honor or station is onlj^ a source of
folly, or the means of making it more conspicuous.
25. — lives; i.e., which are endangered by false accusation,
— lies ; although they thereby endanger the lives of the innocent.
26. — confidence ; ground of contidence, security ; parallel with
refuge. — his children ; i.e., the children of him who fears God, the
antecedent to his being implied in the expression, the fear of JeJiovah.
{Comp.'chap. xix. 23.)
28. — numerous people, &c. ; the true glory of a king consists not in
his personal splendor, his palaces, treasures, pomp, &c., but in a
numerous people, which he cannot have without good government.
30. A quiet heart, &c. " There is nothing conduces more to health
and happiness than a quiet, gentle, and contented mind ; but envy,
and such like fretful passions, is as miserable a torment and consuming
disease as rottenness in the bones."
31. — reproacheth his Maker ; because he is alike the Creator of the
rich and the poor. (Comp. Job xxxi. 15 ; Prov. xxii. 2.)
32. — is thrust down ; i.e., is ruined, perishes. Or the phrase may
figuratively denote the state of the sinner's mind, when he falls into
trouble ; that he is utterly cast down, or reduced to despair : while
the righteous, in the deej^st trouble, even in death, has hope in God,
33. — it will be made known ; i.e., what little may be there, as it were
by mere accident. " He tliat is truly wise hides his treasure, so as
not to boast of it, though he does not hide his talent, so as not to
trade with it. If fools have a little smattering of knowledge, they
take all occasions, though very foreign, to bring it in by head and
shoulders." — Kenry. Jarchi quotes from the Talmud the proverb,
" A small piece of money thrown into an empty pitcher makes a loud
sound ; while one that is full of money makes no sound."
34. — is sin ; i.e., caused by sin.
85. — causeth shame; i.e., who by ill management brings reproach
upon his prince.
Chap. XY.
2. — knoidedge pleasing ; by taking due care when and what, and
to whom and how, he speaks. — pourdh forth ; i.e., inconsiderately
and at random utters thoughts which amount only to folly.
4. — tree of life. See the note on chap. iii. 18. — wound in th"
spirit ; i.e., breaks the heart, as we say.
396 NOTES.
6 — imicTi ivealth. " A truly jiist and merciful man is verj rich,
whether he has little or much, because he is well contented, and what
he has is likely to continue in his family ; but there is much disquiet
and trouble in the greatest revenues of the wicked, wliich can neither
stay long with him, nor give him satistaction while he enjoys them."
7. — is not sound or stable ; i.e., has not stability or strength enough
to be relied on for good counsel.
8. The sacrifice of the loicked. " Even wicked men bring God sacri-
fices to stop the mouth of conscience, and to keep up their reputation
in the world, as maletactors come to a sanctuary, not because it is a
holy place, but because it shelters them from justice ; but their sacri-
fices are not offered in sincerity, nor from a good principle : they
dissemble with God, and in their conversations give the lie to their
devotions ; and, for that reason, they are an abomination to him, because
they are made a cloak for sin." But " God has such a love for
upright, good people, that, though they are not at the expense. of a
sacrifice, their prayer is a delight to him." The verse is a caution
against resting in mere ceremonial worship without moral virtue.
(Comp. Ps. 1.)
10. — fijrsaketh the way ; i.e., the way of rectitude ; -the way pre-
scribed by God.
12. — to the loise ; lest he should receive rebuke.
13. — spirit is broken ; which will be manifested in a wo-begone
countenance, as is implied by the parallel line.
14. — feedeth upon foil j ; vain and foolish things are meat and drink
to them.
15. — afflicted; i.e., in spirit. A melancholy spirit renders the
brightest day dark. The mind gives to outward objects their color
and complexion.
19. — the slothful, &c. "A slothful man, when he has anything
to do, feigns to himself most grievous difficulties, which he fancies
or pretends are impossible to be overcome ; but those very things
seem easy to the industry of honest-hearted men, who go on smoothly
in their business, and conquer all impediments." — Patrick.
20. — despiseth his mother; and thus makes her sad, as is implied
by its connection with the preceding line.
21. Folly is joy, &c. ; i.e., it is his delight to do foolish and wicked
actions. — icalketh uprightly ; and finds his joy in it, as is implied by
the parallelism.
23. — by the answer of his moutli. ; i.e., by giving good advice, when
asked.
21. — is npivard, &c. The wise pursue a path insuring to them-
selves a continuance of life and hai)i)iuess, which, being directly
opposed to the path leading down to the grave, is said to be an upward
path.
25. — the jp-oud. Those who imagine themselves independent of
Providence are contrasted with those who have no support but Provi-
dence.
20. — pleasant icords : which aim at the benefit, not the injury, of
others. — are pure; and therefore acceptable to Jehovah.
27. " He that is so greedy of money that he cares not how he gets
it, instead of raising his family, confounds it; but he that hates bribes
PROVERBS. 39T
and all unlawful ways of gain shall prosper and continue it." —
Patrick.
28. — poureth oat; abundantly, hastily, and without consideration
of consequences.
20. — far from the wicked ; i.e., so as not to listen to their cry, nor
to afford tliem aid, when they call upon him.
30. — liijht of the eyes, &c. This may mean bright, smiling eyes,
equivalent to the light of the countenance (xvi. 15; Job xxix. 24; Ps.
iv. 6). Some suppose it to mean the sunlight, according to Eccl. xi. 7 ;
others, that it denotes what is seen by the eyes, such as a beautiful
garden, a flowing stream, &c. I hesitate between the first and the
third meaning.
31. — reproof of life ; i.e., reproof which leads to a happy life, salu-
tary reproof.
33. — guideth to wisdom. Corap. cliap. i. 7 ; ix. 10.
Chap. XVI.
1. — preparation of the heart, &c. ; i.e., wlien man has thought what
to utter and in what order, still, after all, it depends upon God
what language shall come from his tongue. Man proposes, God dis-
poses. Or, the answer of the tongue may denote the answer of God to
the voice of prayer.
3. Commit thi/ doings, &c. ; consider the event of every thing which
you undertake as depending upon God's providence.
4. — for its end; i.e., object, or purpose. Otherwise, for his pur-
pose ; the pronominal suffix being applicable to the Lord, or to even/
thing. According to the rendering in the text, the meaning will be
substantially the same as that assigned to the verse by Grotius :
" God lias ordained every thing to that which answers or is suited to
it; and the wdcked he has ordained for the day of evil, i.e., of punish-
ment. Tliere is not only a wise arrangement or correspondence in
good things, but also in evil things; for the evil of punishment follows
the evil of guilt : the evil day is appointed for the evil-doer." Some
understand the last line as denoting tliat wicked men are appointed to
punish others, as in Isa. x. 5, 6. The idea which some have drawn
from the passage, that God makes men wicked on purpose to punish
them, is too metaphj^sical for the writer, and too gross for any writer.
God made man upright : lie makes himself wicked, and is justly
appointed to punishment for his wickedness.
5. From generation to generation. See Gesenius ad verb. 1^.
6. — kindness and truth; i.e., exercised by men (comp. chap. iii. 8;
XX. 28), and here used in opposition to sacrifices and ceremonies, by
which the corrupt Jews supposed they might secure the favor of
God.
9. — deviseth his ivay ; i.e., if a man lay his plans with never so
much care, he cannot insure success to them. This is at the disposal
of God. (Comp. ver. 1, and Jer. x. 23.)
10. A divine sentence. The writer's aim seems to be to procure
a religious respect for the sentence of the king, as being the minister
898 NOTES.
of God, and as placed above ordinary motives to give a wrong judg-
ment.
11. — his work; made by his direction and appointment, so tiiat
no man can corrupt or alter tliem without violating liis authority and
incurring his displeasure. (See the note on chap. xx. 10.)
12. — to khif/s ; i.e., to tliose worthy of the name.
14 — messeiKjers of death. The expression may be derived from
the custom of Oriental despotism. " When the enemies of a great
man in Turkey have gained influence enough over the prince to pro-
cure a warrant for his death, a capidgy, or executioner, is sent to him,
and shows him the order he has to carry back his head : the otlier
kisses it, and freely gives it up." — Thevenot. (Comp. 1 Kings ii. 25 ;
Matt. xiv. 10.)
15. — light of the king's countenmice ; i.e., his smiling, favorable
countenance refreshes and invigorates. — latter raiji ; which falls in
the spring, not long before the time of harvest, in Palestine, and
refi'eshes the parched fields, and brings to maturity the harvest.
17. It is the highiiay, &c. ; i.e., in departing from evil, they find a
smooth and pleasant path.
20. — giveth heed; so ^'['iilVO is used in xxi. 12; Ps. xli. 2.
This rendering is preferred by Mercier and several of the older critics
in Poole's Synopsis. Otherwise, he ivho is prudent in a matter, &c.
— to the word; tiie commands of God. (Comp. chap. xiii. 13; Ps.
cxix. 105.) This rendering is made probable by the parallelism.
21. " He whose mind is well furnished with wisdom cannot but
win a great reputation, and be highly esteemed for his prudent coun-
sels and resolutions; but, if he have the powerful charms of eloquence
also, to convey liis mind delightfuHy unto others, it will add a greater
value to his wisdom, and make it more diffusive and instructive unto
the world." — Patrick.
22. — their folhj ; which brings its punishment with it, or close be-
hind it. The painful consequences of their folly is the only way to cor-
rect them. Otherwise, the instruction of fools is follij : i.e., when they
undertake to give instruction, they only teach toll}'. Chastisement
is the primary, and instruction the secondary, meaning of ^D^?2'
(Comp. xxiii. 13.)
23. The heart ; considered as the seat of the understanding, as it
was regarded by the Hebrews.
24. Pleasant words, &c. Agreeable discourse is both delightful and
salutary.
26. — his mouth; i.e., the craving of his appetite. (Comp. Eccl.
vi. 7.)
27. — diggeth mischief; a metaphor derived from the practice of dig-
ging pits to entrap wihl animals. — a burning f re; which consumes
the reputation of his neighbor. (Comp. James iii. (>.)
30. — shutteth his eyes, &c. ; i.e., in order to think more intently and
closely. Compression of the lips indicates firnmess of purpose.
— liatlt. accomplished, Scc. ; i.e., he has as good as accomplished it,
because it is certain that he will execute his purpose. Tiie design of
the proverb is to intimate, tliat such a shutter of the eyes a' id com-
presser of the lips is to be suspected and guarded against.
PROVERBS. 399
32 — ihe mighty ; warrior, or hero.
33. The lot, &c. " Acknowledge the Divine providence in all thing?,
even in those which seem most casual ; for tliough men cast the lots
into the lap of a garment or into a hollow vessel, and thence draw
them out again, yet it is the Lord wlio directs entirely in what order
they shall come forth, and so determines the matter in doubt according
to his pleasure." — Patrick.
Chap. XVII.
1. — flesh-banquets; literally, slaughterings.
2. — ruleth over, &c. ; i.e., is sometimes appointed by the father as
the guardian of unworthy children, or placed at the head of the con-
cerns of the household.
5. — the poor. See the note on chap. xiv. 31.
7. Excellent speech, &c. Perhaps, lordly, or imperious. — the hose ;
^D3. This meaning seems more appropriate than fool. The same
word is translated vile person in the common version in Isa. xxxii. 5.
— the noble ; i.e., in birth, manners, character. So in ver. 26.
8. — precious stone, &c. ; i.e., " A gift is so tempting, that it can no
more be refused than a lovely jewel by him to whom it is presented ;
and, such is its power, it commonly prevails over all men, despatches
all business, carries all causes, and, in a word, effects whatsoever a
man desires." — Patrick.
9. — covereth an offence, &c. ; i.e., lie- that takes little notice of an
offence against himself, or soon forgets it, seeks and courts the love of
the offender. But he who continually recurs to an oflence committed
by a friend against himself alienates him.
11. — cruel nif'ssenger. See the note on xvi. 14.
12. — a fool in his folly ; an unreasonable, bad man, when his un-
governable passions and appetites are most excited.
14. The beginning, &c. " One hot word, one peevish reflection, one
angry demand, one spiteful contradiction, begets another, and that a
third, and so on, till it proves like the cutting of a dam : when the
water has got a little passage, it does itself widen the breach, bears
down all before it, and there is then no stopping it, no reducing it "
— Henry. — rolleth onward ; i.e., like water from a breach in a dam.
(See Fiirst's Lexicon on s)j:>-)
16. — seeing that sense, &c. The idea is, that wealth cannot obtain
wisdom, when natural ability is wanting.
17. — born a brother; i.e., becomes a brother ; a true friend will
in adversity show himself to be as valuable and dear as a brother.
( Comp. xviii. 24.) Otherwise, a brother is born for adversity ; i.e., though
a true friend shows his love in all circumstances, yet a brother is
peculiarly to be relied on in adversity, when common friendship may
fail.
18. — striketh hands. See the note on chap. vi. 1.
19. — raiseth high his gate; i.e., the gate of his house; i.e., is proud
and ostentatious, carries his head too high, as we say. — seeketh ruin ;
because he thus makes himself odious to God and man ; or, because he
involves himself in ruinous expenses.
400 NOTES.
21. The fool, &c. ; i.e., a son who becomes impious and wicked.
23. — out of the bosom; i.e., in secret (comp. chap. xxi. 14), behig
secretly conveyed from tlie bosom of the i^iver to his own.
24. Wisdom, &c. See chap. xiv. 6. — ends of the earth; i.e., wan-
der far and wide without discovering wisdom.
26. — to punish the righteous ; as was and is practised in the regions
of Oriental despotism. — for their equitij ; it may be, in the adminis-
tration of justice, or in suppressing disturbances. Some recent critics
have rendered ~i"^"i p>, beyond right. It seems to me very doubtful
whether usage sanctions this meaning.
27. — a cool spirit ; i.e., not easily excited, not forward and hasty
to utter whatever comes into one's head.
- Chap. XVIII.
1. — He who separafefh himself; i.e., so as to despise the ways and
opinions of others, or wlio lives a life of seclusion. — seeketh his own
desire; i.e., indulges his own wayward fancy, and obstinately pursues
his own way. — rusheth on ; nothing is too wise and good for him to
oppose ; whatever any one may urge against his opinions and plans,
with never so much reason, he opposes it, and obstinately maintains
his own prejudices.
2. — in understanding ; i.e., in acquiring soimd knoAvledge. — re-
vealing, &c. ; i.e., in giving utterance to all his thoughts, and thus
exposing his folly.
3 — Cometh also contempt; i.e., contempt is the companion of the
wicked man; he is treated with contempt. (Comp. cliap. xi. 2.)
Some understand tlie verse as pointing out the danger of bad com-
pany, and tlie reproach which a bad man brings upon those who
admit him into their society.
4. — man's mouth ; i.e., a wise man's, as is to be understood from
the parallelism.
5. This proverb is directed against the venality of judges, which is
common in the desi)()tic countries of the East.
6. — calleth for blows; i.e., he invites blows upon himself by his
rash and provoking speeches.
8. — like sweet morsels. This meaning, adopted by Schultens,
Gesenius, and De Wette, seems to me rather the most probable.
rUrst, in his Lexicon, on anb, proposes oracular, mysterious words, like
those of a magician. This proverb seems to point oiit the danger of
slanderous stories, inasmuch as they are swallowed with avidity, and
remembered by those to wliom they are related.
9. Idleness is as bad as wastefulness.
13. — Jiath heard, &c. Comp. Sirach xi. 8.
14. — his injirmifi/; a manly spirit will sustain one under bodily
infirmity ; but when the mind itself has lost its courage, and is cast
down and opjircssed with grief, how hopeless is the case !
17. — searcheth him through; examines into the truth of his allega-
tions. One tale is good till another is told.
18. — parteth asunder the mighty ; i.e., mighty combatants, or liti-
PROVERBS. 401
gants, so that they shall no more contend, but go each to his own
business.
19. — hors of a castle; i.e.. it is easier to break tlie bars of a castle
than to remove the obstructions which lie in the way of a hearty
reconciliation.
20. " The tongue is so hard to govern, and so much depends upon
it, that we ouglit to take as great care about the words we speak as
we do about the fruit of our trees, or the increase of the earth, which
Ave are to eat ; for, according as they are wholesome and good, or
misavory and bad, so will the i)leasure or the pain be wherewith we
shall be filled." — Patrick.
21. — love it; i.e., love to talk much.
22. — a ivife; i.e., a wife indeed, a good wife. — from, ihe Lord.
It is probably implied, that, in consequence of the difficulty of discern-
ing the true character, human skill and care are of less avail in the
acquisition of a good wife than of other blessings. (Comp. xix. 14.)
24. — will show himself fdlse, or base (see Fiirst's Lexicon, on
^'^l) ; i.e., he who jirofesses to be the friend of everybody will be the
true friend of nobody. No dependence can be placed upon him when
tried. Otherwise, will come to ruin ; i.e., he will be ruined in conse-
quence of neglect of business, and of his expensive mode of living.
(Comp. xxi. 17.)
Chap. XIX.
1. — of false lips; i.e., who has acquired wealth by falsehood and
fraud.
3. — clestroyeth his ivay ; i.e., brings him to ruin. — against the
Lord ; as the cause of the evils which he has brought upon himself by
his own folly.
4. — is separated. This is the literal rendering. The poor man
finds himself solitary and alone, because he is forsaken by his neigh-
bor.
7. — runneth after their words ; he calls to mind the former profes-
sions and promises of his fi-iends, and reminds them of them ; but
finds that words are wind, that leaves no trace behind.
8. — loi-eth himself; i.e., is a truer lover of himself, or promotes his
ti'ue interest more, than he who is bent upon mere outward good.
10. Lnxuri], &c. Comp. cb.ap. xxvi. 8; xxx. 22. This verse seems
to denote that a noble mind is required in a noble condition. A fool-
ish, knavish, ill-behaving person becomes more ridiculous, the more
splendid the style of living which he adopts. — a servant, &c. ; as
sometimes happens under tl)e despotisms of the East.
12. — roarinr/ of a lion ; i.e., inspiring terror. — dew upon the grass ;
i.e., refreshing and invigorating.
13. — a continual dropping; i.e., from the eaves of a house. Her
contentions are continually renewing themselves ; there is no cessa-
tion. (Comp. chap, xxvii. 15.)
14. See the note on chap, xviii. 22.
15. — deep sleep ; makes a man neglect his aflairs, as if he were
asleep, so that he comes to want.
402 NOTES.
18. — to slaij him; i.e., use moderate punishment. Punish to cor-
rect, not to kill.
19. — agnin ; when you have helped him out of one danger, it will
not be long before his violent temper will involve liim in new trouble.
21. — devices. Understand, from the parallel line, " which are
often disappohited."
22. The charm of a man ; i.e., that which makes him loved. Other-
wise, The desire of a man, &c. ; i.e., the will is to be taken for the deed
of kindness. — a liar; i.e., one who promises favors which he does
not mean to bestow.
21. — the dish; i.e., he is too lazy to eat. Allusi(m is made to the
manner in which the Orientals help themselves to their food. (Comp.
Matt. xxvi. 23.)
25. Strike the scoffer, &.C. Severe punishment may do no good to a
derider of religion, but it tends to warn and reclaim the incautious
persons Avhora he has injured. Reproof will be sufficient to correct
those who are well disposed.
27. — instruction. Beware of those who, professing to instruct or
reprove you, would draw you away from the plain, established princi-
ples of virtue.
28. — sivalloiveth down, &c. ; i.e., it is agreeable and pleasant to
them. (Comp. Job xv. 16.)
Chap. XX.
1. — reeleth; literally, wandereth; i.e., from the path.
2. — terror of a king; i.e., the terror inspired by the wrath of a
king.
5. — like deep ivaters; i.e., hard to come at.
6. — faithful man; i.e., in connection with the parallel line, one
who comes up to his professions of kindness ; who will be true to a
friend in his distress. (Comp. chap. xix. 22.)
10. Divers iveit/hfs, &c. ; i.e., one to show, anoth'er to weigh with.
11. — tvill be pure, &c. ; i.e., when he becomes a man. " The man
and child an individual make."
12. — the Lord made them; and of course can himself see the actions
of men. (Comp. chap. xv. 3; Ps. xciv. 9.)
13. Open thine eyes ; i.e., awake early.
15. — gold, &c. ; i.e., the ability to discourse with true wisdom is
more valuable than the largest treasure of gold or jewels.
16. — garment, &c. ; i.e., trust no one who is so inconsiderate and
rash as to make himself responsible for a stranger, but obtain from
liim immediate security.
17. — of filsehood: i.e., obtained by dishonest means. Figurativeh',
all things obtained by injustice may be here denoted, which, though
they may please a man in the beginning, will bring pain and sorrow
in the end.
20. — His lamp, &c. See the note on Job xviii. 6 ; xxix. 3.
21. — his tvag ; to what the way which he takes will lead. A
man's enterprises succeed not as he desires and designs, but as God
disposes and directs. (Comp. chap. xvi. 9; Jer. x 23.)
PROVERBS. 403
26. — the wheel, &c. See Amos i. 3, and the note.
27. — lamp of the Lord; i.e., lighted up by him, which takes full
cognizance of the most secret thouglits.
30. — remedy for the had man ; i.e., effectual means to reclaim him.
— reach to the inner chambers; i.e., not mere superficial touches.
Chap. XXI.
I. As streams of water ; which husbandmen or gardeners conduct
over their fields or gardens. — heart of the king ; not only the hearts
of other men, but even the hearts of kings, who are more absolute and
uncontrollable than other men. The application of this proverb seems
to be uncertain. It may be designed to show that the power of kings
to do evil is limited ; that the people cannot be oppressed by them
more than God sees fit ; or to show that a religious reverence is due to
the determinations of kings. Harmer and some others suppose the
verse to relate particularly to the bounty of a king. " Which way
soever the heart of a king turneth, it conveys riches, just as a water-
ing canal doth plenty ; and let it be remembered that the Lord turns it
whithersoever he will, and makes whom he pleases the favorite of
princes."
4. — lamp. This appears to be a metaphor, denoting the splendor
and prosperity on account of which the wicked man has lofty looks
and a proud heart. (See the note on Job xxix. 3.) — ruin; other-
wise, sin ; wliich implies guilt and ruin, so that the bad man will not
long enjoy his splendor. (See xx. 20.)
5. — the active, &c. " He that to prudent counsels and contrivances
adds an honest diligence is likely to grow rich ; but he that acts incon-
siderately in his business, or greedily catches at every advantage,
whether by right or wrong, or undertakes more than he can manage,
out of an eager desire to grow rich presently, is most hkely to be
a beggar." — Patrick.
6. — fleeting breath; which is breathed forth from- the lips, and
immediately disappears. (Comp. chap. *xiii. 11.) — seek death; i.e.,
seek that which will prove their destruction. (See chap. viii. 36.)
7. — snatch them awaij ; i.e., shall prove their own ruin. (Comp.
Ps. vii. 16.)
8. — guilty man. See Gesenius on "ITl. — is crooked ; i.e., he uses
immoral means for the attainment of his end.
9. — a large house; literally, a house of fellowship ; i.e., large enough
to contain more families than one. Or the meaning may be, a common
house; i.e., one occupied by more than one family.
10. The design of tliis proverb seems to be to give a caution against
having any close connection with a wicked man, since he will spare
neither friend nor foe who stands in the way of his designs.
II. See the note on chap. xix. 25.
12. He casteth, &c. By the pronoun He we may, with the common
version, understand God. 1 should think it contrary to usage {usus
loquendi) to make p"^"!^ mean the righteous One ; i.e., God. It seems,
indeed, to belong to the Deity rather than to a man " to cast the wick-
404 NOTES.
ed lieadlong into ruin." But tlie righteous man, being regarded as it
judge or magistrate, may possibly be said to do it.
1(3. — the dead; more literally, shades, or ghosts. "By tiie term
t'^£^5'^, which denotes languid, feeble, the ancient Hebrews refer to the
shades, manes, or ghosts of the dead, whom they supposed to be destitute
of blood and animal life, and therefore weak and languid, like a sick
person (Isa. xiv. 10); but yet not whoUj^ without some facilities of
mind, as, for example, memory. Isa. xiv. 9; Vs. Ixxxviii. 11; Prov.
ii. 18, ix. 18; Isa. xxvi. 14, 19." — Gesenius.
18. — ransom. Corap. chap. xi. 8; Isa. xliii. 3, 4.
20. — swalloioeth them up ; i.e., wastes by extravagance and dissipa-
pation what he ought to reserve for a future day.
22. Comp. Eccl. vii. 19 ; ix. 18.
24. — scoffer is his name; i.e., he is deserving of the severest con-
demnation, and exposes liimself to punishment from God.
25. — destrog him ; i.e., his indolent wishes, which lead to no exer-
tion, prey upon his health ; or, his wishes for ease make him neglect
the means of support, and thus cause his death.
26. The covetous man ; literally, covetousness.
27. — an abomination. See the note on chap. xv. 8. — xvith an
evil design ; i.e., Avhen he is meditating some particular evil design, and
wishes to hide it.
28. — that hearkcneth ; i.e., to wholesome admonition ; or, possibly,
that testifies to nothing which he has not heard or seen. — shall
speak for ever ; i.e., wiien liars are cut off, he shall live, and be allowed
to deliver his testimony as long as he lives.
29. — hardeneth his face ; " Here is, 1. The presumption and impu-
dence of a wicked man. He hardens his face ; brazens it, that he may
not blush ; steels it, that he may not tremble when he commits the
greatest crimes : he will have his way, and nothing shall hinder him.
(Isa. Ivii. 17.) 2. The caution and circumspection of a good man:
he does not ask, ' What icoukl I do ? what ha^"^ I a mind to '? and
that I will have ; ' but, ' What should I do ? What does God require
of me "? What is duty 1 What is prudence ? What is for edifica-
tion 1 ' And so he does not force his way, but directs it by a safe and
certain rule." — Henry.
Chap. XXII.
1. — good-ivill ; an interest in the affections and esteem of all about
us. (Comp. Luke ii. 52; Phil. iv. 8.)
2. — 7ner4 together ; i.e., the Avorld does not consist of all rich, or all
poor ; but they are mingled together as the members of the same civil
community. — the Maker of them all; and therefore they are under
obligation to exercise respect and good-will toward each other. (Comp.
cliap. xiv. 31; Job xxxi. 15; Mai. ii. 10.)
6. — far from them; i.e., from the society of the deceitful.
6. — in accordance ivith his ivay ; i.e., the calling, trade, or business
for which he has a turn or bent; possiblj- to which he is destined by his
parents. This is the literal meaning of the Hebrew iS"!]! ^p~'^V.
One is loth to part with the familiar paraphrase of the common ver-
PROVERBS. 405
sion. But the difficulty is, that, though the Scriptures very often
speak of the lauj of a person, the phrase never denotes the way in
which he oiujlit to go, as a matter of moral and religious obligation, but
only that in which he goes, or chooses and delights to go.
7. The rirli, &c. The point of tliis proverb, probably, is the unex-
pressed consequence which is to be drawn from it ; namely, that a
man should by industry and frugality acquire property, and thus pos-
sess the glorious privilege of being independent.
8. — is prepared; i.e., made ready for him. For this meaning of
the Hebrew term, comp. 1 Sam. xx. 7, 9 ; xxv. 17.
11. — loveth pnrifij, &c. He that has a sincere and upright heart
will utter, not flattery, but his honest convictions ; so that his discourse
will be agreeable, and gain the favor of a good king.
12. — watch over knowledge; i.e., men of knowledge, in opposition to
false pretenders. The providence of God Avatches over such men,
and prospers the advice they give ; whilst the words or vain and
deceitful counsels of the dishonest will come to nothing.
14. The month; by which they allure and persuade the thought-
less to sin and ruin.
16. — giveth to the rich ; either as a bribe or in expectation of re-
ceiving some return. Some other versions of the preceding verse
have been given, thus : —
" There is that oppresseth the poor, — to make liim rich ;
There is that giveth to the rich, — only to his poverty."
i.e., the oppressor of the poor sometimes gathers property, which he
loses, and which goes to the benefit of the poor. And so what is
given to the rich is often lost by injustice or dissipation, leaving him
poorer than before. (So Umbreit ) Otherwise thus : He icho oppress-
eth the poor to increase his riches, giveth to the rich, only to his own want.
By giving to the rich, in this last rendering, is meant giving to himself,
who is rich. (So Bertheau.)
17. The passage from ver. 17 to 21, instead of consisting of prov-
erbs, is an exhortation to the study of wisdom, and is to be regarded
either as an epilogue to the division from chap. x. to this place, or as
an introduction to the collection from ver. 22 to cliap. xxiv. 22. The
proverbs from chap. xxii. 22 to chap. xxiv. 22 differ from the preced-
ing in being more in the way of exhortation or admonition, and less
sententious ; most of them requiring more than one verse, and some
of them, three, four, or more, for the expression of the sentiment.
18. — established upon thy lips ; i.e., if they be, as it were, at your
tongue's end, ready to be applied to the various exigencies of life.
21. — that send thee ; i.e., show yourself capable and trustworthy to
them that employ thee in any business of which they expect an
account of thee.
22. — because he is poor ; i.e., do not take advantage of his poverty
and his inability to resist thee. — at the gate ; i.e., in a court of law.
(See the note on Job v. 4.)
25. — take to thyself, &c. ; i.e., acquire sucli a disposition and char-
acter as shall involve you in difficulties. — a snare ; i.e., that which
will prove a snai-e.
26. See the note on chap. vi. ].
406 NOTES.
27. — thj bed, &e. ; i.e., why should you expose yourself to such a
state of things, that, if you are unable to pay your bonds, the creditor
may take from you every thing, so that you shall not even have a
bed upon which to lay your head ?
28. — kuidmark. Comp. Deut. xix. 14.
29. — obscure. This is the metaphorical term of the original to
denote persons in humble station.
Chap. XXIII.
2. — thou wilt put a knife to thy throat, &g. ; i.e., thou wilt bring thy-
self into great danger, if by thy unrestrained appetite thou seize upon
ever^'' thing, even what may have been reserved for the particular use
of the king, or if thou incur Ms displeasure by gluttony and intemper-
ance.
3. — deceitful meat; i.e., the friendship of rulers and great men,
however agreeable and flattering, is very uncertain and unstable, nay,
even deceitful ; since experience proves that they who are familijir
with princes are in a situation of great danger.
4. — thi wisdom ; i.e., that sort of wisdom which consists in labor-
ing to be rich, and supposing that riches are all that is wanting to
happiness.
6. — that hath an evil eye ; i.e., an avaricious, soi'did disposition.
7. — as he thinkefh in his heart, &c. ; i.e., his true character is displayed
in what is passing in his mind, rather than in what he utters with his
lips. — is not with thee; i.e., his invitation is not cordial. It was
given from ostentation, or for ambitious and selfish purposes.
8. — vomit up ; i.e., when you have discovered his illiberality and
selfishness, or perhaps ill treatment, you will feel such disgust as to
wish that what you have swallowed could be thrown up on his table.
— pleasant uvrds ; i.e., whatever compliments, courtesies, or agreeable
discourse you may have bestowed upon your entertainer.
9. Speak not, &c. ; i.e., for the purpose of admonition or direction.
10. — e7iter not ; i.e., either to reap their crops, or perhaps, rather,
to possess their lands.
11. — their avenger; i.e., though they may have no human guar-
dians or friends to oppose thee, they have in heaven a vindicator,
or avenger, who is able and willing to defend their rights, or punish
tlieir infringement. On the term avenger or vindicator, see the note on
Job xix. 25.
13. — he will not die ; i.e., he will escape the ruin which is the con-
sequence of wickedness.
17. — envy, &c. ; i.e., let not the view of their present prosperity
excite thee to envy them, and to approve and imitate their evil
courses.
18. — a reward; i.e., for them that persevere in the ways of reli-
gion and virtue.
19. — go forward in the way ; i.e., not follow devious and crooked
courses.
20. — riotous eaters, &c. Otherwise, prodigal of their flesh ; i.e., waste
away their bodies by sensual indulgence.
PROVERBS. 407
23. Buy the truth ; spare no pains nor cost to obtain the knowledge
of what is trne and right, and hold it fast.
27. — deep pit; — iutrro)n ivell ; from which one can with difficulty
escape, when he has fallen into it.
28. — Ueth in wait. See chap. vii. 12. — increaseth ; i.e., to the
number of those whom she has already made her prey.
29. — without cause ; i.e., not in the just and necessary defence of
himself or his country.
30. — go in ; i.e., to the place where mixed wine is kept. — mixed
wine; i.e., spiced, strong wine.
34. — midst of the sea; i.e., in a ship in the midst of the sea. — top
of a mast. As the comparison holds good in several^particulars, there
is some doubt as to that which was intended by the poet ; whether he
refers to the stupidity and senselessness of danger which are tlie con-
sequence of intoxication, or to the giddy feelings of the persons intoxi-
:ated, when their heads swim, and they feel as if they were tossed
about by the rolling waves of the sea.
35. Here the drunkard is represented as using the language which
corresponds to his senselessness and stupidity. " I cannot deny that
I expose myself by my drunkenness to various abuses and injuries.
But I was not sensible of them at the time, nor do I now feel much
harm from them." — When shall I aicaJce ? i.e., oh that I could
rouse myself from my state of languor and stupidity ! I would again
seek wine.
Chap. XXIV.
1, — envious of wicked men ; let it not disturb thy tranquillity to see
men thrive who are bent upon wickedness. — to be with them; i.e., as
a companion and a partaker of their profitable crimes. (Comp. chap,
xxiii. 17.) •
5. — is strong. Comp. Eccl. ix. 14-16.
6. Comp. chap. xx. 18.
7. — too high ; i.e., so that he cannot attain it, and is ashamed to
speak at the gate, i.e., in the place of judgment, or in public.
8. — deviseth to do evil, &c. ; i.e., a contriver of unjust, malicious
plans shall be hated (comp. chap. xiv. 17), and branded with an
odious name.
9. — is sin, &c. The meaning of this verse seems to be, that the
purpose of evil, before it breaks forth into action, is sinful in the sight
of God ; but that the bold and obstinate offender is not only offensive
to God, but odious to men.
10. — faint, &c. ; i.e., when courage or hope is lost, all is lost.
12. — ive knew it not; it is no excuse to say, that you are ignorant
of the guilt or innocence of the accused, or that you knew not but
that he was justly condemned, unless you have taken all possible pains
to discover the truth in relation to the case.
13. Eat honey; this is said merely to illustrate the following verse
by an implied comparison.
16. — fall seven times ; i.e., though h.e repeatedly fall into calami-
ties. — fall into mischief; and not rise again.
17. Rejoice not, &c. Comp. Job xxxi. 29.
408 NOTES.
18. — turn awaij his anger, &c. ; perhaps, and inflict" it upon thee.
20. — lamp. See cliap. xx. 20, and the note.
21. — and the king ; whom the Orientals regarded as the vicegerent
of God, standing in a near and peculiar relation to him, called his son,
&c. — given to change; fond of revolution, disobedient and rebellious
subjects, disorganizers.
22. — coming from both; namely, God and the king. — in a moment.
See the note on Job ix. 5 ; or Gesen. Lex. on >'l°i.
- T
23. These also are words of the wise. These words probably have
relation to chap. xxii. 17, and intimate that the proverbs from ver. 23
to the end of this chapter are an appendix to those mentioned in chap,
xxii. 17. *
26. — giveth a right answer ; i.e., the judge who gives correct decis-
ions ; perhaps, others who give a good answer. — Kisseth the lips;
i.e., gains good-will, makes himself beloved.
27. — build thy house; "do every thing in oi'der ; and first mind
those things which are most necessary, contenting thyself with a
little hut in the field, till thou hast gotten an estate by a careful im-
provement of thy pasturage and thy tillage ; and then it will be timely
enough to build thee an house, and to bring a wife into it." — Patrick.
29. Comp. chap. xx. 22.
Chap. XXV.
1. — men of Hezekiah; i.-e., literary men whom Hezekiah appointed
for the purpose. The title in which these words are contained is pre-
fixed to the collection of proverbs extending to chap, xxx., which
the learned men of Hezekiah copied from larger collections, or from
books in which they were scattered.
2. — to conceal a thing ; to hide from hmuan eyes the reasons of his
purposes and proceedings. — search out a matter; i.e., when they
decide and decree nothing until they have made the most careful
examination, so as to be able to give the clearest reasons for their
proceedings.
3. — unsearchable ; men in general are unable to penetrate the pur-
poses and designs of kings.
4. 5. " You cannot have a pure silver vessel, till you have puri-
fied the silver ; and no nation can have a king a public blessing, till
all bad counsellors, wicked and interested ministers, and sycophants,
are banished from the court and cabinet."
6, 7. Comp. Luke xiv. 10.
8. Go not forth, &.c. ; i.e., to the gates where the courts of law were
usually held.
9. — another's secret ; not even the heat of contention with an oppo-
nent will justify the retelation of his secret which may have been
intrusted to you.
11. — in Jigured-icork, &c. The illustration seems to be borrowed
from a rich garment, on which were embroidered apples of gold
among silver figures. (So Bertheau.)
13. — cold of snow, &,c. There can be little doubt that the use of
snow in cooling drinks is referred to.
PROVERBS. 409
14. — falsdij hoasteth of giving ; i.e., makes many promises of wliat
lie will give which he never performs.
15. — hreaheth bones ; i.e . melts the heart as hard as a bone ; as we
say, as a stone.
16. This verse may bp regarded as a separate precept, inculcating
moderation, especially ia ihings which TxXC pleasant, or merely as an
illustration of ver. 17.
18. A baitle-liawmoT. &c. ; i.e., equally pernicious and destructive.
20. -- vincyor vpovi nitre; which causes it to eflervesce, and, as it
were, irritates it. Nitre here probably denotes a mineral alkali, the
natron of the /noderns, or Egyptian nitre, which, being mingled with
oil, is still used for soap.
22. — coals of fire upon his head. This expression seems most
naturally to denote tliat which causes the most intense pain, thiit
which is insupportable. The meaning seems to be, that, by returning
good for evil, the evil-doer will be overwhelmed with remorse and
shame.
23. — briiigeth forth rain; covers the face of the sky with black
clouds, full of rain; so a backbiting tongue causes indignation in him
who is slandered, which may be the cause of punishment to the slan-
derer.
28. — troubled fountain, — corrupted spring. It is as melancholy and
discouraging a circumstance to see a good man, who is the source of
much good to his tellow-men, liiU into ruin through the arts of the
wicked, as it is to tlie weary, thirsty traveller to find a fountain or a
spring trampled upon and polluted, so as to be unfit for use. It seems
to be more agreeable to the use of the word t273 to understand it as
denoting falling info ruin or cahmity, not voluntarily succumbing, and
yielding to the persuasions of the wicked. Possibly, however, it may
mean to vacilhte, in a moral sense.
27. — So the search of high things is iceariness. High things, a
rendering based on a disregard of the Hebrew points, may denote
difficult questions respecting Providence, or other subjects of human
investigation ; in which case, the meaning will be similar to that
of the observation in Ecclesiastes, that much study is a weariness
of the flesh. Or, high things may denote worldly honors ; in which
case, the line will relate to the cares and A^exations which attend the
pursuit of honor. In the original, there is, I think, a sort of play upon
words, using the same word twice in the line vdth an altered significa-
tion. The word rendered high things denotes high, honorable^ glorious,
and also heavg. An imperfect imitation of the line in English would
be, The search of weighty things is weighty ; weighty being understood,
in the first case, in the sense of important, and, in the second, in that
of heavy. The verse is rendered in the sense which I have assigned
to it by Coverdale : " Like as it is not good to eat much honey, even
so he that will search out high things, it shall be too heavy lor him."
The supply of a negative, as in the common version, appears to me to
be inadmissible. Gesenius, transferring a Hebrew letter from the end
of one word to the beginning of another, translates, So the search of
glory is without glory. But this negative use of y2 in such a position is
hardly justified by usage.
410 NOTE S.
Chap. XXVI.
1. — snoio, &c. ; i.e., unseasonable and incongruous. — fool; i.e.,
one who by his folly or wickedness, or both united, makes a bad use
of power.
'I. — shall not come ; shall not take effect, or fall upon him against
whom it is uttered, but be dispersed into the air, as the birds men-
tioned fly away, no one knows whither.
4. — according to hisfolljj. Some suppose the meaning of ver. 4 and
5 to be, that, according to circumstances and the nature of his folly,
a fool should or should not receive any answer. It seems to me that
the meaning is best elicited by understanding the phrase according to his
foltg in difierent senses. In the lirst case, Answer not in the manner of
the fool ; in the second, Answer him in the manner which hisfolli/ demands.
" If the fool boast of himself, do not answer him by boasting of thy-
self. If he rail and talk passionately, do not thou rail and talk
passionately too. If he tell one great lie, do not thou tell another to
match it. If he calumniate thy friends, do not thou calumniate his.
If he banter, do not answer him in his own language, lest thou be like
him." — Henry. But answer in such a manner as his folly demands,
as is adapted to expose it and convince him of it, and leave hira
nothing to say for himself, lest he be wise in his own conceit.
6. — heciitteth off the feet ; i.e., he fails in the object of the mission,
as sui'ely as if he should cut off the feet of the persons sent.
7. — hang loose; like a bucket in a well, and serve no purpose.
The rendering which I have adopted seems best supported. (See
Gesenius ad verb.) Tor a different rendering, see Piirst's Lexicon ou
T T
8. — bindelh a stone, &c. ; i.e., it is as absurd to expect any good
consequence from bestowing honor on a fool as to expect a stone to
do execution when it is bound to the sling. Otherwise, as he who puttefh
a purse of gems on a heap of si ones ; i.e., honor is as ill placed in his
hands as gems upon a heap of common, worthless stones.
9. — a thorn, &c. He injures himself and others by the ill use he
makes of it, as one would by brandishing a thorn-bush up and down,
at random.
10. As an archer, &c. The meaning seems to be, that the man who
hires fools or chance wayfarers does as careless and inconsiderate a
thing as the archer who should shoot at random at everybody and
every thing.
12. — of a fool; i.e., who may become sensible of his folly, and
willing to receive instruction,
13. — lion, &,c. He is frightened from real duties by fancied diffi-
culties.
14. — tnrneth, &c. ; i.e., backward and forward, without leaving
them ; so the sluggard lies in his bed on one side till he is weary of
that, and then turns to the other, but still is in his bed.
16. 7'he sluggard, &c. Taking no pains to inform himself, and of
course ignorant of the difficulties which attend an opinion or a deter-
mination, he takes himself to be wiser than others.
17. — a dog by the ears; i.e., he incurs much danger, without neces-
PROVERBS. 411
sity, or tlie possibility of advantage. Travellers in the East speak of
the wild and tierce character of tlie dt^gs in tiiat region.
18. As a madman ; as dangerous and as much to be shunned as a
madman. Otherwise, as a jester, &e.
22. See chap, xviii. 8.
26. Though he may for a time conceal his maliciours feelings, yet
the time will come when his malice shall be publicly known, and re-
ceive tlie pvmishnient which it deserves.
27. — di;/(/'th a pit ; i.e., lays a plot for the injury of another. The
metaphor is drawn from the practice of hunters, who used to dig deep
pits, and then cover them with bushes, earth, &c., that wild beasts
might fall into them. — roUeth a stone; i.e., up a steep place in order
that it may crush another.
28. — those whom it imundeth; i.e., because the slanderer is conscious
of having incuiTed the enmity of the slandered.
Chap. XXVII.
3. — a fool's wrath. See chap. xvii. 12.
4. — overwhelminrj ', literally, an overjiowuuj. — jealoiisy. Comp.
chap. vi. 34, 35. These proverbs apply with still greater force to
Oriental countries than to our ov.-n.
5. — love kept concealed; i.e., which does not manifest itself in giv-
ing needful reproof, and in care for the moral weltare of a friend.
8. As a bird, &c. As a bird that forsakes its nest exposes itself
to danger, and cannot easily settle again, so he whose levity or discon-
tent makes him rashly leave his country or trade or oflfice, Avherein
he was well placed, too often undoes himself, but rarely mends his
condition.
10. And go not into thy brother's house; i.e., by fidelity in friendship,
acquire such faithful friends, that it shall not be necessary to repair to
a brother.
11. — that reproacheth me; i.e., with want of care for my child, on
account of his unworthy conduct.
12. Comp. chap. xxii. 3.
13. See chap, xx, 16, and the note.
14. To him; i.e., who blesses his neighbor, &c. His neighbor will
regard this kind of blessing as no better than a curse. He will sus-
pect the sincerity of it. There is an Italian proverb, " He who praises
you more than he was wont to do has either deceived you, or is about
to do it.''
15. Comp. chap. xix. 13, and the note.
16. — oil, &c. ; which is too slippery to be held fast. So the quar-
relsome wife cannot be restrained. J4"ip, to meet, to come upon ; in this
case, to take hold of.
17. — sharpeneth the face ; i.e., the looks, the countenance. This
may be understood as expressing the idea, that by conversation and
discussion one man may quicken and invigorate the mental faculties
of another. But there is considerable reason for supposing that the
face is here regarded as the seat of anger ; in which case, to sharpen the
face will denote to inflame the anger, (Comp. Job xvi. 9, and the note.)
412 NOTES.
19. So doth the heart of man to man. These words have been under-
stood in various ways. They awe commonly understood as denoting,
that as tliere is a resemblance between the face of a man and the re-
flected image of it in the water, so there is a resemblance between one
man's heart and another's, so that in many cases we may judge of others
by ourselves. Otherwise, as the water is a looking-glass, in which v.e
may see our faces by reflection, so the heart or conscience is a mirror,
in whicli the character of the man may be discerned. Otherwise, as
every man will find reflected in the water such a countenance, wiiether
som- or smiling, as he brings when he looks into it, so he ouglit to
expect no other dispositions and feehngs from others than those whicli
he exercises toward them. Love wins love, &c.
20. — the e/jes of man. The eyes here denote not merely curiosity,
but the desires generally. (Comp. Eccl. i. 8; iv. 8.)
21. So let a man he ; i.e., let him take care not to be deceived by flat-
tery, but consider who it is tliat gives praise, what may be the motive,
and how far it is deserved,
23-27. " These verses recommend th.e advantages of private life ;
and show that diligence in rural employments, and the plenty ob-
tained by it, are more conducive to true happiness than the unstable
and uneasy, though splendid, possessions of wealth and authority.
24. — riclies. The term here seems to denote tliat kind of wealth
which may be treasured up, such as money, garments, &c., in distinc-
tion from herds, lands, &c. — the croicn ; i.e., royal or princely dig-
nity.
2G. — the price of thy field; i.e., that with which you may purchase
land.
Chap. XXVIII.
1. "An evil conscience makes men timorous and cowardly, like a
foint-hearted soldier who runs away at the appearance of an enemy,
and never so much as looks back to see whether he pursue him."
— Patrick.
2. — transfjression ; perhaps rebellion ; — many are its rulers. This
may denote rulers following each other in rapid succession, and by con-
tinual revolution; or rulers exercising authority at the same time, in
rebellion against the legitimate king. — the prince. This word is im-
l)lied in the parallel line.
3. Is a siceepinf) rain ; which, instead of refreshing the corn, as gen-
tle showers do, beats it down and lays it flat, so that it can never re-
cover, and a tamine comes upon the land. " This is especially true in
the East. There places are often sold by the needy government to
the highest bidder, who, not knowing how soon another may bid higher
for his place, makes the most of his time to remimerate himself, un-
scrupulous as to the means."
4. — praise the loirked ; i.e., their conduct encourages and virtually
connnends the wicked.
5. — understand not equity ; i.e., discern not, or feel not the force of,
moral distinctions ; their consciences are weak or dead ; their corrupt-
tions blind their eyes, and fill them with prejudices; and, because they
PROVERBS. 413
do evil, they hate the light. — all things; i.e., relating to equity or
moral conduct.
8. Gathereth it fur him, &c. ; i.e., by the wise retributions of Heaven,
it passes into the hands of one who will make a good use of it. (Comp.
cliap. xiii. 22; Job xxvii. 17.)
9. — turueth uuxtj his ear, «S:c. He that refuses to hearken unto God
and to obey his laws deceives himself, if he thinks by his prayers to
please him, and make amends for his crimes ; for God will be so tar
from hearkening to him, that he will abominate such prayers as tend
to nothing but to make God a partner with him in his sins.
11. — icill search him through; i.e., he look tlirough all his vain show,
and easily discover and make it appear what lie really is.
12. — rejoice; i.e., in the possession of authority and high station,
as is suggested by the antithetical line. — great glorying; i.e., instead
oi' hiding themselves, as in the antithetical line, men go about exulting in
tlieir safety, wealth, and prosperity. — hide tliemselves; from a feel-
ing of gloom, and from regard to their safety, they conceal themselves,
their wealth, ornaments, tJcc.
13. — covereth his sins. See Ps. xxxii. 3-5.
14. — feareth always ; namely, to displease God, or to incur the evil
consequences of sin. (Comp. chap. xiv. 16.)
15. — a needy people ; who have little to satisfy his cupidity, and from
their weakness are sure to be oppressed by him.
16. — great in oppression ; and thus has a short reign, as is to be
understood from the antithetical line.
17. — stay him ; i.e., to afford him aid, or prevent his fleeing into the
grave. The idea seems to be that the murderer deserves death. — the
pit; i.e., the grave.
18. — at once ; i.e., suddenly and unexpectedly.
19. — bread enough ; — poverty enough. This rendering imitates the
pointed correspondence or rather identity of the Hebrew words.
20. — faithful man ; i.e., to his promises, engagements, &c. — maheth
haste to be rich ; i.e., not being a faithful man, as in the antithetical
line.
21. — for a piece of bread, &c. Though at the first the partial judge
could not be bribed without a great sum of money, yet, when he has
once vitiated his conscience and accustomed himself to take bribes, he
will at last sell a decision for the smallest advantage.
22. — evil eye; i.e., a sordid, covetous, uncharitable disposition.
(Comp. chap. xxii. 9; xxiii. 6.)
24. — no transgression ; under the plea, perhaps, that all will be his
at last. — is the compjanion of a robber ; i.e., deserves to be classed with
robbers.
25. — strife ; which involves him in expense and losses, as is to be
inferred from the antithetical line.
26. — his own understanding. Comp. chap. iii. 5-7. — is a fool ;
liis self-confidence and rashness lead him into misfortunes, from which
he who icalketh icisely is delivered.
27. — hideth his eyes ; i.e., turns them away from the petition and
miseries of the poor. — many a curse; i.e., from God. (Comp. chap,
in. 33; Mai. ii. 2.)
28. Comp. ver. 12.
414 NOTES.
Chap. XXIX.
1. — hardeneth his nech; i.e., continues refractory or disobedient;
a metaphor drawn from stubborn oxen, which refuse to submit to the
yoke.
2. — are powerful ; ,1^'^, though it does not signify to be in author-
ity in the sense of ruling, does sometimes mean to be great in power
or influence. (See Job xxxiii. 12.) This meaning suits the connec-
tion better than the rendering increase. (Comp. xi. 10; xxviii. 12, 28.)
3. — rejoiceih his J'aiher ; i.e., by his success in life, as is implied in
the antithetical clause.
4. — receiveth gifts ; i.e., as bribes.
5. — for Ids feet; i.e., of his neighbor.
6. — there is a snare; in which he will be caught, and brought to
ruin.
7. — discerneth not Jcnowlcdge ; i.e., he has no true knowledge ; he is
not imbued with the principles of equity, and pays no regard to them
in his decisions.
8. Scoffers, &,c. ; i.e., they who deride religion and positive laws.
— aflame; excite tumults and commotions.
9. Whether he rage or laugh, &c. ; i.e., whether he take the serious
or the jocular way of dealing with him, whether he be severe or
pleasant with him, there will be no end to the controversy ; the fool
will answer, object, excuse, &c., and have the last word. Or the
meaning may be, that the fool may rage or laugh without coming to a
settlement of the dispute.
10. — hateth the upright ; who disapprove and oppose his evil de-
signs.
11. — his anger; so the Septuagint, Syriac, and Chaldaic; more
literally, his spirit, as it is rendered in chap. xxv. 28, where a similar
sentiment is expressed.
12. — listen; i.e., lend his ear to calumniators and flatterers. This
verse is well explained by Ecclus. x. 2: "As the judge of the
people is himself, so are his otiicers ; and what manner of man the
ruler of the city is, such are all they that dwell therein."
13. The poor man and the oppix'ssor, &c. Comp. chap. xxii. 2, which
contains a similar sentiment. — enlighteneth, &c. ; he is the author of
light and life to both.
18. — no vision ; i.e., prophetic vision, or all that instruction which
it was the office of a prophet to give to tlie people.
19. — l>y words. " A slave, and he that is of a servile nature, is not
to be amended by reason and persuasions, no, nor by reproofs or
threats ; for though he liear, and understand too, what you say, yet
lie will not obey till he be forced to it by blows." — Patrick.
20. Comp. chap. xxvi. 12. " Seest thou a man that is forward to
speak to every matter that is started, and affects to speak first to it,
to open it and speak last to it, to give judgment upon it, as if he were
an oracle 1 Tiiere is more hope of a modest fool, who is sensible of
his folly, than of such a self-conceited one." — Henry.
21. — become a son ; he will presume upon the indulgence of his
PROVERBS. 415
master, take tlie liberties of a son, conduct himself as if he one da^
expected to be master.
23. Conip. cliap. :s^. 33 ; Matt, xxiii. 12
24:. — hatcih liiiiis(^; i.e., by bringing ruin upon himself, he acts as
though he hated himself. — inaketh no discovery ; i.e., he hearcfh the
curse imprecated upon liiin as a witness, if he do not speak the truth ;
but, ratlier than acknowledge his own participation in the theft, he in-
curs tlie guilt of perjury. (Lev. v. 1.)
26. — eirri/ mmis jud(jme)ii, &c. This may denote that the sentence
which the ruler gives concerning any man's cause depends upon God,
who turns the hearts of rulers as the rivers of water are turned.
(Comp. chap, xvi 33; xxi. 1.) Or, moi'e generally, that every man's
condition and success in life depend more upon the lavor of God than
upon the tiivor of a ruler.
Chap. XXX.
1. " This chapter contains a new collection of pithy sayings,
which some fancy to be Solomon's, and therefore translate the two
first words thus : ' The words of the collector or gatherer.' But why
Solomon should call himself by this name, and also, instead of the
son of David, style himself the son of Jakeh, seems to me unac-
countable. And therefore it is most reasonable to follow our transla-
tion, and to look upon this chapter as a fragment of some wise
sentences delivered by one whose name was Agur, and his father's
name Jakeh ; unless we will conceive that this son of Jakeh (whoever
he was) had gotten the name of collector, because, though he was a
very wise man, yet he composed nothing himself, but only gathered
out of other wise men's works such instructions as he thought most
profitable, and comprised in a few words a great deal of sense." —
Patrick. Or, if the name Agur be regarded as symbolical, like
Koheleth, the Preacher, it may denote an assembler, one of the assemhlij,
i.e., of wise men. (Comp. Eccl. xii. 11.) Itliiel, a name denoting
Gocl-with-me, and Ucal, denoting powerful, were, no doubt, sons or disci-
ples of Agur.
Hitzig and Bertheau, who are followed by Professor Stuart, have
adopted a new division of the Hebrew words of this verse, according
to which the sense wall be very difierent. Thus : The irords of Acjur,
the son of her ichose domain is Massa. I have wearied niyself for God ; 1
have wearied myself J or God, and have failed. I cannot persuade myself,
that JsiiUTQ nnp'^""]Sj literally, the son, her obedience Massa, could have
been used hy tlie writer to express the meaning, the son of her xchose
domain is Massa. In regard to the latter clause, which those cntics
read thus, '^;^^^^ h^ '^TT'^'^ hlS "Tl^bip, and translate, / have wearied
myself for God ; I have wearied myself for God, and have failed ;- — I do
not believe the Avriter would have used ^J4 'in'^i*^, without an inter-
vening preposition to denote, / have ivcaricd myself for God. It would
rather be, 0 God! Neither does tlie phrase, i have wearied myself for
God, a}>pear to me a natural one to express the meaning, I have
wearied mj'self in searching out the nature or providence of God.
Neither is the meaning, / have failed, in the sense in which those
416 NOTES.
critics understcand the expression, well supported by Hebrew usage.
( See the Lexicons on n^S.) As to the rendering which I have adopted,
it is indeed singular that the three expression!^, " the words," " the
prophecy," and "the inspired utterance," should be used to denote
the same thing. Possibly ^^J2 or £ip may be a gloss introduced
into the text from the margin.
2. — ynore stupid than any man, &G. It has been supposed, that the
l)rofessions of ignorance, in ver. 2 and 3, are by way of reply to his
disciples Ithiel and Ucal, who may haA^e ascribed to him extraordinary
knowledge, or have come to him with hard metaphysical or theo-
logical questions. But it is quite as probable that Agur speaks of his
acquired knowledge and attainments with such humility, by way of
contrast with the word of God (ver. 5) ; i.e., that truth which comes
by insiiiration, or which God has spoken or may speak by his prophets.
(Comp. Amos vii. 14, 15; Jer. i. 6 ; Job xxxii. 7, 8.)
3. — loisdom ; i.e., philosophy ; that wisdom that comes by study
and by the instruction of the learned. — knoivledije of the Most Holy.
Comp. chap. ix. 10. The meaning seems to be, that he had not a
knowledge of the deep things of God, his purposes, tlie ways of provi-
dence, &c. (Comp. Job xi. 7.) It may liave been part of "the design
of this profession of ignorance to rebuke some of the author's con-
temporaries, who may have made great pretensions to knowledge
of things human and divine.
4. The design of tlie questions in this verse seems to be to illus-
trate man's ignorance of the works and the ways of God ; to show
that God alone is wise, and that man must depend upon him for
instruction. (Comp. Job xxxviii.-xli.) No one was entitled to trust
or boast of his knowledge of God acquired by his own faculties,
unless he could show that he had obtained it by ascending to
heaven, &c. ; or unless he manifested his wisdom and power by doing
such wonderful things as ascending to the skies, holding the wind, &c.
Koberts quotes as Orientalisms still in use, " Yes, you are quite sure;
you know ail about it ! Have you just returned from the heavens 1'*
— " Truly he has just finished his journey from above; listen, listen
to this divine messenger ! " — " Our friend is about to do wonderful
things : he has already cauglit the wind ; he has seized it with his
hand." (See Roberts's Illustrations, ad loc.) — What is his name?
i.e., by what name is the wise man, tb.e philosopher called, who can
do or explain these things '? — his son's name ; i.e., either, what is the
name of one of his discii)les, or of one of his kindred, — his son. It
is an emphatic way of declaring that no one ever heard of such a per-
son. (Comp. Amos vii. 14.)
5. Every irord of God; i.e., every declaration, promise, and pre-
cept. — pure ; i.e., free from error and imperfection.
6. Add not, &c. Comp. Dent. iv. 2.
8. — falsehood and lies. These words may refer to the errors of
idolatry, and to false religious oj>inions, so as to have some relation to
what i)recedes. (Comp. Jer. xviii. 15.) Others suppose the expres-
sions to refer to the outside show, the deceitful promises, of mere
wealth., station, pleasure, the " lying vanities of life," so as to have
some relation to what follows respecting a state of mediocrity.
PROVERBS. 417
9. — violate the name, &c. ; viz., by a false oath. (Comp Deut.
viii. 11, &c.) It has been observed that the clanger of perjury was
greater among tlie Jews than with us, as their custom or law tendered
an oath to persons suspected or accused of theft, to clear or purge
themselves. (See Exod. xxii. 8-11.)
10. Lest he curse thee, &,c. The consideration of the temptations of
poverty reminds the autlior of the condition of tlie poor slave, who
was probably often accused upon light grounds, and thus tempted to
perjure himself, or incur the vengeance of a too rigorous master.
It is also intimated that the curse imprecated by the slave upon such
a careless, inconsiderate informer might take effect, not being cause-
less.
11. In this and the following verses, the author points out four
vices, which were probably the prevailing vices of his time, as espe-
cially to be detested and avoided ; namely, ingratitude (especially
filial ingratitude), hypocrisy, pride, and oppression or extortion.
13. — Iqffij are their eyes, &c. Comp. chap. vi. 17, xxi. 4.
15, 16. After the mention of four detestable things, four insatiable
things are enumerated, either as curious in themselves, or as illus-
trating the insatiable desires of man. Gesenius, Fiirst, and others
suppose that an imaginary female spectre is here denoted, which sucks
human blood and is insatiable, like El Ghule of Arabian superstition in
the Thousand and One Nights.
17. — shall pick it out, &c. ; i.e., they shall come to an infamous and
miserable end, their dead bodies being unburied, and left to be a prey
to the ravens which frequent the brooks that run in the valleys ; and
to the young eagles, which shall pick out those eyes in which their
scorn and derision of their parents were wont to appear. Roberts
observes that the eye is the first and favorite part attacked by birds of
prey, as is seen in the numerous bodies which various Eastern super-
stitions cause to be exposed to birds and beasts, " The crows shall
one day pick out thy eyes," is no uncommon miprecation in the East.
ly. — ti-ack of an eayle, &c. " As, when a bird hath flown through
the air, there is no token of her way to be found, but the hght air,
being beaten with the stroke of her wings, and parted with the violent
noise and motion of them, is passed through, and therein afterward no
sign where she went is to be found." — Wisdom v. 11. — upon a rock ;
which receives no mark from the passing of a serpent over it.
— a ship, &c. ; that passes over the water, and leaves no trace of the
keel in the waves. (See Wisdom v. 10.) — track of a man, &c.
The first three things are designed as comparisons to illustrate or
satirize the last; namely, criminal intercourse with a maiden, with
which no one is acquainted but the lovers ; while she is reputed a
virgin, and conceals her wickedness with so much art, and assumes
such an appearance of chastity and modesty, that it is as imi^ossible
to discover that a man has had an improper connection with her,
as to discover tracks left by an eagle in the air, &c.
20. Such; i.e., to be discovered with equal difficulty. — She
eats, &c. ; i.e., she conceals her criminal intercourse by a ready fiilse-
hood, as one would do, who, desiring to conceal that he has eaten any
thing, should wipe his lips and deny it.
22. — a servant when he becometh a king, as sometimes happens under
18*
418 NOTES.
the despotic governments of the East, is of all others most insolent,
imperious, and cruel. There is a German proverb, " No razor shaves
closer than when a boor becomes master." — filled with bread. This
may refer to a conceited fool, whose manners in his prosperity none
can bear ; or to a bad man, in whose hands wealth is the instrument
of o[)pression and mischief.
28. — ichen she becometh a wife. An ill-natured woman, when she
p,ets a husband, being elated with her new dignity, displays all those
ill Immors which for her own ends she formerly concealed. She is
then putted up and imperious, and becomes intolerable to her own
family, and to her relations and neighbors. — heir to her jiiistress ; i.e.,
succeeds to the place of her mistress by the marriage of her master.
This great and sudden change makes her intolerably proud, scornful,
and insolent.
24-28. The four following animals may be mentioned merely as
curious in natural history, as the three in ver. 29-31. Or, if they are
designed to teach a moral lesson, it may be "that we should not
admire bodily bulk or beauty or strength, or value l^ersons for that;
but judge of men by their wisdom and conduct, their industry and
application to business, which are characters that deserve respect.
2. To admire the wisdom and power of the Creator in the smallest
and most despicable animals, in an ant as nmch as in an elephant.
3. To blame ourselves, who do not act so much for our own interest
as the meanest creatures do for theirs." — Henry. Umbreit supposes
the verses to contain a satirical reflection upon the speculating piiilos-
ophers of the time. Instead of Yet are tlieij wise, instructed in wisdom,
he renders, Yet are the// loiser than the wise; i.e., the learned men.
25. — their food. See chap. vi. 8, and the note. Comp. Virg. ^n.,
iv. 402.
26. The conies. The shaphan, for which we have no English name,
probably does not denote tlie conet/ or rabbit. The most satisfactory
statement on the subject is in Wilson's Lands of the Bible, &c., p. 27,
&c. Dr. Wilson gives what he says is an exact representation of it
in the natural attitude. He says, " The preparer of the skin mis-
took it for a rabbit, though it is of a stronger l>uild, and of a duskier
color, being of a dark brown. It is entirely destitute of a tail, and has
some bristles at its mouth, over its head, and down its back, along the
course of which there are traces of light and dark shade. In its short
ears, small, black, and naked feet, and ])()inted snout, it resembles the
hedgehog." (See also Kitto's Cj'clopccdia on the word shaphan.)
21. — go forth in bands; i.e., as a well-ordered host to war. (See
Joel ii. 4-8.)
28. — lizard. This small animal is mentioned as frequenting
houses by several writers quoted by Kosenmiiller. " Quid, cum me
domi sedentem stellio muscas captans, vel aranea retibus suis impli-
cans, saepe intentum facit?" Augustin. (Confess., lib. x. cap. 35.
" Sub noctem consincitur exigua qui\idam lacerta secundum muros
reptans et muscas captans." Bellonius, Observ., lib. ii. cap. 15.
— seizes; its prey, such as flies, spiders, &c. — in Icings' palaces; in
pursuit of its prey, it is i)ermitted to go into the palaces of kings ; or
it has such ingenuity that ittiulers them with impunity.
31. The loin-girded icar-horse ; literally, the loin-girded ; an epithet
PROVERBS. 419
which most probably denotes the horse, as equipped for war, witli
girths and buckles around the loins, a species of ornament frequently-
seen in the bas-reliefs of Persepolis, as Gesenius observes. By others,
the epithet is supposed to refer to the greyhound, or the zebra, or the
cock. — icho cannot be wifhsfood ; i.e., marching forward like a hero,
putting down all his enemies. By resorting to the Arabic sense of
u^p^N;, Ave may obtain the meaning, in the midst oj his people; i.e.,
surrounded by them, and smweying them with pride and confidence,
and walking before them with an air of majesty. (See Ges. Lex. on
d^pX^i.) But this resort to the Arabic word for "people," especially
with the Arabic article prefixed, seems unjustifiable.
32. — lifting thyself up ; i.e., either in pride or passion or prepara-
tion to do an injury. — hand on thij mouth; i.e., be silent; do not say
a word, much less do any tiling toward the accomplishment of it.
33. — the pressing of anger. This verse I have rendered literally.
The design of it evidently is to inculcate forbearance, composure,
quietness, in opposition to the hasty expression of anger, and the
utterance of provoking language. Instead of giving way to anger,
the effort should be to repress it. (Comp. chap. xvii. 14.) Or, instead
of provoking the anger of another by reproaches, we should endeavor
to repress it by mildness.
Chap. XXXI.
1. Lemuel. This may have been the name of some Arabian or
Edomitish king. There is no evidence that it was one of the names
of Solomon ; nor has any good reason been assigned why his appro-
priate name should not have been given him, if he was intended. The
name denotes either God-ivith-them, or of or from God.
2. — son of mil womb ; very dear to me, as my own son ; not merely
mine by adoption. ^- son of mij voics ; for whom I made so many
prayers and vows, if I might but see thee come safe into the world,
and grow up to be a man, and sit upon a throne.
3. — thy strength. The original term denotes, not only strength of
body and mind, but resources, treasures, &c. — thy ways; i.e., thy
course of life. — that ichich destroyeth kings ; i.e., an improper and exces-
sive intercourse with women, which has frequently led to the over-
throw of the most powerful monarchs, especially in the countries of
the East.
4. — to drink ivine ; i.e., to drink it to excess. It is of more import-
ance for kings to be sparing in the use of wine than for the miserable ;
because by its influence the former forget justice to others, whilst the
latter forget their own misery.
6. Give strong drink, &c. If the liberal use of wine and strong
drink is to be allowed to any, it is to the poor and miserable rather
than to rulers. — i-eady to perish is to be understood, not in a strict
sense, but as denoting an unfortunate, poor, miserable man (see ver.
7); though the Jews say that on this vei'&e was founded the practice
of giving a- stupefying drink to condemned prisoners when they were
going to execution, us they did to the Saviour.
420 NOTES.
8. — for the dumb; i.e., for those who, through incapacity, like
orphans, or through fear of powerful opponents, aro unable to defend
their own cause.
10-31. It seems probable that this description of a good wife is not
a continuation of the discourse of Lemuel's mother, nor a description
of the wife of a king, but rather a distinct composition, and perhaps by
a different hand. It consists of twenty-two verses, beginning with the
letters of the Hebrew alphabet in consecutive order; the first with
Aleph, the second with Beth, &c., whence Doderlein calls it the
golden A B C for wives. Henry calls it the looking-glass for ladies,
into which they should look, and by which they should dress them-
selves.
10. — capable woman. The term capable expresses the idea of the
original better than viiiuous. A capable as well as a virtuous woman
is denoted, as is evident not only from the original term "^yj, strength,
i.e., capacitt/, but from the description which follows. The objection
to tlie term virtuous is, that it makes the idea of chastity too prominent.
The passage is a delineation of the ideal of a Hebrew liousewife.
11. — trusteth, &c. ; i.e., for the prudent and faithful management
of all his domestic affairs. — of gain; i.e., by her industry and econ-
omy her husband is enriched with provision for tlie family.
12. All the dags of her life; i.e., not at first only, or now and then,
by fits and starts, but constantly and perpetually.
13. — wool and flax. It is well known tliat the most noble femalea
among the Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans were engaged in labors of
this kind. — icorktth ivillinglg, &c. ; more literally, icorketh with the delight
of her hands ; she makes it appear that her work is not her drudgery,
but her delight.
14. — bringeth her food, &c. ; by the sale of her homespun commodi-
ties, she procures provision from distant places.
IG. ]iy her industry and economy, she not only provides for the
household, but even adds to her husband's possessions.
17. — girdeth her loins; i.e., what she does she does with all her
might. (See the note on Job xii. 21.)
18. — her lamp is not extinguished, &c. ; she continues her labors
beyond the close of the day. Of course the expression is not to be
understood to the letter. (Comp. Virg. ^En. viii. 407, et seqq.) Um-
breit, who often strains his ingenuity to find a new meaning, supposes
the expression to be an image of prosperity, as in chap. xiii. 9; xx. 20.
10. — the spindle. It is said to have been common in the East to
draw the thread from the distaff with one hand, and to twirl the
spindle with the other.
21. — clothed with crimson; i.e., not only protected from the cold,
but even splendidly arrayed. (Comp. 2 Sam. i. 24.)
23. — known i)i the gates, &c. This may mean that he is distin-
guished by the richness of his dress, which his wife has provided for
him by her industry. (Comp. Hom. Odys., vi. 60, &c.) Or that the
husband is freed, by the industry and good management of his wife,
from all cares but those of pifblic business.
24. — linen garments ; probably a linen under-garraent. Adara
Clarke observes : " Some such garments as these are still worn by
PROVERBS. 421
ladies in India and China, and are so thin and transparent, that every
part of the body may be seen through them. I have many represen-
tations of persons clotlied in this way before me, both of tlie Cliinese,
the Hindoo, and the Malabar ladies." (See also Gesenius ad verb.)
— (/ird/cs. Girdles were sometimes of so rich a texture as to be con
sidered a valuable present.
25. Streivjth and honor are her clothing ; i.e., her greatest ornaments,
however, are her strong and active mind, her honorable conduct, and
her good name. — she laugheth, &c. ; i.e., she lives in tranquillity ot
mind ; she has no concern about want or trouble in future time.
26. — icith icisdom ; she is neither silent through ignorance or sul-
lenness, nor yet full of vain and unprofitable gossip. Her conversation
is wise and instructive. — kind instruction ; she is ever ready to give
instruction or advice, and that not with the authority of a dictator, but
with the affection of a friend.
27. — u-a^s of her household; she carefully oversees tlie domestics
and laborers of her family, so that they shall have their allotted work,
and attend to it with dihgence. — b'ead of idleness; i.e., gotten with-
out labor. In connection with the preceding line, the sense may be,
that her living is earned by her domestics, whom her activity stimu-
lates to diligence.
29. Man}/ daughters; i.e., many women. (Comp. Gen. xxxiv. 1;
Ezek. XXX. 18.)
30. Gmce; i.e., gracefulness, elegance of form and manners. — de-
ceitful; i.e., it disappoints expectation, being of short duration, or
unable to give the permanent satisfaction which the husband promised
himself from it. — vain ; i.e., like a breath, a vapor, a mist' — perish-
ing, soon gone.
31. — Ji'uit of her hands; i.e., the praise which she has well earned
by her labors. — the gates; i.e., the places of pubUc concourse.
THE END.
>'v/
| newtranslatio00noye | OL23321665M | OL16765557W | 434 | 1,874 |
zh | N/A | N/A | **先锋与抑制：一个比较的视野**
**姚新勇**
**内容提要：“先锋”与“抑制”总是相并而在，抑制既来自外部，也来自文学内部。然而在转型期中国文学语境中，人们谈及先锋文学所受到的阻碍与抑制时，往往侧重于外部的体制性因素，而对于发生于文学内部的先锋探索、反叛被抑制，则基本未予关注。这些抑制，有些表现为直接的排拆，有些则是更为复杂的意识形态的无意识的合谋。它们既表现为汉语主流文学内部的压抑与排斥，也表现为汉语主流文学对少数族裔文学先锋性的漠视，还表现为少数族裔文学内部的“民族本位性诉求”主潮，对更富个体性、自由性、多元性的先锋因素的挤压。因此，从文化、时代、族群等多样性的视角重新审视中国当代文学的先锋性，会让我们看到更为复杂、丰富的文学、文化样态。**
**关键词：先锋 抑制 转型期文学**
**转型期中国文学的文学先锋性在汉语主流文学内部所遭受的抑制，大致可以分成两大方面，首先是青年反叛文学先锋的抑制性延迟诞生。所谓“抑制性延迟诞生”是指作为具体个体甚至群体已经存在了的写作者，被压迟、推后在社会公开层面显现的情况。这当然不是什么个别现象，不少在“新时期”之初问世的作家和作品，就是在“文革”期间所孕育的“地下文学”的存在，如“今天诗派”。但是“今天诗派”的抑制性延迟诞生之因，可以说完全是外部的政治原因，而“第三代诗歌”晚至1986年才蜂拥而至，情况则有所不同。1986年《安徽诗歌报》和《深圳青年报》联合发起了“中国现代派诗歌大展”，它被解读为“后崛起”“后朦胧”、“第三代诗歌”，这无疑强调了文学诗歌先锋探索对体制意识形态不断地前赴后继的反抗，但相对忽略了文学体制转型与权力重新分配的玄机，忽略了“朦胧诗潮”既是对传统“政治性文学体制”的反叛，又是作为体制意识形态和体制自身转型建构的差异与一体的关系。简而言之，集现代、理想、个体、英雄、爱国于一身的从“文革”地下诗歌探索到“今天诗派”的青年先锋反叛诗群，对于僵化的“文革”体制来说，无疑是非常危险、必须严厉镇压的，而对于刚刚开始变革的体制来说，它则既是叛逆的对手，又是可以加以吸纳、整合的对象，只要将其强烈的社会自发反叛性指向，转变为形式、技巧性的探索"，只要将其中过于超前的形式和思想、观念实验与探索的部分遮蔽，而将理想主义、爱国主义、抒怀性爱情部分加以突出即可。这种改造性的整合，既使得体制吸纳了社会的对抗性因素，也在改造着体制的文学、文化管理机制，降低了它的政治刚性，部分恢复了文学、文化的自我协调性。这样，“今天诗**
**①如“今天诗派”这一名称被“朦胧诗潮”所替代；大胆的形式与内容的反叛，被移焦为“看得懂和看不懂”的争论。**
**②如多多在“朦胧诗潮”中被继续隐身，而先锋探索性较弱的舒婷、杨小滨等人，却名噪一时。**
**派”--代既被整合进体制，又作为体制机制的构成要素，主导、引领着时代的诗歌风气。**
**而与之相较，大致从1980年开始的更为年轻的诗歌探索，则显得过于超前。他们的“反文化”、“反价值”“彻底的个体主义"、语言本体性”的观念、探索，不仅对于20世纪80年代初的体制意识形态来说，几乎是洪水猛兽，而且也难为已经基本为体制所整合的“归来者诗派”和“今天诗派”所认同。正如徐敬亚所说：“今天的人们无法想象当年青年人对诗歌的热情，更无法想象当年编辑出版与民间写作之间的巨大鸿沟。当时全国涌现出了2000多家诗社和千百倍于此的自谓诗人。在投稿于正式刊物频频碰壁后，人们开始采取最原始的办法——自己动手油印诗刊、诗集、诗报”，而韩东鼓动与“北岛对着干”②，以及“打倒北岛”最终成为了“第二代”共同的口号，也都表明了后起的青年诗歌探索与反叛，遭遇到政治刚性体制控制和柔性文学运作机制双重抑制而延后诞生的情况。**
**其次是纯形式性先锋反叛的张扬，对于更高层级的形式与内容的综合性先锋反叛的抑制。众所周知，自80年代文学的现代主义探索全面浮出地表开始，先锋文学就以其大胆的形式与内容的探索而著称。从80年代初关于“朦胧诗”看得懂看不懂的争论、现代主义是技巧性的学习还是西方资本主义腐朽堕落意识的跟随、真假现代派的分辨，到后来先锋小说叙事革命的张扬，再到后来的先锋文学的后现代解构主义的解读，都一直突出着对先锋文学的形式革命性与反叛性生存方式的想象。应该说，这一角度的解读，的确道出了先锋文学相当的特质，却也存在着将艺术形式与生存方式的先锋反叛性过于夸大、膨胀化的问题。如果说这一问题在80年代还不太明显的话，那么到了90年代就逐渐变得严重起来。譬如对“先锋小说”的后现代解构性的解读，就存在某种程度的反叛性臆想的夸张。而后来文坛关于王朔痞子写作的讨论，晚生代小说、欲望化写作、小资写作、下半身写作、民间与知识分子写作的争吵等等，似乎都在进一步将文学的先锋挑战“无边”化地推进，从而使得它们既成为了后先锋时代的市场化、消费化的文学时尚，又被虚妄地拔高为“时代英雄”。**
**当然，文学的先锋性之所以会遭到这样的命运，根本是90年代文化语境造成的。一方面借助于“八九”震荡在人们心中留下的记忆，另一方面借助于1992年之后市场经济的跃进式增长，形成了一种归属于体制的消费意识形态，它主导了人们的意识，并决定了文化生产的基本方向。但这并不是意味着90年代之后就不存在真正意义上的先锋性的反叛。其实，80年代到90年代的突转，并未将文学完全导向消费的大道，它也带来了文学精神更深入的沉潜。某些“第三代诗人”身上发生的变化，以及更广泛意义上的先锋旗帜的集体高扬就都说明了这一点。**
**由于当年“第三代诗人”广告式的涌出方式和他们身上所表现的嬉皮兼颠覆一切的特点，留给人们的总体印象是喧闹的文化暴徒。尽管之后从他们中间也分解出来了一批更富人文知识分子气息的诗人，但是第三代诗人，尤其是余坚、周伦佑、韩东等“他们”诗派的诗人，**
**①徐敬亚等：《1986~2006中国现代诗20年》，新文化网 http：//www.xwhb.com/gb/30/2006-11/15/06111510005791717** \_ **851.html。**
**②于坚、韩东：《在太原的谈话》，转引自谢冕：《一个世纪的背影——-中国新诗1977--2000》，《文艺争鸣》2007年第10期。**
**③姚新勇：《“先锋”历史与意识形态——评陈晓明(表意的焦虑)》，《文艺研究》2005年第1期。**
**留给人们的总体印象似乎依然如故。而1999年间所发生的“民间诗人”和“知识分子诗人”之间的争论，延续并强化了这一印象。但是在表面喧闹的背后，“六四”风波所带来的巨大震荡，极大地冲击了诗人们，使得他们的诗歌发生了总体并未持续长久但却具有质性的变化，例如于坚的《对一只乌鸦的命名》《啤酒瓶盖》、《停电事件》等诗作。而周伦佑在诗歌和理论书写方面的巨大转变，则更为自觉、系统、持续。从他写于1989年末的《想象大鸟》开始，经过《刀锋上完成的句法转换》、红色书写”的倡导，直到2006年《悬空的圣殿》《刀锋上站立的鸟群》的出版，始终坚持着犬儒时代中的真正诗性，勇敢而孤独的先锋反叛写作。然而不仅仅是他们两个，其实在“八九”后的两三年间，中国的数代青年先锋诗人们，停止了派系的意气之争和无谓的争吵，实现了短暂但却弥足珍贵的诗歌集结，创作出了一批既极富语言形式探索，又深含自由、反叛意蕴的精品，将中国新诗推进到了--个炫目而辉煌的高峰。**
**或许我们可以用“隐秘的诗情”来概括这两三年间中国先锋诗歌所具有的共同品质。隐秘的诗情不同于朦胧、含蓄，朦胧、含蓄主要指涉的是单纯的诗味、意境，它所透露出的是诗歌隐含作者与文字间的关系，意义上的朦胧、模糊或含蓄；它所指向的阅读，是单纯的美的欣赏；它所指涉的诗歌与存在、与现实的关系，本质上是和谐的。而隐秘的诗情，则要求诗歌超越这样狭小、低矮的层次，指向更高的艺术境界。这个境界，要求超越当下的拘泥，拒绝将诗歌变成功利性的手段，但又不是所谓纯粹的艺术高远的飘渺；隐秘诗情的语言，既是自由、飞扬、摆脱成规束缚的，直奔诗性的自在之境，同时诗性的锋芒又穿透现实，切割着现实的痛楚、刺穿生存的虚伪。除了前面提到过的周伦佑、于坚，我们还可以从1992年《非非》复刊号的许多诗作中见出这样的品质。**
**但是，所有这些却被90年代之后众多的诗坛“先锋”喧哗所遮蔽。如果说80年代“朦胧诗潮”对“第三代诗歌”的抑制，还带有相当大的文学机制外部的政治性因素，并不表现为前者对于后者的有意打压，那么90年代主流诗坛和主流批评对于中国诗人集体性的“后八九”先锋反叛书写的遮蔽，则主要是被体制化了的文学内部力量的操作性运作，具有相当的预谋性、圈子的意气用事和犬儒性。**
**然而，先锋的遮蔽远不止于此，它还系统、全面地存在于少数族裔文学的先锋写作上。这主要涉及两个方面：少数族裔文学的先锋性与汉语主流文学先锋性的关系；少数族裔文学自身文化特质与现代主义先锋性的关系。第一方面又涉及到三个方面的问题：一是汉语主流文学的先锋性对少数族裔文学的影响；二是少数族裔写作及文化特质对主流文学的现代主义特质的影响与贡献；三是能否以所谓汉语主流文学的标准，去衡量、评判少数族裔文学作品的先锋性。**
**转型期汉语主流文学写作的现代主义方向的探索，对少数族裔文学写作的影响是肯定的。其一，主流文学或文化对非主流文学和文化的影响在所难免，即便后者总是想摆脱、超越前者。其二，文学仓新应该是每一个作家写作的自觉追求，而且先锋文学从它在西方世界出现之后，就与创新、对常规的反叛紧密联系在一起，现代主义、先锋艺术，虽然在“新时期”之初，曾经被传统的文学观念和体制意识形态视为西方堕落文化的象征，但坨很快就成为普遍的正面价值物，成为众多作家，尤其是青年作家学习和努力的方向。所谓作家被创新的狗追得连撒尿的功夫也没有的说法就是最好的说明。其三，客观上中国当代作家**
**向西方作家的学习，主要是通过汉语来进行的，语言及文化位置的便利性，决定了在向西方文学学习时，一般情况下，汉族作家要比少数族裔作家先行一步。所以，上述这三点都决定了汉族文学的先锋性追求，肯定会影响到少数族裔文学。但是这并不意味着少数族裔文学及文化对当代主流先锋写作毫无贡献。例如西藏“新小说”对于拉美魔幻现实主义的先行效仿，再如边地少数族裔文化因素对于诸多“新时期”文学先锋探索的重要性。**
**主流文坛之所以无视少数族裔文学和文化对于主流文学、主流先锋写作的贡献，除了这些贡献本身比较分散、不够直接外，更主要的原因可能是在众多主流文学人士的潜意识中，认为少数族裔文学是低水平的，少数族裔文化是落后的，因此他们那里的现代主义、先锋性，自然是不够格的。更加之少数族裔文学族性意义追求的特征，与现代派、先锋艺术惯常有的“虚无”性特征极为不同，所以，它们看上去就更不先锋了。虽然好像在正规的文字和场合中，没有谁这样说，但只要从少数族裔的立场上思考，对此就会自然有强烈的感受。姑且不论司空见惯的茫然无所知，即便就是正面肯定的文字，也会不期然地流露出傲慢的偏见。陈晓明在论述先锋小说时提到扎西达娃：“扎西达娃是个非常奇特且含义复杂的人物，由于他的藏族文化身份，人们总是习惯于把他看成是藏族作家，而在讨论先锋派的时候把他忽略，这显然是个错误。事实上，扎西达娃是个极有挑战性的作家，他对藏族的现代化，对汉语言写作都有相当的冲击。他后来的《野猫走过茫茫的岁月》，是一篇相当出色的作品，对西藏的现代化与文化杂糅状况作了相当深刻的描写。@作为先锋文学的头号批评家，对扎西达娃如此评价，猛一看上去相当高，但若仔细品味，问题多多。“人们总是习惯于把他看成是藏族作家，而在讨论先锋派的时候把他忽略。”这些人们是谁，难道不包括陈晓明自己吗?难道一个人不能同时拥有“藏族作家”和“先锋派”两种身份吗?先锋只是汉族作家的专属吗?既然陈先生已经意识到已有的先锋评述忽略了少数族裔写作，那么为什么在《表意的焦虑》中，也还仅仅只是一笔带过呢，这样能弥补过去“人们”的忽略吗?①**
**①只要去阅读少数族裔文坛的相关材料，就时常会遭遇这样的感受。正如白族诗人兼批评家栗原小荻所说：“事实极其简单，由于保守和偏狭，封闭和排他”，汉族“诗评家对新史时期(可能为“新时期”之误——引按)以来日渐雄起的、具有真正前卫意义的少数民族血统的先锋诗人——几乎是持漠视态度的。即使是偶尔关注一下个别，也不过是摆出一副姿态而矣。因为，这些批评家脑袋里装满了‘汉族大哥'的‘沙文意识'，这就很难从客观上、科学上、以及感情上有所投入。”栗原小荻：《品格的较量》，第32页，(香港)天马图书有限公司1999年版。**
**②陈晓明：《表意的焦虑——历史祛魅与当代文学变革》，第96页，中央编译出版社2003年版。**
**③这只是就先锋文学而言，扩大到更广泛的主流批评，情况也是如此。例如周政保评价少数族裔长篇小说20世纪80年代中期之后的全面丰收时说，“可以毫不夸张地说，虽则少数民族长篇小说创作在新时期起步较晚、且又少有这一领域的民族文学传统，但它奇迹般地站立到了中国长篇小说世界的前沿”。李鸿然就敏感地看出，“这一说法是对当代少数民族小说的高度评价，不过措辞上，或者说在使用的潜在标准上，似可再议。严格说来，当代中国长篇小说世界的前沿'不止一个，因为当代中国文学是多语种文学，每一个语种都有自己‘长篇小说世界的前沿’”。(李鸿然：《中国当代少数民族文学史论》，第525~526页，云南教育出版社2004年版。)其实不仅是不同语种的文学各有其自己的文学前沿，就是在汉语写作的世界中，我们也不能简单地用所谓汉族作品的标准去衡量少数族裔的写作，如果这样就是犯了“用A族的文学标准评估B族文学的价值”。**
**俗话说，人同此心，相同的经验会带来相同的感受与理解。其实少数族裔文学被藐视的遭遇，在主流文坛那里也不是没有。如果用所谓西方文学的“高标准”、用西方文学的现代派、先锋艺术的特征来衡量主流作家的作品，后者不也就成了“伪现代派”或次级文学了吗?然而为什么我们的主流文坛就不从这个角度想想呢?**
**不应该“用A族的文学标准评估B族文学的价值”，是我们在研究中国文学中应该遵守的原则，但是这样并不意味着主张相对主义，由排斥性的选择转变为毫无标准、比较的承认。那么什么样的标准具有足够的涵盖性，而又不至于造成边界的漫滤无边呢?这的确是一个难以回答的问题，文学艺术的现代主义的先锋性即便在西方世界也不是性质明确、标准确定的。不过鲜明或较为鲜明的形式的创新，并且这种创新带有对传统文学艺术及思维模式的冲击性，则可能是所有文艺作品的现代主义的共同特性。由于确确实实存在的不同民族、不同族群族别文化的差异，这种普遍的先锋特质，自然会有不同的表现，所以我们不能用同一种族别文学的先锋样式去简单衡量其他族别的文学。但是这并不排除不同表现形式之间的比较、对照。只是这种比较、对照，不是为了判定哪一种的水平更高，哪一种更是或更像是真正的先锋写作，而是要思考为什么会出现这种差异?这种差异与所涉及到的族群本身的文化特点、文化位置有什么关系，更重要的是与他们所共在的中国语境的关系究竟如何?这就相当于“现代性”的文化研究视角。这一视角在思考第三世界或后发现代国家的文化现象时，不是以西方为中心标本来看第三世界国家文化的现代与否，而是认为，自地理大发现、西方帝国主义殖民主义将东方世界卷人全球化的现代进程以后，那被卷人进来的第三世界国家就与西方同时处在现代中了。它们不同于西方的现代表征，并不说明它们不是现代的，是落后的，而是恰恰表明全球化语境下的现代性的多样性。因此，我们所要思考的就不仅是第三世界国家的现代性为什么与西方世界的现代性不同，而且更要思考为什么会有这些不同，这些不同究竟有什么样的本土的、全球的含意。在这样的思路下，现代、现代性、先災、先锋性，就都是复数的，而非单数的。**
**文学的先锋性与少数族裔文学之间的另一方面的重要关系是，少数族裔文学自身文化特质的追求与现代主义先锋性追求之间的关系。如果以主流文学的现代主义特征来看的话，肯定会认为这两者是根本不相容的。因为不管转型期主流文学之现代主义的探索发生过多么大的变异，似乎始终存在着一个持续不变的冲动，即通过对明确、它属意义的逃避，从而获得写作的自在、独立。因此，怎么能够想象以族性文化为追求、民族建构为己任的文学，与现代派、先锋相容呢?**
**然而，首先在情感取向上，“民族性”与现代性这两种价值，同时被绝大部分少数族裔作家认可，而且同主流激进批评一样，他们也把先锋性的有无、强弱，视为文学水平高低的重要指标；但不时地发生在汉族文坛那里的“民族性与现代性”“东方还是西方”之间的选择、辩难，却很少在少数族裔文学那里出现，相反倒是出现过“宁肯西化也不汉化”的看法。不仅价值取向上如此，而且在实际的创作上少数族裔文学写作的现代气质、先锋性，也总是与民族性结合在一起，后者构成了前者的根基，前者又成为后者的“前卫”“开路者”。例如张承志的《胡涂乱抹》《错开的花》、《西省暗杀考》、《心灵史》等一系列作品中强烈的少**
**数族性文化色彩、意识与大胆的撕裂性文体的形式创新；扎西达娃的魔幻现实主义与神秘西藏文化的组合；色波《在这里上船》那看似无故事文本中的海明威式遒劲、洗炼的笔力，在空旷的高原中发出丝丝的铮响；朱春雨《血菩提》的萨满文化、文化寻根、国家历史、族裔历史的想象、文化反思、个体命运等多向视野的多层次空间的组构。诗歌方面所取得的成就更值得瞩目。无论是彝族诗派之现代视野下温暖家园的多形建构，藏族诗人朝圣之旅中隐秘诗情的书写和诗性汉语的飞扬，还是巴音博罗多题材、多风格、多样式的诗歌写作，抑或栗原小荻普泛的少数民族意识与中华性和世界性向度的先锋整合之努力，都达到了先锋性与民族性(族裔性)相当的契合。**
**可以说在少数族裔文学这里，尤其是诗歌写作，已经突破了自中国新文学起步起就存在的传统与现代、东方与西方、本土文化与外来文化之间的两难选择，本土性不再是世界性的羁绊、或对照，民族性也不再是先锋、现代性的束缚或校正，民族文化不再是走向世界冲动的否定性前提，而是正面的前提、基础、引导，甚至是基本内容——民族、世界、传统、现代、本土、先锋，就在正相关的方向上有机地契合在了一起。**
**然而，为什么少数族裔文学与汉语主流文学在现代性的追求上，会有如此大的差异呢?为什么主流文学经过百年苦苦的追求至今也没有达到的目标，却让少数族裔文学似乎轻而易举地就完成了?最容易也似乎最正确的答案，可能要归结为少数族裔文化根性的厚重。但是，现代文化作用于本土文化究竟会发生什么样的化学反应，固然与本土文化的积淀有关，但这并不重要，重要的是本土文化与外来文化的位置关系如何。转型期部分少数族裔文学之所以能够超越中国新文学传统，跳出民族性与现代性的悖反性文化结构束缚，是因为它们所处的特殊的“中国文化位置”和“世界文化位置”。**
**大致来说我们可以将其概括为特殊的三重文化复合语境：一是变革、开放性的“新时期”文化氛围，二是少数族裔的边缘性文化位置，三是少数族裔作家的汉文化连带性与本族文化传统的错位性。变革、开放性的“新时期”文化氛围，使得少数族裔文学自然会将变革视为正面的价值，直接或间接地向西方、域外文学学习，追求文学的先锋性。在这一点上，少数族裔文学与同期的汉语主流文学是一致的。但是少数族裔文学的文化边缘位置，又直接刺激着少数族裔作家想摆脱被抑制的从属性文化角色。这是从情感动机上看。而从文化差异的深层结构关系来看，先锋、现代性的追求，并不能让边缘性的少数族裔文学与汉语主流文学区分开来，如果没有特殊的族裔性，哪怕在向域外学习方面取得了领先位置，也可能只会被视为“中国文学”的突破，而不会被视为与特殊的族裔性有什么关系”。所以对于急于想摆脱边缘从属位置、建构新的族裔认同的少数族裔文学来说，他们就必须发现、建构不同于汉文学的、又可以被归为已有的异质性文化成分。于是他们自身所属的“民族文化”“民族传统”，就成为他们文学写作、文化建构的焦点、核心。另外，少数族裔作家的汉文化连带性，又造成了他们与本族文化传统的异质性错位关系，那些被他们发掘出来并加以重新文学想象而呈现的传统文化，对于少数族裔作家及其已“现代化”了的族人来**
**①李陀就是很好的例子。他在意识流小说的实验和文学批评方面，取得了当代文学的领先位置，但在主流文学界中，却没有谁将他的文学成就与其达斡尔族身份加以联系。**
**说，又是新异的东西，符合了艺术先锋的创新要求。正是这三重文化语境，使得转型期少数族裔文学，摆脱了“新文学”的民族性与现代性的悖反性文化结构的束缚，开创了中国文学和文化的新的传统与现代的结构关系。**
**但是这种“摆脱”很可能只是少数族裔文学与汉语主流文学相互比较的结果，如若深人到少数族裔文学创作内部，“传统”与“现代”的紧张仍然存在，而且更靠近现代一极的先锋性，也遭到了传统一极的民族性的挤压。这在西藏文学汉语写作中，就表现得比较突出，例如对于带有文化反思性的西藏先锋写作成份的排斥。这集中体现在扎西达娃身上。扎西达娃写于1978年的《朝佛》，就是通过新旧两代人不同命运的对照表明，传统的藏传佛教文化已经不能适应新时代的需求，它必将被科技现代文明所替代。作品对传统文化的略带温婉的“送别”，恰与当时就要展开的轰轰烈烈的寺院重建潮形成对照。后来学写魔幻现实主义小说的扎西达娃，与藏传佛教文化的距离有所靠近，但仍然带有很强的“世界性”的现代视野，仍然在字里行间流露出对于藏文化的反思性思考。但是这种将民族性、现代性、反思性融为一体的写作意向，并没有成为西藏文学发展的主流，相反纯化西藏文化、强调民族根性和反抗性的意向，却日益成为西藏文学的主流。与这种偏激而危险的排斥性一致，80年代由多族群作家相互促动自然而成一体的西藏文学，也日益向越来越狭隘的藏民族文学转化。**
**综上所述，近三十年来中国文学发展历程中所发生的种种抑制文学先锋探索的现象，既存在于主流文学中，也存在于主流与边缘少数族裔文学之间，以及少数族裔文学内部。它们推迟了某些特定先锋文学的诞生，造成了形式与内容的双向反抗文学的被排斥和文学自身更高综合性发展的抑制，构成了文学的贫血性存在，制约了中国文化多元一体有机综合性的建构……**
**(姚新勇，暨南大学文学院中文系)**
**【责任编辑：周** **翔】**
**①载誉80年代中国文坛的西藏“新小说”浪潮，就是扎西达娃、马原、色波、金建国等一群多族群作家集体努力的结晶。那时没有听到有人说这不属于西藏文学，可是到了新千年后的今天，就连藏族作家的汉语写作是否属于西藏文学，都成了问题。限于篇幅此处无法展开，请参见姚新勇《身份认同与汉藏冲突》，《二十一世纪》(香港)2009年2月号，姚新勇《中国民族危机系列思考五一—“社会动员”与“纯洁血统”：种族民族主义生成简史四》和“天山姚新勇”博客，http：//blog.sina.com.cn/s/blng\_60f25ed70100gcfu. html。** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **“互联网+”时代浙江农村社区养老模式构建研究**
**高军行**
(绍兴职业技术学院，浙江 绍兴 312000)
**\[摘，要\]浙江人口出现老龄化、高龄化、空巢化等特点，而农村老年人口又占较大比重，使得农村养老出现许多问题。农村社区养老模式仍是一种在探索中的新型养老保障模式，却符合我国国情并值得研究与探讨。尤其在“互联网+"时代，如何把互联网引入农村养老来解决农村地区养老资源稀缺、促进农村社区养老的发展都值得研究与探讨。文章介绍了养老的相关概念，论述了浙江农村养老面临的困难与推行社区养老的必要性，并进一步探讨了建立农村新型社区养老的路径。**
**\[关键词\]社区养老；“互联网+”；养老模式**
**国际上将60岁以上老人占总人口10%以上或65岁以上老人占总人口7%以上的国家视为老龄型国家。浙江已快速进人老龄化深化阶段，截至2015年底，浙江60岁及以上的老年人口约984.03万人，占总人口的20.19%，高于全国平均数4个百分点，高于国际老龄化标准线10.19个百分点，养老成为不得不去关注和思考的问题，另外，农村老龄化程度比城镇更高、更快，传统的家庭养老模式受到更严重挑战。2015年，李克强总理提出的“互联网+”行动计划为养老产业的发展带来了新的机遇。作为互联网发展前沿和积极推进经济社会转型升级的浙江，更需要通过互联网实现农村养老模式的创新和养老产业的发展。**
**1 概念界定**
**1990年人口普查显示浙江60岁及以上人口占总人口比重为10.38%，提前进入老龄化，且老龄化、高龄化、空巢化加速发展。因此，养老问题、特别是农村养老问题成为社会关注热点。**
**1.1 社区与农村社区**
**1881年，费迪南多·滕尼斯首次使用“社区”一词，“社区”是具有共同价值取向的人口组成的社会共同体。我国很多学者虽然认知不同，但普遍认为社区具备一定的地理区域、一定数量的人口、居民共同的意识与利益、较密切的社会交往等基本特点。城镇化不断推进，农村社区逐步推广，但其范围一般仍限制在行政末梢的自然村落或联系较紧密的村落群。综合农村社会学家们的理解，地域较广阔且以村或镇为居民活动中心、居民生活方式大体相同、主要从事农业生产、具备相似价值观与行为规范的社会群体为农村社区。**
**1.2 家庭养老与社区养老**
**在我国，养老首先想到家庭养老这一传统、维系社会稳定的养老方式。它以家庭为单位，家庭成员基于血缘与亲情，赡养老人及给老人精神慰藉。社区养老则以家庭养老为主体，加大社区的载体作用，加以政府的辅助，将专业服务引人社区，老人既得到家人照顾，也可由社区相关服务机构或专业人士在生活照料、医疗保健等方面提供上门或托老服**
**务。农村社区养老是农村在各级政府无力实现全面社会养老的情况下，提炼优化农村现有资源建立的一定范围的养老模式，农村老人不必离开自己的住所和赖以生存的土地，留在熟悉的环境和熟悉的人一起安享晚年。**
**_2_ 浙江农村养老保障的现状**
**2.1 浙江农村人口老龄化现状**
**随着浙江农村经济的快速发展，年轻人随着求学外出打工，移居或落户城镇，家中老人主动或被动地留在了农村。**
2.1.1 农村老龄化快于城镇
**2015年末，浙汇常住人口约5539 万人，农村人口约占总人口的34.2%，比上一年下降0.93%。但是，全省农村老年人口增长较快，1990年农村65岁及以上老年人口约古农村常住人口的6.9%，比城镇这一比重高0.3个百分点；2000年，这比重达到10.6%，比城镇相应比重高3.4个百分点；2006年则为12.5%，比城镇相应比重高3.6个百分点；2012年60岁以上农村老年人口578.56万人，占全省老年人口总数的67.46%，占全省农村总人口的28.7%近20年农村65岁及以上老年人口约占农村常住人口比重的年均增长达到了10.96%。**
2.1.2 农村“空巢老人”不断增加
**农村“空巢老人”指那些子女不在身边、独立生活的老人，也包括和未成年孙辈们留在农村共同生活的老人。在城市化浪潮中，由于城乡差距的存在，大量农村青壮年通过打工或接受中高等教育流人城市，也因为农村核心化、小型化家庭的比重提高，“空巢化”现象更加严重。第五次人口普查结果显示，2000年，浙江65岁及以上老人家庭户中，农村“空巢老人”占 36.6%，2006年，这一比率为59.1%，2010年达到59.56%，呈现快速增长趋势。**
2.1.3 高龄化与失能半失能现象日趋严重
**农村老龄化加速的同时，高龄化现象日趋严重。2000年，全省农村75岁及以上老人为86.4万人，2006年为103.5万人，年均增长3.3%，同期农村65岁及以上的老年常住人口年均增长率为1.04%。2015年，浙江80岁及以上高龄老人更是达到155.8万人，占老龄人口的15.8%。2012**
**年末，全省共有百岁老人1625人，2013年为1794人，2014年则增加到1977人，2015年突破2000人，达到2227人，2012-2015年均增加9.26%，其中农村百岁老人又占全部百岁老人的70%以上。2014年全省失能和半失能老年人口分别为21：31 万人、44.08万人，各占老年人口总数的2.26%、4.66%。在广大农村，多数老人主要以种地获得收人，但随着年龄增长，从事繁重体力劳动的能力减退。浙江省一些较发达村的老年人能从村里获得一定补助，但大部分主要依靠家庭养老或自我养老，一部分无劳动能力的老人因子女无能力承担或不愿承担养老，生活相当困难。**
**2.2 浙江农村养老现状分析**
**浙江省经济虽得到大幅提升，但短期内依然很难解决全省的养老问题，尤其是农村的养老问题。**
2.2.1 农村家庭养老模式的困境
**绝大多数农村以“养儿防老”式的家庭养老为主，但随着社会经济的变革，该模式受到越来越大的挑战。**
**(1)家庭养老负担增大，经济支持乏力。浙江省是计划生育政策落实较好的地区之一，今后一段时期越来越多独生子女的父母进入老年期。截至2014年底，全省新型农村合作医疗参合率为97.7%，农村老人基本达到应保尽保，但领取的养老金依然有限。3对独生子女们来讲，两个年轻人养四个或更多的老人逐渐成为一种极大的压力。且面对“养子”与“养老”，往往出现“重小轻老”的情况，对老年人经济支持不多或没有。**
**(2)城镇化进程的推进与核心家庭比重增加。随着城镇化持续推进，失地农民数量增加，大量农村人口流人城市T作生活，传统农村养老文化受到冲击，甚至出现“养儿不能防老”的现象。留守老人，尤其是失能和半失能老人，成为被嫌弃、冷落、忽视的对象。即使是农村子女，一般在成家后也会与父母分开，把大多数精力放在自己小家，不能随时掌握父母的衣食住行及健康状况或给予老人因孤独、失落需要的精神慰藉。**
2.2.2 现有农村社区养老模式存在的问题
**养老问题日益突出，各地政府探索多种养老模式。上海等城市在社区养老模式探索中暴露了一些制约社区养老发展的问题。一是信息不畅带来资源配置不合理。社区居委会作为中介聚集信息，但存在养老服务供给和需求信息发布不完整、不及时等问题，一些单位、志愿者没有畅通渠道去参与社区养老。二是兴前社区养老以政府推动为主，设施建设主要靠政府投人，受人力、资金等资源条件限制，落实中会出现分配不均、管理落后、服务人员欠缺等情况。而在获利较低的现实情况下，一些企业也没有较高参与社区养老服务的积极性。三是虽然浙江经济发展很快，但农村居民养老观念仍较为落后，更注重固有的“养儿防老”，不愿接受社区养老模式。**
**3 浙江农村新型社区养老模式的构建**
**20世纪90年代初，我国开始对社区养老方式进行研究，而农村社区养老又是一个较新的研究方向。**
**3.1 国内外相关养老经验**
**经济社会发展、文化传统不同，各国实行的农村社区养**
老保障有不同的模式。oclal Sciences Database
**3.1.1日本模式**
**目前，日本的社区养老组织形式主要有政府主导型、政府资助民间组织型、民间志愿者协会型和企业组织型四种，体现“小规模多机能”的特点，社区养老院的床位一般在20~30张，可以提供包括24小时人住照顾、日托服务或居家上门等“多机能”服务，强调老人们在自己的家中和社区中养老，与社区互动。**
3.1.2 英国模式
**英国社区老年服务采取形成于20世纪50年代的“社区照顾”模式，在20世纪70年代政府削减福利支出后愈加受到重视，成为英国社会养老的最主要方式。其主要以社区为依托，政府为主导，市场运作为辅助，，专业机构提供服务，形成官办民助的管理格局，实现政府与社会、个人共同承担养老责任。后来美法等国纷纷效仿，社区照顾成为欧美国家中占主导地位的一种养老模式。**
**3.2浙江农村“互联网+养老”服务新模式**
**近年来，浙江省大力推进养老服务工作，2020年的目标定为“9643”，既96%的老年人居家养老；4%的老年人在机构养老；保证不少于3%的老年人能享受政府提供的养老服务补贴。目前，浙江社区居家养老服务中心已覆盖全部城市社区，但农村仍有11%的地区没有覆盖。就农村社区养老，浙江省可以落实“政府扶持、村级主办、社会支持、群众参与、家庭分担”的农村社区日间照料养老新模式，有效突破贫困地区农村社区治理的瓶颈。在这一过程中，应鼓励各村根据实际情况，有钱出钱，有力出力，充分利用村内闲置人力、物资资源，通过新建、改建、扩建等多种方式推动医疗、养老、文化等资源“一体化、集约化、全方位”利用，实现资源利用的最大化、高效化，把老年人看病就医、日间照料、健身娱乐打包，解决农村老年人的医疗护理和日常照料等问题。**
**国家制定“互联网+养老”行动后，具有开放性、便捷性、共享性等特点的互联网通过结合养老产业，对突破农村优质养老资源的时空限制，提升农村老年人生活质量意义重大。浙江各地需要利用互联网技术整合农村有限的公共服务资源，实现资源更优配置。浙江省应该利用自身在互联网发展方面的优势，通过政府主导，社会力量动员，社区资源充分利用，成立以家庭为核心，以社区为依托的智能呼援中心，既能对农村留守、失能、半失能老年人的行动进行简单掌控，使老年人得到及时救援；也能运用互联网大数据、云计算等先进技术有效地分析和把握老年人的多样化需求，建立社区与家庭、老人与子女、乡镇卫生院、专业机构之间线上线下的交互，减轻家庭照护者的压力，使得老人留在农村社区养老成为现实，实现老年人生命保障、社会参与、家人照料的全方位保障，提高农村社区养老的质量，实现农村居家老人晚年幸福健康与尊严的生活，还能达到节约政府、个人的人力物力，降低养老成本的效果。**
**_4_ 推进“互联网+”农村杜区养老发展的途径**
**当前，互联网养老项目一定程度上实现了养老产业链条的融合。但是，城乡发展不平衡，农村养老服务起步晚，基**
**础差，投人少，还需政府、行业、社会、家庭各方共同努力，推进该产业的发展。**
**4.1 政府层面**
4.1.1 加快立法与制度建设
**现行的养老管理制度与运行规则往往不能有效指导新的养老模式，在“互联网+养老”发展的进程中，就要求政府部门作为引领者与推动者，破除阻碍新模式发展的不合理机制，根据实际颁布法律法规和规章制度，为“互联网+养老”创造一个公平、公开、公正的运行环境。**
4.1.2 加大财政等支持力度
**“互联网+”背景下的农村社区养老还是新兴事物，企业在获利较低的情况下进入的意向低。因此，政府必须作为主导力量，增加财政支持力度，如政府对“互联网+养老”模式创新带来的风险进行预估，通过国家的前期投人为后续资金的进人奠定基础，建立服务信息平台，弱化企业追求利润带来的局限性与产业发展中的竞争性，实现数据的社会化价值；还应从财政补贴或税收方面完善融资机制，引进民间资本，解决企业面临的资金短缺困境，提高资金投入的积极性。**
4.1.3 搞好农村社区建设
**农村社区是“互联网+社区养老”的载体，因此应抓住当前我省在新农村建设中的有利契机，加大对农村基础设施建设的建设，完善基层卫生医疗系统或机构；推动农村经济体制改革，保护地方集体经济等，促进新农村的建设，为社区养老提供经济、制度上的支持。优化产业布局，加强城乡合作，实现要素优化配置，城乡资源互补、合理分工。**
**4.2 企业或社会层面**
_4.2.1_ 整合资源与平台
**养老虽然是一项公益性事业，但也需要企业和社会各界的加人。当下，“互联网+养老”离不开专业化的信息与技术的支撑，企业需要协调上下游需求与资源分配，构建信息平台，促进不同养老模式的融通，满足多样性的养老需求，构建更加合理、有效的养老服务供应链。**
4.2.2 研发新设备，简化操作程序
**企业需要加大技术设备的研发，简化智能设备的操作应用程度，方便老年人使用。当然，企业在追求自身可持续发展过程中，需要对设备、应用程序进行周期性检查与更新，不仅为社会提供更优的产品与服务，也能创立自己的品牌，提高社会信誉度。**
**4.3 家庭与个体层面**
4.3.1 夯实家庭养老基础，挖掘个体潜在资源
**社区养老是家庭养老的拓展与延伸，在构建中要挖掘家庭、老人自身的潜在资源。如通过制度设计鼓励低龄老人向高龄老人提供无偿或低偿服务；有空闲房产的老人无偿或低偿提供场所作为日间照料室；创造机会为愿意参与**
**社会活动的老人提供各种条件，发挥余热；还可以结合农村实际，带动村里的空闲劳动力，如充分调动没有外出务工的、熟悉本村老年人基本情况的妇女，对她们进行专业的职业技能培训，把她们培养成为贴近老年人实际需求的养老服务人员。**
4.3.2 推广互联网应用，增强老年人应用能力
**“互联网+”带来了新的智能养老方式，但农村老年人年龄结构偏高，受教育程度低，无法熟练掌握智能设备和应用软件，使“互联网+养老”举步维艰。因此，农村老年人要走上“互联网+养老”的路上，不仅需要社会与家庭的引导，也需要老年人自身的努力与观念的转变。**
4.3.3 克服思想障碍，提升农村老人的养老意识
**“银发浪潮”下，最重要的任务是加大宣传，使各年龄段的村民认识到社区养老的观念与实质是互助共济，社区养老并不意味着年轻一代对老年人的遗弃与不孝，是新形势下对家庭或居家养老的补充。因此，作为农村社区基层干部在改变自身养老观念时，根据本社区实际需求去开展服务项目，最犬限度满足本社区老年人社区居家养老的需求。**
5 结 论
**农村：老龄化日益严峻，如何突破农村养老资源短缺的限制，创新养老模式成大家共同关注的问题，基于浙江省养老实际，农村社区养老模式作为一种尚在探索之中的养老模式，能解决浙江省当前严重的“养老难”问题，结合其他养老保障模式有存在与发展的现实性和必要性。在互联网快速发展的今天，加快发展农村养老服务业，应该充分利用互联网、云计算等现代技术手段，创新社区养老服务模式，实现养老产业领域政府、企业与家庭“三赢”。**
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**\[4\]新华网.山西平陆探索农村日间养老新模式-——“老年灶”让老人吃上“暖心饭”\[「EB/OL.L\[2015-03-20\]** **(2017-01-03). http： //news. xinmin. cn/shehui/2015/03/20/27123812. html.**
**内业小**
**\[基金项目\]本文是2016年度浙江省民政政策理论研究规划课题“互联网+”时代浙江农村新型社区养老模式研究(项目编号：ZM7C201638)的研究成果。**
**\[作者简介\]高军行(1983一)，女，汉族，浙江绍兴人，讲师，硕士研究生。研究方向：国际经济一体化与区域经济方面。** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **哀伤认知问卷在中国丧亲者样本中的修订**
**尉玮'，王建平1.2，何丽'，谢秋媛'，唐苏勤'**
**(1.北京师范大学心理学院，应用实验心理北京重点实验室，北京100875；2.首都医科大学，北京100088)**
**【摘要】 目的：将哀伤认知问卷(GCQ)引人中国，检验其在中国丧亲者样本中的信效度。方法：严格按照双盲方法对GCQ进行翻译；招募450名自愿参与的丧亲者接受测查；选用延长哀伤问卷、创伤后应激障碍症状清单、抑郁自评量表、焦虑自评量表作为效度量表。结果：丧亲者样本的验证性因素分析支持GCQ的九因素模型(因素间相关)。总量表内部一致性信度为0.97，重测信度为0.76，聚合效度较好(0.45-0.73)，区分效度可接受(0.28-0.53)。在控制基本信息后，哀伤组的GCQ得分显著高于对照组\[F(1，435)=129.40，P=0.000\]。结论：中文版GCQ在中国丧亲者样本中表现出了良好的信效度和稳定的因素结构，可以在中国文化下使用。**
**【关键词】 中文版GCQ； 丧亲者样本；信度；效度**
**中图分类号：R395.1 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1005-3611(2014)02-0246-05**
**Psychometric Validation of Griet Cognitions Questionnaire(GCQ) in Chinese Bereaved Sample**
**YU Wei'， WANG Jian-ping， HE Li’， XIE Qiu-yuan， TANG Su-qin'**
**Beijing Key Lab of Applied Experimental Psychology， School of Psychology， Beijing Normal University， Beijing 100875， China； Capital Medical University， Beijing 100088，China**
**【Abstract】 Objective： To test the psychometrics properties of the Grief Cognitions Questionnaire(GCQ) in Chinese be reaved sample. Methods： 450 bereaved individuals were tested with a measuring battery including GCQ， Prolonged Grief-13(PG-13)， Posttraumatic Stress Checklisl-Civil Version(PCL-C)， Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS) and Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS). Results： Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the current bereaved sample support the nine-factor model. Internal consistency coefficient was 0.97； retest reliability coefficient was 0.76； convergent validity(0.45-0.73) were good and discriminate validity(0.28-0.53) was acceptable. After controling for basic informations， GCQ score in PG-group was still significantly higher than the control group\[(1，435)=129.40，P=0.000\]. Conclusion： Chinese version GCQ shows good psychometries properties in Chinese bereaved sample. Thus， GCQ can be used in Chinese culture.**
**【Key words】 Chinese version of GCQ； Bereaved sample； Reliability； Validity**
**尽管大多数人在遭遇亲人离世后，可以从丧亲的痛苦中走出来，但还是有一小部分人会表现出强烈的哀伤反应且无法平复，并逐步发展成延长哀伤障碍(prolonged grief disorder，PGD)。延长哀伤障碍是一种由重要他人离世引发的病理性的哀伤反应。它是这样一组症状群：在关系亲密的人去世六个月后，个体对死者的想念仍持续弥漫到生活的各个方面、有关死者的一切总是萦绕心头，而且这些反应已经严重损害了个体的社会功能；此外，个体还表现出难以接受死亡、愤怒、内疚等特点，且哀伤反应与其所处的社会或文化环境不符。延长哀伤障碍不同于抑郁、焦虑症状或创伤后应激反应，患者体验到的主要是分离痛苦，而不是单纯的悲伤、紧张或是对创伤性事件的恐惧3-，而且延长哀伤障碍对个体的身心健康有极大的危害7.8。**
**在提出“延长哀伤障碍”这一术语前，研究者们曾使用过多种术语，先后有病理性哀伤(pathologic**
**通讯作者：王建平，E-mail： [email protected]**
**grief)9.101创伤性哀伤(traumatic grief，TG)和复杂性哀伤(complicated grief， CG)2.13。虽然说法略有差异，但所描述的症状相对一致。如今，2013年新问世的《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》(第五版)(DSM-V)又提出了“持续性复杂的丧失相关障碍”(persis-tent complex bereavement- related disorder，PCBRD)(14)；而即将出版的《国际疾病分类》(第十一版)(ICD-11)沿用了延长哀伤障碍。Boelen 等人\*认为PC-BRD这一诊断是2012年才提出的，其中很多条目都缺乏实证依据(比如病程标准)，它不仅与正常哀伤的区别不清晰，而且造成了临床实践与研究工作的中断；相比之下，PGD有更长的研究历史与丰富的研究成果，相对应的测量工具也得到了普遍推广。因此，为了保证临床实践与研究不至从零开始，他建议继续使用延长哀伤障碍这一诊断。**
**为了研究延长哀伤障碍形成的心理机制，Boel-en 提出了认知-行为概念化模型6。该理论认为个体的负性认知(比如负面信念和对哀伤反应的错误**
**解释)，在延长哀伤障碍的发展和维持过程中，起到了至关重要的作用。具体而言，当某些个体面临丧失，其负性认知会直接导致个体产生病理性的哀伤症状、干扰其丧失经历与自传体信息的整合、并强化那些无用的行为与认知回避策略；此时，这些因素相互影响，就会使个体的病理性哀伤愈发严重，演变为延长哀伤障碍17-191。**
**为了更加深入地了解延长哀伤障碍形成的认知因素， Boelen 编制了哀伤认知问卷(Grief Cognitions Questionnaire，GCQ)。该量表共九个维度，分别是对自我的负面信念(比如：自从他/她离世后，我觉得自己变得毫无价值)、对世界的负面信念(比如：自从他/她离世后，我意识到世界是个糟糕的地方)、对生活的负面信念(比如：自从他/她离世后，我的生活就没有了目标)、对未来的负面信念(比如：我对未来没有信心)、自责(比如：我对他/她的离世负有部分责任)，对他人的负性认知(比如：他/她离世后，许多人都让我失望)、自身哀伤反应的恰当性(比如：我的哀伤反应是不正常的)、珍惜哀伤反应(比如：只要我哀悼，我就能保持与他/她的连结)，以及对哀伤反应的威胁性解释(比如：如果释放了自己的情绪，我将会疯掉)。**
**该量表不仅具有良好的心理测量学特性201，而且作为唯一的哀伤认知评估工具，在哀伤认知研究领域起到了非常重要的作用。研究者先后在一般丧亲群体女性青少年丧亲群体和丧偶群体中使用GCQ测查了认知变量对哀伤反应的影响；并进行纵向研究，利用交叉滞后设计完善结论；此外，研究者还建构了认知-行为概念化模型\[16.24)，并证明了负性认知对于认知行为治疗效果的不利影响25。**
**目前国内病理性哀伤的研究并不多见，关于病理性哀伤的心理机制的研究更是缺乏。因此，本研究试图将 GCQ这个新工具引入中国本土，未来可用于评估中国丧亲者的哀伤认知状况，以探究病理性哀伤形成的心理机制，为哀伤的认知行为治疗提供实证依据。**
**1 对象与方法**
**1.1 对象**
**选取年满16周岁且有丧亲经历的个体，采取以下两种方式进行招募：①在研究者及若干合作者所在高校、社区居委会以及医院进行寻访，说明研究目的、内容及参与者权利和保护后，邀请符合条件者参与研究。②通过发布网络问卷的链接寻求自愿参与**
**者。在填写问卷之前，先请被试签署知情同意书，若在填写过程中，有任何不适，随时可以暂停或者退出研究。对于愿意留下联系方式的参与者，我们会发送一份对于其调查结果的反馈，包括测查结果的解释、哀伤理论简介、哀伤平复历程的建议、以及相关书籍、电影以及网站的推荐。**
**招募从2012年3月开始，截止到2013年9月，共收集问卷495份，其中纸质问卷362份，网络问卷133份。调查范围覆盖了北京、上海、江苏、四川、山东、辽宁、广东等省份。对所有回收问卷进行整理，删除缺失值超过5%及规律作答的问卷45份，最终剩余450份有效问卷，问卷有效率为90.91%。详细的人口学信息及丧亲相关信息见表1，其中女性参与者居多，多数人是祖父母离世，死因多为疾病。随后，又收集重测问卷30份，间隔1-2周，其中有效问卷为29份。**
**表1 参与者基本信息与丧亲信息统计**
| | **参与者基本信息与丧亲信息统计** |
| --- | --- |
| **变量** | **数值** |
| **基本信息** | |
| **男性** | **90(20.0%)** |
| **女性** | **347(77.1%)** |
| **缺失值** | **13(2.9%)** |
| **年龄(岁)** | **27.58±11.81** |
| **受教育程度(年)** | **15.20±2.25** |
| **丧亲信息已故者(人)** | |
| **祖父母** | **267(59.3%)** |
| **父母** | **95(21.1%)** |
| **配偶/伴侣** | **11(2.4%)** |
| **兄弟姐妹** | **14(3.1%)** |
| **子女/孙子女** | **8(1.8%)** |
| **其他** | **48(10.7%)** |
| **缺失值** | **7(1.6%)** |
| **死亡原因(人)** | |
| **疾病** | **337(74.9%)** |
| **创伤性(交通事故/自杀/天灾人祸)** | **41(9.1%)** |
| **自然死亡** | **54(12.0%)** |
| **其他** | **9(2.0%)** |
| **缺失值** | **9(2.0%)** |
| **丧亲时间(年)** | **5.09±5.43** |
**1.2 测量工具**
**1.2.1 哀伤认知问卷(Grief Cognitions Question-naire，GCQ)上由 Boelen 等人编制\[20)，包含38个项目，采用0-5的6点评分，0代表“非常不同意”，5代表“非常同意”，分数越高表明负性认知越严重。原量表共9个维度，分别是对自我的负面信念、对世界的负面信念、对生活的负面信念、对未来的负面信念、自责、对他人的负性认知、自身哀伤反应的恰当**
**性、珍惜哀伤反应、以及对哀伤反应的威胁性解释。**
**_1.2.2_ 延长哀伤问卷(Prolonged Grief- 13，PG-13)由 Prigerson"根据 PGD的诊断标准编制，包括13个项目，分别是分离痛苦2项、认知情绪和行为症状9项、病程1项、功能受损1项。前11项采用1-5的5点计分，1代表“不符合”，5代表“完全符合”，分数越高表明延长哀伤症状越严重；后2项为是非题。需满足以下标准才能考虑PGD诊断：必须经历丧失事件，分离痛苦的2项中至少1项在4分及以上，认知情绪和行为症状的9项中至少5项在4分及以上，病程标准和功能受损均回答“是”。**
**1.2.3 创伤后应激障碍症状清单(Posttraumatic Stress Checklist-Civil Version，PCL-C) 由 Weathers 等人编制26，包含17个项目，采用1-5的5点计分，1代表“不符合”，5代表“完全符合”，分数越高表明个体经历创伤事件后的症状越严重。杨晓云等人修订的PCL-C中文版具有良好的信效度。**
**1.2.4 Zung 抑郁自评量表(Zung Self-Rating De-pression Scale， SDS)包含20个项目(其中10个反向题)，采用1-4的4点计分，1代表“从不/偶尔”，4代表“持续”，分数越高表明个体的抑郁症状越严重。 SDS中文版信效度指标良好281.**
**1.2.5 Zung 焦虑自评量表(Zung Self-Rating Anxi-ety Scale，SAS) 包含20个项目(其中5个反向题)，采用1-4的4点评分，1代表“从不/偶尔”，4代表“持续”，分数越高表明个体的焦虑症状越严重。陶明修订的SAS中文版具有良好的信效度**
**1.3 统计方法**
**首先使用 Lisrel8.7对中国丧亲者样本进行验证性因素分析，考察问卷的因素结构；然后使用**
**SPSS16.0进行其他的信效度检验。**
_2_ 结 果
**2.1 因素结构**
**为了检验 GCQ是否符合原有的九因素结构201，我们首先定义了M1九因素模型(因素间相关)，采用极大似然估计法对450个丧亲者样本进行验证性因素分析，结果见表2。M1的拟合指数为 CFI=0.98， RMSEA=0.079，模型拟合良好。**
**但有些学者认为，负性认知可能是单一维度的，或者可以从更高阶的概念上进行解释10)。为了确保九因素模型(因素间相关)是拟合数据的最优模型，我们又分别检验了单因素模型、九因素模型(因素间独立)、二阶九因素模型的数据拟合情况，结果见表2。M2单因素模型(CFI=0.94， RMSEA=0.161)、M3九因素模型(因素间独立)(CFI=0.94，RMSEA=0.159)与M4二阶九因素模型(CFI=0.97，RMSEA=0.086)均不拟合。即使是拟合稍好一些的M4二阶九因素模型，也显著差于M1(Ax'=327.88，Adf=27，P<0.001)。所以保留M1九因素模型(因素间相关)为最终模型。**
**项目的因素载荷与因素间相关矩阵见表3、表4。因素载荷高，且因素间相关显著，均支持GCQ原有的九因素结构。**
**表2 GCQ的模型拟合结果**
| | **X** | **df** | **xldf CFI** | **TLI** | **NFI** | **RMSEA** | **AIC** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **M1：九因素模型** **(因素间相关)** | **2437.82 6293.870.980.98 0.97** | | | | | **0.079** | **2621.11** |
| **M2：单因素模型** | **5667.90 665 8.520.94 0.94 0.93** | | | | | **0.161** | **8552.27** |
| **M3：九因索模型** **(因素间独立)** | **5655.54 665 8.50 0.94 0.94 0.93** | | | | | **0.159** | **8376.08** |
| **M4：二阶九因素模型** | **2765.70 6564.220.97 0.97 0.97** | | | | | **0.086** | **2982.20** |
**表3 GCQ在九因素模型(因素间相关)中的因素载荷**
| | **自我** | **世界** | | **生活 未来** | | | | | | | **自责** | | **他人** | | **恰当** | | **珍惜** | | | **威胁** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **项目** | **毒载荷** | **项目** | **载荷** | **项目** | **载荷** | | **项目** | | **载荷** | **项目** | | **载荷** | **项目** | **载荷** | **项目** | **载荷** | **项目** | **载荷** | **项目** | **载荷** |
| **1** | **0.88** | **7** | **0.89** | **11** | **0.90** | | **15** | | **0.84** | **20** | | **0.87** | **25** | **0.66** | **28** | **0.79** | **32** | **0.68** | **35** | **0.82** |
| **2** | **0.84** | **8** | **0.86** | **12** | **0.93** | | **16** | | **0.90** | **21** | | **0.82** | **26** | **0.76** | **29** | **0.75** | **33** | **0.81** | **36** | **0.87** |
| **3** | **0.82** | **9** | **0.76** | **13** | **0.94** | | **17** | | **0.87** | **22** | | **0.73** | **27** | **0.66** | **30** | **0.86** | **34** | **0.84** | **37** | **0.88** |
| **4** | **0.85** | **10** | **0.87** | **14** | **0.94** | | **18** | | **0.86** | **23** | | **0.77** | | | **31** | **0.82** | | | **38** | **0.74** |
| **5** | **0.88** | | | | | | **19** | | **0.87** | **24** | | **0.82** | | | | | | | | |
| **6** | **0.82** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
**_2.2_ 信度**
**使用克伦巴赫α系数计算 GCQ总量表和分量表的内部一致性信度。见表5。总量表的α系数达到0.97，分量表的α系数也在0.74-0.96之间，内部一致性信度良好。GCQ总量表的重测信度为0.76。此**
**外，为了验证表3中的因素载荷，我们还计算了各个项目与其所对应的分量表间的相关，结果均呈现中到高度的正相关(对自我的负面信念0.84-0.90，对世界的负面信念0.86-0.90，对生活的负面信念0.93-0.90，对未来的负面信念0.88-0.92，自责0.83-**
**0.87，对他人的负性认知0.76-0.87，自身哀伤反应的恰当性0.83-0.89，珍惜哀伤反应0.79-0.90，对哀伤反应的威胁性解释0.84-0.90)。**
**除GCQ之外，本研究用到的其他量表同样具有良好的内部一致性信度：PG-13，c=0.91；PCL-C，α=0.96；SDS，α=0.84；SAS，α=0.85。**
**表4 GCQ因素间相关(N=450)**
| **GCQ分景表间相关** | **自我** | **世界** | **生活** | **未来** | **自责** | **他人** | **怡当** | **珍惜** | **威胁** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **世界** | **0.8\[\*** | | | | | | | | |
| **生活** | **0.88\*\* 0.77\*\*** | | | | | | | | |
| **未来** | **0.81\*\*0.79\*\*0.85市巾** | | | | | | | | |
| **自责** | **0.62\*\*0.61\*\*0.54\*\*0.58\*\*** | | | | | | | | |
| **他人** | **0.58\*\*0.58\*\*0.53\*\*0.56\*\*0.57\*\*** | | | | | | | | |
| **恰当** | **0.55\*\*0.50\*\*0.52\*\* 0.54\*\*0.57\*\*0.56\*\*** | | | | | | | | |
| **珍惜** | **0.56\*\*0.53\*\*0.51\*\*0.53\*\*0.45\*\*0.51\*\* 0.54\*\*** | | | | | | | | |
| **成胁** | **0.64\*\*0.60\*\*0.64\*\*0.68\*\*061\*\*0.54\*\* 0.66\*\* 0.60\*\*** | | | | | | | | |
| **GCQ总分** | **0.89\*\* 0.85\*\*0.86\*\*0.88\*\*0.80\*\* 0.74\*\* 0.74\*\*0.70\*+ 0.81\*\*** | | | | | | | | |
**表5GCQ总量表与分量表的内部一致性系数(N=450)**
| **GCQ 宾我世界生活未来自责他人恰当珍惜威胁** |
| --- |
| **克伦巴赫xx系数 0.970.94 0.900.96 0.94 0.900.740.880.82 0.89** |
**表6GCQ与其他量表的皮尔逊相关(N=450)**
| | **PG13** | **PCL-C** | **SDS** | **SAS** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **自我** | **0.70\*\*** | **0.65\*\*** | **0.43\*\*** | **0.47\*\*** |
| **世界** | **0.64\*\*** | **0.63\*\*** | **0.42\*\*** | **0.44\*\*** |
| **生活** | **0.68\*\*** | **0.63\*\*** | **0.44\*\*** | **0.47\*\*** |
| **未来** | **0.66\*\*** | **0.66\*\*** | **0.45\*\*** | **0.49\*\*** |
| **自责** | **0.60\*\*** | **0.57\*\*** | **0.32\*\*** | **0.41\*\*** |
| **他人** | **0.47\*\*** | **0.53\*\*** | **0.30\*\*** | **0.36\*\*** |
| **恰当** | **0.48\*\*** | **0.53\*\*** | **0.30\*\*** | **0.39\*\*** |
| **珍惜** | **0.45\*\*** | **0.45\*\*** | **0.28\*\*** | **0.32\*\*** |
| **威胁** | **0.55\*\*** | **0.68\*\*** | **0.42\*\*** | **0.52\*\*** |
| **GCQ** | **0.73\*\*** | **0.74\*\*** | **0.46\*\*** | **0.53\*\*** |
**2.3 聚合效度与区分效度**
**由于 GCQ测量的是与丧亲相关的负性认知，所以我们预期GCQ总分与测量延长哀伤症状的PG-13总分会呈现高相关；虽然延长哀伤障碍不同于创伤后应激障碍，但丧亲对于个体而言确实是一种很大的创伤，所以我们预期GCQ总分与PCL-C总分也呈现高相关(r>0.4，聚合效度)。见表6。 GCQ总分、分量表分与PG-13和PCL-C的相关系数均较高，分别介于0.45-0.73和0.45-0.68之间，说明GCQ的聚合效度良好。**
**相比于创伤后应激症状，哀伤认知与抑郁、焦虑症状属于有重叠，但实质不同，所以相对而言可以将SDS 和 SAS 作为 GCQ的区分效度校标。见表6。 GCQ总分、分量表分与 SDS 和SAS的相关系数分别介于0.28-0.46和0.32-0.53之间，说明区分效度可接受。**
**根据PG-13的鉴别标准"(具体见测量工具PG-13)将被试分为两组，符合条件的为哀伤组，不符合条件的为对照组，并以GCQ为因变量进行单因素方差分析。结果发现，哀伤组得分(M=33.59)显著高于对照组(M=28.87)，F(1，448)=136.01，P=0.000。**
**为了排除个体人口学信息和丧亲信息的影响，我们又分别计算了两组被试的差异。结果发现，哀伤组的年龄(M=33.50)略高于对照组(M=27.41)，F(1，439)=3.12，P=0.078；同时，哀伤组的受教育年限(M=16.42)略高于对照组(M=15.17)，F(1，446)=3.63， P=0.057。因此，以被试年龄、受教育年限为协变量，以 GCQ为因变量，进行单因素协方差分析。结果表明，哀伤组得分依旧显著高于对照组，F(1，435)=129.40，P=0.000。由此可见， GCQ可以将延长哀伤症状严重的个体与一般个体区分开来，具有良好的区分效度。**
3 讨 论
**本研究致力于考察哀伤认知问卷(GCQ)的心理测量学特性。验证性因素分析支持GCQ原有的九因素结构，这说明GCQ的九因素结构具有跨文化的一致性和稳定性。此外，GCQ的内部一致性系数较高，分量表与总量表显示出很强的相关，说明其具有良好的同质性信度。同时，重测信度良好。GCQ与PG-13 和 PCL-C的相关系数较高，聚合效度良好。 GCQ与 SDS 和SAS的相关确实低于其他哀伤量表，但相关显著。而研究表明，延长哀伤障碍常常会与焦虑和抑郁出现共病现象，因而区分效度可接受。综上，我们认为中文版 GCQ在中国丧亲者样本中具有良好的信效度和稳定的因素结构。**
**在进一步考察区分效度时，我们发现哀伤组的负性认知水平要显著高于对照组，这与Boelen 认知-行为概念化模型的假设是一致的。负性认知在延长哀伤障碍的发展和维持过程中，的确是一个核心变量。错误的认知不仅会导致病理性的哀伤症状，还会干扰个体认清现实。如果不能用符合现实的功能性信念加以替代，个体可能会一直沉迷于过去亲人还在世的幻想中，无法开始新的生活。这提示我们，也许可以从认知层面人手对患者进行干预。国外研究者的初步尝试也发现，认知行为疗法对于丧亲个体的治疗是有效的\[25.31)。**
**尽管本研究支持，哀伤认知问卷在中国丧亲者样本中具有良好的心理测量学特性，但研究仍存在一些局限。由基本信息的统计可知，本研究的样本**
**以年轻女性居多。这反映出一个事实：女性在经历丧亲后更愿意表达自己的情感；而老年人的生活更加封闭，因而更需要接受专业人士的帮助。此外，症状稍严重的个体愿意参与研究，而症状特别严重、会因研究内容引发分离痛苦的个体则会回避研究，所以本着自愿参与原则收集的数据会出现全距较小的情况，从而低估相关。在国内，研究者已逐步认识到延长哀伤障碍的危害，相关的研究报告也越来越多I34.351。但未来的研究，需要平衡参与者的性别比例，走进社区关注中老年人，在开展研究的同时给予参与者专业的心理帮助。更重要的是，引人GCO只是哀伤认知领域研究的开始。未来我们需要更多的研究证据来检验认知-行为概念化模型，更深入的了解病理性哀伤形成的心理机制。**
**总结起来，本研究对中文版 GCQ的心理测量学特性进行了详细的分析，证明其具有良好的信效度和稳定的因素结构。GCQ作为目前唯一的哀伤认知评估工具，不仅可以帮助研究者评估中国丧亲者的哀伤认知状况，探究病理性哀伤形成的心理机制，同时还可以指导临床工作者评估丧亲个体的负性认知，最终形成有效的认知行为治疗方案。**
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zh | N/A | N/A | **乾西北地区青三段油藏类型及剩余油分布规律**
**曹明星(中国石油天然气股份有限公司吉林油田分公司新民采油厂吉吉林松原 138000)**
**摘要：乾西北地区青三段为低孔、低渗油藏，经过20多年的滚动开发，逐渐进入快速递减期。在明确沉积微相展布和储层特征的基础上，开展油藏特征研究，深入研究了剩余油分布规律：为下一步勘探开发奠定坚实的地质基础。**
**关键词：青三段：油藏特征：剩余油**
**一、成藏条件**
**1.烃源岩**
**烃源岩中富含有机质，是油气形成的物质前提，其生油潜力的大小直接取决于有机质的总量，具体分为两个方面：有机质的丰度和烃源岩体积。有机质丰度是评价单位体积烃源岩内生油能力的重要指标。一般通过总烃含量、氯仿沥青“A”含量、残余有机碳含量以及岩石热解生烃潜量等参数评价有机质丰度。有机质是烃源岩中油气生成的物质基础，有机质的数量评价是生烃潜力的基础数据之一，包括烃源岩体积和机质的丰度。表征有机质丰度的指标有残余有机碳含量 (TOC，%)、氯仿沥青“A”含量(EOM，%)、总烃含量(HC，%)和岩石热解生烃潜量(S1+S2)等。乾西北地区青三段发育一套深湖一半深湖烃源岩，形成于青一和青二段。岩性主要为黑色、灰黑色、深灰色油页岩、页岩和泥页岩，沉积厚度可达180-650m。综合各种相关指标，认为青一段发育最好生油层，青二段则发育好生油层\[1\]。干酪根元素分析和岩石热解 _件_ 分 _分_ 析结果表明，在研究区内，青一段母质类型属于腐泥型，有机质类型主要为Ⅰ型，同时含少量Ⅱ1和Ⅱ2型有机质；青二段母质类型则以腐殖-腐泥型为主，有机质类型则主要以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型为主，同时也存在少部分为Ⅱ2和Ⅲ型。干酪根元素分析和岩石热解分析结果表明，在研究区，青一段母质类型为腐泥型，有机质类型主要以Ⅰ型为主，同时也有少量的Ⅱ1和Ⅱ2型有机质；青二段母质类型以腐殖一腐泥型为主，有机质类型主要以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型为主，少部分为Ⅱ2和Ⅲ型。**
**综上分析，乾西北烃源岩发育良好，保证青三段有充足的油气源。**
**2.生储盖组合**
**青三段沉积亚相主要为三角洲前缘，三角洲前缘水下分支河道砂体为主要的储集层，沿近西南-东北方向展布。水道下砂分支休河道具有很强的迁移性，多期次的河道摆动造成下分支河道砂体在纵向上相互叠置，平面上形成连片展布复合水下分支河道砂体，砂体整体上连通性较好。此外，水下天然堤、远砂坝等砂体亦为油气储集的有利区带。**
**青三段上部主要发育前三角洲沉积，单层泥岩的厚度较大，泥质含量较高，构成青三段油气藏的良好盖层。嫩一段和嫩二段发育的黑色、灰黑色湖湘油页岩，分布稳定，厚度大，泥岩均质程度高，可起到良好的封盖作用，构成研究区区域性盖层。**
**青三段发育下生上储型油气藏，紧邻下部青一段和青二段的三角洲前缘砂岩储层最靠近烃源岩，因此，油气通常富集在水下分支河道、水下天然堤和远砂坝砂体中。**
**研究区青三段主要发育岩性圈闭、构造圈闭及岩性-构造复合圈闭等。其中以岩性圈闭最为发育，包括由于砂岩上倾尖灭形成的圈闭和非渗透性砂岩对渗透性砂岩遮挡形成的物性封堵型圈闭，这些圈闭为油气的聚集提供了场所。**
**二、油藏类型及特征**
**通过对储集砂体的发育规律详细研究并结合大量的油气显示及试油数据，对研究区的油气成藏条件进行了较系统分析。结果显示油藏类型以岩性油气藏和断层一岩性油气藏为主，并含有**
**图1研究区青三段油南剖面图**
**水下分支河道砂体砂体沿上倾方向发生尖灭，被上覆泥岩封堵覆盖，构成了良好的储盖组合，形成砂岩上倾尖灭油藏；致密砂层位于自身下伏渗透砂岩之上，阻止了油气的运移，形成了物性封闭油藏；砂体被正断层所封堵，形成断层油气藏。**
**三、剩余油控制因素及分布规律**
**沉积微相为三角洲前缘水下分支河道、支流间湾、水下天然堤、远砂坝等。水下分支河道微相油井产量高，累积采油多，水淹严重，含水率较高，剩余含油饱和度较低。水下天然堤和远砂坝的钻遇率地，油井产量相对低，累积采油少，累积水油比低，剩余含油饱和度高。**
**剩余油的分布很大程度上取决于储层非均质性。水下分支河道砂体的渗透率从中部向两侧递减，因此，随着注水开采程度的加深，中部注入水突进，水淹程度最高，且向两侧递减；边部或者局部物性差的地方，注入效果不显著，采收率相对较低，形成剩余油富集区。对于多层合采井，因层间开采程度不一造成层间水淹程度差异大，储量动用不均衡。对于正韵律油层，下部储层渗透率较好，注入水突进，水淹程度高，物性差的上部储层动用差，剩余油饱和度较高。反韵律储层剩余油的分布规律恰恰相反\[4\]。**
**结论**
**为有效增产，可在单井产量高的探井周围进行侧钻，提高砂岩钻遇率，从而提高采收率；油井转注在研究区也有良好的应用效果，也是提高采收率的重要手段之一。**
**参考文献：**
**\[1\]张枝焕，吴聿元，俞凯等.松辽盆地南部长岭地区青山口组原油的地球化学特征及油源分析，现代地质，2002，16(4)：389~401.**
**\[2\]刘鸿友，沈安江，王艳清等，松辽盆地南部泉头组一嫩江组层序地层与油气藏成因成藏组合可，吉林大学学报(地球科学版)，2003，33(4)：469~473.**
**\[3\] 王建功，卫平生，史永苏等，松辽盆地南部西部斜坡区大规模岩性油气藏和地层超履油气藏成藏条件团，中国石油勘探，2003，8(3)：27~31.**
**\[4\]张友奎，答立声，孔繁益等.正韵律油层注水开发后期提高顶部层段采收率的试验研究，石油勘探与开发，1988，15(3)：59~63.** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 情境与小学语文课情境的创设
桂家洪
(江西省九江县赤湖学校，江西九江332108)
\[摘 要\]情境教学具有较强的生活现实模仿性，能给学生提供身临其境的体验，激发和吸引学生主动学习，达到最佳教学效果。教学情境可以分为：真实情境、戏剧情境、仿真情境和想象情境。在语文教学中要合理运用各种情境导人方法，结合实际情况，才能使情境教学收到最佳教学效果。
\[关键词\]情境；教学效果；导人方法
\[中图分类号\] G623.2 \[文献标识码\] A \[文章编号\] 1002-1477(2007-01-0037-03
教师们谈论语文课堂教学得失的时候，往往把教学效果和课堂情境的创设联系在一起，这种以果推因之论简单、明了，而且直截了当。笔者认为教师在教学过程中忽略了一些非智力因素的开发，如情绪的调动和情境的设置是主要原因，特别是在语文教学过程中，如果忽略了对这方面的关注，再好的教学理念，再完美的认知活动，也会变得苍白无力。因此，笔者想就小学语文教学如何营造良好的情境谈点个人体会。
一、情境及小学语文教学中创设情境的类型
情境是一种场景的模拟和再生，是一种对人有直接刺激作用的氛围。具体可感是情境的特性。情境教学是指在教学过程中为了达到既定的教学目的，从教学需要出发，引人、制造或设计与教学内容相适应的具体场景或氛围，引起学生的情感体验，帮助学生迅速而正确地理解教学内容，促进他们的心理机能全面和谐发展，激发和吸引学生主动学习，达到最佳教学效果的一种教学方法。情境教学由于具有较强的生活现实模仿性，
能给学生提供身临其境的体验，容易激起学生与作者的共鸣，从而较好地把握课文的主旨。德国教育家第斯多惠指出：“教学的艺术不在于传授本领，而在于激励、唤醒、鼓舞。”情境创设能激发学生饱满的学习热情，促使学生以积极的态度和旺盛的精力主动学习，从而获得素质教育的最佳效果，对培养学生各个方面的能力起着重要作用。
根据创造的情境中是否是真实场景以及是否有学生活动的参与可以将教学情境分为四类：真实(生活)情境、戏剧情境、仿真情境和想象情境。
1.真实情境
课文的大部分是我们生活的真实(但高于生活的)写照，在教学中能够再现真实情境对学生理解课文内容具有重要的作用。怎样塑造真实的生活情境呢?有些课文对于真实场景要求不高，这种真实的场景可以在课堂上实现，这种真实情境还只能是近似真实情境。比如第四册课文《蔬菜》的教学，只需要将课文中所描述的 12种蔬菜带到课堂上就能够创造这种情境。另一种真实的场景必须是到实地去观察的或学生亲自参加的活动，那就只能利用课外的时间完成。当然，如果教学
《蔬菜》课文时能够将学生带到菜地里去实地观看，就更具有真实情境的意义。
2.戏剧情境
课文中有些内容特别是高于生活的那一面在生活中难以接触到，可以通过学生担任角色的方式，创造出与课文内容相近的情境，这就是戏剧情境。所谓戏剧情境是指通过人为创造、模仿课文所描述的内容，从而达到与课文基本一样的场景，增加学生的感知和情感。戏剧情境主要是通过“演小品”“担任角色”等方式创造出来。这种方式创造的情境，能够使学生亲身体验课文所描述的情境，培养学生感知和情操，从而完成教学任务和要求。
3.仿真情境
有些说明性的课文，无法通过真实情境和戏剧情境来达到，但可以通过已有的画面来展现，这就是仿真情境。仿真情境是通过画面表现课文所描述的情境，这些画面可以是图画或教学挂图，也可以是利用多媒体等方式来展现连续的画面。学生通过观察这些形象生动的画面，增加对文章的理解。与戏剧情境最大不同在于，在仿真情境教学中学生不能直接进入情境场域去参与活动，要借助想象，仿佛置自己于画面的情境之中。
4.想象情境
想象情境是通过提问题、讲故事、播放音乐等方式激发学生想象与课文所描述一致的情境。这种情境最终是需要学生自己主动想象才能再现，因此叫做想象情境。这种情境的创设对学生和教师的要求都很高，但是大多数课文情境的创设还必须靠这种方式才能达到。这是培养学生的想象力的一个重要方面。正如爱因斯坦所说：“想象力比知识更重要，因为知识是有限的，而想象力概括着世界的一切，推动着进步，并且是知识进化的源泉”。这种想象情境的创设与学生想象力的培养二者是相互促进的，学生的想象力越丰富，对文章的理解越具有创见。
二、小学语文课创设教学情境的基本导入方法
一课开始，教师如果能够通过巧妙地导入设计，调动学生，创造出学习、思考等等各种与课堂
教学相适应的情景，那就为一堂好课奠定了坚实的基础。最终被调动起来的不仅是学生，甚至还包括教师自己。可以说，好的导人，是打开学生兴趣之门的钥匙。
1.问题导入法
从学生的实际出发，抓住学生理解教学内容时可能产生的疑难，或是新旧知识发生的冲突，或是知识能力的不足产生的障碍，从而设计问题，要求学生带着问题预习课文，或提出问题后让学生自己找出答案，就可以起到激发学生悬念，让学生在课堂学习中心存疑问，在渴望答案的求知欲中学习，激发学习兴趣，掌握课文内容，获得知识。如在上四年级的《长城砖》这篇课文时，教师可以提问，课文中的“砖”与现代的砖究竟有什么区别，是什么含义?让学生带着问题去阅读、去听课，给学生留下思考的空间。通过提问题导人情境的教学方式在语文教学中应用很广。
2.故事导人法
在课堂教学中要针对学生的心理，结合课文的内容，拓展教学思路，通过讲故事、铺设故事情节，从而激发起学生的情感，使学生产生对课文内容的急切了解心理，从而能够尽快进人学习状态，深刻理解课文，完成教学目标。如在《一件小事》的教学过程中，给学生讲述了一次在公共汽车上，一位老太太给手提大袋小袋的年轻人让座的故事，学生很快明白了小事中蕴涵的美好心灵，做文章如同做人，让学生明白课文的同时也要让他们明白做人。通过故事，激发学生的情感，跳出课文的同时也是在解读课文，创设一种生活情境和情感，可以取得较好的教学效果。
3.音乐导人法
音乐能调动人的情感，抚慰人的心灵。借助音乐来渲染情境是创造语文教学情境的一种重要手段。音乐和文字都是通过一种媒体，唤起学生心中的感受，调动学生以往的经验，从而产生感情，烘托、渲染课文内容，创造美的氛围，培养学生的想象力。如上《王小二》这篇课文，先可以唱《歌唱二小放牛郎》这首歌，会唱的学生可以跟着一起唱，就能够很快调动学生的激情。
4.画面导人法·
画面可以利用图画、教学挂图或利用多媒体播放，达到仿真情境。这种方式在低年级教学中
具有重要作用。图画或多媒体的画面能够使教学内容更加具体，可以有效调动学生，变无形为有形，变抽象为具体。如上《狼牙山五壮士》这篇课文时，可以通过多媒体播放一段同名电影剪辑，使学生对当时的情景有所了解，调动学生的学习积极性。
5.游戏导人法
把讲台当做舞台，让学生自己表演是学生极为感兴趣的乐事。小学生都具有较强的表演欲，让学生依据课文角色进行表演，能使学生依据课文中的亲近感，很自然加深内心的体验，留下难以磨灭的印象。第八册中的《圆明园的毁灭》多涉及圆明园里的遗物，让学生自习课文，把课文分别制作及让学生根据课文中的图画制作一些简单的园林及楼阁，分成小组进行摆放，学生们认真研究课文，相互讨论，课堂气氛活跃，学生们在笑声和表演中学习课文，从错误的表演中认识自己理解上的偏差，最终得出正确的表演位置，锻炼了学生的语言和表达能力。
6.实验导人法
实验最大的好处是直观性，理科的教学提倡多动手做实验。同样，语文教学也可以采用实验。如上《新型玻璃》这一课时，在讲台上放一只普通玻璃杯子，一个新型玻璃，让学生根据课文所叙述的内容动手做趣味玻璃区别小实验。学生自己动手，主动去寻找答案，学习效率提高，就能够迅速掌握课文的重点和难点。想让学生进入课文的情景中去，仅仅靠老师的一支粉笔、一张嘴很难实现，情景教学的目的在于调动学生积极性。
语文教学中情境教学的关键在于运用各种教学手段创设情境，调动学生主动性、创造性，从而提高各种语文素养，实现素质教育的要求。在整篇课文的教学中，可以采用多种情境教学，因而有多种导人方法。这些方法的运用关键看哪种更能够激发学生的感知和情感，并与课文所阐述的内容想联系，有所侧重，分清先后，合理组织，使情境教学能够起到最佳的效果。
三、小学语文课情境创设应注意的几个问题
情境教学不是目的，目的是通过情境教学激发学生的感知和情感，调动学生学习的积极性。在情境教学中要注意几个方面：
1.要注意课堂情绪
日常生活中，我们常常会遇到此种情形：情绪高涨之时，容易做事，且事半功倍；情绪低落之时，难得做事，且事不如意；如果出现了抵触情绪，那就叫大事不妙。可见，课堂上能否激活情绪，引导它向健康的方向发展，事关成败得失。根据教育心理学的研究，一个人情绪有时表现为激奋、高亢；有时表现为低落、消沉；有时则处于相对稳定的平衡状态。研究也表明，任何活动，在其运动过程中，对情绪的要求并非时时处在同一水平线上，其波动幅度不宜过大。因此，情境创设的成功与否，第一要素就是情绪环境要好。教师必须注意自己的情绪，同时在整个教学过程中要时时注意引导学生的情绪。
2.情境创设必须结合小学各年级的实际情况
真实情境、戏剧情境、仿真情境和想象情境在教学中运用须注意各自的特点以及对不同年级学生的适用性。情境教学的创设不能一成不变，不仅要根据不同年级、不同班级而有所不同，而且根据课文内容的发展而有所变化，在教学中灵活运用。同时，在整个教学过程中，教师要避免为了创设情境而创设情境，忘记了教学重点，造成浮华不实，同样也达不到好的教学效果。
3.要注意培养学生的共同参与，注重集体“行动”
在教学情境创设中，要培养学生学会与他人分享共同生活的情境，与他人保持良好的关系，并习得共同的规则，在和谐而宽松的空间中进行交流和学习。 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **产出导向视域下开展“3E”教学的实证研究**
一以内江某中学英语教学为例
魏晓红1，夏 竹2，苏再金2
(1.四川师范大学外国语学院，成都 610101；2.内江市翔龙中学东校区，四川内江 641000)\*
摘 要：针对中低英语水平的高中生普遍缺乏学习兴趣与自信心，以及英语课堂教学存在“学用分离”等现实问题，文章以产出导向法为依据，在内江市某中学的2个班级进行了为期3年的“3E”教学模式探索和实践，即语言体验(Expcrienee)一材料拓展(Expansion)一产出实践(Expcriment)。研究结果表明：产出要求相对较低的语言体验活动有助于提升学生的英语学习兴趣和自信心，夯实其语言基础；循序渐进的产出任务的设置和完成契合了语言学习规律，有助于学生英语成绩的提高。
**关键词：高中英语教学；产出导向法；产出导向视域；“3E”教学模式**
doi：10.3969/j.issn.2095-5642.2020，05.007
中图分类号：G633.41 文献标志码：A 文章编号：2095-5642(2020)05-0039-08
随着2017版《普通高中英语课程标准》的颁布，我国基础英语教育改革目标从最初强调基础知识和基本技能，逐步过渡到重视知识技能、过程方法和情感态度价值观，并跃升到了与国际教育接轨的学生核心素养发展。语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力的四维目标对高中英语课堂教学提出了更高要求，教师不仅要重视教学过程，更要关注学生的学习兴趣和需求，并采取恰当的方式方法激励学生主动、高效地学习。阅读教学是高中生英语学科核心索养养成和发展的主要载体及途径，已成为教育专家和一线教师的研究重心。近年来，大量的观课、调研及实证研究表明，虽然一线教师对阅读教学的认识不断地提高，课堂教学改革也进行得如火如荼，但总体上仍然存在一些问题。例如：围绕教材文本的阅读教学设计的模式化和浅层化导致学生缺乏真实语境下的语言感知和体验，对文本的整体和深层理解不足；教学内容碎片化且仍以单一的词汇、语法知识为主线，只注重文本信息获取，而思维训练、情感态度及价值观培养流于形式；学生课堂参与及师生互动质量不高41。针对这些问题，不少学者和教师也提出了应对策略，如加强文本的正确解读，帮助学生获得有效的阅读体验，培养学生的语言交流及思维能力，深刻理解文本蕴涵的人文价值381；丰富教学资源，补充阅读材料，拓宽学生视野781；基于核心索养培养目标的英语阅读“好课”应强化其整合化、意义化和表达化特征「\*1等。这些积极的探索无疑给英语阅读课堂教学改革提供了有益的启示，但针对不同的教学对象，教师需要结合学情探究适合自己学生的教学模式。鉴于此，文章结合本土化外语教学理论“产出导向法”(Production-oriented approach，简称 POA)及已有研究成果，并基于语言体验(Experience)、材料拓展(Ex-pansion)、产出实践(Experiment)，开展了“3E”教学模式实施探究和实践，旨在探索提升中低英语水平的学生英语学习动力及产出能力的有效路径，进而提升高中英语课堂教学质量和水平。
**收稿日期：2019-11-10**
基金项目：四川省教师教育研究中心一般项目“中学英语教师教育科研能力提升策略研究”(TER2017-009)
**作者简介：魏晓红(1971一)，女，四川简阳人，教授，硕士，研究方向：英语教育理论及实践、跨文化交际；**
**夏** 竹(1971一)，女，四川广安人，高级教师，本科，研究方向：基础英语教育；
国家 **苏再金(1968一)，男，四川安岳人，高级教师，本科，研究方向：基础英语教育。**
National Social SciencesDatabase
一、POA理论及相关研究
POA 教学理论是基于中国外语教学中长期存在的“重学轻用”或"重用轻学”的“学用分离”诟病而开出的“中药方”，其终极目标是让学生能够学有所获、学以致用及学以成才。该理论体系涵盖教学理念、教学假设及教学流程等三大部分(见图1)。“学习中心”理念认为学校教育必须以提高学生的学习效率为目的开展教学活动。“学用一体”主张课堂输入与产出的紧密结合，即文本不仅是输入的渠道同时也是输出的手段，学生的语言综合运用能力在完成产出任务的过程中得以提升。“全人教育”强调通过产出任务和教学活动形式的巧妙设计以及输人材料的精心挑选实现提高学生语言能力和人文索养的教学目标、教学假设整合Krashen 的输入假设1 Swain 的输出假设及Long 的互动假设理论\[1，改变了传统的以“输入”为首要环节的教学顺序，将“输出”作为"输入”的前提，代之以“输出 输人输出”的教学顺序。在教学中，作为语言学习的驱动力，产出既是学习的起点也是学习的目标。教师的主导作用在于为学生提供促进产出的输入材料，指导其通过选择性学习实现"学用结合”进而提高语言表达能力。POA教学流程融合 Ellis 和 Shin-tani提出的课程论和二语习得两个视角，构成了“驱动”\*促成”和“评价”等三个阶段。在“驱动”阶段，教师首先呈现交际任务，学生尝试产出并发现自身不足，教师因此激发学生学习动力，在此基础上教师阐明教学目标并根据学生水平布置难易不等的产出任务。在"促成”阶段，教师引导学生对输入材料进行选择性的深加工，进而完成产出任务。在"评价”阶段，针对学生的产出练习成果，教师可以采取即时评价或延时评价抑或师生协同评价进行评估几41330。。教师的中介作用贯穿三个阶段，具体表现为引领(Guide)、设计(Design)、支架(Scaffolding)等功能。
**图1“POA”教学理论体系11\]3.**
“产出导向法”不仅在英语课堂教学中帮助学生明确学习动机和目标，调动学生的积极性，为提高课堂教学效率提供了新视角，同时也为我国英语教育教学的改革和发展提供了一种新的思路和范式。自问世以来，该理论受到国内外专家和学者们的广泛关注，不少一线教师纷纷在课堂教学实践中进行尝试和验证，研究内容涉及驱动环节或促成环节：?1、师生合作评价8297、课堂教学201以及具体课程的教学模式探讨或教学材料运用等2.22。这些研究的聚焦对象都是英语水平中等及以上的大学生，但对于英语水平一般或偏低的高中学生而言，较少有人就 POA 对其语言能力发展和素养养成的促进作用是否优于传统课堂教学进行过深人研究。笔者2015年开始尝试在高中英语课堂教学实践中引入POA理念，历时3年，逐步建构起符合本校中低英语水平学生的“3E”教学模式，并取得了初步成效。
**二、POA指导下的高中英语“3E教学模式的构建**
POA提出的"学习中心”学用一体”和"全人教育”理念完全契合了 2017版《普通高中英语课程标准》中“提高学生学用能力”的基本理念及培养和发展学生语言能力、文化意识、思维品质、学习能力等学科核心索养的具体课程目标231。因此，POA 可以为高中英语教学模式的改革和创新提供理论借鉴和策略指导。
(一)“3E”教学模式概述
该模式以“读”为核心，兼顾“听、说、看、z”由语言体验(Experience)、材料拓展(Expansion)和产出实践(Experiment)三部分构成。语言体验是指入学之初教师运用英语绕口令、英文歌曲、流行影视剧、英语美文或学生熟悉的中文诗歌英译本等简单却有趣的英语素材帮助学生在轻松的氛围中大声吟诵，借助学生旧有知识(如高中学生语文课上学习过徐志摩的《再别康桥》、戴望舒的《雨巷》等)激活其已有学习经验、生活体验和生命感受，感知语言之美的同时培养跨文化意识；教师在说唱之间引导学生共同完成有关单词、语块、句型甚至是语法、主旨等的预设任务，使"学用合一”成为可能。鲜活的索材和快乐的课堂在激发学生英语学习兴趣的同时提升其听、说、读等方面的自信，弥补其英语基础存在的诸多不足。例如，绕口令的快节奏诵读在提升学生的学习兴趣和信心的同时还能提升其句子结构意识和语篇意识，奠定阅读理解的基础。绕口令的句子通常不会很难，但却是语篇；虽然不是长篇大作，却是富有意义的句子。比如：I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish， but if you wish the wish the witch wishes， I won’t wish the wish you wish to wish。这个句子看似简单，但里面的“wish”一词出现了十二次，由于词性的不同，其作用是不一样的，其中有 wish to do…结构、定语从句结构(句中划线部分)等。学习了这个句子后，学生会强烈感受到词性及句子结构梳理在“语篇理解”中的重要性。再比如：Betty bought some butter， but the butter was bitter， so she bought some better butter to make the bitter butter better。此句除了如过去时态、比较级以及关联词 but 、 so 的语言知识学习外，还有一项重要的学习 语篇理解。。可以通过如下几个问题促进学生的语篇理解：What did Betty do? How was the butter? What did Betty do again? Why did Betty buy some better butter?
材料拓展主要是针对教材文本和教师预设的交际情景和产出任务而精心挑选的听、说、读、看补充材料，借助互联网和辅助英语学习的 APP，选取有助于学生学习和成长的英文电影、网络视频、以及 VOA、BBC、 _TED 等原声音频、视频，也可适量选取 The New York Times， Newsweek， The Guardian， The Washing-ton Post， TIME， USA TODAY 等外刊短文，或者引导学生常读来自 China Daily 的时文以及简易原版小_ 说。这些拓展材料在教师的编排下可以为学生提供足够丰富多元而又紧跟时代的真实语料输入，继而为产出任务的高质量完成提供基本保障。例如，当十九大会议在北京召开时，各类热词热句纷至沓来，笔者不满足于仅仅教给学生零散的词句，还把中英文版的十九大报告复印给学生，让其每日在课堂用10分钟集中浏览学习(基于标题、主题句的学习)，学生在以下几方面受益良多。第一，词汇量大大提升。报告中大量使用近义词、正式的词汇，学生们学到了很多不同的表达法，比如“脱贫”，可以说"alleviate poverty”fight against poverty”以及"lift sb. out of poverty”，等等。第二，部分学生的句子解构能力得到提升。报告中的句子内涵丰富、结构复杂，通过解析，学生能快速抓取句子的主要结构。第三，增强了学生的民族自豪感，对中华民族的优秀文化积淀有了更深刻的认识。
产出实践主要指学生在经历了前期的趣味英语体验和足够的真实语料输入之后，最终完成说、写产出任务的各种尝试。产出实践活动基于学生的各阶段英语水平的差异而不同。从入学之初的快读绕口令、读唱英文歌、美文诗歌吟诵、查英语字典比赛及英文释义生词、结合语境换词造句、教材课文及 China Daily 的标题和图片析读，到中期的英语新闻播报、教材文本及各类拓展文本材料的信息获取、语法分析、主旨归纳、结构导图，再到后期的自主阅读、文本解析和综合训练，产出任务的难度循序渐进，逐步提高。例如，笔者在教外研社版高中英语必修一的 Module 3 (Book I) My First Ride on a Train 中的 Cultural Corner 部分的阅读文章 The Maglevthe Fastest Train in the World 之前布置了一个口头任务：What kind of train would you like to take while traveling? 因为学生基础较差，词汇量有限，除了 train， subway 等几个有限的单词外，无法用英语准确表达自己的想法，因而导致了 POA 理论描述的"饥饿状态”，即学生有了学习压力和动力。笔者随即引导学生进沐文本阅读，快速筛选出有关 magley train 的相关信息。同时，为了弥补学生对于 train
相关知识的\*“缺口”，笔者展示了一些于 China Daily、Xinhuanet 截取的有关铁路交通发展的图片和视频，帮助学生通过"看”分析并阅读 train 的发展过程，学会诸如 green train， high-speed train， bullet train， ma1-一glev train， BMW metro 及其相关特征的表达。当再次回到口头任务的讨论时，虽然还是“磕磕巴巴”但学生们已经能够运用所学词汇简要表达自己的观点了。
不过，在整个教学过程中，所有教学活动都必须注重输入学习和产出实践相融合，教师的主导作用是整个教学模式获得成功的关键。简而言之，教师兼课堂教学的设计者、组织者、引领者和指挥者于一身厂413.38
(二)“3E”教学的流程设计
笔者根据 POA 建议设计了基于师生共识和师生互动的\*3E”教学模式基本流程(见图2)，具体内容如下：
**图2 “3E”教学模式实施的基本流程**
1.输出驱动
根据课程内容和教学目标，教师课前运用图片、视频等创设恰当、真实的口头或书面交际任务，如 How fast can you read the tongue twister “Betty bought butter"? What vehicles can we use if we travel from our school to Beijing? Should we put away our mobile phones? 这些话题与学生的生活息息相关，能激发他们的交际热情。但是要完成任务，他们必须知晓与交通工具、移动电话甚至是网络相关的知识和表达。当学生尝试去完成任务时，会发现自己语言和内容方面的不足，教师提出的单元教学目标也因此得到学生的关注。
2.输入促成
教材文本之外的英语绕口令、英文歌曲、流行影视剧台词、英语美文或学生熟悉的中文诗歌英译本等简单却有趣的英语索材主要是为了帮助学生体验语言之美，激发其学习兴趣和增强自信心。进入教材文本学习之后，教师根据不同的主题为学生选取恰当的补充材料，结合课内教材文本输入资料学习环节，以小组为单位，在教师引导下通过阅读、讨论提取重要信息，补充资料话题诸如\*中国高铁的发展给中国人的出行带来质的变化”手机的频繁使用在给人们生活带来便利的同时也给人们带来困扰”等。这样可帮助学生学习并获取完成产出任务所需要的知识。产出任务既可以在课堂即时完成，如简单口头任务等，也可以在课外精心准备的基础上展示于课堂，如复杂口头任务、书面写作等。鉴于产出任务的不同类型和难度，学生可以采取多种活动形式进行准备，如个人自学、结对活动、小组活动甚至是班级活动等。
3.评价
为了保障产出任务的完成质量，笔者主要采取教师评价和师生合作评价两种方式对产出结果进行评估。前者主要针对课堂口头任务或改写句子等简单书面任务，指出优缺点并给出建议；而后者主要针对写作任务，通过“师生共同制定评价标准 课堂根据选定的焦点集体评阅 学生课下修改 教师进行‘轮式'面批”等形式评价。
(三)“3E”教学实施要求
“3E”教学模式的实施对教师提出了一些新要求。第一，教师要根据学生水平设置不同的任务并给予恰
当的评价。比如在训练学生的信息获取能力时，读同一篇 China Daily 文章，对于英语考试分数只有20~30分的学生来说，能获取到的可能只是一些零散的单词、短语；对于70~80分的学生来说，能够完整地说出一两个句子；110分以上的学生能够获取整段的信息，并能独自就信息进行分析。教师要看到每个层次学生的进步并及时给予各自应得的赞许和鼓励。第二，教师要有获取和解读信息的能力。在互联网时代，学生每天面对各类海量信息，教师要善于运用新媒体寻找适合学生的素材以满足他们的学习需求。比如通过速览China Daily 标题新闻就能帮助学生了解国内外正在发生的大事；观看电影《妙手神医》后学生们认识到每一个人的成长都不是一帆风顺的，必须为了梦想而不懈努力；通过听 VOA、BBC 的 Special English Pro-grams 以及后来的 TED Talks 不仅提升他们的听力，更重要的是在此过程中学会多视角看待问题。第三，教师要在班级创设一种专注、互帮的团队意识。对于英语基础参差不齐的班级来说，学生上课专注且遇到困难随时求助的氛围更有益于“3E”模式的开展。学习小组的组员之间互帮互助能有效促进自主学习能力及班级整体水平的提升。
**三、采用“3E”教学模式的实证**
笔者基于外研社高中英语教材第五册 Module 4 的主题 Carnival 给学生补充一篇课外阅读"Embassy brings Chinese New Year Joy to UK”(选自 China Daily 的新闻报道)，运用“3E”教学模式进行呈现。
(一)教学内容分析
此文报道了中国驻英大使馆在中国新年来临之际把中国春节作为推广中华文化的重要契机，准备了一系列的欢乐春节活动，包括春节联欢晚会、春节家庭日以及具有品牌效应的“行走的年夜饭”等活动。如：对中国文化感兴趣的人们可以在 Trafalgar 广场品尝中国传统美食，了解中国春节文化，观看中国导演的“贺岁片”；在伦敦博物馆，中国文化旅游部将举办庆新春活动；在伦敦国家海洋博物馆，人们可以欣赏到舞龙、中国功夫等表演。
(二)学情分析
某中学是一所四川省二级示范性普通高中，生源质量参差不齐，学生的中考总成绩徘徊在450~500分左右，英语入学成绩平均60~70分、大部分高一新生具有如下特点：第一，英语基础薄弱，没有自信，“听”“说”是短板；第二，阅读过程中基本能够获取文本中的事实信息，但在理解文本特定语境、分析句子或篇章结构、深入领会文本涵义等方面存在较大困难，读写能力差；第三，大部分学生自主学习能力差。本节课的教学对象为高二学生，他们已经参加一年的“3E”教学模式实践，有了一定的语言基础和学习兴趣，敢于开口说英语，能在教师引导下完成产出任务。
(三)教学目标
学生在学完此篇新闻报道后，能够达到以下目标：
1.掌握一些与春节相关的词汇与表达，如 lunar calendar， Spring Festival Fervour， Chinese knot， paper cutting， dragon dance， gala show， New Year Eve dinner， Chinese Kong-fu shows， New Year movie 等；
**2.运用本文学到的相关知识向外国朋友介绍中国的春节；**
3.基于新旧知识分析中国新年文化在英国受欢迎的原因；
4.联系个人生活实际，谈谈自己能为中国文化传播做点什么。
(四)“3E”教学模式的实施过程
1.输出驱动
此模式的产出任务是：外教 Jim 邀请你参加在家举办的圣诞晚会并给他的朋友们介绍中国人怎么过春节。以小组为单位进行讨论和角色扮演，表现最佳的一组将获得在全班展示的机会。实际结果为：小组讨论热烈，角色扮演逼真，但学生们发现很多熟悉的东西没办法用英语表达，教师及时引入补充材料。
2.输入促成
教师通过各类学习活动帮助学生进行语言体验、信息获取和深层次文本解读。
(1)学习理解类活动
第一步，通过图片展示配有英文字幕的春节物品、习俗和活动，让学生跟着朗读。第二步，围绕补充材料的新闻图片和标题设问，引导学生进行推测，例如：“Who/What is embassy?"Why does embassy bring Chi-nese New Year Joy to UK?"How?”第三步，概括、梳理、整合信息：学生通过快速浏览获取该报道的主要内容；学生细读文本，回答“Why does embassy bring Chinese New Year Joy to UK?" What and how did they do?”等问题，要求学生用思维导图梳理文章结构。
(2)应用实践类活动
第一步，学生依据梳理好的文章结构，运用所学知识阐述驻英大使馆对中国春节文化在英传播的重视及具体举措，内化所学语言文化知识。第二步，基于主题与内容进行分析，表达个人观点：分析中国新年文化在英国受欢迎的原因；预测中国新年文化在英传播可能带来的影响，引导学生关注文化与旅游以及不同民族文化间的交流；联系个人实际生活，谈谈自己能为中国文化传播做点什么。
(3)迁移创新类活动
第一步，从新闻的角度评价该语篇的特点。学生通过讨论此文作者的观点，从中领会新闻的写作特点是基于客观事实，作者不轻易表露自己个人观点。第二步，运用所学去分析和解决问题。首先让学生完成并展示课前的产出任务，例如向外国人介绍中国春节。其次教师设置新情景：同学们利用春节假期去英国旅游，但对于旅游的项目活动产生分歧，一部分坚持要去参加中国元素多的新年活动，想亲身体验英国人如何过中国年；一部分提出反对意见，认为到英国就应该去了解和感受当地文化。学生需要在课后进行分组讨论，各抒己见，最后每组确定自己的选择并阐释理由。
3.师生协同评价
为了保障产出任务的质量，笔者就小组口头任务的完成设定了一个师生协同评价表。参与评价的同学为各小组组长和课代表，共计12人。评价的维度包括内容(要点清晰与否)、表述(有无逻辑)、发音(准确与否)和流利程度。每个维度设定A、B、C三个档次，最终成绩计算A、B、C的总个数。口头任务完成好的个人或小组会在期末得到奖励。
**四、3E”教学模式的教学效果验证**
POA 指导下的"3E”教学模式为普通高中英语课堂教学注入了活力，学生参与积极性提高，学习内驱力增强，自主学习能力也相应提升。教学效果可以从定量和定性两方面得到验证：笔者承担了 2018届A班和B班的英语教学，从高一新生人学即开始运用“3E”模式，C班和D班由另外一位老师执教，全程不使用“3E”教学模式。4个班的起点相似，但3年中各学期的期末英语平均成绩变化幅度不同，最终的高考成绩也不- _—一_ 样。具体信息见表1。
**表1 实验班与对照班3年各学期期末平均成绩及高考平均成绩对照表**
| 班 级 | 入学 平均分 | 第一学期 平均分 | 第二学期 平均分 | 第三学期 平均分 | 第四学期 平均分 | 明 | 第五学期 平均分 | 高考 平均分 | 90分 以下/人 | 91~100101~120121分 分/人 分/人以上/人 | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 实验 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| A班59人 | 74 | 75 | 85 | 95 | 102 | | 107 | 110 | 5 | 8 | 28 | 18 |
| B班 59人 | 64 | 66 | 70 | 77 | 82 | | 86 | 91 | 23 | 18 | 14 | |
| 对照 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| C班 56人 | 76 | 75 | 81 | 86 | 92 | | 96 | 100 | | 27 | 25 | 0 |
| D 班 60人 | 66 | 66 | 70 | 71 | 75 | | 75 | 80 | 38 | 22 | 0 | 0 |
**注：英语入学平均成绩C班全校第一，A班第三，D班第七，B班倒数第一；高考平均成绩A班全校第一，B班全校第三(第二的班级也运用“3E"模式)。**
由表1可以看出：高一年级实验班和对照班的期末平均成绩涨幅不大；高二年级开始，实验班的英语期末平均成绩涨幅明显高于对照班7~10分左右，到高考的时候，两个实验班的平均成绩均比对照班高了10分；高考中A班的优良生数量达到46人，远远高于对照C班的 25 人；B班100分以上人数18人，与它同起点的D班为0.这些数据从一定程度上说明 POA 指导下的"3E”教学模式能够有效提升中低英语水平高中生的英语成绩。
笔者根据A班和B班学生高考后对\*3E”教学模式的反思发现：在一年级大量举行简单有趣的语言体验活动可以帮助学生消除对英语的恐惧，增强自信心；基于教材文本主题的拓展学习可以增加词汇量和提升阅读效率；形式多样的学习活动则促使学生沟通合作和自主学习；补充阅读文本的深入解读有助于培养学生辩证看待问题和多角度尝试解决问题的能力。
**五、结语**
为期3年的教学改革实践证明：对于中低水平的高中英语学习者而言，产出要求相对较低的语言体验(Experience)活动有助于提升其英语学习的兴趣和自信心，夯实其语言基础；教师针对较高要求产出任务而进行的丰富多元且紧跟时代的真实材料拓展(Expansion)不仅帮助学生有效完成产出任务，还能潜移默化地拓宽其国际视野；循序渐进的产出实践(Experiment)的设置及完成契合了语言学习规律，有助于学生英语学科核心素养的全面发展。换言之，基于产出导向的\*3E”英语教学模式真正践行了以“学习为中心”而不是以“课文为中心”的教学理念，所有的课堂教学活动都围绕有交际价值的产出任务进行，帮助学生主动去建构知识，有选择地获取与任务主题相关的有用信息，实现了“学用合一”，提高了学习效率的同时也掌握了英语学科知识。但该模式的有效实施离不开教师的引领、设计和支架作用。同时，鉴于高中生的学习特点，课堂教学模式的产出导向循环不宜太复杂，最好在一次循环中只聚焦一个主题，采用多次循环方式来进行。
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**An Empirical Study of 3E Teaching Mode Based on Production-oriented Approach：A Case Study of English Teaching in a Senior High School of Neijiang**
_WEI Xiaohong， XIA Zhu ，SU Zaijin_
(1. School of Foreign Languages， Sichuan Normal University， Chengdu 610101， China；2. East Campus of Xianglong High School， Neijiang， Sichuan 641000， China)
Abstract： In view of such problems existing in senior high school English teaching and learning as the medium-and-low-English-level students lack of interest and confidence in English learning as well as "sepa-ration of leaning and using" in English classroom teaching， this study， guided by Production-oriented Ap proach (POA)， experimented with 3E teaching mode， namely， Language Experience-Material Expansion-Production Experiment， for three years. The research results show that language-experience activities with relatively low output requirements can enhance students’ interest and confidence in English learning and consolidate their language foundation. Moreover， the progressive setting and completion of output tasks conforms to the law of language learning and is conducive to the improvement of students academic per-iormance.
Key words： senior high school English teaching； Production-oriented Approach (POA)； POA view；3E teaching mode
**(实习编辑：杨晓玲** **责任校对：暮** **晨}** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **技术效率、公司治理和商业银行风险承担能力**
晏艳阳 宋 禹 孔健文 董永良
摘要：本文旨在探究技术效率与公司治理在商业银行风险承担能力提升过程中的作用。为此，本文以上市商业银行为样本，通过构建面板数据模型，首先研究了技术效率与公司治理对商业银行风险承担能力的影响，发现技术效率可以显著提高商业银行风险承担能力，但商业银行各项公司治理指标对其风险承担能力的提升没有直接显著的影响；进一步研究发现，公司治理通过促进商业银行技术效率的提升进而对其风险承担能力起着调节作用，证明其存在间接影响。因此，持续优化商业银行公司治理对于提升商业银行抗风险能力仍然具有积极意义。
关键词：商业银行；技术效率；公司治理；风险承担能力
中图分类号：F830.5 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1007-0753(2022)04-0003-12
**DOI：10.14057/j.cnki.cn43-1156/f.2022.04.008**
一、引言
银行业的风险防控能力因其强大的外部性而成为各界关注的焦点，更是监管当局关注的重点。近年来，越来越多的研究表明，在经济领域，技术效率充分反映了企业投人-产出过程的本质，因此可以将技术效率作为公司风险承担能力的体现。同时，随着人们对公司治理问题日益关注，学者们就公司治理与企业绩效等方面的关系进行了较为全面而深入的讨论，但鲜有研究将公司治理与商业银行的风险承担能力挂钩。然而，人们普遍认为有效的公司治理制度对银行部门及整个经济的正常运行至关重要。对于商业银行而言，更会因其治理制度的缺陷而导致银行系统中一系列问题的出现，进而破坏整个金融系统的稳定( Brogi 和 Lagasio， 2019)。因此，进一步探究商业银行公司治理对其风险承担能力的影响具有实际意义。
本文首先利用随机前沿分析(SFA)方法，估计了样本中商业银行的技术效率，之后采用面板回归模型，分析了银行治理的各项特征与技术效
率对其风险承担能力的影响，在此基础上进一步讨论了公司治理在技术效率影响商业银行风险承担能力方面的调节作用。与之前关于公司治理和公司业绩的研究多使用因子分析来识别不同治理特征之间的协同作用( Andreou 等， 2016； Dima 等，2013)不同，本文结合因子分析和多元回归对公司和董事会成员的特征都进行了深入研究，清晰地展现了公司治理各主要维度的影响，为政策制定者和监管者的决策提供了一定的借鉴。
**二、理论框架与假设**
(一)公司治理、技术效率和风险承担能力
公司治理指公司管理层、董事会和股东之间的一系列复杂关系，包括董事会特征、所有权结构和激励机制等。技术效率和风险承担能力是衡量企业经营表现的两种指标。
具体而言，从产出角度看，技术效率指相同投入下经济单元实际产出与理想产出(最大可能性产出)的比率；从投入角度看，技术效率是指相同产出下理想投人(最小可能性投人)与实际投入的比率。即技术效率是生产实际值与最优值
作者简介：晏艳阳，女，博士，湖南大学金融与统计学院教授，博士生导师，研究方向：公司治理。
宋 **禹，男，供职于长沙银行股份有限公司监事会办公室，研究方向：公司治理。**
**孔健文，男，湖南大学金融与统计学院博士研究生，研究方向：公司治理。**
董永良，男，湖南大学金融与统计学院博士研究生，研究方向：公司治理。
**基金项目：湖南省金融学会重点课题“公司治理对商业银行风险防控的影响及治理优化研究”(** (HNFSK202102)。
的比较，用来衡量经济单元获得最大产出的能力，表示经济单元实际生产活动接近前沿面的程度，能够很好地反映经济单元现有技术的发挥程度。技术效率是公司利用既定投入尽可能生产较多产出的运行效率，可以用作测度生产过程表现的指标。
风险承担能力是测度企业运转状况的指标。商业银行风险承担能力(Risk-taking) 指商业银行在客观的风险环境(如宏观经济环境的变动、国家宏观政策调控)中出于自身的主动因素(如追求经营效益)进行含有一定风险性的业务并主动承担风险的经营行为。承担风险是银行的经营之道，也是其在经济体系中的重要职能。由于银行在实际经营活动中普遍存在信息不对称、道德风险、逆向选择和委托代理的问题，在这种情况下做决策，承担一定风险是不可避免的。
已有文献指出公司治理与风险承担之间存在显著关系，同时也有研究表明风险承担在一定程度上与技术效率有关。李伟和李波(2021)利用长三角城市样本的研究表明，在商业银行发展初期多采用粗放型发展模式，风控能力和公司治理能力相对较弱，技术效率呈现下降趋势，而越过资产规模拐点后，商业银行逐渐采用精细化发展模式，内控机制逐渐完善，经营业绩向好，技术效率呈现上升趋势。沈兴(2015)对我国2007一2012年商业银行的研究表明，我国商业银行的风险承担水平呈现逐年上升的趋势，银行技术进步的方向和全要素生产率的变化方向是一致的，技术进步是我国商业银行效率提升的根本动力，商业银行的风险承担水平与技术效率之间呈负相关关系。孙兆斌(2006)提到上市公司的股权集中度与技术效率及其提升显著正相关，股权制衡度与技术效率显著负相关，表明大股东之间的制衡往往成为企业技术效率提升的一大障碍。
关于商业银行风险承担能力与技术效率之间关系的文献较少，但研究银行风险和技术效率的文献较多，本文期望能从中得到借鉴。关于商业银行风险和技术效率的关系，现有文献中没有得出一致的结论，这也正是本文的研究方向，即厘清技术效率对商业银行风险承担能力的影响关系。
因此本文提出第一个假设：
H1：商业银行技术效率能显著提升其风险承担能力。
(二)董事会独立性与风险承担能力
已有文献中，关于董事会独立性作用的研究结论不一。代理理论学派认为独立的董事会可以通过监督经理人的投机行为来减少“委托-代理”问题，同时独立董事的专业知识、声望和社会关系可以为银行风险承担能力的提升提供战略性建议。关于美国、韩国和澳大利亚的实证研究表明董事会独立性的增强能显著改善企业的风险承担能力(Black 和 Kim， 2012)。Al-Najjar ( 2014)利用五个中东国家企业样本同样得到了董事会独立性的增强对企业风险承担能力有显著正向影响的结论。
然而，增加独立董事数量和比例的观点受到一些学者的质疑。理论上，相较于内部董事，独立董事因为信息不对称，难以有效发挥自己的职能。同时，杨典(2018)提到由于独立董事缺乏公司层面的知识和经验，他们的地位和作用同样受到质疑。这些研究认为独立董事与企业风险承担能力之间存在负向关系。
在我国当前的商业背景下，尽管独立董事是由股东大会选定的，但控股股东仍有最大的否决权。另外，控股股东也有资格提名独立董事，他们往往会提名他们熟悉且有良好合作关系的人。并且，李维安和赫臣(2015)指出在中国传统文化背景下，包括儒家思想、集体主义、面子和关系等，独立董事可能会不愿意表达他们的反对意见，以维持与内部董事的良好“关系”和“面子”。这些文化思想可能会阻碍独立董事在风险防控方面作用的发挥。在这样的背景下，中国商业银行的独立董事是否高效?据此提出如下假设：
H2a：在中国商业银行中，董事会独立性对风险承担能力有显著正向影响。
H2b：在中国商业银行中，董事会独立性对风险承担能力有显著负向影响。
(三)董事会规模与风险承担能力
董事会规模是公司治理的关键之一。Yeh(2018)提到的资源依赖理论认为董事会成员是企业与外部环境的桥梁。研究表明较大规模的董事会可以获取许多关键资源，为公司带来更多的
知识、技能和经验，减少外部不确定性，从而有效进行风险防控。一些经验研究表明，董事会规模和风险承担能力呈正向关系。
相反，另一种观点认为，董事会规模较大程度地降低了企业监督、控制和决策的效率，会减弱企业的风险防控能力。研究表明，与具有大规模董事会的公司相比，较小规模的董事会具有更强的内在凝聚力和更高的生产效率。有研究以美国、马来西亚、爱尔兰等10个 OECD 国家的企业为样本，得到董事会规模和风险承担能力有显著负向关系的结论( Haniffa 和 Hudaib， 2006)。
商业银行处于动态环境中，容易受外部因素的影响。企业的成功在很大程度上取决于公司高层做出正确的决策来维持企业的竞争优势，而现有文献对董事会规模与风险承担能力之间关系的研究结论不一。根据应急公司治理模型(Oehmichen等，2016)，在当前制度背景下，董事会成员是有效的监督者。但受中国传统文化的影响，大规模董事会的成员可能会担心破坏董事会内部和谐的气氛，不愿意表达不同的观点，容易导致企业承担的风险增加。因此本文提出如下假设：
H3a： 在中国商业银行中，董事会规模对风险承担能力有显著正向影响。
H3b：在中国商业银行中，董事会规模对风险承担能力有显著负向影响。
(四)股权集中度与风险承担能力
作为公司治理机制之一，股权集中度(最大股东持股比例)在公司治理类文献中被广泛讨论。学者们在不同理论框架下进行分析，监督假说认为持股5%以上的股东有能力和动机监督公司的运营情况，这可以减少企业的委托代理成本，高度的股权集中度可以促进企业价值增长、增强企业的风险承担能力。相反，策略联合假说认为高度的股权集中度可能导致大股东和经理人之间的矛盾，从而损害其他股东的利益。
但我国少有研究关注股权集中度和风险承担能力之间的关系。有研究表明大股东的存在可以增强企业风险承担能力，但也有学者认为持有大量股份的投资者是投机主义者，这会降低企业的
风险承担能力。本文据此提出如下假设：
H4a：在中国商业银行中，股权集中度对风险承担能力有显著正向影响。
H4b：在中国商业银行中，股权集中度对风险承担能力有显著负向影响。
(五)监事会与风险承担能力
自“十八大”以来，国家加大了对国有企业内部的贪腐治理。监事会作为专门的监督机构，对董事会和管理层实施监督，以防范大股东与经理相勾结，侵害小股东权益。陈仕华等(2014)利用上市公司数据研究表明，国有企业纪委参与监事会对公司高管的非货币性收益有显著的抑制作用，减少了公司经理人为谋求私利而进行的投机行为，从而降低了企业风险，提高了企业风险承担能力。
然而，刘银国和张琛(2011)认为规模较大的董事会有利于履行监督职能，保证监督力度，监事会规模与银行承担的风险呈负相关，但研究结果并没有通过显著性检验，即监事会在一定程度上可以起到监督作用，防范银行风险，但这种效果是有限的，监事会地位也有待进一步提高。同样，袁萍等(2006)研究了上市公司监事会结构(监事会规模、学历和参会频率等)与公司业绩的关系。结果表明：无论是从整体还是分项看，监事会所有相关变量对公司业绩指标均无显著影响，未能对公司的风险承担能力产生明显效果。可能的原因是，我国监事会缺乏实权，受重视程度不够，没有发挥应有的职能，多数情况下形同虚设。从我国现行公司管理架构实践看，监事会与独立董事的监督职能相冲突，国内有学者认为应当取消监事会，让董事发挥更广泛的监督职能。本文认为，虽然监事会在我国大部分企业中存在权利弱化的趋势，但其对董事会决议和高管违法违规行为仍有重要的监督价值，因此应当保证监事会主席的独立性，防止其承担行政职务，以更好地发挥其监督作用，降低银行风险，提高风险承担能力。由此，本文提出以下假设：
H5a：在中国商业银行中，监事会规模对风险承担能力有显著正向影响。
H5b：在中国商业银行中，监事会规模对风险承担能力无显著影响。
(六)公司治理对技术效率与风险承担能力的调节作用
Chen (2010)提出在研究公司治理对风险承担影响的过程中应当考虑技术效率的作用，但缺乏实证研究进行验证；石涛等(2012)对15家商业银行面板数据的实证分析表明，商业银行技术效率的提升可以显著提高银行在存贷款市场的市场份额，增加经营业绩，起到了改善企业风险承担能力的作用；罗小伟和刘朝(2016)指出商业银行的成本效率和利润效率与银行的技术效率显著正相关，即在银行治理中，技术效率发挥着正向作用，能有效促进业绩的提升，进而起到增强银行风险承担能力的作用； Aissa 和 Goaied (2016)指出技术效率对旅游业风险承担能力有正向作用。通过文献梳理发现，几乎没有研究将公司治理纳人银行业技术效率分析框架。但是根据前面的文献可知，公司治理和技术效率与银行风险息息相关，提升公司治理水平可以间接提高风险承担能力。因此本文提出如下假设：
H6：在中国商业银行中，公司治理在技术效率与风险承担能力关系中发挥着调节作用。
三、研究方法与数据
(一)利用随机前沿方法估计技术效率
测度商业银行技术效率的方法主要有两种：非参数包络分析(DEA)法和参数前沿分析(SFA)法。与非参数包络分析法相比，参数前沿分析法能对效率评分进行统计推断，并将误差项和无效率项分离，这种方法需要利用面板数据进行参数估计。本文的技术效率由两种投入变量和一种产出变量构成，投入变量是总劳动力人数(Labor)和总资产数(Capital)，产出变量是总经营收人(Income)，模型具体设定为：
式(1)中，i代表银行个体，t代表年份；V
为随机误差项，是 i.i.d. 的，且服从N(0，o)； na为非负误差项，代表技术非效率，具有截断正态分布；另外v与n相互独立，且二者与投入变量也相互独立；那么技术效率则设定为：
式(2)中EFF代表银行i在t年的技术效率。
(二)公司治理、技术效率和风险承担能力的模型构建
本文利用面板回归模型来检验文中提出的假设，模型设定为：
式(3)用于检验不含技术效率时公司治理变量对商业银行风险承担能力的影响，式(4)用于检验技术效率对商业银行风险承担能力的影响，式(5)用于检验公司治理指标对技术效率的调节效应，其 _中 Adjust 为调节变量，依次取交互项EFF\*Indep、EFF\*Bsize、EFF\*Ssize 以及 EFF\*Con。_
其中，i代表银行个体，t代表年份； EFF 是技术效率； Indep 是独立董事在董事会的占比； Bsize 代表董事会规模，用董事会人数取对数表示； Con 是股权集中度，用最大股东控股比例衡量； Ssize 代表监事会规模，用监事会人数取对数表示； Dua 是一个二元变量，代表董事长是否兼任CEO， 是则取1，否则取 O； State 是一个二元变量，代表该银行是否为国有银行，是则取1，否则取0；成本收人比(Cir) 代表了商业银行的成本控制能力，成本收入比越高，代表商业银行需要消耗更大的成本才能获得同样的收人，说明银行经营效
益水平越低，其经营风险也越高，徐新华等(2012)发现大部分商业银行的成本收入比和银行效益负相关；存贷比(Ltdr)是贷款总额与存款总额的比率，用于衡量商业银行流动性的大小。当商业银行存贷比过高时，说明商业银行流动性小，会有流动性风险，可能给商业银行经营带来不利影响；但是，存贷比并非越低越好，存贷比低时虽然商业银行没有流动性风险，但过多的闲置资金又会降低商业银行的收益。徐新华等(2012)通过分析商业银行的贷款业务结构，发现制造业和发达区域存贷比的增加促进了商业银行效益水平的提高；而1年期以内贷款的增加会降低商业银行的效益，增大商业银行的经营风险。此外， EFF\*Indep、 _EFF\*Bsize、EFF\*Ssize 以及 EFF\*Con 表示技术效_ 率与公司治理变量的交互项。
在衡量商业银行风险承担能力方面，不良贷款率、拨备覆盖率等指标均可以反映商业银行的风险情况，但程度有限。本文参考已有文献，借鉴祝继高等(2016)的方法，计算出商业银行的破产风险指标Z值，以此来表示商业银行的风险承担能力。其计算公式为：
式(6)中，Z.表示商业银行i在t年的Z值， ROA为商业银行 i在t年的总资产收益率， CRAR#为商业银行i在t年的资本充足率，s(ROA)为商业银行i的总资产收益率的标准差。此计算式表明，商业银行的Z值越高，其破产的概率越低，自身的风险也越小；Z值越低，其破产的概率越高，自身的风险也越大。为了使不同指标的数据在量级上相匹配，本文对Z值取对数，将取对数后的
结果作为商业银行风险承担能力指标，并命名为 _Risk， 计算式为：_
商业银行的 Risk 值越小，其破产的可能性就越大，自身的风险就越高。
**表1变量的含义及说明**
| **变量** **符号** | **含义** | **说明** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Risk** | **商业银行风险** **承担能力** | **Z=(ROA+CRAR)/o(ROA)** |
| **EFF** | **商业银行技术效率** | **由 SFA 方法计算得出** |
| **Indep** | **独立董事占比** | **独董人数/董事会人数** |
| **Bsize** | **董事会规模** | **董事会人数取对数** |
| **Ssize** | **监事会规模** | **监事会人数取对数** |
| **Dua** | **董事长是否兼任** **CEO** | **是取1，否取0** |
| **Con** | **股权集中度** | **最大股东占股百分比** |
| **Siate** | **是否为国有银行** | **是取1，否取0** |
| **Cir** | **成本收人比** | **成本费用/营业收人** |
| **Ltdr** | **存贷比** | **贷款总额/存款总额** |
(三)样本和数据
考虑到我国银行的发展状况，为选出具有代表性的商业银行，本文以我国A股上市商业银行为样本，时间设定为2004—2020年。商业银行相关数据主要通过 CSMAR 数据库和同花顺 iFinD 数据库获取，在对数据进行收集整理之后，将数据缺失导致无法使用的银行样本进行剔除，最终得到了我国31家上市银行的非平衡面板数据，包含了国有银行、股份制银行、城商行及农商行，具有一定的代表性。相关变量的描述性统计结果如表2所示，董事会独立性的均值为36%左右，
**表2变量的描述性统计**
| **变量** | **均值** | **标准差** | **最小值** | **最大值** | **观测值** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Risk** | **4.848 096** | **0.816124** | **3.605 633** | **7.117212** | **250** |
| **EFF** | **0.859 565** | **0.077 459** | **0.616 946** | **0.970 571** | **250** |
| **Indep** | **0.362 397** | **0.047 920** | **0.100 000** | **0.555 556** | **250** |
| **Bsize** | **2.670 149** | **0.172 012** | **2.079 442** | **2.944 439** | **250** |
| **Ssize** | **2.052 574** | **0.264 902** | **1.098 612** | **2.639 057** | **250** |
续表2
| **变量** | **均值** | **标准差** | **最小值** | **最大值** | **观测值** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Dua** | **0.956 000** | **0.205 507** | **0** | **1.000 000** | **250** |
| **Con** | **0.262 090** | **0.179 527** | **0.043 100** | **0.677 200** | **250** |
| **State** | **0.220 000** | **0.415 077** | **0** | **1.000 000** | **250** |
| **Cir** | **0.523 456** | **0.135 040** | **0.241 349** | **1.028 843** | **250** |
| **Lidr** | **0.729 224** | **0.117223** | **0.389 700** | **1.112226** | **250** |
| **变量** | **Risk** | **EFF** | **Indep** | **Bsize** | **Ssize** | **Duia** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Risk** | **1** | | | | | |
| **EFF** | **\-0.2028\*** | **1** | | | | |
| **Indep** | **0** | **0.0831** | **1** | | | |
| **Bsize** | **\-0.3023\*** | **\-0.0351** | **\-0.2563\*** | **1** | | |
| **Ssize** | **\-0.2284\*** | **0.0006** | **0.0904** | **0.269 4\*** | **1** | |
| **Dua** | **\-0.0897** | **0.0627** | **\-0.0923** | **0.1333\*** | **\-0.0831** | **1** |
| **Con** | **\-0.2796\*** | **0.0132** | **0.0322** | **\-0.1536\*** | **\-0.2027\*** | **\-0.0479** |
| **State** | **\-0.1355\*** | **\-0.0076** | **0.0226** | **\-0.0704** | **\-0.280 9\*** | **\-0.0744** |
| **Cir** | **\-0.1079** | **\-0.145 1\*** | **\-0.1245\*** | **0.0950** | **0.0890** | **0.1118** |
| **ltdr** | **\-0.0674** | **\-0.0528** | **0.2494\*** | **\-0.005 1** | **0.2513\*** | **\-0.0231** |
| | **Con** | **State** | **Cir** | **Ltdr** | | |
| **Con** | **1** | | | | | |
| **Sate** | **0.6617\*** | **1** | | | | |
| **Cir** | **\-0.0570** | **\-0.1060** | **1** | | | |
| **Lidr** | **0.0859** | **\-0.1150** | **\-0.2089\*** | | | |
注：\*\*\*、\*\*、、\*分别表示在1%、5%和10%的显著性水平下显著。
高于中东国家的30%，低于美国的79%和英国的64%，这表明我国商业银行董事会独立性处于中等水平；平均董事会和监事会规模在取对数后分别约为2.67与2.05，在我国商业银行中处于较高水平；样本中董事长兼任 CEO 的比例较高，为95.6%；样本中的银行股权集中度即最大股东的持股比例均值约为26.2%。
表3为变量相关系数矩阵分析，可以看出，被解释变量风险承担能力与董事会独立性和董事长是否兼任 CEO 这两个核心解释变量无显著相关
关系，但它与其他解释变量呈现显著相关性，可以对后期的回归结果做出初步判断；其次，技术效率与本文选取的公司治理相关解释变量的相关性初看并不高，但其具体作用需要在回归中进一步验证。
四、实证研究
(一)SFA模型的估计结果
从表4的 SFA模型估计结果可以看出，所有变量在统计上都是显著的，说明模型进行了很好的拟合。结果表明我国商业银行相对低效率，即
**表4真实固定效应 SFA的估计结果**
| **变量** | **(1)** **Inincome** | **(2)** | **(3)** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **变量** | **(1)** **Inincome** | **InsigZv** | **Insig2u** |
| **lnLabor** | **1.669 0\*\*\*** **(0.2420)** | | |
| **InCapital** | **\-0.732 0\*\*** **(0.3070)** | | |
| **(lnLabor)2** | **0.0324\*\*\*** **(0.0075)** | | |
| **(lnCapital)‘** | **0.103 0\*\*\*** **(0.0164)** | | |
| **lnLabor\*lnCapital** | **\-0.1440\*\*\*** **(0.0205)** | | |
| **Constant** | **14.5400\*\*\*** **(1.1620)** | **\-4.8450\*\*\*** **(0.3290)** | **\-3.5670\*\*\*** **(0.3090)** |
| **Group** | **23** | **23** | **23** |
| **Observaitions** | **226** | **226** | **226** |
| **Log likelihood** | **135.795 46** | | |
注：\*\*\*、\*\*、\*分别表示在1%、5%和10%的显著性水平下显著；括号内为标准误。
没有充分利用自身的资本和劳动力进行高效生产。平均技术效率呈现出一个波动增长的时间趋势，技术效率结果严格右倾于1，表明我国商业银行有较大的效率增长潜力。
(二)公司治理、技术效率和风险承担能力的面板回归模型
为了考察公司治理对商业银行风险承担能力的影响，依次将各公司治理变量加入模型。
表5中，列(1)一(6)表示依次将各公司治理代理变量加入模型，从回归结果可以发现，当加入是否为国有银行(State)这一变量时，其对商业银行风险承担能力有显著的正向影响，这说明当商业银行为国有时，其风险承担能力更强。而其他相关公司治理代理变量则并不显著。
为了进一步探究商业银行技术效率对公司治理和其风险承担能力关系的影响，将技术效率依次引入模型，得到含技术效率的回归结果(见表6)。
**表5基准模型回归结果**
| **变量** | **Risk** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **变量** | **(1)** | **(2)** | **(3)** | **(4)** | **(5)** | **(6)** |
| **Indep** | **\-0.1630** | **\-0.098 9** | **\-0.0839** | **\-0.0840** | **\-0.0849** | **\-0.0849** |
| **Indep** | **(0.1760)** | **(0.1520)** | **(0.1490)** | **(0.1500)** | **(0.1510)** | **(0.1510)** |
| | | **0.1270** **(0.0890)** | **0.1330** | **0.1340** | **0.1330** | **0.1330** |
| **Bsize** | | **0.1270** **(0.0890)** | **(0.0915)** | **(0.0918)** | **(0.0910)** | **(0.0910)** |
| **Ssize** | | **0.1270** **(0.0890)** | **\-0.0352** | **\-0.0355** | **\-0.0348** | **\-0.0348** |
| **Ssize** | | | **(0.0478)** | **(0.0477)** | **(0.0480)** | **(0.0480)** |
| | | | | **\-0.0020** | **\-0.0018** | **\-0.0018** |
| **Duia** | | | | **(0.0276)** | **(0.0278)** | **(0.0278)** |
| **Con** | | | | | **\-0.0312** **(0.3330)** | **\-0.0312** |
| **Con** | | | | | | **(0.3330)** |
| **State** | | | | | | **0.2690\*** |
| **State** | | | | | | **(0.1510)** |
| **Cir** | **\-0.1630\*\*\*** | **\-0.1530\*\*\*** | **\-0.1510\*\*\*** | **\-0.1510\*\*\*** | **\-0.1510\*\*\*** | **\-0.1510\*\*\*** |
| **Cir** | **(0.0571)** | **(0.0569)** | **(0.0574)** | **(0.0575)** | **(0.0572)** | **(0.0572)** |
| **Ltdr** | **0.3570\*\*\*** | **0.4130\*\*\*** | **0.4190\*\*\*** | **0.4190\*\*\*** | **0.4180\*\*\*** | **0.4180\*\*\*** |
| **Ltdr** | **(0.1200)** | **(0.1350)** | **(0.1390)** | **(0.1400)** | **(0.1390)** | **(0.1390)** |
| | **4.5260\*\*\*** | **4.1000\*\*\*** | **4.1420\*\*\*** | **4.1430\*\*\*** | **4.1500\*\*\*** | **4.1500\*\*\*** |
| **Constant** | **(0.0997)** | **(0.2870)** | **(0.2740)** | **(0.2750)** | **(0.2790)** | **(0.2790)** |
| **Observaitions** | **250** | **250** | **250** | **250** | **250** | **250** |
| **R** | **0.983** | **0.983** | **0.983** | **0.983** | **0.983** | **0.983** |
注：\*\*\*、\*\*、\*分别表示在1%、5%和10%显著性水平下显著；括号内为标准误。
**表6含技术效率的回归结果**
| **Risk** **变量** **(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)** | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Risk** **变量** **(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)** | | | | | | |
| **EFF** | **0.3050\*\*** | **0.3020\*\*** | **0.3000\*\*** | **0.3010\*\*** | **0.3010\*\*** | **0.3010\*\*** |
| **EFF** | **(0.1270)** | **(0.1270)** | **(0.1270)** | **(0.1270)** | **(0.1280)** | **(0.1280)** |
| **Indep** | **\-0.1720** | **\-0.1090** | **\-0.0967** | **\-0.0971** | **\-0.0978** | **\-0.0978** |
| **Indep** | **(0.1760)** | **(0.1530)** | **(0.1510)** | **(0.1520)** | **(0.1520)** | **(0.1520)** |
| **Bsize** | | **0.1240** | **0.1290** | **0.1310** | **0.1300** | **0.1300** |
| **Bsize** | | **(0.0874)** | **(0.0899)** | **(0.0906)** | **(0.0900)** | **(0.0900)** |
| **Ssize** | | | **\-0.0296** | **\-0.0308** | **\-0.0302** | **\-0.0302** |
| **Ssize** | | | **(0.0469)** | **(0.0469)** | **(0.0470)** | **(0.0470)** |
| | | | | **\-0.0081** | **\-0.0079** | **\-0.0079** |
| **Dua** | | | | **(0.0259)** | **(0.0262)** | **(0.0262)** |
| | | | | | **\-0.0263** | **\-0.0263** |
| **Con** | | | | | **(0.3130)** | **(0.3130)** |
| | | | | | | **0.2860\*\*** |
| **Siate** | | | | | | **(0.1430)** |
| **Cir** | **\-0.1290\*\*** | **\-0.1190\*\*** | **\-0.1180\*\*** | **\-0.1170\*\*** | **\-0.1180\*\*** | **\-0.1180\*\*** |
| **Cir** | **(0.0579)** | **(0.0577)** | **(0.0581)** | **(0.0583)** | **(0.0583)** | **(0.0583)** |
| **Ltdr** | **0.379 0\*\*\*** | **0.4330\*\*\*** | **0.4380\*\*\*** | **0.4380\*\*\*** | **0.4370\*\*\*** | **0.4370\*\*\*** |
| **Ltdr** | **(0.1200)** | **(0.1340)** | **(0.1380)** | **(0.1390)** | **(0.1380)** | **(0.1380)** |
| **Constant** | **4.2260\*\*\*** | **3.8160\*\*\*** | **3.8530\*\*\*** | **3.8550\*\*\*** | **3.8620\*\*\*** | **3.8620\*\*\*** |
| **Constant** | **(0.1600)** | **(0.3150)** | **(0.3010)** | **(0.3020)** | **(0.3070)** | **(0.3070)** |
| **Observations** | **250** | **250** | **250** | **250** | **250** | **250** |
| **R** | **0.983** | **0.983** | **0.983** | **0.983** | **0.983** | **0.983** |
注：\*\*\*、\*\*、\*分别表示在1%、5%和10%显著性水平下显著；括号内为标准误。
从表6中可以发现，在引人技术效率后，技术效率系数都表现出了较强的显著性，且均为正，说明技术效率对商业银行风险承担能力有显著的正向影响作用，技术效率的提高可以促进商业银行风险承担能力的提升。
然而在引人技术效率变量后，各公司治理代
理变量的显著性水平并未发生较大的变化。为了进一步探究公司治理指标与技术效率之间的相互作用，本文根据模型(5)依次引人技术效率与各项公司治理指标的交互项作为调节变量，来探究各项公司治理指标对技术效率的调节效应。
从表7中可以看出，在引人调节变量后，各
**续表7**
**_Risk_**
| **变量** | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **变量** | **(1)** | **(2)** | **(3)** | **(4)** |
| | | | **0.1510\*\*** | |
| **EFF\*Ssize** | | | **(0.0611)** | |
| | | | | **0.6460\*** |
| **EFF\*COn** | | | | **(0.3910)** |
| **Indep** | **\-0.8140\*\*** | **\-0.0972** | **\-0.0916** | **\-0.1040** |
| **Indep** | **(0.3640)** | **(0.1520)** | **(0.1510)** | **(0.1530)** |
| **Bsize** | **0.1290** | **0.0298** | **0.1300** | **0.1320** |
| **Bsize** | **(0.0900)** | **(0.0981)** | **(0.0898)** | **(0.0902)** |
| **Ssize** | **\-0.0278** | **\-0.0308** | **\-0.1610\*\*** | **\-0.0326** |
| **Ssize** | **(0.0468)** | **(0.0470)** | **(0.0724)** | **(0.0485)** |
| **Dua** | **\-0.0081** | **\-0.0073** | **\-0.0085** | **\-0.0056** |
| **Dua** | **(0.0261)** | **(0.0265)** | **(0.0263)** | **(0.0283)** |
| **Con** | **\-0.0439** | **\-0.0273** | **\-0.0429** | **\-0.5930** |
| **Con** | **(0.3130)** | **(0.3110)** | **(0.3100)** | **(0.4670)** |
| **State** | **0.2930\*\*** | **0.2870\*\*** | **0.2930\*\*** | **0.2920\*** |
| **State** | **(0.1430)** | **(0.1420)** | **(0.1410)** | **(0.1480)** |
| **Cir** | **\-0.1190\*\*** | **\-0.1160\*\*** | **\-0.1150\*\*** | **\-0.1370\*\*** |
| **Cir** | **(0.0583)** | **(0.0582)** | **(0.0584)** | **(0.0580)** |
| **Lidr** | **0.4380\*\*\*** | **0.4340\*\*\*** | **0.4370\*\*\*** | **0.4360\*\*\*** |
| **Lidr** | **(0.1380)** | **(0.1370)** | **(0.1370)** | **(0.1400)** |
| **Corstant** | **4.1280\*\*\*** | **4.1280\*\*\*** | **4.1230\*\*\*** | **4.1400\*\*\*** |
| **Corstant** | **(0.2760)** | **(0.2780)** | **(0.2770)** | **(0.2790)** |
| **Observitions** | **250** | **250** | **250** | **250** |
| **R** | **0.983** | **0.983** | **0.983** | **0.983** |
注：\*\*\*\*\*、\*分别表示在1%、5%和10%显著性水平下显著；括号内为标准误。
调节变量系数均表现显著。这表示在技术效率对商业银行风险承担能力产生影响的过程中，各项公司治理指标是通过影响技术效率来对商业银行风险承担能力产生影响的，说明公司治理在技术效率影响商业银行风险承担能力方面具有调节作用。
列(1)中交互项和独立董事占比均显著，且交互项系数大于独立董事占比系数绝对值，表示独立董事占比对商业银行风险承担能力有负向影响，但是交互项对商业银行风险承担能力的正向
影响更强，这说明在技术效率作用下，独立董事占比(Indep)这一变量主要通过调节技术效率来对商业银行风险承担能力产生作用。因此，可以提高独立董事占比，通过其对技术效率的调节作用，正向促进商业银行风险承担能力的提高。从列(2)可以看出，董事会规模对银行风险承担能力的影响为正向但不显著，但董事会规模与技术效率的交互项系数显著，说明董事会规模对银行风险承担能力的直接作用并不明显，但可以通过对技术效率的调节作用，正向促进技术效率对商
业银行风险承担能力发挥积极作用。列(3)中监事会规模及其与技术效率交互项均在统计意义上显著，但符号方向相反，原因可能在于监事会与独立董事的监督职能存在冲突，可能不利于银行风险承担能力的提升，但其对技术效率的影响却非常显著，说明监事会规模的扩大，可以通过调节作用增强技术效率的影响，从而提升其对商业银行风险承担能力的正向促进作用。列(4)中股权集中度对银行风险承担能力影响为负向但并不显著，但其与技术效率的交互项是显著的，这说明股权集中度的提高，可以通过对技术效率的正向调节作用，增强技术效率对商业银行风险承担
能力的积极促进作用，这与国内一些学者的研究结论一致。
上述结果突出体现了公司治理指标对技术效率的重要调节作用，也印证了前文的假设，即公司治理特征可以影响技术效率，并在技术效率对商业银行风险承担能力产生影响的过程中起到显著的正向调节作用。
**五、稳健性检验**
(一)内生性问题
为了克服潜在的内生性问题，本文对解释变量做滞后一期处理并重新进行回归，结果见表8。结果表明，技术效率和其他解释变量的系数和显
表8内生性检验结果
| **变量** | **Risk** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **变量** | **(1)** | **(2)** | **(3)** | **(4)** | **(5)** | **(6)** |
| **EFF** | | **0.3850\*\*\*** **(0.1330)** | | | | |
| **EFF\*Indep** | | | **0.9350\*\*** **(0.3740)** | | | |
| **EFF\*Bsize** | | | | **0.1440\*\*\*** **(0.0487)** | | |
| **EFF\*Ssize** | | | | | **0.183 0\*\*\*** | |
| **EFF\*Con** | | | | | **(0.0623)** | **1.0450\*\*** **(0.4620)** |
| **Indep** | **0.0330** | | **\-0.8160\*\*** | **0.001 3** | **0.0090** | **\-0.0178** |
| **Indep** | **(0.1230)** | **\-0.0016** **(0.1180)** | **(0.3650)** | **(0.1170)** | **(0.1180)** | **(0.1170)** |
| | **0.0872** | **0.0624** | **0.0647** | **\-0.063 3** | **0.0663** | **0.0606** |
| **Bsize** | **(0.0719)** | **(0.0677)** | **(0.0687)** | **(0.0727)** | **(0.0682)** | **(0.0699)** |
| **Bsize** | | **\-0.0009** | **0.0023** | **\-0.0013** | | **\-0.0000** |
| **Ssize** | **\-0.0030** | **(0.0464)** | **(0.0476)** | | **(0.0730)** | **(0.0460)** |
| **Ssize** | **(0.0493)** | **\-0.043 9\*** | **\-0.0417\*** | **(0.0464)** | | |
| **Dua** | **\-0.0245** | **(0.0240)** | **(0.0239)** | **\-0.0429\*** | **\-0.0443\*** | **\-0.0381** |
| **Dua** | | **0.0260** | **0.0154** | **(0.0239)** | **(0.0242)** | **\-0.913 0\*** |
| **Con** | **0.0654** | **(0.2890)** | | **0.0265** | **0.0075** | **(0.5310)** |
| **Con** | **0.2420\*** | **0.2740\*\*** | **(0.2920)** | **(0.2900)** | **(0.2910)** | **0.2980\*\*** |
| **State** | **(0.1300)** | **(0.1370)** | **(0.1370)** | **(0.1370)** | **(0.1370)** | **(0.1350)** |
| | **\-0.1180\*\*** | **\-0.087 8\*** | **\-0.093 1\*** | | **\-0.083 7\*** | **\-0.1080\*\*** |
| **Cir** | **(0.0526)** | **(0.0502)** | **(0.0505)** | **\-0.0848\*** | **(0.0502)** | **(0.0514)** |
| | **0.4180\*\*\*** | **0.4460\*\*\*** | **0.4420\*\*\*** | **0.4450\*\*\*** | **0.4490\*\*\*** | **0.4490\*\*\*** |
| **Ltdr** | **(0.1150)** | **(0.1140)** | **(0.1140)** | **(0.1130)** | **(0.1140)** | **(0.1170)** |
**续表8**
| **变量** | **Risk** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **变量** | **(1)** | **(2)** | **(3)** | **(4)** | **(5)** | **(6)** |
| **Constant** | **4.1360\*\*\*** | **3.8670\*\*\*** | **4.1970\*\*\*** | **4.2000\*\*\*** | **4.1830\*\*\*** | **4.2230\*\*\*** |
| **Constant** | **(0.2420)** | **(0.2670)** | **(0.2290)** | **(0.2260)** | **(0.2290)** | **(0.2300)** |
| **Observations** | **219** | **219** | **219** | **219** | **219** | **219** |
| **R** | **0.987** | **0.988** | **0.988** | **0.988** | **0.988** | **0.988** |
注：\*\*\*、\*\*、\*分别表示在1%、5%和10%显著性水平下显著；括号内为标准误。
著性并未发生大的变化，交互项对商业银行的风险承担能力仍产生显著的正向影响，说明各项公司治理指标的调节效应依然存在。
(二)改变年限区间
本文的研究年限为2004—2020年，由于前3年商业银行的样本数量较少，可能不具有代表性，为了解决这一问题，剔除前3年数据再进行面板回归与调节效应分析，结果见表9。可以发现，主要解释变量的系数和显著性水平没有大的变化，
各项公司治理指标仍对技术效率起到调节作用，从而影响到技术效率对商业银行风险承担能力的作用效果，这表明前文的结论稳健。
六、结论
本文以我国上市商业银行为样本，首先测试了商业银行的技术效率，然后基于我国商业银行上市公司的面板数据检验了技术效率、公司治理与银行风险承担能力之间的关系。研究发现：(1)我国商业银行平均技术效率呈现出一个波动增长
表9改变年限区间的稳健性检验结果
| **变量** | **(1)** | **Risk** **(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)** | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **EFF** | | **0.2960\*\*** | | | | |
| **EFF** | | **(0.1280)** | | | | |
| | | | **0.8000\*\*** | | | |
| **EFF\*Indep** | | | **(0.3690)** | | | |
| | | | | **0.1120\*\*** | | |
| **EFF\*Bsize** | | | | **(0.0466)** | | |
| | | | | | **0.149 0\*\*** | |
| **EFF\*Ssize** | | | | | **(0.0611)** | |
| | | | | | | **0.6350\*** |
| **EFF\*Con** | | | | | | **(0.3890)** |
| | **\-0.0867** | **\-0.0987** | **\-0.8010\*\*** | **\-0.0980** | **\-0.0926** | **\-0.1060** |
| **Indep** | **(0.1500)** | **(0.1520)** | **(0.3640)** | **(0.1510)** | **(0.1500)** | **(0.1530)** |
| **Bsize** | **0.1340** | **0.1320** | **0.1310** | **0.0330** | **0.1310** | **0.1330** |
| **Bsize** | **(0.0915)** | **(0.0905)** | **(0.0905)** | **(0.0986)** | **(0.0903)** | **(0.0908)** |
| **Ssize** | **\-0.0343** | **\-0.0300** | **\-0.0276** | **\-0.0306** | **\-0.1590\*\*** | **\-0.0322** |
| **Ssize** | **(0.0480)** | **(0.0470)** | **(0.0468)** | **(0.0470)** | **(0.0725)** | **(0.0485)** |
| **Dua** | **\-0.0016** | **\-0.0077** | **\-0.0079** | **\-0.0072** | **\-0.0083** | **\-0.0054** |
| **Dua** | **(0.0279)** | **(0.0261)** | **(0.0261)** | **(0.0264)** | **(0.0263)** | **(0.0283)** |
| **Con** | **\-0.0388** | **\-0.0322** | **\-0.0496** | **\-0.0331** | **\-0.0484** | **\-0.5910** |
| **Con** | **(0.3310)** | **(0.3120)** | **(0.3120)** | **(0.3110)** | **(0.3090)** | **(0.4650)** |
续表9
| **变量** | **Risk** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **变量** | **(1)** | **(2)** | **(3)** | **(4)** | **(5)** | **(6)** |
| **Siate** | **0.2730\*** | **0.2890\*\*** | **0.2960\*\*** | **0.2900\*\*** | **0.2960\*\*** | **0.2960\*\*** |
| **Siate** | **(0.1510)** | **(0.1430)** | **(0.1430)** | **(0.1420)** | **(0.1410)** | **(0.1480)** |
| **Cir** | **\-0.1600\*\*\*** | **\-0.1250\*\*** | **\-0.1270\*\*** | **\-0.1240\*\*** | **\-0.1230\*\*** | **\-0.1450\*\*** |
| **Cir** | **(0.0596)** | **(0.0610)** | **(0.0609)** | **(0.0609)** | **(0.0611)** | **(0.0605)** |
| **Ltdr** | **0.4120\*\*\*** | **0.4330\*\*\*** | **0.4340\*\*\*** | **0.4300\*\*\*** | **0.4330\*\*\*** | **0.4310\*\*\*** |
| **Ltdr** | **(0.1390)** | **(0.1380)** | **(0.1380)** | **(0.1380)** | **(0.1380)** | **(0.1410)** |
| **Constant** | **4.1570\*\*\*** | **3.8700\*\*\*** | **4.1320\*\*\*** | **4.1320\*\*\*** | **4.1270\*\*\*** | **4.1450\*\*\*** |
| **Constant** | **(0.2810)** | **(0.3100)** | **(0.2790)** | **(0.2800)** | **(0.2790)** | **(0.2820)** |
| **Observations** | **244** | **244** | **244** | **244** | **244** | **244** |
| **R** | **0.983** | **0.983** | **0.983** | **0.983** | **0.983** | **0.983** |
注：\*\*\*、\*\*、\*分别表示在1%，5%和10%显著性水平下显著；括号内为标准误。
的时间趋势，技术效率结果严格右倾于1，说明我国商业银行有较强的效率增长潜力；(2)代表商业银行公司治理的各项指标中，只有是否为国有银行与风险承担能力之间存在显著的正向影响，其余各项指标如独立董事占比、董事会规模、监事会规模等均没有显著影响； (3)各项公司治理指标通过影响商业银行的技术效率而对其风险承担能力发挥调节作用。
基于此，本文得出如下启示：第一，采用多种办法提升商业银行技术效率。利用和发挥好人才智库的作用，优化商业银行人才队伍结构，完善人才培养体系，以提高员工的素质和修养，提升商业银行竞争力，将知识转化为生产力，使得人尽其才，物尽其用。第二，应高度重视公司治理的潜在意义。持续优化董事会结构，重视监事会在商业银行健康经营中的保障作用，从多维度促进公司治理能力的提升。
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(责任编辑：赵碟贝/校对：张艳妮) | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **No.6 Jun. 2021**
**识变应变求变之争与中共创建之开天辟地大事变(\*)**
汪青松，祝叶飞2
**(1.上海财经大学马克思主义学院，上海 200433：**
**2.上海海洋大学马克思主义学院，上海 201306)**
**(摘 要〕中共创建时期曾发生马克思主义与反马克思主义之间的“问题与主义”之争、社会主义之争、无政府主义之争。 “三次论争”是早期共产主义者从世界大势与中国国情实际出发，在准确识变、科学应变和主动求变的基础上，找到马克思主义“开天识变之理”、社会主义“辟地应变之道”、无产阶级“建党求变之法”，解决了中国举什么旗、走什么路、建什么党的重大时代问题，确立党的指导思想、最高纲领、初心使命，实现中国革命开天辟地的大事变。**
**(关键词)中共创建；准确识变；科学应变；主动求变；开天辟地大事变**
**DOI：10. 3969/j. issn. 1002-1698.2021.06.001**
**中国共产党的产生是开天辟地的大事变。党的创建时期曾发生“问题与主义”之争、社会主义之争、无政府主义之争，共产党人明确回答了近代以来中国识变、应变与求变的一系列重大问题。习近平总书记强调，形势在变、任务在变、工作要求也在变，必须准确识变、科学应变、主动求变。只有顺应历史潮流，积极应变，主动求变，才能与时代同行。从识变、应变和求变的角度审视党的创建过程中的“三次论争”，对于把握中国共产党产生作为开天辟地大事变的历史地**
**位，理解中国共产党历经百年为什么青春依旧充满生机与活力的澳秘，具有重大的理论与实践意义。**
**一、在“问题与主义”之争中准确识变**
**鸦片战争是近代中国“三千年未有之大变局”的开端。在西方列强坚船利炮轰击下，近代中国危机四起、人民苦难深重，陷人半殖民地半封建社会的黑暗深渊。在困难与危机面前，先进的中国人始终在思考：为何我们努力学习西方却**
**作者简介：汪青松，上海财经大学马克思主义学院教授、博士生导师，研究方向：马克思主义中国化；祝叶飞，博士，上海海洋大学马克思主义学院讲师，研究方向：马克思主义中国化。**
**(\*)本文系教育部哲学社会科学研究重大攻关项目“习近平总书记系列重要讲话精神和治国理政新理念新思想新战略研究”(17JZD001)阶段性成果。**
**反而落后挨打?为何我们努力振兴中华却一次次受挫?由于没有科学理论指导，近代中国人始终搞不清民族衰败的原因在哪里。**
**(一)在救亡图存的探索中找到马克思主义，准确认识到近代以来世界的变化**
**睁开眼睛看世界，近代世界已不同于古代社会。18世纪西欧国家开始工业革命，农业经济向工业经济转型，自然经济向市场经济转型，传统社会向现代社会转型，市场化、城市化、国际化发展，工业文明向全球扩展。经济国际化使得各国间联系日益密切，借助世界一体化对外扩张和掠夺，西方殖民主义在落后国家获取商品市场和发展资本。1848年，马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中指出“过去那种地方的和民族的自给自足和闭关自守状态，被各民族的各方面的互相往来和各方面的互相依赖所代替了。”2\]**
**马克思发现并揭示了人类社会发展的规律。从世界发展大势看，“15世纪至18世纪是资本主义发展的第一个时期，在这个时期，资本主义在封建社会母体里孕育、萌生、发育并取代封建主义。”3)与封建主义相比，资本主义代表先进生产力，显示出历史进步性。资本主义社会代替腐朽没落的封建主义社会是社会发展的必然。**
**西方资本主义在工业革命之后得以迅速发展，而此时的旧中国囿于封建制度的束缚，被世界快速发展的浪潮甩在了后面。相对于工业化、资本化、国际化的西方国家，清王朝时期的中国仍旧是那种自给自足和闭关自守状态，封建的东方农业中国必然落后于西方工业资本主义帝国。**
**1917年十月革命一声炮响，给我们送来了马列主义。中国先进分子高度评价十月革命，热烈欢迎马列主义这一新思想。1913年留学日本时就接触过社会主义思想和马克思主义学说的李大钊，敏锐地认识到十月革命将对20世纪世界历史进程产生划时代的影响，从俄国社会主义革命的胜利中看到中国争取民族独立和人民解放的希望所在，开始主动向中国人民传播马克思主义。李大钊1918年7月发表了《法俄革命之**
**比较观》一文，认为“十月革命”是世界史未来必然走向的潮头，“二十世纪初叶以后之文明，必将起绝大之变动，其萌芽即茁发于今日俄国革命血潮之中”。41918年11月发表著名的文章《Bol-shevism 的胜利》和《庶民的胜利》，认为这是“世界的新潮流”，而“1917年的俄国革命，是20世纪中世界革命的先声”\[5)“Bolshevism 就是俄国Bolsheviki 党所抱的主义”，“他们的主义，就是革命的社会主义”。6)在宣传布尔什维主义的过程中，李大钊看到马克思主义的真理力量，接授了真正能拯救中国的马克思主义学说，从民主主义爱国者转变为马克思主义者。他敢为人先，以开拓者的无畏姿态，在北洋军阀统治下的极端恶劣的环境下担负起传播马克思主义的重任，率先在中国介绍和宣传马克思主义，成为20世纪初中国的播火者。**
**1919年爆发于民族危难之际的五四运动，是一场捍卫民族尊严、挽救民族危亡的革命运动，其划时代意义在于促进了全民族的觉醒，推动了马克思主义广泛传播。 “帝国主义压迫的切骨的痛苦，解醒了空泛的民主主义恶梦。。….学生运动倏然一变而倾向社会主义，就是这个原因。”7五四运动使中国人把俄国十月革命与马克思主义联系起来，这种彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义、反封建主义的革命精神，鼓舞了中国人学习马克思主义真理。**
**此后中国先进分子开始倾向用马列主义指导认识和解决中国问题，引起以胡适为代表的资产阶级改良派的不满和反对。1919年7月，胡适在《每周评论》发表《多研究些问题，少谈些主义》一文，对马克思主义发动攻击；1919年8月，李大钊发表《再论问题与主义》，对资产阶级实用主义的错误观点进行批驳，“问题与主义”之争由此展开。**
**(二)在捍卫真理的斗争中传播马列主义，准确认识到中国的变化**
**“问题与主义”论争从一开始就不是单纯的学理之争，而是以什么理论指导中国识变的“主**
**义”之争。胡适将此次论争视为“我与马克思主义者冲突的第一回合”。\[8**
**“问题与主义”之争的第一个焦点是如何看待“主义”。胡适大肆贬斥主义、嘲讽空谈好听的主义是阿猫阿狗都能做的事。李大钊反驳说，谈主义是必要的。研究问题必须有主义作指导。“我是喜欢谈谈布尔扎维主义的'，，“我总觉得布尔扎维主义的流行，实在是世界文化上的一大变动”。9)1919年10月和1920年11月，毛泽东先后写道“问题之研究，须以学理为根据。因此在各种问题研究之先，须为各种主义之研究”。“主义譬如一面旗子，旗子立起来了，大家才有所指望，才知所趋赴。”10)马克思主义绝不是空谈，而是具有鲜明实践性的伟大科学真理，着力回答世界的变化与中国的变化。李大钊在《再论问题与主义》中指出，一个社会主义者，必须“一面认定我们的主义”，“一面宣传我们的主义，使社会上多数人都能用他作材料、作工具，以解决具体的社会问题”。11)马克思主义科学理论体系的创立，就是为了指导世界无产阶级与被压迫民族打破资产阶级剥削和掠夺的革命实践活动需要而产生的。**
**“问题与主义”之争的第二个焦点是如何对待“问题”。胡适大谈多研究问题，似乎真的关注中华民族的生死存亡问题，实际上他提出要研究的是些什么问题?他认为，“从人力车夫的生计问题，到大总统的权限问题；从卖淫问题到卖官卖国问题；……..那一个不是火烧眉毛紧急问题?”12研究这些具体问题关乎中华民族救亡图存吗?根本不是。马克思认为，“问题是时代的格言”(13)没有正确的主义和理论指导，根本抓不住重大问题。1919年初，巴黎和会上中国外交失败暴露出西方列强所谓公理战胜强权完全是欺世谎言。早期马克思主义者认识到，马克思主义是科学而不是抽象的学理和不变的教条，研究马克思主义必须研究它“怎样应用于中国今日的政治经济情形”，并在这个过程中把这门科学推向前进。正确认识国情非常重要，考虑中国的**
**问题，是不能置国情于不顾的。只有以马克思主义为指导，才能认识近代中国为什么内忧外患这样的时代问题。李大钊指出，要想解决“社会上多数人共同的问题”，应该使这社会上可以共同解决这个那个社会问题的多数人“先有一个共同趋向的理想、主义”。不然，“那个社会问题，是仍然永没有解决的希望；那个社会问题的研究，也仍然是不能影响于实际。”14\]**
**“问题与主义”之争的第三个焦点是如何看待“问题”与“主义”的关系。胡适鼓吹多研究问题少谈主义，把问题与主义割裂开来，故意制造两者对立。李大钊坚持马克思主义的问题与主义统一观，指出，我们的社会运动，“一方面固然要研究实际的问题，一方面也要宣传理想的主义”。马克思主义“是一个时代的产物”，“不要忘了他的时代环境和我们的时代环境”。他强调，社会主义“用以为实际的运动”时，它会“因时、因所、因事的性质”发生“适应环境的变化”，是要在运用中加以发展的 “一个社会主义者，……必须要研究怎么可以把他的理想尽量应用于环绕着他的实境。......包含着许多把他的精神变作实际的形式使合于现在需要的企图。”15\]**
**只有把问题与主义统一起来，既坚持问题导向，又坚持主义指向，才能准确识变。在传播马克思主义的过程中，李大钊坚持马克思历史唯物主义，注重理论联系实际，紧跟时代潮流，把马克思主义运用于中国实际。他运用唯物史观的基本原理指出：经济构造是政治、法律、伦理、精神等构造的基础 “经济问题的解决，是根本解决”，“经济问题一旦解决，什么政治问题、法律问题、家族制度问题、女子解放问题、工人解放问题都可以解决。”16)解决近代中国的衰败问题，就需要在马列主义指导下，从生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑上有一个根本的解决。**
**(三)以马列主义为指导准确识变，揭示近代中国的衰变之谜，确立马克思主义崇高信仰**
**在“问题与主义”论争中，早期马克思主义**
**者更加深刻地认识到马克思主义的伟大真理性。1919年《新青年》第六卷第五号编为“马克思主义研究”专号，北京《晨报》副刊开辟“马克思研究”专栏。李大钊发表的《我的马克思主义观》第一次系统研究了马克思主义的科学理论体系，这是近代中国全面宣传马克思主义的开山之作。他在文中指出“马氏的学说，实在是一个时代的产物，我们现在固然不可拿这一个时代、一种环境造成的学说，去解释一切历史，或者就那样整个拿来，应用于我们生存的社会，也却不可抹煞他那时代的价值，和那特别的发见。”17)在《我的马克思主义观》中，最为独到之处是李大钊科学把握住马克思主义唯物史观体系，明确指出，，‘“生产力与社会组织有密切的关系”，“生产力一有变动，社会组织必须随着他变动'，，“社会组织即社会关系”。如社会生产关系不能满足生产力发展的要求，便会出现“社会革命”，进而建立新的适应生产力发展要求的社会组织。【18)早期马克思主义者已体悟到马克思主义是把握时代的思想武器。**
**1919年5月5日，为纪念马克思诞辰101周年，北京《晨报》在李大钊的支持和指导下开辟“马克思研究”专栏，用以刊载马克思主义相关内容，包括马克思的《劳动与资本》等。随着五四新文化、新思潮的涌现，各地以多种方式广泛传播马克思主义，为中国共产党的建立奠定了思想基础。191920年2月，陈望道翻译《共产党宣言》，潜心翻译时把粽子蘸着墨汁吃掉却浑然不觉，还说“够甜”“真理的味道非常甜”，彰显了早期马克思主义者对马克思主义救国真理的渴求，对共产主义理想的坚定信念。20)1920年3月，李大钊在北京大学组织成立马克思学说研究会。1920年5月，陈独秀组织成立马克思主义研究会，研究中国社会改造、社会主义学说等诸多问题。1920年8月，《共产党宣言》中文全译本出版，《共产党宣言》是指引中国人识变的指路明灯。**
**西方国家资本扩张的欲望，推动着工业文明**
**向全球扩展，由此导致了《共产党宣言》中所提及的“四个从属”。21资本主义社会生产力的发展和基本矛盾运动，促使资本主义生产方式向全世界的扩张和掠夺，带给落后国家的是残酷的殖民灾难。马克思恩格斯的这一论述正好解开了近代中国遭受帝国主义的疯狂蹂躏与奴役，沦为半殖民地半封建社会的历史之谜，“为世界改造原动的学说，在我们的思辨中，有点正确的解释”。22)**
**准确识变是开创中国革命新局面的前提。在“问题与主义”论争中准确识变，早期马克思主义者明确了马克思主义是历尽苦难的中国“开天识变之理”，坚定了马克思主义的神圣信仰，提出对马克思主义“我们应该研究他，介绍他，把他的实象昭布在人类社会”，(23)解决了举什么旗的问题，确立了党的指导思想，因而中国共产党一成立就高举起马克思主义伟大旗帜，勇立改变中国历史命运的时代潮头。**
**二、在社会主义之争中科学应变**
**李大钊在1918年传播马克思主义之时，已是与传播社会主义一起进行的。他指出：十月革命是“立于社会主义上之革命，是社会的革命而并著世界的革命之采色者”。(24)同时，他预言，十月革命所掀动的潮流是不可阻挡的。 “试看将来的环球，必是赤旗的世界。”25)毛泽东在《湘江评论》上歌颂十月革命的胜利，认为十月革命胜利将“普及于世界”，“我们应该起而仿效”。26在1919年“问题与主义”论争中，早期共产主义者明确提出要走俄国式的社会主义道路。原资产阶级君主立宪派人士唱起了反调，1920年9月，张东荪在上海《时事新报》发表文章，认为中国的唯一病症就是贫乏，现在没有谈论社会主义的资格；救中国只有一条路，就是增加富力，开发实业。后来他又说，盖中国民不聊生，急有待于开发实业，“开发实业方法之最能速成者，莫若资本主义”。127梁启超、张东荪还认为中国大多数是农民、游民，工人很少，还不配讲社会主义革命。**
**早期共产主义者严厉谴责这种论调，展开了中国共产党创建时期第二次论争即“关于社会主义”的论争。**
**(一)顺从世界大势，在中国实行社会主义的必然性论争中，树立起共产主义理想**
**20世纪初传播社会主义思想的《十九世纪大势变迁通论》《世界进步之大势》等“大势”类书籍也翻译到了中国，但在没有科学理论指导的情况下，中国仍找不到摆脱民族苦难之路。马克思恩格斯运用唯物史观科学揭示了社会主义必然代替资本主义的历史规律，指明了人类社会发展的美好未来前景。中国先进知识分子接受并运用马克思主义，在顺应世界发展大势中探索出了挽救中国的新道路。**
**作为历史上首次成功的社会主义革命，十月革命成功打破了资本主义一统天下的局面。以陈独秀、李大钊等为代表的早期共产主义者，积极地以马克思主义为“望远镜”，观察并把握当时的“世界大势”，(28)深刻地认识到中国必须走俄国人的路，确立社会主义制度。**
**1919年7月14日，毛泽东发表《<湘江评论>创刊宣言》：“时机到了!世界的大潮卷得更急了!洞庭湖的闸门动了，且开了!浩浩荡荡的新思潮业已奔腾澎湃于湘江两岸了!顺他的生，逆他的死。”(29)这就是顺应世界大势的呼喊。1920年11月，邵力子在《再评东荪君底<又一教训>》中指出，对于中国要发展实业和增加富力，“谈论社会主义的人不但从来没有反对过，并且也认为必要，不但认为救现在的中国应当如此，并且认为谋人类的幸福本质在此”。130)**
**1921年3月，李大钊在《社会主义之下实业》中认为“中国实业之振兴，必在社会主义之实行。”〔31\]为什么发展实业要走社会主义道路?李大钊在1921年3月《中国的社会主义与世界的资本主义》中指出：要问今日中国是否已具备实行社会主义的经济条件，必须先问今日世界是否已具备实现社会主义倾向的经济条件。32\]**
**1921年5月，李达在《讨论社会主义并质梁**
**任公》中明确指出：今日中国是万国的商场，是各资本国经济竞争的焦点，是万国大战争的战场。当时的中国处于产业发展较为薄弱的年代，加之深受西方列强的政治与经济压迫，“要想发展资本主义和各资本国为经济战争，恐怕要糟到极点了。”33〕“世界的趋势，是必须要实现社会主义，资本主义是必须灭亡的。”\[34\]人类社会历史的发展浩浩荡荡，自古以来就是“顺历史潮流者昌，逆历史潮流者亡”。这说明在半封建半殖民地的中国发展实业和增加富力，走社会主义道路是历史发展的必然选择。**
**(二)比较制度优劣，在中国实行社会主义的必要性论争中，确立了共产主义目标**
**张东荪等主张依靠资本主义开发中国实业。然而历史事实是，近代中国一次次学习西方资本主义，洋务运动、君主立宪、资产阶级共和制等救国方案均以失败而告终。无数志士仁人前仆后继，不懈寻找救国救民道路，却都抱憾而终。第一次世界大战充分暴露了资本主义制度的固有矛盾，也充分说明资本主义根本不能解决近代中国的落后问题。1918年，李大钊在《东西文明根本之异点》中指出 “此次战争，使欧洲文明之权威大生疑念。欧人自己亦对于其文明之真价不得不加以反省。”\[35〕1920年5月，陈独秀在《上海厚生纱厂湖南女工问题》中指出“欧、美、日本底社会危机，就是这个人的工业主义造出来的'，“千万别跟欧、美、日本人走这条错路!”36\]1920年11月，他在《国庆纪念底价值》中指出，“共和政治为少数资本阶级所把持'，“要用它来造成多数幸福，简直是妄想”。(37)早期共产主义者已认识到资本主义制度丧失了前途，中国不能也不适合走资本主义的这条错误发展之路。对此，陈独秀专门作了分析，(38)并指出“幸而我们中国此时才创造教育工业在资本制度还未发达的时候，正好用社会主义来发展教育及工业，免得走欧、美、日本底错路。”39\]**
**国际资本根本不允许中国走独立富强的发展资本主义道路。外国资本来到中国，只是想把**
**中国变成它们的殖民地而已。1920年12月，陈独秀在《关于社会主义的讨论》中指出“我们急于要排斥资本主义，本来不限于中国人，大部分还是因为外国资本主义压迫我们一天紧迫似一天，真是罗素先生所谓“束缚中国生死了'”，，““他们始而是经济的掠夺，接着就是政治的掠夺，渐渐就快做中国底主人翁了”。40)危机四伏的近代中国，除了社会主义这条光明大道，别无他途。**
**在与梁启超、张东荪等人的论争中，早期共产主义者对照分析社会主义与资本主义两种制度的优劣，实际上已提出了唯有社会主义才能发展中国先进生产力的思想观点。41)1920年，李大钊说：不少人认为要实行社会主义，必须首先着力于发展实业，我认为要在现存制度下发展实业，只能越发强化现在的统治阶级而迫使下层农民为少数的统治者阶级付出更多的劳动。用资本主义发展实业，还不如用社会主义为宜。他提出，“今日在中国想发展实业，非由纯粹生产者组织政府，以铲除国内的掠夺阶级，抵抗此世界的资本主义，依社会主义的组织经营实业不可。”42)这一观点表明，只有搞社会主义才能独立自强、在经济全球化的背景下与世界资本主义抗衡，才能在与资本主义的国际竞争中立于不败之地。我国作为后发国家，之所以选择社会主义，就是为了发挥社会主义集中资源和社会共营的力量优势。**
**邵力子讲得也很明确：社会主义者和资本主义者不同的地方，只在用什么方法去增加富力开发实业，而不是在应否增加富力开发实业的问题。现在社会主义者，都能预想到社会主义实行以后工业怎样普遍发展的情形，并且深信要在社会主义下面的开发实业方才能使一般人都得着“人的生活”。【43\]**
**1921年1月陈独秀在广州公立法政学校作题为《社会主义批评》演讲，论述了中国为什么要讲社会主义?首先，他指出，现代资本主义生产方法的缺点是资本私有和生产过剩；现代资本主义分配方法的缺点是剩余价值，工人生产所应**
**得被资本家用红利名义掠夺去了。 “在生产方面废除了资本私有和生产过剩，在分配方面废除了剩余价值，才可以救济现代经济的危机及社会不安的状况，这就是我们所以要讲社会主义之动机。”接着，他批评有人一面反对军国主义而一面却赞成资本主义，不懂得资本制度导致国际侵略及战争。他认为，资本主义就是军国主义，资本家最终是没有办法救济生产过剩的弊害，资本阶级只能拿殖民政策或国外商场救济国内生产过剩危机，相互争得殖民地或商场非弄到破裂不止。只要资本制度一天不被推倒，各资本制度国家保护商业的军备扩张也就一天不能停止。资本主义的生产和分配方法一天不废，侵略性的军国主义就不可能废掉。资本阶级正因为互相争夺殖民地或商场必然酿成国际资本大倾覆的更大危机，将来再经过一两次美日或英美战争便到了资本阶级的末日即国际资本的崩溃。因此他断定，资本主义的生产与分配方法缺点已到了自身不能拯救自身的危机以致于必然崩溃的命运，代它而起的自然是社会主义的生产与分配方法，才能免除剩余生产和剩余价值等弊端，所以可以说现在能讲社会主义。**
**在十月革命后资本主义已经没落的情势下，中国必须实行先进的社会主义制度。这些是早期共产主义者对中国搞社会主义具有后发优势思想的初步阐述，为确立共产主义奋斗目标提供了依据。**
**(三)科学应对变局，在中国实行社会主义的可行性论争中，明确了社会主义的发展道路**
**在马列主义指导下，早期共产主义者已经看到中国在没有取得独立自主权的条件下，只有走俄国式的社会主义道路才能解决救亡图存和振兴中华的问题。1920年10月，陈独秀在《随感录》中指出，中国的生产劳动者受那么大的压迫，着实有“输入马格斯社会主义底需要”。【44)**
**陈独秀在题为《社会主义批评》的演讲中认为，“我们无论主张什么，第一步是问要不要，第二步是问能不能。”所以他不仅论述了中国为什**
**么要讲社会主义，而且分析了中国为什么能讲社会主义。针对有人提问欧美资本主义要崩溃可以讲社会主义、中国资本制度不甚发达更没到崩溃地步如何能讲社会主义，陈独秀从经济国际化角度作了明确回答：这种似是而非的话，忘记了现代人类的经济关系已是国际的而非国别的了。因为交通便利，需要复杂，有许多事都渐渐逃不了国际化，经济制度更是显著“各国资本制度都要崩溃，中国那能够拿国民性和特别国情等理由来单独保存他”?从经济国际化来看，在各国资本制度的崩溃还未成为现实以前，中国单独采用社会主义生产分配方法，难免要受到资本主义各国经济上政治上的压迫。陈独秀认为可从五个方面努力打破这层困难：一是救济中国断不能不发展实业，只是不能采用在欧美已造成实业界危机的资本主义来发展中国实业；二是中国全民族对于欧美各国是站在劳动阶级的地位，只有劳动阶级胜利才能救济中国的危机及不独立；三是制度的改变总是各国先提倡，冒着困难使新制度变成现实并渐渐成为国际化，便能确立新的制度；四是欧战以来资本制度已大大动摇，中国应该联络各国的同志作国际的改造运动；五是“在不完全破坏外资相当的利益范围以内，由国家立在资本家的地位经营国内产业及对外贸易，也未必不能免绝对的干涉”。这五个方面正是我们中国不但有讲社会主义的可能和有急于讲社会主义必要的五个理由。〔45〕**
**有学者评述20世纪初中国发生的关于社会主义的论争时认为，“论争的焦点是当时的中国该不该发展资本主义和能不能实行社会主义，双方各有可取之处与不足”。【46)这一说法值得商榷。早期共产主义者不是基于当时现存的现实搞社会主义，也没有企求立即直接进行社会主义革命。十月革命发生在情况与中国经济文化落后相近的俄国，社会主义从书本上的学说变成生活现实对中国先进分子的启示是，“物质文明不高，不足阻社会主义之进行”。【47\]**
**早期共产主义者已经认识到，当时资本主义**
**在中国已有了一定程度的发展，中国已有了一定的工业和劳动阶级基础，就能确立社会主义理想目标。正如邓小平后来所指出的，当时中国有了初步的资本主义经济，所以在一个很不发达的中国能搞社会主义。48\]**
**科学应变是开创中国革命新局面的根本。早期共产主义者在社会主义论争中确立了坚持走科学社会主义的中国“辟地应变之道”，解决了走什么路的问题，确立了党的最高纲领。这是基于唯物史观的信仰，基于对欧美资本主义弊端的批判，基于对俄国人道路的学习，基于民族复兴的需要。早期共产主义者，在马列主义的科学指引下，通过对东西方发展阶段和大势的科学分析中，找到了解决近代中国问题的出路即救亡图存之路、民族复兴之路。**
**三、在无政府主义之争中主动求变**
**鸦片战争以后的很长时间里，中国呈现各自为政、一盘散沙的乱象。近代中国之所以屡遭西方列强侵略与欺辱，除了经济军事落后之外，缺乏组织、四分五裂是重要原因。辛亥革命没有能充分组织发动和依靠人民群众，最终也失败了。早期共产党人认识到，在内忧外患的中国，没有坚强的政治领导，不可能完成救亡图存和振兴中华的历史使命。1919年2月，李大钊在《联治主义与世界组织》一文中指出“有了解放的运动，旧组织遂不能不破坏，新组织遂不能不创造。”(49)1919年3月，他在《团体的训练与革新的事业》中呼吁创建工人阶级政党，指出，“C派的朋友若能成立一个强固精密的组织，并注意促进其分子之团体的训练，那么中国彻底的大改革，或者有所附托!”L50J**
**随着马克思主义在中国的广泛传播和一批先进分子确立马克思主义信仰，成立共产党组织的思想条件和干部条件已经具备。1920年初，陈独秀和李大钊开始酝酿建立工人阶级政党。早期共产党人筹建无产阶级政党的努力，引起黄凌霜、区声白等无政府主义者的不满。他们在报**
**刊上发表《我们反对布尔扎维克》《为什么反对布尔扎维克》等文章，公开反对马克思主义，认为“布尔什维克比专制魔王还要坏”。(51)陈独秀、李达等早期共产党人对无政府主义者的错误观点进行批判，无政府主义之争就此展开。**
**(一)在要不要建党的论争中，提出必须建立把人民团结组织起来的无产阶级政党**
**黄凌霜、区声泊等无政府主义者曾抨击过资本主义，与早期共产党人在传播变革思想和救亡图存的工作上有过一定的共识和合作。但无政府主义者鼓吹人类进步全凭“自由意志”，认为没有个人的绝对自由，就没有社会的进步。他们反对集中、组织、纪律和政权，咒骂无产阶级专政比资产阶级专政还要厉害，诬蔑列宁是“俄罗斯共和国的大皇帝”，(52)声称“我们不承认资本家的强权，我们不承认政治家的强权，我们一样不承认劳动者的强权”。53此时无政府主义已成为无产阶级政党筹建道路上的严重障碍。**
**1920年秋到1921年上半年，早期共产党人在同无政府主义的争论中，令人信服地说明官僚、军阀、资本家掌握的国家政权和法律只有靠“强权”才能铲除；革命之后也只有借助“强权”性质的革命政权与法律才能建立新的社会秩序。1920年9月，陈独秀在《谈政治》中指出：无政府主义者反对国家、反对政治、反对法律、反对强权，但现实生活中存在的正是资本主义国家政治、法律、强权的专政。 “若是不主张用强力，不主张阶级战争，天天不要国家、政治、法律，天天空想自由组织的社会出现；那班资产阶级仍旧天天站在国家地位，天天利用政治、法律”，“如此梦想自由，便再过一万年，那被压迫的劳动阶级也没有翻身的机会。”54)这里已提出无产阶级政党之所以要建立无产阶级国家，是要以无产阶级专政强力对抗资产阶级专政强力的思想。**
**旅法勤工俭学的蔡和森于1920年8月13日在给毛泽东的信中也批判了无政府主义。他说“我以为现世界不能行无政府主义，因为现世界显然有两个对抗的阶级存在，打倒有产阶级的**
**迪克推多，非以无产阶级的迪克推多压不住反动，俄国就是个明证”，“所以我对于中国将来的改造，以为完全适用社会主义的原理和方法”，“我以为先要组织党——共产党。因为他是革命运动的发动者、宣传者、先锋队、作部。”55)毛泽东表示全部同意蔡和森的意见。**
**(二)在能不能建党的论争中，对建立无产阶级政党充满决心和信心**
**黄凌霜、区声白等无政府主义者虽然也抨击资本主义，但否认中国存在无产阶级，实际上否定了成立无产阶级政党的可能性。然而1919年五四运动中广大人民群众参加的彻底反帝反封建的伟大爱国革命实践有力驳斥了无政府主义者的谎言。**
**李大钊1919年底在《大联合》中指出“我很盼望全国各种职业各种团体，都有小组织，都有大联合。”56\]1920年5月，陈独秀在《劳动者底觉悟——在上海船务栈房工界联合会的演说》中就已经号召，“盼望做工的人快快觉悟自己有用、贵重”。(57)早期共产党人在运用马列主义分析中国社会实际，自觉推动马列主义与工农运动结合中得出建立无产阶级政党的必然结论。**
**社会主义之争和无政府主义者之争中都涉及到对中国无产阶级的分析。针对原资产阶级君主立宪派说中国没有“劳农阶级”，不宜宣传社会主义，不能搞社会主义革命的论调，李达指出 “就中国说，是国际资本阶级和中国劳动阶级的对峙。中国是劳动过剩，不能说没有劳动阶级，只不过没有组织罢了。”58)陈独秀则进一步指出“我们要明白世界各国里面最不平最痛苦的事，不是别的，就是少数游惰的消费的资产阶级，利用国家、政治、法律等机关，把多数勤苦的生产的劳动阶级压在资本势力底下，当做牛马机器还不如。”他主张通过“阶级斗争”和“政治的法律的强权”打破资产阶级的旧政治，“只有被压迫的生产的劳动阶级自己造成新的强力，自己站在国家地位，利用政治、法律等机关，把那压迫的资产阶级完全征服，然后才可望将财产私有、**
**工银劳动等制度废去，将过于不平等的经济状况除去”。【59〕**
**在与无政府主义者的论争中，早期共产党人认识到，中国的工业虽不如欧、美、日本那样发达，但毕竟存在工业无产阶级；而且无产阶级呻吟在帝国主义和资本家的掠夺之下，早已痛不堪痛，忍不堪忍，有着强烈的革命要求和建立无产阶级国家的要求。五四运动中无产阶级的斗争显示了无产阶级的先进性和战斗力。中国的工人阶级一旦觉醒起来和组织起来，完全可以依靠自身的力量创造出崭新的社会制度。1920年12月，陈独秀在《关于社会主义的讨论》中说 “除了中国劳动者联合起来组织革命团体，改变生产制度，是无法挽救的'，“只有劳动团体能够达到中国独立之目的”。160)在“无政府主义”论争中，早期共产党人坚定了创建中国共产党的决心和信心。**
**(三)在建什么样的党的论争中，提出无产阶级政党为人民谋幸福的初心和为民族谋复兴的使命**
**中国早期政党由社团发展而来，具有近代意义的社团目的就是救亡图存，振兴中华。五四时期，在先进知识青年中成立团体蔚然成风，小团体向大联合发展，大联合又组织政党，“集合同志'“改造中国与世界”。161**
**早期共产党人创建无产阶级政党，使其充当革命的组织者和领导者，就是要用马克思主义改造中国，为人民谋幸福和为民族谋复兴。1916年8月，李大钊在《〈晨钟》之使命》中指出 “今后之问题，非新民族崛起之问题，乃旧民族复活之问题”；1917年2月发表《新中华民族主义》，呼吁中华少年为“中华民族更生再造”而奋斗。(62)1919年3月，董必武就指出，6“4中国的独立，走孙中山的道路行不通，必须走列宁的道路。”1919年5月18日，他以湖北善后公会名义在上海《救国时报》向全国发出通电：现值外交失败，南代表蒸日书面提议八务，“北代表犹袒庇卖国贼党，不肯容纳，是岂国民希望和平之初心**
**所及料。”这是早期共产党人首次使用“初心”概念。(63〕从本质上看，其“初心”就是成立共产党，团结起来反对国际强权，争取民族解放，为人民谋幸福。**
**1920年8月，上海成立陈独秀任书记的共产党早期组织，1920年底北京成立李大钊为书记的共产党支部。1920年11月，共产党早期组织拟定《中国共产党宣言》，指出“共产主义者的目的是要按照共产主义者的理想，创造一个新的社会”，随后全国多个地区纷纷组成了共产党早期组织。64\]**
**在建立无产阶级政党和开展工农革命活动中，无政府主义者与早期共产党人的思想分歧和观点矛盾日益暴露，“常常彼此发生冲突”。特别是无政府主义中的“工团主义”派别严重阻碍着早期共产党人将工人活动引向政治化方向的发展。1920年底，陈独秀在广州共产主义组织讨论他起草的党纲之时，“一些无政府主义者反对党纲中关于无产阶级专政的条文”，【65)暴露了无政府主义者攻击无产阶级专政针对的是共产党的党纲目标。陈独秀看到，无政府主义思潮对于组建一个组织纪律严明和具有凝聚力战斗力的无产阶级政党非常有害，随即开始整顿广东党组织。无政府主义之争使共产主义组织内部产生分化。 “一批无政府主义者转变为共产主义者，认清个人自由、生产自由之类的“迷想'和‘空想'，对阶级专政、纪律严明、民主集中的重要性认识不断深化”，“黄凌霜等无政府主义者退出共产主义组织，纯洁了共产主义组织，为1921年中国共产党的正式建立做了思想上的铺垫和组织上的准备。”，\[66\]**
**早期共产党人明确指出，不能抽象地反对一切强权，必须利用无产阶级专政的利器来占领无产阶级的“权力阶级的地位”。(67)1920年10月，恽代英在《未来之梦》中提出，要做改造中国的大事， “我们要做一点事，不可不先结一个死党”。68)1920年11月7日，陈独秀在《共产党》月刊“短言”中号召无产阶级“举行社会革命，建**
**立劳工专政的国家”，，“跟着俄国的共产党一同试验新的生产方法”。\[69)1921年6月7日，李达主编的《共产党》月刊第5期发表题为《共产党在中国的使命》的“短言”：“我们共产党在中国有二大使命：一是经济的使命，一是政治的使命。”“不要妄信经济组织及状况幼稚的国家仍然应采用资本制度，同一起首创造，不必再走人家已经走过的错路了，这就是我们共产党在中国经济的使命。”“全国民在这彷徨歧路之中，那一派人是用光明正大的态度，挺身出来，硬起铁肩，担当这改造政党、改造政治、改造中国底大任呢?这就是我们共产党在中国政治的使命。”70)这是早期共产党人最初使用“共产党在中国的使命”概念，其“使命”就是经济上实行社会主义制度，政治上建立无产阶级劳工专政国家，担当改造政党、改造政治、改造中国的大任，救亡图存为民族谋复兴。**
**陈独秀在《社会主义批评》主题演讲中批评无政府主义，提倡科学社会主义。他指出：无政府主义在政治经济两方面，都是走不通的路。非致撞得头破额裂不可。71**
**与无政府主义论争中，早期共产党人阐述了关于无产阶级国家学说、无产阶级专政学说、共产主义前途、民主集中制原则，为迅速创建一个组织严密、纪律严明的中国共产党作了思想上和组织上的准备。721921年3月，李大钊号召全国的共产主义者“急急组织一个团体”，这个团体是“平民的劳动家的政党”，要担负起“中国彻底的大改革”的责任。73J**
**主动求变是开创中国革命新局面的关键。早期共产党人在无政府主义论争中明确建党是“主动求变之法”，解决了建什么党的问题，确立了党的初心使命，完成了创建无产阶级政党这一中国历史上开天辟地的大事变。无产阶级一无所有，受压迫最重，最有纪律，革命最彻底，最有力量。只有无产阶级政党才能把缺乏组织、一盘散沙的中国人组织起来，依靠组织的力量、团结的力量，打倒列强与军阀，建立无产阶级专政，才**
**能实现国家独立、人民解放与民族复兴。**
**四、结 语**
**中国共产党人在党的创建过程中准确识变，科学应变，主动求变，“三次论争”找到马克思主义“开天识变之理”、社会主义“辟地应变之道”和无产阶级“建党求变之法”，终于产生了中国“从古以来没有这样的共产党”，(74)成就了中国近现代史上的开天辟地大事变。2016年7月1日，习近平在庆祝中国共产党成立95周年大会上讲话中说“中国产生了共产党，这是开天辟地的大事变。”75)这一开天辟地大事变实现了中华民族的发展方向、中国人民的前途命运和世界发展格局的三个“深刻改变”。中国共产党从世界大势中产生，走在了时代前列，成为时代的弄潮儿，展现了开天辟地、敢为人先的首创精神。从登上中国政治舞台的那一刻起，中国共产党就担负起为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴的初心使命，从此，中国人民就有了主心骨，开始从精神上由被动转为主动，中华民族就开始艰难地但不可逆转地走向伟大复兴。**
**注释：**
**(1\]《习近平谈治国理政》第3卷，北京：外文出版社，2020年，第108、181页。**
**(2\]《马克思恩格斯文集》第2卷，北京：人民出版社，2009年，第35页。**
**(3)黄宗良、孔寒冰《世界社会主义史论》，北京：中央党校出版社，2004年，第42页。**
**(4\]\[5\]\[6\]\[24\]〔25\]〔35\]〔49\]《李大钊全集》第2卷，北京：人民出版社，2013年，第329、359、363-364、330、367、316、395页。**
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(9\]\[11\]\[14\]\[15\]〔16〕〔17\]\[18\]\[22\]\[23〕〔31〕〔32)
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**(10\]〔26\]《毛泽东年谱(1893—1949)》上卷，北京：中央文**
**献出版社，2013年，第 46、70，42页。**
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**(19)邵维正、储峰等《开天辟地的大事变》，《学习时报》2021年4月26日。**
**(20\]《中国共产党简史》，北京：人民出版社、中共党史出版社，2021年，第13页。**
**(21)马克思恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中深入考察所处时代和世界变化后提出 “正像它使农村从属于城市一样，它使未开化和半开化的国家从属于文明的国家，使农民的民族从属于资产阶级的民族，使东方从属于西方”《马克思恩格斯文集》第2卷，北京：人民出版社，2009年，第36页。**
**(27)张东荪《答实践四书》，《新青年》1920年第八卷第4号。**
**(28)2021年2月20日，习近平总书记在党史学习教育动员大会上发表重要讲话指出“十月革命的胜利，社会主义的兴起，就是当时的世界大势。”习近平《在党史学习教育动员大会上的讲话》，北京：人民出版社，2021年，第13页。**
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**(36\]〔37〕\[39〕〔40\]〔44\]\[45\]〔54\]〔57\]\[59\]〔60〕〔67)(69\]〔71\]《陈独秀文集》第2卷，北京：人民出版社，2013年，第18、57、82、87、52、126-127、33、11、33、88、38、76-77、130页。**
**(38)1920年12月，陈独秀在《关于社会主义的讨论》中强调指出：资本主义虽然在欧、美、日本也能发展教育及工业，但同时却把欧美、日本社会弄成贪鄙、欺诈、刻薄和没有良心；而且过去的大战争及将来的经济的大危机都是资本主义的产物，这些人人都知道。 《陈独秀文集》第2卷，北京：人民出版社，2013年，第82页。**
**(41)汪青松《党的创建与“三个代表”作为立党之本的确立》，《当代世界与社会主义》2002年第3期。**
**(46)付关怀《再评1920—1922年关于社会主义的论争》，《福建党史月刊》2013年12期。**
**(47\]《新民学会会务报告》(第二号)，1921年1月。**
**(48)邓小平指出战“列宁在批判考茨基的庸俗生产力论时**
**讲，落后的国家也可以搞社会主义革命，我们也是反对庸俗的生产力论。当时中国有了先进的无产阶级的政党，有了初步的资本主义经济，加上国际条件，所以在一个很不发达的中国能搞社会主义。”《邓小平思想年谱(1975一1997)》，北京：中央文献出版社，1998年，第46-47页。**
**(51)朱谦之《为什么反对布尔扎维克》，《奋斗》第8、9号，1920年4月。**
**(52\]《我们反对布尔扎维克》，《奋斗》第2号，1920年2月。**
**(53)葛懋春、蒋俊等《无政府主义思想资料选》，北京：北京大学出版社，1984年，第440页。**
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**(62\]《李大钊全集》第1卷，北京：人民出版社，2013年，第332、477页。**
**(63)王相坤《中共第一个提出“初心”概念的人——董必武“彻底革心兼革面”的情怀》，《北京日报》2021年1月11日。**
**(64)在上海及北京党组织的联络推动下，1920年秋至1921年春，董必武、陈潭秋、包惠僧等在武汉，毛泽东、何叔衡等在长沙，王尽美、邓恩铭等在济南，谭平山、谭植棠等在广州，周恩来在法国组成共产党早期组织。**
**\[65\]《中国共产党历史(1921—1949)》第1卷，北京：中共党史出版社，2011年，第62页。**
**(66)李后梅《20世纪初的三大论争与马克思主义中国化的启程》，《安徽理工大学学报(社会科学版)》2018年第1期。**
**(68\]《恽代英全集》第4卷，北京：人民出版社，2014年，第231页。**
**(70)魏宏运主编《中国现代史资料选编》，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，1981年，第308-309页。**
**(72)孙建华、蒋明敏《“无政府主义论战”与马克思主义中国化思想探析》，《西南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2011年第8期。**
**(74\]《毛泽东文集》第3卷，北京：人民出版社，1996年，第292页。**
**(75)习近平《论中国共产党历史》，北京：中央文献出版社，2021年，第117页。**
**(责任编辑：汪家耀)** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 素质教育创特色 全人教育谱华章
**围五大连池市新发镇明德小学潘万林**
**五大连池市新发镇明德小学建立于2009年，2010年晋升为省标准化合格学校，是全市第一所通过省级标准化合格学校验收的农村学校。学校以“全人教育”为办学理念，为全面实施素质教育确立了正确的方向。**
**一、重视班子队伍建设，确立先进教育理念，引领素质教育全面实施**
**(一)优化领导班子，树立先进教育思想**
**学校领导班子十分重视自身建设，用先进的教育思想武装头脑，对班子成员实行“校内工作周周查，全乡工作月月评"的监督管理机制，各项工作都做到了计划先行、落实到位、优质高效，由此建立起一支作风民主、业务过硬、团结协作、奋发向上的班子队伍。**
**(二)明确办学理念，确立办学目标**
**结合明德小学实际，学校确立了“创建书香校园、绿色校园、平安校园、田园校园四位一体的美丽和谐校园”的办学目标，以“厚德诚信”为校训，形成了“明理立德、勤奋朴实”的校风，“打好基础、培养习惯”的教风，“自主会学、学有专长”的学风。**
**二、加强德育队伍和机制管理，探索德育工作新路，着力提升学生的思想道德素质**
**(一)探索德育新模式，推进学校德育创新发展**
**学校强化德育常规管理，把立德树人作为教育的根本任务，努力提高学生的文明素质，扎实开展德育工作。具体的做法是：开展“我能行”主题系列教育活动，分别为\*春天的播种”夏天的耕耘”“秋天的收获”冬天的蕴育”，每个月份都确立德育主题，以“实践体验”为主要方式有序开展，使德育工作达到“知”情”“意”行”的和谐统一。**
**(二)注重行为习惯养成教育，创设和谐校园氛围**
**一是为常规活动注入活水。利用升旗仪式、班队会、传统节日等常规活动，结合四个校园文化教育内涵，在不同的主题活动月对学生进行教育，使学校德育彰显出独特的魅力。**
**二是制度引导，敦促学生规范养成。我校把对学生良好习惯的培养贯穿在每个教育教学细节中。制定了本校的《小学生在校一日常规》，抓好学生从离开家门人校到放学离校回家的一系列行为规范，使养成教育工作做到了严要求、勤督促、重过程、讲实效。**
**三是树立榜样，启发自觉。学校开展了“文明班级”和“文明礼仪之星”评比活动，每周进行一次评比，对表现好的班级和学生进行表彰奖励，用学生的集体荣誉感和个人的成就感来达到内省育人的目的。**
**养成教育活动使学生的精神面貌发生了很大改变，楼道里、甬路上，学生两人成排，三人成队，举止文明有礼，校园秩序井然有序。**
**三、加强课程和教学常规管理，优化课堂教学，着力提升学生科学文化素质**
**(一)严格执行国家课程计划，开齐、开满、开好“三级课程 _179_**
**学校在落实国家课程和地方课程的基础上，根据“全人教育”理念进行了校本课程开发研究，结合明德小学的经典文化诵读，把古诗词诵读作为校本课。师生全员参与，开发出校本教材《拍出精彩》，以好记易懂的拍手歌形式编写，涵盖了文明礼貌、学习养成、生活安全、环境卫生、综合活动五个方面，取得了显著的教育效果。**
**(二)深化课程改革，优化课堂教学，提升教学质量**
**我校不断深化课堂教学改革，以洋思教学法为指引，认人**
**真遵循新课标精神，重视教学过程，体现三维目标的有机结合，通过教育科研不断优化课堂教学环节与组织形式，实行精细化管理与规范化运作，切实提高管理效率，促进教育教学质量的稳步提升。**
**(三)加强艺体教学工作，培养学生兴趣特长**
**学校实施“体育艺术2+1项目”，按计划开齐科目，开足课时，并以艺体活动为载体，开展“特色大课堂”活动，成立了合唱、口风琴、竖笛、电子琴等艺术团队和绘画、书法特长小组；成立了篮球、足球、排球、羽毛球、跳绳、踢毽子、田径等体育兴趣小组，丰富了学生的第二课堂，促进了学生的全面发展。**
**四、深化特色学校建设，优化育人环境，提升学生综合实践素养**
**(一)创建绿色校园，美化育人环境**
**我校整体规划校园布局，使学校形成了“高树成林、矮树成墙、花树成簇，高低错落、温馨雅致”的分层绿化、立体美化、优雅清新的育人环境。学生步人校园，就会感到绿、芳、净、雅，仿佛身处绿的世界、花的海洋。学校对“绿色”的理解没有仅仅停留在校园的绿化、美化上，而是利用环境的育人功能加强了学生的环保意识和文明行为教育，使师生**
**(二)创建书香校园，凝练文化底蕴**
**我校多年来把师生的读书活动纳人常规管理，形成了具有明德学校特色的书香校园。一方面，通过校园文化建设体现浓郁的文化底蕴，让每一处景观都承载育人的功能；另一方面，学校把读书活动纳人到重要的工作日程，发起“让读书成为习惯，让书香飘满校园”的号召，启动了“与经典同行”中华文化诵读工程，定期举办诗歌朗诵会、读书笔记展示、读书交流课、好书推荐课等丰富多彩的读书活动。通过书香校园的创建活动，培养了学生的读书兴趣与读书习惯，促进了良好的校风、教风、学风的形成。**
**(三)创建平安校园，促进安全稳定**
**根据学校集中办学程度高、通勤学生人数多、学生在校时间长的实际情况，在健全安全制度、加强隐患排查、定期安全演练的基础上，学校加强了对学生的安全教育和安全监管。学校早晨安排自习看护教师，中午为学生安排了午读时间和活动时间，由值日教师负责看护监管，放学时有值日教师负责维持通勤学生的候车和乘车秩序。各项措施保证了学生在校期间一直处于学校的监控防护之下，构建了经纬分明的立体安全教育工作网络，使学生体验到了校园的纬安程莉笃值馨食教育**
**(四)创建田园校园，开辟实践育人空间**
**学校开辟了530平方米的植物园，分区分块种植大豆、谷子、玉米等常见作物和多种观赏类的瓜果作物。翻地、起垄、播种、浇水、施肥、除草、收获，各劳动环节都由学生在老师的指导下进行。学生分小组负责管护，记录种植日记和劳动心得。种植实践活动，根植于学生成长的农村沃土，重视学生的实践体验，体现了新课程的全新理念，既培养了学生的动手操作能力，又让学生在劳动中体验到了快乐，学校初步形成田园式特色。**
**“耕耘已绿新春雨，千帆竞发驭长风。”我校将坚持“全人教育”理念，深化教育教学改革，全面实施素质教育，全面提高教育教学质量，深入开展特色学校建设，以更高的热情、更多的付出，争创标准化建设先进学校。**
**(责任编辑付淑霞)** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 粤西水歌遥的文化内涵与形态特征
甘树兵
(罗定职业技术学院艺术系，广东罗定定527200)
摘 要：浅水歌谣的体裁主要有沈水山歌、沈洲歌、字眼调、能咕歌、采茶歌和白鹤歌五种，从不同的侧面反映了法水地区人民的历史和社会生活。浅水歌谣的歌词多为粤府白话方言。浅水歌谣在结构、旋律、音阶调式、节奏节拍上具有自己的鲜明特点。
关键词：水歌谣；中国民间音乐；歌乡
粤俗好歌，沈水地区自唐代以来，民间盛行歌舞祭祀之风，有刘三姐歌墟遗址多处。屈大均《广东新语》、翁方纲《复初斋集》中都提到成人好歌。浅水自古就有歌乡的美誉，龙水山民在节日、喜事、丰年、集会、立神、结社或劳动之余创作吟唱歌谣。沈水歌谣是龙水文化中极具特色的内容之一，它具有滋水山乡所特有的苍凉古朴，同时又具有强悍粗犷、坚韧顽强、积极进取的格调。
一、水歌谣的体裁
浅水歌谣形式多样，据不完全统计有30余种之多，其中流传较广泛的主要有水山歌、沈洲歌、字眼调、能咕歌、采茶歌、白鹳歌五种。
龙水山歌始创于明代隆庆年间，是浅水歌谣中流传最广泛，最具地方特色的歌种，多用通俗的沈水口头语创作，调式音乐结构基本固定，曲调爽朗，洪亮流畅，腔调高低不同，情绪有时高亢有时低沉，擅长叙事抒情。水山歌分为独唱式、对唱式、播台式三种，有长篇、短篇之分，多以叙事.白描手法为主，中间或插入议论及抒情。长篇山歌分为讲古歌和生活歌两种，情节完整曲折起伏，一唱三叹，扣人心弦；短篇山歌多选取生活中的片段加以提炼，成为语言精练而形象鲜明、情趣盎然的生活小品，予人印象深刻。
沈洲歌产生于清代乾隆年间水地区的文人诗歌社，吸取沈水山歌与诚水能咕歌的体裁和语言精华，形成短小精悍，语言活泼生动，表现力强的特点，适宜刻画描述某个生活情景，抒发人生感受，反映某种思想观点，易于记忆和唱诵流传。
字眼调，又称字眼、哭嫁歌、新娘歌，广泛流传于涉水地区。沈水旧俗，女子出嫁前几晚，邀同村未婚女子为“伴娘”，集其家中，出嫁时唱字眼，以向亲戚朋友作别。内容多为对包办婚姻的控诉，对无奈命运的抗争，以及分别亲友时的
哀情倾诉。重于言情达意，曲调固定，格调自由，抒情味浓还徐曲折而带悲伤哀愁。
能咕歌产生于明代后期的沈水能咕方言区，又称能歌，流传于今罗定素龙、围底等方言地区。方言中夹有文言，表现方式主要是吟唱，句式属于“半诗半歌”的体式。
采茶歌和白鹤歌体裁大致相同，曲谱有上下句构成，不同歌词重复套用旋律曲调，格调明快、爽朗。多在年、节等喜气日子演唱，多有歌唱祝福的蕴意。
二、滤水歌谣的题材
诚水歌谣的题材内容广泛，从不同的角度反映浅水人民的历史和社会生活状况。主要表现有以下六种：
(一)反映和表现社会生活
滋水地区人民以社会劳动生活中的情景和片段来进行创作，用以表现生活中的某些细节、感受和见解。主要体现在滋水山歌和沈洲歌的体裁形式上。如：《温食难》、《穷到极》等表现流水人民生活的困苦，同时也体现出他们坚韧顽强的精神；《劝君戒鸦片》、《劝君须行善》、《出门宜择友》等则是奉劝世人行好行善的，体现诚人淳朴善良的性格：《妻会当家夫叹好》《贊好妻》等是表现丈夫夸赞妻子贤良淑德的品性。如：
摄食难
收稿日期：2006-09-15
注①温食：谋生。②：这样。③顾唔光：无法顾及。
(二)表现爱情生活题材
爱情题材的歌谣在浦水山歌和洲歌体裁中占有很人比重，产生了大批雅俗共赏的佳作。如：《问郎过了几时返》《山歌不唱心不开》、《送别情难舍》《春到恨郎别》等都表达了男女之间的情感生活。如：
问邮过了几时返
山歌
材销：征暗叶书却(一)单 竹 单， 单 竹单， 单 竹 架 桥一
三
过 石 山：
单
竹手
架
桥
郎 过 了问 郎 过
了
儿 时
：
返。
后三段歌词：
闻箫声，心思思，竹叶难舍离竹枝；丈夫焉能离得妹，铜锁焉能离得匙。
来也难，去也难一，3一条江水几多滩，号哥你不知妹心意，田螺肚里几多弯。
一对对，一双双，双双凤凰耍山冈，只见凤凰对打对，哥妹何日能成双?
(三)表现佳节喜庆、庆贺、歌颂丰收题材
龙水地区百姓在佳节、红白喜事、建房置地、动土兴迁等大事时都吟唱歌谣，渲染幸福安康、喜庆吉祥的场面。如：《寿星鹿鹤贺家堂》、《丰产人心乐》、《众提彩灯游呀游》、《和平共赏中秋月》等。如：
(四)反映政治时事等重大社会历史事件
这类题材的作品多体现在沈水山歌、字眼歌等，为当时的政治形势所创作。如：《世乱望太平》《忆苦思甜感党恩》《晚婚晚育好处多》、《唱毛主席》、《劝夫抗美要同心》等。
(五)表现新娘出嫁
这类题材的作品多体现在字眼歌上，表现新娘向亲戚朋友作别。如：《十个人哥嫁个妹》、《勤耕苦种建家园》《唱老窦(老爸爸)》等。如：
勤耕苦种建家园
债娘欢记销1骨码叶存存
蒋薰
阿 婶 呀， 亲 娘室吓， 女 儿
二
天 梳 大三三呀 双 亲 思 典记 胸 怀 吓：
(六)表现婚姻题材
这类题材的作歌谣多表现对旧社会婚姻制度的不满和控诉，或对旧日妇女命运的无奈、失望和怨恨。如：《姻缘天注定》、《恨郎偏宠妾》、《怨恨盲婚郎错配》等，
如《姻缘天注定》歌词：
枉我心肠想咐多，姻缘前世定呀啰。或嫁俏郎或嫁魅，天注定啰无奈何!
三、龙水歌谣的歌词特点
(一)浅水歌谣歌词的写作特点
·
1.句式。沈水山歌、沈洲歌、能咕歌等体裁都为四句七言体式，句式结构大致相同，汰洲歌与能咕歌属于“斗诗半歌”，只是能咕歌的句式更自由些，如《问郎过了几时返】歌词。字眼调句式较自由，句数不定，字数不限。起始句为对吟唱对象的称呼，前后半句可带“呀”有时亦可不带，但其余所有句句末都带有衬词“呀”。如《勤耕苦种建家园》。
2.押韵。浅水歌谣的歌词都讲究押韵。汝水山歌、龙洲歌、能咕歌等体裁的歌谣押韵大致相同，讲究一、二、四
句押平声韵，第三句则押人声韵，或不押。字眼调则多不受押韵的限制，可押也可不押。从《姻缘天注定》中就可清楚地看出。
3.修辞。浅水歌谣歌词都采用古老的传统的手法，常用双应(双关语)、偷瓤(占便宜)、打蛇岁棍上(即以其人之道还治其人之身)等修辞手法，继承《诗经》赋比兴的传统手法。如《问郎过了几时返》显然继承了《诗经》比兴的修辞手法。
4.歌词语言。滤水地区流行的语言为广东白话方言语系，创作演唱的歌谣都是采用白话方言，歌词通俗易懂，质朴简洁，带有浓郁的地方色彩。有些歌谣在同一作品中，用字用词可以多次重复，有时是特意重复，以突出关键意思，增加趣味。
(二)滋水歌谣的旋律形态特点：
1.音阶调式。滋水歌谣以徵调式和羽调式为多，基本都是单一调式，旋律属五声音阶体系，调式骨干音多，偏音极少。旋律音调结构以四音列和五声调式为主，四音列结构：如《一镬豆腐煎到哦(煮到焦了)》的 sol、la、Do、 re 音列结构和《寿星鹿鹤贺家堂》的lasdo、re、mi音列结构；五声调式结构甚多，如《问郎过了几时返》属徵调式，《十个大哥嫁个妹》属羽调式。
2.结构旋法。浅水民歌结构短小、对称为基本特征，多四句式。旋法上有两种：：一种是音域较窄，不超过八度，旋律极平稳的级进为主，如《温食难》、《问郎过了几时返》等；还有一种是超出八度，旋律多大跳，形成跌宕起伏的旋律以表现音乐情感的起伏，如《十个大哥嫁个妹》、《勤耕苦种建家园》等。
参考文献：
3.节奏节拍。浅水民歌节奏形态大致有自由节奏和律动节奏之分。自由节奏较少些，主要体现在》水山歌体裁上，如《十个大哥嫁个妹》。律动节奏多以四二拍子和四四拍子为多，但由于演唱的即兴自由性，会有四二和四四、四三和四四拍子的混合。四四、四三拍子混合，如《勤耕苦种建家园》：四二和四四拍子混合，如《温食难》。节奏上有时也采用较复杂的节奏性，并常使用装饰音，体现出地方演唱特点和地方民歌的特色。
四、现状与传承
由于乡村经济、文化的变迁，以及电视和文化娱乐的多样化的影响，沈水歌谣生存发展的环境在不断改变，很多体裁形式慢慢失去了生存的内容，大部分歌谣也已经被淡化了，现在还能在当地流传吟唱的也主要是龙水山歌了，这也得益于该地区郁南连滩镇的山歌擂台赛活动。在几十年前还非常盛行的字眼调(哭嫁歌、哭丧歌)，现在已鲜有人唱。歌手中青黄不接现象十分明显，女歌手逐年减少，致使这些民间歌谣慢慢退出了文化舞台，残留在当地老人的记忆中了。
沈水歌谣以“原生态”的形式流存至今，有着重要的文化意义和历史价值，应该得到全社会的重视。只有真正重视了，诚水歌谣才可能得救，才能被传承被发展。作为传统的民间音乐，不仅应当在音像、图谱的保存方式上保存，还应当通过一定的社会群体，组织活动进行传承。令人欣慰的是，笔者在收集整理该文资料时，了解到浅水流域的各县市政府、文化部门也把对滤水歌谣的收集整理发展等问题工作放到日程上来，经费问题、组织问题、建设问题、传承与发展等问题都将得到合理解决。也会有更多的学者来关心和整理沈水民歌，使这古老的民间音乐重新焕发青春。
The Cultural Connotation and Modal Features of Longshui Ballad in the Western Part of Guangdong
GAN Shu-bing
(Department of Art， Luoding Professional Technology College， Guangdong Luoding 527200， China)
Abstract： There are mainly five types of literature in Longshui ballad： Longshui songs， Longzhou songs， wording tone， Nenggu songs， tea-picking songs and white crane songs. They reflect the history and social life of people in the Longshui area. The lyric of Longshui ballad adopts the traditional writing characteristics and the language of lyric is the colloquialism of the Guangdong government. Longshui ballad has its own characteristics in its structure， rhythm， musical scale and cadence.
Key words： Longshui ballad； Chinese folk music； cradle of songs
责任编辑、校对：任海生 | null | null | null | null | null |
en | hf cc0-1.0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/storytracer/US-PD-Books | The travelling thirds
author: Atherton, Gertrude Franklin Horn, 1857-1948
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The
Travelling Thirds
>••••■••••••••••••••••••••' »■•-• I
By
Gertrude Atherton
Adthor of
"Rulers of Kings" "The Conqueror**
''The Bell in the Fog** etc
• ••■•••••••••• •■• ••>••• •> >••>••• •■• I
LONDON AND NEW YORK
HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
J905
I ■••■■■ I
.. * Vv\
i
//'■■
A
f.t ''
c^
„ (m \^
,i^
The Travelling Thirds
IHE California cotisin of the
Lyman T. Moultons — a
nametoo famous to be shorn
— stood apart from the per-
turbed group, her feet boy-
[ishly asunder, her head
thrown back. Above her hung the thick
white clusters of the acacia,* drooping abim-
dantly, opaque and luminous in the soft
masses of green, heavy with perfume. All
Lyons seemed to have yielded itself to the
intoxicating fragrance of its favorite tree.
In the Place Camot, at least, there was not
a murmur. The Moultons had hushed in
thought their four variations on the ag-
* The acacia of Europe is identical with the American
locust.
The Travellins: Thirds
gressive American key, although perhaps in-
sensible to the voluptuous offering of the
grove. Mrs. Moulton, had her senses re-
sponded to the sweet and drowsy afternoon,
would have resented the experience as im-
moral ; and as it was her pale-blue gaze rested
disapprovingly on the rapt figure of her hus-
band's second cousin. The short skirt and
the covert coat of ungraceful length, its low
pockets always inviting the hands of its
owner, had roused more than once her futile
protest, and to-day they seemed to hang
limp with a sense of incongruity beneath
the half-closed eyes and expanded nostrils of
the yotmg Califomian.
It was not possible for nature to struggle
triumphant through the disguise this bene-
ficiary chose to assume, but there was an
unwilUng conviction in the Moulton family
that when Catalina arrayed herself as other
women she would blossom forth into some-
thing of a beauty. Even her stiff hat half
covered her brow and rich brown hair, but
her eyes, long and dark and far apart, rarely
failed to arrest other eyes, immobile as was
their common expression.
2
The Travelling Thirds
Always independent of her fellow -mortals,
and peculiarly of her present companions,
she was a happy pagan at the moment, and
meditating a solitary retreat to another grove
of acacias down by the Sa6ne, when her
attention was claimed by Mr. Moiilton.
"Would you mind coming here a moment,
Catalina?" he asked, in a voice whose roll
and cadence told that he had led in family
prayers these many years, if not in meeting.
'* After all, it is your suggestion, and I think
you should present the case. I have done
it very badly, and they don't seem inclined
to listen to me."
He smiled apologetically, but there was a
faint twinkle in his eye which palliated the
somewhat sanctimonious expression of the
lower part of his face. Blond and cherubic
in youth, his countenance had grown in
dignity as time changed its tints to drab and
gray, reclaimed the superfluous flesh of his
face, and drew the strong lines that are the
half of a man's good looks. He, too, had
his hands in his pockets, and he stood in
front of his wife and daughters, who sat on
a bench in the perfumed shade of the acacias.
3
The Travelling Thirds
His cousin once removed dragged down
her eyes and scowled, without attempt at dis-
simulation. In a moment, however, she came
forward with a manifest attempt to be human
and normal. Mrs. Moulton stiffened her
spine as if awaiting an assault, and her oldest
daughter, a shade more formal and correct,
more afraid of doing the wrong thing, fixed
a cold and absent eye upon the statue to
liberty in the centre of the Place. Only the
second daughter, Lydia, just departing from
her first quarter - century, turned to the
alien relative with a sparkle in her eye.
She was a girl about whose pink-and-white-
and- golden prettiness there was neither
question nor enthusiasm, and her thin,
graceful figure and alertly poised head re-
ceived such enhancement as her slender
purse afforded. She wore — need I record
it? — a travelling-suit of dark-blue brillian-
tine, short — ^but at least three inches longer
than Catalina's — and a large hat about whose
brim fluttered a blue veil. She admired
and a little feared the recent acquisition
from California, experiencing for the first
time in her life a pleasing suspense in the
4
The Travellins: Thirds
vagaries of an unusual character. She and
all that hitherto pertained to her belonged
to that highly refined middle class nowhere
so formal and exacting as in the land of the
free.
Catalina, who never permitted her rela-
tives to suspect that she was shy, assumed
her most stolid expression and abrupt tones.
"It is simple enough. We can go to
Spain if we travel third class, and we can't
if we don't. I want to see Spain more than
any cotmtry in Europe. I have heard you
say more than once that you were wild to
see it — ^the Alhambra and all that — well,
anxious, then," as Mrs. Moulton raised a
protesting eyebrow. " I'm wild, if you like.
I'd walk, go on mule-back; in short, I'll go
alone if you won't take me."
"You will do what?" The color came
into Mrs. Moulton's faded cheek, and she
squared herself as for an encounter. Open
friction was infrequent, for Mrs. Moulton
was nothing if not diplomatic, and Catalina
was indifferent. Nevertheless, encounters
there had been, and at the finish the Cali-
fomian had invariably held the middle of
5
The Travellins: Thirds
the field, insolent and victorious ; and Mrs.
Moulton had registered a vow that sooner
or later she wotild wave the colors over the
prostrate foe.
For thirty-two years she had merged,
submerged, her individuality, but in these
last four months she had been possessed
by a waxing revolt, of an almost passionate
desire for a victorious moment. It was her
first trip abroad, and she had followed
where her energetic husband and daughters
listed. Hardly once had she been consulted.
Perhaps, removed for the first time from the
stultifying environment of habit, she had
come to realize what slight rewards are the
woman's who flings her very soul at the
feet of others. It was too late to attempt
to be an individual in her own family ; even
did she find the courage she must continue
to accept their excessive care — she had a
mild form of invalidism — and endeavor to
feel grateful that she was owned by the
kindest of husbands, and daughters no more
selfish than the average; but since the ad-
vent of Catalina all the rebellion left in her
had become compact and alert. Here was
6
The Travelling Thirds
an utterly antagonistic temperament, one
beyond her comprehension, individual in a
fashion that offended every sensibility ; cool,
wary, insolently suggesting that she pur-
posed to stalk through life in that hideous
get-up, pursuing the tinorthodox. She was
not only indomitable youth but indomitable
savagery, and Mrs. Moulton, of the old and
cold Eastern civilization, bristled with a
thrill that was almost rapture whenever
this unwelcome relative of her husband
stared at her in contemptuous silence.
" You will do what ? The suggestion that
we travel third class is offensive enough —
but are you aware that Spanish women
never travel even first class alone?"
" I don't see what that has to do with me.
I'm not Spanish; they would assume that I
was *no lady' and take no further notice
of me; or, if they did — well, I can take care
of myself. As for travelling third class, I
can't see that it is any more undignified
than travelling second, and its chief recom-
mendations, after its cheapness, are that it
won't be so deadly respectable as second,
and that we'll meet nice, dirty, picturesque,
7
The Travelling Thirds
excitable peasants instead of dowdy middle-
class people who want all the windows
shut. The third-class carriages are gen-
erally big, open cars like otirs, with wooden
seats — no microbes — and at this time of the
year all the windows will be open. Now,
you can think it over. I am going to invest
twenty francs in a Baedeker and study my
route."
She nodded to Mr. Moulton, dropped an
almost imperceptible eyelash at Lydia, and,
ignoring the others, strode off belligerently
towards the Place Bellecour.
Mrs. Moulton turned white. She set her
lips. "I shall not go," she announced.
"My love," protested her husband, mildly,
" I am afraid she has placed us in a position
where we shall have to go." He was se-
cretly delighted. "Spain, as you justly re-
marked, is the most impossible country in
Europe for the woman alone, and she is the
child of my dead cousin and old college
chtim. When we are safely home again I
shall have a long talk with her and arrive
at a definite understanding of this singular
character, but over here I cannot permit
8
The Travelling Thirds
her to make herself — ^and us — ^notorious. I
am stire you will agree with me, my love.
My only fear is that you miay find the slow
trains and wooden seats fatiguing — although
I shall buy an extra supply of air-cushions,
and we will get off whenever you feel tired.*'
"Do say yes, mother,** pleaded her young-
est bom. " It will almost be an adventure,
and I've never had anything approaching an
adventure in my life. I'm sure even Jane
will enjoy it."
"I loathe travelling," said the elder Miss
Moulton, with energy. "It's nothing but
reading Baedeker, stalking through churches
and picture-galleries, and rushing for trains,
loaded down with hand-baggage. I feel as
if I never wanted to see another thing in
my life. Of course I'm glad I've seen Lon-
don and Paris and Rome, but the discom-
forts and privations of travel far outweigh
the advantages. I haven't the slightest
desire to see Spain, or any more down-at-
the-heel European countries; America will
satisfy me for the rest of my life. As for
travelling third class — ^the very idea is low
and horrid. It is bad enough to travel
9
The Travelling Thirds
second, and if we did think so little of our-
selves as to travel third — ^just think of its
being found out! Where would our social
position be — ^father's great influence? As
for that California savage, the mere fact
that she makes a suggestion — "
"My dear," remonstrated her father,
"Catalina is a most well-conducted young
woman. She has not given me a moment
of anxiety, and I think her suggestion a
really opportune one, for it will enable us
to see Spain and give me much valuable
literary material. Of course, I do not like
the idea of travelling third class myself,
and I only wish I could afford to take you
all in the train de luxe."
"You are a perfect dear," announced
Lydia, "and give us everything we want.
And if we went in the luxe we couldn't see
any nice little out-of-the-way places and
would soon become blas6, which would be
dreadful. Jane at first enjoyed it as much
as we did, and I could go on forever. No
one need ever know that we went third, and
when we are at home we will have some-
thing else to talk about except the ever-
lO
The Travelling Thirds
lasting Italy and England and Paris. Do
consent, mother."
This was an unusual concession, and Mrs.
Moulton was a trifle mollified. Besides, if
her favorite child's heart was set upon Spain,
that dyed the matter with a different com-
plexion; she could defer her subjection of the
Califomian, and, tired as she was, she was
by no means averse to seeing Spain herself.
Nevertheless, she rose with dignity and
gathered her cape about her.
" You and your father will settle the matter
to stiit yourselves,*' she said, with that ac-
cess of politeness in which the down-trodden
manifest their sense of injury. " But I have
no hesitation in saying that I never before
heard a gentlewoman" — she had the true
middle-class horror of the word "lady" —
"express a desire to travel third, and I
think it will be a most tmbecoming per-
formance. Moreover, I doubt if anything
can make us comfortable ; we are reasonably
sure to become infested with vermin and be
made ill by the smell of garlic. I have had
my say, however, and shall now go and lie
down."
II
The Travelling Thirds
As she moved up the path, her step meas-
ured, her spine protestant, her husband ran
after and drew her arm through his. He
nodded over his shoulder to his youngest
daughter, and Lydia, deprecating fiuther
argimient, went swiftly off in search of Ca-
talina.
n
|ET us get out and race it,"
suggested Catalina ; but she
spoke with the accent of
indolent content, and hung
over the door of the leisure-
ly train, giving no heed
beyond a polite nod to the nervous protests
of Mrs. Moulton. That good lady, sur-
rounded by air-cushions, which the various
members of her attentive family distended
at stated intervals, had propped herself in a
comer, determined to let no expression of
fatigue escape her, and enjoying herself in
her own fashion. The material discom-
forts of travel certainly overbalanced the
aesthetic delights, but, at least, she was seeing
the Europe she had dreamed of so ardently
in her youth. Jane sat in another corner
reading a volume of Pater. It was impossi-
ble to turn her back on the scenery, for the
13
The Travelling Thirds
seats ran from east to west and they were
travelling due south, but she could ignore it,
and that she did.
They were in a large, open car furnished
with wooden seats and a door for each aisle.
The carriage was not dirty, and all the win-
dows were open; moreover, it harbored, so.
far, no natives beyond two nuns and a priest,
who ate cherries continually and talked all
at once with the rapidity of ignited fire-
crackers and with no falling inflection. The
Moultons had taken possession of the last
compartment and sat with their backs to
the waH, but Catalina, disdaining such poor
apology for comfort, had the next to herself,
and when not hanging over the door ram-
bled back and forth. Mr. Moulton and
Lydia alternately read Baedeker and leaned
forward with exclamations of approval.
But although Catalina had responded
amiably to Lydia's expression of contempt
for Spanish methods of transit, the ambling
train suited her less energetic nature and
enabled her to study the country that had
mothered her own. She stared hard at the
blue and tiunbled masses of the Pyrenees
14
The Travelling Thirds
with their lofty fields of snow glittering in a
delicate mist, the same frozen solitude
through which Hannibal marched two thou-
sand years ago, longing, perhaps, for the hot,
brown plain of. Ampurdan below and the
familiar murmur of the bright waters that
rimmed it. The stm was hot, and all that
quivering world of blue shimmered and
sparkled and coquetted as if life and not
death were its bridegroom. But the Medi-
terranean, like other seas, is a virago at
heart and only dances and sways like a
Spanish beauty when out where there is
naught to oppose her; for centimes she has
been snarling and clawing the rocky head-
lands, her white fangs never failing to capt-
ure their daily morsel, and never content.
Catalina loved the sea and hated it. To-
day she was in no mood to give it anything
and turned her back upon it, her eyes trav-
elling from the remote, disdainful beauty of
the mountains down over the vineyards and
villages, leaning far out to catch a last
glimpse of that most characteristic object
in a Spanish landscape — a huge and almost
circular mass of rock rising abruptly from
15
The Travelling Thirds
the plain, brown, barren, its apex set with a
fortified castle, an old brown town clinging
desperately to the inhospitable sides. The
castle may be in ruins, but men and women
still crawl lazily up and down the perpen-
dicular streets, too idle or too poor to get
away from the soil, with its dust of ancestral
blood. The descendants of warriors slept
and loafed and begged in the sun, thankful
for a tortilla a day and dreading nothing
this side of Judgment but the visit of the
tax-gatherer. To escape the calls of the
remorseless one, many who owned not even
a little vineyard on the plain slept in the
hollowed side of a hill and made the earth
their pillow.
"Brutes!" said Catalina, meaning the gov-
ernment.
"Why don't they come to America?"
asked Lydia, wonderingly. "Look at that
old woman out in the field. That is the
most shocking thing you see in Europe —
women in the fields everywhere."
Catalina, indolent in some respects, waged
eternal war with the one-sided. " Your fac-
tories are far worse," she asserted. "They
i6
The Travelling Thirds
are really horrible, for the women stand on
their feet all day with a ceaseless din tearing
at their nerves and never a breath of decent
air in their lungs. They are the most
ghastly lot I ever saw in my life. These
women are always in the fresh air, with the
qtiiet of nature about them, and they rest
when they like. I think we are the bar-
barians — ^we and the Spanish government."
"Well, well, don't argue,'* said Mr. Moul-
ton, soothingly. "It is too hot. We have
our defects, but don't forget our many re-
deeming virtues. And as for Spain, back-
ward, tax-ridden, oppressed as she is, one
sees nothing to compare with the horrors
that Arthur Young saw in France just before
1789. Spain, no doubt, will have her own
revolution in her own time; I am told the
peasants are very virile and independent.
My love, shall I blow up that bag behind
your head?"
He examined the other bags, readjusted
them, and there being nothing to claim the
eye at the moment, read Baedeker aloud, to
the intense but respectful annoyance of his
eldest daughter and the barely concealed
17
The Travelling Thirds
resentment of Catalina, who hung still
farther over the creaking door.
The train walked into a little station of
Tordera and stopped.
"Cinco minutos!*' said the guard, raising
his voice.
"Five!" said Catalina. "That means fif-
teen. Let us get out and exercise and buy
something."
"Pray be careful!" exclaimed Mrs. Moul-
ton. "I know you will be left. Mr. Moul-
ton, please — please don't get out."
Mr. Moulton patted her amiably and de-
scended in the wake of Catalina and Lydia.
They were surrounded at once by beggars,
even the babies in arms extending their
hands. There were few men among them,
but the women, picturesque enough in their
closely pinned kerchiefs of red or yellow, were
more pertinacious than man ever dared to
be. Lydia, fastidious and economical, re-
treated into the train and closed the door;
but Catalina disbursed coppers and gave
one dirty little Murillo a peseta. She had
spoken almost as much Spanish in her life
as English, and exchanged so many elaborate
i8
The Travelling Thirds
compliments with her retinue, in a manner
so acceptable to their democratic taste, that
they forgot to beg and pressed close at her
heels as she strode up and down, her hands
in her pockets, wondering what manner of
fallen princess was this who travelled third
class and knew how to treat a haughty
peasant of Spain as her equal. She was
buying an inflammable - looking novel with
which to insult Jane, and a package of
sweets for Lydia and herself, when she heard
a shrill note of anguish:
"Mr. Moulton! Catalina!''
Mingling with it was the drone of the guard :
"Viajeros al tren!"
The train was moving, the guard having
been occupied at the cantina until the last
moment. He was singing his song tmcon-
sciously on the step of an open door. Cata-
lina saw the frantic whir of Mr. Moulton's
coat-tails as he flew by and leaped into the
car. She flung two pesetas at the anxious
vender, dropped her purchase into her pock-
ets, and, running swiftly alongside the mov-
ing train, made the door easily.
"I could have caught the old thing if it
19
The Travelling Thirds
had been half a mile off!" she exclaimed,
indignantly, as three pairs of hands jerked
her within, and Mrs. Moulton sniffed hys-
terically at her salts. "And if ever I do get
left, just remember that I speak the language
and am not afraid of anything."
"Well," said Mr. Moulton, tactfully, "just
remember that we do not speak the language
and have need of your services. Suppose
we have our afternoon meal.*^ The lunch
at the frontier was not all that could be
desired."
He produced the hamper and neatly ar-
rayed the top of two portmanteaus with jam
and bread and cake. Catalina placed a gen-
erous share of these delicacies on a tin plate,
and, omitting to explain to her astonished
relatives, climbed over the seats and made
offering to each of the other occupants of
the car. It had half filled at the station,
and besides the nuns and priests there were
now several Catalan peasants in red caps
and black velvet breeches, fine, independent
men, prepared to ignore these eccentric
Americans, ready to take offence at the
slightest suggestion of superiority, but en-
The Travelling Thirds
chanted at the act of this unsmiling girl,
who spoke their language and understood
their customs. They refused, as a matter
of course, politely, without servility, and in
a moment she returned to her party.
"You must always do that," she informed
them, as she set her teeth hungrily into the
bread, "and when they offer of theirs you
must look pleased with the attention."
Mrs. Moulton sighed, and when, a few
moments later, a peasant vaulted over the
seats and proudly offered of his store of
black bread and garlic, she buried a frozen
smile in her smelling-salts. Jane refused to
notice him, but the other three declined with
such professions of gratitude that he told his
comrades the Americans were not altogether
a contemptible race, and that the one who
spoke their language looked like a devil with
a white soul and was worthy to have been
bom in Spain. He took out his guitar in a
moment and swept the keys with superb
grace while the others sang, the ntms in
high, quavering voices that wandered aim-
lessly through the rich tones of the men.
After that they talked politics and became
21
The Travelling Thirds
so excited that Mr. Moulton was relieved
when they all fell out together at Mataro.
He could then take notes and enjoy the
groves of olives and oranges, the castles and
watch-towers on the heights, eloquent and
Iberian and Roman, Goth and Moor, the
turquoise surface of the Mediterranean —
never so blue as the Adriatic or the Carib-
bean — the bold, harsh sweep of the coast.
Then, as even Catalina began to change her
position frequently on the hard seats, and
they were all so covered with dust that even
the spinster visage of Jane looked like a
study in grotesque, the horizon gave up the
palaces and palms of Barcelona.
Ill
WENT Y-THREE years be-
fore the opening of this
desultory tale its heroine
was bom on the island of
Santa Catalina, a fragment
of Southern California.
Her father had begun life as a professor of
classics in a worthy Eastern college, but, his
health breaking down, he betook himself and
his small patrimony to the State which
electrifies the nerves in its northern half and
bltmts them in its southern. Jonathan Shore
wrote to his cousin, Lyman T. Moulton :
*• I haven't a nerve left with a point on it; have
recovered some measure of health and lost what lit-
tle ambition I ever possessed. I am going to open
an inn for sportsmen on the island of Santa Catali-
na, so that I shall be reasonably sure of the society
of gentlemen and make enough money to replenish
my library now and then — my books are on the
way. Here I remain for the rest of my natural life."
23
The Travelling Thirds
But he crossed over to Los Angeles occa-
sionally. At a soir6e he met the daughter —
and only child — of one of the largest land-
holders in Southern California, and danced
with no one else that night. She married
the scholarly innkeeper with the blessing
of her father, who was anxious to pass his
declining years in peace with a young wife.
The bride, for coincident if not similar rea-
sons, was glad to move to Catalina. She
was the belle of her time, this Madelina
Joyce, and her dark beauty came down to
her from Indian ancestors. Her New Eng-
land great-grandfather had come to Cali-
fornia long before the discovery of gold,
bought, for a fraction, two hundred thousand
acres from the Mexican government, and
married, despite the protests of his Spanish
friends, an Indian girl of great beauty, both
of face and character.
The Pueblo bride had lived but two years
to receive the snubs of the haughty ladies
of Santa Barbara, her ardent young husband
had shot himself over her grave, and the
boy was brought up by the padres of the
mission. Fortunately, he came to man's
24
The Travelling Thirds
estate shortly before the United States occu-
pation, and managed to save a portion of
his patrimony from the most rapacious set
of scoundrels that ever followed in the wake
of a victorious army. This in ttim descend-
ed to his son, who, in spite of Southern in-
dolence and a hospitahty as famous as his
cellar, his hberal appreciation of all the good
things of life, and a half-dozen lawsuits, still
retained fifty thousand of the ancestral
acres, and had given his word to his daughter
that they should go to her unenctmibered.
This promise he kept, and when Catalina
was ten years old he died, at good-will with
all the world. His widow moved to San
Francisco with her freedom and her liberal
portion, and Mrs. Shore announced that she
must give the ranch her personal attention.
The ten years had been happy, for the hus-
band and wife loved each other and were
equally devoted to their beautiful, tmsmiling
baby. But there were deep wells of laughter
in Mrs. Shore, and much energy. She wept
for her father, but welcomed the change in
her life, not only because she had reached
the age when love of change is most insistent,
^5
The Travelling Thirds
but because she had begun to dread the
hour of confession that life on an island,
even with the man of one's choice, was in-
sufficient.
Mr. Shore himself was not averse to
change so long as it did not take him out of
California, although he refused to sell the
little property on the island where he had
spent so many happy years.
Prom the hour Mrs. Shore settled down
in the splendid old adobe ranch-house she
watched no more days lag through her
fingers. Attended by Catalina she rode
over some portion of the estate every day,
and if a horse had strayed or a cow had
calved she knew it before her indolent
vaqueros. She personally attended, each
year, to the sheep-shearing and the cattle-
branding, the crops and the stock sales.
Once a year she gave a great barbecue, to
which all within a radius of a hundred miles
were invited, and once a week she indulged
herself in the gossip, the shops, and the
dances of Santa Barbara.
In the vast solitude of the ranch Catalina
grew up, carefully educated by her father,
26
The Travelling Thirds
petted and indulged by her mother, hiding
from the society that sought Mrs. Shore,
but friendly with the large army of Mexican
and Indian retainers. When she was per-
suaded by her mother to attend a party in
Santa Barbara she rooted herself in a comer
and glowered in her misery, snubbing every
adventurous youth that approached her.
She adored books, her out-door life, her
parents, and asked for nothing further
afield.
When she was eighteen her father died.
She rode to the extreme confines of the
ranch and mourned him, returning to her
life at home with the stolidity of her Indian
ancestors. Mrs. Shore grieved also, but by
this time she was too busy a woman to con-
sort with the past. Moreover, she was now
at liberty to take Catalina to San Francisco
and give her the proper tutors in languages
and music. Incidentally, she made many
new friends and enjoyed with all her vivid
nature the life of a city which she had visited
but twice before. She returned in the fol-
lowing winter and extended her fame as a
hostess. Catalina found San Francisco so-
27
The Travelling Thirds
ciety but little more interesting than that of
the South, and enjoyed the reputation of
being as rude as she was beautiful. Here,
however, her Indian ancestress had her be-
lated revenge. Her brief and tragic story
cast a radiant halo about the indifferent
Catalina, whose strain of aboriginal blood
was extolled as the first cause in a piquant
and original beauty; all her quaint eccen-
tricities — ^which were merely the expression
of a proud and reticent nature anxious to be
let alone — ^were traced to the same artless
source, and when one day in the park she
sprang from her horse and shook the editor
of a personal weekly until his teeth rattled
in his head, her tmique reputation was
secure.
The greater part of the year was spent on
the ranch. Mrs. Shore loved the world, but
she was a woman of business above all things,
and determined that the ranch should be a
splendid inheritance for her child. Her
time was closer than she knew. In all the
vigor of her middle years, with the dark
radiance of her beauty little dimmed, and
an almost pagan love of mere existence,
28
The Travelling Thirds
she was done to death by a bucking mus-
tang, unseated for the first time since she
had mounted a horse, and kicked beyond
recognition.
Catalina resolutely put the horror of those
days behind her, and for several months
was as energetic a woman of business as
her mother had been. She was mistress of
a great tract of land, of herself, her time, her
future. When her stoical grief for her
mother subsided she found life interesting
and stimulating. She rode about the ranch
in the morning, or conferred with her
lawyer, who drove out once a week; the
afternoons she spent in the great court of
the old house, with its stone fountain built
by the ancestors who had learned their
craft from the mission fathers, its palms and
banana-trees, its old hollyhocks and roses.
Here she read or dreamed vaguely of the
future. What she wanted of life beyond
this dreaming Southern land, where only
an earthquake broke the monotony, was
as vague of outline as her motmtains under
their blue mists, but its secrets were a con-
stant and delightful well of perplexity.
3 29
The Travelling Thirds
For two years she was contented, and at
times, when galloping down to the sea in the
early dawn, the old moon, bony and yellow,
sinking to its grave in the darkest canyon of
the motmtain, and the red sun leaping from
the sea, she was supremely happy.
Then, in a night, discontent settled upon
her. She wanted change, variety ; she want-
ed to see the world — Europe above all
things; and when her Eastern relatives,
with whom she corresponded, in obedience
to a last request of her father, again pressed
her to visit them, and mentioned that they
were contemplating a trip abroad, she
started on three hours* notice, leaving the
ranch in charge of a trusted overseer and the
executors of her mother's will.
She found her relatives living in a suburb
of New York, their social position very
different from that her mother had given
her in California. Nothing saved them
from the narrow routine of the suburban
middle class but the intellectual proclivities
of Mr. Moulton, who was reader for a pub-
lishing house and the literary adviser of the
pseudo-intellectual. Through the constant
30
The Travelling Thirds
association of his name with moral and non-
sensational fiction, his well-balanced atti-
tude of piety tinctured by humor, the pleas-
ant style with which he indited irreproach-
able and elevated platitudes, his stem and
invariable denunciation of the unorthodox
in religion, in ideas, and in style, and his
genially didactic habit of telling his readers
what they wished to hear, he had achieved
the rank of a great critic. As he really was
an estimable man and virtuous husband, of
agreeable manners, sufficiently hospitable,
and extremely careful in choosing his friends,
his position in the literary world was quite
enviable. The great and the safe took tea
on his lawn, and if the great and unsafe
laughed at both the tea and the critic that
was the final seal of their tmregeneracy.
When Catalina arrived, after lingering for
a fortnight in Boston with a friend she had
made on the train, she liked him at once,
unjustly despised Mrs. Moulton, who was
the best of wives and copied her husband's
manuscripts, hated Jane, and recognized in
Lydia a human being in whom one could
find a reasonable amount of companionship,
31
The Travelling Thirds
in spite of the magnetism of the mirror —
or even the polished surface of a panel — ^for
her complacent eyes. Lydia was innocently
vain, and, being the beauty of the family,
believed herself to be very beautiful indeed.
She always made a smart appearance, and
was frankly desirous of admiration. Like
many family beauties, she had a strong will
and was reasonably clever. When the first
opportunity to go to Europe arrived she
had reached what she called a critical point
in her life. She confided to Catalina that she
was becoming morbidly tired of mere ex-
istence and hated the sight of every literary
man she knew, particulariy the young ones.
"Of course, they are more or less the re-
spectable hangers-on that give us the benefit
of their society," she said, gloomily. "Those
that scurry about writing little stories for
the magazines and weekly papers — it seems
to me a real man might find something better
to do. We know all the big ones, but they
are too busy to come out here often, and
father sees them at the Century and Au-
thors' clubs, anyhow. We hardly know a
man who isn't a publisher, an editor, or a
32
The Travelling Thirds
writer of something or other — ^perhaps an
occasional artist. For my part, I'd give
my immortal soul to be one of those lucky
girls that go to Mrs. Astor's parties; that's
my idea of life. If a millionaire would only
fall in love with me — or any old romance,
for that matter!'*
"Have you never been in love?" asked
Catalina, afraid of the sotmd of her own
voice but deeply interested.
" Not the least little bit, more is the pity.
I wouldn't mind even being heart-broken
for a while."
It was this frankness that endeared her
to Catalina. "Jane is third rate, and tries
to conceal the fact from herself and others
by an affectation of such of the literary
galaxy as make the least appeal to the pop-
ular taste, and cousin Lyman is no critic,"
she informed herself three days after her
arrival. "Cbusin Miranda is just one of
those American women who are invaUds
for no reason but because they want to be,
and I suppose even Lydia would get on my
nerves in time. Thank Heaven, when they
do I can leave at a moment's notice."
33
The Travelling Thirds
After four months of the friction of travel,
Catalina had half hoped her relatives would
reject her startling proposal and abandon
her to a future full of dangers and freedom.
IV
HE brushed her hair vi-
ciously in the solitude of
her bedroom in Barcelona ;
fortunately, the composi-
tion of the party always
gave her a room to herself.
* To-morrow morning I'll be up and out
before they are awake," she announced to
her sulky image. "This evening I suppose
I mtist walk with them on the Rambla.
Of course, if I had come alone I should
have had to find a chaperon for such occa-
sions, but it would be some quaint old duenna
I could hire. I've never wanted my liberty
as I do here in Spain, and Cousin Lyman will
barely let me wash my own face. I never
was so taken care of in my life — "
She grotmd her teeth, but nodded as Mr.
Moulton put his head in at the door and
asked her if she were sure she was comfort-
35
The Travelling Thirds
able, if her room was quite clean and her
keys in proper order. Then he adjured her
not to drink the water until he had ascer-
tained its reputation, and to be careful not
to lean over the railing of the balcony, as
it might be insecure; the Spanish were a
shiftless people, so far as his observation
of them went.
Catalina flung her hair-brush at the door
as he pattered down the hall to examine the
welfare of his daughters.
"IVe a mind to go up and dance on the
roof," she cried, furiously. "One would
think I was four years old. Papa was just
like that when we travelled, and if all Amer-
ican men are the same I'll marry an English-
man."
After dinner Mr. Moulton, having seen
his wife safely into bed and conscientiously
determined to observe every respectable
phase of foreign life, drew Lydia's arm
within his, and, bidding Catalina take Jane's
and follow close behind him, went out upon
the Rambla. Upon these occasions he al-
ways took his youngest carefully tmder his
wing. A wag had once said of her, while
36
The Travelling Thirds
commenting upon the infinite respectability
of the Lyman T. Moultons, that on a moon-
light night, in a boat on a lake, Lydia might
develop possibilities; and it may have been
some dim appreciation of these possibilities
that prompted Mr. Moiilton to favor the
beauty of the family with more than her
share of attention. But Lydia had a co-
quettish pair of eyes, and under her father's
formidable wing had indulged in more than
one innocent flirtation. Catalina raged that
she was to take her first night*s pleasure in
Spain in the companionship of Jane, and
ignored her protector's mandate. Jane,
whose sense of duty increased in proportion
to her dislikes, took a firm hold of the Cal-
ifomian's rigid and vertical arm, and marched
close upon her father's heels.
They promenaded with all Barcelona, in
the very middle of the Rambla, that splendid
avenue of many names above the vaulted
bed of the river. For nearly a mile on
either side the hotels and cai6s and many of
the shops and side streets were brilliantly
alight. Under the double row of plane-
trees were kiosks for the sale of newspapers,
37
The Travelling Thirds
post-cards of the bull-fight, fans, and curios ;
and passing and repassing were thousands
of people. All who were not forced to work
this soft southern night strolled there in-
dolently, to take the air, to see, now and
again to be seen. Doubtless, there were
other promenades for the poor, but here all
appeared to have come from the houses of
the aristocracy or wealthy middle class.
Many were the duennas, elderly, stout, or
shrunken, always in black, with a bit of
lace about the head, immobile and watch-
ful. Perhaps they towed one maiden, but
more frequently a party.
The girls and yotmg matrons were light
and gay of attire ; occasionally their millinery
was Parisian, but more often they wore the
mantilla or rebosa. Their eyes were bright,
demure, inviting, rarely indifferent; and
making up the other half of the throng were
officers, students, men of the world, mur-
muring compliments as they passed or talk-
ing volubly of politics and war. Two young
aristocrats behind Catalina were laughing
over the recent visit of the young king,
when, simply by the magic of his boyish
38
The Travelling Thirds
personality, eager to please, he had trans-
formed in a moment the most hostile and
anarchistic city in his kingdom, determined
to show its insolent contempt, into a mob of
cheering, hysterical madmen. The socialists
and anarchists might be sailing their barks
on the hidden river beneath, they were for-
gotten, the mayor hardly dared to show his
face, and the women kissed their fingers to
the picttires of the gallant little king hanging
on every kiosk; the men lifted their hats.
It was the most brilliant and animated
picture of out-door life that Catalina had
seen in Europe, and the general air of good
breeding, of mingled vivacity and perfect
dignity, the picturesque beauty of many of
the women, the constant ripple of talk and
laughter, the flare of light and the dim
shades of the old trees, appealed powerfully
to the girl from the most picturesque portion
of the United States, and in whom scenes of
mere fashion and frivolity aroused a resent-
ment as passionate as if fed by envy and
privation. She had stood one morning not
a fortnight since on a comer of the Rue de
Rivoli and watched carriage after carriage,
39
The Travelling Thirds
automobile after automobile roll rotmd the
comer of the Place de la Concord, each fram-
ing women in the extravagant uniform of
fashion — American women, all come from
across the sea for one purpose only, the pur-
pose for which they lived their useless, idle
lives — more clothes. For this they spent
two wretched weeks on the ocean every year
— the ship's doctor had told Catalina that
the pampered American was the most un-
heroic sailor on the Atlantic — and they
looked unnormal, exotic, mere shining butter-
flies whose necks would be twisted with one
turn of a strong wrist in the first week of a
revolution; a revolution of which, unin-
dividual as they were, they would be a
precipitating cause. But here there was no
exotic class, none but legitimate causes of
separation from the masses; it was the
charming faces one noted, the lively ex-
pression of pleasure in mere living; the gar-
ments might be Parisian, but, being less than
the woman, and worn without conscious-
ness, they barely arrested the eye, and were
no part of the picture, as was the mantilla
or the rebosa.
40
The Travelling Thirds
Catalina for once hated no one in the
world, and even became obUvious of the
grip on her arm. She looked about her
with the wide, curious eyes of youth. Few
gave her more than a passing glance, for her
stiff hat threw an ugly shadow on her face
and every line of her figure was hidden under
her loose coat. But she noted that Lydia,
who in the evening wore a small hat perched
coquettishly on her fluffy hair, was receiving
audible admiration. Suddenly she glanced
out of the comer of her eye at Jane, but that
severe virgin was staring moodily at the
grotmd; her head ached and she longed for
bed. Mr. Moulton, doing his best to be in-
terested and stifle his yawns, was glancing
in every direction but his immediate right,
and consequently no one but his pretty
daughter, and finally Catalina, noticed the
handsome young Spaniard who had estab-
lished communication with the blue eyes of
the north. Finally the youth whispered
something in which only the word adorado
was intelligible to Lydia, who clung to her
father's arm with a charming scowl.
" Don't be frightened,*' whispered Catalina,
4t
The Travelling Thirds
"They don't mean anything — not like
Frenchmen."
Not only was the crowd so great that many
a flirtation passed imnoticed, but heretofore
Catalina had not observed that the cavalier
was companioned. When he whispered to
Lydia, however, she saw a man beside him
frown and take his arm as if to draw him
away, but when she reassured the coquette,
this man turned suddenly, his brows still
knit but relaxing with a flash of amuse-
ment. Then Catalina took note of him and
saw that he was not a Spaniard, although
nearly as dark as Lydia's conquest. He
was an Englishman, she made sure by his
expression, so subtly different from that of
the American. He might have been an
officer, from his carriage, and he was ex-
tremely thin and walked slowly, rather than
sauntered, as if the effort were distasteful
or painful. His thin, well-bred face looked
as if it recently ndght have been emaciated,
but its pervading expression was humorous
indifference, and his eyes had almost danced
as they met hers. He did not look at her a
second time, evidently seeing no profit in th§
42
The Travelling Thirds
idle flirtations that delighted his neighbors,
and Catalina, a trifle piqued, watched him
covertly, and decided that he was a noble-
man, had been in the Boer War, was doubt-
less covered with scars and medals.
V
^E did not haunt her dreams,
however, and she had quite
forgotten him as she watch-
ed the stmrise next morn-
ing from the long ridge of
the Montjuich. Her cab-
man was refreshing himself elsewhere and
she had given herself up to one of the keenest
delights known to the imaginative and un-
gregarious mind, the solitary contemplation
of nature. She watched the great, dusky
plains and the jagged whiteness of Mont-
seny's lofty crest turn yellow. Spain is one
of those rare, dry countries where the very
air changes color. The whole valley seemed
to fill slowly with a golden mist, the snow
on the great peak and on the Pyrenees be-
yond glittered like the fabled sands, and
even the villas clinging to the steep moun-
tain-side, the palaces in their groves of palm-
44
The Travelling Thirds
trees and citron, orange, and pomegranate,
all seemed to move and sway as in the depths
of shimmering tides. Catalina had the gift
to see color in atmosphere as apart from
the radiance that falls on sky and moun-
tain, a gift which is said to belong only to
people so highly civilized as to be on the
point of degeneration. Catalina, with her
robust youth and brain, was well on the
hither side of degeneration, but in her lonely
life and dislike of humankind she had cul-
tivated her natural appreciation of beauty
until it had not only developed her percep-
tions to acuteness but empowered them,
when enchanted, to rise high above the ego.
She stood with her head thrown back, her
mouth half open as if to quaff deeply of that
golden draught, fancying that just beyond
her vision lay all cosmos waiting to reveal
itself and the mystery of the eternal. When
she heard herself accosted she was bewildered
for a moment, not realizing that she was
actually in the world of the living.
"You will ruin your eyes, Miss Shore," a
calm but genial voice had said. "The
scene is worth it, but — "
4 4S
The Travelling Thirds
"How dare you speak to me!" cried Cata-
lina, furiously. She advanced swiftly, will-
ing to strike him, not in the least mollified
to recognize the Englishman upon whom
she had bestowed her infrequent approval
the night before.
His eye lit with interest and a pardonable
surprise. But he continued, imperturbably:
" Of course, I should not have been so rude
as to speak to you if I hadn't happened to
know Mr. Moulton rather well. I had a talk
with him last night in the hotel and he was
good enough to tell me your name.'*
" How on earth did you ever know Cousin
Lyman?" She forgot her anger. "You
are an Englishman, and I am sure Cousin
Lyman — " She stopped awkwardly, too
loyal to continue, but her eyes were large
with curiosity. Where could Lyman T.
Moulton have known this Englishman with
his unmistakable air of that small class for
whose common sins society has no ptinish-
ment? "He usually knows only literary
people," she continued, lamely.
"And you are sure I am not!" His laugh
was abrupt, but as good-natured as his voice.
46
The Travelling Thirds
" You are quite right. I can't even write a
decent letter. But literary men often belong
to good clubs, you know, and one of the
most distinguished of our authors happened
to bring Mr. Moulton to one of mine. He
was over some years ago.**
"Oh, I remember." She also recalled the
curious bojrish pleasure which iUtmiined Mr.
Moulton's face whenever he alluded to this
visit to England. It had been his one vaca-
tion from his family in thirty years.
"What is your name?" demanded Cata-
lina, with an abruptness not unlike his
own, but unmodified by his careless good-
htunor.
"Over." Then, as she still looked ex-
pectant, "Captain James Brassy Over, if it
interests you."
"Oh!" She was childishly disappointed
that he was not a lord, never having con-
sciously seen one, then was gratified at her
perspicacity of the night before.
"How have I disappointed you?"
"Disappointed me?" Her eyes flashed
again. "All men are disappointing and are
generally idiots, but I could not be disap-
47
The Travelling Thirds
pointed in a person to whom I had never
given a thought."
"Oh!" he said, blankly. He was not of-
fended, but was uncertain whether she were
affected or merely a badly brought up child.
Belonging to that order of men who have
something better to do than to understand
women, he decided to let her remark pass
and await developments.
"I'm rather keen on Mr. Moulton," he
announced, "and have half a mind to join
your party. I was going to cut across to
Madrid, but he says you have made out
rather a jolly trip down the coast and then
in to Granada."
"But we are travelling third class," she
stammered, with the first prompting of
snobbery she had ever known. "We — ^we
thought it would be such an experience."
"So Mr. Moulton told me. I always
travel third."
"You? Why?"
"Poverty," he said, cheerfully.
Catalina was furious with herself, the
more so as she had descended to the level
of her cousins, whom she secretly despised
48
The Travelling Thirds
as snobs. She did not know how to ex-
tricate herself from the position she had
assumed, and answered, lamely:
"Poverty? You don't look poor."
"Only my debts keep me from being a
pauper."
"And you don't mind travelling third?"
" Mind ? It's comfortable enough ; as com-
fortable as sleeping on the ground."
Catalina's face illtunined. For the first
time it occurred to him that she might be
pretty. She forgot the awkward subject, and
asked, eagerly:
"Were you in the Boer War?"
"Yes."
"All through it?"
"Pretty well."
"Do tell me about it. I never before
met any one who had been in the Boer
War, and it interested me tremendous-
ly."
"There's nothing to tell but what you
must have' read in the papers."
" I suppose that is an affectation of mod-
esty."
"Not at all. Nothing is so common-
49
The Travelling Thirds
place as war. There is nothing in it to
make conversation about.*'
" But you lost such a dreadful number of
officers!"
" We had plenty to spare — cotdd have got
along better with less."
His cheerfulness was certainly unaffected.
The two pairs of dark eyes watched each
other narrowly, his keen and amused, hers
with their stolid surface and slumbering
fires.
"But you were wounded!" she said, tri-
umphantly.
"Never was hit in my life."
" But you have been ill!"
"Oh, ill, fast enough — ^rhetimatism."
Her eyes softened. "Ah, sleeping on the
damp ground!"
"No. Drink."
For a moment the sullen fires in Catalina
boiled high, then her eyes caught the sparkle
in his and she burst into a ringing peal of
laughter. She laughed rarely, and when
she did her whole being vibrated to the
buoyancy of youth.
"Well," she said, gayly, "I hope you
so
The Travelling Thirds
have reformed. The Moiiltons are tem-
perance — ^rabid — ^and I had rheumatism once
from camping out. I had to set my teeth
for a week. Then I went to a sulphur
spring and cured it. But I am hungry.
Isn't there a restaurant here, somewhere?"
"I was about to suggest a visit to the
Caf6 Miramar. It is only a step from here."
A few minutes later they sat at a little
table on the terrace, and while Captain Over
ordered the coffee and rolls Catalina forgot
him and stared out over the vast blue
sparkle of the Mediterranean. Above, the
air had drifted from gold to pink — a, soft,
vague pink, stealing away before the mount-
ing sun. She had pushed back her hat and
coat, and the soft collar of her blouse showed
a youthful column upon which her head was
proudly set. She wore no hair on her fine,
open brow, but the knot at the base of the
neck was rich in color. Her complexion,
without red to break its magnolia tint, was
flawless even in that searching light. Her
beautiful eyes were vacant for the moment,
and her nose, while delicate, was unclassical,
her cheek-bones high; but it was her mouth
51
The Travelling Thirds
that arrested Over's gaze as the most sin-
gular feature he had ever seen. Childishly
red, it was deftly cut, and resembled — ^what
was it? A bow? Certainly not a Cupid's
bow, for that was full and pouting. Then
he recalled the Indian bows in the armory
at home. That was it — the bow of an
Indian bent sharply in the middle, so sharply
that it was really two half -bows the mouth
resembled, and absolutely perfect in its
drawing, in the tapering sweep of its comers.
A perfect mouth is a feature one may read
of for a lifetime and never see, however many
mouths there be that charm and invite.
Pretty mouths are abundant enough, and
mouths that indicate lofty or delightful
characteristics, but rarely is the mouth seen
for which nature has done all that she so
generously does for eyes and profile. But
for Catalina she had cut a mouth so ex-
quisite that its first effect was of something
tmcanny, as of an unknown race, and it
further held the attention as indicating
absolutely nothing of the character behind.
Catalina dazedly removed her eyes from
the sea and met Over's.
52
The Travelling Thirds
"Stop staring at me," she said, with a
frown.
He was about to retort that she had been
made to be stared at, but it occurred to him
in time that he xmderstood her too little to
invite her into the airy region of compliment.
He had known girls to resent them before,
and they were not in his line anyway. He
merely replied: "Here comes the coffee. I
promise you to give it my xmdivided atten-
tion.'*
They sat silent for a few moments, keenly
appreciating their little repast. Coffee al-
ways went to Catalina's head, and when she
had finished she felt happy and full of good-
fellowship.
"I like you immensely, and hope you'll
come with us," she announced. " I'm rather
sorry you are not a lord, though. I've never
seen one."
" Well, I have a cousin who is one, and if
you like to come to England I'll show him
to you. He's rather an ass, though, and
you'll probably guy him."
" You are not very respectful to the head
of your house."
S3
The Travelling Thirds
"Oh, he was my fag at school — he's two
years yoxinger than I am.'*
"Is he in the House of Peers?"
"Good Lord, no! That is, he has his
seat, of cotirse, but I doubt if he'd recognize
Westminster in a photograph. Gayety girls
are his lay. We married him young, though,
and assured the succession."
"Is he a typical lord?"
"What's that? We have all sorts, like
any other class. I might as well ask you if
you were a typical American."
"Well, I'm not!" cried Catalina, with
lightning in her eyes. " If nattire had made
me a type I'd have made myself over. It
makes me hate nearly everybody, but, at
least, I love to be alone, and I can always
get that when I want it. I've got a big
ranch — ^fifty thousand acres — ^and after my
mother died, two years ago I lived on it
alone, never speaking to a soul but my men
of business and the servants. That's my
idea of bliss, and the moment I strike the
American shore I'm going back."
He looked at her with increasing interest
— a girl of silences who loved nattire and
54
The Travelling Thirds
hated man. But he merely said, with his
quick smile: "You are a very grand yoxmg
person indeed. Somerton — ^my cousin — has
only thirty thousand acres. Of cotirse, he's
beastly poor — has so much to keep up. I
suppose a ranch of that size is pure luxury,
and blossoms like the rose."
" Much you know about it. I often have
all I can do to make both ends meet.
Droughts kill off my cattle and sheep and
dry up everything that grows. My Mex-
icans and Indians are an idle, worthless lot,
but sentiment prevents me from turning
them off — their grandparents worked on
the ranch. It makes me independent, of
course, but I really am what is called land
poor. I'm thinking of dividing a part of it
into farms and selling them, and also of
selling some property I have on Santa
Catalina, which has become fashionable.
Then I should be quite rich. Mother could
get work out of anybody, but I am not
nearly so energetic, and they know it.
But I am so happy when I am there, and
need so little money for myself that I
haven't thought about it heretofore. Be-
SS
The Travellins Thirds
ing over here has taught me the value of
money, and I want to come back to Etirope
before long. Then I'll come alone and stay
several years. There is so much to learn,
and I find I know next to nothing. Well,
let us go. As long as I am with the Moul-
tons I suppose I must consider them, and
they probably think I have been kidnapped.
Who was that youth you were walking with
last night?"
"The Marquis Ztiniga. I met him at the
club and we strolled out together. I in-
troduced him to Mr. Moulton and he will
call this afternoon — is qtiite bowled over
by yotir golden - haired cousin. I suppose
we can drive back together? It would look
rather abstird, wouldn't it, going down in a
procession of two?"
VI
IHEY were to have re-
mained in Barcelona a
week, but Mr. Moulton,
alanned at the impassion-
ed devotion of Zuniga to
I Lydia, decided to leave on
the morning of the fourth day.
"That will be just six hours before Ztiniga
is up, so you need not worry about giving
him the slip," said Captain Over, who
thought that Lydia would be well out of
the young Spaniard's way. " If Miss Shore
will join me in the morning we can do the
shopping for the family. She speaks Span-
ish, and I have done this sort of thing
before."
Mr. Moulton, who looked upon Over as
his personal conquest, and, despite his good
looks, never thought of him in the light of a
marrying man, gave his message to Catalina,
57
The Travellins Thirds
and pattered down the hall to break the
news to his family. He was nervous but
determined. Mrs. Moulton had seen all of
Barcelona that was necessary for retrospect
and conversation. Jane immediately began
to pack her portmanteau. Lydia shot him
a glance of reproach, flushed, and turned
away.
"I won't have any decadent Spaniards
philandering roxmd my daughters," said
Mr. Moulton, firmly. "If you were going
to marry a Spaniard I had rather it were a
peasant, for they, at least, are the hope of
the country. This yoxmg Zuniga hasn't an
idea in his head beyond flirting and horse-
racing. He has no education and no prin-
ciples."
"I've talked with him more than you
have," said Lydia, with spirit, "and I think
him lovely!"
"Lovely? What a term to apply to any
man, let alone a dissipated Spaniard! Have
I not begged you, my love, to choose yotir
adjectives — one of the first principles of
style?"
"I don't write," retorted Lydia, who was
S8
The Travelling Thirds
in a very naughty mood. **I have no use
for style."
" I should never be stirprised to see your
name in our best magazines," said Mr.
Moulton, with his infinite tact. " Make this
yotmg man the hero of a story if you like.
A clever Englishwoman I met yesterday,
and who has lived in Spain for many years,
told me that the Spanish youth is the bright-
est in the world, but that when he reaches
the age of fourteen his brain closes up like
the shell of an oyster and never opens
again; the reason is that at that age he
takes to immoderate smoking and various
other forms of dissipation, the brain from
that time on receiving neither nourishment
nor encotiragement. I intend to write an
essay on the subject. It is most interesting.
And I thought out a splendid phrase this
afternoon. I'll write it down this moment
before I forget it." He whipped out his
note-book. "'The only hope for Spain lies
in the abolishment of bull-fights, beggars,
and churches.' First of all there must be
a revolution in which the most worthless
aristocracy in Europe will disappear forever.
59
The Travelling Thirds
I would not have them beheaded, but driven
out. Now, pack before you go to bed, my
love, for we must be up bright and eariy —
we have not seen the cathedral. Shall I
help you?**
Jane had finished. Lydia sulkily declined
his assistance. He kissed them both, and
went oflE to his nightly jottings and to pack
the conjugal portmanteau.
Lydia continued to brush out her golden
locks and to frown at her mirror. She longed
for sjnnpathy and a confidant, but knew that
Jane would agree with her father, and re-
called that Catalina had barely taken note
of Zufiiga's existence.
"But if he has any sand,*' she informed
herself, "he will follow me up. And I'll
marry whom I please — so there!"
The next morning, having seen the rest
of the party off to the cathedral, Catalina
and Captain Over started down the Rambla
Centro in high good-htimor;*they shared the
exhilaration of moving on, and enjoyed the
novelty of the new housekeeping. They
packed a hamper with cold ham and roast
60
The Travelling Thirds
chicken, cake, and two loaves of bread.
Then Catalina bought recklessly in a con-
fectioner's and Captain Over visited a cof-
fee-shop. When they had filled the front
seat of their cab, Catalina, after a half-hour
of sharp bargaining, bought a white lace
mantilla and a fine old fan.
"These are two of the things I came to
Spain for," she annotmced to the bewildered
Englishman, who had shopped with women
before, but never with a woman who was
definite, concentrated, driving hard in a
straight line. As they went out with the
precious bxmdle he venttired his first remark.
"I had an idea you were indifferent to
dress."
'*I am and I am not. I had rather be
comfortable most of the time, and I hate
being stared at, but when I dress I dress.
I may never wear this mantilla, but it is a
thing of beauty to possess and look at."
"I hope you will wear it, and here in
Spain. Are you part Spanish, by-the-way ?"
"No, Indian."
"Indian?" He looked at her with re-
newed interest. "Do you mind?"
6i
The Travellins Thirds
"No, I don't. It's a good excuse for a
whole lot of things.'*
" Ah, I see. Well, it certainly makes you
different from other people. You like that
and you may believe it."
Lydia was profoundly thankful to leave
Barcelona while her marquis still slumbered ;
she was too yoxmg and curious not to be
glad to travel on any terms, but to say fare-
well in a third-class carriage to a member
of an ancient aristocracy was quite another
matter. She accounted for Captain Over's
willingness to travel humbly by the supposi-
tion that he was in love with Catalina, and
did not believe for a moment that it was
his habit.
But Captain Over was not in love with
Catalina. He was still half an invalid, and
constitutionally indolent, as are most men
who are immediately attractive to women.
She interested and amused him, was a good
comrade when in a good-humor, and as full
of pluck and resource as a boy. He liked
all the family, including Jane, who was
charmed with him, and enjoyed Mr. Moul-
62
The Travelling Thirds
ton's many good stories. It was a pleasant
party and he was glad to join it, but if he
had been stimmoned hastily back to Eng-
land, or been sure that when the journey
was over he should never see these agreeable
companions again, he would have accepted
the decree with the philosophy of one who
had met many delightful people in ntiany
cotmtry-houses and sat by many delightful
women at many London dinners, whose
very names he might forget before he saw
them again. It was a part of his charm
that he appeared to live so wholly in the
present, without retrospect or anticipation,
and Catalina concluded it was the result
of being a soldier, whose time was not his
own, and who was ready and willing to
accept the end of all things at any mo-
ment.
The cool, open car in which they moved
out of Barcelona had an aisle down the
middle and was new and highly varnished.
Even Jane condescended to remark that in
hot weather in a dusty country such ac-
commodations were preferable to upholstered
seats which, doubtless, were not brushed
63
The Travellins Thirds
once a month. Then she retired to her
Pater, and the rest of the party hung out
of the windows and gazed at the tremendous
ridge of Montserrat cutting the blue sky
Uke a thousand twisted fingers petrified in
their death-throes. It is the most jagged
mass of rock in Europe ; Nature would seem
to have spat it out through gnashing teeth;
and stirely no spot more terrifying even to
the gods could have been selected for the
safe-keeping of the holy grail.
Then once more the train ambled through
vineyards and silver olive groves, past old
brown castles on their locky heights, glimpses
of Roman roads and ruins, the innumera-
ble txmnels making the brown plains more
dazzling, the sea in glimpses like a chain of
peacock's feathers.
To-day for the greater part of the trip
their companions were a large party of
washing-women, brawny, with shining, pleas-
ant faces. They wore blue cotton frocks
and white handkerchiefs pinned about their
slippery heads. On the capacious lap of
each was a basket of white clothes. They
gossiped volubly and paid no attention to
64
The Travelling Thirds
the Americans, who, indeed, in a short
time, were so dusty that the varnish of
civilization was obliterated.
They were a gay party. As the day's
trip was to be short, Mrs. Moulton concluded
not to feel tired, and while they were in the
ttmnels Captain Over made her a cup of tea
\mder the seat> regardless of the Guardia
Civile who were honoring the carriage with
their presence. These personages looked
very sturdy and self-confident in their
smart uniforms, and quite capable of hand-
ling the always possible bandit. Catalina
audibly invoked him. She was possessed
by that exhilaration which a woman feels
when in the companionship of a new and
interesting man with whom she is not in
love. The great passion induces an illogical
depression of spirits, melancholy forebod-
ings, and extremes of sentimentaKsm, which
are the death of high spirits and humor.
Catalina had some inkling of this, having
experienced one or two brief and silent
attacks of misplaced affection, and rejoiced
in the spontaneous and mutual friendship.
Outwardly she looked as solemn as usual,
6S
The Travellins Thirds
but, perhaps, even hidden sunshine may
warm, for on no day since they left Lyons
had the party been so independent of ma-
terial ills. Even Lydia came forth from
the sulky aloofness of the morning, and Jane
laid Pater to rest, when, after the excellent
luncheon, Catalina produced a large box of
bonbons.
By this time there was no one in the car
but the Guardia Civile and a young peasant,
a brawny, handsome Catalan, who might
have been the village blacksmith and a
possible leader in the anarchy of his province.
He had the haughty, independent manner of
his class, and, although his eye was fiery
and reckless, the lower part of his face
symbolized power and self-control.
Lydia, having carefully washed the dust
from her face, in a spirit of mischief and
breathless in her first open act of mutiny,
left her seat abruptly and offered the box
of sweets first to the military escort, who
arose and declined with a profotind bow,
then to the yoting peasant. She had stood
before the guards with downcast eyes, but
when the peasant turned to her she deliber-
66
The Travelling Thirds
ately lifted her long brown eyelashes, and
the blue shallows sparkling with coquetry
met a wild and eager flash never encoun-
tered before. A blue silk handkerchief was
knotted loosely about her dishevelled golden
head, she wore a blue soft cotton blouse, and
her cheeks were pink. Dainty and sweet
and gracious, what wonder that she dazzled
the rustic accustomed to maidens as swarthy
as himself?
"Madre de Dios!*' he muttered.
"A dulce, senor?'* said Lydia, with the
charming hesitation of the imperfect lin^
guist.
Then the peasant rose, and with the grace
and courtesy of a grandee possessed himself
of a bonbon. But he did not know, per-
haps, that it was intended to go the road
of black bread and garlic, for he fumbled
in the pocket of his blouse, brought forth
an envelope, rolled up the sweetmeat, and
tenderly secreted it. Lydia gave him a
radiant smile, shook her head, and still held
out the box.
"Eat one," she said; and as the man only
stared at her with deepening color, she
67
The Travelling Thirds
put one of the bonbons into her own mouth
and motioned to him to follow suit. This
time he obeyed her, and for the moment
they had the appearance, and perhaps the
sensation, of breaking bread together.
"Dios de mi alma!" muttered the man,
and then Lydia bowed to him gravely and
turned slowly, reluctantly, and rejoined her
panting family. Mrs. Moulton's face was
scarlet; she was sitting upright; the air-
cushions were in a heap on the floor. Mr.
Moulton's bland visage expressed solemn
indignation, an expression which he had the
ability to infuse into the review of a book
prudence warned him to condemn.
"Lydia Moulton!*' exclaimed her mother.
"I am grieved and ashamed," said her
father.
"Why?" asked Lydia, flippantly. "It
is the custom in Spain to share with your
travelling companions, and last night you
said you had rather I married a Spanish
peasant than a Spanish gentleman."
"I am ashamed of you!" repeated Mr.
Moulton, with dignity. "Are you looking
for a husband, may I ask? If so, we will go
68
The Travelling Thirds
direct to Gibraltar and take the first steamer
for America/*
Lydia colored, but she was still in a
naughty mood, and, encouraged by a sym-
pathetic flash from Catalina, she retorted:
"No, I don't want to marry, but I do
want to be able to look at a man unchape-
roned by the entire family. I haven't had
the liberty of a convent girl since I arrived
in Europe. I feel like running off with the
first man that finds a chance to propose to
me.
Mrs. Moulton, whose complexion during
this outburst had faded to its normal gray
tones, the little lines of cultivated worries
and invalidism quivering on the surface,
turned her pale gaze upon Catalina. She
stared mutely, but volumes rolled into the
serene, contemptuous orbs two seats away.
Mr. Moulton, in his way, was a rapid
thinker. "My dear," he said, gently, to
the revolutionist, "if we have surrounded
you it has not been from distrust, but be-
cause you are far too pretty to be alone
among foreigners for a moment. At home,
as you know, you often receive your young
69
The Travelling Thirds
friends alone. I am sure that when you
think the matter over you will regret your
lapse from dignity, particulariy as you have
no doubt disturbed that poor yoimg man's
peace of mind/'
Lydia seldom rebelled, but she had learned
that when her father became diplomatic
she might as well smite upon stone; so she
refrained from further sarcasm, and, re-
treating to a seat behind the others, stared
sullenly out of the window. She was not
imashamed of herself, but longed, neverthe-
less, to meet again the fiery gaze of the
Catalan — "the anarchist,'' she called him;
it sounded far better than peasant. Zuniga
dwindled out of her memory as the poor,
artificial thing he no doubt was. At last
she had seen a blaze of admiration in the
eyes of a real man. She was not wise enough
to know that it was nothing in her meagre
little personality that had roused the light-
nings in a manly bosom, merely a type of
prettiness made unconventional by the set-
ting and the man. But the impression was
made, and had she dared she would have
sent an occasional demure glance towards
70
The Travelling Thirds
the young peasant behind her; as it was she
adjusted her charming profile for his de-
lectation.
They entered the long tunnel which the
train traverses before skirting the bluffs of
Tarragona. Spain does not light its. railway
carriages before dark. Lydia had thrown
her arm along the seat. Suddenly she be-
came aware that some one, as lithe and noise-
less as a cat, had entered the seat behind
her. She was smitten with sudden terror,
and held her breath. A second later a
pair of young and ardent lips passed as
lightly as a passing flame along her rigid
hand.
" Dueiio adoradoT' The voice was almost
at her ear. Then she knew that the seat
was empty again. Her first impulse had
been to cry out ; she was terrified and furious.
But she had a quick vision of a m616e of
knives and pistols, the Guardia Civile and
peasant, reinforcements from the next car,
and the death of all her party. It was the
imaginative feat of her life, and as the train
ran out of the tunnel she congratulated
herself warmly and put on her hat as indif -
71
The Travelling Thirds
ferently as Jane, who had never known the
kiss of man. She swept past her admirer
with her head high and her lids — with their
curling lashes — ^low.
VII
|H !' * exclaimed Captain
Over, " this is Spain! Who
is going to sit with me in
front ?*'
Catalina made no reply,
but she ran swiftly to the
big, canvas-covered diligence, climbed over
the high wheel before Over could follow to
assist her, and seated herself beside the
driver with the most ingratiating manner
that any of her party had seen her assume.
Over placed himself beside her, the others
took possession of the rear, the driver cracked
his whip, and the six mules, jingling with
half a hundred bells, leaped down the dusty
road towards the steep and rocky heights
where Tarragona has defied the nations of
the earth. Then it was that Over laughed
softly, and the innocent Moultons learned
what depths of iniquity may lie at the base
73
The Travelling Thirds
of a ranch -girVs blandishments. As they
reached the foot of the bltiff the delighted
youth who was answerable to Heaven for
his precioxis freight abandoned the reins.
Catalina gathered them in one hand, half
rose from her seat, and with a great flourish
cracked the long whip, not once, but thrice,
delivering herself of sharp, peremptory cries
in Spanish. The mules needed no further
encouragement. They tore up the steep
and winding road, whisked roimd ciuves,
strained every muscle to show what a
Spanish mule could do. They even shook
their heads and tossed them in the air that
their bells might jingle the louder. Mrs.
Moulton and Jane screamed, clinging to
each other, the portmanteaus botinced to
the floor, and Mr. Moulton would have
grasped Catalina's arm but Over intercepted
and reassured him. And, indeed, there were
few better whips than Catalina in a state
notorious for a century of reckless and
brilliant driving. She drove like a cow-
boy, not like an Englishwoman, Over com-
mented, but he felt the exhilaration of it,
even when the unwieldy diligence bounded
74
The Travelling Thirds
from side to side in the narrow road and
the dust enveloped them. In a moment
he shifted his eyes to her face. Her white
teeth were gleaming through the half-open
bow of her mouth, tense but smiling, and
her splendid eyes were flashing, not only
with the pleasure of the bom horsewoman,
but with a wicked delight in the consterna-
tion behind her. She looked, despite the
mules and the dusty old diligence, like a god-
dess in a chariot of victory, and Over, who
rarely imagined, half expected to see fire
whirling in the clouds of dust about the
wheels.
As they reached the top of the bluff the
driver indicated the way, and they flew
down the Rambla San Carlos, past the
astounded soldiers lounging in front of the
barracks, and stopped with a grand flourish
in front of the hotel.
Catalina turned to Over, her lips still
parted, her eyes glittering.
" That is the first time I have been really
happy since I left home," she announced,
ignoring her precipitately descending rela-
tives. "I feel young again, and I've felt
75
The Travelling Thirds
as old as the hills ever since I've been in
Europe. I'll like you forever because you
approve of me, and I haven't seen that
expression on anybody's face for months."
"Oh, I approve of you!" said the English-
man, laughing.
They descended, and she challenged him
to race her to the parapet that they might
limber themselves. He accepted, and, in
spite of her imdepleted youth, he managed
to beat by means of a superior length of
limb. The victory filled him with a quite
unreasoning sense of exultation, and as they
hung over the parapet and looked out upon
the liquid turquoise of the sea, sparkling
under a cloudless sky, its little white sail-
boats dancing along with the pure joy of
motion, he felt yotmger and happier than
he had since his cricket days.
"I think we had better not go to the
hotel for a time," he suggested. "I am
afraid that Mr. and Mrs. Moulton are in' a
bit of a wax. Perhaps after they have
rested and freshened up they will forgive you,
and meanwhile we can explore."
So they wandered off to the old town mitil
76
The Travelling Thirds
they stood at the foot of a flight of ancient
stone steps, wider than three streets, that
led up to the plaza before the cathedral.
Crouching in the shallow comers of the
stair were black -robed old crones who
looked as if they might have begged of
Caesar. Passing up and down, or in and out
of the narrow streets, to right and left were
young women of languid and insolent car-
riage, in bright cotton frocks and yellow
kerchiefs about their heads, young men in
small clothes and wide hats, loafing along
as if all time were in their little day, and
troops and swarms of children. These at-
tached themselves to the strangers, encour-
aged by the caressing Spanish words of the
girl, followed them through the cathedral,
and out into a side street, chattering like
magpies.
"You look like a comet with a long tail,"
said Over. "I'll scatter them with a few
coppers." He paused as she turned her
head over her shoulder and regarded him
with a wondering reproach. For the mo-
ment her large brown eyes looked bovine.
"Do you want these little demons to fol-
6 77
The Travelling Thirds
low us all over the place?" he asked, ctiri-
ously.
"Why not?"
"Tarragona is theirs," said Over, lightly.
"They would annoy most women." He
hoped to provoke her to further revelation,
but she made no reply, and they rambled
with occasional speech through the ancient
narrow streets, followed by their noisy ret-
inue, the little Murillo faces sparkling with
curiosity and foresight of illimitable wealth
in coppers.
But even Catalina forgot them at times,
as she and her companion stopped to de-
cipher the Roman inscription on the foimda-
tion blocks of many of the houses. Al-
though the houses themselves may have
been yotmger than the huge blocks with
their legends of the Scipios and the Caesars,
they were old enough, and the steep and
winding streets, with the women hanging
out of the high windows and sitting before
the doors, all bits of color against the mellow
stone, were no doubt much the same in
effect as when Augustus and his hosts
marched by with eagles aloft.
78
The Travelling Thirds
Catalina, who had the historic sense highly
developed and had found her happiness in
the past, infected Over with her enthusiasm,
and he followed her without protest to the
outskirts of the town, and looked down
over the great valley beneath the heights of
Tarragona, then up past the Cyclopean
walls, those stupendous, unhewn blocks of
masonry which still, for a sweep of two miles
or more, surround the old town.
"What a place to hide from the world!"
said Catalina. They had turned into a
little street just within the wall, and seated
themselves on an odd block to rest, their
exhausted retinue camping all the way
along the line. Opposite them was a high
and narrow house, its upper balcony full of
flowers, and an arcade behind suggesting the
dim quiet of patio with its palms and foun-
tain, its shadows haunted with incommtmi-
cable memories of an ancient past. "The
new town we drove through with its fine
houses is too commonplace; but this — any
one of these ejnies — ^what a nest! I could
live quite happy up there, couldn't you?"
"For a time." He was too frankly mod-
79
The Travelling Thirds
em to yield unconditionally. "But I must
confess I can't think what artists are
about."
When they reached the plaza Catalina
turned to the children and solemnly thanked
them for the great pleasure and service they
had rendered two belated strangers. They
accepted the tribute in perfect good faith
and then scrambled for the coppers.
VIII
R and Catalina walked
hastily to the hotel; they
had but half an hour in
which to make themselves
presentable for dinner.
Preparation for this func-
tion, however, was not elaborate. A tub
and a change of shirt and blouse was all
that could be expected of weary tourists
travelling with one portmanteau each; their
tnmks were not to leave the stations until
they reached Granada. Catalina invari-
ably appeared in her hat, ready to go out
again the moment the meal was over if she
could induce Mr. Moulton to take her. To-
night the others sat down to their excellent
repast in the cool dining-room without her.
Mrs. Moulton and Jane were disposed to
treat Over with hauteur, but thawed after
the soup and fish. Mr. Moulton had long
8i
The Travelling Thirds
since recovered his serenity and expressed
regret that he had not accompanied the
more enterprising members of the party.
Only Lydia, who had put on her prettiest
blouse and fluffed her hair anew, was in-
terested in neither dinner nor Tarragona.
"Off your feed?'' Over was asking, sym-
pathetically, when Mrs. Moulton, who was
helping herself to the roast, dropped the
fork on her plate. The others followed the
direction of her astonished eyes and beheld
Catalina — but not the Catalina of their
habit. Hers was the largest of the port-
manteaus, and it was evident that she had
excavated it at last. Gone were the stiff,
short skirt and ill-fitting blouse, the drooping
hat and shapeless coat. She wore a girlish
gown of white nun's-veiling, made with a
masterly simplicity that revealed her figtire
in all its long grace, its gentle curves, and
supple power of endurance. Only the rotmd
throat and forearms were revealed, but the
lace about them and the calm stateliness of
her carriage produced the impression of full
dress. Her mass of waving chestnut hair,
with a sheen of gold like a web on its surface,
83
The Travelling Thirds
was parted and brushed back from her oval
face into a heavy knot at the base of the
head. Around her throat she wore a string
of pearis, and falUng from her shoulders a
crimson scarf.
She walked down the long room with a
perfect simulation of tmconsciousness, ex-
cept for the lofty carriage of her head, which
concealed much inward trepidation. Her
broad brow was as bland as a child's, and
her eyes wore what an admirer had once
called her ** wondering look.*' Never had
her remarkable mouth looked so like a bow,
the bow of her Indian ancestors. A beauty
she was at last, fulfilling the uneasy pre-
diction of her relatives. The few other
people in the dining-room stared, and Cap-
tain Over, who had risen, stared at her
hard.
"Ripping! Ripping!" he thought. Then,
with a shock of personal pride: "She no
longer looks like a cow-boy. She might be
on her way to court."
It was characteristic of Catalina that she
did not even sink into her seat with one of
those airy remarks with which woman
83
The Travelling Thirds
demonstrates her ease in unusual circum-
stances. She made no remark whatever,
but helped herself to the roast and fell to
with a hearty appetite. Neither did she
send a flash of coquetry to Captain Over;
and he, with an odd sense that in her incon-
gruity, and the hostiUty aroused in two of
the party, she stood in need of a protector,
began talking much faster than was his
wont, and even condescended to tell Mr.
Moulton an anecdote of the late campaign.
Having gone so far he hardly could retreat,
and indeed his reluctance seemed finally to
be overcome. Very soon the company had
forgotten CataUna, and Catalina came forth
from herself and hung upon his words.
Given her own way she would have been a
man and a soldier, and like all normal
women she exalted heroism to the head of
the manly virtues. Over told no stories
wherein he was the hero, but tmwittingly
he tmroUed a panorama of infinite possibil-
ities for the brave race of whose best he
was a type. At all events, he made himself
extremely interesting, and when he was
finally left to Mr. Moulton and cigars,
84
The Travelling Thirds
Una walked blindly out of the front door
of the hotel, reinvoking the pictures that
had stimulated her imagination. She was
recalled by the pressure of a small but bony
hand on her bare arm. She turned to meet
the cold, blue gaze of Mrs. Moulton. That
gentlewoman was very erect and very formal.
"You cannot go out alone!'' she said, with
disgust in her voice. " I am surprised to be
forced to remind you that this is not — Cali-
fornia. It would be impossible in your
travelling costume, but dressed as for an
evening's entertainment in a private house
you would be insulted at once. As long as
you travel with us I must insist that you
give as little trouble as possible."
If she hoped for war, feeling herself for
once secure, she was disappointed. Catalina
merely shrugged her shoulders and, re-en-
tering the hall, ascended the stair. Sha
recalled that her room opened upon a bal-
cony, which would answer her purpose.
The balcony hung above a garden over-
flowing with flowers, surroy^ ^kPti three
sides by the hotel and its V Nfldings,
and ^idcluded (iv^*^ J^e skr $t by a
L
The Travelling Thirds
high wall. She paced up and down watch-
ing the servants under the veranda washing
their dishes. They all wore a bit of the
bright color beloved of the Iberian, and they
made a great deal of noise. Suddenly Lydia
took possession of her arm and related the
adventure of the afternoon.
**Is it not dreadful?'' she concluded. "A
peasant! But to save my life I cannot be
as furious as I should — nor help thinking
of it. I feel like one of those princesses in
the fairy tales beloved of the poor but won-
derful youth."
"It is highly romantic," replied Catalina,
dryly. "The setting was not all that it
might have been, and I have seen too many
picturesque vaqueros all my life to be deeply
impressed by a handsome peasant in a
blouse ; but I suppose any romance is better
than none in this Old World."
She felt vaguely alarmed, and half a gen-
eration older than this silly little cousin
whose suburban experience made her pecul-
iarly susceptible to any semblance of ro-
mance in Europe; but as Lydia, repelled
in her girlish confidence, drew stiffly away
86
The Travelling Thirds
from her, Catalina relented with a gush of
feminine sympathy.
" I really mean that a bit of romance Uke
that makes life more endurable," she as-
serted. "And you may be sure that your
marquis would not have been so delicate. I
wonder who he is! He certainly is a person-
age in his way. Of course, you'll never see
him again, but it will be something to think
about when you are married to an author and
correcting his type-written manuscripts!"
Lydia, mollified, laughed merrily. "I'm
never going to marry any old author. Let
the recording angel take note of that. I'm
sick of mutual admiration societies — ^and all
the rest of it. If I can't do any better I'll
manage to marry some enterprising young
business man and help him to grow rich."
Catalina, who had had her own way all
her life, nevertheless appreciated the color-
less shallows in which her cousin had splashed
of late in the vain attempt to reach a shore,
and replied, sympathetically:
"Come back to California when I go and
live on my ranch for a while. Out-of-doors
is what you want; a far-away horizon is as
87
The Travelling Thirds
gocxi for the soul as for the eyes. And you'll
get enough of the picturesque and all the
liberty you can carry — "
She paused abruptly and Lydia caught
her breath. In the street below was the
sound of a guitar, then of a man's impas-
sioned voice.
The girls stole to the edge of the balcony
and looked over. There was no moon, and
the vines were close. The street was thick
with shadows, but they could see the lithe,
active figure of a man clad in velvet jacket
and smallclothes. His head was flimg back
and his quick, rich notes seemed to leap to
the balcony above. Catalina had forgotten
that her candles still burned. Their rays
fell directly on the girls. The man saw them
and his voice burst forth in such peremptory
volume, ringing against the walls of the
narrow street, that heads began to appear
at many windows.
"It is that peasant we saw on the train
to-day," said Over's amused voice behind
the girls. "He was in the caf6 a moment
ago and is got up in full peasant finery. You
made a conquest, Miss Lydia."
88
The Travelling Thirds
Catalina felt her companion give an ec-
static shiver, but omitted to pull her back
as she leaned recklessly over the rail. Her
own spirit seemed to swirl in that glorious
tide. She threw back her head, staring at the
black velvet skies of Spain with their golden
music, then turned slowly and regarded the
old white walls and gardens about her, the
palms and the riot of flowers and vine, in-
voking the image of Caesar himself prowling
in the night to the lattice of inviting loveli-
ness in a mantilla. She wished she had
draped her own about her head, and won-
dered if Over shared her vision.
But he was merely marvelling at her
beauty, and wondering if he should ever
get as far as California. He would like to
see her in that patio she had described to
him, with its old mission fountain, its gigan-
tic date - palms through whose bending
branches the sun never penetrated, the big-
leaved banana-tree heavy with yellow fruit,
the scarlet hammock, the mountains rising
just behind the old house. She had de-
scribed it to him only that afternoon, and
he had received a vivid impression of it all,
89
The Travelling Thirds
and of the deep verandas and the cool,
austere rooms within. It had struck him
as a delightful retreat after the strife of the
world, and he wondered if under that
eternally blue sky, in that Southern land of
warmth and color, where the very air ca-
ressed, he could not forget even the broad
demesne of his ancestors, a demesne that
would never be his, but where he was always
a welcome guest. She had told him that
her estate — her "ranch" — ^went right down
to the sea; it was, in fact, a wide valley,
closed with the Pacific at one end, and a
range of mountains immediately behind the
house. It had seemed to him the ideal ex-
istence as she described it, a perfect balance
of the intellectual and the out-door life, of
botmdless freedom and unvarying health;
and all in an atmosphere of perfect peace.
He had envied her at the moment, but had
philosophically concluded that in the long
nm a man's club most nearly filled the bill.
He fancied, however, that he should corre-
spond with her, and one of these days pay
her a visit.
**Best remember that this is the land of
90
The Travelling Thirds
passion, not of idle flirtation, Miss Lydia,'*
he said, wamingly, as the music ceased for a
moment. "What is play to you might be
death to that Johnny down there."
For answer Lydia plucked a rose and
dropped it into a lithe brown hand that shot
up to meet it.
IX
^TALINA threw on her
[dressing-gown and leaned
far out of her window.
The very air felt as if it
had been drenched by the
golden shower of the morn-
ing siin, and so clear it was, it glittered like
the sea. Across the narrow way was a
stately white house, doubtless the "palace"
of a rich man, and behind it, high above
the street, was a beautiful garden, at whose
very end, in an angle of the stone wall, stood
a palm-tree. Beyond that palm-tree, so deli-
cate and graceful in its peculiar stiffness, was
a glimpse of blue water. Far below was a
cross street in which no one moved as yet,
and beside her were the balcony and garden
of the hotel and the vines hanging over the
wall.
Catalina sang, in the pure joy of being
92
The Travelling Thirds
alive, a snatch of one of the Spanish songs
still to be heard in Southern California.
"Buenas dias, sefiorita," broke in a low
and cautious voice, and Catalina, turning
with a start and frown, saw that Captain Over
was looking round the comer of the balcony.
" If you will come out here,'* he continued,
"I will make you a cup of coffee, and then
we can go for a walk."
Catalina nodded amiably, and, hastily
dressing herself, opened her long window and
joined him. He had brought his travelling-
lamp and coffee-pot, and the water was sim-
mering. With the exception of a man who
was cleaning harness in the court below,
they seemed to be the only persons awake.
The air was heavy laden with sweet scents,
and the garden in the fresh morning light
was a riot of color. The Mediterranean was
murmuring seductively to the shore.
" This is heaven,** sighed Catalina. " Why
can't one always be free from care like this
— ^the Moultons, to be exact. Let's you and
I and Lydia nm away from the rest."
" When I run away with a woman I shall
not take a chaperon," said Over, coolly.
^ 93
The Travelling Thirds
Catalina could assume the blankness of a
mask, but upon repartee she never ventured.
"Am I not to do any of the work?" she
asked. "I am sick of being waited on.
At home I often make my own breakfast
before my lazy Mexicans are up, and saddle
my horse. I do a great deal of work on the
ranch, first and last, for I believe in work —
and I didn't get the idea from Tolstoi, either.
I don't Uke Tolstoi," she added, defiantly.
" He's one of those gigantic fakes the world
always believes in."
"Well, I've never read a line of Tolstoi,"
admitted Captain Over, who was carefully
revolving his coffee-machine, "so I can't
argue with you. But work! This is all the
work I want."
"Don't you love work?"
"I don't."
"But you do work."
"At what?"
"Oh, in the army and all that."
"My orderly does the work."
"You are so provoking. There is aU
sorts of work you must do yourself."
" Well, why do you remind me of anything
94
The Travelling Thirds
so painful, when I am doing my best to
forget it? You are not an altruist or a
socialist, are you?"
"I'm not anjrthing that some one else
has invented. I believe in work, because
idleness horrifies me; some primal instinct
in me wars against it. The civilization
that permits idleness in the rich and in
those with just enough to relieve them from
work, with none of the responsibilities and
diversions of great fortunes, is no civiliza-
tion at all, to my mind. Of course, I believe
in progress, but I believe in hanging on to
the conditions which first made progress
possible; and when I saw those carriage-
loads of ridiculous women and finery in
Paris I wanted to go home and till the soil
and restore the balance. How good that
coffee smells r*
He poured her out a steaming cup. He
had raided the kitchen for cream and bread,
and he carried sugar with him. No orderly
had ever made better coffee.
"What women?" he asked, smiling into
her still angry eyes. They were seated at a
little table close to the railing and the vines
95
The Travelling Thirds
hting down in her hair. Her theories might
be crude and somewhat vague, but at least
she thought for herself.
She described the morning in the Rue de
Rivoli and the procession of American but-
terflies.
"What can you expect in a new republic
of sudden fortunes?" he asked. "Some one
must spend the money, and the men haven't
time."
" Then are your women something besides
nerves and clothes — your leisure women?"
"I don't wish to be rude, but they are.
I am, of course, only comparing them with
your idle class. I have had no chance to
meet any other until now. But I have
met scores of rich American women and
girls in London and at country-houses, and
I've come to the conclusion that what is
the matter with them — aside from lack of
traditions — is that their men leave them
nothing to do but spend money and amuse
themselves. With us rich women and poor
are helpmeets, and what saves our fast set
from being as empty-headed as yours is
that they have grown up among men of
96
The Travelling Thirds
affairs, have heard the great questions dis-
cussed all their lives. Then, of course, they
are far better educated, and often extremely
clever — something more than bright and
amusing. Many of them are pretty hard
cases, I'm not denying that; but few are
silly. They have not had the chance to be,
and that is where ancestors come in, too-
serious ancestors. Personally, I have never
been sensible to the famous charm of the
American woman, and although there are
exceptions, naturally — I am only generaliz-
ing — they strike me in the mass as being
shallow, selfish, egotistical, nervous. I sup-
pose the ftmdamental trouble is that they
have so much that an impossible ideal of
happiness is the result, and they are restless
and dissatisfied because they can't get it.
Possibly in another generation or two they
may develop the sort of brain that makes
the women of the Old World weU balanced
and philosophical."-
"Weren't you ever tempted to marry an
heiress?"
" I never saw one that would look at me,
so I've been spared one temptation, at least."
97
The Travelling Thirds
Catalina had finished her coffee. She
leaned her chin on her hands and gazed at
him reflectively. " I should think you could
get one/' she said, quite impersonally. "If
you weren't such a practical soul you'd be
almost romantic l(X)king, and you're quite
the ideal soldier, besides being a guardsman
and well-bom. I think if you came to Santa
Barbara I could find you a rich girl. Quan-
tities come there for the winter, and they are
always delighted to be asked to a ranch."
"All women are match-makers," he said,
testily. **A poor fellow I left out in South
Africa got off just one epigram in his life —
'There are two kinds of women, living
women and dead women.' I believe he was
right. Shall we go and see if they will let
us into the archbishop's palace?,"
lUIEN qtdere agua? Quien
[quiere agua?"
The shrill cries of the
I water - carriers smote upon
[grateful ears as the dusty,
(sun-baked train paused at
Fuente, a little station on the zigzag between
Valencia and Albacete. They were young,
misshapen girls, the hip that supported the
gourd at least three inches higher than the
other, with a corresponding elevation of
shoulder. All along the train, hands were
waving encouragingly, accompanied by cries
of "Aqui! Aqui!" and the glasses were
rapidly filled and emptied. But few ran
over to the cantina where the wine of the
country was sold; and the amount of water
that is dispensed at every station in Spain
should encourage those whose war-cry is
temperance and who are prone to believe
99
The Travelling Thirds
that the southern rax;es are lost. But water
is precious in Spain, and must be paid for.
At every station old women are waiting with
buckets to catch the discharge from the
engine — not, it is to be hoped, for traflBc.
Even the Moultons, who had exhausted
Captain Over's aluminum bottle and had
prejudices against tmcertified water, passed
out their own cups and drank thirstily.
No one was in his best temper. Valencia is
a dirty, noisy, ill-mannered city, and after
two sleepless nights they had been forced
to rise early or remain another day. More-
over, the handsome peasant had followed
them with a melodious persistence that was
causing Mr. Moulton serious uneasiness. It
was impossible to appeal to the Guardia
Civile, for the man did nothing that was not
within his rights; for the matter of that the
stranger in Spain is practically without
rights. The man — his name, it was now
known, was Jesus Maria — a name common
enough in a land without humor — never
even offered them the usual courtesies of
travel. Nevertheless, he managed to make
his presence felt in a hundred ways inde-
lOO
The Travelling Thirds
pendently of his voice and guitar, as well as
the subtle intimation that for the stem frown
on Mr. Moulton's brow he cared nothing.
"I don*t wish any trouble, of course/'
Mr. Moulton had said to Over that morning,
"but I am seriously considering the plan of
continuing the journey to Granada in a
first-class carriage. Lydia has already be-
gun to stiffer from the annoyance, and it is
abominable that a refined, careftilly brought
up girl should be subjected to such an ex-
perience. The marquis was bad enough —
but this ! Even when her back is to him I am
sure she feels his rude stare. I can assure
you, Over, a pretty daughter is a great re-
sponsibility ; but although I have had to
dispose — diplomatically, of course — of sev-
eral undesirable suitors, I never even antici-
pated anything like this. It is preposter-
ous."
"The first-class idea is not bad; it would
emphasize the difference between them; it
is rather a puzzle to him, I fancy — he is a
Spaniard, remember — that we travel in his
own way and yet regard him from a superior
plane."
lOI
The Travelling Thirds
Captain Over, as he stood with Catalina
at a booth on the platform buying substan-
tial tortillas made of eggs, meat, and pota-
toes, repeated the conversation. " He thinks
they have never commimicated in any way,"
he added. "What is the best thing to do?
I don't fancy telling tales, but it seems to
me Mr. Motilton should be warned."
"Oh, Lydia can take care of herself,"
said Catalina, carelessly. "She is a little
flirt and quite intoxicated with what she
calls an intrigue. It is the first time she
has ever done any thinking for herself —
you can see what Cousin Lyman is; he'd
feed us if we'd let him. If we were Moultons,
we'd be taking a little fling ourselves. Here
she comes."
Lydia found a place beside them in the
crowd that was clamoring for the old wom-
an's hot tortillas.
"Mother says there is not enough bread,"
she said. "Jane is afraid of the beggars
and father has disappeared, or I suppose I
should not have got this far alone. Talk
about the freedom of the American girl!
I'd like to write a book to tell the world
I02
The Travelling Thirds
how many different kinds of Americans there
are.
"You can't deny that you are a spoiled
child, though," said Over, banteringly, and
then he scowled. The young peasant had
joined the group and was quietly demanding
a tortilla. He no longer wore his peasant
blouse, but the gala costume he had bought
or borrowed in Tarragona. He was a superb
figure of a man, and every woman on the
platform stared at him. He looked haughti-
ly aloof, even from Lydia, but Over saw her
hand seek her little waist-bag and suspected
that a note passed.
" He certainly is a man," he said to Cata-
lina, as they walked back to the train ; " looks
more of a gentleman, for that matter, than a
good many we dine with. Still, it can't go
on; so set your wits to work, and we'll get
rid of him between us."
But for Jesus Maria the afternoon would
have been delightful. They were ascending,
and the air was cooler; the great plain of
La Mancha was studded with windmills,
and its horizon gave up the welcome and
lofty ridges of the Sierra de Alcatraz. But
103
The Travelling Thirds
the cavalier — when not smoking the eternal
cigarito — strummed his guitar and sang all
the love-songs he knew. Mr. Moulton cough-
ed and frowned and ordered Lydia to tiun
her back; but open remonstrance might have
meant the flashing of knives, certainly the
vociferating protest of female voices, for the
car was crowded and the peasants were
delighted with the concert. At Chinchilla,
however, there was a diversion, and love
moved rearward.
A man leaped into the train. He wore a
belt of three tiers, and each tier was stuck
ftill of knives. Mrs. Moulton screamed ; but
he was immediately surrounded by the
peasants, who snatched at the knives and
bargained shamelessly. In a moment he
thrust them aside, and, making his way to
the strangers, protested that he had re-
served his best for them, and flourished in
their faces some of the finest specimens of
Albacete — long, curved blades of steel and
long, curved handles of ebony or ivory inlaid
with bits of colored glass and copper. Cata-
lina and Captain Over bought several at a
third of the price demanded. The Catalan
104
The Travelling Thirds
had followed the huckster, and under Mr.
Moulton's very nose he bought the longest
and most deadly of the collection. After
several playful thrusts at the vender, and
severing a lock of his hair, he thrust it con-
spicuously into his sash, and with a lightning
glance at poor Mr. Moulton returned to his
seat. Here it was evident that he related
deeds of prowess; once more he flourished
the knife, and his audience uttered high
staccato notes of approval.
XI
HEY arrived at Albacete
before nightfall. It was
too small a place for the
omnibus, but several en-
terprising boys appropri-
ated the hand-luggage and,
without awaiting instructions, made for the
one hotel of the Alto. This proved to be
so far superior to the hotel of the small
American town that it appeared palatial
to the weary travellers. It stood, large and
white and cool, on the Alameda, whose
double row of plane-trees formed an avenue
down the middle of the long, wide street.
It is true the beds were not made, water
appeared to be as precious as at the stations,
and the servants as weak of head as of
ambulatory muscle; but the rooms were
large and lofty and clean, and the supper
was eatable. Mrs. Moulton and Jane, after
1 06
The Travelling Thirds
a brief ramble, sought what to both was
become the end and aim of all travelling —
bed and quiet; and Mr. Moulton, leaving
the other two girls in charge of Over, soon
followed their example.
"I saw that scoundrel leave the train,"
he murmured, as he left Over at the foot of
the staircase, "but he has gone off to the di-
versions of the new town, no doubt, and will
be occupied for a few hours at least."
The girls had wandered to the door-
way and were looking out into the dark
Alameda. Over exchanged a glance with
Catalina and drew Lydia*s hand through
his arm.
"Miss Shore is tired," he said, "but I am
sure you will enjoy another stroll. At all
events don't leave me to moon by myself."
And Lydia, flattered by the unusual atten-
tion, surrendered with her charming ani-
mation of word and feature.
They walked beside the Alameda down
to the quaint old plaza, surrounded by
white houses of varied architecture, deserted
and dimly lit with the infrequent lamp.
When Englishmen are diplomatic they are
107
The Travelling Thirds
the most subtle and sinuous of mankind,
but when they are not they are the bluntest.
Over said nothing whatever until he had
enjoyed the half of his pipe, and then he
remarked, " I say, you must drop that man
— send him about his business without any
more loss of time."
Lydia, who had been prattling amiably,
stiffened and attempted to withdraw her arm.
"What are my affairs to you?'* she asked,
haughtily.
" For this trip I am your big brother. I
should not merit the friendship of your
father if I did not make this affair my own.
Brothers are always privileged to be rude,
you know: you are not only playing a silly
game, but a dangerous one. That man will
try to kidnap you — he is only one degree
removed from a bandit." Lydia's eyes
flashed, and he hastened to rectify a possible
misstep. "How would you like to live in
the side of a hill with your lord — ^to escape
taxes — ^and cook his frijoles three hundred
and sixty-five days of the year? If he
didn't beat you, he certainly would not
serenade you; and even in a country where
io8
The Travelling Thirds
water is more plentiful than in Spain —
suppose you induced him to emigrate — it
is doubtful if he would ever take a bath — "
"You are a brute!'*
" Merely practical. He would insist upon
having his beans flavored with garlic, and
he doubtless smokes all night as welt as all
day. He may be a good enough sort in the
main, but there is no hope here for a man
to rise above his station in life. If there
were a revolution he would probably be in
the thick of it and get himself killed; and
if he followed you to America — failing to
kidnap you — he would probably open a cigar-
shop on the Bowery."
He had expected tears, but Lydia drew
herself up and said, coldly: **I don't think I
am in danger of being kidnapped. Strange
as it may appear, I feel quite well able to
take care of myself, and if with you on one
side and father on the other I can't vary the
monotony of life with a little flirtation —
well, if you were a girl, surroimded by goody-
goody people as I have always been, you
might be tempted a little way by something
that had the glamour of romance."
8 109
The Travelling Thirds
"Girls must find life rather a bore," said
Over, sympathetically. "And I only wish
your hero were worthy of you, but, take my
word for it, his romantic picturesqueness is
only skin — clothes deep. No man is ro-
mantic, if it comes to that. I met a long-
haired poet once, and when we got him in
the smoking-room he was the prosiest of the
lot."
"There is no such thing as romance,
then?" asked Lydia, with a sigh.
"Not when you are 'up against it,' to
use a bit of your own slang."
As the radiating streets were dark they
paced slowly about the plaza. For a time
Lydia was silent, and Over drew thought-
fully at his pipe. Finally he asked, curi-
ously:
" Do you women really get any satisfaction
out of that sort of thing — talking with your
eyes and exchanging an occasional note? I
mean, of course, unless you have a definite
idea that it is going to lead to some-
thing?"
"We like any little excitement," said
Lydia, dryly, " and the littlest is better than
no
The Travelling Thirds
none. I suppose you are too masculine —
too British — to understand that!"
"Well, yes, I am, rather. I fancy what
is the matter with girls is that they don't
have to work as hard as boys — don't have
so many opportunities to work oflE steam.
As for this Johnny, he must be a silly ass if
he is content with singing and sighing and
rigging himself out. If he isn't — ^there lies
the danger. He'll rally his friends and carry
you off. Nothing could be simpler."
"I should be quite like Helen — or Mary,
Queen of Scots!"
"Good Lord!"
She flushed under the lash of his voice,
but in a moment raised her eyes softly to
his. "You are so good," she murmured.
"Really like a brother, so I don't mind
telling you that I am fearfully interested —
but not so much in the mere man as in the
whole thing. It has all seemed so romantic,
at least. I don't believe an American girl
ever had such an experience before. How-
ever, I will set your mind at rest — since you
are so good as to take an interest in poor
little me — I haven't the slightest desire
III
The Travelling Thirds
really to know the man. I should be dis-
enchanted, of course, for I could not stand
commonness in the most beautiful husk.
But — ^there is something in one quite inde-
pendent of all that — of one's upbringing,
one's prejudices, of common-sense — can't
you understand ? — ^the primeval attraction of
man and woman. I have been quite aware
that all this could come to nothing, but it
has been something tb have felt that way for
once in a well-regulated lifetime; to have
been primal for a fleeting moment is some-
thing, I can assure you."
Over groped in the depths of his mascu-
line understanding. "Well, I suppose so.
But what of the man ? It is a mere experi-
ence to you, but it may be a matter of life
and death to a poor devil who is nine-tenths
fire and sentiment."
"He, too, has something to think about
for the rest of his life."
"And you fancy that will satisfy him?"
"It will have to."
"You might have spared him."
"There can be no romance without a
hero."
112
The Travelling Thirds
"Upon my word, you are the greater
savage of the two!"
" I told you I enjoyed being a savage for
once in my life."
Over made no reply, and if Lydia's glance
had not dropped to the uneven pavement,
she would have seen his eyes open wide with
incredulous amazement and then flash with
anger. As it was, she wondered why he
hurried her back to the hotel and then
practically ordered her up to her room. He
stood on the lower step of the stair tmtil he
heard her greet Jane; then he left the hotel
and walked rapidly down the street again.
In a moment he met Catalina.
"Oh," he said, with an awkward attempt
at masculine indifference, although his eyes
were blazing. " Are you out — ^alone — ^as late
as this? Isn't it rather risky?"
"I've been walking with Jesus Maria,"
she replied, coolly. "What a baby you
were to walk off through these lonely streets
with Lydia! I supposed, of course, that
you would talk to her in the hotel. Don't
you know that man would have been mad
with jealousy if he had seen you? Then
"3
The Travelling Thirds
there would have been a fine rough-and-
ttimble if he hadn't got a knife into your back
first. He came along with that everlasting
guitar under his arm just after you left, and
I told him that Lydia was ill, and asked him
to take a walk with me. We'd better give
him the slip as soon as possible; he's off his
head about her."
"What a little brick you are! What did
he have to say?"
"I explained to him that he could never
hope to marry Lydia, and elevated the
family to the ancient aristocracy of America.
It made no impression on him whatever.
He expressed contempt for the entire race,
barring Lydia, whom he takes to be an angel.
I concluded that disloyalty was the better
part, and told him that Lydia was nothing
but a little American flirt trying to have a
sensation. That made even less impression
on him — he believes that she is ready to fly
with him at a moment's notice. I did more
harm than good, and I shall speak to Cousin
Lyman to-night."
Over stared hard at her. " That was very
brave of you. Aren't you afraid of anything ?"
114
The Travelling Thirds
"Not of greasers!" replied the Calif omian.
" I Ve dealt with them all my life. I treated
this one as an equal, and made him forget
Lydia in talking about himself. He's a
revolutionist, hates the queen because she
doesn't go to bull-fights, despises the king,
anathematizes all monarchies and aristocra-
cies, and talks like a Pourth-of-July orator
about the days when Spain will be a republic,
and one of his own sort — possibly himself —
will be president. I never heard so much
brag in America. But he's full of pluck.
Now, you go and call Cousin Lyman out
into the hall, and we'll have a consultation."
XII
|HE upshot of the con-
ference was the decision
that on the following morn-
ing the Monltons should
conspicuously enter a third-
class carriage of the train
bound for Baeza, and while Captain Over,
on the platform, talked with Catalina in
the doorway, they should slip out of the op-
posite entrance, cross the track, and take
the train for Alcazar. The Alcazar train,
the landlord assured them, left two minutes
earlier than that for Baeza, so that Catalina,
in the confusion of the last moments, could
join her relatives tmobserved. It was the
habit of Jesus Maria to saunter down late,
and even then to engage in conversation
on the platform. Catalina had told him
they intended to spend the following night
at Baeza, and he was tmder the impression
ii6
The Travelling Thirds
they were bound for Seville. Captain Over
would take Catalina's place in the doorway,
covering her retreat, and await the rest of
his party in Baeza.
It was a programme little to the taste of
any of them, but Over heroically proposed
it, and it seemed to be the only feasible plan.
In Spain there is apparently no law against
crossing the tracks, nor in leaving a train
on the wrong side. On the following morn-
ing Catalina, having reserved a first-class
compartment on the train for Alcazar, the
six members of the party, portmanteaus in
hand, filed down to the station and entered
a third-class carriage on the southern train.
In a few moments Over descended leisurely
and lit a cigarette. Catalina leaned forward
to chat with him, then stood up, her bright,
amused glances roving over the cotmtry
people who were botmd for a fair in a town
near by. The peasants were interested in
themselves and contemptuously indiffer-
ent to strangers. The Moultons, including
the mystified and angry Lydia, descended
and crossed the track unobserved. Catalina,
one hand on her portmanteau, was ready
117
The Travelling Thirds
to make a dash the moment she heard the
familiar drone, " Viajeros al tren." It might
be expected within the next five minutes,
and it might be belated for twenty.
"There he comes!'* she murmured. "If
he should take it into his head to enter the
train before it starts! We will tell him the
others are late. What a pity you don't
speak Spanish; you could engage him in
conversation! He is looking — ^glowering at
me! Do you suppose he suspects?"
"It is not like you to lose your nerve,"
began Over, but at the same moment his
glance moved from the Catalan's face to
hers, and he smiled. She looked, if any-
thing, more impassive than usual. "My
knees are shaking," she confided to him,
"and my heart is galloping. It is rather
delightful to be so excited, but stiU — thank
Heaven!" Jesus Maria had met an acquaint-
ance. They lit the friendly cigarito and
entered into conversation.
"They are walking down the platform,"
said Catalina, anxiously, a moment later,
"and the other train is not so far back as
this; however, Cousin Lyman will no doubt
ii8
The Travelling Thirds
keep the door shut. There, he's turning.
I'd better make a bolt. Good-bye. Au
revoir — "
"Tell me again exactly what I am to do.
I don't want to run any risk of missing
you."
Catalina glanced over her shoulder. There
was such a babble, both in the car and on
the platform, that it would not be difficult
to miss the singsong of the guard. The other
train was still there.
"Do not go to the town. It is miles
from the station; there is sure to be an inn
close by. If we don't arrive to-morrow
night, of course, you will have a telegram;
in any case, don't wait for us, but go on to
Granada. You can amuse yourself there,
and we are sure to turn up sooner or later.
Have you that list of Spanish words I wrote
out?" He looked forlorn and homesick,
and Catalina laughed outright. " Better go
straight to Granada," she said.
"Viajeros al tren!"
"Take my place — quick!" whispered Cata-
lina. She let herself down on the other side,
dragged her heavy bag after her, and ran.
119
The Travelling Thirds
She had a confused idea that the northern
train was closer than it had been, but did
not pause until she came to the first-class
carriages. Then she saw that the train was
empty. At the same instant she heard a
whistle, and glancing distractedly up the
track saw a train gliding far ahead.
There was not a moment to be lost. It
was the guard of the southern train that had
sounded his warning cry, and she ran back,
dragging the heavy portmanteau — it held
the day's Itmch, among other things — and
almost in tears. It had been an exciting
morning, and she had slept little the night
before.
She stopped and gasped. The train was
moving — slowly, it is true, but far too
rapidly for a person on the wrong side with
a heavy piece of luggage. She dropped the
portmanteau and, drawing a long breath,
called with all the might of Itmgs long ac-
customed to the ranch cry:
"Captain Over! Captain Over!"
The door of a carriage was opened instant-
ly. Over took in the situation at a glance,
leaped to the groimd and ran towards her,
1 20
The Travelling Thirds
caught up the portmanteau, and, regaining
his compartment, flung it within. Catalina
followed it with the agility of a cat, and in
another moment they were panting opposite
each other.
Catalina fanned herself with her hat; she
would not speak tmtil she could command
her voice.
"How was any one to know they would
nm another train between?" she said, finally.
"Poor Cousin Lyman! He must be frantic.
Cousin Miranda, no doubt, is delighted. It
is my fault, of course — ^no, it is yours; you
should not have engaged me in conversation
at the critical moment."
"I will take the blame — and the best of
care of you, besides."
She was looking out of the window at
the moment, and he glanced at her curiously.
She was quite tmembarrassed, and what he
had dimly felt before came to him with the
force of a shock. With all her intellect and
her interest in many of the vital problems
of life, she was as innocent as a child. She
might not be ignorant, but she had none of
the commonplace inquisitiveness and mor-
121
The Travelling Thirds
bidness of youth, and he recalled that she
had grown up without the companionship
of other girls, had read few novels, and little
subjective literature of any sort. She had
never looked younger, more utterly guileless,
than as she sat fanning herself slowly, her
hair damp and tumbled, the flush of ex-
citement on her cheek. Over felt as if he
had a child in his charge, and drew a long
breath of relief. He knew many girls who
would have carried off the situation, but
their very dignity would have been the sig-
nal of inner tribulation, and made him
miserable; with Catalina he had but to
have a care that she was not placed in a
false position; and, after all, the time was
short, and they were tmlikely to meet any
one who even spoke the English language.
She met his eyes, and they burst into
laughter like two contented and naughty
children.
" I'm so happy to get rid of them I can't
contain myself,** annotmced Catalina. "So
are you, only you are too polite to say so.
I cotild have done it on purpose, but am
rather glad I failed through too much zeal.
122
The Travelling Thirds
Do you understand Lydia?*' she asked,
abruptly.
" I don't waste time trying to understand
women," he replied, cautiously.
"I thought perhaps she confided in you
last night. She has tried to unbosom herself
to me, but I have not been S5nnpathetic.
I don't tmderstand her. I am half a savage,
I suppose, but I could go through life and
never even see a man like that."
"I can't make out if she loves him."
"Oh, love!" Catalina elevated her nose
the higher as the word gave her a vague
thrill. " You can't be in love with a person
you can't talk to — outside of poetry. Wotdd
you call that sort of thing love?"
"No. I don't think I should."
"I fancy it is a mere arbitrary effort to
feel romantic." She stood up suddenly and
looked over the crowded car, then turned
to Over with wide eyes.
" He is not here!" she said.
"Doubtless he is in the next car, or he
may have jumped off when he discovered
the exodus."
He searched the other cars when the train
123
The Travelling Thirds
stopped again, and retiimed to report that
Jesus Maria was missing. CataUna shrugged
her shoulders. " We did our best," she said,
"and I, for one, am not going to bother.
We'll have them again soon enough."
The great, stmbumed, dusty plains were
behind them to-day, and the train toiled
upward through tremendous gorges, brown,
barren, the projecting ledges looking as if
they had but just been rent astmder, so
little had time done to soften them. In
the defiles were villages, or solitary houses,
poor for the most part ; now and again a turn
of the road closed the perspective with a
line of snow-peaks. The air was clear and
cool; there was little dust. Their car grad-
ually gave up its load, tmtil by lunch-time
only one man was left, and he gratefully ac-
cepted of their superfluous store. He looked,
this old Iberian, like the aged men who sit
in the cabin doors in Ireland; the same long,
self-satisfied upperlip, the small, ctmning
eyes, the narrow head of the priest-ridden
race. He had done nothing, learned nothing,
in his threescore and ten, braced himself
passively against the modem innovation,
124
The Travelling Thirds
and could be cruel when his chance came to
him. He caried no more for what the priests
could not tell him than he cared that Spain
could not make the wretched engines that
drew her trains. On the whole, no doubt, he
was happy. At all events, he was extremely
well-bred, and took no liberty that he would
not have resented in another.
But Catalina forgot him in the grand and
forbidding scene, and she leaned out of the
window so recklessly that more than once
Over, as if she were a child, put his hand on
her shoulder and drew her in. He began
dimly to understand that Catalina had some-
thing more than the mere love of nature and
appreciation of the beautiful common enough
in the higher civilization. She tried, but
not very successfully, to express to him
that the vague desire to personify great
motmtains, the trees, and the sea, which
hatmts imaginative minds, the deathless
echo of prehistoric ancestors, whose only
revenge it is upon time, was doubly insistent
in one so recently allied to the tribe of
Chinigchinich, whose roots were in Asia.
Of immemorial descent, with the record
9 12$
The Travening Thirds
in her brain, perhaps, of those ancestors
who personified and worshipped the phe-
nomena of nature before the evolution of
that first priesthood on the Ganges and the
Euphrates, the Nile and the Indus, she had
rare moments of primal exaltation. It is a
far cry from those marvellous first societies
and the vast orderly and complicated civiliza-
tion, worshipping mysterious and tmseen
gods, that followed them, to the Chinig-
chinich Indians of Alta California; and yet,
crushed, conquered, almost blotted out,
these remnants, in their very despair, re-
verted the more closely to nature. The
beautiful Carmela was the child- of Mission
Indians who fled back to their motmtain
pueblos and savage rites when the power of
the priests in California was broken. Every
inherited instinct had waged war against
the Christianity which, in nine cases out of
ten, was pounded into them with a green-
hide reata. They called the child Carmela,
after the Mission of Carmel, merely because
they liked the name ; but she grew up a pagan,
and a pagan remained during the few years
of her life. And she was as pure and good,
126
The Travelling Thirds
as loyal and devoted, as any of the women
descended from her, heedful of the wild
inheritance in their blood lest it poison the
strong and bitter tide of New England an-
cestors. Catalina was the first to feel pride
in that alien strain which did so much to
distinguish her from the million, and was
conscious that she owed to it her faculty
to see and feel more in nature than tbe
average Anglo-Saxon.
Over, in the almost empty car, lit by a
solitary and smoking lamp, listened atten-
tively as she groped her way through the
mysterious lab3n-inths in her brain, express-
ing herself ill, for she was little used to
egotistical ventures. It cannot be said that
he understood, being himself a typical prod-
uct of the extremest civilization that exists
in the world to-day; but he saw will-o'-the-
wisps in a fog-bank, and thought her more
interesting than ever.
XIII
[HE train was two hours
late. It crawled into the
dark little station of Baeza,
and Over and Catalina sat
down at once in the restau-
rant, leaving the problem
of the night until later. But, hungry as
the Englishman was, that problem dulled
the flavor of a fair repast. How was he to
protect the girl from curiosity and specula-
tion, possibly coarse remark; above all, from
self -consciousness ? It would be assimied at
the inn, as a matter of course, that they were
a yotmg couple, and he turned cold as he
pictured the landlord conducting them up-
stairs to the usual room with a bed in each
comer. He heartily wished it was he who
spoke the Spanish language and that his
companion was afflicted with his own dis-
tracting ignorance; but he must interpret
128
The Travelling Thirds
through her, and to discuss the matter with
her beforehand was, to him, impossible.
For the first time he wished she were with
the Moultons in Alcazar.
Catalina did not share his embarrassment.
With her hat pulled low that she might at-
tract the less attention, she was eating her
dinner with the serenity of a child. As he
seemed indisposed to conversation she did
not utter a word until the salad was placed
beside them, and then she met his disturbed
and roving eye.
"You look fearfully tired," she said,
smiling. "While you are drinking your
coffee I will go and talk to that man behind
the counter and see what can be done about
to-night. You look as if you ought to be
in bed this minute."
"Ah!" He was taken aback, and still
helpless. "I must ask you not to talk to
any one unless I am with you. They would
never tmderstand it. We had better cut
the dessert and the coffee and secure what
rooms there may be. I suppose most of
these people are going on, but a few may
remain."
129
The Travelling Thirds
They went together to pay their score, and
Catalina asked the functionary behind the
counter if there were rooms above for trav-
ellers. He replied, with the haughty in-
difference of the American hotel clerk, that
there were not. She demanded further in-
formation, and he merely shrugged his
shoulders, for it is the way of the Spaniard
to know no man's business but his own.
But Catalina stood her groimd, told him
she would stand it till dawn, or follow him
home; and finally, overcome by her fluency
in invective, he unwillingly parted with the
information that behind the station across
the road there was a small inn above a
cantina,
** I am half-way sorry we did not leave a
message for Mr. Moulton and go on/' said
Over, as they stood in the inky darkness and
watched the train pull out of the station.
"Probably, however, he would never have
got it — well, there is nothing to do but make
the best of it."
They crossed the sandy road, guided by
the glimmer of the cantina. Here they
found the host serving two men that would
130
The Travelling Thirds
have put the Guardia Civile on the alert.
He greeted the strangers politely, however,
and called his wife. She came in a moment,
smiling and comely, followed by a red-haired
girl holding a candle.
Catalina, warned by her recent interview,
uttered a few of the flowery amenities that
should lead up to any request in Spain.
The woman, beaming with good-will, took
the candle from her daughter's hand, mo-
tioned to the girl to take the portmanteaus,
and, without apology for her himible lodg-
ings, piloted them out into the dark, through
another doorway, and up a rickety stair.
Over, feeling as if he were being led out to be
shot by the enemy, saw his worst fears veri-
fied. She threw open the door of a tiny,
blue-washed room, and there were the two
little beds, the more conspicuous as they
were uncompanioned but for a tin washing-
stand. It opened upon a balcony, and,
despite the bareness, it was so clean and in-
viting it seemed to make a personal appeal
not to be judged too hastily. Over was
unable to articulate, but Catalina said,
serenely, "We wish two rooms, seiiora."
13X
The Travelling Thirds
"Two!" cried the woman, and Over under-
stood both the word and the expression of
profound amazement.
"Yes, two." There was no voluble ex-
planation from Catalina. She looked the
woman straight in the eyes and repeated,
"Two rooms, and quickly, please; we are
very tired."
The woman's eyes were wide with curiosity,
but before Catalina's her tongue lost its au-
dacity. She replied promptly enough, how-
ever.
" But I have no other. It is only by the
grace of God I have this. The train was
late, the diligences were put away for the
night ; there were many, and my house- is
small. I see now, the senor is the sefiorita's
brother — ^but for one night, what matter?"
Catalina turned to Over. "There is no
other room," she said.
Over went into the apartment, and, lifting
a mattress and coverings from one of the
beds, returned to the hall and threw them
on the floor.
"I shall be comfortable here," he said,
curtly, glad of any solution. "Go to bed.
132
The Travelling Thirds
I prefer this, anyhow, for I didn't like the
looks of those men down -stairs. Good-
night."
"Good-night," said Catalina, and she went
into the room and closed the door.
"The English are all mad," said the
woman, and she went to find a candle for
the hallway guest.
It is doubtful if either Over or Catalina
ever slept more soundly, and the bandits,
if bandits they were, went elsewhere to
forage. At dawn Catalina was dressed and
hanging over the balcony watching the re-
treating stars. She heard a mattress doubled
and flung into a corner. The room was in
order. She flashed past Over and down the
stairs. "Go in and dress," she called back.
"There is plenty of water, for a wonder."
And he answered, "Stay in front of the
window, where I could hear you if ^ou
called."
Early as it was, the woman and her
brood were in the kitchen at the back of the
house, and she agreed to supply bread and
cream for breakfast and make a tortilla for
the travellers' lunch.
^33
The Travelling Thirds
Over came down in a few moments with
his coffee-pot and lamp, and they had their
breakfast on a barrel-top in front of the inn,
as light-heartedly as if embarrassment had
never beset them. Life begins early in
Spain, notwithstanding its reputed predi-
lection for the morrow, and as they fin-
ished breakfast several rickety old diligences
drew up between the inn and the station.
There were no passengers for the three
little towns, and Over and Catalina went in
one of the diligences to Baeza, twelve miles
distant. They spent a happy and irrespon-
sible day roaming about the dilapidated
sixteenth-century town, and divided their
tortilla out in the country in the great
shadow of the Sierra Nevada. They re-
tained their spirits over the rough and dusty
miles of their return, but lost them suddenly
as they approached the station. The train,
however, was three hours late this evening,
and they philosophically dismissed the Moul-
tons and enjoyed their dinner. They lin-
gered over the sweets and coffee, then paced
up and down the platform, the Englishman
smoking and feeling like a truant school-
134
The Travelling Thirds
boy. Nevertheless, he was not sorry that
the end of the intimacy approached. The
results of propinquity might ofttimes be
casual, but that mighty force was invariably
loaded with the seeds of fate, and he knew
himself as liable to love as any man. With
the oddest and most enigmatic girl he had
ever met, who allured while striving to
repel, as devoid of coquetry as a boy or a
child, yet now and then revealing a glimpse
of watchful femininity, to whom nature had
given a' wellnigh perfect shell ; and thrown
upon his protection in long days of com-
panionship — he summed it up curtly over
his pipe. " I should make an ass of myself
in a week."
He had had no desire to marry since the
days of his more susceptible youth — he was
now thirty-four — and, although rich girls
had made no stronger appeal to him than
poor girls, he was well aware that the dower-
less beauty was not for him. He was too
good a soldier and too much of a man to be
luxurious in taste or habit, and, although a
guardsman, he was bom into the out-of-
door generation that has nothing in common
135
The Travelling Thirds
with the scented lap-dogs made famotis by
the novelists of the mid-Victorian era. But
when not at the front he indulged himself in
liberty, many hours at cricket and golf, the
companionship of congenial spirits, a rea-
sonable amount of dining out, and an ab-
solute freedom from the petty details of
life. Travelling third class amused him, the
English aristocrat being the truest demo-
crat in the world and wholly without snob-
bery. Single, his debts worried him no
more than bad weather in London; but
married, he must at once set up an estab-
lishment suited to his position.
He had distinguished himself in South
Africa, and his county, rich and poor, had,
upon his return, at the very end of the war,
met him at the station and pulled his car-
riage over the miles to his father's house,
some two thousand men and women cheer-
ing aU the way. , There had been so many
in London to lionize since that war, to
which pampered men had gone in their
heydey and returned gray and crippled,
that when he went up for the season he
was merely one of a galaxy eagerly sought
136
The Travelling Thirds
and f^ted; but life had never slipped along
so easily and pleasantly, and after three
years of hardship and many months of pain-
ful illness, it had made a double appeal to
a battered soldier, still half an invalid.
He had dismissed the serious things of Hfe
as he landed in England, and devoutly
hoped for a five years' peace. Therefore
was he the less inclined to fall in love, val-
uing peace of mind no less than surcease
for the body. Catalina was by no means
penniless, and certainly would make a
heroic soldier's wife; but they had not a
tradition in common, and he saw clearly
that if he loved her at all he should love her
far more than had suited his indolent habit
when not soldiering. Hence he welcomed
the return of the Moultons, and even medi-
tated a retreat.
"A moon in the Alhambra would finish
me,*' he thought, glancing up at the waxing
orb fighting its way through a stormy mass
of black and silver.
A bell rang, a whistle — the only ener-
getic thing about a Spanish train — shrieked
and blustered above the slowing head-
137
The Travelling Thirds
light of an engine approaching from the
north.
"You stand here by the Thirds and I'll
go up to where the Firsts will stop," began
Catalina, but Over held her arm firmly
within his.
"No," he said, peremptorily, "you must
not be by yourself a moment in this crowd.
You would be spoken to, probably jostled,
at once, and no doubt a rough lot will get
out. We will both stand here by the res-
taiurant door."
"I am not afraid," said Catalina, haugh-
tily.
"That is not the point."
"I was near coming to Spain by my-
seM."
"What has that to do with me?"
She gave a little growl and attempted
to free herself by a sudden wrench, but he
held her, and she stood sullenly beside him
as the train wandered in and gave up its
load. In a few moments she had forgotten
her grievance and stared at him with ex-
panded eyes.
"Let us go to the telegraph -oflSce," he
138
The Travelling Thirds
said. "Mr. Moulton must have sent a
message." But at the office there was
naught but the official and the cigarito and
polite indifference.
"They missed the train, that goes without
saying," said Over. "They are sure to ar-
rive in the morning, I shotild think, as they
can travel comfortably enough at night first
class. Will you ask what time the morning
train arrives.'*"
It was due nearly an hour before the train
would leave for Granada.
"You will hear your nightingales to-
morrow evening," said Over, cheerfully.
"The Moultons will never stay here all day."
With this assurance they parted. Over
sleeping in another little blue-washed room
— the entire fonda had been reserved for the
Moultons — and the next morning they drank
their coffee from the barrel-top, while their
kind and now indifferent landlady made
tortillas for the party.
The train arrived on time, and without
the Moultons. In the telegraph-office the
gentleman of leisure was still smoking, but
after inquiring indolently into Over's name
139
The Travelling Thirds
and rank, and demanding to see his cards
and correspondence, he produced a tele-
gram. It read :
Toledo, Hotel Castilla. Moulton.
"Toledo!** cried Catalina. "I want to
go to Granada! That is what I came to
Spain for. If they go north that far they
won't come south again — they will take the
steamer at Genoa. I won't go."
"It is by no means certain they won't
return ; it is only a matter of a day. Doubt-
less they are still dodging Jesus Maria. I
think we had better join them. It is useless
to expect explanations by wire. Granada
can wait a few days, and Toledo, in its way,
must be quite as interesting."
"Well, I'll soon find out," announced his
companion.
XIV
^^^
d|
URING the journey to To-
ledo Catalina stared sulkily
out of the window or slept
with her head against the
side of the car. She ig-
nored Over's attempts to
converse until, with chilling dignity, he re-
tired to the opposite end of the compart-
ment and wondered how he could have
thought of love in connection with a bad-
tempered child. He was delighted at the
prospect of retmion with the orthodox
Moultons, and understood something of
their serene contempt for originality. It
is true that Catalina asleep, with the deep
vermilion on her cheeks, her timibled head
drooping, looked so innocent and lovely
that she set him to wondering regretfully
why there was no such thing as perfection
in woman ; and from thence it was but a step
xo 141
The Travelling Thirds
to imagine Catalina with the qualities and
training that would make her the ideal of
man. There was no harm in indulging
one's self in idyllic imagining, by way of
variety, Over concluded; doubtless it was
good for the soul.
Whatever the motive, his imagination
performed unaccustomed feats during the
drowsy afternoon, while his companion slept
and the other occupants of the car, few in
nimiber, smoked and said little. It pict-
ured Catalina ten years hence; she would
then be thirty-three, an age he had always
found sympathetic in woman; she would
have seen the world, have adapted herself
to many new conditions, and in the process
learned self-control, pared off the jagged
edges of her egoism, and supplemented her
beauty with a distinction of manner and
style that would compel the homage of the
best societies of the world.
He had seen what she was capable of, and
he suspected that she was ambitious. It
was her love of solitude and dislike of mere
men and women that had swathed her so
deeply in her crudities; but if she carried
142
The Travelling Thirds
out her intention of living ^or some years in
England and Europe, and cultivated the
right sort of people, the transformation was
almost certain. Perhaps it would be worth
while to ask his mother to take care of her
in England. Lady *' Peggy'' Over was a
clever, warm-hearted woman of the simple,
old-fashioned aristocracy, who offered her
sons no assistance in choosing their wives,
and had the broadest tolerance for the va-
garies of young people. With her lively
mind and humor she would win upon Cata-
lina at once, and her complete honesty of
nature would finish the conquest of a girl
whose hatred of sham was almost fanatical.
Catalina opened her eyes upon him, half
awake, and he asked her, impulsively: " What
is your ambition? What do you want?"
She answered, sleepily, but without hesi-
tation, "To have four children.**
He was too astonished to speak for a
moment ; then he asked, feebly, " Is that
all?"
"No," she said, now quite awake. "I
want to meet all the most interesting people
in the world, and read the most interesting
143
The Travelling Thirds
books, and show a lot of other people what
frauds and useless creatures they are ; but I
love children as much as I detest most peo-
ple, and I'll never be contented till I have
four. I don't see why you look so dimi-
founded! What is there so remarkable in
wanting children?"
"Oh, nothing," he said, soothingly. "Per-
haps we can see Toledo in a moment."
Mr. Moulton met them at the station.
His face was flushed and his manner per-
turbed, but he shook their hands cordially
and protested that he had never been so
glad to lay eyes on any one.
"Let us walk up," said Catalina, and
she strode on ahead. The men followed,
Mr. Moulton talking with nervous volu-
bility.
"Of course I did not blame you, my
dear Catalina," he reiterated. "Such a
contretemps in Spain is easy enough. Mrs.
Moulton is still a little upset, but you know
what — er — invalids are, and I beg you to be
patient — "
"It won't worry me in the least. But
144
The Travelling Thirds
why this change of front ? Why didn't you
come to Baeza?"
"That wretched peasant saw us as I was
craning my neck looking for you, and reached
the train in three bounds. Of course, we
were safe in the first-class carriage, and at
Alcazar I had a brilliant idea. We drove to
the hotel, as usual, with all otir baggage, and
that mountebank — I shall never pronounce
his impious name — supposed we were settled
for the night. After dinner I told the land-
lord — through the kind mediimi of a French-
man who spoke both English and Spanish —
that, being much annoyed by this creature,
we had determined to change our itinerary
and go direct to Madrid where we could call
upon our minister to protect us. We then
took the night train and were under way a
good hour before it was time for the man
to appear with his guitar. I even bought
tickets for Madrid, and as we changed cars
at midnight we were practically unobserved.
We are very comfortable, and are in time
for a grand f6te.'*
"How is Lydia?** Catalina asked, dryly.
" The poor child is very nervous, but most
MS
The Travelling Thirds
thankftd to be rid of the man. By-the-way,
I telegraphed as soon as I arrived in Toledo."
"This is Spain/' said Over.
The hint of Mrs. Motdton's displeasure had
fallen on heedless ears. They were crossing
the Alcantara Bridge that leads through the
ancient gateway of the same name up to one
of the most beautiful cities to look upon in
the world. Toledo, the lofty outpost of the
range of mountains behind the raging Tagus,
is an almost perpendicular mass of rock on
all sides but one, its uneven plateau crowded
with palaces and churches, tiny plazas and
narrow, winding streets, a mere roof of tiles
from the Alcazar, which stands on its highest
point, but from below a wild yet symmetrical
outcropping of the rock itself. Founded, so
runs the legend, by a son of Noah, certainly
the ancient capital of the Goths and the
scene of much that was terrible and romantic
in their history, a stronghold of the Moors,
who left here as elsewhere their indelible
imprint, and later of the sovereigns of Cas-
tile, equally inaccessible from the vega and
the defile of the Tagus, it was one of the
most impregnable cities in history so long
146
The Travelling Thirds
as a man was left to dispute the gates on
the steep road rising from the plain. It is
to-day a sarcophagus of ancient history,
compact, isolated, little disturbed by the
outer world, yet with an intense and vivid
life of its own.
Catalina hung over the bridge and stared
down into the rocky gorge where the river
had torn its way, and soldiers of every nation
of the ancient world had be^n hurled, curs-
ing and shrieking and praying, from the
beetling heights above. Impervious to Mr.
Moulton's kindly hints, she led them through
the old streets of the Moors, streets so nar-
row they were obliged to walk hke stalking
Indians, but with beautiful old balconied
houses on either side, and glimpses of lux-
urious patio within; not pausing before the
broad gray front of the hotel until the trio of
cousins had awaited her some fifty minutes.
Mrs. Moulton was so far the reverse of a
cruel and vicious woman that she had been,
for the good of her soul, too amiable and
self-sacrificing for at least thirty years of
her life. Not fine enough to have developed
loveliness of character, there had, perhaps,
147
The Travelling Thirds
been too few opportunities for reaction, or,
if occurring, they had been conscientiously
stifled. A good woman, but not of the most
distinguished fibre, the eflfacement of self for
the few she loved had been but a higher
order of selfishness, and when for the first
time in her life a positive hatred possessed
her it found her without that greatness
which ignores and foregoes revenge. Cata-
lina, it must be confessed, would have tried
the patience of far more saintly characters
than Mrs. Moulton, and when to a natural
antipathy was added the daily jarring of
long-tried nerves the wonder was that the
crisis did not come sooner.
But Mrs. Moulton was accustomed to self-
control and to the exercise of the average
amount of Christianity. Moreover, she had
her standards of conduct, and held all ex-
hibitions of feeling to be vulgar. Therefore,
in spite of her growing and morbid desire to
humble Catalina, she might have forborne
to force an issue, and perhaps, had circtim-
stances favored the alien, have grimly, how-
ever unwillingly, triumphed once more over
self.
148
The Travelling Thirds
But these last days had unravelled her
nerves. To passionate sympathy for her
pale and persecuted daughter, misled in the
first instance by the daily example of a bar-
barian, had recently been added a night of
hideous discomfort, when, not one of the
four speaking a language but their useless
own, and without the invaluable Baedeker,
they had fled from a ridiculous peasant,
changing trains at midnight, waiting hours
at way-stations, arriving at Toledo in the
gray, cold dawn, hungry, worried, exhausted,
to find neither omnibus nor cab at the
station.
As Mrs. Moulton toiled up the steep road
through the carven gates of terrible and
romantic memory, she had heartily wished
that modem enterprise had blown up the
rock with dynamite or nm an elevator from
the Tagus. It was then that her hatred of
Catalina — ^who at least with her knowledge
of foreign languages had been an acceptable
courier — ^became an obsession, and she could
have shrieked it out like any common virago.
The emotional wave had receded, but left a
dark and poisonous deposit behind.
149
The Travelling Thirds
It was easy to convince herseK that Cata-
lina had lost the train at Albacete on purpose.
When her husband had received Captain
Over's telegram she had assumed that the
Englishman had persuaded the girl to re-
turn, eager, no doubt, to be rid of her.
She was not prone to think evil, and had
one of her daughters or the approved
young women of her circle been left with a
young man at a way-station for two days
and nights, she might have given way to
nerves but never to suspicion. But as the
crowning iniquity of the author of her
downfall, it gave her the opportimity she
had coveted, and she burned to take ad-
vantage of it.
When Catalina finally announced herself,
Mrs. Moulton was standing in the middle of
her bedroom and Jane was reading by the
window. The latter nodded as the prodigal
entered, and returned to her book.
**Well,'* said Catalina, amiably, **how are
you all? I am glad you are rid of the peas-
ant at last. Where is Lydia ?" She paused,
blinking under the cold glare of Mrs. Moul-
ton's eyes. "What is the matter?'* she
150
The Travelling Thirds
asked, haughtily. " Cousin Lyman said you
were angry, but you must have known how
I was left. I am sorry you didn't have
Baedeker with you.'* This was an unusual
concession for Catalina, but something in
the bitter and contemptuous face made her
vaguely uneasy.
"You were left on purpose," said Mrs.
Moulton, deliberately.
Catalina made a quick step forward, the
breath hissing through her teeth. She look-
ed capable of physical violence, but Mrs.
Moulton continued in the same cold, even
tones:
**You remained behind in order to be
alone with Captain Over for two days and
nights. You are not fit to associate with
my daughters. You are a wicked, aban-
doned creature, and I refuse — I absolutely
refuse — ^to shelter your amours. If you ap-
peal to my husband I shall tell him to
choose between us.*'
Catalina fell back, staring. Innocent she
might be but not ignorant. It was im-
possible to mistake the woman's meaning,
and in a flash she understood that by the
151
The Travelling Thirds
evil-minded evil might be read into her ad-
venture. It was then, however, that she
showed herself thoroughbred. Her anger
left her as abruptly as it had come. She
drew herself up, bowed impersonally, and
left the room.
Mrs. Moulton, trembling, sank into a chair,
and Jane, protesting that her parent had
behaved like an empress, fetched the aro-
matic salts. But Mrs. Moulton, having un-
burdened her hate, had parted with its
sustaining power, and was flat and cowed
in the reaction.
"Does it pay?" she demanded again and
again. "Does it pay?**
XV
lOR two days Catalina dis-
I appeared. Mr. Moulton,
distracted, appealed to the
police. He knew that his
wife had been severe, but
I the wicked words of her
utterance were never repeated to him.
But Mrs. Moulton, although spiritually de-
based, loved Catalina none the better for
her condition, and protested that no one
was so well able to take care of herself, even
demanding that they move on and leave her
in charge of the consul. To this Mr. Moul-
ton would not hearken, and he and the
equally disquieted Englishman patrolled the
streets and haunted the headquarters of the
police. The day of the f6te dawned and
nothing had been seen or heard of Catalina.
Over was alone when he saw her. The
narrow streets were packed with people,
IS3
The Travelling Thirds
and, ttiming aside to make way for a religious
procession, he had become separated from
the Moultons. He walked slowly, his head
thrown back, gazing at the gay and beautiful
sight above him. From every high window
and balcony costly brocades and tapestries,
embroidered shawls and Oriental carpets de-
pended. The brown old houses, craggy as
their high perch itself, warmed into life with
the flaunting color. In the balconies were
aristocratic men and women, the latter
wearing the mantilla, held high with a comb,
caught back with a rose. It was an enchant-
ing sight ; and above all was the dazzling blue
and gold of the sky. Through the chatter
of the good - nattired crowd wandered the
strains of solemn music, and his was the only
alien face.
He was staring upward at a little balcony
from which hung a magnificent blue silk
shawl, embroidered and fringed with white,
and admiring the mantillas and roses, the
languid fans and fine eyes above it, when
Catalina came through the window behind
and looked down upon him. She, too, wore
a mantilla, the white mantilla of Spanish
154
The Travelling Thirds
lace he had watched her buy in Barcelona.
A red rose held it above her left ear, and in
her hand she carried her fan. She had also
assumed the lofty dignity of the Spanish
woman of high degree, and she had never
looked so beautiful. For a moment she re-
turned his gaze stolidly, and he fancied she
meant to cut him; then she bowed, said
something to one of her companions, pointed
to the stem, brass-bound door below, and
disappeared.
A moment later the door opened and he
was shown into the patio, a shadowy re-
treat from the glare and noise of the street,
full of palms and pomegranates, roses and
lilies, with a cool fountain playing, and
many ancient chairs of iron and wood.
Catalina was standing by the fountain
looking as Spanish as if these old walls had
encircled her cradle. She shook hands with
him cordially.
"I have had a bad time,** she said, "and
hated you, as well as the Moultons, but it
was unreasonable and I am over it. You
were as nice and kind as possible, and I shall
always remember it. Don't ask me what
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The Travelling Thirds
that dreadful woman said. I shall forget
it, but I shall never speak to any of them
again, and I should be glad if you would tell
them so, and that I shall remain here until
they leave."
His mind grasped at once the substance
of Mrs. Moulton's diatribe; he had given
the subject no thought before. He turned
hot and then cold, and involuntarily took a
step nearer to the girl, with a fierce instinct
of protection. Catalina may have under-
stood, for a spot of color appeared on her
high cheek-bones, but she continued, calmly:
"Of course you want to know where I
have been and what I am doing in this house.
When I left the hotel I went directly to the
archbishop and told him as much as was
necessary, using as passport a circular letter
the fathers of the mission of Santa Barbara
had given me. He brought me here at
once. The Sefiora Vill6na has this beautiful
house, but is poor — and so kind. I have
enjoyed the change, I can tell you.'*
** You certainly are more in your element.
I am glad it has turned out so well. I have
been very uneasy."
156
The Travelling Thirds
" Have you ? Did you think I had thrown
myself into the Tagus, or was wandering
about roofless with my big grip in my
hand?"
" It was my knowledge of your good sense,
familiarity with the language, and winning
manner — when you choose to exert it —
that permitted me to go to bed at night.
Nevertheless, you are not the woman to
travel alone in Spain. What are your
plans?"
"What are the Moultons' plans?"
"They have had enough of Spain — of
travel, for that matter — ^and they are still in
dread of Jesus Maria. They will go from
here to Barcelona, take a boat for Genoa, and
remain there until their steamer arrives.
They say that Italy will feel like home after
Spain."
"Then I shall go from here to Granada.
Perhaps I can persuade some one to chaperon
me, but if not I shall go alone. Nothing
shall cheat me out of Granada."
"If you find no one else I shall go with
you."
The red spots spread down to her throat,
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The Travelling Thirds
but she lifted her head higher. "No," she
said, "I suppose it does not look right."
He cursed Mrs. Moulton for shattering the
serene innocence of the girl; nevertheless,
something even more captivating had re-
placed it.' "I shall go," he repeated, "un-
less I can persuade you to return to America
with your relatives. Then my mind will be
at rest. But as long as you are alone in
Spain I shall do my best to protect you.
If you forbid me to travel with you, well and
good. I shall merely follow — that is to say,
be your companion on the trains. In the
towns we need not meet tmless you wish it.
You can always put yourself tmder the pro-
tection of the woman of the house and
employ a duenna. But do adopt me as a
brother and dismiss all nonsensical ideas
from your mind."
For the first time her eyes fell before his.
She turned away abruptly. "You are very
good," she said. "Come up-stairs and meet
the sefiora and her daughter. They are
charming people."
A few moments later, as they were stand-
ing on the balcony, she said to him: "They
iS8
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are taking me to the bull-fight this afternoon.
Shall you go?"
"Possibly. But I am surprised that you
wish to go. It is a beastly exhibition and
no place for you."
"I am going," she said, imperturbably.
" It is a part of Spain, and I should as soon
think of missing a religious festival like this.
Besides, I have seen bull-fights in southern
California. You may as well come with us.
Of course. Cousin Lyman is not going."
" Probably not. Very well, I will go with
you, if your friends will have me. I must
lunch at the hotel with the Moultons and set
their minds at rest; but it is an hour tmtil
then. Would you care to walk about the
streets and see the crowd?"
The Seiiora Vill6na was very large and
the day was warm, but she amiably con-
sented to walk as far as the cathedral in the
wake of her guest.
"I have not been out alone since I came
to her," said Catalina, with a sigh, as she
walked beside Over up the street. "At
Granada I know of a pension, and liberty
will be sweet again."
159
The Travelling Thirds
Over's eyes twinkled as he looked at the
face between the soft edges of the mantilla.
"Your new r61e is vastly becoming. I
had no idea that two days of Old- World
discipline could effect such a change. You
look as if you had always walked with a
duenna at your heels.'*
" So I have, nearly always. I never was
on the street alone in my life tmtil my
mother died. You think me improved?"
she added, quickly.
"I did not say that."
"I have always tliought your bltmtness
the best thing about you — I like the short
skirt and covert coat best," she said, defi-
antly.
"They do very well to disguise you on the
train ; but if I never saw you again I should
prefer to remember you as you are now —
or as you were that night in Tarragona.
You hardly deserve your beauty, you know."
And then, in a new spirit of coquetry,
bom perhaps of the mantilla, into whose
silken mesh many a dream no doubt had
flowed, she lifted her chin, dropped her eye-
lashes for a second, flashed him a swift
i6o
The Travelling Thirds
personal glance. Before he could adjust him-
self to the new phase, however, she had dis-
missed it and remarked that she hoped not
to meet the Moultons; and, tmaccotintably
perturbed, he replied that they were sure
to be fatigued and resting for Itmcheon.
It would have been easy to avoid them
in the dense crowd packed into the plaza
before the cathedral, waiting for the pro-
cession to pass. Over and Catalina paused
a few moments to look at the superb gobelins
with which the fagade of the cathedral was
hung, and then ran the gamut of the beggars
and entered the cloister.
"I shall go into the Chapel of the Incar-
nacion and pray," said the Sefiora Vill^na,
'*and meet you here in half an hour —
no?"
The Cathedral of Toledo is one of the
world's treasures, and all the world should
see it ; but for those who would or must read
the sights of Europe a hundred descriptions
of this vast, complex dream in early Gothic
and late Renaissance and baroque have been
written ; and the best is forgotten at the end
of an hour's visit.
i6i
The Travelling Thirds
It was almost deserted, and Over and
Catalina walked slowly towards the Capilla
Mayor, through the rich brown silence of
the nave, whispering occasionally, but over-
powered by the forest of shafts uplifting an
immensity of vaulting before which the eye
reeled. The centuries of carving, as various
as the peoples that had come and gone,
crystallizing even the broken voice of the
Moor, melted into a harmony comparable
only, said Catalina, to the wonders of a
Calif omian mountain-forest — of redwood and
pine, madrofio and oak, and giant ferns as
delicate as the lace of her mantilla. There
were high vaultings, too, where the sim
never ripened the moss on the earth, and
endless cryptograms wrought before the hand
of man had taken the message of the gods.
Over replied, promptly: "I don't believe
half you have told me about California.
Next year I shall obtain leave of absence
and visit it — that is, if you will be my
cicerone."
"Why not this year?"
"Shall I?"
" It is all the same to me, but I may not
162
The Travelling Thirds
be there next year. I need Europe. Of
course, I know that I am a sort of cow-
boy."
"Ah!" He hardly knew whether to be
gratified or not. " Don't desert your ranch
altogether — nor surrender all the individual-
ity it has given you. If you should be the
great lady in Europe and ranch-girl at home
— ^what a fascinating combination!"
" Well, I can be an3rthing I choose, and on
five minutes' notice, too."
**I am sure of it — ^but which is the real
you ? I think I know — ^then I am all at sea."
She gave him another swift, upward glance,
but she replied, sedately: "The worst, of
course. That is what people always decide
when a person suddenly reveals himself in a
bad light. Twenty other sides may have
been exhibited, but it is the revelation of the
worst that always inspires the phrase, *At
last he has shown himself in his true colors.* "
"Then you are too philosophical to con-
demn Mrs. Moulton utterly?"
"She has taught me the extent of my
philosophy, so I forgive her — and ignore her
existence."
163
The Travelling Thirds
He made no reply, for he saw the Moul-
tons not three yards away. Tliey were in
the Capilla Mayor, their necks craned in a
vain attempt to register a permanent im-
pression of the gorgeous coloring, the pha-
lanxes of saints, the riotous beauty of carv-
ing on wall and arch and tomb. While he
hesitated, Mr. Moulton brought down his
tired eyes and they rested on Catalina. He
gave a sharp exclamation of pleasure and
hurried forward, his hand out - stretched.
Catalina had included him in her wrath, but
she forgave him instantly, and simultaneous-
ly conceived a stroke of revenge. Mrs.
Moulton and Jane retreated, but Lydia ran
to Catalina and kissed her.
" Where have you been ?'* she cried. ** We
have been just wild. How perfectly sweet
you look in that mantilla!"
Catalina explained, and Mr. Moulton drew
a long sigh of relief. "I shall never worry
about you again, my dear child. And now
tell me what you wish to do. I trust you
will become reconciled — "
" I shall remain in Spain perhaps for some
months — I have cancelled my passage. But
164
The Travelling Thirds
I shall like to see you again. Will you come
to the Casa Vill6na immediately after Itmch-
eon? I have a little plan to propose to
you.'*
"Certainly I will — ^but is your decision
irrevocable?*'
"Quite. Perhaps I shouldn't keep you
now. And my duenna must be waiting for
me.
She nodded and turned away, but Lydia
followed and took her arm.
** I can go back to the hotel with Captain
Over," she said to her father, and the two
girls walked down the nave with heads
together, oblivious of the half -amused, half-
sulky man in their wake.
"Well, what of Jesus Maria?"
"I have given up all hope of ever seeing
him again."
"Hope? Do you want to?"
"I do and I don't. Of course, it had to
end sooner or later, but — well — I was fas-
cinated! And there is so little to look back
upon! However, it was great ftm imagin-
ing what things might happen, and all the
while to be quite safe under the paternal
165
The Travelling Thirds
wing. I suppose if I had seen him alone
I really wouldn't have kissed him — I prob-
ably should have nm away in disgust — ^but
I enjoyed it all in imagination. Now, I shall
be rather relieved when I am safely out of
Spain, for I know that he was quite serious.
When we were nmning away from Albacete
and then from Alcazar, I felt as serious as he
did — I was really romantic and love-lorn —
but I took myself in hand when I arrived
here, and now I am quite sensible again."
**What a tangle! Is that the way people
fall in love — and out again?** Catalina felt
puzzled and depressed. Life suddenly seemed
commonplace, love a sort of cap-and-bells,
to be worn now and again when convenient.
"Well, I wish you good luck,** she said.
** Write me when you are really engaged,
and ril send you a lot of jewels from our
California mines — tourmalines and chryso-
prases and turquoises and garnets and beryls.
I have jugs full of them.**
Lydia's eyes expanded. ** Jugs full! They
cost frightfully in New York. Will you
really send me some?*'
"Dozens."
i66
The Travelling Thirds
"What a fairy princess you are! I am
only beginning to appreciate you, and now
you are throwing us over — for good and
all!"
"Good-bye,** said Catalina,^ kissing her.
" At two. Captain Over, and don*t forget to
bring Cousin Lyman. And make no con-
fidences," she murmured.
XVI
JT, my dear Catalina —
I why, of course, I cannot
I go — ^the idea is preposter-
I ous— "
"Now you are talking
I by the book. Why was
Europe made except for the American to
play in and refresh himself for the same old
duties at home? And for a man of your
intelligence to balk at a bull-fight — "
"It isn't that I exactly balk — I mean I
am not squeamish — ^and I could look away
at the worst part — ^but I do not approve of
bull-fights, and think it wrong to lend my
cotmtenance — "
"The bull-fight will go on just the same;
and no one race is good enough to condemn
the customs of another. See the worid im-
partially and then go your own gait. Be-
ades, you have come to study Spain, and
i68
The Travelling Thirds
how can you pretend to know it unless you
see it at its most characteristic amusement?
Don't look at the arena if you had rather
not — ^but think of the opportunity to see
Spain en masse at its very worst!'*
"There is much in what you say, but —
great Heaven! — suppose it ever were known
in America that I had been to a bull-fight!
I should l9se the confidence of a million
people — I might be driven out of the
Church—"
"There aren't a dozen Americans in To-
ledo — and the bull-ring holds five thousand
people. You can sit in the back of the box.
No one will be looking at anything but the
bull-fight, anyhow."
Mr. Moulton drew a long sigh. He wanted
very much to go to the bull-fight ; and away
from his family and alone with Catalina —
whom he could never hope to influence — in
this holiday crowd of dark, eager faces he felt
almost emancipated and reckless. Over was
ahead with the Senora Vill6na and her
daughter, and they were slowly making their
way up the Calle de la Puerta Liana towards
the Plaza Ayuntamiento. They reached it
169
The Travelling Thirds
in a moment. It was so crowded with cabs
and large, open carry-alls, waiting to take
people to the bull-ring, that there was little
room for foot-passengers. The carry-alls were
very attractive with their six mules apiece,
hung with bells and decorated with worsted
fringe, and Mr. Moulton sighed again.
Before the archbishop's palace a cab
awaited the Senoi^a Vill6na. It held but
three seats, and she turned with polite hesi-
tation to Mr. Moulton and Captain Over, as
they all stood, tmited at last, beside it.
"I am so sorry," she said, "but I fear — "
" We are going in one of those omnibuses,"
said Catalina, promptly. "I am simply
dying to go that way — with the crowd; and
of course you will not object, sefiora, so long
as my cousin is with me."
The senora smiled, very much relieved.
"Bueno," she said. "And I will await you
at the entrance to the sombra."
"You are a little wretch," said Over as
Mr. Moulton, flushed and excited, tucked the
senora and her daughter into their cab.
" It won't hurt him, and he will be sure to
let it out to Cousin Miranda."
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The Travelling Thirds
"Oh, I see!" He laughed and went to
the emptiest of the rapidly filling carry-alls
to secure their seats. Catalina followed im-
mediately, holding Mr. Moulton firmly by
the arm. But that beacon-light of American
literature had the instinct of the true sport
in the depths of his manifold compromises.
The die was cast, he had weakly permitted
Cataline to commit him, and he would enjoy
himself without his conscience.
And it would have been a far more con-
science-stricken man than this to have re-
mained unaffected by the gay animation
that quickened the very mules. The ven-
ders were shrieking their wares; men and
women, their hard faces glowing, were
fighting their way good-naturedly towards
the omnibuses, whose drivers cracked their
whips and shouted invitations at so much a
head. And then, suddenly, in a comer of
the plaza appeared the picadores in their
mediaeval gorgeousness of attire, astride the
ill-fated old nags.
It was the signal to start. The picadores
wheeled and led the way to the north, the
cabs rattled after; then the willing mules
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The Travelling Thirds
were given rein, and, jingKng all their bells,
plunged down the narrow streets to the
high-road, scattering the foot-passengers,
who, a motley crowd of men, women, boys,
girls, infants in arms, streamed after. On
the rough, dusty highway they passed looo
more trudging towards the Plaza de Toros,
eating and drinking as they went. They were
come from the surrounding towns, many
from Madrid, and even they led children by
the hand and carried infants blinking in the
strong sunlight. They cheered the picadores,
who responded with the lofty courtesy of
the mediaeval general on his way to the wars.
Far below there was not a sign of life on the
great vega, nor in the villas on the mountain-
slopes. All the little world about seemed
to be crowded upon the knotted heights of
Toledo.
When Catalina and her cavaliers arrived
at the Plaza de Toros other crowds were
struggling through the entrances, but at the
door on the shady side, where tickets were
high, there was no one at that moment but
the Senora Vill6na and her daughter.
They went up at once, the Americans and
172
The Travelling Thirds
the Englishman as curious to see the crowd
as the bull-fight. As the box was Catalina's
she had no difficulty to persuade the Vill6nas
to occupy the front seats ; she sat just behind
with Captain Over, and in the obscure
depths of the rear Mr. Moulton felt himself
to be blest indeed.
*' It seems incredible that they bring chil-
dren here/' he said, as his untiring gaze
roved over the rapidly filling amphitheatre.
*'No wonder they are callous when they
are grown; but 111 not believe they can
see such a sight unmoved at their tender
years. I shall watch them with great in-
terest."
It wottld be half an hour before the enter-
tainment began, but only the boxes were
reserved ; long before the signal nearly every
seat was occupied, from the vulnerable lower
row up to the light Moorish arcade through
which the sky looked even bluer than above.
It was a various and picturesque sight to
foreign eyes. Scarcely a woman wore a
hat. There were many mantillas, of a
texture and pattern so fine there could be
no doubt of the breeding of the owners. A
173
The Travelling Thirds
few wore the black rebosa, but by far the
greater number were bareheaded, their hair
very smooth, and ornamented with high
combs, flowers, or pins. There were enough
handsome Spanish shawls on the shoulders
of the women this fiery day to have furnished
a bazaar — ^brilliant blue shawls heavily em-
broidered and fringed with white, black
shawls, white shawls, red shawls, all of silk,
all embroidered and fringed. And it was
already a thirsty crowd. Venders were
forcing their way between the seats, selling
water out of jugs and wine out of skins, and
even here the water made a wider appeal
than the wine. It was anything but a
cruel sea of faces, hard though the Spanish
type may be. Many a group of women had
their heads together, gossiping, no doubt,
while the men waited in stolid expectation
of the treat in store, signalled to brighter
eyes, or discussed the chances of the day
and the talents of the espadas who would
do the bulls to death.
**They all now take the sacrament," the
senora informed Catalina, who translated
for the benefit of the two men. " Last night
174
The TravelUng Thirds
they confessed and fasted, and their wives
pray until the fight is over."
Mr. Moulton snorted, then reminded him-
self that he was pleasuring, and ordered his
critical faculty into the depths of its shop.
"By Jove!*' said Over.
"Somebody you know?" asked Catalina.
"Heavens, what a caricature!"
"She is a ripping nice woman, and a
countrywoman of your own — a Mrs. Law-
rence Rothe, of New York. I met her
about in London. Remember, now, she
told me she was coming to Spain. She's a
bit made up, but what of that? So many
are, you know. You should see London at
the fag end of the season."
"A bit!" Catalina lifted her nose with
young intolerance. "Her hair looks like a
geranium-bed. Is that her son? He is
rather good-looking."
"That is her husband; they have been
married several years. He's quite a decent
chap — ^keen on horses — he looks older than
he is — thirty — I fancy. Still, I'm rather
sorry for him."
"I should think so. She must be fifty.**
175
The Travelling Thirds
"That is severe of you. She's probably
getting on to forty -five — not more. I'm
told she was a ripping fine woman five years
ago, but she has had a lot of trouble — all
her children refuse to speak to her, and she
got a divorce to marry Rothe. She's really
very jolly. If you will excuse me a minute
I'll go and speak to her."
The woman, who was adjusting herself at
some pains in the next box but one, was
extremely tall and thin, and her blazing
locks, admirably coiff6e as they were above
her broken but still handsome face, excited
the comment of others than Catalina. She
had sacrificed her face to her figure and had
reached that definite age when women dye
their hair with henna. But even forty is
an age when the entire absence of flesh
makes a woman look not youthful but like
an old maid; and scarlet hair, that would
harden a young face, is a search-light above
every hollow and patch of manufactured
surface. In the case of Mrs. Rothe, how-
ever, so distinct was the air of good breeding
with which she carried her expensive charms,
so proud, yet retiring, her manner, and so
176
The Travelling Thirds
perfect her taste in dress, that she ran no
risk of being mistaken for a cocotte. She
was stamped deeply and delicately with the
brand of the New York woman of fashion,
the difference between whom — the same
may be said of the small groups of her kind
in other great American cities — and the
average ** stylish" American is as marked
in its way as the difference between the
Parisian and the French provincial; indeed,
the juxtaposition is even more unfortunate,
for the Frenchwoman of the provinces is
frankly dowdy, and hence escapes looking
cheap. Even Catalina, in a moment, felt
her unwilling admiration creeping forth to
the subtle charm of perfect poise and groom-
ing, the firm yet tactful suggestion of a race
apart in a bulk of eighty millions of mere
Americans.
Mrs. Rothe was talking to Over with a
great show of animation, and her compan-
ion — a virile, good-looking young man, evi-
dently college-bred — had greeted the Eng-
lishman with an enthusiasm suspicious in
the travelling husband.
"She is going to Granada next week,"
177
The Travelling Thirds
whispered Over, significantly, as he took his
seat once more beside Catalina. "I have
asked if I may take you to call on her to-
morrow."
" Yes," said Catalina, absently. The presi-
dent of the occasion, the mayor of Toledo,
had entered his box ; the moimted police, in
crimson and gold, to the sudden rush of
martial music, were careering about the
arena driving the stragglers to their seats.
A moment later came the Paseo de la Cua-
driUa, the procession of all the bull-fighters
across the arena to the foot of the president's
box — the espadas and their understudies,
the banderilleros, the picadores and chulos,
all gorgeous in the gold-embroidered short
clothes and brocades of old Spain. None of
them looked yoimg, in spite of picturesque
finery and pigtails, and their smoothly
shaven faces may best be described by the
expressive Americanism "tough"; but be-
tween bull-fights they do not live the lives
of model citizens, and may be younger than
they look; certainly their calling demands
the agility and imbrittle brain -cells of
youth.
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The Travelling Thirds
The president, who received them stand-
ing, bowed with much ceremony and then
cast a key into the arena. It unlocked one
of the dark cells, or toriles, adjoining the
arena, where the first of the angry bulls was
bellowing for light and space and dinner.
The picadores, with one exception, retired,
this hero of the first engagement taking his
stand by the door whence all had emerged.
The espadas, banderilleros, and others of
lower estate, scattered at safe distances
from the door of the toril, near which
stood a chulo to direct the attention of the
bull to the picador, lest he fly first at the
unmotmted men and disappoint the spec-
tators of their whet of blood.
But the bull might have been rehearsed
for his part. As the door of his toril was
cautiously opened he flew straight at the
blindfolded horse without a side glance or a
roar; and not waiting for the teasing prod
of the picador's pike, he bored his horns
into the luckless animal's side and dragged
out his entrails.
Catalina closed her eyes and turned her
back — she felt horribly faint — then looked
179
The Travelling Thirds
at Mr. Moulton. He also had turned his
back, and his profile was green. Neverthe-
less, he had the presence of mind to observe
a small boy of seven or eight years, whom
he had singled out for psychological in-
vestigation. The boy looked bored.
"The worst is past for the moment,"
said Over to CataUna, and under cover of
her mantilla he took her hand. '*They will
take the poor brute out, and the rest is pure
sport.** And Catalina, in a tensity of emo-
tion, held fast to his hand during the rest
of the performance, quite unconscious of the
act.
The bull, meanwhile, had dashed for the
glittering figures in the middle of the arena,
his red horns looking as if they would rip
the earth did they encoimter nothing more
inviting. Then came the graceful, agile
antics of the banderilleros. After the chulos,
with their flirting capes, had tormented and
bewildered the bull for a few moments, first
one banderillero and then another received
him in full charge, leaping aside as he low-
ered his horns to gore, and thrust the barbed
darts, flaunting with colored ribbons, into
i8o
The Travelling Thirds
the back of his neck. One man leaped clear
over the bull, planting his darts in his flight.
The next went over the wall of the arena
into the narrow passage below the front row
of seats, the bull in full tilt after him, but
diverted by a chulo before he reached the
wall.
It was true sport, and Catalina had for-
gotten her horror and was leaning forward
with interest, when she gave a sharp cry and
dug her nails into Over's hand. The pica-
dor, instead of retiring with his stricken
horse, had leisurely ridden down the arena
to see the sport, and there he sat serenely,
the bright entrails of the poor brute up-
holding him hanging to the groimd. But
only for a moment. A young horse could
have stood no more, and the old hack re-
served for the sacrifice by an economical
people suddenly sank and expired without
a shiver. He had not uttered a sound as
the bull ripped him open, but he had started
and quivered mightily; he had been dying
ever since, and collapsed in an instant.
Catalina cowered behind her fan. "I
wish I had not come!" she gasped into
i8i
The Travelling Thirds
Over's ear. Mr. Moulton was in need of
consolement himself. " Why didn't you tell
me?"
" I had never been to a btill-fight, and you
told me you were an old hand at it."
"That was only child's play. And all the
accounts of bull-fights I have ever read gave
me the impression that the brutality was
quite lost in the picturesqueness. This is
hideously business-like."
"That expresses it. And there is no en-
thusiasm as yet, because there has not been
enough blood. It will take two more man-
gled horses to rouse them. Do you want
to go?"
"After this act. I'd never sit through
another; but I'll see this through."
The bull, the blood streaming from the
wounds in his neck where the banderillas
still quivered, plunged or darted about the
arena, striving to reach his tormentors ; but,
charge with the swiftness of the wind as he
might, the leaping banderilleros either plant-
ed their darts or as dexterously plucked
them out.
Suddenly the president rose and made a
182
The Travelling Thirds
signal. The chulos and banderilleros en-
ticed the bull to the right of the arena, and
then the espada of the first engagement,
hitherto posing for the admiration of the
spectators, brought forth his sword and red
muleta, and, walking with a sort of jaunty
solemnity to the foot of the president's box,
dedicated the death of the bull to the func-
tionary whose honor it was to preside over
this Corridas de Toros. He then walked
over to the bull and waved the red cloth
before his eyes.
In descriptions of bull-fights, especially
when the espada is the hero of the tale, this
final episode is always pictured as one of
great excitement and involving a terrible
risk. As a matter of fact, it is deferred until
the bull is nearly exhausted. He has some
fight left in him, it is true, and an inexperi-
enced espada might easily be tossed. But
those that oftener meet with death in the
bull-ring are the banderilleros, who plant
their darts as the bull charges. The legs
of the picadores are padded, and they are
always close enough to the wall to leap over
if the bull brings the horse down.
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The Travelling Thirds
Nothing could be tamer than the final
scene in the first act of to-day's continuous
performance. The espada danced about the
bull for a few minutes, waving his red rag,
and then, as the brute stood at bay with his
head down, looking far more weary than
belligerent, he stepped lightly to one side
and drove his sword through the neck in the
direction of the heart, a very neat and de-
cent operation.
The bull did not drop at once, and there
was no applause. He stood as if lost in
thought for a few moments, and the espada
was forgotten; he had failed. Then the
bull turned, wavered, sank slowly to earth.
Another door flew open and in rushed a team
of four mules abreast, jingling with gala
bells. The bull was dragged out at their
tails, and his trail of blood covered with
fresh sand.
Catalina rose and bent over her duenna.
"We will go now, senora," she said. "But
you will remain, of course. I shall be well
taken care of."
The Senora Vill^na looked up with polite
amazement. "You go? Are you ill, dear
184
The Travelling Thirds
sefiorita? It has only begun. There are
many more bulls to kill."
*'I have had enough to last me for the
rest of my life. Hasta luego.'*
It was not at every bull-fight that the
sefiora sat in a box, and she settled back in
her conspicuous seat thankful that the very
bourgeois Sefior Moulton had accompanied
her singular charge.
As they were leaving the box Catalina
saw that another picador had entered and
stood precisely as his predecessor had done,
with the profile of his blindfolded horse
towards the door of the toril. Fascinated,
she stood rooted to the spot, some deep,
savage lust slowly awakening. Again the
door of the toril was cautiously opened;
again a bull, as if he had been rehearsed for
the part, rushed straight at the helpless
horse and buried his horns in his side. Cata-
lina fancied she could hear the rip of the
hide. But this bull was more powerful
than the other. He lifted horse and rider
on his horns, and the picador, amid the be-
lated enthusiasm of the multitude, leaped
like a monkey over the wall as the torn
i8S
The Travelling Thirds
horse was tossed and fell cracking to the
ground.
** Well," said Over, " have you had enough ?
They say, you know, that the horror soon
passes and the fascination grows."
" I am glad to know it was not my Indian
blood. I can now understand the fascination,
but I shall never come again, all the same."
" We are none of us so far from savagery —
Miss Shore, Mrs. Rothe."
They were in the passage behind the
boxes, and Mrs. Rothe, who was pallid with
disgust and delighted to express herself to a
sympathetic woman — her yoimg husband
had sulkily torn himself from the ring —
walked out with Catalina anathematizing
the Spanish race. As they emerged, Mr.
Moulton, green and very silent, disappeared.
When he returned he was still pale, but nor-
mal once more, and after a speech of five min-
utes' duration, in which, ignoring the finer
flowers of his working vocabulary, he con-
signed Spain to eternal perdition — Catalina
had driven off with Mrs. Rothe — he was
quite restored, and celebrated his recovery
by a long pull at a wine-skin.
i86
The Travelling Thirds
"I believe I am quite demoralized/' he
said, cheerfully; and then, in company with
Over and young Rothe — whose wife had
amiably bade him stay — he returned to the
ring.
XVII
I SAW that horse standing
I in the middle of the arena
every time my mind was
off guard!** said Catalina.
I " I woke up suddenly in
the night with the hideous
vision painted on the dark. I thought it
was a judgment on me for going — that I
should be haunted by it for the rest of my
Kfe. I believe it was Velasquez that ban-
ished it, but now I see it only at intervals.'*
"Perhaps,** said Over, "we were wiser in
going back. Our savagery was glutted and
the imagination blunted. I was never so
bored in my life as at the end of two hours
of it, and I haven't thought of it since.'*
They were down in the crypt of the
Escorial, in the Pantheon de los Reyes.
Mrs. Rothe had offered to chaperon Cata-
lina, and after two days of sight-seeing in
i88
The Travelling Thirds
Toledo had returned to Madrid to prepare
for the trip south. She had seen the Es-
corial, and Catalina had come out alone with
Over to the grim mass of masonry growing
out of the Guadarrama Motmtains, which
from a distance looks like a phantom casino
for dead pleasures. They had wandered
over it leisurely, lingering in the cell, with
its scant leather furniture, where Philip II.
in his monastic arrogance had received the
ambassadors of Europe, and peering through
the little window of the inner cell upon the
same sight that had held his d3dng gaze as
he lay where they, as a great concession,
were permitted to stand — a high -mass in
the chapel beyond. Then they had de-
scended the fifty-nine steps into the black-
and-gold vault where lies the dust of Charles
V. and his successors to the throne of Spain,
together with the queens who reigned, or
mothered kings.
It is an octagonal apartment, with eight
rows of niches, the kings on the right of the
altar opposite the entrance, the queens on
the left. Every sarcophagus, wrought in
precisely the same elaborate pattern, is of
X3 189
The Travelling Thirds
black marble heavily encrusted with gold.
The handful of dust that once was chief of
the Holy Roman Empire is in the sarcopha-
gus on a level with the top of the altar, and
below him is Philip II. There is none of
the picturesque confusion, the vagaries of
different epochs, nor the lingering scent of
death of the Kaisergruft in Vienna. It
might have been built yesterday, but it has
the sombre richness, the lofty dignity of
Spain itself.
There were only two empty niches, and
the guide informed his patrons that they
awaited the young king and the late Queen
Isabella.
"Where is she now?'' asked Catalina.
"Why is she not here?*'
"Oh, she must remain in the Pudridero
for ten years," said the guide, indifferently.
" It is the custom. For some it is only five
years, but she was very fat."
Thus was explained the purity of the at-
mosphere.
They ascended thirty-fotir of the steps
and wandered through that white marble
quarry, so brilliant, so new, so cheerful,
190
The Travelling Thirds
where lie the lesser dead of the House of
Spain. There are rows and rows and rows of
them. In one octagonal, snow-white mass,
exactly resembling a huge wedding-cake, the
dust of many children has been put away,
and the gay coat of arms embellishing it
seems cut there to cheer the little ones in
their last sleep. Many of the glistening
sarcophagi are as yet without inscription,
awaiting, no doubt, time and the Pudri-
dero.
Above, in the Sacristia and Ante-Sacristia,
they were shown the magnificent vestments
and altar-cloths with which the tmeasy Isa-
bella, as age waxed and time waned, pro-
pitiated Church and saints. And what she
had been was discreetly forgotten; she had
descended into the Pudridero fortified with
the odor of sanctity.
They dismissed the guide and walked
down the foot-path to the lower town. For
a time they preserved the tranquil silence
which is so pleasant an episode* in friend-
ship ; for although this friendship was barely
three weeks old, they had enjoyed so much
in common, and companioned each other
191
The Travelling Thirds
through so many annoyances, quarrelled
and made up so often, discovered so many
points of sympathy and disagreement, they
had come to take their intimate association
as a matter of course, while still their mutual
interest deepened.
Over stole a glance at his companion as
she looked aside into the gardens. She had
restored the short skirt to favor, but to
gratify Mrs. Rothe, who was shocked that
so much beauty should go to waste, she had
bought a gray silk blouse and a soft gray
hat. Still she looked more like the aggres-
sive Catalina to whom he had grown accus-
tomed before the brief, distracting interval
of the mantilla. He was well again after
these three weeks of almost open-air life,
much heat, and uninterrupted freedom, and
carried his tall, thin figure with military
erectness, while his keen eyes seemed al-
ways laughing and there was a tinge of
color in his dark face. He now not only
looked the handsome, highly bred, intelligent
Englishman who might have had an Italian
or Spanish ancestor, but his magnetism was
alive again, and the observant Catalina
192
The Travelling Thirds
noticed that women stared at him and oc-
casionally lay in wait.
The hotel in Madrid where they were all
stopping was full of travellers and of depu-
ties, many of whose wives were handsome,
and dressed like women who looked to life
to furnish them with much amusement.
Catalina speculated and occasionally flew
into a rage ; for this trip in Spain he was all
hers, if she never saw him again, and she
was ready to spit fire upon possible rivals.
She was not in her most amiable mood
to-day. The hotel was on the Puerta del
Sol, the noisiest plaza in Europe. If the
throngs that hatmt it ever go to bed they
must get up again at once, and Catalina,
whose rest was broken, wondered how Spain
had ever acquired the reputation for indo-
lence. Moreover, it was quite true that the
horrors of the bull-ring had hatinted her
almost to the point of obsession, and as she
was too philosophical to wish the done un-
done, she took refuge in \^Tath against her-
self for not meeting the inevitable with her
usual stolidity. She prided herself greatly
upon her Oriental serenity, and looked upon
193
The Travelling Thirds
her temper as a mere annex, which, no
doubt, would be absorbed in time.
She turned suddenly with a little frown.
"There's an end to otu* travelling third.
I broached the subject last night, and Mrs.
Rothe looked as if I were stark mad. She
has no snobbish scruples, but I suppose the
poor thing has never been tmcomfortable
in her life. She asked me politely if I could
not afford to go in the luxe that runs be-
tween here and Granada once a week, and,
of course, I had to admit that I could. But
I hate it. Couldn't we go third and meet
her there?''
"I am afraid we have no good excuse —
and it would take nearly two days by the
slow trains. I rather think you should be
thankful for the solution of Mrs. Rothe."
" You need not preach. I am. But when
I come back to Europe I'm going to pretend
to be a widow and travel by myself."
"Are you so in love with liberty?"
"Yes, I am."
"Well, I have always thought highly of it
myself," he said, lightly. "How do you
like Mrs. Rothe, on the whole? Don't you
194
The Travelling Thirds
find her a good sort, in spite of her foi-
bles?"
"Follies, I should call them. Yes, I like
her, if only because she has taught me that
a person may be foolish and yet be wise;
decorate herself like a cocotte and yet be a
lady; violate half the rules one has been
brought up on and yet be more estimable
than the wholly virtuous — Cousin Miranda,
for instance/*
"Those would be dangerous deductions
for some girls, but you have a ripping strong
head. You ought to be as grateful for that
as for your beauty."
"I wish you*d stop preaching."
"I never preached in my life," he said,
indignantly. " I was merely thinking aloud
— ^uttering an obvious fact. I might add
that I wish your temper was in the same
class with your good looks and common-
sense."
" Well, it isn't. Do you approve of second
marriages?"
"Never given a thought to the subject.
If ever I married it wotild not be with the
divorce court among the future possibilities."
I9S
The Travelling Thirds
" I was not thinking of divorce — although
Mrs. Rothe, in a way, suggested the ques-
tion. But I wonder how it feels to be mar-
ried to a second man, especially if you were
in love with the first — and most youthful
marriages are for love. I picked up an old
volume of Hawthorne the other day and
came across the phrase, apropos of a second
marriage, *the dislocation of the heart's
principles.' You never forget a phrase like
that. And I have been wondering."
"One is so different at twenty-five and
thirty-five. It is almost like being reborn.
And so many youthful marriages result in
disillusion and disappointment you can
hardly blame the victims for taking another
try at it. There is such a thing as sacrificing
too much, and I fancy Mrs. Rothe has. Still,
there is something magnificent in the big
gambler, and Mrs. Rothe must have more
courage than weakness to stake all on one
throw."
"I don't know that I blame her if she
never was happy before ; but sometimes first
love is real love — I mean, of course, when it
is; mere fancies don't count. But if one
196
The Travelling Thirds
has any brain and a moderate amount of
experience, one must know when one has
been through the real thing. 1 am thinking
now of two people who have been married
long enough to find out. It is, no doubt,
a matter for speculation before that; and
that is the reason so many giris marry and
are happy, even though they have broken
their hearts several times — you see, women
live the life of the imagination until they
can live in fact. But when one has actually
lived for some years with a man and loved
him and he dies — that is what I mean.
Don't you think it is the second-rate person
who marries again? I have a theory, in
spite of Hawthorne, that mistaken marriages
don't count — I mean so far as the soul, the
inner life, is concerned, — but that the real
one counts forever, and that consolement
with another partner presupposes shallow-
ness and a lack of true spirituality. Fancy
being equally happy and in deepest accord
with two men. It is disgusting.*'
" It certainly is unideal. And every Jack
has his Jill. I don't doubt that — don't in
the least believe a man could be equally
197
The Travelling Thirds
happy with any one of a hundred charming
and intelligent women — ^not if he wanted
the best out of life. But it is fortunate, per-
haps, that the majority don't do any deep
imagining. Then you think yourself capable
of being faithful to a memoty?'* he added,
curiously.
"I know I could be — and happy, in a
way; certainly far happier than if I settled
down into a commonplace content with an-
other man. It is the inner life that counts,
nothing else.'*
"How do you know these things?"
" How did you know you would be brave
in battle before you were ever in one?*'
" Didn't. Was awfully afraid I'd funk it.'*
"Well," she said, laughing, "perhaps that
wasn't a fortunate comparison. But one
can have intuitions without experience, es-
pecially if one lives a more or less solitary
life, and thinks. However, I have visions
of myself as an old maid on the ranch with
half a dozen adopted children. Falling in
love is too hard work."
"Is it?"
"Well — ^it has always seemed so to me."
198
The Travelling Thirds
She colored, more angry with herself than
with him. "I don't pretend to any great
amount of experience, but you are so ridicu-
lously literal."
'* You make cocksure assertions, and then
get in a rage if I treat them respectfully.
When I don't, you hiss at me like a snake.
I don't complain, however, for I am now
a qualified and hardened subject for matri-
mony."
** I suppose you mean that I will make all
other women seem like angels. You will
have something to thank me for."
" If any man ever has the courage to pro-
pose to you, and you bend so far as to accept
him, and his courage carries him as far as
the altar, is it your intention to nag him
through life as you have nagged me in the
past three weeks?"
"Have I nagged you?" She turned her
wondering eyes upon him. "I never — so I
thought — have treated any one so well."
"Great God!" But he was nonplussed
at her sudden change of front, as he always
was. "There have been times," he con-
tinued in a moment, "when you have been
199
The Travelling Thirds
qxiite the most charming woman in the
world."
Her wondering eyes were still on his, the
rest of her face as immobile as the Sphinx.
He blundered along.
"I have been on the verge of proposing
to you more than once."
"Why didn't you?"
"You have a way of breaking the spell
just at the critical moment. I am never
stu-e whether the you I am sometimes in love
with is really there or only assumed, like
one of yotir rarely worn gowns. There are
times when I think you have every possi-
bility, and others when I believe you to be
merely a more subtle variety of the American
flirt."
"Well, I'm sorry you didn't propose,"
she said, sedately. "Now I suppose you
never will. You would have been quite a
feather in my cap."
"That means you would not have ac-
cepted me?"
"Did you imagine I would?"
"There have been times when I did.**
He was now goaded into boldness.
200
The Travelling Thirds
"Well, you're just a conceited English-
man!'* she cried, furiously. "If I thought
you meant that I'd never speak to you
again!"
"Now I know where I am," he said,
serenely. " This, after all, is the only you I
am at home with."
" Well, don't speak to me again for twenty-
four hours. I can't stand you. Thank
Heaven, there is the train!"
Some hours later he found her sitting at
the drawing-room window of the hotel look-
ing down upon the most charalcteristic sight
in Madrid — ^the afternoon procession of car-
riages.
From four o'clock until any hour of a
fine night, while the national stew simmers
on the back of the stove, the wealth and
fashion, and those that would be or seem
to be both, drive out the Calle de Alcala to
the great paseos and parks, and back through
the narrow Carrera San Jeronimo in an tin-
broken line that bewilders the eye and creates
the delusion of an endless and automatic
chain. There are more private carriages in
Madrid than in any city in the world, and in
20I
The Travelling Thirds
bright weather their owners would appear
to live in them, indifferent to hunger or
fatigue. Those who have Paris gowns ex-
hibit them, those who have not hide their
poverty tmder the always picturesque man-
tilla; but few are so poor as not to own a
turnout. A woman of any degree of fashion
in Madrid will sell her house if necessary, her
furniture, her jewels, and live in two rooms
with one or no servant, but have her car-
riage and her daily drive she will; for to lose
one's place in that distinguished chain would
be to lose one's hold on the world itself.
So long as they can see and be seen daily in
the avenues they love, bow to the same
familiar faces, and criticise the gowns of
friend and foe, the olla podrida can bum
and the frock under the mantilla be darned
and turned, the daughters dowerless, and
even theatre tickets tmavailable. They have,
at least, the best in life; and then there is
always the long morning in bed and the
bull-fight. And who would not envy a
people so tenacious of the desirable and so
bravely satisfied?
Catalina was at the window on the Carrera
7iQ2
The Travelling Thirds
San Jeronimo, and there was no one else in
the sala at the moment. Over approached
in some trepidation, not having been spoken
to since the final word on the slope of the
Escorial; but Catalina, diverted by the
bright birds of paradise on their homeward
flight, looked up and smiled charmingly.
She wore one of her white frocks, and a string
of pearls in her hair, and stirred the languid
air with a large black fan. In a strong light
she was always beautiful, and in the late,
sun-touched shadows of evening, with her
pretty teeth showing between the red, waving
line of her lips, she looked very sweet and
seductive.
"I suppose I ought to apologize," said
Over, who had had no thought of apolo-
gizing.
"You did say very rude things, but I
squared them by losing my temper. If we
begin to apologize — " She shrugged her
shoulders and lowered her lashes to the hats
and mantillas below.
He took the chair before her. "Let us
talk it out," he said. "What do you think?
Is this close companionship of ours going
203
The Travelling Thirds
to end in love, or are we the usual passing
jests of propinquity ? I admit I have never
been so hard hit in my life ; but at the same
time I am not completely floored. Perhaps
that is only because I am too contented in
a way. If we were separated for a time, I
fancy I'd know."
"Your sense of humor must have flown
off with your national caution. I never
before heard of a man asking a girl to
straighten out his sentiments for him.*'
"I don't care a hang about traditions.
If I love you I want to marry you, and if I
don't I'd rather be shot. I am talking it
out in cold blood when I can, and this un-
romantic spot, with all that infernal clatter
down there, is as good a place as any. Be-
sides, I don't want you to think that I am
not capable of being serious — of appreciat-
ing you. Life would be tmthinkable happi-
ness if we loved each other — "
"You take for granted that if you man-
aged to reach the dizzy height, I should ar-
rive by the same train." She spoke flip-
pantly, but he saw that she had broken the
sticks of her fan.
204
The Travelling Thirds
"I told you once before to-day that I
believed every Jack had his Jill. If I loved
you it would be for what you had in you
for me alone — I know what the other thing
means. You are as much in doubt as I
am. As for myself, I perhaps would be sure
if you were not so beautiful; but there are
times when you blind, and I don*t intend to
make that particular kind of a silly ass of
myself."
"Well," said Catalina, rising, "I have a
fancy we will find out in Granada — by
moonlight in the Alhambra and all that sort
of thing. One thing is positive — we are in
the dark at present, and the conditions are
not illtmiinating. Here comes Mrs. Rothe."
As she moved off she turned suddenly.
" If you should continue indefinitely in this
painful state of vacillation," she said, sweetly,
"you may consider these two little con-
versations decently buried. For my part, I
like friendship, and we have become quite
adept at that."
14
XVIII
HIS is Granada — Granada
— Granada — and we are liv-
ing in the Alhambra — some-
how I always pictured the
Alhambra as a mere palace,
not as a whole military
town where thousands lived; and to be
actually domiciled in one of its old streets
— its old, steep, narrow, crooked streets — I
don't quite realize it, do you?"
"I shall feel more romantic when I have
cleaned up — and some one has stolen my
pipe."
"Oh, I hate you!" said Catalina, but she
forgot him in a moment.
She had persuaded Mrs. Rothe to go to a
pension instead of a hotel — she had heard
of one frequented mainly by artists — and
with less difficulty than she had anticipated,
for it was the season of travelling Americans,
206
The Travelling Thirds
and her erring but sensitive chaperon was
weary of being stared at. The front win-
dows of the pension looked upon a street
whose paving -stones and walls had echoed
the tramp of Moorish feet for nearly looo
years, and are still as eloquent of that in-
domitable race as if the Spanish conquerors
had never passed under the Gate of Justice.
In an angle at the back of the house was a
garden with a long, latticed window in its
high wall, and beyond were the great shade-
trees of Alhambra Park. There was a soimd
of running water and the hum of drowsy
insects, but it seemed as quiet as a necropolis
after the long flight from the station behind
the jingling mules into Granada, and the
following drive over the rough streets of the
city up to the heights of the Alhambra.
Catalina's room had windows on both
street and garden, and she could look down
into Over's room in the other side of the
angle, on the floor below. The garden, al-
though the kitchen opened upon it, was full
of sweet-smelling flowers and rustic chairs,
and at one end was a long table wljere a
man sat painting. There were no palms
207
The Travelling Thirds
here, for Granada is 2000 feet above the
Mediterranean and the eternal snows are
on the Sierras behind her.
"I suppose, then,** said Catalina, after a
half -hour's dreaming, " that you don't mind
if I go for a walk without you?"
"Oh, do wait! I'm quite fit now."
"I'll meet you down in the street."
On her way through the quaint, irregular
house she met a tall, fine-looking girl, who
half smiled and bowed as if welcoming her
to the pension. For a moment Catalina
wondered if by any chance her family could
have bought out the Spanish proprietors,
but dismissed the thought. The girl was
not only unmistakably American, but of the
independent class. She wore a blue veil
about the edge of her large hat, and her
ashen hair in a single deep ciu^e on her
forehead. Her white shirt-waist and white
duck skirt were adjusted with a perfection
of detail that suggested the habit of a maid
or of time and concentrated thought. Her
features were good, and in spite of a hint of
selfishness and rigidity about the mouth,
and a pair of rather cold gray eyes, her smile
208
The Travelling Thirds
was very sweet. But her claim to distinction
was in her grooming, her beauty mien, and
in her subtle air of gracious patronage.
"She looks like a princess and yet not
quite like a lady," thought Catalina. "What
can she be?"
Over joined her, and as the two gray,
harmonious figures walked down the street
Catalina turned suddenly and looked at the
pension. The girl in white was leaning from
one of the upper windows. But this time
the cool gray eyes had no message for one
of her own sex. They dwelt upon the Eng-
lishman's military and distinguished back.
Catalina thrilled to the vague music of im-
rest deep in some unexplored nook of her
being. The second response was a snapping
eye which she turned upon Over.
" I met an American girl as I was coming
out that I have taken a dislike to," she an-
noimced. "She has a most absurd patron-
izing manner, and looks as if she were trying
to be the great lady but couldn't quite make
it. I prefer the Moultons, who are frankly
suburban."'
" I thought the Moultons very jolly — poor
209
The Travelling Thirds
souls. I suppose they have reached the
haven of an Atlantic liner by this."
**Di(i you see that girl?" asked Catalina,
sharply.
"What girl? Oh, in the pension, just
now. I passed a rather sttinning girl on
the stairs — but there are so many girls!
Shall we wander about outside a bit before
getting the tickets?"
The great red towers of the Alhambra
were before them, and Catalina forgot the
Unknown. There happened to be no one
else in the Plaza de los Aljibes as they en-
tered it, and the afternoon was very warm
and still. They lingered between the hedges
of myrtle, the flower best beloved of the
Moor, and disdaining the upstart palace of
Charles V. looked wonderingly at the feat-
ureless wall that hid so much beauty, and in
its time had secluded from the vulgar the
daily life and gorgeous state of the most
picturesque court in Europe, and such
harems of varied loveliness as never will be
seen again. Only the Tower of Comares,
rising sheer from the northern wall of the
Assabica Hill, is as visible from the plaza as
2 ID
The Travelling Thirds
from the courts, of whose life it was once a
part.
^ " It was from that window that the Sul-
tana A5rxa la Horra, the mother of Boabdil
el Chico, let him down to the Darro with a
rope made of shawls so that he could escape
from Granada before his dreadful old father
murdered him," voltmteered Catalina. " But
of course you have read all about it — there
never was a more delicious book than The
Conquest of Granada.''
"Never heard of it, and am densely ig-
norant of the whole thing. You will have
to coach me, as usual."
"Then I suppose you don't know that we
should have no Alhambra to-day — hardly one
stone on another — if it hadn't been for Irving
— ^an American! How do you like that?"
" You know I have no race jealousy, and I
had just as lief it had been Irving as any
other Johnny. What difference does it
make, anyhow? We have the Alhambra.
It's like bothering about who wrote Shake-
speare's plays."
"That doesn't interest you?"
"Not a bit. The plays don't much, for
211
The Travelling Thirds
that matter. I'm glad our literature has
them, but all that sort of speculation seems
to me a crying waste of time and mental
energy. Let's have the lecture. What did
you say your black's name was?"
"Black! Boabdil had beautiful golden
hair and blue eyes." And she sketched the
vacillating fate of that ill-starred yotmg
monarch while they sat on a bench oppo-
site the great fagade of the Alcazaba, that
once impregnable citadel swarming with
turbaned Moors. To Catalina they were
almost visible to-day, so vivid was her his-
torical sense; and, as ever, she caught Over
in the rush of her enthusiasm. He always
invited these little disquisitions, less for the
information, which he usually forgot, than
for the pleasure of watching the changing
glow on Catalina's so often immobile face.
Moreover, she was invariably amiable when
roaming through history. Her voice, in
spite of its little Western accent, was soft
and rich and lingered in his ear long after
she had fallen into a silence which presented
a contemptuous front to such masculine art-
fulness as he possessed.
212
The Travelling Thirds
To-day, after they had passed through
the little door of the Alcazaba, she fell
abruptly from garrulity into a state of ap-
parent dumbness; but Over walked con-
tentedly beside her in the warm and fra-
grant silence of the ruin. Except for the
ramparts and the two great watch-towers
where the Moor had contemplated for so
many anxious months the vast army and
glittering camp of Ferdinand and Isabella
on the vega beyond Granada, and the sheer
sides of the rock on which the fortress was
built, there was little to suggest that it had
once been the warlike guardian of the palace.
It rather looked as if it had been the pleas-
ure-gardens of a pampered harem, with its
winding walks between terraces of bright
flowers, its fotmtains, overgrown, like the
fragments of wall, with ivy, and its grottos,
always cool, and of a delicious fragrance;
while from every point there was a glimpse
of snow motmtain or sunburned plain.
After they had rambled in silence for an
hour Catalina emerged from her centres and
suggested that they go up to the platform of
the Torre de la Vela. From that high point,
213
The Travelling Thirds
famous for having been the first in Granada
to fly the pennons of Aragon and Castile,
they saw the perfect rim of hills and moun-
tains that curve about the city and its vega.
On the tremendous ridges and peaks of the
Sierras, no less than on the blooming slopes
of the lower ranges, there once were watch-
towers and fortified towns, the outer rind
of the pomegranate which the Spaniards
stripped off bit by bit tmtil they reached
the luscious pith that so aptly symhdlized
the delights of the Moorish stronghold. The
fortresses are gone, but the eternal snows
still glitter, the Xenil is as silvery as of yore,
while the sloping city of Granada itself pre-
sents an indescribably ancient appearance,
with its millions of tiles, baked and faded
by the centuries into a soft, pinkish gray, its
streets so narrow that one seems to look
down upon a vast roof, from which crosses
and towers rise like strange growths that
mar the harmony of a scene otherwise per-
fect in line and delicate color. The solitary
tower of the cathedral rises from the mass
of roofs like a mere monument above the
tombs of Ferdinand and Isabella, who, for
214
The Travelling Thirds
all they lie in consecrated stone, have ever
about them the phantom of the ancient
mosque.
Above the roofs the very air was pink;
and out on the shimmering vega to the
western hills the stm was seeking to pay his
evening visit. On the right, or north, of the
Alhambra, across the river Darro, was the
Albaicin on a steep mountain spur, once
both sister and rival of the palace hill,
"the whole stirrounded by high walls three
leagues in circuit, with twelve gates, and
fortified by 1030 towers." It was, in gen-
eral, faithful to Boabdil el Chico, Cata-
lina informed her companion, thirsty for
knowledge, and was the scene of terrific
battles between that whim of destiny and
his unrighteous old father Muley Aben
Hassan. To-day it is given over to thou-
sands of gypsies, who are faithful to nothing
but their nefarious and ofttimes murderous
instincts. But by far the most imposing ob-
jects in the extensive panorama, after the
snow mountains, were the ruined towers
of the Alhambra itself. Besides the three
in the foreground, and Comares, or romantic
215
The Travelling Thirds
memories, was a line in varying stages of
picturesque decay, extending along the pre-
cipitous bluff overhanging the Darro. Be-
tween were gardens of glowing flowers, nar-
row streets, ruined walls, wild patches of
wood where the cliff -side jutted; and on the
south side of the Alhambra hill, parallel
with the Darro, the dense park of elms
planted by the Duke of Wellington.
"There is the town of Santa F6," said
Catalina, pointing to a speck on the edge
of the vega. " Ferdinand and Isabella caused
it to be built when they were in camp. The
articles of Granada's capitulation were signed
there, and their contract with Coltimbus.
Over there in the Sierras, somewhere, is
the spot where Boabdil turned to take a last
look at Granada, and was reproached by his
mother — ^who was far more of a man than
he was — for weeping like a woman for what
he could not defend like a man. When I
was a child my mother used to sing me to
sleep with 'The Last Sigh of the Moor.' "
And she suddenly trilled forth with an
abandonment of sorrow which startled Over
more than any phase she had yet exhibited.
216
The Travelling Thirds
"'Ay, ntinca, ntinca, ntinca mas veriV
That means, * Aye, never, never, never more
to see,'*' she translated, practically. "How
close it brings the island of Santa Catalina,
tmdiscovered by the tourist then, and our
lonely little inn! My mother always sang
me to sleep in a big rocking-chair, and my
father sat by a student-lamp and read,
frowning until she had finished. It all
seems a thousand years ago."
"Did you miss your parents much?"
asked Over, curiously.
For a second it seemed to him that he saw
a window open in the depths of her eyes.
Then she turned her back on him. "I
don't live in the past," she said. "Let us
go down into the park. It will be dusk in a
few moments, and the nightingales will
sing."
They lingered awhile among the terraces
watching the sun go down, then descended
through the Gate of Justice into the park.
There the steep aisles were dim, there was
the murmur of running water, and in a few
moments the nightingales burst forth into
song.
217
The Travelling Thirds
Over and Catalina sat down on a grassy
bank. There appeared to be no one in the
park but themselves. The man looked up,
half expecting to see turbaned heads and
flashing eyes on the towers and ramparts
above; or the glittering cavalcade of Ferdi-
nand and Isabella crowding through the Gate
of Justice; or the faithless wife of Boabdil
stealing out to her fatal tryst with Hammet
of the Abencerrages. In the warm dtiski-
ness of the wood tmder the watch-towers
and ramparts, and the fountain of Charles V.
beside them, the music of nightingale and
distant waters thrilling the soft, voluptuous
air, it was easy to imagine that the walls
of Granada had yielded to neither the Span-
iard nor to time. They were the most
romantic moments he had ever known; and
the Alhambra is the most romantic ruin on
earth, the one where the modem world
seems but a bit of prophetic history, and
400 years are as naught.
But there came a moment when he re-
traced his flight and stole a glance at Cata-
lina. If she were as thrilled with the sense
of his nearness as he with hers in these glades
2ii
The Travelling Thirds
of teeming memories, she gave no sign.
With her head thrown back and eyes half
closed she appeared to be drinking in the
delicious notes of the nightingales. She
was quite as beautiful as any of the captive
sultanas who had whiled away the hours for
their fierce lords in the mysterious apart-
ments above — and startlingly like. Such
women, white of skin, dark and sphinxlike
of eye, with delicate features and tender
forms, were sought throughout the East to
tempt the sated appetite of the Moorish ty-
rants. Just so had women with wistful, up-
turned profiles listened to the dulcet notes
of the nightingale floating down from the
trees beside Comares into the spacious courts
beneath their narrow windows, dreaming of
the lovers they would never see. How like
she was! In looks, yes; but he laughed out-
right as his fancy pictured Catalina as even
the reigning favorite of a harem where a
mistaken monarch sought to filch her of
her liberty and bend her will. His abrupt,
half - conscious laughter rent the spell of
the evening, and Catalina sprang to her
feet-
219
The Travelling Thirds
"I forgot to ask the dinner -hour," she
said. ** But it must be time. I am starved. ' *
She walked rapidly up the hill, and Over
followed, conscious that he had thrown away-
one of the exquisite moments of life, and
hardly knowing, now that the intoxication
had passed, whether he would have it so or
not.
XIX
HEY found the guests of
the pension at dinner in
the garden. There were
ten or twelve people at
the table, and Over and
Catalina were conscious of
a conspicuous entrance; and a certain fa-
miliar lighting of the eye in those facing the
door heralded them as a distinguished young
couple on their honeymoon. Catalina, whose
spirits had ebbed far out, frowned and took
the vacant chair beside Mrs. Rothe, that at
least she might not be obliged to talk to a
man, and Over sat himself beside the hus-
band. In a moment Catalina saw her mis-
take ; there was but one person between her
cavalier and the blonde young woman who
had inspired her with distrust.
The American girl sat at the head of the
table with the air of a hostess entertaining
i< 221
The Travelling Thirds
her guests. She was perhaps twenty-six,
but she had the aplomb of a woman who not
only has been a gracious hostess for many
years, but has exacted and received much
tribute. She wore a thin black gown which
became her fairness marvellously well, and
had dressed her smooth, ashen hair both
high and low. Her long back was straight
without effort, and if her shoulders were a
shade too broad her waist and hips were less
mature. Everybody else looked dowdy in
comparison, even Mrs. Rothe suffering an
eclipse.
But if her toilette was triimiphant, her
manner was more so. On one side of her
sat a Frenchman, on the other a Spaniard,
opposite Captain Over a German, and she
addressed each in his language, taking care
that none should suffer at the expense of
the other; and it was manifest that they all
adored her. She was, in fact, a brilliant
figure, and if her sweet smile was somewhat
mechanical, and her fine, gray eyes keen and
passionless, her swains were too dazzled by
her manner and her handsome appearance
to detect the flaws.
222
The Travelling Thirds
Catalina cocked her ears, but found neither
wisdom nor cleverness in the remarks that
fell from the thin, well-cut lips. It was the
girl's linguistic accomplishment, her bright
manner of saying nothing, and willingness
to hear men talk, that were responsible for
the delusion that she was a brilliant woman.
Catalina's curiosity could no longer contain
itself, and she turned abruptly to Mrs.
Rothe and spoke for the first time.
"Who is she?'* she asked. "Have you
heard?"
"Her name is Holmes, and I heard her
sister, that dowdy little artist over there,
call her Edith."
"I wonder who — ^what — she is?"
"Nobody in particular, I should think."
"But she — she — dominates everjrthing."
"That is the American girl — a certain
type. You'll see a great many of them if
you go about enough. This specimen was
bom with a respectable amount of good
looks, a high opinion of herself, and some
magnetism. On her way through life she
has acquired what some call autorit6, others
bluff. She probably has no position to
223
The Travelling Thirds
speak of at home — she never would wear
her hair in that Florodora lump on her fore-
head if she had — ^but she has made a great
deal of running in summer and winter re-
sorts, and in Europe. The study of her life
is twofold: dress and how to please men —
while deluding them that they are graciously
permitted to please her. Her knack for
languages stands her in good stead, her tact
is almost — ^never quite — ^perfect; for she too
often makes the mistake of snubbing wom-
en. She knows the value of every glance,
she has a genius for small talk and dress —
probably she has not an income of a hundred
and fifty dollars a month, and her sister has
to dress like a sweep to help her out — ^and I
should be willing to stake all I have that
she dances to perfection. She is the sort
of girl that men delight to make a belle of,
not only because she flatters them and is
always 'all there,' but because she does
them so much credit. But they usually are
quite content to swell her train, and forget
to propose. What she is on the lookout for,
of course, is a rich husband ; but every year
she becomes more and more the veteran
224
The Travelling Thirds
flirt, more polished and mechanical, and less
seductive, and will end by taking any one she
can get/'
"She is a type, then. I fancied her
unique."
" Dear me! There are hundreds like her.*'
"All the same, I can't take my eyes off
her. She fascinates me. I don't like her —
but I think I'd like to be like her."
"Heaven forbid! She is a very second-
rate person, my dear, and your beauty is
real, while hers is only a matter of effect.
She fascinates you because she is young and
successful, and you see her like for the first
time. But she is nothing in the world but
a man's woman, and while as chaste as an
Amazon — I suppose Amazons were chaste —
has probably been engaged several times —
the type is sentimental — I might add, ex-
perimental. I caught Lolly hanging over
her this afternoon, and she will doubtless
put him through his paces. It won't hurt
him; she is not the type that men die for —
not even what the French call an allumeuse
— just a plain American flirt."
"She has style," sighed Catalina.
225
The Travelling Thirds
**0f a sort," said the New-Yorker, in-
differently. Then she turned suddenly to
Catalina with the charming sympathy of
glance and manner that blinded her friends
to the poor ruin of her face. "How you
could rout her if you would!" she said.
** Don't you know, my dear, that the woman
who receives that sort of promiscuous adu-
lation is always the woman who wants it,
who works for it? Given a decent amount
of natural charm, and any determined
woman can be a belle. But it means more
work and self -repression, more patience with
bores as well as with the wary, than you
would ever give to it. And it means popu-
larity with men and nothing more ; no depth
of accomplishment or interest in anjrthing
vital; and under that assimiption of glorified
independence she is really a slave, afraid to
relax her vigilance lest she lose her hold,
never daring to be absent-minded or care-
less in her dress. Of all the girls I have ever
known you have the least reason to envy
any one — so banish the cloud!"
Catalina glowed, and reminded herself
of the opportunities thrust upon her to be
226
The Travelling Thirds
the belle of a season that she had spumed
with less than politeness; but in a moment
her brows met and she lost her appetite.
Over had been drawn into the magnetic cur-
rent at the head of the table. Miss Holmes
was leaning forward as if graciously permit-
ting the stranger to enter, yet herself lured
by the wisdom — ^it was a comment on the
narrowness of Moorish streets — ^that flowed
from his lips.
"What idiots men are!" thought Catalina,
viciously. "I suppose if I htmg on his
words like that he'd not hesitate a minute
about being in love with me. But I'd like
to see myself!"
XX
^FTER dinner Catalina went
up to her room to brush
her hair — her head ached
slightly — ^and sit for a while
by herself before the even-
ing walk. As a rule, she
was the first to be down, but to-night she
had a perverse desire for Over to come or
send for her. She was suddenly tired of
meeting him half-way, of being the frank,
abnost sexless, comrade; she wanted to be
sought and made much of. Miss Holmes
might be a second-rate, but she was an
artist, and Catalina was not above taking
a leaf out of her book.
"I'd rather be a hermit and have small-
pox than bother forever as she does, ac-
cording to Mrs. Rothe; and flatter men —
not I! But I think I should be more fem-
inine and difficult."
228
The Travelling Thirds
Her hands trembled a little as she bur-
nished her hair, and once her eyes filled with
tears; but she brushed them off with a
scowl, and still refused to think. She had
been too much with Over, and their friend-
ship had run too smoothly for her thoughts
to have been tempted to revolve about him
when alone. There were times when she
turned cold and then hot if he came upon
her suddenly, and his touch and glance had
thrilled her more than once. But she had
kept it steadily before her that this was but
a simimer friendship and that in a short time
she would be in California and he in Eng-
land. It is true that her imagination sup-
plemented the separation with a meeting in
one country or the other not later than a
year hence, but she had not permitted her
mind to dwell upon the significance of his
audible self -analysis in Madrid, holding that
when a man doubted the depth of his senti-
ments the time had not come to take him
seriously. Moreover, to speculate upon the
significance of a man's attentions was not
only indelicate but put her in the class with
other girls, and nothing distressed her more
229
The Travelling Thirds
than to approach the average. Therefore,
had she never sought to discover what lay
beneath her daily pleasure in Over's society
and her matter-of-fact assumption that for
the time he was hers.
Nor would she permit herself to analyze
her sense of disappointment to-night. Her
soul had been floating on the high, golden
notes of the nightingales, and not alone; it
had plunged down with a velocity that left
it sick and dizzy, but as Catalina banged the
large pins into her hair she still refused to
demand the reason.
The people were talking in the garden.
She shut her window overlooking it and sat
down before the one opposite. The moon
had not risen; the street, lit by a solitary-
lamp, was full of shadows. It was easy
to convert the shadows into swarthy men
with turbaned heads and flowing robes, but
she was not in a historical mood. Even
a man with a long Spanish cloak folded
closely about him and holding manifestly to
the heavier shadows failed to arrest her at-
tention. In spite of her admirable self-
control her mind wondered uneasily why
230
The Travelling Thirds
Over did not call her, how he was occupied;
for the time was passing.
Her eyes wandered to the height behind
the Albaicin. There were lights ; they might
be watch-fires. It was not so long ago that
that turbulent quarter had rung with the
clamor of battle, of civil strife, that its gates
had been secretly opened to Boabdil in the
night, and his father or uncle been defied to
come over and redden its streets. What
were four centuries?
"I shall always have that pleasure, that
resource,*' thought Catalina, arrogantly. "I
can always take refuge in the past on a
moment's notice. Where on earth can he
be ? Does he suppose I don't want to walk
— as I haven't gone down? Or is he too
interested — "
Her spine stiffened. She listened intently,
then stood up silently and looked down.
Over and Miss Holmes were standing in the
doorway of the pension, talking. Catalina
could not distinguish the words. Over had
a low voice of no great carrying power, and
Miss Holmes had neglected none of the
charms that man finds excellent in woman.
231
The Travelling Thirds
But he was leaning to her words in a fashion
that denoted interest, and oblivion of all
else for the moment. In a flash Catalina
realized just how attractive he was to
women.
Still talking, they moved from the door-
way into the street, and then down in the
direction of the palace. Catalina leaned out
with a gasp, hardly believing the evidence
of her eyes. For a moment astonishment
routed other sensations. Was it possible
that Over was on his way to visit the Al-
hambra for the first time by moonlight with
another woman? — ^that he was going for his
evening walk at all without her? Never
had he thought of doing such a thing before ;
they went off together, frequently alone,
every evening. Even in Toledo he had
come directly to the Casa Vill6na after din-
ner, and sooner or later, by one device or
another, had managed to carry her off for a
stroll. But there he was, complacently walk-
ing down street with another woman, and
not so much as a backward glance. And
the other woman had white lace about her
head and shoulders, and no doubt looked
232
The Travelling Thirds
like a lorelei. The only beauty she had
ever heard Over praise was the beauty of
fair women, which was as it should be.
And Englishmen laughed at American dis-
tinctions. If this girl were second class,
how was Over to find her out on a moonlight
night in a tricksy frame, how discover that
she wore her liair like a shop-girl? Doubt-
less, if he thought at all about the matter,
he would elevate Miss Holmes above herself
in the social scale. She at least did not sug-
gest the cow-boy.
And still he did not turn his head. Per-
haps he was only strolling for a few min-
utes with the new acquaintance, waiting for
his usual companion to descend. Catalina
leaned farther out. In a moment they passed
the old mosque and disappeared.
She fell back from the window, unable
for a moment to think coherently ; the blood
was pounding in her head. Her impulse
was to run after them and twist her rival's
neck. She panted with hate, with the de-
sire for vengeance, with the lust to kill.
She stood like a wooden idol, but she boiled
with the worst passions of the ancient races
233
The Travelling Thirds
behind her. She conceived swift plans of
vengeance. She would make friends with
the girl, poison her peace of mind, kill her if
she could not inveigle her into killing her-
self. The malignant, treacherous nature of
the aboriginal controlled her, obsessed her.
CiviUzation fell away; she was capable of
the worst; she cared nothing for conse-
quences. Literally, she wanted the enemy's
scalp. Then, without premeditation, she
wept stormily, like an undisciplined child —
or a savage — beside itself. And then the
obsession passed and she was horrified.
It was not thus her imagination had dwelt
upon the great revelation. She had visioned
love among the stars, and had expected —
groping, perhaps — to find it there. But to
discover it in a fit of jealous rage, writhing
in the most ignoble of the passions, her soul
shrieking for revenge — ^she descended to the
depths of discouragement, htimiliation. She
doubted if she were worthy of being loved
even by a mere man — ^for the moment she
despised the entire sex for Over's weakness
and inconstancy. Of course, like others,
he had succumbed to this enchantress, who
234
The Travelling Thirds
didn't even wear her hair like a lady, and
was therefore unworthy of even the rage
she had flung after him. She longed to
despise him so hotly that her love would
be reduced to a charred ember, and thought
she had succeeded ; then it flamed all through
her, and she sprang to her feet.
" There is one thing I can do," she thought,
and Ut the candle. "I'll leave to-morrow.
Never will I go through this again, and
never will I see him again if I can help it."
She had the instinct of all wounded things,
and a terror of the emotions that had torn
her. Pain she could stand, and had a dim
foreshadowing that in solitude she might
attain that dignity of soul that sorrow and
meditation bring to great natures, but never
the passionate conflict of emotions that con-
fused her now. As she locked her trunk
there was a knock on her door. She an-
swered mechanically, and Mrs. Rothe en-
tered.
"What—"
Catalina, who was sitting on the floor,
sprang to her feet. Her hair was disordered
and her eyes red. There was no use attempt-
235
The Travelling Thirds
ing to conceal anything from this keen-eyed
woman, whose sufferings were stamped in
the loosened muscles of her face. She stood
silent and haughty. She would deny noth-
ing, but nothing was further from her mind
than confession.
"May I sit down?" asked Mrs. Rothe.
"Have you a headache.'^ I was afraid you
must have, as you did not come down."
"My head doesn't ache, but I am sick of
Spain. I am going to start for home to-
morrow."
" Oh, I am sorry. It will be dreary with-
out you. And I thought it so enchanting
here. Can't I induce you to change your
mind.J^"
Catalina sat down on her trtmk, but she
shook her head. "I want to go home," she
said.
Mrs. Rothe turned her kind, bitter eyes
full upon Catalina. "Don't run away," she
said. "It is unworthy of you. And this
means nothing. What is more natural —
he being a man — than that he should accept
the minor offerings of the gods when the
best is not forthcoming? Moreover, when a
236
The Travelling Thirds
man has talked steadily to one girl for three
weeks" — she shrugged her shoulders — "that
is the way they are made, my dear, the
way we are all made, for that matter, as
you will discover in time for yourself. It
is better to accept men as they are, and
early than late."
" I never want to see another man again
— and this was our first night in Granada.
There was — had been for weeks — a tacit
tmderstanding that we should do every bit
of it together — "
"But you disappeared. No doubt he
thought you were indisposed — "
"I wanted him to come after me, for
once."
"Oh, my dear, men are so dense. When
they love us desperately they rarely do
what we most 'long to have them. If I
don't sjmipathize with you — well, I think
of my own throes, not only at your age,
but so often after. It is so easy to fall in
love, so difficult to remain there. You can
marry Over if you wish — and two or three
years hence — the pity of it!"
"Do you mean that no love lasts?"
16 237
The Travelling Thirds
"In tenacious natures like yotirs it may.
Nevertheless, there will be times when he
will bore you, get on your nerves, when you
will plan to get away from him for a time.
A few years ago I still clung — in the face of
experience — to my delusions. Then I would
have held your hand and wept sympathetic
tears. Now, I can only say, go in and win,
but don't break your heart over an imagined
capacity for love at an interminable high
pitch.''
"You must have loved Mr. Rothe when
you married him," said Catalina, with curi-
osity, and feeling that Mrs. Rothe had opened
the gates and bade her enter.
"I did," said the older woman, dryly.
"For what other reason, pray, would I
make a fool of myself, and disgust and an-
tagonize those whom I had loved so long.?
What a fool the world is!" she burst out.
"And writers, for that matter! They are
always harping on the death of the man's
love, upon the punishment that will be
visited upon the woman of mature years
who marries a man younger than herself! I
am capable of the profoundest feeling, and I
238
The Travelling Thirds
have never been able really to love a man in
my life. I have deluded myself again and
again, and invariably the man has disap-
pointed or disgusted me. This is my third
husband. The first died, but not soon
enough to leave me with a blessed memory.
The second, whom I had found irresistible,
developed into a gourmand with a bad
temper. I lived with him for fifteen years.
When I met Rothe I was forty, the begin-
ning of the most critical period in the life of
women of my sort — when if not happy we
would stake our souls for happiness. It
seemed to me that I could not continue to
live without love, and yet that I cotild not
die unless I had, if only for a day, loved to
the full capacity of my nature. When I
met Rothe and he fell head over heels in
love with me — I was a very handsome
woman five years ago — I was at first flat-
tered ; then his ardor struck fire in me and I
made no effort to extinguish it. It was
what I had waited for, prayed for, and I
encouraged it, fanned the flame. I was con-
vinced that it was the grand passion at
last; and I went out to Dakota. I gloried
239
The Travelling Thirds
in the sacrifice, gloated over it. And in
spite of divorce and scandal I suppose I
was happy for a time/'
"And now?'* asked Catalina, breathlessly.
She had forgotten Over and Miss Holmes.
Never had she been so close to living tragedy.
Mrs. Rothe, in her negligee of pale yellow
silk and much lace, her ruffled petticoat and
slippers of the same shade, indescribably
fresh and dainty, and, in the light of the
solitary candle, a beautiful woman once
more, was to Catalina the very embodi-
ment of "the world,'' and for the moment
far more interesting than herself.
"Now! I hate the sight of him. I am
bored beyond the power of words to tell. I
have to remind myself that he is not my son,
and when I do not long for my own son,
who was far brighter, I long for a man of
my own age to exchange ideas with, who
will understand me in a degree. There are
a few women with eternal youth in their
souls, but I am not one of them. I am
tired of all his little habits; the very ex-
pression of his face when he smokes a cigar-
ette with his after-dinner coffee gets on my
240
The Travelling Thirds
nerves. I am sick of making-up and pre-
tending to be interested in the things that
interest a young man. I want to be frankly
myself — of course, I should hate growing
old in any case, but I am sick of being a
slave — that is what it amounts to when
you don't dare to be yourself. But I must
keep up the farce lest I lose him, and the
world laugh and once more remind itself of
its perspicacity. I give him a long rope;
he is still fond of me; my pride mounts
as everything else fades away. There you
are!"
Catalina had hardly drawn breath during
this jeremiade. She no longer had any de-
sire to run from her own pain. After all,
what had Over done but take a walk with a
strange girl in her own absence? She had
beaten a mole-hill as high as a mountain.
But she could think of nothing to say. In
the bitter misery before her there was the
accent of finality, and comment would have
been resented if heard.
"I have told you all this," said Mrs.
Rothe, "partly because the impulse after
five years of repression was irresistible, part-
241
The Travelling Thirds
ly to show you that the great tragedy of a
woman's life is when not the man, but she,
ceases to love. Better far death and deso-
lation, and a great memory, than a nature
in ruins, and the magic that would rebuild
gone out of hope forever. As for you —
congratulate yourself that you are able to
feel and suffer as you have done to-night.
Over is a better sort than most. Marry
him and prove that you are of greater and
finer stuff than I. I should be delighted.
And if this girl should develop into a rival
of a sort, welcome the stimulation, and show
your mettle — "
"I won't fight over any man!"
"Certainly not. Simply be more charm-
ing than she is. Nothing could be easier.
You could not make the mistake of eager-
ness if you tried, but you can be obliviously
delightful — and you know him far better
than she does, and have no machine-made
methods. Now go to bed and sleep, and
ignore the episode in the morning. You
went to bed with a headache and neither
knew nor cared what Over did with him-
self."
XXI
IHUS it came about that
the next morning, not long
I after dawn, Catalina was
I leaning out of her garden
window humming a Span-
ish air when Over pushed
aside his curtain and looked up expectantly.
"Coffee?" he whispered. She nodded.
He pointed down to a little table in the
window in the wall. They stole like con-
spirators through the dark house and down
to the garden. Over was first at the tryst,
and never had he greeted her with such
effusion. He held her hand a moment and
gazed solicitously into her eyes with an en-
tire absence of humor as he tenderly de-
manded if she had been ill or only tired the
night before, and assured her of his disap-
pointment in being cheated of their walk.
His conscience hurt him, and he felt the
243
The Travelling Thirds
more penitent as he saw that disapproval
in any of its varied manifestations was not
to be his portion. For Catalina looked
nothing short of angelic. Her eyes were a
trifle heavy, as if with pain, but her beau-
tiful mouth curled and wreathed with sweet-
ness. She wore for the first time a white
blouse and a duck skirt, and about her
throat she had knotted a scarlet ribbon.
The fine, soft masses of her hair looked as if
spread with a golden net that caught the
fire of the mounting stm, and she looked
several years younger, fresher, more in-
genuous than Miss Hohnes, though older
than herself.
She ground the coffee while he boiled the
water, and when he alluded, with an enthu-
siasm that was almost sentimental, to their
first coffee-making in Tarragona, recalling
the solitary palm against the blue sea, her
face lit up and her lips parted. So, all in a
night, had their attitude of almost excessive
naturalness towards each other dissolved
into the historic duel of the man and the
maid. Both were acutely sensible of the
change, yet neither resented it, for it heralded
244
The Travelling Thirds
the new chapter and its uiifolded mysteries.
Catalina had the advantage, for she under-
stood and he did not ; he only felt the subtle
change, and the conviction that she was
even more provocative than during the
episode of the mantilla.
** No one in the world can make such good
coffee," she said, politely, as she sipped hers
and looked through the bars at the dark
arbors of the park. "I still had rather a
headache when I awoke, but this is all I
need. Did you go for a walk last night?'*
She held her breath, but he replied,
promptly: "I walked round a bit with Miss
Holmes — ^that fair girl who sat at the head
of the table. But the moon rises late and
there was nothing to see. I was in bed by
ten o'clock. I hope you will be quite fit
to-night so that we can see the Alhambra
by moonlight together. I am very keen on
that.''
" So am I," and she gave him an enchant-
ing smile, but without a trace of self-con-
sciousness. " How do you find Miss Holmes ?
I long to meet her. She attracts me very
much."
245
The Travelling Thirds
"Oh, she is very jolly. Can talk about
anything and has the knack of yotir race
and sex for putting a fellow quite at his
ease. You are certain to like her. She
has given up her home life and wanders
about Europe for the sake of her sister,
who is an artist; has a deuced fine nature,
I should say. What?"
** Nothing. Shall we take a walk? We
can't get the cards for the palace for an hour
or two yet."
" I hoped you would feel like a jolly long
walk this morning. We really had no ex-
ercise yesterday, and after that ride from
Madrid I feel as if I'd like to be on my legs
for a week."
They walked for two hours along one of
the country roads behind the Alhambra,
racing occasionally, glimpsing many beauti-
ful vistas, lingering for a while before the
Generalife, the stmimer palace of the Moorish
kings; Catalina gloating over the profusion
and variety of the flowers, not only in the
famous garden, but cropping out of every
crevice of the walls themselves. As they
sat in the warm sunshine of one of the
246
The Travelling Thirds
terraces she gave him another Uttle lecture
on the history of Granada in a curiously ex-
ultant voice that made him oblivious of the
useful information she imparted. Never
had he been so attractive to her as in this
new r61e of the mere man endeavoring to
propitiate his goddess, and happiness bub-
bled and sparkled within her; if by chance
their eyes met her lashes played havoc with
the expression of hers. She radiantly felt
that he belonged to her ; she obliterated the
future and forgot the seductress. She in-
formed Over that it was Granada, Spain,
the golden morning, that made her happy,
and was careful to remove any impression
he might harbor that she was making an
effort to please him; for pride and a dia-
bolical cunning stood her in the stead of
experience. She merely had put her moody,
undisciplined side to rest and exhibited in
high relief her luminous, exultant girlhood ;
and Over stared and said little.
But she was determined that if he did
address her it should not be in direct sequence
to her wiles, for she had a passionate wish
to be sought, to be pursued. She would
247
The Travelling Thirds
continue to dazzle him with the jewels of
her nature and make him forget the weeds
and clay that had inspired him with tm-
easiness, but she would go no further.
"Come!" she exclaimed, springing to her
feet. "We can get into the Alhambra now,
and I simply cannot wait any longer."
"Do you know," she said, as they walked
down the hill towards the fortress, "I have
had an tmeasy sense of being watched ever
since I came here? I was conscious of it
several times while we were exploring yes-
terday, and last night as I sat by my win-
dow for a few moments before I went to
bed" — she stammered, caught her breath,
and went on — "I felt it again; and in the
night I woke up and heard two men talking
under my window. I suppose there was
nothing remarkable in that, but they stood
there a long time, and one of the voices,
although it was pitched very low, sounded
dimly familiar. This morning, just before
we reached the high-road I had again the
sense of being watched — I am very sensitive
to a powerful gaze."
Over, who was probably afraid of nothing
248
The Travelling Thirds
under the sun, was looking at her in alarm.
"You know I have always said that you
must not go out alone in Spain,'* he said,
authoritatively. " And there is danger quite
aside from your beauty. Not only are all
Americans supposed by the ignorant, rapa-
cious lower classes of Europe to be phe-
nomenally wealthy, but Califomians in par-
ticular. And doubtless California is a legend
with the Spaniard. I am not given to
melodrama, but there is a desperate lot
over in the Albaicin."
" I don't see what could happen to me in
broad daylight, and certainly I am not going
to run after you or * Lolly ' every time I want
to go out. What a bore!"
"Not for me. I wish you would prom-
ise—"
"Well, I'll be careful," she said, lightly.
"I have no desire for adventures of that
sort. They must be horribly dirty over in
the Albaicin, and after our experience with
Spanish banks it might be some time before
I could be ransomed."
The Albaicin might be dirty and aban-
doned to wickedness, but they decided, as
249
The Travelling Thirds
they leaned over the parapet of the Plaza
de los Aljibes before entering the palace,
there was no doubt of its picturesqueness.
Far beneath them sparkled the Darro, and
beyond it, parallel with the Alhambra Hill,
rising from the plain almost to the very top
of the steep mountain spur, was another
vast roof of pinkish -gray tiles. But here
they could distinguish one or two narrow
streets, mere cuts in a bed of rock, from their
perch, and high balconies full of flowers be-
tween the Moorish arches, a glimpse of
bright interiors, the towers and patios of a
great convent where tHe nuns walked among
the orange-trees and the pomegranates, the
roses and geraniums. Not a sound rose
from the ancient city ; it might have been as
dead as the turbulent race that made its
history. It lay steeping, swimming, in the
pink light that seemed to rise like a vapor
from its roofs. It looked like some huge
stone tablet of antiquity, with hieroglyphics
raised that the blind might read.
"I shall come and look at this in every
light,*' said Catalina, "so if I disappear you
will know where to find me."
250
The Travelling Thirds
They entered the palace through the little
door in the non-committal wall, and, after
bribing the guide to let them alone, lingered
for a time in the Court of Myrtles, where the
orange-trees no longer grow beside the pool,
but where the arcades and overhanging
gallery are as graceful as when the court
was the centre of life of the Comares Palace,
first in this group of palaces. Then, through
an arcade that abutted into a fairy-like
pavilion, they entered the Court of Lions.
Probably the Alhambra is the one ruin in
the world where the most ardent expecta-
tions are gratified. From a reasonable dis-
tance the restored arabesque patterns on the
walls, like Oriental carpets of many colors,
and raised in stucco, present the illusion
of originals; and all else, except the tiles
gaudy in the primal colors, on the many
roofs which project over the arcades into
the courts, and the marble floors, are as the
Africans left it. The twelve hideous lions
upholding the double fountain in the fa-
mous court must have been designed by
artists that had never penetrated the African
jungle nor visited a menagerie, and, as the
The Travelling Thirds
only ugly objects amid so much light and
graceful beauty, serve as an accent rather
than a blot. Upholding the arches of the
arcades that surround the court are 128
pillars so light and slender, so mellowed
by time, that they look far more like
old ivory than marble. Above the arches
the mtdticellular carving again looks like
old ivory, and through them are seen the
gay convolutions of the arabesques on the
walls of the corridor. Above the cluster
of shafts at the eastern end, which forms
one of the two pavilions, the florid roofs
multiply and rise to a dome of all the
colors. Overhanging the north side of the
court — ^in the second story — is a long line
of low windows. They once gave light and
glimpses of history to the captives of the
king's harem.
"You must half close your eyes and im-
agine silken curtains waving between those
slender pillars, which were meant to simu-
late tent-poles, ' * said Catalina. ' ' And Orien-
tal rugs and divans in those arcades, and
the lotmging gentlemen of the court, and
turbaned soldiers keeping guard, and wom-
252
The Travelling Thirds
en eternally peeping through the jalousies
above. They must have seen this court red
a thousand times: Muley Aben Hassan had
two of his sons beheaded by this very fotm-
tain to please a new sultana ; and when they
weren't beheading under orders they were
flying into passions and killing one another.
And the women could look straight into
that room over there where Boabdil had the
Abencerrages killed because one of them,
as I told you, fell in love with his sultana.
Do you see it all?*'
"I confess I don't," said Over, laughing.
"But I see qxiite enough — too much would
make me apprehensive. How would you
have liked that life?" he asked, curiously,
as they crossed to the Hall of the Abencer-
rages. "I mean to have been the sultana
of the moment, of course, not one of those
captives up there."
"I should probably have been nothing
but devil," replied Catalina, dryly. "It
would have given me some pleasure to stick
a knife into Muley Aben Hassan, and to
have applied a sharp stick to Boabdil."
They stood for a few moments in the lofty
'7 253
The Travelling Thirds
room with its domed ceiling like a cave of
stalactites, its fountain and ugly brown
stains, and then Catalina shuddered and
ran out.
"I can stand courts where murder has
been done,** she said, "for the sky always
seems to clean things up. But that room
is full of a sinister atmosphere. I should
commit murder myself if I stayed in it too
long.-
The impression vanished and she moved
her head slowly on the long coliunn of her
throat, smiling with her eyes, which met
Over's.
"I hate ugly fancies and atmospheres,*'
she said, softly. "And the rest of the
palace looks like a pleasure house; only I
wish there were furniture and curtains —
it seems to me they could be reproduced as
successfully as the arabesques and roofs.
Now one receives the impression that they
slept and sat on the floor."
They were entering the Room of the two
Sisters, opposite the Hall of the Abencer-
rages, once the chief room of the sultana's
winter suite. There are two slabs of marble
254
The Travelling Thirds
in the floor that look like recumbent tomb-
stones. What their original ptirpose was
legend sayeth not, unless it was to give an
easy designation to a room which needs no
such trivial spur to the memory. For the
ceiling of this great apartment is one of the
curiosities of the world. The dome is like
a vast bee -hive, its 5000 cells wrought
with the very colors of the flowers from
which the ambitious builders brought their
honey sweets. It might be a sort of Moor-
ish heaven for the souls of bees, those tiny
amazons who alone have demonstrated the
superiority of the female over the male.
Catalina mentioned this conceit, and Over
laughed grimly.
"When women are willing to do all the
work — *' he began, and then lifted his hat.
Miss Holmes entered the room from the sala
beyond.
She came forward with a smile of welcome,
her manner quite that of a chatelaine wel-
coming the stranger to the halls of her
ancestors.
"I am so glad I happen to be here,** she
said. '' I know you are people whom guides
255
The Travelling Thirds
only bore. I have lived in the Alhambra
three weeks now, and am thinking of offer-
ing my services at the office; but you may
have them for nothing." She included Cata-
lina in her smiling gaze. "I hope your
headache is better," she added, politely.
"Yes, thank you," replied Catalina, who
longed to scratch her. She reminded her-
self of her new r61e, however, and gave her
a dazzling smile that filled her eyes with
warmth and accented the gray coldness of
the orbs, which, like her own, faced Over.
** How I enw you for having been here three
weeks!" she said. "I feel as if I couldn't
wait to know, to be familiar with it all.
Do you live in Spain?"
** If you call boarding in pensions fre-
quented by artists of all the nationalities,
living in a country, I have been here a
year."
She piloted them through the rooms, re-
citing the information that lies in Baedeker,
adroitly compelled by Catalina's intelligent
questions to address the lecture to her. By
the time they reached the queen's boudoir
in the Torre del Peinador, Catalina noted
256
The Travelling Thirds
that the guide chafed visibly at being com-
pelled to ignore the man, and it was evident
by her wandering glances and the inflec-
tions of her voice that she not only admired
the Englishman's good looks, but appre-
ciated his social superiority over the gentle-
men of the brush who so often were her
portion at pensions. Here, however, it was
obviously the woman who would be inter-
ested in the perforated stone slab in a comer
of the floor, which may have been built to
perfume a queen or merely to warm her,
and as she and Catalina disputed amiably.
Over leaned on the stone wall of the narrow
balcony and looked at the splendid view of
Albaicin and mountain.
Then Catalina whimsically determined to
give the girl the opportunity she craved.
Her interest in the conversation perceptibly
waning. Miss Holmes was enabled to trans-
fer her attentions to the man, and, with bat-
tery of eye and glance, convey to him her
pleasure in dropping history for human nat-
ure. When his attention was absorbed Ca-
talina descended softly into the long arcade
which overhangs the Darro, and, after wan-
257
The Travelling Thirds
dering about at its extremity for a few mo-
ments and getting her bearings, sat down on
the window-seat that looks upon the Patio
de la Reja, with its neglected fountain and
cypresses. They must pass her on their way
to the Sala de los Embajadores. She was not
sorry to be alone, and felt happy and secure,
experiencing a passing moment of contempt
for men in general, so easy were they to
manage — a mood which assails every charm-
ing woman at times, and even on the heels
of doubt and despair. But Catalina's spirit
was too buoyant not to comprehend ideality
in its flight, and she stared unseeingly at
the dead walls and saw only what she had
divined in Over.
She waited a long while. Coming out of
her reverie with a start, she wondered how
long it was and drew out her watch. It was
half-past eleven, and, making a rapid calcu-
lation, she was driven to conclude that her
cavalier had been absorbed by the enchant-
ress for fully an hour.
She was too proud to go after them, but
her fingers curved round the window-seat in
the effort to restrain herself, and her spirits
258
The Travelling Thirds
plunged into an abyss of dull despair, emerg-
ing only on jealous and torturing wings to
drop again. She realized the mistake she
had made in the exuberance of her happy
self-confidence; for a girl like Miss Holmes
can make heavy running in an hour. On
the steamer and in the various pensions
where the Moultons had lingered she had
often seen what no doubt was this same
type of girl retire into a comer with the man
she had marked for her own and talk — or
listen — hour after hour; and Catalina had
speculated upon their subjects, wondering
that one human being could interest an-
other for so long a time without the ex-
terior aids of travel. The man had always
looked as engrossed as the girl, and Catalina
was forced to conclude that the mysterious
arts were effective, and wished it were not
forbidden to listen behind a curtain, but
only that curiosity might be satisfied — she
scorned arts herself. Now she wondered
distractedly what this ashen-haired houri
was talking about to make Over forget his
very manners ; but none of the long, desul-
tory conversations, followed by the longer
259
The Travelling Thirds
silences peculiar to her experience with him,
threw light on the weapons of this accom-
plished ruler of hearts; although the bare
idea that they might be leaning over the
parapet side by side in a familiar silence
brought Catalina to her feet and turned her
sharply towards the arcade. But at that
moment she saw them coming.
Over was a little ahead of his companion,
who was smiling with her lips, and he came
forward with some anxiety in his eyes.
"I only just missed you,*' he said. "I
thought you were there in the room lost in
one of your silent moods. When did you
come down?''
"Only a little while ago,** said Catalina,
sweetly, and she saw the eyes of the other
girl flash with something like fear. She also
noted that her cheeks were flushed.
"You have got a httle sunburned,** she
said, with concern for a fine complexion in
her voice. "It is much cooler down here.
Have we time to go into the Sala de los Em-
bajadores?**
And Over was made subtly aware of the
second-rate quality of Miss Holmes's accent.
260
The Travelling Thirds
They entered the immense room, whose
dome is like a mighty jewel hollowed and
carved within, where Boabdil drew his last
breath as king of Granada ; and before Miss
Holmes could open her lips, Catalina, with
all the picturesqueness of vocabulary she
could command at will, described several
of the scenes of which this most historical
room in the Alhambra was the theatre; not
only throwing into low relief the academic
meagreness of the other girl's knowledge,
but insinuating its supererogation. Mean-
while she missed nothing. She saw the girVs
color fade, her expression of almost supercili-
ous self-confidence give place to anxiety, and
as she turned away and stared out of one of
the deep windows, it rushed over Catalina
sickeningly that Over, in the span of an hour,
had captivated her heart as well as her fancy.
He must have made himself very fascinating!
Catalina bungled her centuries ; Miss Holmes
in love would make a formidable rival.
The girl turned suddenly with mouth
wholly supercilious and the light of war in
her eyes. Catalina*s face was as impassive
as a mask. Miss Holmes walked deliber-
261
The Travelling Thirds
ately towards Over, her mouth relaxing and
humor in her eye, but Catalina was too
quick for her. She might be an infant in
the eyes of this accomplished flirt, but she
had imagination and a brain capable under
stress of abnormal rapidity of action. She
had pulled out her watch and was facing Over.
"The palace closes at twelve — for the
morning,'* she said, without a quiver of
nervousness in her voice. ** It wants but a
few minutes of twelve, and we never care for
Itmcheon until one. Would you care to go
down and make the usual futile attempt at
the poste restante — or are you tired?"
"Tired? Let us go, by all means. I
have had exactly one letter since I arrived
in Spain. There surely is a batch here.*'
"I expect rather important ones.'' She
turned to Miss Holmes. "Good-morning,"
she said, gayly. " And thank you so much.
We are the hungriest people in the world
for knowledge." And she marshalled the
unconscious Over out, he lifting his hat
mechanically to Miss Holmes, while ad-
miring the sparkle in Catalina 's eyes and
the unusual color in her cheeks.
XXII
|S they walked down the
Empedrada, the most shad-
owy of the avenues in the
park, Catalina's ungloved
hand came in contact with
Over's and was instantly
imprisoned. For a moment she lost herself
in the warm magnetism of that contact,
wondering somewhat, but filled with a new
sense of pleasure. But as she turned her
head and met his steady gaze, half humor-
ous, half tender, she made her obedient
eyes dance with mischief.
"Beware of the Alhambra,'* she said,
lightly.
"I am not afraid of the Alhambra," and
although she turned her hand he held it
fast.
"Aren't you?"
"You are very provocative."
263
The Travelling Thirds
She longed for the mantilla which had
given her such confidence in Toledo, but
swept him a glance from the veiled splendor
of her eyes.
"I don't know whether I mind having
my hand held or not."
But if this were diplomacy it failed; he
tightened his clasp.
"I am not sure that I know you.''
" I have heard you say that a good many
times. You are not very original."
"I was thinking of to-day, particularly."
"Why to-day?" The wondering expres-
sion held her eyes. " I have never felt more
natural, nor happy. I feel as if the mere
blood in my veins had turned to that golden
mist we sa^v on the vega this morning. I
adore Spain!"
She spoke the last words in such a passion
of relief that he brought his face closer to
hers.
"I believe I'd give my soul to kiss you,"
he whispered. There was no htmior in his
eyes, and he looked the bom lover ; and the
glades of the "sacred grove" looked the
very bower of lovers. But Catalina's mo-
264
The Travelling Thirds
ment of response was over. Humiliated
and furious with herself, she vowed on the
spot that she would never again lift an eye-
lash to fascinate him. Love seemed lying
in the dust, rocked back and forth by her
experimental foot. He should come to her
of his own free will, or go whence he came —
with Miss Holmes, if he chose. She would
be loved and wooed ideally, or die an old
maid. But to bait — to manoeuvre — to cross
swords with a rival! For the moment she
hated Over, and he might have departed
on the instant with her blessing.
She had snatched away her hand and was
almost running down the hill. He made no
effort to recover her until they reached the
Gate of Granada, and then they walked se-
dately down the white hot street together.
"Miss Holmes, it seems, has arranged
rather a jolly affair for to-night,'' he said.
** A dance in the Alhambra — in the Court of
Lions. She has permission from the au-
thorities, and has engaged some musicians.
The moon rises at ten, and we will dance for
two or three hours. How do you like the
idea?''
265
The Travelling Thirds
" Well enough. I am not overfond of dan-
cing."
"I am sorry. I hoped you would give
me the first waltz."
"Well, I will if I dance. But dancing is
not my forte, and I hate doing anything I
don't do well. I suppose you don't dance
any better yourself, though. Englishmen
never do."
"Indeed! How many Englishmen have
you danced with?"
"Well, I have heard they don't."
" I flatter my^self I dance rather well. It
would be more like you to judge for your-
self."
"rUsee."
They reached the post-office after a hot
walk through the town, there to meet with
the usual official stupidity, or indiflEerence,
at the window of the poste restante. In vain
Catalina adjured the somnolent person lean-
ing on his elbows to look careftilly through
the R's and S's and O's. He replied that
there was nothing, but that there might be
on the morrow ; the manager of the pension
had already spoken to him.
266
The Travelling Thirds
They left the post-office with bristling
tempers.
" It is a relief to hate something in Spain,"
cried Catalina. "And I hate the post, the
telegraph, and the banks. There is a cab.
I have had enough of walking for one day.'*
XXIII
IFTER luncheon Miss
I Holmes put her arm
through Catalina's. "Come
into my room and talk to
I me a little while," she
mtirmtired. " I am so tired
of all these men."
Catalina had stiffened at the contact, but
pride made her yield at once. She turned
with a smile in her eyes, and the other girl
exclaimed, impulsively, "You are the most
beautiful thing I ever saw in my life!"
"Oh!" said Catalina, melting; but it was
characteristic that she merely accepted the
tribute as her due and did not return it in
kind.
The two girls presented an edifying spec-
tacle for the eyes of puzzled man as they
walked off, arm in arm; moreover, at the
finish of an hour's chat in Miss Holmes's
268
The Travelling Thirds
cool little room they were very good friends,
for women may hate each other as rivals
but like each other as htmian creatures of
the same sex. They have so many feminine
interests in common, that man often dips
over the horizon of memory while the mind
is alive with the small and normal, only to
resume his sway when it is vacant again.
Miss Holmes, sitting on the floor, her
hands clasped about her knees, proved to be
much like any other girl, and entertained Ca-
talina with lively anecdotes of her experience
in Etirope. Unconsciously she revealed much
that evoked Catalina's sympathies. She
made her own clothes, and it was evident
that her life was harried by small economies
whose names Catalina barely knew. She
was a piece of respectable driftwood in
Europe anchored to a still more respectable
sister, and the more remarkable that she
still was able to suggest a young woman of
the leisure class.
"Of course I must marry,'' she said,
shrugging her shoulders. ** Unfortunately,
the only man I ever wanted to marry is a
prince without a cent — you meet scions of
,8 269
The Travelling Thirds
all the nobility in pensions; but that, of
course, means that they are as poor as you
are. I suppose that you — ^independent as
you are — won't marry for ages?"
" I have no intention of manying at pres-
ent," replied Catalina, without the flicker of
an eyelash.
"Lucky you! I haven't either, for that
matter, although my prince threatens to
descend upon me; and if he does — " She
lifted her shoulders again. "Women are
idiots when they fall in love. Marriages
ought to be made by the state according
to fitness. How do you like my scheme for
to-night?" she added, abruptly.
"It is a stroke of genius. Fancy having
a dance in the Alhambra by moonlight to
carry away as a memory! Are you fond of
dancing?"
" I adore it. It is the one thing I can do
to perfection. I have actually been pro-
posed to half a dozen times on the strength
of my dancing."
Catalina turned cold. "What an odd
reason for proposing! A man cannot dance
with his wife."
270
The Travelling Thirds
"Well, you see, a man's head sometimes
swims with his feet. Given a man who is
fond of dancing and he is apt to think a
woman perfection who dances to perfection."
Catalina rose abruptly. "I must go up-
stairs and rest for to-night. I have been
on the go since daybreak. Thank you for
asking me to your pretty room," she added,
with the charming courtesy she had at
command. " You have what the French call
the gift of installation, and this looks as if
you had always lived here. I can't even
keep my room tidy."
"You have always had servants to keep
it tidy for you," said the other, with her
quick, sweet smile. She shook Catalina's
hand warmly. "Come in often," she said,
and there was no doubting her sincerity.
"And put on your most becoming gown to-
night. It will be a pleasure to look at you."
But although she was attracted to Cata-
lina, and admired her beauty with the eye
of the connoisseur, she had made up her
mind to marry Over. Her love for the
worthy but impoverished prince who had
followed her about Europe for half a year
271
The Travelling Thirds
was a fiction of the moment, but Over had
carried her oflE her feet. She had met scions
of the continental aristocracies by the score,
but it was her first adventure with an Eng-
Ushman of the higher class who looked as if
he wotdd love with difficulty and make love
with ardor. She had held his attention dur-
ing the morning immediately in the wake of
many sensations quickened by Catalina, and
it is possible that some of their exuberance
may have overflowed to her. She recalled
that his eyes had sparkled and melted and
dwelt ardently upon her own, that his tones
had been laden with meaning more than
once, that he had uttered many spontaneous-
ly complimentary things. She looked upon
Catalina as a lovely and somewhat clever
child who could have no chance in the ring
with herself, but she had taken pains to make
certain that her yotmg affections were not
involved. She might have hesitated before
breaking an engagement. It must be added
that she cared not at all if Over were rich
or poor. An English aristocrat, handsome,
charming, a guardsman — her heart ached
with the romance of it.
XXIV
1
1 ^
FTER supper they sat
about the table* in the
garden until nine o'clock,
the men and several of the
women smoking; and there
was much talk of art, of
books, of travel, gossip of the studios, of
politics. Until the day before it had been
a party grown intimate through the associa-
tion of several weeks, and to-night, at this
their third meal, the three Americans and
the Englishman glided insensibly into the
circle. It was a new society for all of them,
and they were interested according to their
respective bias.
Rothe was somewhat surprised to find
that tmtidy artists could yet be gentlemen
not to say men. His wife felt a S5nnpathetic
interest in the individual, and wondered if
all these nice people were very poor and
273
The Travelling Thirds
what their particular form of poverty was
like; she had never come across artists in
her charities. She longed vaguely to help
them in some way without giving offence.
And then she envied them their illusions,
their faith, their enthusiasm, and wondered
if the fotmt of eternal youth from which
these endowments flowed washed from ap-
prehension the everlasting pettiness of mor-
tal life. Over was always interested when
he was not bored, and Catalina pulsated
with curiosity and thanked Heaven anew for
her deliverance from the Moultons. She had
spent the afternoon reading to Mrs. Rothe,
then had taken a nap, ignoring Over's ex-
istence.
But she sat opposite him at the table and
looked very pretty in the candle-light, her
arms extended, her hands clasped, her lithe
body erect, her attitude one of absolute
repose; the eyes, only, smiled occasionally
above the serenity of the rest of her face.
Once both she and Over became conscious
that they had drifted from the conversation
and were listening to the nightingales sing-
ing in the park beyond the wall. He met
274
The Travelling Thirds
her eyes with a flash in his own, but she
flashed defiance in response, and turned her
attention to the German artist who was
disputing hotly with the Frenchman, pound-
ing the table and apoplectic with excite-
ment. Miss Holmes with her admirable
skill calmed the raging waters and scattered
them into various channels. She was in
white to-night with a black silk scarf about
her shoulders and one end over her abun-
dant fair hair; and the eyes of her devotees
rarely left her face. The prince actually
had arrived in the afternoon, and occupied
the place of honor beside her, although she
had contrived that Over should sit on her
left ; and she had played them against each
other — or thought she had — throughout the
evening.
The prince was a thick -set, melancholy
looking man of middle years who had some
reputation for historical research, a position
of solid respectability wherever he went, and
a turn for severe economy. His inconsider-
able power to add to the gayety of the world
was further depressed by the sense of his
folly in falling in love with a penniless girl,
275
The Travelling Thirds
but he glowered across at Over and resolved
anew to win her if they had to rusticate on
his meagre estate for the rest of their lives.
She was the only woman who had ever lifted
the weight from his spirit, made him forget
for a moment the contemptible condition
into which, through no fault of his, his
ancient family had fallen. If it had not
been for this condition it is possible that he
might long since have turned his back on
the temptation of the American girl, for
he held republics in such scorn that he
would not have hesitated to break faith
with the citizen of an illegitimate nation,
as one wholly outside his code of honor and
inherited sense of conduct. But this girl
had brought sweetness into his life and he
was grateful to her, and in his manner loved
her.
She had considered him in her clear-eyed
fashion, had pictured herself as his com-
panion, well loved, no doubt, and with the
entr6e to the best intellectual society on the
Continent ; but she knew him to be far more
selfish than any man she had ever met, and
with a pride which, no matter how he might
276
The Travelling Thirds
love and admire her, would never permit
him to forget that he was a prince and she a
plebeian ; it is only just to add that she might
have belonged to the flower of American
aristocracy and he wotild have made no
distinction. It was always a risk for an
American woman to marry a European
aristocrat with his uncontrollable sense of
social superiority not only over the inhab-
itants of the United States of America, but
over those of every other nation but his own ;
and to marry one who took life seriously and
was as poor as a church mouse was nothing
short of foolhardy. But a prince was a
prince, even if he were not the head of his
family, and to become an indisputable
princess was a great temptation to the self-
made American girl — had been until she
met Over. Now she would have sacrificed
a prince of the blood with a malachite mine
in Russia.
She had made herself very charming to
Over throughout the evening, drawing him
out, showing him to the others at his best,
and he had been somewhat stimulated by
the dtill glow in the black, opaque eyes oppo-
277
The Travelling Thirds
site. As they separated to dress for the
party he asked Catalina once more to give
him the initial dance, and when she refused,
positively, he immediately and eagerly asked
the same favor of Miss Holmes. After a mo-
ment's sprightly thought and hesitation he
was gratified.
Like most Englishmen of his class he was
fond of dancing, although he regarded it as
a sort of poetical exercise, and on the whole
preferred golf; and one good dancer was
much the same to him as another. He was
far too practical to feel any desire to hold a
particular girl in his arms in a public room
where other men held other girls in conven-
tional embrace; but this Catalina could not
know, and ran up to her room angry and
hurt.
Nevertheless, she dressed herself with
elaborate care in an evening gown recently
made in Paris, a white chiffon spangled with
gold. It revealed the slim rotmdness of her
neck and arms, and clasped her beautiful
figure like mere drapery on a statue. She
put k white rose on either side of the mass
of hair she always wore low on her neck and
278
The Travelling Thirds
found a long scarf of golden tissue to pro-
tect her when the night grew chill.
When she joined the others in the sala
there was a murmur of admiration, rising
high among the artists, which she received
with absolute stoUdity. Over came forward
at once.
"What next?" he murmured. "You sur-
pass my expectations. I can say no more
than that. But you must put that scarf
about your shoulders directly you go out or
you will take cold."
"Practical Englishman! I never had a
cold in my life."
"Wonderful young person! Put it on at
once. We are starting."
Miss Holmes looked like a lorelei with an
American education, in pale green. Her
sister was draped in sage green, and the
other artist of her sex in red and yellow
Spanish shawls. Mrs. Rothe wore an elab-
orate blue gown with an air of doing the
occasion all the honor possible. Over, Rothe,
and the prince wore the conventional evening
dress ; the foreign artists were in their velvet
jackets, with the one exception of the Ger-
279
The Travelling Thirds
man, who had got himself up in the property
costume of a Spanish grandee.
Miss Hohnes draped a white lace shawl
about her head and shoulders. "Come!'*
she said. "It is time to start.** And she
led the way down the dark street with her
prince. She was to dance many times with
Over, and amiably gave the brief interval
to the admirer who was much too serious
for even the stately quadrille.
Over and Catalina brought up in the
rear. She drew close to him with a little
shiver.
" I still have that sense of being watched,"
she said. " I can't understand why I should
be so silly as to notice it. I am usually
afraid of nothing — ^never had a nerve be-
fore." But she did tmderstand, and re-
sented. Over had roused and quickened
all her femininity, and she longed for his
protection, wondered at her former boy-
like indifference to sympathy as to peril.
Over drew her hand through his arm.
" It may be nothing and it may mean a good
deal. Mind you do not wander off by your-
self in the palace. If you do I shall be
280
The Travelling Thirds
hunting for you, and that will spoil my
evening. This dance has upset our plans,
but we must have a stroll together through
some of those old courts and corridors before
the party breaks up."
XXV
^HE moon hung directly
over the tower of Comares.
In the arcade beside the
Room of the Two Sisters
was a mass of bright cush-
ions and an Oriental car-
pet. Here Mrs. Rothe enthroned herself, and
the melancholy and disgusted prince kept
her company. The musicians fiddled and
strtimmed in the pavilion at the top of the
court. Wind was rising in the trees on the
steep hill -side above the Darro, and the
nightingales sang. The great rooms around
the coiut, the low chambers alx>ve, were
black with shadow, but the open spaces
about the lions were lively with whirling fig-
ures and the chatter of women. The original
party, which was too rich in men, had been
reinforced by several American girls from
another pension, and all had entered into
282
The Travelling Thirds
the gay spirit of the night except Catalina,
who stood alone in the pavilion opposite
the musicians, frankly miserable, and furious
with herself for daring to suffer.
Over had danced no less than six times
with Miss Holmes, whose dancing would
throw a Hebe out of court. She was the
triumphant belle of the evening — no sul-
tana in her little hour had ever held proud-
er sway in these halls of the Moors; and
where they, indeed, had been glad of one
doubtfully devoted heart she was lightly
spuming half a dozen. The men impor-
ttmed her between dances, the foreigners
extravagant in their admiration. Over con-
soling himself with manifest discontent when
she gave her hand to another.
He had just completed his sixth waltz
with her when Catalina had her inspiration.
He had not looked at her since the dancing
began. There was only one way in which
she could compel his attention, and although
her shyness rose to arms, her knees shook,
and her breath came short, she set her teeth
and glided down the arcade to the pavilion
of the musicians.
283
The Travelling Thirds
It had been understood that after the
first hour and a half there was to be an
interval for lemonade and sweets and rest,
during which they would sit on the cushions
and admire the opposite arcade and the
airy grace of the pavilions under the light
of the moon.
" It must have been here that Muley Aben
Hassan and Boabdil used to sit with their
courts while the minstrels — or whatever
they were in those days — tried to amuse
them, and the nautch-girls danced, and the
captives above envied the captives below,"
Miss Holmes was beginning as they arranged
the cushions, when several of the party gave
a low cry, and the hostess paused with her
mouth open. A figure had risen before
them in the moonlight, slim, yotmg, veiled,
the very eidola of those forgotten women
the number of whose heart-beats had de-
pended upon the nod of a tjrrannical voluptu-
ary. Only her eyes, long, dark, expression-
less, were revealed above the gold tissue of
her veil, and Over alone recognized her in-
stantly. He had missed her as they as-
sembled, and was about to go in search of
284
The Travelling Thirds
her when she appeared. He held his breath,
and the others, one or two of the girls
giggling hysterically, hardly knew whether
to be frightened or not.
Then the low, soft, dreaming strains of
music crept over to them and she began to
dance. She had known the old Spanish
dances all her life and loved them with all
the wild blood in her, despising the more
the conventional whirl of the drawing-room.
She danced none of these to-night, however,
but an improvisation, bom of her knowledge
of Moorish traditions, the place, and the
hour.
As Over realized what she purposed he
stepped forward with the intention of stop-
ping the performance, enraged that other
men should be in the audience, but arrested
by his distaste of a scene. In a moment he
sank down on his cushions, wondering that
he had doubted her, for it was apparent even
in the first few moments that in spite of the
graceful abandon of her dancing there was
to be nothing to suggest the coarseness of
the women that had danced on that spot
before her.
X9 285
I.
The Travelling Thirds
But if the swinging and swaying and
bending and whirling of her body were
without suggestiveness they were the very
poetry of beauty. The scarf was bound
about her head and over her face below the
eyes, but she held a point in either hand,
her arms sometimes extended, at others
describing curves that made the delicate
tissue flutter like the many wings of tiny
birds. The spangles on her dress, the dia-
mond buckles on her slippers were looo
points of light, for the moon was poised
directly overhead and flooding the court.
The perfume of the scarf stole into the senses
of the staring company and completed the
illusion, delicately brushing with sensuous-
ness what was otherwise an expression of
the rhythm of life, the dreaming of an ardent
but virginal soul. So a nautch-girl may
have danced for the first time before a king,
ignorant then of what was expected of her,
dissolving in the joy of rhythmical motion,
of innocent pride in her own yotmg beauty.
The arches between the company and the
dancer, the fountain above the lions rising
in a silver veil behind her, and beyond it
286
The Travelling Thirds
the white, shining arches with their moving
shadows, the distant warbling of the night-
ingales rising above the swooning music,
the Oriental mystery in the eyes above the
veil — not one of her audience but surrendered
himself, although, in superficial fashion, all
had recognized her.
And then, while their senses were locked,
while they were hardly conscious whether
they slept or waked, a strange and terrible
thing happened. From the Room of the
Two Sisters beside them the figure of a man
leaped like a sword from its scabbard, caught
the dancer in his arms, and disappeared
whence it had come.
There was a fatal moment of incredulity;
then Over leaped to his feet and ran into the
dark room. But he had no idea which way
to turn, and had lost himself in the Sala de
los Ajimeces beyond when he heard Miss
Holmes cry. sharply:
"He mustn't go alone, and at least I
know every foot of the palace. The man
will make for the tmderground rooms or
climb out of one of the windows and down
the hill to the Albaicin."
287
The Travellins Thirds
The word completed Over's horror, but as
he hastily rejoined the party, now voluble in
the Room of the Two Sisters, he despatched
Rothe and the Spanish artist for the police,
and then with little ceremony ordered Miss
Holmes to lead the way.
Catalina, in that leap from the dark room
to her swaying form, dreamy with its own
motion, had recognized Jesus Maria; but in
the swift flight that followed her face was
pressed so hard against his shoulder that
she could neither see nor cry- out. Her feet
struck against narrow walls, but her arms
were pinioned in that strong, deft embrace,
and rage inwardly as she might, he controlled
her as easily as if she were bound with cords.
It was only when she felt him lift her slightly
as he vaulted over a window-ledge that she
found her opportunity. With a swift writhe
of her body she freed her hands and beat
upon his face with all her strength, which
was not inconsiderable. He was stumbling
down the steep declivity below the Comares
Tower, and he paused a moment to take
breath.
288
The Travelling Thirds
"What do you want?** she cried, furiously.
"Money?"
He pressed his left hand over her mouth
and dexterously caught both her hands in
his right.
! "Yes/* he said, grimly. "The senor your
uncle can bring that with the golden sefio-
rita. It is you or she and the money, too.
Keep quiet!'* he said, violently. " If you cry-
out I will nm a nail through your tongue."
Catalina knew there was no time for any
such ceremony at the moment, and the mo-
ment was all she had. With another sharp
wrench she freed her head and hands, strug-
gled to press her knee against his chest, and
clawed his face with her sharp nails. The
cliff was but little off the perpendicular, ir-
regular of surface, and a wilderness of high
shrubs, rocks, and trees. For a man to
make the descent in daylight and tmen-
cumbered was no mean feat; but to en-
deavor to accomplish this at night, the moon
hidden more often than not by the trees and
Comares, with a struggling woman in his
arms, tried even the superb strength and
skill of the Catalan. He set her down and
289
The Travelling Thirds
attempted to wind the long scarf more
tightly about her mouth and throat and to
bind her hands. But she was too quick for
him. She made no attempt to nm away,
knowing the futility, but she braced herself
against a rock and fought him. She felt
not a spasm of fear, but she thrilled with
the consciousness that she fought for more
than her liberty undefiled; she fought for
freedom to fly back to Over and have an
end of subterfuge and delusion. In those
moments, as she fought and kicked and
scratched like a wild -cat, she had a vivid
and serene vision of herself as Over's wife.
She knew it to be writ as clearly as if the
hand of destiny traced it on the silver disk
above, and while her body obeyed its primal
instincts her soul sang.
The Catalan was desperate. He cursed
his folly in not stationing his confederate
on the Darro instead of in the hovel in the
Albaicin; but he had feared confusion and
felt contemptuously sure of his ability to
manage a mere girl. But he had had no
experience of girls whom ranch life had
made vigorous and fearless, and whose
390
The Travelling Thirds
fathers had taught them the principles of
boxing. Catalina parried his attempts to
give her a stunning blow as deftly as she
filled her nails with his skin and hair, and
she was so well braced he could not trip her.
Once he made a sudden dive for her feet
with his hands, but she leaped aside and his
nose came in contact with the rock.
Suddenly he turned his head. Far above,
in the windows of the Hall of the Ambassa-
dors, from which he had made his escape,
he heard the sound of voices. That mo-
ment was his tmdoing. With the leap of a
panther Catalina was on his back. She
pressed her knees into his sides, dragged his
head back with one arm, while with the other
she pounded his tmprotected face. He gave
a mighty shake, but he might as well have
attempted to throw off a wild-cat of her own
forests. He might exhaust her in time, but
so long as she had strength she would hang
on, and with a low roar, that portended
hideous vengeance, he started once more
down the bluff.
As Edith Holmes led the race through the
many corridors and apartments that lay
391
1i
The Travelling Thirds
between the court and the Hall of the Am-
bassadors she knew that the game was hers
if she chose to play it. There was but one 1 j
place in Granada where an outlaw would be
secure, and that was in the Albaicin, and
she knew the Alhambra too well not to be
sure of the route Catalina's abductor would
take. But it was simple enough to per-
suade Over that the man would be more
likely to take an tmderground route, es-
caping at the favorable moment by some
opening known only to his kind.
The descent to the baths was on the way
to the Hall of the Ambassadors, and as she
ran down the long corridor her brain whirled
with the obsession of the place, and she
fancied herself for a moment one of the
favorites who had reigned here in the days
of Moorish splendor tmtil a fairer captive
threatened her own youth and beauty and
love of life with a silken cord and a brief
struggle in one of the chambers above.
Over*s apparent devotion during the first
part of the night had roused in her all the
passion of which she was capable, and she
could feel his hot, short breath on her neck
292
The Travelling Thirds
as they ran. She had watched his stirrender
to Catalina's beautiful dancing and his wild,
instinctive leap to her rescue with bitter
jealousy and fear. In a flash she had seen
Catalina for what she was — sl girl to rouse
all the romantic passion in a man; and in all
her loveliness, her ideal womanhood, and
her changing moods, she had been his con-
stant companion for three weeks in Spain!
But thrust out of sight — the creatiu*e of a
gypsy — internationally besmirched — Her
feet turned to the threshold leading down
to the old Moorish bath, where ten minutes
could be wasted. But the American girl in
her suddenly revolted. Another American
girl was in hideous peril, and she shuddered
with disgust even more than with pity.
She whirled about. "Prince," she whis-
pered, "you and Helmholtz go down there
and search, but I feel sure he has gone out
one of the windows.'* And she ran on to
the Hall of the Ambassadors.
They searched it at last and hung out of
the windows. Far below a faint sound came
to their ears, but they could not determine
its nature. An instant later they heard a
293
The Travelling Thirds
short but infiiriated roar, followed by the
sharp call of a woman. Over was already
on the other side of the window when Miss
Holmes caught his arm.
"Don't!" she cried, hysterically. "It is
almost certain death. He is sure to have
confederates!"
Over gave her a look of haughty surprise
and shook her off. The Frenchman thrust
a pistol into his hand.
"I never go without one here. Don't
hesitate to shoot."
Over groped and sttunbled down the hill,
but with far more agility than the encum-
bered Catalan. There was no path, the
thick brush and rocks were everywhere, and
the moon made the shadows under the trees
the heavier. But when a thin Englishman
has spent the greater part of his life on his
feet and out-of-doors he is little likely to
lose his balance or skill even on a steep
wilderness designed by the cunning Moor
as a pitfall for the enemy.
He was half-way down when the way
cleared and he saw, several yards beneath
him, a curious, stumbling figure, half black,
294
The Travelling Thirds
half white. In an instant he suspected its
meaning, and although he was obliged to
laugh he paused and gave a sharp halloo.
Catalina answered him with what breath
was left in her, and he heard the glad note
in her broken cry. He ran on, but in a mo-
ment the man stopped abruptly and en-
deavored once more to shake off his burden.
Catalina leaped from his back and ran to
one side, bracing herself once more. Over
aimed his pistol and fired. The man gave
a wild scream of pain, tumbled to his knees,
regained his feet, and fled. Catalina ran up
the hill a few steps, then, suddenly ex-
hausted, leaned against a tree. But Over
bore down upon her, and when she saw his
eyes she opened her arms.
THE END
Stankxd Univanity Ubrariss
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1
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| travellingthird00athegoog | OL6961034M | OL1797247W | 309 | 1,905 |
zh | N/A | N/A | 海外石油建设项目投资概算体系存在的问题及改革方向
——-对EPC报价测算体系与现行概算测算体系之间差异的思考
张家兵
(中国石油工程建设公司)
摘 要 目前我国海外石油工程建设项目的投资概算是以国内设计概算编制系统为基础进行测算的，没有紧密结合项目在海外执行的特点，没有紧密结合项目所在国家及地区的特殊需求，没有充分考虑EPC合同模式的特点，没有充分预估ITB(投标者须知)文件的要求。这些问题的存在使得概算金额难以客观、全面、合理地反映海外建设项目的实际投资需求，在一定程度上影响了项目的执行。为使投资概算切实符合EPC工程的需要，建议从以下方面改革现行概算测算体系：从实际出发，认真进行市场调研；创新概算测算方法，逐步摒弃系数估算，按实测算成本；结合EPC合同特点，完善概算体系的成本项目构成；提高招标阶段设计深度；借鉴国际先进经验，逐步提高项目测算水平；提高专业人员职业素养，以客观、公正的科学态度，保证概算测算的独立性；完善概算审核决策，探索建立审核责任追究制度。
关键词 海外石油工程 建设项目 EPC 概算体系 报价体系
一、现行概算测算体系存在的问题
近年来，中国的石油企业在很多国家进行了上下游项目的投资与开发，成绩斐然。在海外石油投资项目迅速发展的同时，也暴露出工程建设项目投资概算的诸多缺陷与不足，其中投资概算不能满足EPC(设计采购施工， Engineering Procurement Construction)总承包需要的矛盾时常发生。
从理论上讲，除了业主成本、作为工程监理或PMC(项目管理委员会， Project Management Committee)的第三方费用之外，建设项目投资概算的其余部分就是各类承包商的费用。由于H前海外石油工程建设主要采用EPC合同模式，这部分费用就相当于EPC总承包商(以下简称“承包商”)的费用。
现阶段，海外石油工程建设项目的投资概算是以
国内设计概算编制系统为基础进行测算的，并结合项目所在国的情况进行调整、补充而成。从根本上讲，这种概算测算体系针对的是国内项目，将其应用于海外项目时存在如下问题：1)没有紧密结合项目海外执行的特点；2)没有紧密结合项目所在国家及地区的特殊需求；3)没有充分考虑EPC合同模式的特点；4)没有充分预估ITB(投标者须知， Instruction to Bidders)文件的要求。这些问题的存在使得概算金额难以客观、全面、合理地反映海外建设项目的实际投资需求，因而制约了项目的工程进度和质量，影响了承包商的利益，并最终损害业主(包括中方出资者)的利益。
鉴于此，如何参考国内石油建设工程投资概算测算系统，借鉴国际上成熟先进的测算方法，紧密结合建设项目海外执行的特点，探索建立一套适应EPC合同模式的海外建设项目投资概算测算体系，科学合理地确定、控制项目总投资，客观公正地反映项目参与各
方的各项成本费用，保证承包商合理的经营利润，已经成为迫切的现实要求。
笔者根据多年的海外EPC项目投标工作经验，分析海外石油工程建设项目中现行概算测算体系(以下简称“概算体系”)与以EPC合同模式的投标价格测算体系(以下简称“报价体系”)的主要差异，探讨概算体系的改革方向，并提出一些建议或思路。
二、概算体系与报价体系的主要差异
与单纯的国内施工承包合同不同，海外EPC合同的执行对承包商的技术能力、管理能力、组织能力、资本实力、抗风险能力等都有更高的要求，因而承包商在成本价格方面也有若干特殊的要求。如上所述，由于概算体系在测算基础、海外执行、所在国及地区特点、合同模式、ITB要求等方面存在缺陷，不能科学地反映EPC总承包的成本费用需求。笔者认为，概算体系与报价体系之间的差异主要表现在以下方面。
1.定额直接费的调整
定额直接费的调整包括对定额人工费、定额材料费和定额机械费的调整。
调整定额人工费时需综合出国人员薪酬标准、当地劳工薪酬标准、人力执行计划、所在国劳工法律法规、项目施工技术特点等因素，确定合适的人工工资单价和人工工日数，概算体系中存在的问题包括：1)容易忽略当地雇员加班带来的成本影响(例如作得政府规定每周法定工作时间为39小时，而在项目执行中难免大量加班)；2)依据定额人工工日折算计划人工工日时所取系数过低；3)忽略应计取的海外部分个人所得税和社会保险等。
调整定额材料费时，概算体系没有充分与施工组织设计结合，通常主观、简单地认为工程所需的辅助材料费基本上从中国境内采购。实际上，氧气、乙炔、汽油、柴油、水泥、石子、砂子、木材等多数材料都要在当地采购。由于多数EPC项目工期要求都比较紧，在工程急需的情况下只能在当地采购价格昂贵的材料，否则只能加大国内辅材采购储备。无论采用何种方式，都会增加成本。
调整定额机械费时，慨算体系未充分依据施工机械台班单价的测算原理，结合海外项目施工的特殊性，
按国家规定采用加速折旧法计算相应折旧费，也没有相应调整修理费、燃料费、机上人工费等，导致施工机械费的调整偏低。例如，施工机械、生产设备在国内的折旧年限通常是10年左右，此类设备在海外的折旧年限是5年1，仅此折旧费一项造成的差异就在一倍左右。
2.动复员费
概算体系按建筑安装工程费的一定系数计取动复员费，例如，中国石油天然气集团公司按1.5%计取。对于海外项目的实践来说，这种按系数计取动复员费的方法明显欠妥。例如，在中亚和非洲分别建设的两个同样的工程项目，按系数计取的动复员费相差不大，但是实际上出于人员、机械等的动复员距离、运输条件等相差较大，真实的动复员成本差别比较大。如果再考虑非洲部分国家的社会依托条件非常差，设备租赁价格相对很高，需要动员更多机械的实际情况，这种差异就更大。此外，某些国家对非侨民的入境签证、工作许可等有特殊规定，个别国家办理一个人的入境、工作许可等甚至需要数千美元。在这种情况下，简单地依据系数.来测算，就会与实际费用有很大偏差。
3.临时设施费
概算体系按系数计取临时设施费，包干使用，报价体系则根据项目执行计划据实测算，二者结果差别很大。究其原因，第一，根据海外项目HSE(健康、安全、环境管理)等的规定，临时设施的建造标准较国内要高很多。例如，夏季室内降温，国内可能采用电扇甚至不用，在国外就必须采用空调，而且空调机的质量还不能差，否则后续维护保养费用会很高。第二，临时设施的建造内容更多，国外多数项目的社会依托条件较差，必须考虑自己建造。例如，工程用电、用水、网络、通讯、各种滚卷板机、车床等。第三，海外项目的临时设施建造费用需要按实计算，不能考虑多次使用、分次摊销：这是因为后续项目资源难以预料，即使有后续项目，由于一次性投入高，成本压力和风险大，只能在后续项目的临时设施报价上再考虑减免，而且由于运费过高，将临时设施拆解运回国内也不经济、不现实。由此可见，境内外石油工程施工所需的临时设施费用相差很大。
4.现场管理费和总部管理费
以安装工程为例。概算体系以未调整的定额人工费为基数，按照费用定额计取企业管理费，包括现场管
理费和总部管理费。这种方法仅能反映出施工企业管理费的一部分，对构成企业管理费的现场管理人员工资、现场办公费、差旅交通费、财产保险费、税金等现场成本项目明显偏低，对企业总部的管理人员工资、小公费、差旅交通费、财务费用等的测算也相对偏低。例如，对于现场管理人员的工资，按概算测算出的只是国内水平，与实际发生的海外工资支出相差数倍。由于海外项目的特殊性， EPC项目的管理费通常要根据市场调研，按实计取管理人员薪酬，保安、司机、清洁工等辅助人员薪酬，车辆的购置与维护费，差旅费，办公设备购置与办公日常开支，通讯网络费，注册费，小电费，伙食费等。按实计取的结果与目前概算按系数包干计算的结果相差较大。
5.为业主提供服务
在EPC项目中，业主通常会要求承包商在公司总部(包括设计办公室)和项目现场分别为业主人员(包括监理或PMC人员)提供食宿、办公、通讯、网络、交通等服务，有时业主还会提出特殊服务要求。在概算体系的成本列项中，建设单位管理费对此类内容有所反映，但没有关注EPC项目的特殊要求，与实际需要仍有一定差距。
6.试运、性能测试、临时验收
在EPC项目中，承包商不仅需要完成拟建项目的详细勘察测量、详细设计、设备材料采购、工程施工等工作，还要负责工程项目的试运、开车、性能测试，直至通过业主的临时验收。试运、性能测试、临时验收等工程内容类似于概算体系中的联合试运转，但又有所区别。
联合试运转是出建设单位组织，在竣验收前按照设计规定的工程质量标准，对整个生产线或车间进行试运转。概算体系中表现的是其所发生的支出大于收入的差额部分，包括试运转期间所需的材料、燃料及动力消耗、低值易耗品、其他物料消耗、机械使用费、试运人员工资、施工单位参加试运人员的工资以及管理费用。需要注意的是，“联合试运转”是试运转支出大于收入的那部分差额，而在EPC项目中，承包商负责组织完成的试运只有支出，没有收入(收入归业主)。因此，概算体系所考虑的联合试运转费用明显小于承包商的实际支出。
7.工程保险
概算体系要求按实计算建设工程一切险、人身意
外伤害险，并且不得大于工程费用的0.3%，不投保的工程不计取此项费用：海外EPC项目与前述规定有如下不同：1)海外项目要求投保的险种较多。除了建设工程一切险、人身意外伤害险之外，一般还要投保施工机具险、交通车辆险、运输险。根据合同规定，有时还要投保预期利润损失险、出口信用险、专业补偿险等；2)投保险种的基数有差异，例如工程一切险，在投保实践中以项目合同额为基数，远大于工程费用；3)相对于国内的保险费用， EPC项目的投保费率较高，如果根据合同规定必须向当地保险公司投保的话，保险费用会更高。
根据投标工作实践，工程保险费通常要占EPC总价的0.7%左右(其中工程一切险约占0.3%，人员险、车辆险、机具险等共占约0.4%)，这与概算体系中规定的占工程费用的0.3%相差很大。
8.财务费用
承包商的财务费用通常包括银行开具保函收取的费用、建设期贷款利息。概算体系通常都会忽略这两项成本。
就保函而言，EPC承包商一般需要提供投标保函(或投标保证金)、履约保函、预付款保函(有预付款时)、保证期保函(或保证金)，银行开具上述保函都需要收取费用。如果项目所在国政府或EPC合同规定必须再由所在国银行转开保函，则保函费用会更高。例如，巴基斯坦某项目规定，履约保函必须由当地银行转开。履约保函按合同额的10%开具，中国银行费率为0.4%，当地某银行费率为1.24%，按合同期两年计，仅履约保函费就占合同价的3.69%(10%×(0.4%+1.24%)×2.25)。如果采用保证金的方式，则会增加贷款利息。此外汇率波动还会引起汇兑损失。
就贷款利息面言，概算体系中所列的建设期贷款利息只考虑了业主在拟建项目中计划通过贷款发生的融资成本，没有考虑承包商的贷款利息，在国内石油工程发承包实践中，一般不采用EPC总承包方式，而是设计、施工分别发包，设备由业主采购，主要材料的采购虽然也进入施工承包总价，但通常是业主供应部门供货后再转账，因此，施工单位所发生的贷款利息比较少而在EPC项目中，承包商除了要完成设计、施工外，还要完成全部设备、材料的采购，扮演的基本上就是国内建设单位的角色。在EPC合同模式下，不仅业主融资
发生贷款利息，由于业主付款与承包商所需资金在金额、时间上不同步，承包商也需要融资，也会发生较大数量的贷款利息。如果业主按里程碑付款，付款周期长，付款不及时，承包商的融资成本就会更高。
9.业主人员培训
在EPC项目中，承包商通常需要为业主的有关人员提供工艺流程培训、专业培训、厂家培训、施工现场培训等，而概算体系中的生产人员培训费是指受训人员的工资、工资性补贴、职工福利费、差旅交通费、学习资料费、学习费和劳动保护费等。
两种体系的培训有较大差异。首先，在培训内容上，概算体系不包括厂家培训和施工现场培训。厂家培训和施工现场培训，尤其是由厂家提供的工厂培训和现场培训，价格比较高，个别关键、大型、技术含量高、市场垄断程度高的产品的供货商，培训收费就更高。其次，在成本性质上，除学习资料费和学习费外，概算体系所指的主要是接受培训人员的工资等支出，报价体系主要考虑提供培训业务的技术服务费等。因此，报价体系所包括的大多数培训内容和成本，概算体系都没有考虑在内。
10.质量保证期
作为承包商，要完成设计、采购、施工、开车、试运、性能测试等工作。在项目性能测试合格、通过临时验收，并由业主接收后，承包商通常还要为项目提供一年(个别项目是两年)的质量保证期。在此期间如果发生质量问题，承包商应该予以免费维修、更换，并相应延长该部分的质保期。承包商还有缺陷通知期责任，并相应提供维修服务。由于项目远在海外，服务成本相对较高。在项目执行实践中，这两种服务都难以避免。概算体系没有考虑这部分成本。
11.不可预见费及风险
EPC合同的一个重要特点是，业主希望价格和工期确定性程度更高(enhanced certainty of final price and time)， 因而承包商需承担更多风险(bearing the extra risks)， 得到更多回报(pay more for the construction of the project)。2
报价体系中的不可预见费及风险类似于概算体系中的预备费，但是比预备费包括的内容多，范围广首先，概算体系针对的合同模式为E+P+C， 并非以EPC总承包为基础，而在EPC合同中承包商的风险要相对大
一些。其次，概算体系测算基础是初步设计，EPC招标的基础一般应为基础设计，基础设计的设计深度要高于初步设计，但是日前一般都是以初步设计进行EPC招标，造成不可预见性因素增多。概算体系中的基本预备费没有涵盖报价体系中的不可预见费及风险。
报价体系中的不可预见费及风险除了基本预备费的内容外，需要考虑设计技术风险、延期罚款风险、性能测试风险、地质条件风险、合同风险、政治风险、社会风险、法律风险，还要考虑价格波动风险(类似于概算体系中的价差预备费，而概算体系规定价差预备费为0)等。
12.税费
这是概算体系中没有充分考虑，但对整个项目的投资影响非常大的一项。概算体系通常在测算施工费时按国内税费水平计算部分税费，没有按海外项目的实际施工价格计算税费，没有考虑设计、采购、其他直接费、管理费等间接费用的税费。
在海外EPC工程实践中，项目的实际税费负担非常重。尽管通过税务统筹可以适当减少税负，但不能完全规避。而且，税务统筹并非没有风险，出现问题时可能会被当地税务部门课以重罚。海外项目的税费主要包括个人所得税、社会保险、关税、增值税、公司所得税(或预扣税、最低收入所得税)、红利税、印花税、境外成本预扣税等。即使考虑到关税、增值税通常可以减免，根据海外项目执行实践，其余税费一般也会占到合同价的6%左右，在某些国家比例更高。例如，巴基斯坦法律规定，仅预扣税(相当于企业所得税)--项就占合同价的6%，而且多缴不退，少缴要补。因此，概算体系中未考虑的税费部分对项目投资的影响非常大。
13.汇率
概算体系的常规做法是，以编制概算之前某一日的外汇汇率为基准，在编制过程中都按该汇率折算。这种固定汇率的做法与海外EPC项目执行实践不相符合。主要原因如下。
1)海外EPC项目的合同货币一般是美元、欧元或当地货币，外币使用非常多，这与国内项目在测算引进工程时发生的少量外币兑换不可同日而语。汇率变动对海外EPC项目建设投资的影响是全方位的。
2)EPC项目的合同执行期都比较长，一般为两年左右，个别项目的执行期更长。在执行期间，国内外政
治形势、金融形势、经济形势、经济政策、外汇政策等的变动都会深刻地影响汇率的变化，从而对EPC项目的造价产生很大影响。
3)在日前人民币汇率形成机制下，人民币不再单一盯住美元，而是盯住一揽了货币，这种浮动汇率制度使得人民币对美元、欧元的汇率波动幅度更大，汇率的影响也就更大。
4)EPC项目合同货币一般是美元等外币，在项目执行过程中需要使用大量外币兑换成人民币支付采购货款等。从长期看，人民币兑外币汇率将基本运行在上升通道内，承包商收到的外币就相对贬值，从而产生损失。
概算体系没有考虑以上这些因素，但是汇率变动对EPC价格的影响非常大。例如，中国汇率形成机制改革以后，人民币兑美元大幅升值，2005年7月21日人民币兑美元的汇率为8.2765，2009年10月31日为6.8281，升值幅度为17.5%。在此期间，概算体系仍然以某-固定汇率为基础来测算投资概算，概算数据已经与实际数额相差很大。
三、概算体系的改革方向
针对概算体系与报价体系存在的上述差异，笔者建议结合海外EPC项目的特点，创新思路，对概算体系进行全面系统的改革。
1.从实际出发，认真进行市场调研，杜绝主观主义、经验主义和本本主义
海外EPC项目有其特殊性，与国内工程项目建设有很大不同，在国内有用的经验，可能不适用于国外项日。对拟建项目，要组织各专业人士认真进行市场调研，掌握相关国家和地区的政治、法律、税收、市场、金融、保险、海关、劳工、技术、质量、HSE等规定，以便在测算项目投资估算、投资概算时，尽可能符合实际情况，杜绝主观主义、经验主义、本本主义。
2.创新概算测算方法，逐步摒弃系数估算，树立按实测算成本的新思路
概算体系中有不少成本项目都是以系数计取的，例如建设单位管理费、施工队伍调遣费、联合试运转费、预备费、铺底流动资金等。不可否认，这些系数是综合了大量国内建设项目的相关资料而得出的，但并不完全符合海外建设项目的实际，根据系数得出的有些数据
与实际情况相差很大。在概算测算过程中应密切联系工程设计技术人员，依据科学合理的项目执行计划，尽量按实测算相关成本，例如定额直接费调整、动复员费、临时设施费、企业管理费等。
3.结合海外项目工程建设投资实际，根据EPC合同的特点，完善概算体系的成本项目构成
1)按实调整定额直接费，客观反映承包商在工程直接费上的实际成本。
2)结合项目执行计划，按实测算动复员费临时设施费、现场管理费、总部管理费。
3)根据项目技术特点，从支出角度，而不是收支差额的角度，测算承包商的试运、性能测试成本。
4)按实测算承包商的各项保函费用，在合同执行阶段尤其是采购阶段的贷款利息。
5)客观反映承包商在向业主提供服务、工程保险、业主人员培训、质量保证期等方面的成本费用。
6)综合评估项目执行期内的不可预见因素及风险的种类、性质、影响，合理测算不可预见费及风险费。
7)分项详细测算与项目有关的各项税费，例如公司所得税、个人所得税、社会保险、印花税、境外成本税、合同注册费等。
8)参考专业金融机构汇率预测资料，全面评估项目建设期内汇率的动态变化，根据各成本项日组成性质、所占比重，采用动态加权汇率计算相关成本。
4.结合项目发包承包计划，客观反映成本费用方面的需求，尤其是EPC合同的特殊要求
目前概算休系所针对的发包承包方式基于这样的合同模式—―业主(或其委托的第三方)为主要管理责任方，设计、采购、施工分别由不同单位甚至更多单位完成。由于日前海外石油工程项目主要采用EPC合同，建议编制概算时应充分考虑EPC合同的风险特点，客观、全面、合理地测算相应费用。
5.提高招标阶段设计深度，降低设计技术风险
日前概算体系测算的技术基础是初步设计，而EPC招标的技术基础是基础设计。为减少设计技术风险，降低业主的投资支出，在EPC招标阶段应向投标人提供完整的基础设计文件与要求，包括前端设计文件(Front-End Engineering Documentations)、设计工艺包等，满足EPC招标的设计技术需要。
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10%和20%等情况，测算项目的经济效益，或者以一定的边际收益率倒推出最低的产量水平。
(3)投资预算风险
投资预算风险是指在实际生产经营过程中所发生的投资额超出可行性研究的投资预算，从而直接影响项目的效益，给项目实际经营带来的经营风险。可行性研究中对投资的估计不足，主要受两个因素影响：一是通货膨胀，二是汇率。可行性研究工作在测算项目效益时，必须重视通货膨胀因素的影响，在估计投资额时将其影响考虑进去，相对于通货膨胀因素来说，汇率的影响十分复杂。由于汇率的预测是一个复杂的系统工程，因此汇率对于油气项目投资的影响就难以准确地定量计算。但是，在可行性研究的投资估算中，应将投资细分，例如，区分以美元/欧元和非美元/欧元采购的明细项目，然后在投资估算时给予充分考虑，设置汇兑损失项。
(4)投资环境风险
投资环境包括资源国政治环境与经济环境。资源国政治风险一般表现为征用、没收、充公、禁令、毁约以及动乱等，一旦发生将对项目产生重大影响。因此，在政治局势不稳定的资源国开展油气合作业务，必须认真分析该国的政治形势，论证规避政治风险的具体
(上接第59页)
6.借鉴外来先进经验，为我所用，逐步提高项目.投资测算水平
借鉴国际知名工程建设公司、世界银行等国际金融机构在工程建设项目投资测算方面先进成熟的方法体系，结合中国石油企业海外项目投资实践，逐步探索建立与国际接轨的科学、合理、先进的海外工程建设投资测算体系。
7.端正概算测算立场，树立客观公正的科学态度
目前，工程建设项目投资概算基本上由业主主持或委托专业机构编制，这使概算或多或少地受到业主主观意愿的影响。在编制个别工程项目的概算时，不顾客观实际，单方面反映业主意愿，忽略承包商的合理权益，为以后的项目招投标、合同谈判、项目执行埋下了隐患。概算编制人员和业主相关人员要树立客观、公正的科学态度，养成良好的职业素养。同时逐步培育独立的第三方海外项目概算测算咨询机构，从根本上保证概算测算的独立性。
有效途径，以及保障项目正常运行的具体措施。资源国经济领域的风险包括金融风险在内，最终都可能转化为财税风险，财税风险是社会风险的综合反映和最终载体，财税制度的变化，会对项目的经济效益产生重大影响。因此，必须充分研究油气资源国的石油税收和财务制度，分析其政策变化对项目产生的经济风险。
对于海外油气项H这个特殊主体，在进行可行性研究时，国内各大石油公司缺乏专门针对“海外”的经济可行性论证的编制要求和规定。同时目前国内项目可行性研究编制规定中的经济部分，已经不能满足国际油气合作项目的要求。笔者总结以上问题和需要完善的内容，以期进一步提高海外油气项目可行性研究的有效性，为项目的实际运作提供更好的决策保障。
收稿日期：2009-10-05
改回日期：2009--10-26
编
辑：张一驰
8.推进概算审核决策制度的科学化、民主化，探索建立审核责任追究制度
概算初稿编制完成后，一般由业主委托第三方或由上级部门组织专业人上进行审核。在此过程中，应注意保证审核的民主化，避免一言堂，避免领导意志，确保实现决策的科学化。探索建立审核责任追究制度，以避免审核过程中部分人员不负责任的意见或建议。
参考文献：
\[1\]中华人民共和国财政部.关于印发《对外经济合作企业财务制度》的通知\[(93)财外字第21号\]\[S\]//中华人民共和国财政部.对外经济合作企业财务制度.北京：北京师范大学出版社，1993.
\[2\]国际咨询工程师联合会.菲迪克 (FIDIC)合同指南(中英文对照本)\[M\].中国工程咨询协会，编译.北京：机械工业出版
社，2003：18-24.
收稿日期：2009-10-27 | null | null | null | null | null |
en | hf cc0-1.0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/storytracer/US-PD-Books | Armenian popular songs
author: Alishan, Ghewond M., 1820-1901
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qZ COCO ONNNMO + m
(RMENTAN
PORULAB SONGS
TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH
BY THE R. GRO WM, AGISHAN DD.
OF THE MECHITARISTIC SOCIETY
VENICE
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S. LAZARUS 1852
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——
TO
BDWALD 2ORBBAsY AVsQ
CONSUL GENERAL
OF
THE SUBLIME PORTE
- ECC. ECC. ECC.
bs presenting to the British Public tus volume of a
Collection of our Armenian Popular Songs, we have thought
that we could not dedicate it to any person with greater pro-
priety than to Yoursel/—the most conspicuous representative of
our nation in the English metropolis; who in spite of the fati-
gue and cares of diplomacy can find leisure to cultivate the
Muses. |
The cordiality with which You receive the members of our
Society—who from time to time visit England, has emboldened
_ us to publish the frendship that subsists between us, the strong-
And this frendship and respect for You, we doubt not
would be shared with us, by any studious Englishman who may
peruse and favourably receive our little work.
London 22 August 1832.
LEO M. ALISHAN DD.
ARMENIAN
POPULAR SONGS
2U.8NS
OPER MUTUUUULE
To tae Britrisnx PvBric
To your enterprising spirit of inquiry, which
more than any other nation has extended its resear-
ches into the regions of the Kast, this little collection
of ARMENIAN POPULAR sones is presented. It is not be
denied that from a nation like the Armenian, which
boasts, and justly, of being one of the most ancient
of the East, and which has possessed for so long a
period the advantages of a cultivated and flourishing
litterature, something more copious and elegant might
have been expected: but considering the frequent
revolutions of that unhappy nation, and the incur-
sions of so many barbarous tribes, which, during the
oppressive slavery to which they reduced its inhabi-
tants, not only destroyed its arts and litterature, but
even extinguished the last gleam of the poetic fire
of the Sons of Ararat: it is hoped that even: this
humble collection offered as a specimen only, and
for the first time translated into an European lan-
guage, may find favour with a People, so enlightened,
and one that so greatly encourages every work cal-
culated to illustrate any portion ft the vast Ane of
Ancient East.
m
ARMENIAN
POPULAR sOnes
I.
On Leo son of Haithon I. *
I say alas! for Leo, who has fallen
Into slavery into the power of Moslems.
My light, my light, and holy Virgin!
The holy Cross aid Leo and all!
The Sultan is come into the meydan *,
He plays with his golden globe.
My light, my light, and holy Virgin!
The holy Cross aid Leo and all!
He played and gave it to Leo:
“© Take, play and give it to thy papa. ,,
My light, my light, and holy Virgin!
The holy Cross aid Leo and all!
“¢ Leo, if thou wilt become Moslem,
,» | and my fosterfather slaves to thee. .,
20.6 N5
EPEF MOVUUOUVOEIF
U..
fa [tank npyp Stepulny 0...
Usiq_ eal Sebitie nab?
(le SeXheng qe puhh, ghpf:
pr pees y jt pou, a une lige:
«pe kk yuu sla og iushpuits l Srithu ow. wl ace:
bye hf pointe fn fouguy +
PP nee, ful poe, me. weep. yy
Jc jug fb ] Suitin Epliun.
66 [le foanqut oe wnocg munnuy fig. »9 +
| el" pace, (DP pe, a once gy:
Uocpe: frase ois | Letofr ee. wall meu +
“| Bok apm. sneeithly fief ,
35 L~ me. bf wun pk gkpf a9?
My light, my light, and holy Virgin!
The holy Cross aid Leo and all!
Leo sitting in the fortress
With a handkerchief to his eyes wept.
*¢ Thou caravan which goest to Sis, *
»» Thou shalt announce to my papa! .,
When his papa heard it
He collected many troops of horsemen;
Come and he went against the Sultan
And made many rivers of blood flow.
He took his son Leo,
And obtained the desire of his heart.
My light, my light, my light, and holy Virgin!
The holy Cross aid Leo and all!
Il.
On the daughter of an Armenian prince on her
departure to be maried to a Tartar prince.
THE MAID
Why dost thou sit silent at thy work?
Rise, come forth, hear what they say.
Oh unhappy ! was this worthy of thee
To be the bride of a Tartar?
Thou wert worthy to be the mistress,
pS" pace , bf pacu , mt. une pe. ye-
Uecve kr yussls ogtuuhat | Grit fu a antl nee +
| Aotte b ekpg fis iunnky
{ ppeemamln usshyts 1. hacpuy >
© SP bpufuttun op "fs Yu YepFum ,
oy pacts fanyurs anatofr upasyuyfr o. +
(Vey op yume uy quits ppuleg
| Gee fs uns puilile E pum ’
Jun ghp | bene apy fin
| Pyoce ’ bf yaw ’ (LD ynu » 1 une ge 2 ae
Youre Jusssis ogtuhuis | Saiufus oe adlbaee +
fg.
(reg quntpr LkSp prfuutp .
GLB Pov
peas ku bpuukey Unk) pa gust fit ,
q ag fury » pnepe Ey ,» lk fus [ucufiu t
buhay , So by po upduinfit
ee aay Pay Nee
Pree aban bbe piuly byl ,
8 7
The mistress of mistresses of the great prince;
And not so the wife of an infidel,
To have thy hands bound and become a slave.
THE DAUGHTER
What dost thou say, o foolish maid!
I understand thee not, speak more clearly.
THE MAID
To day thy star is fallen and vanished,
_ Thy radiant sun is obscured:
Unhappy me! unhappy thou Susanna!
Thou art gone as a slave to Tartary ;
Thou must forget thy bright faith,
And turn to the faith of Mahomet.
THE DAUGHTER
May thy tongue turn black, thy mouth become dry!
What news do they speak of?
THE MAID
The great prince has given thee
To the Can of Tartary to take thee with him.
THE DAUGHTER
O maids maids, come come
Weep the misfortune of my lost head!
Black was the day of my birth,
Sbifinug sofljfia MS frzfuutiufin
[ye a bur op fi
Qeap fumpud pjtfu gly fia
TARUSIL
pus bu und Neary. fpunpuads P
OL Sumbuiined, caus ape. eng t
BLEPP
| wor umonpy [Fpnun Iopusn.,
Uy OF gepbele 5 duig pkg Ce zuite
Qpepb giuughp (Qruld appuuuii «
l gt Fuse munppy mbinp & danas
|Pasudbinfp fpotipfit qunium
TARUSIL
] bqug uk-ctous 9 eb puing snypiiuy, ‘
pas Sudpun. Ey anu fais Guy :
BLY PLL
PES fzfuuiups pkg unprky &,
{du[A unt fuui fit SE unt wnuiul, :
TARUSIt
Urtergpe, khke bye
Yeped qyfufu qunp purgkp -
ee Ep gunk, op a a
i aie .
On which I unhappy was born.
Mother, rise from thy tomb,
Hear the news of thy daughter.
My black fate has willed it so,
It has driven me alone to Tartary.
May pitiless death tear my soul away,
May the earth open and swallow me up.
THE MAID
What sighs are these, young princess,
Salt-tears and bitter lamentation:
Let us all bear thy grief together,
Let us offer our heads for thee:
Where thou goest let us go also,
How can we forget thy bread and salt:
Can we see with our eyes
Thee go from us all alone ?
Dry thy eyes and sooth thy grief,
Enough for thee, beat not thy breast.
THE OLD WOMAN
I have been sixty years at thy gate:
Thy father and grand father were on my shoul-
ders
Born, brought up and became princes ;
I never saw such sorrow.
Open thy ear, and listen to my counsel,
Remember this old woman:
Wherever thou shalt go and wherever thou
shalt be,
Always hold fast thy bright faith.
(We Fu Spiny (Ppa umujains
Seb dee funy glk plisiul, g
Swufiune. pple up Xprhutulyy +
p Puke eee ftuyku upl-g ’
[Oxu[Pupprunte dpinul parkg -
Uzgol4t opSum Sag fin Suiul, ,
q infu uuu find tbs wut
BLP.
Ua2he qupeis, Gu fs pag
lat wypunun tsp ypu pits fos gE.
|} Fue adkipyu guepy unitikup ,
(he op kpldam Skanpy ypqutip -
[Fie iting aybing & inking ungpaif
Seqke dfuul, get poy -
i ‘eee ope& | a Sultana fp ’
Siphe thu ply lf Sk Sm fp :
ACID
Ul uldunct wuph ES bu sbp gpuit ,
Sect vemgh py Fe ful Gpnustie
Ova ups 2 fuusu Equs
| enyleer alfite guise. eur shel” uakenas’ +
Lette. peruy pple fupunnfu ,
Web Apptee Gur ayusreae fou «
Dee op pete fing nk eff ,
Sunnnunn dps fu Sanunnfa 2
4192
Forget not our Armenian nation ;
And always assist and protect it.
Always keep in thy mind
To be useful to thy country.
Oh! God be with thee, farewell!
May Christ preserve thy bright sun!
Il.
The Armenians in their emigration from Old
Ciulfa *.
Woe to ye poor Armenian people!
Without a fault and without a thought ye have
been scattered ;
Ye are gone into slavery to Ispahan,
Hungry and thirsty and naked and poor.
Ye have supported a hundred thousand sorrows,
And ye have never put your foot out of your sweet
native country:
But now ye leave the tombs of your parents,
And abandon to others your churches and houses.
These beautiful fields, great towns,
Sweet waters and well-built villages
To whom have ye left them, ye who go?
How happens it that ye forget them?
I fear they will be effaced from your mind:
But while ye live do not forget them:
13
O pinata sy ugg fu ;
(Pheer Suitunyury Uppuite ogiufu +
Swyphibeugpe yfunry ppl s
1s whe cg plgs gpa purple ,
Pypume awSk po pye uplees
+
Are Qnznwytgang -
Ushudu pla Suyng fuleqaph Faqafape ,
Obpncguite bpup uiulleg ubifumpSon py «
righ pluie np ploy b lopenmuit ,
<Paqgus an SS casgresse. ’ alyop [PF 20cunuhpaiis
Juwphep ae fougqup guef pfulingup
Qe peng hh Ephpht an qacpu spypup -
lubdp 2k p fuop shop gkpk glist [Daqup,
[po ebpacks qugunl ple , died elle pany ppulepi ,
‘Perl Soph , kp 2b gkybpio,
|peube hp put id drnaatoaed mip +
AN efeal unt Gyka dingksiinegy pulfup -
Ps put id ag) mp‘ inpk pug spuljup .
44
At least recount to your children and grand chil-
dren, :
That you have left your country so ruined.
The name of Masis *, that of the Noah’s Ark,
That of the plain of Ararat, of S.t Etemiazin ’,
That of the deep Abyss *, of S.1 Lance and Moo-
ghni °,
They will not forget till the day of judgment.
That my eyes had been blind, my neck broken,
Poor Armenia, that I might not see thee thus:
If I were dead I should be happy
Rather than live and see thee.
IV.
On one who was shipwrecked in the lake
of Van “.
We sailed in the ship from Aghtamar ",
We directed our ship towards Avan ":
When we arrived before Osdan *
We saw the dark sun of the dark day.
Dull clouds covered the sky,
Obscuring at once stars and moon:
The winds blew fiercely
And took from my eyes land and shore.
15
{ ‘up lr akp opyeny [Panui upusunlly yl p
[songs fouyp lifts puiugu’: (agleglip
(] *‘uuprufs wim eyesy unuupuitifs .
{" apn quuzunfs » once ] Dalfrardiofs ,
Ap fore U beenyl, unege Yrbequagg, (Pacsfif,
OVinuiiuia dius [2 ofits punnusuunattefs :
Unsere fen putiaup , yfipa Gaumpackp ,
Jul GX Syeyummuait, ply Guyke spunkviuhy
(Ors: lined bs fled beat bp
sPot (BE Lb igquinf usppu pug wlevibkp s
fr GucrwlnSteuyl pp Snanrek Yuliny.
“(ynem ['glF unhinpuy Epuiup ,
SE le Upton g Xunlipup sir fiuljleuinp.
(\ewmuitiny ght bpp. dkbp Sunuinp
(Ove fo anlykp Ephfiig aunnlegfi ,
[gen prev Mb lpolkey yopungfiu P
fing ayfing punlfioky igh glia ,
Ud gunlinp uspho fuplegfi
16
Thundered the heaven, thundered the earth,
The waves of the blue sea arose: |
On every side the heavens shot forth fire,
‘Black terror invaded my heart.
There is the sky, but the earth is not seen;
There is the earth, but the sun is not seen:
The waves come like mountains,
And open before me a deep abyss.
O sea, if thou lovest thy God
Have pity on me forlorn and wretched:
Take not from me my sweet sun,
And betray me not to flinty-hearted death.
Pity o sea, o terrible sea!
Give me not up to the cold winds:
My tears implore thee
And the thousand sorrows of my heart...
The savage sea has no pity !
It hears not the plaintive voice of my broken heart;
The blood freezes in my veins,
Black night descends upon my eyes...
Go tell to my mother
To sit and weep for her darkened son;
That John was the prey of the sea,
The sun of the youngman set!
17
(Ppbanuy Ephfing glans qbufir ,
jr yen] E- gus. Sap funynewn dad fin °
Qaye gh fubie fpufunurg kph fic ,
Lretbie Ghoy glunfii shplreny ,
(pbufie iuy kpifing skpteuy «
York abu giugijulp hpeguy ,
June uilynn unDieu 4ppuitay t
Ow’ abe prt ‘gunned hbufplu
Jub gX atiXupfu gacld dp utile ,
Q/4 Legy wple bu shSuttku ’
<Peupbufpn dius fie sfuliautaken +
[skis Ineflep , axShig Imflep ,
Qh Mb unuiufp upugh Sadly -
(le eppinte Sanquip eee genkey
Oved qenquitts pulp agape” sacifi «
ppd uppunfu Rupl s;pu -
Ugo’ Epualfisk par Ipryuingls «
Wee ghokp apphyu Ypfup «
Qsianghp unlp ful? 5 pfaan fii
(dq tpumnh pay by alee. pa fie -
fo% Sutthu fup E-quic Sad fin
18
Vv.
The lamentation of a bishop, who having planted
a vineyard, and before it gave fruit, his last
day coming, he sings thus “.
Every morning and at dawn
The nightingale sitting in my vineyard
Sang sweetly to this my rose: |
Rise and come from this vineyard.
Every morning and at dawn
Gabriel says to my soul:
Rise and come from this vineyard,
From this newly-built vineyard.
J must not come from this vineyard ;
Because there are thorns around it;
I cannot come forth from my vineyard
From my beautiful vineyard.
I have brought stones to my valleys,
I have brought thorns to my mountains ;
I have built round it a wall. |
They say: Come forth from this vineyard.
{ have planted young vines,
I have watered the roots of this plantation,
19
IP Ly taypulnynu vp Gap uggh wlytp t
Be pke wg pli yun wry 5b.
Te laypuljnynupli opp vlufinek frutp £.
Le h finglafuppl quyu nypu wuly £:
pyre fe Gp tnnkp jay gry «
“Pengeby auguby ayy duppye -
Vick 4 Beye yey
junhhin wnueown bee. wy"
Qe bhi amb Sagerye«
oP BG Ey gy egyzey,
Cy bP topunnachh a by ay baad :
P08 56 ayupen bfuky yuygeye
a oe guy ipe> huy wyunnk pace °
Okt huiplp Ejuky uy uw uyyye ,
Pp i i hppEp dapk pace
(pac> Es” chplkp owpi pace °
Nunn kt” erpoplp euypprye t
(Punkin . Uecl Ey ayy asyparye
(len EP anpinhkep ayy uyzry 5
O gnulfie EP Sophy aye unpiulpeye ,
20
I have not yet eaten of their fruit:
They say: Come forth from this vineyard.
I have built a wine-press,
I have buried the wine-vat,
1 have not yet tasted the wine,
They say: Come forth from this vineyard.
I have shut the entry of my vineyard,
I have not yet opened the close gate
Of my well-dressed vineyard :
They say: Come forth from this vineyard.
I have brought water to my valleys,
Cold and sayouring fountains:
I have not yet drunk of their water:
They say: Come forth from this vineyard.
I have built a basin in my vineyard,
The dew of heaven into this basin,
Around it are flowers and light:
They say: Come forth from this vineyard.
I have planted roses in this vineyard,
There are red and white roses:
I have not yet smelt their fragrance:
They say: Come forth from this vineyard.
I have sown flowers in this vineyard:
There are green and yellow:
I have not yet picked these flowers:
They say: Come forth from this vineyard.
(puuki «eb By yuyu aygayns
sidan Ew” ofiukp ek ay bed
ee Edt [Punkp gfiuye ’
{| fn sid fupdi-p f gfiun, ue
(Pauki. eb Ey gaye aygeye
{* quinn Ed qruhkp ayyye y
‘pba bP paghp pypel guns
Un ge bl perpehiislpang dl” ayy rye «
(paukt - el Ey Jy" dk ay ha t
Yop kat elpkp aopk pry ’
oO gmpn | a eeupl- Sunt “mage fe pu a
*[vbe shh foplice b Sopye -
(puuki - el Ey Jaye ayer" *
Uppay EL 2fiukp yuygeyy)
Loelits s0%% 6 2 pede»
{*xyopt LE Sunghachp he Ly
(paukin - Ucl ky Jay ayer *
Uae EP cap lp aye ayyeye
egdhe epunyfunasl dapyye 5
(puukt. Cel iy ye apy ys
Omelh EL gufulep aye ayyzaye
Uutians oe. gleg fie Sunghye ,
Spb shilpanglep fo Seoghaze «
(pusuki my wl Ey JAY ayey4
24
22
I have planted fruit-trees around the walls.
Pomegranate, almond and nuts:
I have not yet tasted of the fruits:
They say: Come forth from this vineyard.
The turtle-dove is sitting in my vineyard,
He sings to the birds:
The spring is arrived to my vineyard :
They say: Come forth from this vineyard.
Bring me fruits from my vineyard,
Roses and flowers of many hues,
That I may imbibe the fragrance:
I will not leave this vineyard.
The nightingale sang in my vineyard
From morning to evening :
The dew fals from the clouds;
They say: Come forth from this vineyard...
Gabriel come to my soul ;
My tongue from fear was tied :
The light of my eyes was dimmed:
Alas! for my brief sun !
The tendrils of my vine were green,
The grapes of my vine are ripe:
He says: Come forth from this vineyard,
From my newly-built vineyard.
They took my soul from my body,
And dragged me forth from my vineyard.
Satish EL” aptthiep vpankypace ,
| yew bee bppkiifs cpiulacy ,
(pba et Gepkp & spongy -
(paukt e Ucl Ey Jy! aayppye s
{| acdifit Gtpunkp joyzrye
[ppettau, Susckpeye «
{| supa L Suubp uyyprye +
(puubkt - el Ey Jaye aaypyrya s
Pepbp bud dppgug ay gry
Ugg be gajipg zeae Seaghaciua ,
[Seta Sanmnfl” uit pu é
‘Wl sk kjukp & juypye
Upgee ppt gusbp juypye
[Sg oml dftuske f Ly P
{jogs [puitlp fh, pustiyye
(Puutt s Ucb Ey JIMItY" *
{pugphb iu Elune Sayers -
CjuShie hunybe gus pegaen ,
Jusese carp le guese. muguagens pegs ,
sy p bf hupX wp leew s
{ent 5 huituss ayy upper ,
Jucaqaqi E Suukp ayyrye ,
(paul, ° '; ‘el Tm SEY" »
Ce bf ‘Lapunbis uygryy +
Usb qooghe b dinpitingy ,
Suitifin glu f JEL uyyrye t
23
24
It is time that I leave my vineyard
This beautiful vineyard.
My newly-built vineyard was destroyed,
Every plant and flower grew dry:
The beauty of my body was faded:
They say: Come forth from this vineyard.
They drag me forth from my vineyard :
The nightingale sings in my vineyard,
The dew descends from the clouds
Every morning and at dawn.
Vi.
Elegy of Adam.
Adam sitting at the gate of Paradise
Wept and said sadly:
Oh Seraphim, oh Cherubim!
Who enter Paradise,
I was king in Eden,
Like to a powerful king ;
For one only command
Of that fruit of that immortal tree,
25
(raul & ap ful” guygeye
Vise bf ghgk ght uygye
Peper tenpurghie ayy fu ,
()searprp cael le gqesse. glq hiupifiinye -
(jp aubht ° el Ey had ke a ha t
Siifita gf fb bP ayyye
Nye spe uinshy ayzeye 5
é jogs [Puithp fh Woe ys
juke wnmeon be ye *
fre Upjeetuy :
[igual tununky gang qpusfunfit
] yt Ec mul apoguling fits .
‘wd “kondebp uy pkpuleke
Deb gpmpungin djrunutul,p ,
Ure Bugueop bb ght
“Lyelsite Sprqop [Pungusenp fie,
U engi lfiey yuu fypaitsfin
[SiehinS ashi upayry Sunfie ,
26
On account of Eve my consort.
Who was deceived by the cunning of the
serpent,
They took my beautiful ornaments
And without pity they stripped me.
This only time that I failed
By the words of my wife I was deceived.
When I saw her so shameless
Despoiled of her glory as the devil,
I was touched with pity for her:
Of the immortal fruit I took and eat:
I said: Perhaps my Creator may come
And seeing me and Eve naked,
With paternal love he will take pity on us
And will have compassion on me and her.
I heard the sound of the footsteps of the Lord
Coming to Paradise, and I was surprised:
With the leaf of the figtree I girt my reins,
Among the trees I hid myself:
He come and called: Adam where art thou?
I replied: I am naked:
My Lord, I have heard thy voice,
I was frighted and ashamed.
— But who told ye that ye are naked?
Or who deceived ye? tell me.
27
U] eats | retayle bo Yemqealyg it
(Mee qerprtbegune frupshanlye od fie ,
A ) pf glhalk-gbh qupykpu unfin A
‘ ) fu uileagegul™ dk phurgne ght ry
Uys 5G enaprguan op quysnteguy ,
Naafinfre. MypSioa Sper frag gersy »
Dre fougenunsuly nkeuay ol peay
(punugeit Meph puts quunnuiiny ,
Lm b pbep qacld pie usaleguy ,
juitulins apnggjfs wnkeuy hkpuy -
"V9b (FE fol JerkegSangin guy
\4r4 wnkoutrl gbu Be ql peu ’
“(es Saypusata uppad gplduy
(\etrudiyje Se wnpis ppeny
(prayey fb qpsfuit® Ec unfrrl-quy °
NE pkc (Bqbicoju gflee uifrudus ’
|» SED Sunng uit teay Pugku, .
| piu | a Auspilrusg . [Ligal, np Eu.
[po Saye np, (BE Pgh bf ku
She even seyupy tpeay bu
(unl auf fuurpkurg akg , upunlly gl, p :
28
Eve replied to him:
The serpent deceived me and J eat.
The Lord cursed the serpent and Eve,
And I was enslaved between them.
The Lord commanded: Go forth:
Dust ye were and dust ye shall become. —
I pray ye, o Seraphim,
I lament, o, hear me;
When ye enter Eden,
Take a branch of the immortal fruit,
Bring and place it on my eyes
And heal my obscured sight.
When ye enter Eden
Shut not the gate of Paradise,
Place me standing at the gate,
I will look a moment and then bring me
back.
Ah! IT remember ye, o flowers.
And sweet smelling fountains:
Ah! I remember ye, o birds
Sweet singing, and ye, o beasts:
Ye who enjoy Paradise
Come and weep over your king,
Ye who are in Paradise planted by God
Elected from the earth of every kind and sort.
| peu upusursy fruits kun plas e
( apa fuuplury glu ke hE puy $
Qbpa aids Eg godt | 7 PAL | pum,
L~ uy _b ALD pits gl plguy :
Shep Spurlteg deg (AE ike »
(0-5 $07 She eb Saq_qupake +
pe aquighkt qikq , ukpaleke ,
{| susisfpesun nchful™ A [ud wekghp ~
bee 6 al qpmfeupi djustubp
Qjauituhius apoggju Xfeq dp unk ,
Dé phe pus b dpey terbe
< ) fuanupleuy urge ag Purgac gl, “p
bee b gepufnngic djunuiulp
Caqpufonfin gongs Aft uublep «
O fe b fling tuingukgagke
Qs dh Suylul up quspancglp :
cs ’ hou pokt pik, Sunhochp ’
ip a ai an Ser
x [erg gpg pun. be wtuun lp :
(ee everefunpis duyk be
tp Bugunopis kha paghe »
(Ice b pp peut mundane bh
Deehpe§ puunplay uggh uggacip :
—-- ene dF FCI
29
30
Vil.
Lament of a mother on her son who died
in infancy.
I gaze and weep mother of my boy,
I say alas and woe is me wretched!
What will become of wretched me
I have seen my golden son dead!
They seized that fragrant rose
Of my breast, and my soul fainted away
They let my beautiful golden dove
Fly away, and my heart was wounded.
That falcon death seized
My dear and sweet-voiced turtle-dovye and
wounded me:
They took my sweet-toned little lark
And flew away through the skies!
Before my eyes they sent the hail
On my flowering green pomegranate ;
That my rosy apple on the tree,
Which gaye fragrance among the leaves.
They shook my flourishing beautiful almond-
tree
And left me without fruit;
[np vop fp Yunudlkapl nrnpli:
‘(gb agent Stung snquyfs ,
] uy Ec Equl wut jt uid fits °
Vice ts (uf keqaey keghky fu
‘ ) uta gurS run duyyu [liy gpphle
lupk gli wn fiir , [Aunphangan. Sag fru «
O ff ghegleghly aulyfs unpun Sifu
[Oren gfite sfubie , fungh gus. uppunply :
[J arsae pusquits Equiph , fungleurg gpu -
f ) pf pum gpuduyis uyunocinfl Aug flu
Usbuy Bpauit b dlp b ghph fia :
O pL Suunphan fs luting Typrtubiiofra
Qepheausaip aupfite pol” anshoge «
O br huapdpghuy [vie apu fb Sumfu
O afm gurS uit hf SED wk ple fro :
Off elke glly Sung hleuy top kif
{dsof4 unpl-gfit TLL wpft gfu 9
$f
32
By beating it they threw it on the ground
And trod it under foot with the earth of the
grave.
What will become of wretched me!
Many sorrows surrounded me.
O my God, receive the soul of my little one
And place him at rest in the bright heaven!
Vill.
On the same subject.
My sun was eclipsed,
The light of my eyes obscured;
The day was to me the darkest night
And the light of the stars was covered.
The spring became to me the roughest winter,
The summer was snowy,
The seasons were changed to me
And the freezing air struck me.
The sweet was bitter
And my food became ashes ;
My flesh stuck to my bones was dried,
My tongue in my mouth was dried.
33
Suipkay sppkglu 6 depay Eplpl
Yofuuts wpuipfie Soqy wnunyus fits :
(VS > hts (fab kqaky keghkyfu ,
oe a unpundin [Jd [rip upunnkg fits glu :
View Shes eee gsegh npyayfa
I> Suiiga fb poculeg Gn Eph fii t
h fay:
pr wpl- gulp faweupl gue
I+ wsEpocu eyepu Sp ld arguse °
Qepkijn [ud fun gfgkpe qupdun.
| pe wuukequrg Lyepe Sud hl-gue 2
{prapacupn fupum apdi-n frud quupausn ,
er uuuufrl Shrimpkp Equa. e
pu Equituulpit fnfroful-gun
| pe quae ogpis qu Supa :
<Peeqgppt pent Egle pub gus.
I>- hE pushocpe [ud dafufp spuprausee .
[Papin F poli po hpgt a A Fnpeguie
| Sqaeu f pls bp” gankupl gun sd
5
34
When my beautiful boy died
My breath was gathered, my lips were bound:
When this my pretty boy died
My life was equal to the earth.
When this my peacock and lamb died
My brain turned and was lost:
When this my dearest little one flew
My mouth was hushed, my ear was deaf.
When this joyful plant faded
My foot was broken, my arm burst,
All my body was brought to dust
And with my boy was bowed to the ground.
Yet let me thank God
Who received him with the holy boys.
O my God, receive the soul of my little one
And place him at rest in the bright heaven!
; 35
Vise cog gh opt op Menu.
Cc acigpus puplegua. ’ opldacupu funy le qua *
tp at! Yurgk fr op fu oy hd SE nan.
YpFatippu say Suse saunp le gus :
be ‘J! uppuntiupy qgunifhe op Er ress.
ke sh p.ppe guury Ec gpunpl-gus. °
: ‘J! ufpaph aug hh yy (Ppnun
(puttin bug - ulus) pu [opgese :
{lope eEhun. ’ kipu hung le gus. ’
Ceyeg haplftine dfopprurgan
Us cee ety b Sa depth gun :
[Ming uncpe. hihahuiigis pequns plalyanun. +
Vee Shes char qsagh apqayle
| pe Suitgn f poruleg Gi Eph fu :
36
IX.
Song of the new bride.
Little threshold, be thou not shaken;
It is for me to be shaken,
To bring lilies.
Little plank, be thou not stirred;
It is for me to be stirred,
To bring lilies.
Little ground, shake thou not;
It is for me to be shaken,
To bring lilies.
Little tree, tremble not;
It is for me to tremble,
To bring lilies.
Little leaf, be thou not thrown down;
It is for me to be thrown down,
To bring lihes.
Sun, arise not;
It is for me to arise,
To bring lilies.
Sun, circulate not;
It is for me to circulate,
To bring lilies.
fa .
Brg fwpupl:
C Eby di burden «
Ye bil Fer eayere,
Cc mpuils wnuitbeyae :
Sefuld bh lft [Bpiiune «
| pu Ee [9 piunuyn ’
* € nepuils waits yne :
Slt lh ope «
| pu Et spt TLassyeie.
@s aczuila unite be yee. :
Le ES Cy =a et
Stpebh dpi [Punph «
| pe kw (Punplyn 2
Vigke qa db juh -
| pe Ed Ejukeyne .
‘poke ulfh syusnfs «
| pu Ef upunnkeyac. ’
c me puils umitke ya :
37
38
Moon, arise not;
It is for me to arise.
To bring lilies.
Moon, circulate not;
It is for me to circulate,
To bring hihies.
Stars, sparkle not;
It is for me to sparkle,
To bring lilies.
Crane, cry not;
It is for me to cry,
To bring lilies.
Mamma, weep not;
It is for me to weep.
To bring lilies.
Papa, weep not;
It is for me to weep,
To bring lilies.
Brother, weep not;
It is for me to weep,
To bring lilies.
They had deceived the mamma with a knitting-
needle and a ball:
They had deceived papa with a cup of wine:
They hade deceived the brother with a pair of
boots:
They had deceived the little sister with a finger
of antimony. |
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7) unusly tp; :
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40
They have loosed the knot of money
And detached the girl from her grand mother.
Mother, sweep thou not the little plank
In order that the little trace of thy girl may not
be effaced:
Let a little memory remain to thee
In order that thou mayest fill the wish of thy
soul. |
They passed with a sieve the raisin
And filled the pockets of the girl,
And they put her on the foreign way!
A song on the bridegroom.
Blessed be the merciful God;
Blessed the will of our Creator (Z’hrice).
We have united, we have finished,
We have placed the Cross over them (Thrice).
Go and seek the father of the king “,
Let him come and prepare the feast:
Let him bend his knees before the holy altar:
All good and prosperity to our king (Thrice).
Go and seek the mother of our king,
Let her come and bend her knees before the
holy altar:
All good and prosperity to our king.
Go and seek the brother, (sister, ec. ec.)
AA
O ang ifoh tiling Jallegfin «
WS eb4 dpi any yonmfuld ph
(| seeps par umPhuy Flunph «
(dxoq_ Spttay plop Upulic rp
{ le Saif pppoe uppunfs Sump ld fol :
O gaudy liagnd sank
Usdhay Atayk ep pegaeglo ;
A) erly Manljeme gp plegfit :
br¢ fupuwllrug yrtewuyp :
Yenpie op Sibuy dep ['pupegte (Grkgu) -
O segkgliig , Suly (Punbiull-gfing ,
O feast 6 dep euglkegacgbing (Grhge):
“‘pughe ekphe qtugenph Shp
p-guy Ynuunfs speapapng Luk -
Orcielh paphs une ulequinfio ,
Jus p 1. prupfita dep (Pugeopfia (Bphgu):
‘peghe ekpke qltuqenph dbp
Orgel pap unpe uk-quinfi ,
Juspu me euplit dip [Pungenpfiu :
‘pegke efphe qldugenph ugebp, ong & liz:)
42
Go and seek the crane from the desert;
Let him come and sit and observe:
Let him bend his knees before the holy altar:
All good and prosperity to our king.
Go and seek the duck from the lake;
Let him come and sit and observe:
Let him bend his knees before the holy altar:
All good and prosperity to our king.
Go and seek the partridge from the hill;
Let him come and sit and observe:
Let him bend his knees before the holy altar:
All good and prosperity to our king.
ANSWER
To our king became flowers of flowers (Thrice).
— What sort of flower must we give him?
The flower of flowers which becomes him is the
balsam:
Because it blossoms and flowers together.
The flower of the flowers which becomes him is
the snow-bell.
The flower of the flowers which becomes him is
the everlasting.
The flower of the flowers which becomes him ts
the pomegranate, (the lily, the rose).
ANSWER
By the help of the holy Precursor, yes by his help
There came a king with a face like a cross.
‘peghe ekphe yyamiulfi fs soybis
p-guy ‘Lpuunf: uk putt wth +
Orcerht paps wacge: ulequitifin ,
just ac peupfis dip (Pugenpfii
‘pegke ekphe youn b+ hoykt
bgey Upounf ukypuite uiuby «
Ortinph, gap uncpe. ulequinfia ,
jub pte me paupfiie hep [(Pungenpfii s
‘peghe ekpbe qrupuch f wuphi ,
Dgey pun ubypuie aful, «
Orcanphh, qpaphl: encpe alequinfin,
Jubpt a puipfin dep (Bunpenpfias
on
43
Php Gugenp lite Sug hh ayfunkp Sunghaciuuty (Gppgu)-
— Cwrtblie Fashufi ayfuabp Samleinug «
fle PP eltbp Sums a. Sunhh Shun brpaig :
Owqbh apudsumph uyfuntp Sughn tung °
Owrgb4 wt {dF wnunt ufunlp Sughnc tug
Owegbhh tukihins (onion Spurp , ura kfs , liz) +
onw
Yoepe Yupanytunfie gopne[d Kind , Guy gopn [kin
Jouglepbu ugunny lee Yogky:
AA
ANSWER
Our king was crossed, our king was crossed:
His fez " was red, his sun was green.
Our king was crossed, our king was crossed ;
His turban was red, his sun was green.
Our king was crossed, our king was crossed ;
His tunic was crossed, his sun was green.
Our king was crossed, our king was crossed ;
His apple ** was red, his sun was green.
Our king was crossed, our king was crossed ;
His cloak was red, his sun was green.
Our king was crossed, our king was crossed ;
His cape was vari-coloured, his sun was green.
ANSWER
Arise let us go and meet him,
That he may not be offended.
ANSWER
That large heap, that large large heap, what
is it?
That large heap it is the provisions of the vil-
lage.
The lion is roaring, look who is it?
The lionis roaring, it is the doctors.
The partridge is chirping, look who is it?
The partridge is chirping, it is the priests.
The sparrow is warbling, look who is it?
The sparrow is warbling, it is the deacons.
on
Pee [J wigempits Ep fuss , dip [Pungengin En fuss -
oe Ep hupdpp . upc Ep huitiuites 3
WP Ae Gangengie Gp fans, deg (Fusgengia by fang «
logge Sp fuplie , ple by fusiuiisss
Pee [Fungenpu Ep fums, dip Bugenit Ep fuuss -
Jucasinl fuusacdiv ; wple Ep huis s
Ee Bugengis by fog, dep Surgengiy by fans «
jx yprusapts Ep hfuipdpp ’ wpl-cs Ep huituitss :
Ae [Pugenp bp [ums , dip (Pugengit Ep fuss -
(fupgse Ep huplpp , apkects bp hutiuing +
Pe Bungenpin bp famig , lle (Pugengis bp fumes -
(Cweekpt Ep tpzfuncd , wpkectis by hutiating +
one
Dee AB 91 b4 fool fol sfosfftiany +
onbw
2% gbqusie elim pboun afrquts glegle Sunljebpia be»
[‘z in Stk p dp ppg Li , unkuk p [Jk Li nite E.
eepeike Ieytpqy bu, mkubp (BG Gn apn &
eerie heghpqay Gu, bu kppgjubpu & «
WNiapgukp Appepeunuy Li , unkul p [dt Li nits E.
Newrpiuke Appeprnay bu, muphlee pljuk piu &
AG
Who is he like a large column among them?
That large column is the father of the king.
Who is she who has the headdress of cotton with
a hole in it?
That of that headdress of cotton with a hole in
it, is the mother of the king.
What is that bright star behind them?
That bright star behind them, is the queen.
That brush behind the door, who is it?
That brush behind the door, it is the servants.
The hound came with the bag in his mouth, who
is it?
The hound came, with the bag in his mouth, it is
the collector of the village.
The mouse covered with flour came, who is it?
The mouse covered with flour came, it is the
miller.
ANSWER
We have praised, yes we have praised, yes fini-
shed,
We have placed the cross over them.
Al
1S If Sunmmag pais ube (Bh bie spe
oe pocpus punlpuulfis fb Suh [(Pugeopf: SE pit E:
I. vi qoSuy ununy Eubeuing wnkul; p [GE ku npls E.
Pu wi goSuy TT Funke uting* Li Buymsfu E:
5.3 unky Eonke appeit unk-ul, p [Gk ku nips £.
Lupa unl, Emkc appt Lu dj hj ptls pit EB:
he atin E-hus. apap ls é eb puiu ; unk-ukp (PE ki npl E.
C retin Ele ayuapli fb elcpuin, glegb gpyly &
| eo 72 E-hun ay ppld wilF-usfu, unk-ul-p GE ki nits E.
oe Elan ay ppld-usl[d-ufy , £u Susy gpryuitia E:
‘rudkgliig , Suiy uuliullegling , Suy [Fuubinllegfiup 5
OO founge 6 ppb eanglle ga gfing +
A8
XI.
The pilgrim to the crane.
Crane, whence doest thou come? I am servant of
_ thy voice.
Crane, hast thou not news from our country?
Run not to thy flock, thou wilt arrive soon
enough:
Crane, hast thou not news from our countr y?
I have left my possessions and vineyard, and I ha-
ve come hither:
How often do I sigh, it seems that my soul is
torn from me:
Crane, stay a little, thy voice is in my soul:
Crane, hast thou not news from our country?
Thou dost not carry disappointment to those who
ask thee:
Thy woice is sweeter to me than the sound of
the well-wheel:
Crane, thou alightest at Bagdad or Aleppo:
Crane, hast thou not news from our country ?
Our heart desired it and we arose and departed:
We have found out the miseries of this false
world:
AY
dU. -
Grulinnzjum we yrrelkl :
ants » aeumnf focgqgum , Suwnuy Edw sujufy °
Yeumialy, alee augfoupS hie funy ly er seekufia
We dugkp Epusndpy* Qacuna hpSanitife °
Yanchh ’ Shr. v unr fu Sb fuunyp hh dh guchfiu :
fdeqee Et akhkp jf dpyppkpu neusyy fu -
<P uirp oy uifu Latthkdt 4nrpuigaefs Sagfu a
(perch, ayers lft Ipanglipr , dajublye fb Sogn -
Yanch ’ dk p un fuup sbi fuanyp fh lf gochifiu :
“Peg fuwupup Supqguang fu shu wnuilify ares +
Quyjiphyy witney hacgquy puit Prob snopusny +
Yanchh ’ Yusqurunn [Stu hunt [Gk fb Suyuny ’
Yancih ’ dip ui fuup sbi fuunyp [rl dh geuchifiu :
erent pufe feller qua ’ Eyjuiup 4 pluusguilrp ’
pe Ju uam unnnpucopfa wb pink pt fliugquitp .
7
50
We are deprived of the sight of our table-com-
panions.
Crane, hast thou not news from our country?
The affairs of this landlord are long and tedious:
Perhaps God will hear and open the little gate:
The heart of the pilgrim is in sorrow, his eyes
in tears.
Crane, hast thou not news from our country?
My God, I ask of thee grace and favour:
The heart of the pilgrim is wounded, his lungs
are consumed:
The bread he eats is bitter, the water he drinks
is tasteless,
Crane, hast thou not news from our country?
I know not either the holy day, nor the working
day:
They have put me on the spit and placed me at
the fire:
I mind not the burning, but I feel the want of
you.
Crane, hast thou not news from our country ?
Thou comest from Bagdad and goest to the fron-
tiers,
I will write a little letter and give it to thee:
God will be the witness over thee;
Thou wilt carry it and give it to my dear ones.
54
Ugqecsughkp hiupyhatieg fuspown dpuuguiup :
(ancl ’ dep upfuup sb fuunyy [4 hh socifiu t
Ugerpiicopfu puiulepin funding Yunling &
PEPE [Spurned purl, ppminulpts eunggly
Y sapbugfie ufpputia by ume anglegii fy puag bs
Yenhh, dip w2fuup sis fuunyp fry lf suciifiu t
[Sunn crd » pk jul, fitugp kt din pe] 6 [A- ne. pehpht.
{| pfayfite upputt & funy , Xphkpia & bak.
(papas Suge L fal mt Sac pits L Supunt™ s
ancl , dep uzfuupS hie fuunyp fly dp sockifia :
Ns cue opt ghunk lng pahbpul fin.
f ) caplds 5 gfu gushifine pits ’ epttuus hp pul fia °
Coeliee gk - Sapp ah qul fusproun ki;
(each ’ dip wi fuups Gt fuunyp fh dh suchfiu t
a) faqgua ’ Gh p[duu f ul Spun ’
(Og 64 dh appkt, wut ply unbisinufd-.
[varncd: [Baq dphuy buf pn dppug F
Suphay_Gauacagku quyy (oP upp plug :
52
I have put in my letter, that I am here,
I have never even for a single day opened my
eyes:
O my dear ones, I am always anxious for you!
Crane, hast thou not news from our country?
The autumn is near, and thou art ready to go:
Thou hast joined a large flock:
Thou hast not answered me and thou art flown!
Crane, go from our country, and fly far away!
XII.
The elegy of a partridge.
The partridge was sitting (Double)
And weeping on a stone: O birds!
And lamented with the little birds:
O birds, o fowls of the air !
I ascended high mountains (Double),
I gazed on verdant meadows:
O birds, o fowls of the air !
I descended and fell into the snare,
Into a net spread on the lake:
O birds, o fowls of the air!
They came and took me out,
And showed me the terrible sword:
My tuneful throat
They cut from ear to ear:
Perke bl 2 Bpqld fu, (26 Sau djiinugh -
els dp opkp quskpu speugh-
UebrArke ’ ab-quink, fuspow Ujtuugf :
(penchh ; din un fuup sb fuunyp 4 dh: gucfiu :
PLS cyusmnapitr sine lop y Epa plough -
Yeni, dip ugfuup Shs gpiuut Gl nuglip :
df:
flor uepuene :
“Uemnkay feyg me. payp Iupeo tiie (php)
bs depay pop liu. uiy Suckep «
(\e getehunn fatiky Surg bene «
{dpasacks ’ uy Suckp t
b empsep epacip kyay (Ypypi),
[> Gutinns slinpgky tay kguy -
(Oreangecte , uy Sackp:
P26 epaguyld piuljuy
[> fared 9 be ml
(Oxengsnctip , uy Suckp +
Libt abe b dlp unfis,
Oy bP feu hpInch deat
* apaith guuin? ghiulegfin «
54
My purple blood
They shed upon the ground:
My rosy beak
They exposed on the sparkling flame:
My little-stepping feet
They cut off at the knees.
My many-coloured feathers
They dispersed one to the hill one to the valley:
That which fell on the hill,
That the breeze carried away:
That which fell in the valley,
That the torrent rose and carried away.
And like saint Gregory "
They let me down into the deep well.
They came and drew me up,
They sat round a table;
And like saint James the Intercised *°
They cut me in little pieces:
They made the pancake * for my shroud,
And buried me with red wine.
I cried out the lamentation of Jeremiah,
And that of the first father and mother.
O aye pl fuup dp pach wp fein
[> ghunfiie fb feup sfeu[d gf -
epehfie fusS pie Suma gf «
}» Spihurge fr fare Gpumplegfii «
0 aya ft gulpgqgat (plug
PSG 6 vmp apfie Se lfie fs op -
0 aju op f uupils Ep pulkp
0 aju (Ep purl tft a onuplep ’
O aris og fs Sagi bp plullep
0 ajn EjEp Shqkqu mm. wupkp :
Us emepe “bebeaph tpelite
O fe b feng \ bpumija (Dar g fie -
4b gfe b fig unfin
|} 4azpe Sun uuup ga ofits °
Lee emepe Galen lay Uypalisin
[Paap Siu pit hpunppunk-gfiu .
(le Qeplhy zftiem{_ gfu (Funbgliu:
Une Seyi a] pphrlfray fits ued f
“(perf Soptie me. ebogits | peng ls
536
XII.
On the partridge. ™
The sun beats from the mountain's top,
Pretty pretty:
The partridge comes from his nest ;
Was saluted by the flowers,
He flew and came from the mountain’ s top.
Ah! pretty pretty,
Ah ! dear little partridge!
When I hear the voice of the partridge
I break my fast on the house top:
The partridge comes chirping
And swinging from the mountain’ s side.
Ah! pretty pretty,
Ah! dear little partridge!
Thy nest is enamelled with flowers,
With vasilico, narcissus and water-lily:
Thy place is full of dew,
Thou delightest in the fragrant odour.
Ah ! pretty pretty,
Ah! dear little partridge !
bb -
Brg Gupuan::
be pee wap uu fit di pli A
Juropoufry fucpomfry .
(pfuphunt Epa. le geil ;
{ *weaprlee. wpleg Sung hpul-pLu :
() reeeese E-hun. uup fit SE pli ;
jr poprounfily fucpowfh ;
Wo ebpocibh, Gkupkun fh:
Levee Geuphenets Susfis hyp poled”
Leb b dep ghee Gk pfhkt.
Yule hocgay hepheoaye,
“Yreuplite flpbis 2epnpuyenl -
“Vu lvopompl, fucpoufrly ,
Ws ebpactsfl Yeunpleun ly:
«Pea gldt Sfuus Susghpilpad ,
[Desks Sele Samcime Brn
ON ha unkeg Legos £ guigkpm ,
‘Ybe pia bu uitulius Saund -
vy oopombl foopoonb
Cu ieee ee
57
58
Thy feathers are soft,
Thy neck is long, thy beak little,
The colour of thy wing is variegated:
Thou art sweeter than the dove.
Ah! pretty pretty,
Ah! dear little partridge !
When the little partridge descends from the tree
And with his sweet voice chirps,
He cheers all the world,
He draws the heart from the sea of blood.
Ah! pretty pretty,
Ah! dear little partridge !
All the birds call thee blessed,
They come with thee in flocks,
They come around thee chirping:
In truth there is not one like thee.
Ah! pretty pretty,
Ah! beautifal little partridge !
“Pa pln ply Et punfachph,
«Pea dfyu Eph bu , Ypunney apyopl .
«f ka [Bk fit glut £ tpfura fh ’
‘Phe uibac? ku pity Equcifh .
\ ay [uoproufrh fucpoumph ‘
1) eect vec Ad
Lee. Gemspuse fife Suan fie If buf
be ewtge sGim] Applpy Yuinf,
Uzfeapsu plbe qpeupld fuitps
Vy fuopounbl, fopoufl
Uy ebpaciepl Yeurpkeun fly:
Suchpin adit ph pukh faeinuita P
PE 278 bhpad Spry] puis ,
(ohh shhay plop tpdiin .
‘J Lopoupl, fvopoufly
Wy aqecophh yleupas ph +
59
60
XIV.
To the stork. *
Welcome stork !
Thou stork welcome!
Thou hast brought us the sign of spring.
Thon hast made our heart gay.
Descend o stork!
Descend o stork upon our roof,
Make thy nest upon our ash-tree,
Thou our dear one.
Stork, I lament to thee;
Yes, o stork, I lament to thee,
I will tell thee my thousand sorrows,
The sorrows of my heart, the thousand sor-
rows.
Stork, when thou didst go away
When thou didst go away from our tree,
Withering winds did blow,
They dried up our smiling flowers.
The brilliant sky was obscured,
That brilliant sky was cloudy:
64
d'b-
Brg wpugh:
Ucetle, expo khby,
{|rockt usps fy geupel Ehfy .
[Me gaupliouts Upzuit akephe y
Ucerly, deqh bby,
‘fret apughy dep nak [Sfp ,
Ae foagh Sunfin encfy ,
wethys pk quirg pnp’,
sy epughy gk quingpunful’.
Vewehes be gptughp
{|rach dep Sunk Ep gpuusgpy ’
O Popes mshiufd- Sol, tig up fit .
Overt Spylulppe sopge gli «
Ueungat kph finph ip[suke ,
[pe aypeaygqae kph fling dp[Fake -
62
From above they were breaking the snow in
pieces:
Winter approached, the destroyer of flowers.
Beginning from the rock of Varaca, ™
Beginning from that rock of Varaca,
The snow descended and covered all,
In our green meadow it was cold.
Stork, our little garden,
Our little garden was surrounded with snow,
Our green rose trees
Withered with the snow and the cold.
XV.
The youngman and the water.
Down from yon distant mountain
The water flows through the village. Ha!
A dark boy came forth
And washing his hands and face,
Washing, yes washing,
And turning to the water asked. Ha!
Water, from what mountain dost thou come ?
O my cool and sweet water ! Ha!
I came from that mountain,
Where the old and the new snow one on the
other.
63
Pe dkpht spukp eppyte
OCreglpult-unf Aplin Sumblep :
Uj eau any up hin eprtius
[22 U epegay maple ppninu’s ,
Deis [fubp plhie Sudip ,
(otis quuzoplype gupau uithp t
Ueeghy dep qpmfuufin Specify
(putrusncis dip dap ypu
Gunlpke ugha p Spuljenhin.
AE -
(Pulinay li ta gnapli :
Vase Leyel pentshun fs sayy
VY pit fh 2fuacw SES uitguitafs . sy °
(Ome fe hituy S fr qecga kykp
Qengis me. gh plete & prcunghp «
| eemgkp » Suly prrungkp ,
VY ace pe. f Jt peal, fugu ’
PrP geaghly ply a. eaftsrn xf « Sug:
Lye 6 yugjte peetubn fe qual’,
(Mer Site 10. Sarge Spits fo flepruy « Syuiy
64
Water, to what river dost thou go?
O my cool and sveet water! Ha!
I go to that river
Where the bunches of violets abound. Ha!
Water, to what vineyard dost thou go?
O my cool and sweet water ! Ha!
I go to that vineyard
Where the vinedresser is within. Ha!
Water, what plant dost thou water ?
O my cool and sveet water! Ha!
1 water that plant
Whose roots give food to the lamb,
The roots give food to the lamb,
Where the apple tree and the anemone.
Water, to what garden dost thou go?
O my cool and sweet water! Ha!
I go into that garden
Where the sweet song of the nightingale. Ha!
ater, into what fountain dost thou go?
O my cool and sweet little water !
I go to that fountain
| Where thy lover comes and drinks :
\ I go to meet her and kiss her chin,
And satiate myself with her love.
Yep y fb Jt sree VE p[F un .
Juv upuan rly Sphh neuitine >[rh :
[Mer preedipiie gunn & shisitane 2h fii «
Soce pn b yep aygh Ykpuu
PP equiglly Ip bly uitune ably +
Ue 6 yee agg fie Yep unt
Ne nbet fp lb Se & ay gbayuie s
J rep pm ip nay ae. Ippleu ,
Jo ayaanlly Spbly eaten xb
Lee b jeje nculpin Spl
Qe aahyie funn elpl gus fii -
Quahpits funn cept gusnfile .
Omang [udogfs Sunqanrfanere lio +
Joep gow fyi squgfuy fly [dus ,
Joo ayaonll Spbly eatane fly
Ue b prj mun futs fk p[(Funl”
De gecpyeeyh punggy bquiinul »
Soee ge fb yee ungefep YeplFum ,
JP apeaglly Dry eutone aly +
Ue byes wage epi Ep[F ant”
(le ze po angie oe. Joep fuplb -
per qgunul” pypospu upugikd
2
65
66
XVI.
The oldman and the ship.
Our Lord an oldman with the white beard
Seated with glory on the cross:
Cried sweetly to the sailors:
Oh! sailors you my brothers!
My brothers, take this oldman into the ship,
I will offer many prayers for you.
Go away, go away, white-bearded oldman!
Our ship is not for prayers:
Our ship is large and the passage-money is
great:
This ship is freighted by a merchant.
He made the sign of the cross, and sealed a paper:
He extended his hand and took some sand,
He took the stone for money: There !
There is money for you !
He paid his passage-money and entered the ship:
There is money and dehkan * for you.
The waters of the abyss were troubled,
The ship was overturned by the waves.
Whence didst thou come, o sinful man?
Thou art lost and thou hast lost us!
la sinner? give me the ship,
And you go to sweet sleep.
He signed with the right hand,
With the left he steared the ship.
dQ.
Pupl nz fuel :
(pumnop punglleuy Gbpir'f fas fin s
Uly tanuupe yore |S kqgupp
Vly» glut quai Skp aykeenp ,
a yu fs upd EL urXun hui fin t
it yung ESuit pupal hpupluy ’
QEapit ump. 5 ususgls Ewan. ,
“Pept bum gkhhuit , sa -
[sun Sieg appeal Mee. gee hrhale »
U wupapit Epliun Be tae dpunue -
oF ecg ulna plagng mypqunnph gus. ,
‘I yes fb ymca hopStacitis Ewin:
[lemenlg Ebb Kop Airgas mp ,
{\< qe opp dig hopocufp 2
| pe di-quenp + snp Tne fb lu ’
Le ge aitins fb pack kegfe :
[Pac ak-nop fuususSuitlp P
Qufua. ab-nop un pit dupbp ry
68
It was not yet midday
The ship arrived at the shore.
Brothers, arise from sweet sleep,
From your sweet sleep and sad dreams:
Fall at the feet of Jesus:
Here is our Lord, here is our ship!
XVII.
Canzonette which is taught to children.
The light appears, the light appears!
The light is good:
The sparrow is on the tree,
The hen is on the perch.
The sleep of the lazymen is a year,
Workman, rise and commence thy work!
The gates of heaven are opened ,
The throne of gold was erected,
Christ was sitting on it:
The Illuminator was standing,
He had taken the golden pen,
He wrote great and small.
Sinners were weeping
And the just playing.
. } En sop Eqkuy Susmusypushurg
“|e f guuliuphs Senne quae t
Lyre“te ’ E,fp wta? ppuacin ,
> mits uithteuy fb «| \phumaufr -
U's dg SEp ’ usu din Yueh +
d- I: -
Bre tptfuuy hg :
| area” inate [Acumgur -
| roots & pup fin,
Ovut LE Sun fit ’
uct & [Jumpin :
Ove “apyhaing pactin & unuph
[eee a Ay tos cane
pectel yzpatkpin pang bp,
(\eG5 altonpie gppud by
‘Phonan dppht tpunus bp.
| pemmeng pgs yuiuginud be ,
(e45 geckse eporid bp
[PAS ae. aypunfh appa bp
[Pega nptok pie payne b fia ,
Uegeptk pt: fuugqa wd” bf :
69
70
XVIII.
The bear, the fox, and the wolf.
The wolf and the bear and the little fox had
made peace, —
They were become uncles and nephews:
They have made the little fox a monk.
False monk, false hermit, false!
_ The little fox went into the street and found an old
rag,
He made a hole and put his head in it, he took
a stick,
He put on an iron shoe, he made a hole in the
stone.
False monk, false hermit, false !
The fox sent the wolf to fetch the bear:
I have accepted for thee this solitary life,
And thou dost not send me rations,
My ankles are sore, my knees are sore.
In the morning at day-light they go to the chase:
They caught a sheep a lamb and a ram:
They made the wolf the pious economist.
Unjust judge, unjust economist, unjust!
71
Une . wynneku ler quy) :
(pruyju me up Pt ae aot unlj Ei uuu polep y
[Jocun dpuljl-g » “acu aq o[F wpuyp unc +
Ugeebune ffir fo spenqasis (9k, Jay WG Xiupkep «
O euje Suh Yffe & ubigagkp , zungquis unke ,
rete ® puppu Sugkp , ppuyts & Sable »
Uocen apealpleg y sees woqol[Dupruny wnesn s
Ugebut pyguyle unpack fiinfy & agquphkp ,
(0-5 fusupir po quyy Xpgion [3 prin yuinde EPuntp,
Yors & inkaky , Sache & inkakp Sacohe :
[Pf hap be lin (Dofy fs ke quun. PKG Mak ,
Seghung purduliwpp paguyfe bie gppkps
Quen / uamdanldomaaeeds one gut uit onan. :
72
The volf had made a portion for the bear of the
ewe | |
And ordered the lamb for the poor monk:
The ram for me, says he, for I have walked
much.
Unjust judge, unjust economist, unjust!
The bear had raised his paw and struck the wolf,
So hard he struck that he took away both his
eyes :
I am the first among you and you have given
me the ewe.
Unjust judge, unjust economist, unjust!
The fox who saw it was much afraid:
And seeing the cheese in the trap, said to the
bear:
My grand uncle, I have built a fine convent,
The place is a place of retreat, a place of prayer.
The bear had extended his paw to take the cheese:
The trap seized his neek on both sides ;
Little fox, my nephew, why do you not help
me?
This is not a conyent, not a place of prayer.
The little fox seeing it, was much pleased:
He made a funeral service and prayed for his
soul:
The misery of the wolf, which thou hast oc-
casioned, has seeized bins
This place is a place of retreat, a place of prayer.
73
0 Hofiy fiir fulegX djuuilegfia unypunypley -
[Papfi [ud ’ uul- ’ ku ous duca Ed ELL -
Owen Gpessesnesee_s1f8 Sacn gutuiliupuy One :
Ue pysutisnc fa bp papgkp quyoch quphkp ,
[PES bP ku fp Shp dpPbg, qquint kp nprkp -
Owns opesecenesae_svye , onen. gut utp coun. :
c gqecbunti np quits wleukep ’ fufuu duful-ghp *
[\ qujutupipt putiunn wlulep cup Incl aul >
{pAqkgfl , d&s Sop qpuyp ’ usp Fad 2 ie sfikp ,
Qe qu L ddutuney unkeg wo F-E pac. wnkg +
El Fore ua lt a el A ree sen!
Ufetiannpie fq Sp uinhkp ybpup kbke -
7 p
Ugecbunch Eqeopapel ybp sku ogtkp -
SE qu af futuneg ung ; euold Fyne unkeg :
. Pigrehoo fi i qual wtkeukep* a pufuugkp ’
[pect uuzunct Eb unupkp , Sago hutigikp «
Payee fuleq2h op qack upbye gpky b epee -
Shyn & afesttonne 9 wk , alt he aah
74
O Justice, thou pleasest me much!
Whoever does harm to another soon perishes:
As the bear in the trap is obliged to fast:
That place is a place of retreat, a place of
prayer!
XIX.
On a little knife lost.
My heart trembled in my breast from fear:
From fear my heart was powerless:
What shall I answer to my papa,
For I have lost my little knife ?
It was strong and sounding,
With a single stroke it cut through a large cu-
cumber:
I did not sleep out in the village of others
And I did not take it from my bosom in the hou-
ses of others.
My knife had good manners:
It remained with me all day without being tied:
They made me drunk, they deceived me
And they seized it.
My knife gave me advice,
That I should keep aloof from dry bread,
75
‘ ) secreresseserress Ys , an! bu fofum pl kf” Sucaithp °
(Lag funn fenlle gly , 201 & hopke ,
Dertbe ap Qt fb yushustsia & sapualg -
QEqu & uiineg wleg , ugold-Eyn uleg
db fa .
Suqju fuunuypl Ep sucfune :
Wbewe bop bles pequyy funfumen
Qhanfu fs gui sipltup Fi pusace .
| pe Fis Apreusy wfunant™ ajunyne ,
{le hopocukp Et ghd. serfs :
jr ypu qopucop Ep mm. Aupileg
[PES ded fufnp Gpunpkp Ib skq -
(hs Seepeinb b yeyeg ey.
Jus Gacsuinf Sagace f unley +
Shun [4 Linu gopie antag funy .
bun] apfin inge fi (UX fume
1 ee Spghgliu q surfunen fb yunf :
Owfunn fainuy [udf fuppuno ,
(0-4 sap Saghe fuighp fb quun,
76
I know that it is not good for thy teeth,
And also without pity it burthens thee.
When there are soft loaves and hot bread,
Rejoice and expand thy visage:
Give advice and preach to the matrons
To knead them with oil.
When we went to the banquet and feast,
My knife told me slily:
When thou seest nice bits
Without me thou shalt not put out thy hand.
With much address it sliced the ham,
It encouraged me and exhorted me:
Fill the glass and give it to my hand
Let us eat and drink, that my soul may be gay.
My knife had great care of me,
It gave me good counsels with affection:
Do not sit down near any body
In order that thou mayest satisfy thyself with
little care.
I pity thee that thou hast no teeth,
When thou meetest with raw meats.
Do not swallow it greedily,
That it remain not in thy throat and thou be-
come a joke.
My knife was very affectionate with me:
When we went into the house of others,
“ppukil op fubp sulp whnunun ,
awl utidintiud pumas fr punn s
(erhoeg pucgkp tfuf » wnmip Sug ’
(\epufoughp gepkupy emg -
it Ippen LP "1 anne p wuitunfluusg
pared Aplin 9 fing Sun bang :
0 fen op kg [Fuinp Suppl me. dA fu ,
Qufuns uukp qual pho gfe -
‘54 qunmun. kyg. uplannfou
Vaslig fiat Sheng spenaiofe s
Jupewe annungen] anugky sop sles ,
Pereykele yopephe qb:
[Jebinp fudl‘up op Suinysh Sagfu s
Ouufumeu fs Slewu by fun ypldnd
Pweph foppunn favs ufpad ,
(05 lf tpuinfp fb hiupym perf
(We Aezumatins obs Mp Sogn
july apu hac gay aslauy seckefoe ,
U2bp djuf Ege. Suita fayfu
[gers (2 Mera yey gore
(pushsh mypyusg ye y [fufu Nun fru :
Owfunce fs Shunu Ep [ofan ufpock ’
rere frP se b yeging om ,
77
78
When it saw the roasting meat.
It did not let me take the curds.
My knife was more than a doctor,
Every day it preached to my parishioners:
When the day of blessing houses arrived
Bring to my master fried fish.
My knife said to me: Thou art my master,
Do not show me to any body:
Here for a moment abstain from wine
And do not let me be stolen.
This song had written Martiros :
My knife was fond of ham:
They carried me to the wedding ofa bridegroom,
I had not advantage, because I lost it. |
God was good and merciful,
[ found my knife and it never left me more:
When I saw others eat any thing
My heart trembled before them.
My knife said to me: Care not so much:
Rejoice that thou hast found me:
Till July thou must have patience,
And then I will give thee to eat cucumber with
honey.
My knife was honest with aflection,
It sat near the ladies;
It gave many good counsels:
Take milk with cream.
79
puntata wkvitiap qdput fb pefng
OAngkp waits pl dk-npu fs diucsach :
«Pat qifuxpyunyleun Ep [al siufunce ,
Lee eptopsikp yay mcukpace
Sampled Spljubh ekpke nfm
ufone muuisy « pv unl pps yey
LO for fl gegiuley walle daagrgn.
Cus Pann muSk gpkg fb gf ,
2 Wield spss quasar 3
pee & appa |Pupinfprof
Qufunee yuna by sup djl «
Suprtfip anuspuits f tag ipl-uf: ’
it bp s pookuuy ’ pul hopauf: 3
[Surncad [ud LY gp Ep cagapilius
Quufunce gpunuy , slyun. Shag -
Sb poquyp ufpums f+ fuhing +
Qurfunce uuby » |ufuu df Saga ,
(\egerfeaghp Epenp gpuup -
Phas & yoey be aciife gftup
Qe epgptkt Meqpad fupup :
Qeufomess Sanlewn bye fafroen uber
Sel fny tpembe 6 poy,
aye logpenan Iyncarans yoy
Webs ck phe yuld fit ube]:
=
80
When thou meetest with lamb’s meat,
With pepper ground and roasted,
Sit down on-the border and exhort it,
Give a little glass also over it.
It was older then you in time,
It said always to itself:
Bring not dry bread,
Because it will not tender the hand for shame.
In reading this psalm
I bless the soul of him who give it me:
Because the two days in which it abandoned
me
Not even a single sparrow fell into my teeth.
In the world there is not a more foolish man than
me:
I was desirous, although ignorant, of this song:
In order that men might smile and mock me
When they repeat it at great feasts.
5 a i,
81
(efor fre (flabye spre zunay
a ) Fup unupylga SESuds puspuuy ’
Ube bb ghgkpie yopgnph fw ,
Seep gorelS fy Pray bb fepay :
[P prarugir uuby We bpusy x
Dp fof purl ekphe sop Say)
Qlap sfrnuiof: f F porto [d-ury :
|» Jtult ke aiiacy pir uusplin, “
Laedee opbh ang (Buphkeg glu
jushuse spulun XUA_acy dh hw :
Shafer Ser splay ayy fub%i[d puis glu ,
Os quit hiupyfh Tau fuunnki qfu
Lever np aukt fb S-& SEX, fos :
Al
NOTES
1 These songs or poems are written in the armenian vulgar
language, but in different dialects; although many of them are very
near the literal or classic armenian tongue. They were also composed
at different epochs from the XIV and some perhaps from the XIII
up to the last century. The greatest part of them we have collected
from armenian manuscripts in our library of St. Lazarus, but some
of the copies are very incorrect, and the sense left in incertitude*
there are others in which obsolete and foreign words are employed :
we have therefore judged it opportune to accompany these songs
with the following brief illustrations.
2 This Leo who was afterwards Leo the III, haying made war
during his father’s absence, against the sultan of Egypt, who had —
invaded Cilicia, was made prisoner and taken to Egypt. After some
Loy
time his father Haithon or Hethum the I, returning from Tartary, = =
first by force of arms, and afterwards by conferring a favour on the
sultan, recovered his son.
3 Meydan, a turkish word, which signifies a square or place.
4 Sis was the capital of the armenian kings of Cilicia: and —
now it is the seat of an armenian patriarch.
5 This was a city near the river of Aras and mount Ararat,
inhabited by rich merchants, adorned with many beautiful palaces
and churches: which were in part destroyed by the great Chah—
; ma We Persia, who carried its inhabitants into his dominions
at the beginning of the XVII century. This new colony built a town
opposit Is pi han and called it New Ciulfa or Ciugha (Yop Saequ).
84
and on this account their ancient habitation was called Old Ciugha,
which is now almost entirely destroyed.
6 Massis ('uaupfu) is the name used by Armenians instead of
Ararat.
7 Etcmiazin (pbPdfwdSfr) near Erivan, is the most celebrated
convent of Armenia, and the seat of its great patriarch or Catholicos
(qunl2 nghhnw)
8 Arm. Jurg UW fpuny- This was anciently an abyss or well,
in which criminals were thrown. S. Gregory the Illuminator of the
Armenians was also thrown into it: after his apostolate this place
was converted into a church and convent, and was one of the most
celebrated pilgrimages of Armenia.
g S. Lance (4 quyypwy wh) is a great and celebrated convent
in Armenia, named also Ayrivank (Uyphfetg , Convent of the Ca-
vern) where the sacred Lance was long preserved. — Mooghni (acquis)
another convent, where there was a pilgrimage to S. George.
10 Sea of Van (wiuy ‘Ornd_) is the most celebrated and the
largest of the armenian lakes, so named from the city of Van or
Semiramocerta (C udp punlialb pun) :
11 Aghtamar (Ugltuntiog), one of the four islands of the lake of
Van, and the seat of an armenian patriarch.
12 Avan (Qemwh), a little town or village on the opposite side of
the lake.
13 Osdan (f\uuuwh), a little town on the S. E. shores of the lake.
14 This song is much changed in the manuscripts ; some are
shorter, some longer: we have united all the verses together.
15 The crane, the stork, and the partridge are the favourite
birds of the armenian popular poets, as will be seen in other songs.
16 The bridegroom is called king among the Armenians.
17 Fez or fess; a cap of red cloth worn by the Turks and many
other oriental people.
18 The bridegroom holds in his hand an apple during the
ceremony of the marriage.
19 See the Note 8.
20 Jagovig (Qushalbh) in arm: is a persian martyr, who was
a
put to death by cutting off all his limbs at the joints.
a1 The oriental pancake is named in armenian losh or lavash
(Loz Levesg ): ; : |
22 The men of Van have the peculiar gift of poetry: this song and — :
number IV, as also the following XIV, are specimens of their popular’
language and poetry.
23 The stork is considered by the Orientals sacred to hospitality.
24 Varac (wpuq) is a rocky mountain to the E. of the town
and lake of Van.
a5 Dehkan (uSkhuwit) is the unity of money among the
Armenians.
rd Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1:
turn this material to the library
from which it was borrowed.
ee a
DEC O5 eu |
BOARTER roar
JAN 2 5 1999
BREE oe : «|
uno
000 022 236 4
INDEX
’
To the British public. . 2 7%
; On Leo son of Haithon :
Il. On the daughter of an armenian prince
on her ices to be married toa Tar-
tar prince . é . ° ° 6
Il. The Armenians in their siignition from
Old Ciulfa. : : 12
IV. On one who was shipwrecked in the oP #
of Van . ; 14
y. The lamentation of a bichon, oh havo
planted a vineyard, and before it gave
fruit, his last day coming, he sings thus. 18
VL Elegy of Adam . : 24
VII. Lament of a mother on kena son ss died a
in infancy. ; ‘ A ‘ . 30
Vill. On the same subject . : . 32
IX. Song of the new bride. : . 36 *
X. A song on the bridegroom . : . AO
XI. The pilgrim to the crane. : . A8
XIl. The elegy of a partridge . .
XIIl. On the partridge. : : : . 56
XIV. To the stork : : : . 60
XV. The youngman and the water. . 62
XVI. The oldman and the ship. . 66
XVII. Canzonette which is taught to children . 68
XVII. The bear, the fox, and the wolf . . 70
XIX. On a little knife lost . ‘ ; « TA
Notes. ; ‘ : = a
3 11 MN 3602
the 1?) en Bd Pe; ta; pd Mo fy ve ‘i, ihe ff te A
13° tie vk PAUL : " BU lati tae iT they ji.
PORE eA APE EA i cyt Wid Ah r fe Bp
oh PTs Mee | ae Pe ell, eon \ er chs iF :
aria ir be hy S84 ite , '
HEIR yo
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| armenianpopulars00alisiala | OL7151694M | OL905534W | 104 | 1,852 |
zh | N/A | N/A | 民间寺庙与中国宗教经济——对宗教经济理论的探讨
**梁景文陈罗斯著 陈锐钢编译**
**内容提要：国外宗教经济理论能否适用于中国宗教研究备受关注。香港城市大学梁景文教授及罗斯教授等对此问题也做出了回应。从1980年代后期到2004年，他们对广东和浙江八座黄大仙庙进行了研究，并得出结论：中国的寺庙在吸引信众方面存在竞争，并在宗教经济中扮演积极的角色。在最成功的新寺庙中，管理者制定了选址、推销、推广、革新和公共活动等一系列战略决策，以增加他们寺庙的吸引力。宗教经济模型能够有效地用来研究中国社会中的民间寺庙。**
关 键 词：：民间寺庙 宗教经济
**编译者简介：：陈锐钢，中国社会科学院研究生院世界宗教研究系博士研究生。**
**近年来，国内宗教学界掀起了一股讨论宗教经济理论能否适应于中国宗教研究的热潮。尽管褒贬不一，许多学者对宗教经济理论能否解释中国的宗教现象持怀疑态度，但另有一些学者认为，宗教经济理论是对宗教进行科学研究的一个较好的理论范式，是对先前流行的世俗化理论的反动，可以被用来解释中国的宗教现象。有些学者甚至进行了实证调查，用强有力地数据表明，中国存在宗教市场，并且够运用宗教经济理论来解释中国宗教能。在这方面，香港城市大学梁景文教授及罗斯教授等对中国黄大仙庙所做的研究，可以说是一个典范。**
**梁景文及罗斯认为，中国是一个信奉多神教的国家，寺庙崇拜(temple worship) 是一种非排他性的宗教活动。任何寺庙都不能将信众束缚在自己的寺庙内，也不能阻止信众到别的寺庙里去崇拜。这与西方的排他性宗教传统非常不一样。在西方，宗教要求信众委身并忠诚于自己的宗教。而从对西方宗教的研究中提炼出来的宗教经济理论是否能够解释中国的寺庙崇拜现象呢?梁景文等认为，中国这种具有包容性的寺庙崇拜实际上更加适合运用宗教经济范式来分析。**
**假若宗教经济理论能够解释中国宗教现象的话，那么，就民间寺庙来说，可以推论出以下几种状况：第一，有兴趣于寺庙崇拜的人们可以游览并比较不同的寺庙，选择到最切合他们需求的寺庙里崇拜。第二，在信众选择的基础上，各寺庙在吸引信众方面呈现出成功或失败。第三，寺庙管理者使寺庙的服务和特色适应当地信徒的偏好，并时不时地增加或加强一些在其他临近寺庙未得到很好发展的特色。第四，在其它条件相同情况下，一个地区有更多寺庙将会使崇拜活动增加：即在供奉多种神灵并提供多种宗教服务的地区，更多的人将会游览寺庙。相比之下，一个地区仅仅拥有一座寺庙，**
**①本文编译自梁景文 ( Greame Lang)、陈( Selina Ching Chan )、罗斯 (Lars Ragvald) 的Temples and the Religious** **Economy 一文。该文发表于Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion， Volume 1， 2005。本文发表时有删选。感谢北京大学中国宗教与社会研究中心卢云峰副教授在百忙之中推荐本文并对译文相关专业术语进行了校译。-…编译者注**
**②在一些情况下，也许不能在当地寺庙中进行选择，例如，一个村庄只有一座寺庙，并且没有其他容易到达的相同信仰的寺庙。在一些小的民族宗教区域，一个民族只能供养一座寺庙，其族人事实上只能在这个特定的环境中进行崇拜，并且禁止到其他宗教场所去。**
**且供奉有限数量的神灵或提供有限程度的宗教服务，参观寺庙的人就会较少。尽管两种地区中，寺庙面积的整体规模是相对的。(这是宗教经济模型中的一个关键预测。)第五，信众捐赠是寺庙收人的一--个主要形式，并且寺庙收益多少与其是否成功地满足了信众的需求有直接关系。**
**民间寺庙的现实状况能否支持以上假设呢?从1987年到2004年，梁景文等通过对中国黄大仙庙的研究，认为在中国，，一些寺庙的建立者和管理者主动且有意识地参与到宗教经济中，发展寺庙特色，增加寺庙在宗教市场中对预期信众的吸引力。他们研究了以市场为导向的寺庙建设过程、推广寺庙的决策、模仿其他寺庙的革新、决策所导致的成功与失败，以及为回应寺庙间，或与其它旅游场所间的竞争，而调整宗教商品、服务和推销结构的尝试。同时他们也考察了信众游览多间寺庙后，根据经验选择自己偏爱的寺庙的现象。这些观点建立在他们对在广东和浙江八座黄大仙(Wong Tai Sin，或Huang DaXian) 庙的研究的基础上。这八座黄大仙庙的基本情况如表格1所示：**
**表格1：中国广东和浙江的黄大仙庙统计表，1989-2004年**
| | **时间、地点** | **规模** | **建立者或发起人** | **主顾信众** | **成功/失败** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **A** | **1989年，广东新会** | **中等规模，农村地区** | **富有的香港信仰者(家乡为新会)** | **城市及乡村的当地人** | **中等程度的成功；似乎吸引了足够的游客来承担费用，并创造一些收入用于当地的慈善和教育事业** |
| **B** | **1990年，广东仁港村** | **小乡村寺庙** | **村民** | **村民** | **受到村民适量的支持，但不足以扩建寺庙** |
| **C** | **1991年，浙江金华山** | **中等规模，农村地区，旅游寺庙** | **金华政府和商人** | **游客，主要来自中国** | **中等程度的成功；位于金华山上主要的旅游景点双龙洞附近** |
| **D** | **1993年，浙江金华山(接近清朝黄大仙庙遗址)** | **中等规模，乡村寺庙** | **村民** | **村民，一些当地游客** | **少量游客，但足以供养寺庙看守者和算命者** |
| **E** | **1995年，浙江兰溪，接近金华** | **非常大，郊区** | **起初是村民；被城市政府接管并扩建** | **村民，当地市民，游客** | **相对于寺庙规模、征地和建筑费用、建造者的期望来说，是一个明显的失败** |
| **F** | **1996年，浙江金华山(接近山顶)** | **非常大，农村地区** | **城市政府，当地商人：资助** | **游客，一些当地市民，村民** | **处于转型状态；未达到建立者的期望** |
| **G** | **1998年，浙江金华山(位于寺庙D上面的山顶)** | **中等规模，农村地区** | **在香港经商的台湾企业家** | **村民，当地和区域游客，台湾团体** | **足够成功(继续接受来自富有的建立者的财政支持)** |
| **H** | **1999年，广东广州** | **非常大，都市** | **芳村政府，而后是位香港的企业家** | **来自广州及珠江三角洲的信众** | **所有寺庙中最为成功；第二年起有所下滑** |
**一、竞争、革新和推销**
**梁景文等通过调查得出，广东和浙江的洛个黄大仙庙之间，以及与其它宗教场所或旅游场所间存在竞争。为增加自身的吸引力，它们不断进行革新，并在周边及其他地区积极推销自己。但并不是所有的寺庙都成功。他们认为，寺庙成功的因素至少包括以下几点：**
**首先，寺庙的建设成为一种投资。梁景文等注意到，中国许多新寺庙的建造，是为了吸引香港、台湾及东南亚的海外华人来旅游，以促进经济发展。在八间寺庙样本中，有六间的策划者或建造者陈述了这一动机(从寺庙C到寺庙H)。当地政府和商业界期望从寺庙建造、寺庙收入、及游客在寺庙周边的消费等项目中获得长期的利润。**
**另外，一些支持这些项目的当地群体希望能够借此复兴当地历史文化，并希望这些复兴的历史遗址成为当地文化自觉的基地。其他当地人是想要恢复崇拜这个据说灵验的神灵，并在经济发展的口号下找到了这么一个机会。无论如何，这些寺庙的建造并不仅仅是出于神灵的缘故，甚至神灵的因索并不是主要因素。寺庙建造者不会忽略投资这些寺庙的长期回报。所以，寺庙的建造成为当地经济发展中的一个策略性的投资。**
**其次，位置因素很重要。Q一座寺庙为了吸引信众，必须提供有吸引力的商品和服务，并且交通便利。在梁景文教授等的调查中，四座较大的黄大仙庙在这一关键因素上差别迥异。**
**位于兰溪附近的寺庙E，坐落于一个小城市的郊区，没有公共汽车、火车或地铁等公共交通工具可以直达。游客到达此地极为不便。并且，庙宇E所在地区也没有其它的旅游胜地吸引本地及海外游客。梁景文教授等认为，它注定要失败；事实证明，它确实使支持其建造的当地政府甚为失望。**
**位于金华的寺庙F，坐落于山顶。政府向当地村民征地并耗费巨资修建通往庙宇F的山路。但崎岖的山路依然会使游客望而止步。并且，该庙也没有突出的文化或历史特色，以吸引游客。**
**寺庙G的地理位置相对较好，位于山脚的农村地区，交通便利，且寺庙俯瞰一座水库，景色相当优美。。寺庙的管理者还积极改善寺庙周边的交通状况，并在寺庙周边修建了公园。这些因素使得寺庙G成为金华唯一一座比较成功的寺庙。**
**广州寺庙H在四座大型寺庙中地理位置最好。它位于广州郊区，方圆五公里聚居了六百万人口，且绝大多数广州市民都知道黄大仙信仰。此外，一条新的地铁线路通往该寺庙所在的地区，在距离寺庙300米处就有一个地铁站。再加上寺庙本身所具有的历史文化资源，寺庙H获得了极大的成功。**
**再次，推广和革新也很重要。梁景文等在调查中发现，较大的新寺庙并不是被动经营。它们不像较小寺庙，寺庙看守者坐在庙内等待游客。较大寺庙的管理者都更加成功，他们中的大部分人都主动通过广告(报纸和电视广告，小册子和海报)及活动项目在周边地区推广自己的寺庙。活动项目的设计，至少部分地是为了增加该寺庙在社区中的知名度和声望。他们通常在比较了其它大寺庙的特色后，增加自身寺庙的特色，以吸引更多的游客。在政府制订的规章制度内，他们判断什么最具吸引力，并据此改变寺庙的活动和特色结构。**
**梁景文等不仅分析了寺庙、寺庙建立者、寺庙管理者等供给方的活动，还研究了消费者的活动、兴趣和选择。**
**二、对于大型成功寺庙游客的研究**
**梁景文等在2001年大年初一那天，在广州寺庙访谈了在寺庙里面的信众，或者是刚刚到达寺庙外面还未进行崇拜活动的信众。他们基于周期时间的估算，认为这天走上寺庙前面平台的信众多达60，000位。两位大学生作为他们的研究助理，从上午9：30工作到接近中午，访谈了131人，并从198名游客处收集了数据。(许多人是和亲友结伴来的，所以访谈其中一个人，就能够得到同行其他人的数据。)然而梁景文等也指出，这些数据并不是随机抽样的结果。但他们还是设法访谈了不同年龄阶段的成人。**
**他们的第一个问题是关于居住地的(即户口所在地)。调查结果如表格2所示：**
**①参见Jing， Jun. 1996. The Temple of Memories： History. Power， and Morality in a Chinese Village. Stanford， CA： Stanford** **University Press.——编译者注**
**表格2：进入寺庙的游客的户口所在地统计表**
| | | **N** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | **77%** | **153** |
| **1.广州\*** | **77%** | **153** |
| **2.其他省份#** | **16%** | **31** |
| **3.珠江三角洲** | **6%** | **11** |
| **4.香港田** | **2%** | **3** |
| **总和** | **100%** | **198** |
**\*其中34%(68位)的人回答是：“芳村”，“住在寺庙附近”，和“经过寺庙附近”。**
**#大部分回答“其他省份”的人因为与工作相关的原因居住在广州。**
**#关于香港的数字很可能太低。当观光巴士从香港或深圳来到的时候，将会有一个短暂的香港游客流出现。我们的抽样未碰见这样的游客流。**
**第二个问题是，寺庙如上所述的广告和推销手段是否导致了初次进入寺庙的游客数量的增加。表格3中的结果显示，1/3的被访者是首次来访该庙，约1/3的人来过几次，剩下的人曾经多次造访该庙。**
**表格3：参观寺庙的次数统计表**
| | % | N |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 首次\* | 32% | 39 |
| 2-3次 | 33% | 41 |
| 4-6次 | 20% | 24 |
| 7次以上 | 7% | 8 |
| “很多次”# | 9% | 11 |
| 总和 | 100% | 123 |
**\*2001年1月24日。**
#“很多次”包括“每月的初一和十五”。
**第三，他们分析了所调查的198人的年龄和性别，如表格4所示：**
**表格4：寺庙游客年龄和性别结构统计表**
| 年龄(岁)\* | 女性：54% | N | 男性：46% | N | 总和 | N |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16-19 | 4% | 4 | | | 2% | |
| 20-29 | 30% | 31 | 15% | 13 | 23% | |
| 30-39 | 29% | 30 | 51% | 45 | 39% | |
| 40-49 | 18% | 19 | 14% | 12 | 16% | |
| 50-59 | 5% | 5 | 16% | 14 | 10% | |
| 60以上 | 15% | 16 | 5% | 4 | 10% | |
| 总和 | 100% | 105 | 100% | 88 | 100% | 193 |
**\*年龄根据访谈者的估计。**
**根据三个表格中的数据，梁景文等认为：这间广州寺庙成功地吸引了许多新信众(首次来访)；从其1999年开放到2001年，该庙在成千上万广州市民的宗教崇拜中站稳了脚跟。尽管信众中的许多人来自于寺庙周边地区，但它不仅仅局限在城市下属区范围内，它吸引了整个城市的市民。此外，这间寺庙还吸引了大量来自各个年龄段的成年男性和女性信众，其中包括大量的中年男性。它排除了这样的假设，即在像广州这样的大都市里，主要是上了年纪的女性或游客光顾民间宗教寺庙。**
**三、宗教服务和宗教师①**
**梁景文在对一些大型寺庙进行调研后，认为我们必须要注意到一点：信众在这些寺庙中所做的许多事情并不要求神职人员在场，或者说信众并不会因神职人员的在场而得到什么好处。信众可以在神灵面前鞠躬，可以为求得建议或帮助许愿，可以得到神灵的答案，且可以不需要求助于道土。那么，在这些大型寺庙中，道教神职人员的角色和作用是什么?梁教授等人认为，道十在寺庙中的作用主要有以下两个方面：**
**第一，道士们按照在寺庙管理者同意下制订的时间表，在主殿前表演日常仪式。他们为游客提供了周期性的既庄严又壮观的场面，为寺庙提供了铺张的宗教仪式外衣，至少在表面上，这些仪式是令人印象深刻的。除了定期的表演，游客在因自身需要而讨神灵喜欢的时候，可以委托道士为他们个人举行特别的仪式。在某些寺庙中，，一些道士也提供个人咨询服务，不过这通常是寺庙常规活动之外的私人和非正式的安排。道士们并不实际上管理这些寺庙，反而因为表演仪式而向寺庙管理方面收取报酬。有时道士中的带头人也需要会见重要的宗教游客及政府官员，并向他们介绍寺庙概况。另外，带头人还需提供他们宗教活动的年度报告。道士们的剩余时间被读经、研经、训练、一些寺庙维护或庙外活动所占用**
**第二，通过这些道士，寺庙同官方认可的宗教，以及在国家获得正当注册的宗教组织联系起来，从而使自身合法化。因此，寺庙内的道教神职人员，都是在正式的道教协会的分支部门注册过，并需向这些部门汇报工作。但梁景文教授等也指出，道士招募的方法、执照的发放，以及他们所受的宗教教育和他们对于宗教的理解程度，都是参差不齐的。**
**从梁景文等的分析中可以看出，道士们并不是寺庙命运的真正分担者，或者说并不是寺庙吸引信仰者的源泉；他们更像是戏剧中的小角色，处于官员、寺庙管理者或企业家的领导之下，寺庙管理者或企业家才是决策制定和革新的真正来源。所以，梁景文等对这些寺庙的成功与否进行描述时，很大程度上忽略了这些道十，因为他们认为，这些道士看起来很少有实质性的影响。**
**四、乡村寺庙**
**梁景文等在分析了以上大型寺庙情况的同时，同样也没有忽略对小乡村寺庙的考察。他们认**
**①此处宗教师由religious specialist翻译而来。 religious specialist一诃多被译为宗教专家、宗教职业者、宗教师等。译者认为，在本文中，宗教师这一译法最能表达文章所提到的这一类人，即拥有宗教方面的专长，从事职业宗教活动，但并不一定以此为唯一职业或唯一身份的人。——编译者注**
**②为了赚取额外的收入，一些驻庙的道士为庙外的某些信众提供服务，并将所得报酬收入囊中。寺庙管理者也许不能阻止或控制这样的外部活动。但是，对于道士们来说，这样的活动能将他们带出寺庙** **\-他们无疑非常乐意逃离寺庙乏味的环境——并且为他们扩大自己的人际关系网络及增加收入提供了途径。**
**为，虽然大型寺庙的成功与否非常引人注目，但最形象生动和有趣的宗教现象却常常出现在小的农村或乡村寺庙中。通过在这些小乡村寺庙内的参与观察，梁景文等指出，这些小寺庙的经营是与宗教市场相关联的，并且它们的活动拓展了宗教经济模型的适用范围，并对宗教经济模型提出挑战。**
**他们认为，这些农村和乡村寺庙看起来常常是处在形式上的国家监控下。在这些寺庙内存在的一些现象，如果发生在大部分大型都市寺庙中的话，将被视为是不容许的。对于这些活动，当地官员睁一只眼闭一只眼。但这类活动对于理解中国农村地区民间宗教的状态非常重要。尽管这些活动通常并不出现在大型都市寺庙内，但它们一定是宗教市场中多种多样的宗教活动和服务的组成部分。宗教市场中的寺庙由几个层次构成：较高层次的寺庙试图利用自己显著的地位和多样的特色，从一个广阔的范围内吸引游客；而小的乡村寺庙仅试图从邻里吸引少量当地主顾信众，并由这些少量信众供养，因为经营这些小寺庙的成本也非常低；中等规模的寺庙，例如在山上的寺庙A， 处于中间位置，并与附近其它中等规模的寺庙进行竞争，它们也可能将附近较小的乡村寺庙的信众吸引过来。梁景文等还指出，一些寺庙看守人似乎并未意识到，他们的小乡村寺庙保存了黄大仙信仰的原版面貌。这些寺庙就像是博物馆，是通往过去的窗口，是这一崇拜的较早版本。所以，它们所具有的历史价值，是寺庙规模、游客数量或捐款额度所不能比拟的。**
**五、结论**
**通过对黄大仙庙的研究，梁景文等认为宗教经济模型能够有效地用来研究中国社会中的寺庙。寺庙并非被动的圣殿，而是主动的玩家。新寺庙的成败，至少可以部分地从位置、推广、革新，及是否成功地迎合了潜在游客与信众的宗教兴趣等方面加以理解。需指出，两间最成功的寺庙是由企业家经营的，他们在世俗企业中也非常成功，并在对宗教企业的成功经营中，使用了--些与经营世俗企业相同的算计和策略。**
**通过在广州寺庙内调查，他们认为这间寺庙吸引了广泛地域内的各个年龄阶段的男女信众。它的广告和推广的策略，除吸引了相当数量的新信众外，也吸引了先前的信众再次走人该庙。**
**此外，小乡村寺庙也存在着宗教市场。这些小乡村寺庙相互间存在竞争，而且他们与较大寺庙同样也存在着微妙的竞争。由于这些小寺庙较不易控制，所以它们能提供一些在大型都市寺庙内没有的经验和服务。这样的现象只能在这些较小寺庙中见到。所以，与大型都市寺庙相比，它们的默默无闻，恰恰成为它们主要的优势之一。**
**尽管梁景文等的结论是建立在一个小规模样本的基础上，但他们所做的深入细致的研究，为宗教经济理论是否适应于中国宗教状况这一问题的讨论提供了新的视角和实证分析。他们也指出，进一步研究其他省份宗教市场中的寺庙的意义和影响，将有助于扩大并必定修正上述看法。**
**(责任编辑郑筱筠)** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 鉴定和出租、承包CT室的违法违规行为的监督管理，进一步规范医疗机构的执业行为。
2.2 规范行政审批，按时开展校验工作 医疗机构的设置审批和校验工作在市卫生局医政科负责办理。故在设置审批时，卫生行政部门严把证件审批关，对一些医疗机构的人员聘用、设备配置及房屋大小和布局等方面严格按照医疗机构的基本标准进行，对到期的证件及时校验，从源头上治理无证行医，从根本上杜绝重复建设和"乱办医、办医滥”的问题2。
2.3
建立健全卫生监督机构，提高执法队伍的整体素质，文明执法 督促各县(市、区)尽快成立卫生监督机构，明确职责；加强执法人员的业务学习和思想政治理论的提高，转变观念，树立科学的发展观，改变过去那种把执法等同于执罚，将加强卫生监督执法，片面的理解为加大罚款力度等错误认识\[3\]；坚持以人为本、文明执法、规范程序、严格执法，提高综合素质和执法能力，适应时代发展的要求。
2.4 加强对医疗废物的监督管理 各级卫生行政部门应加大对医疗机构医疗废物的监督管理，根据《医疗废物管理条例》及《医疗卫生机构医疗废物管理办法》的要求，监督检查医疗机构有无医疗废物管理登记资料和记录；有无完整的管理制度及发生意外事故时的应急方案，在医疗废物的分类、收集、运送、暂
时贮存、销毁、消毒、登记等环节上严格按照规定进行。
2.5 严格传染病报告制度及消毒隔离制度 监督检查医疗机构有无建立健全传染病疫情报告制度和传染病报告卡，要求严格执行传染病疫情报告制度和传染病防治法所规定的事项。加强消毒隔离管理，技术操作规范，防止传染病的医源性感染和医院感染。传染病防治工作是公共卫生事业的主要组成部分，关系到广大人民群众的切身利益4。因此，各级卫生行政部门必须重视监管，特别对二级以下医疗机构，真正将此项工作落到实处。
梦
考
文
商
医疗机构臂理条例，国务院1994年2月26日第149号令发布.
李淋，俞淑华.浅析医疗机构监督管理中法律法规的适用性\[J\].中国卫生监督，2005，12(1)：53.
\[3」
张红.关于提高卫生监督执法队伍的思考\[J\].中国卫生监督，2005，12(5)：392.
\[4\]
黄仙钟，林矛，黄惠珍，等，卫生监督机构在传染病防治中的职责及存在问题初探\[J\].中国卫生监督，2005，12(4)：305.
(收稿日期：2006-03-06)
特殊环境中长距离供水系统对生活饮用水影响因素分析
周涌江 李向东 (乌鲁木齐铁路局疾病预防控制中心，乌鲁木齐830000)
摘要：目的 通过对监测数据的分析研究，了解在中国新疆地区由铁路部门埋设在乌鲁木齐至哈密之间的三段长距离输水管线以及沙漠气候对生活饮用水水质的影响因素，针对性的提出整改方案和措施，改善长期存在于该地区铁路沿线工作点的饮用水水质问题。方法 对三段供水管路的供水源(水厂水)以及每个供水点的末梢水进行监测对比。结果 远端末梢水的样品合格率60.5%，稍低于中端末梢水的样品合格率(78.4%)；低于近端末梢水的样品合格率(82.5%)；远低于出厂水的样品合格率(87.3%)，说明距离供水源越远，监测结果的合格率越低。结论 要改善末梢水水质，首先要加强饮用水的消毒工作，保证出厂水的消毒合格率，高温期做到出厂水的持续消毒；其次对输水管道进行更换，使用耐腐蚀的原材料制作的管件。
关键词：生活饮用水；出厂水；末梢水；游离余氯
乌鲁木齐市位于我国西北边陲，气候条件干燥、炎热，水资源严重缺乏。为解决供水紧张，达到自给自足的目的，乌鲁木齐铁路部门由自建的供水部门负责铁路生产单位、铁路沿线车站、工程工区、职工生活区域的生产生活用水。在乌鲁木齐至哈密这一段长达553公里的铁路线上，由3个中型水厂用管道输送的方式为地处戈壁荒滩中的47个铁路车站和工程工区输送生活饮用水。为了解埋设在戈壁荒滩中的长距离供水管路对生活饮用水水质的影响情况，乌鲁木齐铁路局疾病预防控制中心对沿线车站及工区2001-2004年水厂的直接供水(末梢水)与自来水厂的出厂水的水质监测资料进行了对比分析。
1来源与内容
1.1 来源 对乌鲁木齐铁路分局2001~2004年自来水厂出厂水，末梢水(47个沿线车站，工区)的监测样品水质资料进行分析。
1.2
内容 水样采集与检验方法按照《生活饮用水水质卫生
国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库
规范》卫生部2001、《生活饮用水检验规范》卫生部2001；检验项目包括色度、浑浊度、臭和味、肉眼可见物、PH、总硬度、铝、铁、铜、锰、锌、挥发酚类、阴离子合成洗涤剂、硫酸盐、氯化物、硝酸盐(以N计)、硒、氯化碳、氯仿、细菌总数、总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群、游离余氯32项常规检测项目。
2
结果
2.1
测定结果与供水距离相关的检测项目 远端末梢水的合格率为 60.5%，显著低于出厂水(87.3%)以及近端末梢水(82.5%)， P<0.01。单项指标检测，远端末梢水的总铁、细菌总数、总大肠菌群、游离余氯的合格率均显著低于出厂水。(表1)
2.2 浑浊度 末梢水的浑浊度合格率最低为远端末梢水(95.3%)，低于出厂水的合格率(100%)，说明供水过程中存在污染现象。
表1 乌鲁木齐铁路分局沿线车站，工区直接供水监测情况
| 水样监测 | 样品数 | ：合格率 (%) | 单项指标合格率(%) | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 水样监测 | 样品数 | ：合格率 (%) | 浑浊度 | 总铁 | 细菌总数 | 总大肠菌群 | 硝酸盐 | 游离余氯 |
| 出厂水 | 48 | 87.3 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 87.3 | 90.5 | 100.0 | 87.3 |
| 近端末梢水(<60公里) | 240 | 82.5 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 82.5 | 88.6 | 100.0 | 83.0 |
| 中端末梢水(60~120公里) | 240 | 78.4 | 98.7 | 96.7 | 78.4 | 85.3 | 100.0 | 79.4 |
| 远端末梢水(>120公里) | 272 | 60.5 | 95.3 | 72.6 | 60.5 | 66.2 | 98.2 | 62.9 |
| P值 | | <0.01 | ≥0.05 | ≤0.01 | <0.01 | ≤0.01 | ≥0.05 | ≤0.01 |
2.3 总铁 长距离供水管路使用的是铸铁管进行输送，管路锈蚀造成末梢水中的总铁含量增加。末梢水合格率为72.6%，与出厂水合格率(100%)存在显著差异。
2.4
细菌总数 在远端末梢水中，细菌总数的合格率仅为60.5%，显著低于出厂水(87.3%)，说明供水水体污染现象存在。分析其原因：输水管线过长以及末梢用水量较小，使得水体在管路中滞留的时间较长，水中的余氯含量降低，细菌学指标升高，最后造成二次污染，给职工用水卫生形成不安全因素。
2.5 总大肠菌群 同细菌学指标一样，总大肠菌群指标的升高也是由于管路过长，水体在管路中滞留的时间较长，水中的余氯含量降低所引起的。远端末梢水总大肠菌群的合格率66.2%，低于出厂水(90.5%)。
2.6
游离余氯 远端末梢水游离余氯的合格率为62.9%，明显低于出厂水的合格率(87.3%)。分析其原因：输水管线均埋设在戈壁荒滩之中，由于深埋程度不够，大部分地段的管路距离地表仅为10~20cm，甚至有管道暴露在地表的部分，受到戈壁中强烈的日照影响，导致水体的余氯量降低；出厂水的余氯量偏低，也是造成末梢水游离余氯指标降低的主要因素之一。
3 防制措施
3.1 应急处理措施 对铁路沿线车站以及工区的职工进行宣传教育，强调饮用开水的重要性，由铁路沿线车站、工区的红十字救护员配合宣传，组织职工学习相关卫生知识；同时发放饮用水消毒剂，由专门人员进行投放。
3.2 加强对水源水的管理 清除水库上游的污染源，水厂部
门应当积极配合政府部门对水源的管理和整治工作，对于造成污染的行为应当及时向相关部门汇报。
3.3 扩建或新建净水设施 为提高出厂水游离余氯的合格率，使各项指标能达到100%的合格率，铁路主管部门要加大投人，对不合格的水处理设备应及时更换，确保生产最前沿的职工能喝到洁净、卫生的饮用水。
3.4 供水单位在改建、扩建、新建供水设施时，必须经过卫生监督、疾病控制机构的审查 从选址、设计、使用材料和设备等方面进行严格把关，工程竣工时进行联合验收；对原有供水设施中存在的问题必须进行改建，防止多次污染。
3.5 加强对供水管路的维护 供水单位应当加强对供水管路的改造工作，管线的理藏深度应当符合规定，对容易生锈腐蚀的铸铁水管应当尽快淘汰，改用耐腐蚀的材料。
4
结论
随着我国加入 WTO，与国际接轨，国民经济发展和人民生活水平不断提高，饮用水的卫生情况将直接关系到人们的生活质量和健康水平。因此，全社会应动员起来，关心、支持饮水卫生，为改善饮用水卫生条件，提高饮用水卫生质量，消除有害因素，保证饮水安全卫生，逐步达到国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》，保障人民健康、促进经济发展。而对铁路部门来说，保障生产一线职工的身体健康，解决职工饮用水的卫生问题，使得广大生产一线职工能够喝到洁净、卫生的饮用水，是迫在眉睫的一件大事，是安全生产的前提和保障。
{收稿日期：2006-01-091
大中专院校食堂社会化管理存在问题及对策
董懿德 叶鸣 施林丰 (福州市卫生局卫生监督所，350005)
中图分类号：R155.65 文献标识码：A文章编号：1001-9561\[2007101-0043-02
自1999年6月，中共中央作出深化教育体制改革的决定以来，越来越多的学校加大了学校后勤改革力度，纷纷引进社会力量为学校后勤服务。学校食堂作为学校后勤工作的重要组成部分，在实行社会化服务后，其食品价格、品种、口味等都发生了巨大变化；同时也给食品卫生安全工作带来了新的挑战。现将福州市学校食堂社会化管理后存在的问题进行分析，并提出管理对策。
1 现状
目前，福州市大中专院校实行社会化经营的食堂经营模式主要有以下三种：(1)学校成立以校后勤部门为基础的饮食服务中心，该中心隶属于学校后勤部门，实行事业编制，自负盈亏经营。食堂所有设施都由该中心投入，管理人员由学校后勤部门派出，食堂其他工作人员由中心负责向社会招聘。(2)校方提供经营场所及各类设施，以租赁或承包的形式聘请社会上专业的管理公司或自然人经营；校内后勤部门派人介入日常管理。(3)学校仅提供经营场所，所有设施及经营管理均由承包 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 职业素养在高职电子商务专业人才培养体系建设中的实践
卢菊洪
(丽水职业技术学院，浙江丽水 323000)
摘 要：本文阐述了素养、职业素养的内涵，介绍了高职电子商务专业学生的职业素养现状，并从课程体系架构、课程内容设置等方面，对职业素质培养进行了实践与探索。
关键词：职业素养；电子商务；人才培养体系
中图分类号：G712 文献标识码：B 文章编号：1004-9290(2009)0014-0066-02
等职业教育的任务是培养面向生产、建设、高服务和管理第一线需要的高素质技能型专门人才。各职业院校在加强学生职业技能培养的同时，有必要进行一定程度的职业素养培养与教育，使学生得到全面发展，以更好地适应社会需求。
一、素养、职业素养的内涵
《辞海》中对素养的解释是：谓平日之修养也。素养是个人与外界作合理而有效的沟通或互动所需具备的条件。中国知网(CNKI)将职业素养定义为：职业素养是指职业内在的规范和要求，是在职业过程中表现出来的综合品质，包含职业道德、职业技能、职业行为、职业作风和职业意识等方面。笔者认为，职业素养是指特定的人群在一定的文化科学知识的基础上，在包括人文知识、科学知识、职业技能、职业活动领悟力、生产服务流程、工艺原理、行业规则、职业理想、职业道德等方面所进行的勤奋学习与涵养锻炼的工夫，以及在上述方面已达到的水平。一般来说，职业素养主要包括职业理想、职业道德、职业尊严、职业技能、职业生涯规划、就业创业能力等六
个方面的基本内容。
二、高职电子商务专业学生职业素养的现状
笔者就职业素养的六个方面的基本内容，分别从校外实训基地与相关企业调查、电子商务专业已毕业学生调查、电子商务专业在校生调查、承担电子商务专业教学专任教师调查等不同角度，对高职电子商务专业学生的职业素养培养状况进行了问卷调查并召开座谈会。调查结果表明，当前高职电子商务专业学生的职业素养培养状况和企业及毕业生的工作岗位需求相比尚存差距。当前，要进一步加强培养具有高水平职业素养的电子商务专业人才培养体系建设。
三、职业素养培养在课程体系架构中的实践
课程是培养面向生产、建设、服务和管理第一线需要的高素质技能型专门人才的重要载体。加强平台课程建设、构建立体课程体系、建构合理知识架构、推进课程体系整体优化、建立促进多样化人才培养的课程体系，是高职电子商务专业职业素养培养课程体系的总体思路。高职电子商务专业职业素养培养课程体系主要以培养职
程可以顺利有效地完成。
综上所述，对于新课型的研究和尝试还有待进一步的深化，首先我们必须确定整个大学英语教学的目的，从宏观的角度思考英语学习的意义，在此基础上，把课型作为达成教学目标的方法和形式，不断创
新，开发出更有利于学生学习的有效手段。只有这样，我们的教育才能不再是空中楼阁，不再是时间和资源的浪费，才能真正地服务于国家的发展和社会的需要，转化为现实生产力，这应该是每一位教育者的最大心愿，
参考文献：
\[1\]蒋敦杰.教研员要不要上“下水课”\[.基础教育课程杂志，2008，(12).
\[2\]卢新予.国外职教师资队伍建设的有益经验\[J\].中国职业技术教育，2006，(6).
责任编辑：丁燕生
业理想、职业道德、职业尊严、职业技能、职业生涯规划、创业创新能力等六个方面的基本内容作为建立基础。
1.以“两课”为主架构理想道德课程体系，培养学生的职业理想和职业道德
在确保“两课”课时安排的同时，要加强讲座、学习讨论、参观企业、始业与毕业教育、演讲等活动安排，保证有充足的时间培养学生的职业理想和职业道德，构建课内与课外相结合的理想道德课程体系。
2.以专业核心课为主架构专业能力课程体系，培养学生的职业生涯规划
在理论够用、强化实践的原则指导下，要合理安排专业课的理论讲授时间和课程实践时间，突出专业核心课程教学，构建核心与非核心相结合的专业能力课程体系。通过系统的理论学习与课程实践，培养学生的专业能力和职业生涯规划。
3.以基础课为主架构培育发展潜能课程体系，培养学生的创业创新能力
要安排一定数量的基础课作为必修课，同时加大选修课安排的力度，突出安排历史、地理等人文社科类课程，构建必修与选修相结合的培育发展潜能课程体系，培养学生的创业创新能力。
4.以技能训练为主架构职业技能课程体系，培养学生的职业技能和职业尊严
要充分利用校内实训基地，通过模拟仿真、生产性训练、赛前训练和考证前训练等多种形式，强化技能训练，提高学生实践能力。同时，要加大校外实训基地利用率，集中安排一年左右的时间到企业进行实践锻炼，并要求学生利用寒暑假和节假日到企业进行参观学习、调研。构建校内和校外相结合的职业技能课程体系，走工学结合、校企合作之路，培养学生的职业技能和职业尊严
四、职业素养培养在课程内容设置中的实践
当前，更新课程内容、开发新课程、进行课程整合和注重课程改革实施是我国职业技术教育课程改革的当务之急。课程内容的调整必须兼顾知识更新、工作岗位实际和教学改革三方面的需要，坚持理论与实践两方面教学改革同步进行，大力培养学生的职业技能、职业素养和发展潜能。
雪字社会科学字不刊数据库
1.理想道德课程体系的课程内容设置
要突出培养职业理想和职业道德的内容，兼顾知识更新和工作岗位实际需要，增设利用网络进行职业理想和职业道德教育的内容，为促进学生“学做人，学做事；做好人，做好事"奠定良好基础。
2.专业能力课程体系的课程内容设置
要突出专业核心课程内容，加强非核心课程内容设置。同时，增加网络化学习内容，通过网络化学习完成研究与拓展性内容，并积极拓展专业方向，提升学生就业竞争力。
3.培育发展潜能课程体系的课程内容设置
要突出语文、数学、外语等基础课内容，兼顾学生发展潜能的需要，合理统筹安排专业课与基础课，增加自学与选学内容。经过合理安排与补充，达到培养学生发展潜能的目的。
4.职业技能课程体系的课程内容设置
要突出“学中做、做中学”内容设置，增加到企业进行实践锻炼的内容与时间，充分利用校内外实训基地加强训练，不断提高学生职业技能水平，
参考文献：
\[1\]万平.高职“项目带动式”人才培养模式的探索与实践\[J\].职教论坛，2006，(7).
\[2\]杨千朴.职业素养基础\[M\].北京：中国时代经济出版社，2007.
\[3\]俞林.高职院校“任务驱动式”人才培养模式研究\[J\].江苏广播电视大学学报，2007，(5).
\[4\]周建良.职业素养在高职电子商务专业人才培养中的实践\[J\].职业时空，2008，(10).
责任编辑：陈茂旺 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **浅析公路施工项目管理与成本控制**
**刘会珍**
**(陕西省商洛公路管理局工程队，陕西商洛726000)**
**摘 要：最近几年，我们国家的经济发展速度非常快，不仅仅人们的生活水平得到了非常大的提升，而且各项工程项目也取得了非常显著地进展，比如道路事业的发展就是非常显著地例子。公路作为国家经济发展的必要基础设施，越来越受到相关单位以及广大社会群众的重视，笔者基于这种背景，重点的分析介绍其施工管理以及费用控制工作，目的是为了更好的促进经济发展，带动国家前进，**
**关键词：公路；施工项目；管理成本**
**目前，不论是国家单位亦或是广大的社会群体都非常关注与公路施工相关的工作。这主要是因为目前国家进行改革活动，将公路卜放给相关的单位进行自主经营活动，而这些单位在进行管理的过程中，肯定会遇到项目管理以及费用控制等相关的工作。怎样高效的确保施工行业有最高的利润，确保使用者以及建设者和国家单位二者都能够获得自身应有的权益，针对这个问题必须要做好管理以及控制工作，道路施丁费用是多层次的内容，只有将设计到的各个层面进行全面的分析，才可以获取收效。而项目管理活动亦是如此。**
**1施工费用的儿种区分**
**1.1直接费用。它涵盖的内容非常广。首先是劳务费。它非常的独特，比如是必不可少的。通常从其构成上来看有如下的一些内容，基本工资加上必要的奖金成分。而员工不单单的是指施工者，同时还有相关的管理者等一些员工，在设置的时候会呈现出阶层的特征，具体的活动者的待遇应该略高一些。其次，原料费。它在总体的资金中占据的比例最大。不仅指使用的水泥等物质，同时还包含原料输送过程中的花销等。最后是机械费。它的比例将会不断的变大。**
**1.2问接费用。这一部分费用是为了协调各方面施工工作以及施工管理而产生的费用。比如说招待费、餐饮费、施工管理费、材料斗损耗费、出差费等等。费用的支出会有财务明细，根据财务明细对其进行应有的合理控制已经是各个公司财务工作的重点。因为这部分费用并不像直接费用那么明显而明晰，因此需要给予足够的关注。**
**1.3税费。它是者建设时应该缴纳的营业税等。它和第一种费用一样都具有不可缺少的特点、凡是合理运行的道路活动，都必然的包含此点内容。它还有一个显著地特征，确定性特点，通常利润多达，其费用就可以直接获知，所以此项是可以有效掌控的。**
**2掌控成本的方法简述**
**2.1合理的掌控劳务费**
**通常有两种控制措施。首先，费用应该和总体行业的平均值相符，通常我们可以见到一些单位为了提升员工的工作热情，而使其待遇超过均值的现象常会发生，很显然这种做法是不正确的。其次，针对不同的员工开展统筹措施，确保待遇分层。例如，对于水平优秀的组织可以对他们提升待遇，通常是体现在奖金上，这样能够提升他们的工作热情，而且员工的活动哈单位的收益之间是有非常紧密的关联的，采用此法可以确保项日能够顺利的进行。而对于负责看守工作的员工，其待遇可以相应的较低一些，这主要是因为他们的活动比较的简单，而且相对固定，和单位的效益之间也不存在必然的联系。而对于管理者来讲，他们的待遇应该在上述的两者之间。**
**2.2认真地把控好原料费**
**工程材料费，是整个项目的主体，因为它的支出关系到整个项日能否顺利运转的问题。材料费用的控制特别讲究，也可以采取两种方式对其进行必要的管理第一方面是要有市场最熟悉又最合格的稳定供应商。稳定的供应商会使你的材料费用支出水平维持在一个常态水平，不会受太大的供需市场的影响。项目部也可以利用这层面关系获得良好的材料来源和材料优惠。第二方面也是最重要的方面，就是规范化采购和运用材料流程，采购方面要配备专业的采购人员，最好是施工人员提计去采购，这类人员对材质熟悉，会做到个良好的质量把关。另一力面，在运用过程中，要实行传帮带的模式，对新进人员要在老员工的带领下开展工作，老员工对原材料的节省还有原材料的合理利用方面有着丰富的经验，经年累月下来这将是一笔可观的收人，**
**2.3认真把控好设备费**
**由于经济以及科技的前进，目前的各项施工活动通常都是依靠设备来进行的。因而控制好设备费必然会对整体的费用控制活动有·定的影响。具体的讲、可以从如下的一些层面上开展工作。**
**首先，设立专门的负责购买机械的岗位。机械的品质以及使用**
**时间是非常重要的问题，除此之外，活动流利性也十分的关键。只有认真的选取对相关问题有一定了解的员工进行此项活动，才可以起到控制费用，实现效益的日的。**
**其次，设置专门的负责养护的岗位。机械的使用过程中必须要进行频繁的养护活动，才可以确保其性能合理。平时的维护活动意义十分重大。机械使用时必然会受到一定的影响，因而对其进行护理的养护，比如充足的氧量等，可以切实提升它的使用时间，而且因为做好了维护活动，此时就不需要开展大规模的维修活动，进而起到降低费用的作用。**
**2.4做好资料管理活动**
**T.程资料管理费用再大多数人米肴是不直接和必要的，这种思路是错误的。对一个企业来说，哪怕是一个项目来说，资料管理也是和当重要的。资料包括项目在运行过程中签订的一系列合同，包括施工合同，监理合同，委托合同，招投标合同等等，一旦发生纠纷，相关的手续资料如果不能及时找寻，那么一方面进行补办要花费代价，另一方面是可能面临败诉被索赔的危险。这方面的成本控制比较容易，一方面就是配备专职对项日资料进行分门别类进行管理，做到有据可查。另一方面就是重要的工程资料注意多留存儿份，多保留几份，这样因为诉讼需要手续资料的时候也不至于面临窘境。**
**3做好成本管控活动**
**3.1成本管理责任制**
**落实必要的成本责任制度，是推动整个项目合法合规管理的依据。设岗轮岗，对于在活动中有较好表现的员工应该做出适当的奖励活动，相反的对于工作不尽心的员工要对其进行适当的惩罚。在年终考核的时候，要严格依据成本管理责任制，按照岗位要求和设置对员工进行相应的应对。按照责任制的要求严格把关成本运行状况。把成本偏高的项目内容扼杀在萌芽。**
**3.2技术方式**
**此项方式主要的是指在项目中配置足够的技术丁作者。认真地查看场地，只有做好细致的规划活动才可以确保项目发展顺利，假如不能含理的规划，会导致项日运行受到非常不利的影响。按照国家规定或者行业要求的技术标准来运行，以节约成本当做最终的努 _力目标。_**
**3.3经济方法**
**此项方法是非常综合的，不仅有对员工的，也有对具体活动的。对项口的经济运行状况要有一个稳定的供需关系。项目在运行过程中对经济的控制，包括经济的前期策划、经济的运行中期控制以及经济方面时候的弥补方面。前期策划最为关键。经济措施因以详细的市场调研成果为前提和基准。**
**3.4合约方法**
**针对合约开展的管控活动，应该做具体的区分。活动通常会牵扯到土壤以及租赁等等的相关内容。针对这些内容在订立的时候应该有专门的人员监督进行。**
**4总结**
**通过上文的叙述，我们发现要想做好项目管理以及费用掌控活动，必需要从以下的一些方面人手，比如做好劳务费以及原料费和使用的设备等的相关资金的管理活动。除此之外，还要做好技术以及合约等的相关管理活动，只有将各项措施综合到一起，才可以合理的把控费用，确保道路事业发展顺畅。**
**参考文献**
**\[\]\]石继虎.试论工程施工企业工程实施阶段的成本控制\[D\].湖南大学.2010.**
**\[2\]王为民，论公路施工成本控制与管理\[D\].武汉理工大学.2005.** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **完善青岛市招商弓资体制机制研究**
**李勇军**
**(青岛市社会科学院，山东青岛266071)**
**\[摘 要\] 改革开放以来，青岛招商引资工作取得显著成就，但实践中也存在一些问题，如招商引资主体单一，政府职能的越位、错位，区市间统筹协调有待进一步完善，中介组织实力薄弱等。应借鉴国内其他城市的成功经验，制定完善相关法规，促进法制环境建设；完善招商管理体制，杜绝内部过度竞争；推动中介组织发展，建设投资推广平台；探索新型用人机制，成立咨询委员会；优化指标考核体系，出台更多激励措施。**
**\[关键词\] 青岛 招商引资 体制机制**
L中图分类号」\]FF2 L文献标识码」 A L文章编号」 1008—3642(2015)05一0032一04
**随着经济全球化，市场要素的流动日趋活跃，对我国经济发展的影响也越来越大。改革开放以来，招商引资作为加快经济发展的有效手段之一受到各级政府的高度重视。招商引资是一个地方为了加快经济社会发展，以本地在经济基础、资源、区位等优势和政策吸引外部资金、项目，引进先进技术、管理和人才的一项工作。招商引资工作体制是政府为了促进招商引资工作，动用行政资源，整合政府及社会力量构成的行政管理系统。如何更好地配合经济功能区建设，在转方式、调结构过程中完善青岛市招商引资体制，突工作瓶颈，不断提高招商引资的综合优势和总体效益，是一个亟待解决的问题。**
**一、青岛市招商引资现状**
**(一)青岛市招商引资成果**
**2014年，全市累计新批外资项目619个，合同外资金额63.86亿美元。到账外资达到60.81亿美元，同比增长10.15%，占全省40.02%，首次跃升至15个副省级城市第一位，实际到账外资创青岛市改革开放以来最高水平。累计有115家世界500 强企业在青投资设立232个项目。**
收稿日期：2015-08-22
**作者简介：李勇军，青岛市社会科学院副研究员。**
2015年上半年，青岛市加大招商引资体制机制创新力度，1至6月份，全市实现到账外资41.7亿美元，同比增长10.2%，占全省到账外资的48%，完成全年63.9亿美元工作目标的65.2%。合同外资上，上半年青岛市新批外资项目383个，实现合同外资42.9亿美元，同比增长13.2%。
主要外资来源地到账外资保持稳定增长。其中，到账港资21亿美元、同比增长7%；到账韩资7亿美元、同比增长68%；到账日资3亿美元、同比增长10%；到账新资2.6亿美元、同比增长102%。全市制造业领域到账外资228亿美元，同比增长31%。其中，通用设备制造业到账4.5亿美元，同比增长27%；通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业到账1.5亿美元，同比增长63%。全市服务业领域到账外资18亿美元。
**(二)青岛市招商引资体制现状**
**青岛市由市招商引资和投资促进工作领导小组统筹市商务局、市贸促会等有关部门及各区市相关部门推进招商引资工作。青岛市招商引资和投资促进工作领导小组统筹招商引资政策、重点和计划目**
**标，制定产业发展导向和区域功能布局，组织实施市级的大型招商活动，统筹全市重点项目流转和区市间利益补偿等全局性的工作。领导小组办公室负责制定年度计划、汇总分析，建立和管理招商引资综合管理平台，跟踪重点大项目推进落实情况。研究产业布局和区域功能规划，研究实施重点项目流转和区市利益补偿办法。承担领导小组日常工作和交办的事项。青岛市招商促进局为市政府重大项目、产业集群项目、高科技项目和服务贸易项目提供项目推介和招商引资全过程服务。其主要职责是：提供投资环境和政策方面的信息；设立驻海外的办事机构并负责运作和管理；组织开展招商引资活动；协助投资者对市场进行前期调研；在投资地点、投资方式等方面提出建议；为审批、建设及经营的全部过程提供服务。青岛市贸促会负责开展招商引资，为外商来青投资牵线搭桥，促进我市直接利用外资工作；为外商投资企业提供考察、洽谈、审批、筹建和正常生产经营过程中的有关服务工作。六区四市的商务局和贸促会以及红岛经济区、蓝色硅谷等经济功能区同样承担招商引资的职责。2014年国务院批准设立青岛西海岸新区后，青岛西海岸新区体制机制改革大幕正式拉开。10月起，新区改革招商引资制度，成立黄岛区招商引资和投资促进工作领导小组，统筹领导全区招商引资和投资促进工作，确定重大布局，研究重大问题，决策重大项目。整合全区招商力量，组建黄岛区招商推广局，打破身份限制，试点职员制管理和市场化招商，将招商工作向功能园区倾斜。探索市场化招商，推广新区投资优势；充实各专业招商部门和各大功能区招商力量，突出各大功能区的招商引资责任主体地位，加快重点产业重大项目集聚。取消了占全区招商任务40%以上的12个街道的招商指标，对街道在项目服务保障方面提出了更高的要求。**
**(三)青岛市招商引资工作的特点**
**1.强化专业招商队伍，发挥外脑的智囊作用**
**引进相关行业工程技术人员进入招商机构，提高了招商人员的专业性。借力国内外咨询服务机构，发挥其智库作用。积极开展委托代理招商，聘请23家具有国际影响力和专业水准的金融、咨询机构和世界500强企业作为咨询顾问机构，委托其招揽客商，引进项目。**
2.统一内外资服务体系，改善企业服务环境
**青岛市在以往的招商引资中，相对于内资更加重视引进外资，并取得了显著成就。近年来在积极引进外资的同时，加大了国内招商的力度，改变了重外轻内的局面，予以同等对待。将以前分设的内资服务体系和外资服务体系合并为内外资服务体系：内资企业也可以在是外商投资服务大厅办理相关手续。受理投资方投诉，同样内资外资合一，成立了市经济发展投诉中心。**
**3.引资更重引“智”，提高自身发展内生动力**
**技术和人才是可持续发展的动力。青岛市通过总结和反思认识到招商引资不仅要大力引进资金更应该注重弓进智力，进而将引进的技术加以消化吸收，在此基础上进一步实施创新。青岛市在招商引资中，通过制定和实施扶持政策，引导高校、科研院所、企业与国内外合作方共同在青岛建立研发中心。**
**(四)青岛市招商引资体制存在的问题**
**1.招商引资主体单一，无法适应市场化要求**
**在全球经济一体化背景下，政府作为招商引资主体已经很难适应招商弓资的市场化、专业化趋势的要求。如何由政府为主体转向政府主导下的企业、专业机构为主体是目前急需解决的问题。沿海一些先进城市的招商工作已开始转向由中介机构主导的市场化运作。青岛市目前的招商主体仍旧是政府机关，中介机构参与程度有限，市场化运作程度有待进一步提高。**
**2.职能错位，降低了政府的办事效能**
**近年来，我国一直在强调政府职能转变，其目的就是通过放开权利、简化政府职能，解决在市场经济条件下政府职能的缺位、越位和错位问题。转变政府职能应分清政府与市场的界限，一方面要强化政府的服务与宏观调控职能，另一方面要弱化对微观经济的干预职能。政府应把招商引资的工作重点放在创造公开、公正、公平的大环境上，处理好政府引导、市场主导、市场预期的关系，使出台的招商引资政策更加符合市场规律。政府主导招商引资，其本身就是越位和错位。为完成招商引资指标需投入大量的人力，弱化了政府的公共服务职能，进而降低了政府的行政效能。**
**3.各自为政，引发过度竞争、浪费资源**
**目前青岛市商务局等有关部门、各经济功能区、**
**各区市商务局及贸促会都有招商引资的职能和任务，部门间、区市间虽有合作，但存在竞争关系是不可否认的事实。另外，西海岸新区、蓝色硅谷、高新区都在立足海洋特色、发展蓝色经济，在招商引资过程中不可避免地会有一些重叠之处。而在实际工作当中为了争取项目落地，在政策优惠、土地等方面展开竞争，投资方权衡利弊，开出种种苟刻条件的例子也屡见不鲜。其结果是不管项目最终在哪里落户，而从全市角度来看，既浪费了有限资源，也损失了效益。**
**4.行政权力干预经济活动，提供寻租空间**
**政府过度干预经济和市场，时常会发生权力寻租现象。一些公职人员在招商引资的过程中，假借招商引资、外出考察的旗号，大行公款旅游、游山玩水之实。另一方面，由于在招商引资工作占据主导地位的是政府部门，投资方在项目落地过程中许多具体事务要由政府部门协调办理，投资方出于各种目的和动机去搞“政府公关”，使得权力寻租变为可能。高新区发生的贪腐案就是个反面教材，值得反思。**
**5.中介组织实力薄弱，难当大任**
**招商引资的本质是一项是经济活动，应依据市场规律进行市场化运作。企业毋庸置疑应该成为招商引资工作的主体，但是，招商引资工作是一项复杂的经济活动，从事招商引资的人员应具备丰富的社会阅历、扎实的专业功底和随机应变的商务谈判能力等等。目前青岛市从事招商引资的中介组织为数不多，由于其实力薄弱、专业人才不足和业务不精等原因，招商引资业务开展得极其有限。**
**二、国内其他城市招商引资工作的探索创新及启示**
**(一)地方政府招商引资工作体制**
**1.机构设置**
**国内其他城市的招商引资工作机构大体主要有以下几种：**
**第一，分设利用外资和内联引资机构。招商引资既包括利用外资及境外投资，又包括引进境内其他地方投资。因此，省一级政府大多分别设立外资和内资招商引资机构，一般是由省商务厅或外经贸厅负责引进外资，省发改委或经信委负责内联引资。地市和县级政府大多套用省级政府的机构设置方式，这也是目前最为常见的方式。第二，设立专门的招商引资机构。为加强招商引资工作，一些地方政**
**府设立了招商引资局。这种方式在地市级政府比较常见，而省级政府不多见。设立厅级招商局的省份有北京、黑龙江和广西自治区。第三，将招商引资机构与其他相关部门合并。一些地方政府以“大部制”的形式将与招商引资工作有关联的若干个部门合并，成立一个包含招商引资工作职能的职能相对较多的机构。**
**2.招商引资体制**
**(1)全民招商体制**
**20世纪90年代中期，各地都非常重视招商引资，成立招商局等专门机构，推出一系列的优惠政策，各机关事业单位都有招商任务，各单位将任务分解后分派给每一员工。由于全民招商通常依靠的党政领导和政府的强力推动，其优缺点都非常明显。其优点是可以营造很好的招商氛围、整合各部门的人力和资源、招商效果明显。但其缺点也比较突出：如这种模式导致政府职能的越位和错位、引发部门间地域间的恶性竞争、招商引来的项目质量参差不齐。**
(2)专业招商体制
**进入21世纪后，国际国内形势发生了新的变化。由于过度地依赖优惠政策，并由非专业人士承担工作任务，各地陆陆续续出现了招商引资工作停滞不前或规模明显萎缩等问题，进而影响到当地经济快速发展的势头。为改变这一局面，东南沿海的一些城市开始尝试创新招商引资工作体制，其中之一就是由全面招商向专业招商转变。专业招商就是设立专门的招商机构，打造专业的招商工作队伍，根据特定的区域和产业的不同特点制定相应的招商目标和方向，有针对性地开展招商引资工作。 _。_ 专业招商体制优点是可以有效地整合招商引资工作力量和资源，保证了较高的招商引资工作水平，缺点是政府仍在具体承担招商引资这一具体的市场行为，造成政府职能的越位和错位。**
**(3)代理招商体制**
**代理招商体制主要有两种形式：中介招商和委托招商。中介招商是政府或招商机构作为委托方委托专业中介组织，由其代为寻找和选择投资者。受托的中介组织等经过运作，引进投资项目后转让给委托方(政府或招商机构)。委托方与中介组织是一种转手交易关系。委托招商是中介组织受委托方(政府或招商机构)之托代为进行招商引资推介、联**
**系等具体工作，但中介组织等受托方不与投资者签订相关协议，由政府和投资方签订投资协议。委托方与中介组织是一种雇佣关系。这种体制是近年来开始出现的一种新体制，其优点是符合市场经济的基本要求，有利于政府的明确定位，可以充分调动社会各方面的资源。**
**(二)外地招商引资体制机制创新经验和启示**
**1.政府搭建服务平台，做好企业不能做的事。从招商引资工作做得比较好的城市的成功经验中可以看出，政府应从投资者的角度出发考虑如何提供全方位的服务，并重点解决招商中介组织、企业想办而办不了或办不好的事情，由政府负责招商具体业务向为招商工作提供服务转变。**
**2.充分发挥中介机构的作用**
**政府委托中介组织负责招商工作的推介、谈判等业务，一方面可以使政府从直接管理招商引资项目等繁琐的具体工作中解脱出来，专注于改善投资环境，另一方面，中介组织凭借其专业性和灵活高效的工作方式，可以引进理想的投资项目。**
**三、完善青岛市招商引资体制机制的对策**
**(一)制定完善相关法规，促进法制环境建设**
**相关法规的缺失和不完善可导致政府在行使政府职能中定位不准确，过多地去干预市场，进而导致政府干预失灵现象的发生。在加强招商引资工作中，应注重法治环境建设。投资者在决定投资与否时投资环境是决定性因素之一，而制定和完善的相关法规是建设良好的法制环境的重要内容。因此，应制定和完善“青岛市招商引资条例”等相关法规，以此规范和引导招商引资工作的推进，做到有法可依，有章可循。**
**(二)完善招商管理体制，杜绝内部过度竞争**
**应尽快转变政府在招商引资中的角色定位，采取市场化运作的方式，提高招商引资的质量。整合部门资源和力量，政府应改变目前事无巨细大包大揽的工作方式，集中精力去打造对投资方具有吸引力、适于投资的软环境，招商引资的具体工作交由专业的中介机构和企业。为避免部门间、区市间的无序竞争和过度竞争，首先制定产业链招商的推进计划，然后据此在全市范围内制定一张产业发展路线图、一张产业招商目标企业导引图、一套招商领导班子，根**
**据重点发展产业成立产业研究和招商推进小组。**
**(三)推动中介组织发展，建设投资推广平台**
**中介机构招商引资依照市场规律运作，过程缜密规范，其效果也很好。由于中介招商组织对市场需求了解透彻，可根据每一投资者不同的投资策略和投资方向，为投资者制定最佳的投资方案，推进招商引资工作。因此，应充分重视中介组织在招商引资工作中的作用，探索进一步培育中介市场、管理中介组织的路径和方法。**
**应尽快建立和完善集政府、行业组织、中介机构于一体的多渠道投资推广平台，鼓励和支持社会力量广泛参与招商引资工作。通过对中介组织资源的有效整合，强化市场准入管理和资格认定，提高政府监管和行业自律力度，促进招商中介组织的快速发展。**
**(四)探索新型用人机制，成立咨询委员会**
**建立高层次招商引资人才认定标准，将招商引资人才保障纳入全市高层次人才保障系统。制定高层次投资推广人才奖励资助政策，激发内外部人才活力。探索实行项目工资制、年薪制等多种薪酬福利和绩效工资制度，采用聘用客座专家、特约代理、项目外包等方式，充分利用各类优秀人力资源。聘请专家学者、企业家和有实力的中介机构，成立招商引资咨询委员会，为制定招商引资相关政策和工作思路出谋划策，参与招商工作实务人员的培训、与投资方的合作谈判等具体工作。**
**(五)优化指标考核体系，出台更多激励措施**
**进一步优化招商引资工作绩效考核指标体系，要合理设计、实事求是，从传统的注重项目数、利用外资数转向注重引进项目的质量和所产生的社会经济效益，从传统注重外资转向内外资并重。借鉴其他城市的经验，加大招商引资奖励激励力度，对在招商引资工作中成绩突出的单位和个人不仅要给予相应的荣誉还要有相应的物质奖励。**
**参考文献：**
**\[1\]白皓瑜.地方政府在招商引资中的角色定位与应有** 作为\[R\].内蒙古大学.2013-05一01.P：24.
**\[2\]王光凡.地方政府招商引资工作体制分析\[R\].湖南** 大学，2010-10一09.P12.
**责任编辑：陈玉光** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 泉州发展经济型酒店的SWOT分析与策略研究
赵益民
(泉州师范学院 福建泉州 362000)
摘商要：经济型酒店成为未来中国酒店业发展的新趋势，泉州地处东南沿海，旅游资源卡富，经济发达，随着商务旅游和白助旅游人数的不断增加，泉州经济型酒店受到旅游者和商务人士的青睐，本文运用SWOT的理论分析方法对泉州市发展经济酒店的现实状况进行了分析，并针对问题提出了具体解决的策略。
关键词：经济型酒店 SWOT 分析 策略 泉州
中图分类号：C93 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672.3791(2007)11(b) 0223-02
经济型酒店是一个特定、动态、均衡的相对概念，广义而言，通常是指价格比较低廉的酒店。依据欧美标准，成型的经济型酒店标准主要有：只提供住宿，基本不提供餐饮，如近年来出现的 B&B酒店，就是只提供床位和早餐的酒店。在美国，所谓的经济型酒店是指有限服务的酒店，其特点是：(1)以大众可以支付的价格为顾客提供专业化的有限服务；突出“小而专”，以客房产品为灵魂，仅提供简单餐饮或者不提供，设施配置与保养依赖社会化；(2)市场顾客以自助旅游者，中小型企业商务客、工薪阶层和学生群体为主；(3)运行上重视少投人、简单实用与低成本，而又实现较高的顾客让渡价值，(4)高效的机构设置，精简的人员配备、、一人多能的岗位职责，以人为本作为酒店的管理理念：(5)采取连锁经营的方式，通过连锁经营达到规模经济，提高品牌价值。
我国经济型酒店的发展始下1996年，上海锦江集团下属的锦江之星是中国第一个经济型酒店品牌。进人21世纪，经济型酒店品牌不断涌现，如“如家”、莫泰168、宝隆居家、7大、欣燕都等。中国经济型酒店市场需求旺盛，北京、上海、广州、成都等大城市的经济型酒店需求尤为突出，市场条件比较成熟。同时，经济型酒店市场外来品牌与民族品牌的竞争日益加剧。国外成熟的管理经验，雄厚的资金实力和人才储备，享誉世界的品牌，发达的营销网络，严格的质量和成本控制都是无法比拟的优势，对从本上发展起来的、只有短短儿年经验的中国民族品牌形成了强大的压力。
长期以来，泉州市酒店业被划分为三种业态：一类是以星级酒店为代表的高端市场，一类是以招待所为代表的低端市场，而介于二者之间的小型旅社、宾馆作为一种维形，最有可能在将来被改造成经济型酒店。在豪华酒店开支巨大、小招待所卫生服务难如人意的情况下，经济型酒店将成为今后游客出游的首选，但日前这一潜力巨大的市场在泉州市尚待开发。市旅游局产业发展科正在制定有关实施方案，对泉州市经济型酒店的发展加以引导。
2泉州市发展经济型酒店的SWOT分析
SWOT分析是广泛用于产业分析的一种较成熟的战略分析方法，S指产业内部的优势(strength)，W 指产业内部的劣势(weakness)，◎指产业外部机会(opportunity)，T指产业外部环境的威胁(threat)。这是一种综合考虑
产业内部条件和产业外部环境的各种因素进行系统评价，从而选择最佳经营战略的方法。经济型酒店是机会和挑战并存的投资热点。在泉州市经济快速发展，旅游业突飞猛进的形势带动下，为经济型酒店的引人和发展提供了机遇，同时也面临着诸多挑战。
2.1泉州市发展经济型酒店的优势
近几年，受假日经济和宏观经济走势走强等多种因素的影响下，经济型酒店在我国发展速度惊人。世界著名的经济型酒店品牌，如雅高集团的宜必思、圣达特集团的速8、天天客栈、洲际集团的假日快捷等陆续进入，同时国内自有连锁品牌在旅游城市和内地省会城市遍地开花，国内外经济型酒店成功的经营模式和较高投资回报率都为泉州市发展经济型酒店起着良好的示范作用。
经济型酒店进入门槛较低、前期投人少、管理成本较低，无论是新建还是转型都比发展其他类型酒店较为容易。这些优势为泉州市经济型酒店的发展降低了难度。
经济型酒店抗风险能力较强。酒店高端市场价位较高，一旦出现突发事件，很难保持正常的营业利润水平，而月恢复时间也较长。经济型酒店出丁价位较低，不易受到异常事件的下扰。经济型酒店的投资回报和经营利润的相对稳定性是所有类型酒店中最高的。
2.2泉州市发展经济型酒店的劣势
泉州市经济型酒店缺乏明确定位。目前泉州市部分廉价型酒店投资者盲目跟风。品牌不能本十化，未能结合实际情况做出明确的定位，只是一种标准化的模仿和克隆，缺乏打造精品的意识。
泉州市经济型酒店管理普遍缺乏专业化而且配套设施不完备，缺乏舒适度。泉州市部分经济型酒店为了降低成本，曲解“有限服务”的内涵，在配套设施上“缩水”，导致顾客住宿的舒适度大打折扣，影响了酒店的质量。
泉州市经济型酒店多数还处于单体经营，缺乏集团化。泉州市经济型酒店日前发展尚未成熟，基本上是单体经营，独立核算，缺乏集团化，未形成规模优势。在管理方式上，电脑预定系统和酒店管理网络系统尚未普及，一部分酒店仍用手工操作，封闭式管理，使酒店在竞争中处下劣势。
缺乏市场营销意识，没有形成营销网络。与国内外经济型酒店品牌相比，泉州市的经济型酒店明显缺乏市场营销意识和手段。部分酒店即使是有预定网络，其预定技术和效率也
是比较底，设施不够完善。
2.3泉州市发展经济型酒店面临的机会
据泉州市旅游部门统计，2006年共接待国内外游客1448.4万人次，比2005年增长21%。其中，国内游客1364.6万人次，增长21.1%；接待过夜境外游客55.57万人次，增长3.8%。境外游客中，外闲人及华侨5.08万人次，与上年持平，港、澳胞45.14万人次，增长4.2%；台湾同胞5.35万人次，增长5.1%。全年实现旅游总收人145.8亿元，比2005年增长20.8%，国际旅游收入4.2亿美元，增长20.3%。接待入境旅游人数连续10年居全国旅游城市前10
位。
泉州市民营企业的迅猛发展，给经济型酒店发展带米新的活力。酒店业是泉州市开放时问较早、开放程度较深的行业，泉州市旅游业的发展提高了酒店业的整体接待水平，丰富了酒店的管理经验。政府机构改革、大量的政府招待所走向市场，民营企业的发展，给泉州市经济型酒店的发展注入了新的活力。
政府良好的产业政策支持。一个产业要发展，政府的支持很重要。泉州市各地政府近两年来为搞活经济，招商引资，用台了各种优惠政策。对酒店行业的投资者一是把门槛降低，二是审批程序简化。各地政府大力开发旅游业，加快旅游产品建设步伐，逐步完善产业体系，健全旅游业政策法规，为经济型酒店的发展提供了可靠保证。
2.4泉州市发展经济型酒店面临的威胁
国外经济型酒店品牌的进入形成巨大的竞争压力。国外经济型酒店的品牌在长期观望之后已进驻我国市场，其凭借雄厚的经济基础和技术实力、比较成熟的管理经验，在全国迅速占领市场。另外国内知名连锁经济型酒店集团通过收购政府宾馆、改造旧工厂和新建酒店经营经济型酒店，这些必将对泉州市发展本土经济型酒店市场造成冲击和威胁。
过多的政府行政下预。由丁泉州市经济型酒店绝大多数是国有或集体体制，小到日常经营，大到产权转移，往往受到政府的行政干预，不利丁泉州市经济型酒店的健康发展。
非理性资本的涌人给酒店业带来冲击。经济型酒店的高投资回报率吸引了大量的资本，但是很多非理性资本的涌入导致了很多问题。一些原星级酒店被资本收购后改头换面冠以经济型酒店之名，但经济型酒店的管理存在诸多的问题。
根据SWOT分析法理论可以看出，泉州市
乡村民俗旅游案例的开发利用研究
一以井陉于家石头民俗村为例
王娜
(赣南师范学院)
摘要：乡村民俗旅游作为一种富有特色、新兴的旅游业态，深受城市旅游者喜爱。本文在分析了乡村民俗旅游的概念、发展模式、于家村乡村旅游发展现状的基础上，提出了针对于家村旅游资源特点的开发原则，探讨了乡村民俗旅游开发中的发展策略，对于家村乡村民俗旅游资源开发具有积极意义。
关键词：乡村 民俗旅游 开发原则 发展策略
中图分类号：TU98 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-3791(2007)11(b) 0224 02
1引言
'改革开放以来，城市经济发展迅速，然而城市化速度的加快，城市病加剧，市民越来越怀念清新的空气、安静的环境、空旷的田野和绿色环抱的大自然氛围。回归大自然已成为一种时尚、一种趋势。乡村民俗旅游在这种背景下应运而生，民俗就是一种独具地方特色的历史文化和风俗人情，它的旅游功能已被越来越多的人们所重视和发掘。2002年“中国民俗艺术旅游年”的成功举办，标志着以民俗风情为主题的文化旅游在中国真正兴起了，不仅为城市居民提供了休闲、娱乐的机会，也给农民带来了极大经济收益。
2乡村民俗旅游的概念及在旅游中的地位
2.1乡村民俗旅游的概念
乡村民俗旅游属高档次的文化旅游范畴，
发展经济型酒店的优势与劣势同在，机会大于威胁，应采取积极措施，改变目前泉州市洒店业的状况，整合现有资源，以适应市场竞争。
3 泉州市发展经济型酒店应采取的策略泉州市经济型酒店应采取的策略应以扬长避短型经营策略为主，改善不利于发展的劣势条件，回避潜在的威胁，充分利用现有的各种机会，寻求新的发展。具体来讲，可采取如卜策略：
3.1认真分析客源，重新进行目标市场定位
经济型酒店要进行准确的市场定位，首先要对其面向的顾客群体进行细分。从月前的消费市场情况米看，以商务、散客自费旅游和探亲旅游为主的住宿需求趋势越来越明显，这应成为泉州市经济型酒店可以选择的目标顾客。泉州市经济型酒店可定位在经济舒适的基础上，讲究闽南地方特色，即力争给顾客留下“既便宜义舒适，而且形象鲜明”的印象。
3.2加强酒店成本控制
坚持多途径、低成本、高效益，是发展经济型酒店的本质要求，也是保证经济性的耍求。具体来讲，可以从上地、建设装修、客房的设计几个方面来进行成本控制。
(1)土地成本的控制。土地成本是前期选址和回收投资的关键，一般认为，建设经济型酒店的十地投人不能超过总投入的12%。
(2)建设装修成本的控制。成本的控制并
它是在以农村地区为特色，以农民为经营主体，以民俗旅游资源为依托的前提下、旅游者离开自己的居所，前往旅游地进行民俗文化消费的一个动态过程的复合体、是人类文明进步所形成的一种文化生活方式。乡村性、地方性和民俗性是乡村旅游的核心吸引力，也是其发展的重要资源。民俗旅游按其涉及的民俗范畴，可分为物态民俗游、动态民俗游、心态民俗游、语态民俗游四个方面：按民俗生活的空间，可分为观览型、参与型、休闲型、运动型等，根据旅游产品的服务功能，义可分为认识型、教化型和满足型等类型21。井陉于家村主要是以有文化为主的特色文化旅游，应属于物态民俗游范畴。
2.2乡村民俗旅游在旅游中的地位
旅游者通过开展民俗旅游活动，才可能亲身体验和触摸到旅游地民众生活事项，体会到
非体现在功能配套上的全面缩减，而是有针对性的功能优化调整。
(3)客房设计的控制。经济型酒店主要是为客人提供个宽敞、明亮、整洁、干净的住宿环境，对宾客来说，核心需求就是洗好睡好，方便，适用。
(4)人工成本降低。实施低成本、低费用运作的关键就是要求配置精简的员工队伍，从管理人员到服务人员，都必须经过严格的训练，而且要具备良好的服务技能和服务意识。
3.3管理向专业化和规范化方向发展
经济型酒店的特点就是“经济、
卫生，
舒适、快捷”，而要达到这个目标，必须结合酒店自身特点，利用专业化的管理和服务技术，为顾客提供规范化的服务。例如：建立科学化、规范化、标准化、专业化的质量管理标准系统、管理服务操作标准系统、运营支持保障标准系统和计算机网络管理系统等。
3.4打造泉州市经济型酒店的特色
泉州市发展经济型酒店应充分体现闽南地方特色，利用泉州市丰富的侨乡旅游资源、商务旅游资源，在主“经济、卫生、舒适、快捷”的基础上，打造闽南文化主题，除了在硬件设计上体现闽南特色外，还可以凭借特色服务实现，而特色服务又主要归结于管理的创新，归结于洒店文化。
当地的民俗事项，体会到当地人民的生活方式，思想意识和审美情趣，实现审美与自我完善的旅游口的，从而达到良好的游玩境界。从某种意思上来讲：民俗旅游属于高层次的旅游，在未来不久将成为现代旅游的主流之；由于地方特色和民俗特色是旅游资源开发的灵魂，也具有独特性与不可替代性，因此，民俗旅游资源是旅游产业经济发展的重要战略性资源、能把握好并利用好这一优势资源是提高我国旅游品位的关键所在。
3于家村乡村民俗旅游资源特点及发展现状
3.1于家村的民俗旅游资源具有如下几个特点1)石头景观的特色性
丁家村在长期与石头打交道的过程中，形成了灿烂的石头文化，浸透着石头文化的石头
\[1\]唐娟.经济型酒店在中国规模化崛起丁不远的将来\[J\].中外饭店，2005(124)：105.
\[2\]杨锡怀，冷克平，王江.企业战略管理M|.2版.北京：高等教育出版社，2004；123.
\[3\]吴延委.经济型酒店发展的战略和方向初探\[J\].中外饭店，2005(124)：60.
\[4\]王琦.经济型不拒绝特色化J|.中国旅游报，20051019(10).
\[5王千里.经济型酒店在中国：前景、提升、路径\[J.中外饭店，2005(124)：112.
\[6| http//www.qzwb.com，2006 10 8
\[7\] http：//www.nightbaby.net/?action-
viewrews iLemnic 733 | null | null | null | null | null |
en | hf cc0-1.0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/storytracer/US-PD-Books | Victor and vanquished
author: Mary Cecil Hay
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"\
VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
VOL. I.
VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
BT
MARY CECIL HAY,
AUTHOR OP
"fflDDEN PERILS,
IN THREE VOLUMES.
VOL. L
LONDON:
HURST AND BLAOKETT, PUBLISHERS,
13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.
1874.
All righiU reserved.
2'S'/ .
I.
II -
LONDON :
PRINTED BY MAGDONALD AND TUGWELL,
BLENHEIK HOUSE.
CONTENTS
OF
THE FIRST VOLUME.
UHAPTBR
PAGE
I.
Among the Hills . i
1
•
»
1
II.
The First Night At High Athelston
. 23
in.
Sowing the Bitter Seed .
83
IV.
Marjorie .
55
V.
Night in Nether Lane
91
VI.
Marjorie's Home
. 106
VII.
Face to Face
. 128
VIII.
Jelfrey's Tactics
. 158
IX.
The Mountain Tarn .
. 173
X.
The Birth of a Plot
. 212
XI.
Laying the Train
223
XII.
Stolen ....
. 240
XIll.
The Artist's Cottage
. 250
XIV.
GrONE ....
. 266
XV.
Marjorie forms a Resolutio
N
. 276
VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
CHAPTER I.
AMONG THE HILLS.
T WOULD rather not state exactly whether it
-■• lies in the North of England, or the South, or
the East, or the West, for some old inhabit-
ant may swoop down upon me with proof of the
fogginess of my memory, or the inaccuracy of my
local geography. But I do assert that High-
shire is one of England's most beautiful coun-
ties, and that it owes its beauty chiefly to the
glorious hills that guard, and almost encircle,
the small county town of Churchill. Hill
beyond hill, hill behind hill, they stretch for.
twenty miles. The highest of the group —
throughout the district Golledy par eacellence^ The
VOL. L B
2 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
Mountain — rises seventeen hundred feet above
the level of the sea. Yet its ascent is easy now,
as a carriage -drive has been constructed round it,
railed to ensure the safety of the many horses
which are brought here through the Summer
months. The summit of the mountain is a vast
table-laud, and its sides are rich in furze and
heath and bracken ; but it is hardly so favourite
a resting-place for the pic-nic parties which
flock here from Spring to Autumn, as is the
beautiful ravine which separates the mountain
from the opposite hills.
At the head of. this ravine, a restless stream
falls over the rocks, and forms a cascade of
condderable height; then, following its irre-
gular course, it dances on, from right to lefk,
and left to right, through the soft green turjj^ while
countless small streams from the hills opposite
rush, with a laughing music, down to join it,
swelling it at last to an imposing rivulet before
it darts from the turf under the low stone
bridge below the valley gate. For the low
sweep of level turf, lying between the moun-
tain and the chain of smaller hills, is wide
AMONG THE HILLS. 3
enough here (where it meets the road) to be
termed a valley, though but a narrow and a
rugged ravine where the hills close above it
near the waterfall. Behind and beyond the
Fall, as the ravine grows wilder and more rug-
ged, and the hills tower higher still on either
side, the scene is wild and desolate, the isola-
tion complete, and the way dangerous. The
sides of the hills are so broken into deep nar-
row passes with precipitous sides, and the rocks
rise now so sharp and pointed, now so treach-
erous in their smooth, sheer descent, that what
wonder is it that in Churchill recqrds there
are names of those who have been lost among
these hills ?
A little above the Fall, and in a hollow which
the foot-path does not reach, though it is grad-
ual and verdant, lies a silent mountain tarn,
a still lake, which has an unspeakable gloom
about it, beyond that gloom which seems to
belong to all water lying in the shadow of
the hills. No one who stands a moment
upon its brink, wondering at its stillness, but
is glad to leave it, and pass down into the val-
b2
4 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
ley, where the sunshine £sills so widely and so
warmly.
But we can leave the valley now. We pass
through the gate — ^beside which stands a pic-
turesque little cottage, where tea is provided
for pic-nic parties, and stabling for the horses,
which are seldom taken beyond here — and
find ourselves out in the turnpike road. On
our right, bordering the valley, lies the steep
well-ordered garden of the Rectory ; and from
its sloping drive, or from the door of the
handsome modem house, our eyes can take
in a wide stretch of the valley below. Be-
hind, the carriage-drive round the mountain,
skirts the farm-yard of the Rectory — for the
Reverend Henry Jorden is no mean farmer,
and his comely wife does not fancy the produce
of any dairy but her own.
A quarter of a mile more of wide, white road we
traverse, and then we come upon the old grey
church, standing high and grave among the
mountain shadows, looking always down upon
the one steep street which forms the little town
of Churchill. Midway down this long street
AMONG THE HILLS. 5
stands the old-fashioned pump, with its three
lamps above ; and, opposite this, a narrow side-
street ends abruptly in the railway-station.
We pass the sleepy shops and quaint old houses
of the main thoroughfare, and reach the more
pretentious dwellings in the suburbs — dwellings
over whose grey stone walls the holly bulges
with a look of comfortable abundance, hiding
the " genteel villa " from the vulgar gaze. Then
again, we find ourselves in the hedge-bound
road, which winds on before us to Bleaborough,
the county town of Highshire ; and behind us,
through Churchill, on, and on, and on, to
London.
Two miles, uuinterrupted by any dwelling we
need mention, then upon our right rises the
high grey wall which bounds the park of High
Athelston, broken presently by the bronze gates
and ivy-covered lodges. Two lamps hang
high above the gates, and between them stands
a great stone shield, bearing the arms of the
Athelstons — a leopard couchant. A grand old
mellow house is High Athelston, standing
among the rich and heavy trees, as it has stood
6 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
for centuries. From the wide gates a stately-
avenue leads to the pillared entrance. Passing
this without entering, we descend one of the
flights of steps which lead from terrace to
terrace on the western side of the house, and
turn aside into a by-path across the park; thread
our way through a sombre shrubbery, where
thick dark arches of yew and holly make twi-
light of the simniest Summer noon; and reach
a narrow green door in the north wall of the
park. Passiug through this, saluted noisily
from the rookery in the high old limes above
us, we find ourselves in Nether Lane, a narrow
road bordered by two rows of low elms, which
in Summer time throw heavy bars of shade
across the sunlit way. Midway between this
door and Churchill — for the lane merges into
the high-road on the outskirts of the town —
stand the only two cottages which the lane con-
tains. They are built under one roof, and lie
back in a vegetable garden, divided into two
by a narrow paling. The sheltering trees
do not extend beyond the cottages; the lane
is open then, and when we reach the end we
AMONG THE HILLS. 7
stand once more in the suburbs of Churchill.
But we have now a journey to make beyond
the town in the opposite direction, so again we
pass the picturesque old lamp half way up the
hilly street ; linger a moment looking into the
peaceful churchyard; then walk on along the
highway, which the Churchill people designate
** the London road," while on the other side of
the town it is known only as '' the Bleaborough
road."
And now, after only a few minutes' walk, we
reach The Anchorage, the pleasant sunny little
estate of Colonel Alick Stuart, who brought
his young wife here four years ago, but is a
widower now, and has his sister and her little
boy staying with him.
On still fiirther from the town, back among
the woods and close down beside the lazy river,
lies the old manor-house of Hawkedale, which
has been in the possession of the Castillains for
almost as long a time as. the Athelstons have
held sway at High Athelston; and which is
possessed now by the first Castillain who, for
two hundred years, has had no son to succeed
8 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
him ; a matter of rejoicing among those who
believe in the old proverb^ '* Like father like son."
A handsome old manor is Hawkedale, but both
without and within are evidences unmistakeaUe
of the grinding nature of its old master, whose
mania for saving is as inexplfeable as it is
pitiful.
Heaven only knew — as his younger daughter
used to say — ^for what or whom he had been
saving through all his threenscore years and ten,
and would save still for three score years and
ten more, if the pleasure-; could be extended for
him through that length of time. No ; Heaven
only knew I
** We have nothing h^e as they have at High
Athelston or at the Anchorage," would some-
times be the thot^t of Marjorie Castillain, as
she tried with her own hands to cut the shrubs,
or get her flowers to bloom in the old conserva^
tories, which were not even weather-proof.
^ At High Athelston they have everything
to make the place magnificent; luxuries and
games and enticements everywhere; great
stone figures on the terraces, and splendid
AMONG THE HILLS. 9
foreign trees and shrubs ; and servants to keep
the place beautiful from end to end. And at
the Anchorage they have— oh I such rare, sweet
flowers, and such a wonderful atmosphere of
peace and ease and rest; while we — well, we
have our grim old trees, at any rate," the girl
would add, with laughing philosophy, ''and our
river ; and these two things have a beauty of
their own which the famous family miserliness
cannot extinguish."
And now we have ended our walk round
Churchill.
One high lamp flickers feebly upon the plat-
formi of the Churchill Station, and one bums a'
little more steadily in the booking-oflice. The
down express has just gone on its way, after
having deposited one passenger, and two boxes
which the porter is carrying. The station-
master, holding in leash two handsome grey-
hounds, which have the couchant leopard em-
broidered on their coats, stops and speaks
respectfully to the solitary passenger upon the
platform.
10 VICTOR AND VANQXnSHED.
" We've a fire in the office, miss. If you'll
stay there, I'll see that all is right about your
luggage."
There are moments when a kind word will
summon tears which coldness cannot bring, and
for Lina Chester this was one. She felt them
starting painfully to her eyes as she answered
that she had hoped a cab would be here to take
her to High Athelston.
" Not yet, miss," the station-master said,
smiling to hear her use a word almost unknown
in Churchill; "there is no fly here to-night.
But Sir Neil Athelston will be sending soon for
these greyhounds of his, which came by your
train."
"Thank you," said the girl, entering the
office with a slow and spiritless step, " then I
will wait."
As she sat beside the fire, a gentleman came
into the room, and began to compare his watch
with the clock that hung there.
" I W€U3 afraid I should miss the up-train," he
remarked, pleasantly, to the station-master;
" but I see it is not due yet. I am a little fieust."
AMONG THE HILLS. 11
•
Though Colonel Stuart stood, to all appear-
ance, intent upon altering his watch^ he was still
keenly aware of the presence of the lonely girl
who sat waiting so quietly in the dingy room.
He noticed — for he could not help noticing it —
the delicate beauty of her face, the rare unusual
beauty of a face with no colour on the creamy
white cheeks, no brilliance in the dark grey
eyes, no smile upon the small curved lips ; but
he noticed, most of all, the indescribable, almost
indefinable sense of utter quiet loneliness that
seemed to surround her.
*' There is generally a fly sent to meet this
train," he said to her, in a kindly, pleasant
voice ; '* but it is not here to-night, of course,
because it is wanted. I shall be calling at the
* Leopard ' on my way back. May I send one
round for you then V*
Lina — because he spoke so gently and so
warmly to her — half turned away her face, for
fear of those tears that were so near her eyes
to-night, and so saw nothing of the grave and
pitiful gaze he bent upon her.
** I am come to meet my sister and my little
12 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
nephew," he went on. "If you are going in
our direction '*
"I am going to High Athelston," replied
Lina, glancing up at last.
" Oh I" said Colonel Stuart ; and she detected
an accent almost of pity in his gentle, genial
tones. ''Lady Athelston is an invalid, and
rather forgetful ; so you will, I'm sure, excuse
her not having sent the carriage. She will be
mortified when she recollects."
Lina smiled, knowing the words were in-
tended to cheer her ; and just at that moment a
carriage was heard rolling up to the station-
gate. A quick, authoritative voice called the
station-master by name, then whistled a sum-
mons which the greyhounds were quick to
answer.
Lioa's breath came a little quicker. Was
some one come now to take her to her new,
straDge home? She heard the station-master
whispering when he led the dogs out, and
she guessed that he was telling their master
how she was waiting there to be convey-
ed to High Athelston. Her cheeks burnt
A3I0SG THE milJS. 13
hatij when die crag^t tbe impatieot answer.
^ Beat Udng die cui do, too. Send for a fly
from tbe * Leopard.' What k the use of de»
taining me ? My hones cannot stand here all
night. Nowy Bidley, look sharp after Coquette ;
she IS at her old tricks. Ah! Stuart, you
herer
Then the loud tones ceased, and Lina Ches-
ter knew that the gentleman who had for ten
minutes been her companion was conferring
with Sir Neil Athelston in a semi-whisper, as
the station-master had done, and on the same
subject. The answer was less impatient now,
but more careless.
'^Not very likely, Stuart. It's not in my
line ; nor can I spare Ridley to go round by the
* Leopard.' Send a fellow from here. Fm too
infernally tired to drive myself."
The sad, girlish &ce beside the smouldering
fire grew whiter and whiter, while Colonel
Stuart pleaded again. Then the answer was a
little quieter, though even more selfish.
" Very well. Here, Ridley, go round to the
14 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
^ Leopard ' for a cab, and make haste, man. I
cannot wait, so you may drive home on it. I
wish to Heaven, Stuai-t, that the old lady
would remember to give her own orders. I
hope this girl has a memory long enough to
serve for both."
Without a word of reply, Colonel Stuart re-
entered the office, and spoke quietly to
Lina.
" Sir Neil Athelston's servant is gone to
hasten the fly. It is too cold for you to drive
three miles in a dog-cart, as Sir Neil himself is
doing, with his dogs."
Lina had understopd it all too well for any
smile to visit her eyes or Kps in answer to his,
and she was glad when another train dashed
into the station, and Colonel Stuart went out to
meet it.
It was while she sat once more waiting
alone, that the same imperative voice called to
the station-master, while from a door in the
booking-office — opposite that which led to
the platform — a gentleman advanced and impa-
tiently looked round him in the dimness. A
AMONG THE HILLS. 15
tall gentleman, Lina saw he was, as he came on
into the light, tall and broadHshouldered, with
a Saxon face, handsome though indolent and
sensual, a thick fair moustache, strong blue
eyes, and short curling Ught hair.
" Where the deuce is that fellow t" Sir Neil
Athelston gave a start — a real start though it
was imperceptible to Lina — then came on
easily, and stood beside the fire opposite her.
A certain superficial, scornful expression which
was habitual to him, gave place to a deep in-
tentness as he looked into the girl's face, so
purely and delicately beautiful, and he raised
his hat with a slow, satisfied smile.
^'A dismal waiting-room," he said, and his
tone, though condescending, was a little eager
too.
No answer. This was Sir Neil Athelston,
and Lina remembered how he had spoken of
her on the platform both to the station-master
and to Colonel Stuart.
** If I understand aright, I have the pleasure
of addressing Miss Chester. If so, may I drive
her to High Athelston ?*'
16 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
**No, thank you," answered Lina, feeling
her loneliness most keenly at that moment.
*' You said that to wait for the cab was the best
thing I could do."
Sir Noil laughed, but spoke still more eagerly,
with his eyes fixed upon the young, white face.
** You had better come, Miss Chester ; do let me
drive you. I did not intend you to wait in this
holo."
•• You are too tired to drive even yourself,"
Lina said, raising her eyes fully to his for the
tlrat time. ** Besides it is not in your line, you
iiaid;^
'' Pray pardon those stupid words of mine,"
naid Ndil Athelsion, flushing hotly, and feeling
awkward as ho never remembered having done
WRyrt^; actually forgetting for that moment
t)^ai h« waa at )u>de<(mt Uie idol of many a Lon-
lUm drawi\\g«H>nH and withal the handsomest
>rxHinit IvMwi^ot in halfsundn^aen comities. **It
ia uukuut \^t >r\>u t\> ¥x>oaU Ihoee absoid epeedies
^Nf i^U)v\^' h^ add^ni^ 6H^Ung tiemUy anxKMis now
hN wm an\^ W iftUxic^ frcvm tli« bMintifQl, aad
i^N'^f^a. "^ ) t^) n\M tt^iuk iKat ^Ma w^mML liear. I
AMONG THE HILLS. 17
did not — ^you know I had not seen you, and so
you ought not to reproach me."
" I did not reproach you," said Lina tiredly ;
** but I would rather wait here until your servant
comes with the cab."
By this time the train had left the station,
and the passengers whom it had deposited fol-
lowed Colonel Stuart into the office. These
were his sister and her son, with the boy's
tutor, an aristocratic, foreign-looking man
of three and thirty, just three years younger
than the bearded English soldier whose hair
was thin upon his temples, and whose
eyes were so deeply and gravely thought-
ful.
Sir Neil Athelston turned and greeted Mrs.
Esdaile ; and she, glancing kindly at Lina, and
evidently understanding who she was, asked
him to introduce her. "As we ar^ to be neigh-
bours," she added, in a voice as pleasant as her
brother's.
Neil went through the ceremony, his voice
lazy and rather haughty, but the coldur mount-
ing slowly into his face. " Mr Jelfrey, Miss
VOL. I. C
an
18 VICTOR AND VANQXnSHED.
Chester," he ended, as the tutor bowed low be-
fore Lina.
Then Neil Athelston's eyes filled with a great
surprise, for he had never before introduced two
people who received his introduction as did
these two. And yet he could not have told how
this was if he had tried. A something quite
indefinable there was in the gaze of each. Was
it fear, or was it only astonishment ?
" Mr. Jelirey, Miss Chester."
The words were scarcely uttered, when
Lina shivered with an uncontrollable sudden-
ness. Mr. Jelfrey had left the door open, and
the chill night wind crept in. Quietly he moved
from Sir Neil's side, and shut the door ; then,
returning, looked full into Lina's small, white
face, as if questioning her in an eager, unin-
telligible silence.
"Miss Chester feels the place chilly," he
said; and Lina slid her travelling cloak over
her hands, which were clasped rigidly together.
" I am waiting for you, Miss Chester," plead-
ed Sir Neil, trying to hide the real anxiety with
which he spoke.
AMONG THE HILLS- 19
"I am waiting for the fly," ahe answered,
calmly ignoring his words.
. "And we must go too, Alick," said Mrs.
Esdaile to her brother. " Are you ready ?"
" Quite ready," rejoined Colonel Stuart, who
for the last minute had been curiously watch-
ing Jelfrey's face. "Come, Jack, jump up to
your seat." '
Just as the carriage from the Anchorage left
the station-yard, the hotel fly drove up, and
Lina took her place. The men were putting
her boxes on the roof, when Sir Neil, who
had stood at the door ever since he had assist-
ed her in, spoke suddenly to his groom.
"I say, Kidley, drive on with the grey-
hounds; they want looking after, and they
make the dog-cart deucedly uncomfortable. Til
come on after you. Make haste."
And the next moment, easily and patroniz-
ingly, he had taken his place beside Lina«
On every subject that occurred to him, he
talked through that drive in the closed fly,
which^ in itself, was a sore penance to him.
Perhaps he wished only to amuse her, and
c2
20 VICTOR AND VANQUISHBa).
shorten the distance for her; perhaps — and
this was likely to be for nearer the truth —
only to anuse himself, if he could, by drawing
some few words from her quiet, beautiful lips,
or making her eyes turn to his, as they had
turned only once.
But all his efforts were in vajn. Except
<;ool monosyllables, or an occasional indifferent
remark, Lina did not speak at all ; and never
once did she turn her eyes upon him from the mo-
ment the fly left the station, till it stopped before
the portico at High Athelston. The footmen,
standing at the open door, with the rich light
from the hall falling upon their powdered
heads, saw, with intense and speechless aston-
ishment, that it was their master who issued
from this thoroughly-to-be-despised vehicle,
and turned and offered his hand to a lady;
49aw, even with greater astonishment, that she
passed it by without noticing it.
**0f course, the poor thing — only a com-
panion, you know — was too confrised to know
what to do. She actually walked up the
J9teps, leaving him to follow. He might well
AMONG THE HELLS. 21
look angry and disgusted. What a little
upstart she was I — pretty though — ^very pretty !
only wanting in colour."
Thus the twin Mercuries; while Sir Neil
Athelston, following the slight, quiet figure
into the brilliant hall, was puzzled in his
thoughts as he had not been puzzled before.
What was there about this girl which made
him feel so unusually strange? Why was
she not awkward and shy in this first intro-
duction to his magnificent home ? Why, she
entered it with just such a quiet grace as he
could fancy its young mistress-^ ^what a ridi-
culous thought I
"W^here's my lady, Martin?" he asked, as
the butler came towards them, looking quite
as much a gentleman as Sir Neil himself, thought
Lina in her ignorance and bitterness.
" My lady has gone to her room, I believe,
Sir Neil. She bid me tell Miss Chester that tea
is served for her in the blue morning-room."
"Will you not dine, Miss Chester?" inter-
rupted Sir Neil, eagerly.
" I would rather not," said Lina, shrinking
22 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
hastily from the idea of dining with him. " I
would rather not."
'' She never attempts even any excuse for
her avoidance of me," thought Neil, and his
lips tightened rather cruelly under the hand-
some light moustachib.
Drawing off his coat leisurely, he watched
her pass on up the broad, lighted staircase,
and he thought that, though so thoroughly at
her ease, there was a certain shrinking in her
eyes and steps, as if she avoided even seeing
the handsome place, further than she need — a
certain nameless shrinking, quite apart from
any shyiiess.
23
CHAPTER IT.
THE FIRST NIGHT AT HIGH ATHELSTON.
THE blue morning-room, in which Miss Ches-
ter's tea was laid, was a small luxurious
apartment, rarely used by Sir Neil, but a fa-
vourite one with his mother, who preferred it,
and her own boudoir and dressing-room, to the
more grand and spacious rooms below. A bright
fire burned in the grate, for the air of the
Spring night was chill; and Lina sat down
before it, her heart literally crowded with sad
and busy thoughts. Unutterably lonely she
felt ; yet there was something beyond the lone-
liness which was even harder to bear.
"jA something which I dare not think
about to-night 1" she cried to herself pushing
24 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
the dark hair from her temples, and looking
eagerly round the room, as if seeking some
thought that should chase this one away.
^* Bright, pleasant things all round me," she
whispered, in a voice that strove to be glad and
brave. ** I will always try to think only of the
bright and pleasant things that are around me.'^
Just as she thought that thought, there en-
tered the cheerfuUooking young maid-servant
who had volunteered to assist her when she
changed her travelling-dress.
"My lady will be glad to see you in her
dressing-room. Miss Chester, if you'll please to
come. My lady's very deaf, 'em," the girl add-
ed, evidently for the sake of hovering curiously
about Lina, yet speaking with thorough re-
spect, and no air of gossiping, '^ and she likes
persons to speak up like when they're talking to
her. Fletcher, her own maid, has a curious
voice that never wants raising ; it goes sharp in
like without my lady's trumpet; and she hears
Sir Neil nearly always, though he doesn't talk
to her very much ; but she's bad with strangers.
If you're not very tired after your journey, 'em,
THE FIRST NIQHT iT HIGH ATHELSTON. 25
it would be best just to speak up, as your voice
is very — at least, it's been very quiet to me.
Shall I come to your room to-night, 'em, to see
if I can help you ? I'll always be glad to help
yoUf Miss Chester, though I'm only under
Fletcher. Margaret my name is, so you'll always
know who to send for when you want help—
won't you I"
Lina thanked the girl pleasantly, even
gratefully, then followed her along a wide,
arched corridor, and into Lady Athelston's
dressing-room.
As the maid closed the door slowly upon
Lina, a lady, who sat in a lounging-chair at
the fire, turned round to scrutinize her. At a
glance Lina could have told that this was Sir
Neil's mother ; and at a glance she saw that
the face which met hers was weak and uncer-
tain, a little querulous, and a little cruel. But
the helpless look which generally accompanies
dea&ess, the mute, unconscious appeal of the
attitude, won Lina's gentle sympathy in that
first moment, and she advanced gratefully to
take the outstretched hand, never giving
26 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
one glance to where Sir Neil, in his faultless
evening dress, leaned against the low chimney-
piece opposite his mother.
" Take this chair, Miss Chester," said Lady
Athelston, pointing to one which had been
placed beside her own, "Leave it where it
is," she added, her eyes keenly fixed upon the
girl ; '* leave it there. I want you to sit where
I can see you."
And Neil, from his position opposite, seemed
to think it was just as necessary that he, too,
ahould be able to see her.
Still and quiet, Lina sat under the gaze of
both mother and son ; still and quiet, yet with
that nameless shrinking firom them of which
Sir Neil was all the time half conscious, as he
watched her with a steadfast intentness which
made her lips shake, but brought no crimson to
the delicate white skin.
'* You have had a cold journey, I fear, Miss
Chester," said Lady Athelson, with sleepy gen-
tleness. " From where have you travelled to-
day?"
" Only from London," answered Lina, speak-
THE FIRST NIGHT AT HIGH ATHELSTON. 27
ing through the trumpet which Lady Athelston
held to her ear.
" From the house where you have been living
as governess ?— from the lady in Berkeley
Square to whom I wrot^ about you ?"
" Yes," said Lina, but in such a strange low
voice of pain, almost of fear, that Sir Neil decided
promptly in his own mind that her experience
of governess life had been far from rose-coloured,
** Dreary life, Miss Chester, eh t" he remarked.
" Wouldn't you rather teach an intelligent dog
to stand on his head than a child to work a
sum V*
' ** I never tried the * intelligent dog,' " answer-
ed Lina, with quiet carelessness.
" I think you told me you had no home," put
in Lady Athelston, unconscious this time of her
son's speech.
" No ; no home," the girl answered, simply.
" And no relations ?"
" No, Lady Athelston."
" Fortunate child!" put in Sir Neil.
As Lina spoke, her face had flushed slowly
28 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
and duskily for the first time, and not a shade
of this was lost upon him.
" Then where do you live when you have no
engagement !" persisted the lady.
" I never had but one situation," said Lina,
coldly, " and I left that only when I came here."
" Now, mother," put in Neil, ** we are getting
tu-ed."
" You have a pretty name, Miss Chester," said
Lady Athelston, readily understanding her
son — as she ' could when he chose that she
should — and taking his hint, as she always did.
** Is it an abbreviation of Helena ?"
" No, my lady," answered the girl, her lips
stiff and proud.
"Lina Chester, eh I Was your father any
relation to the celebrated barrister?"
" I believe not,"
And then Neil saw that the small lips
blanched suddenly, and he told himself that there
was a secret held there, wliich it would not
take him long to find out.
" You read aloud well, I understand from the
answer I received to my letter to Mrs.
THE FIRST NIGHT AT HIGH ATHELSTON. 29
M'MuUen, in Berkeley Square," resumed Lady
Athelston, " and it will be one of your chief
duties here. Others will be — ^Neil," she broke
off, as if suddenly aware of the needlessness of
her son's presence at this interview, « are you
not going to have a cigar I"
"Presently, mother. A polite method of
turning me out. Miss Chester; but it is a hint
which I am far too obtuse to see. I never was
educated to take hints. Go on with the list of
duties, please," he added, in a louder key; "go
on, mother; Fm necessary for the supply of
marginal notes." And, so saying, Sir Neil
seated himself coolly.
But when Lady Athelston had enumerated
various requirements in a slow, tedious fashion,
and he had failed to attract Lina's attention by
his asides, he interrupted, laughing,
" Don't you think those are about enough for
one dose? How do you like the prospect, Miss
Chester? They are duties, you know, and
England expects you to do them all I We can-
not even promise to make them pleasant to
you either," he added, lazily, as he leaned for-
ward on his low seat. " My mother and I are
30 VICTOR AND VANQUISHBa).
not pleasant people to live with. She is a
little too selfish, and a great deal too much
under the influence of any mischief-maker who
chooses to influence her, and I am always
out;*
" Then you can hardly be unpleasant to live
with," said Lina, coldly smiling,
** Yes, my son is generally away," said Lady
Athelston, having caught something of his last
remark; "but, of course, Miss Chester, your
duties are quite independent of him ; and you
will, I hope, always pursue them conscien-
tiously."
" Quite independent of him ; yes, my lady,"
she answered, and Neil Athelston wondered
whether the quiet tone was really sarcastic or
only indifferent.
Then Miss Chester rose to go, with a sudden
though gentle independence, which astonished
him and brought a laugh to his eyes, as he
hastened to open the door for her, and held his
hand to her as she passed — ^held it almost
pleadingly.
But, without raising her own, Lina bowed.
THE FIRST NIGHT AT HIGH ATHELSTON. 31
and walked slowly on to her own chamber.
There for a long hour she sat quite stilly
with her head buried in her hands; asking
her own heart many a painful and anxious
question. Had it been wise to come heret
Had it been even right to make her home under
this roof, though only temporarily?
" The temptation was too strong," she
moaned to herself; " and I did it for the best —
but, oh 1 I despise him 1 I despise him ; and I
know I shall grow to do so more and more, I
might have known it. I might have known
how fiercely I should hate anyone of his name.
But — but I did it for the best/'
And then, in the silence and solitude of this
lonely midnight, the girl's overtasked strength
gave way, and passionate, vehement sobs
shook the slight, delicate form.
All this while Sir Neil Athelston, idly smok-
ing, wondered why this girl should haunt
him so unaccountably, and re-picture herself
for ever in the curling, fragrant wreaths of
smoke.
There was the small, rounded form ; the
32 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
motionless white hands; and, above all, the
beautiful face, with its delicate features and
pure, white skin. Nothing would chase these
away — ^though he was very doubtful whether
he wished them chased away — and he dawdled
to his room .at midnight, still following one
thought.
" I must play a double game, I suppose," so
this one thought ran. *^ I hope both parts will
be equally pleasant, as both parts will be equally
easy."
And with a smile upon his handsome, sensual
face, he passed the closed door behind which
Lina knelt alone, battling with a great, un-
whispered pain.
33
CHAPTER UL
SOinXG THE BITTER SEED,
*' TTTHY, Xeil, this is a new thing. I cannot
^ ' remember the day when yon have
break&sted with me, when we have been alone.
Certainly Miss Chester and I have finished, bat
still it is wonderfn]. Wliat has bronght the
change?^
** There's no Act of Parliament to prevent a
man's changing his mind," was Xeil Athelston*s
careless answer, as he sauntered np to the
In-eakfast-table, givinghismothera light tonch on
the shonlder as his morning greeting, and offer-
ing his hand to Lina with a smile.
** Yon said it disagreed with you to come
down before the day was thoroughly aired,''
VOL. I. D
34 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
resumed Lady Athelston, motioning him to the
chair beside her.
" My mother just as often fancies she hears
what is not spoken, as misses hearing what
is," he explained, in a cool aside to Lina, but
a'slow dusky flush rose in his face as he took
his cup from her hand, loitering unnecessarily
over the slight act.
" It requires a more vivid imagination than I
possess to picture that," she answered, lightly.
"Is your imagination not very vivid, then?"'
he asked, quietly drawing his chair nearer to
where she sat presiding at the head of the table.
"I should have fancied it was. But, as ray
mother continually tells me, I am no decipherer
of character. Fact is, I never have troubled
myself about it. A plain face can have no charm
for me, however much character it may possess ;
and a beautiful one needs no character beyond
its beauty — to me it could possess none."
" Neil," interrupted his mother, unconscious
of this speech, " do you dine at Hawkedale to-
night ?"
" I suppose so," he answered, coldly. Then
SOWING THE BITTER SEED. 35
he went on addressing gay common-placies to
Lina, his tone full of animation. But, when
he saw with what utter indifference she received
these speeches, he turned almost angrily away.
'' Are you going to drive to-day, mother ?"
" Yes. I have promised Louisa Castillain to
drive to Hawkedale."
"Is Miss Chester going with you?"
" No, not this time," replied Lady Athelston,
who did not like the point-blank question. " I
shall leave her at liberty to examine the grounds
and gardens. I daresay she will be glad of the
change, after being indoors with me all the
morning."
A gleam of gentle kindness, rare and very
beautifying, crossed Lady Athelston's face as she
spoke ; and Lina smiled in gentle recognition
of it.
" When shall you go ?" inquired Neil, as he
helped himself to a cutlet, apparently with his
whole heart in the act.
"After luncheon. Now, Miss Chester, will
you go and cut the flowers for my rooms ? I
shall like you, as a rule, to do that always be-
d2
36 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
fore breakfast. I do not like being late in the
mornings."
" Never mind with what invalidish sleepiness
and idleness you spend the day afterwards, if
you are but early in the mornings," laughed
Neil, risiug to open the door for Lina. " My
late breakfasts have for years been looked upon
by my mother as the ruin of this house ; but
my hopes rise gradually, as the years go by, and
the house does not fall about us in ashes."
" Neil," began his mother, as the door closed
upon Lina, "I am sorry I engaged her. I
think — I fear it will not be a good thing ; she is
too pretty."
" Too pretty 1" laughed Neil, repeating the
words as if he liked them. " Too pretty I — for
you or for me ?"
** Too pretty for her position ; you know what
I mean,", replied Lady Athelston, in the queru-
lous tone she always unconsciously adopted
with her son, when she wished her words to be
heeded. " And too delicate — too pretty for her
position ; don't you see what I mean ?"
SOWCCG THE BITTER SEED. 37
^ An impossilnlitj so long as her position is
here,'' replied Neil, with nonchalance. " Who is
she, mother ?" he added, aln-nptly, as he went on
with his break£ist. ^ I never thought of asking
the question until I saw her ; now I want it
answered."
^ I know nothing of her save what I told you
before she came," returned Lady Althelston,
pettishly; ^and you took no heed, and no
interest, and never attempted to help me.**
** Who sent her here I"
*' No one. She answered my advertisement
in the Times J^
"Who gave her a character, or certificate,
or passport, or whatever 'companions' call
itr
" She sent me the address of a Mrs. M'Mullen,
No. 18, Berkley Square, to whom I wrote about
her. I told you all this at the time, Neil, you
know," complained his mother.
** And what did she — this Irish Londoner —
condescend to say of Miss Chester ?" inquired
Neil, sipping his cocoa.
" She said a hundred things, always speaking
38 TIOTOR AND VANQUISHED.
in the highest terms of the girl. And so I en-
gaged her, as I told you I should, because how-
could I tell she was so — so pretty ?" stammered
Lady Althelston, almost ashamed of giving
utterance to her reason.
" Impossible till you saw her," laughed Neil,
** unless Mrs. Mac had told you Miss Chester was
so very pretty that she had felt compelled to
dismiss her. Mother," he added, stooping lower
to her ear, " has she ever lived in this neigh-
bourhood before ?"
" Never, that I am aware of," was the answer ;
" indeed I know that she has not, because she
told me, half an hour ago, that she knew no-
thing of Highshire."
" And yet — and yet I could have sworn that
she and Jelfrey recognised each other last night,
and that one or two things which I told her
about ourselves were familiar to her — only a
fancy, I suppose."
** What, Neil ? You always aggravate me so
when you do not speak out," put in his mother,
fretfully.
" I was saying, if you would just take trouble
S0WIX6 THE NTTER SEED. 39
to lisf en," rejoined Sir Neil with careless com-
posure, ^ that Jelfrey looked as if he had seen
Miss CSiester before, when he was introduced
last night, and that I hope jou will not talk to
him about her."
^^ Yon are always making insinuations against
your mother, Nefl,^ fretted Lady Athelston.
'^.I only insinuated that your nature was
charmingly flexible and communicatiye," Sir
Nefl answered, with a smile that was half a
sneer, as he strolled away to the conservatories
to watch Lina at her task. And as he watch-
ed her, there grew once more that unusual
gravity in his eyes.
** You will not want me to-day, I suppose, my
lady?" asked Fletcher, with the vicious sniff
which she indulged in as a vent for her ill-
temper, and which would have lost her her place
long ago if she had not had both a deaf mistress
and a sufficient modicum of tact to choose her
opportunities rf indulging in the luxury of this
mark of disapprobation.
** Not constantly to-day, Fletcher," answered
40 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
her mistress, almost deprecatingly. " Miss
Chester will be with me."
" I've seen her this morning," said the maid,
in just that penetrating voice which her subor-
dinate had tried to describe to Lina the night
before, " I did not see her yesterday."
" Miss Chester is very pretty, isn't she,
Fletcher ?" inquired Lady Athelston, mildly.
" Pretty I" ejaculated the woman, with a toss
of her head ; " I do not know what you call
pretty then, my lady. Why, her complexion's
just dough, and nothing more or less ; and she's
nothing but an atomy."
Whether Fletcher meant an atom or an
anatomy will ever remain a mystery, since
Lady Athelston did not think it worth while to
inquire.
" I don't like ' companions,' " sniffed Fletcher,
with vicious emphasis. " There's always mis-
chief made between mistress and maid when
there's a companion in the way."
"You should not anticipate such things,"
said Lady Athelston, almost startled at the
SOWING THE BITTER SEED. 41
idea. "No mischief can be made for you by
Miss Chester."
" Ittis very kind of you to say it, my lady,"
replied Fletcher, resignedly ; " but she cannot
help it. Companions always must make things
uncomfortable in a house, and it is always best
to be prepared. Don't let it take you unawares,
my lady," she added, with deep cunning;
" don't you be tempted into tnisting a stranger
instead of those that have served you and
honoured you for years and years."
They were only a few insignificant words,
spitefully uttered : but such foul seeds take root
sometimes, and bear rank weeds, the growth of
which may overmaster us, as they fling their
poisonous tendrils round our lives.
As soon as luncheon was over that day, Lady
Athelston gave Lina her liberty, and recom-
mended her to take a long exploring walk in
the park and gardens.
" We dine alone at seven," she added, " as Sir
Neil will be at Hawkedale ; and you are free to
enjoy yourself until then."
42 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
The. prospect of the walk was delightful to
the girl, who craved for solitude with an intense
and almost bitter craving, and she started at
once. From the arched doorway on the western
side of the house, she came out upon one wide
gravelled terrace bordered by low, massive
stone walls, along which, at intervals, stood the
old and beautifully-cut stone figures which were
among the sights of High Athelstou, and be-
tween these were urns and vases, filled with
flowers and rare trailing plants.
Down the broad white steps went Lina, to
the second terrace, where fanciful seats were
placed in the shade of the fragrant shrubs upon
the slope, and from which she looked down to
where, beyond the third terrace, stretched the
velvetsweepofturf where archery, lawn-billiards,
cricket, tennis, croquet, and every imaginable
game were established. As she reached the bot-
tom of the third flight of steps, Lina came
upon Sir Neil Athelstou leaning against the
figure of Ajax, which stood huge and high upon
the balustrade above the lowest step. Her
bright anticipation of enjoyment vanished in an
SOWING THE BITTER SEED. 43
instant when he turned, rapidly and eagerly, at
the sound of her step, and made it evident
that he had been waiting and listening for
it.
*' Which way are you going, Miss Chester ?
Along the terrace to the gardens, or on here
into the park ? We have grottoes, and caverns,
and fountains, and all kinds of things to show
you, if you are interested in them."
" I am not going any farther than this,'* said
Lina, so simply and naturally that he began
to wonder in himself whether the girl had any
deficiency of common sense.
" Not going any farther 1" he echoed. " Why,
you have the whole of the afternoon at your
disposal. The old lady is safe until dinner-time.
She will not on any consideration forego her
afternoon tea and gossip with Miss Castillain —
a rare plant, Louisa Castillain ; a bitter herb
which would have rejoiced the heart of any
witch a hundred years ago. So — so come, Miss
Chester," he added, in his tone of lazy patron-
age, "I have a hundred things I should like
to show you."
44 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
" What is that tower on the rising ground ?"
asked Lina.
Not choosing to walk on, but too proud to
make any resistance, she waited a minute,
speaking in an easy tone, as she leaned against
the statue of Ulysses which stood opposite to
that of Ajax, guarding the lowest step of the
lowest terrace.
"Merely a summer-house, which one of my
idle fore-fathers built to smoke in," Neil answer-
ed, looking across at her without attempting to
follow the direction of her glance. " There is
what you girls call a nice view from there.
Come and see."
" And that path through the shrubbery and
among the trees and past the wooden bridge —
to what does that lead?" continued Lina, not
in the slightest moved by his words.
" That leads merely out of the park by one
of the back entrances. You see that line of firs
and limes, where the rooks are holding a par-
liament now, and discussing woman's suflfrage ?
Well, there is a door among those trees which
leads from the park into Nether Lane, and this
SOWING THE BTITEB SEED. 45
path leads to it. Would jou like to come and
see? — ^though it is by no means the prettiest
way.**
"It is a very beantifal park," said Lina,
coolly, ** bnt the hills above the fire there, are
more beantifnl.''
"Now, Miss Chester,*' laughed Sir Neil, ^ that
is said in pure pervereeness. This park — though
I say it that should not — ^possesses everything
that can make a park beautiful. Own that yoo
spoke in pure perverseness.''
"The hills are very beautiful," said Lina,
nervously ; " but when I spoke I was thinking
of something else."
" Not of the park's possessor, I fear ?" asked
Neil, with laughing arrogance.
" Not of the park's present possessor," replied
Lina, in a rapid tone, and with an unnatural
brightness and restlessness in her eyes.
"The park's old possessors," rejoined Sir
Neil, evidently only desiring to keep her there,
" are not worth thinking about. The Athel-
stons have been a race of handsome scoundrels
ever since they have been a race at all. Do
46 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
not go in — please do not go in^ Miss Chester,
I was bored to death until you came out ; aud
it has been so pleasant since."
But Lina went on up the steps, only
answering his words by a light and careless
smile.
" Come to the grotto, Miss Chester," he con-
tinued, eagerly, as he turned and walked beside
her. '* Come to the conservatories — anywhere ;
or let us play croquet."
But, even in all his eagerness. Sir Neil could
not help a laugh after he had proposed this.
"That temptation had something ludicrous
in the sound of it," he said ; " yet I have
seen two people play croquet often, with
all their hearts and souls. Why should the
proposal concerning you and me have tickled
me so irresistibly 1"
" The idea was ludicrous," she answered,
simply.
" Please do not be so scornful. I can play,"
he said, the laugh still in his eyes, as he sought
one in hers. " I do not like the game generally,
SOWING THE BITTER SEED. 47
and I hate it at times ; but I can hit a ball Avhen
1 wish. Will you try me ?"
'*I have never played croquet in my
Kfe."
" Have you not ? Then you will let me teach
you ?" entreated Neil, quite serious again. " I
shall be so happy ; and you must understand
it, because we Highshire folks are strong in
croquet. We think existence incomplete without
our croquet club, which is bound to give a hand-
some wedding present to any couple who owe
their marriage to it. Queer, isn't it 1 But it
makes the affair a little less diluted. It is such
a grand idea for a lady to have to spend her
pocket-money in buying a wedding present
for her rival, as well as having had to witness
the match made up. I hate croquet as an in-
stitution; but as a medium for all kinds of
flirtation, spite, and jealousy, I think it is the
finest invention of the age. Don't you ?"
" I have not yet seen the playing of the
Highshire Club," returned Lina, in a quiet tone
which made Neil laugh heartily.
"Archery is another notable diversion among
48 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
US," he said; "and our prominent feature is
the ease and complacency with which we shoot
wide of the mark. You do not shoot, of
course ?"
" No," answered Lina, as they slowly reach-
ed the top of the last flight of wide, low
steps.
" I thought not. Leave stronger hands than
yours to pull the bow-string."
And as Sir Neil spoke, he put out his right
hand, and with a sudden gesture — rapid, though
very gentle — touched the slight white fingers
which held her dress.
A vivid tide of crimson darted across the
girl's pale face, fading as instantly as it spread ;
then, with twitching lips and a passionate
brilliance in her eyes, she passed him with fleet
steps, and entered the house.
" It is not natural," muttered Neil, angrily,
" and I do not understand it. If I were some
kind of old philosopher, I should say I had
offended her in another world. It just seems
as if she had some mad reason for her incom-
prehensible behaviour. That is impossible, of
SOWIXG THE BTTTER SEED. 49
course ; but perhaps I had better not have gone
qtdte so &r just jeL"
As Sir Neil Athelston sanntered ronnd the
terrace, feeling nnnsnally ill at ease, Mr. Jeffrey
came np the avenne and joined him. He
made no direct remark npon the defeat which
be read in the yonng Baronet's &ce, — ^Enstace
Jelfrey's tact was too keen for that, — ^bnt, by
slow degrees, and skilfully disgcdsed question-
ing, be drew from him at last a confession of his
admiration for Lina Chester.
"She is very pretty," ruminated the tutor,
as if the idea had just struck him.
"She is far more than that," interrupted
Sir Neil, hotly; "she is very beautiful. I
should have thought you would have been as
much entranced as I was last night."
" My dear 'Sir Neil," answered Jelfrey, airily,
"such luxuries as are within your reach are
totally impossible to me. You may talk of,
and encourage, your admiration for the beauti-
ful ; I must curb and conquer mine."
"Poor Jelfrey 1" laughed Sir Neil, though
the blood coursed a little quicker in his veins ;
VOTi. I. E
50 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
" yet I am almost tempted to believe you, for you
did not exhibit one sign of admiration when
you were introduced to Miss Chester last
iiight."
*' Because a face strikes you as irresistible,
Sir Neil, must it necessarily strike everyone
else so ?"
" Yes — such a face as that. It is one whose
beauty is imquestionable ; about which there
can be no shade of doubt ; not like some, of
which you may hear a hundred different
opinions."
^^ As Miss Castillain's, for instance," put in
Mr. Jelfrey, smiling.
"Miss Castillain's !" sneered Sir Neil. "I
thought everyone agreed in calling her hand-
some. Why, man, every feature she possesses
is as clearly cut as if she had been the prize
model among statiles of Prigs."
"I hardly know how they would be cut
tinder the circumstances," replied Jelfrey,
with a slow, sinister smile; "but, when I
spoke, I referred to Miss Marjorie Castillain."
" Oh 1" rejoined the Baronet, carelessly.
SOWING THE BITTEB SEED. 51
An odd look passed over the totor^s fiuse,
half trimnpliant, half soomfbl.
'*Who would imagine^ Sir NeO,** he said,
^that yon appreciate yonr nnrivalled advan-
tagefi? Who would helieve that yon felt
yourself engaged to the ^richest girl in the
county — at least, the one who wiU be the
richest — and living under the same roof with
the most beautiful ; and — ^luckiest of all — that
yon knew yon had power to charm both ?"
^ I do not know it," returned Neil, moodily.
^I do," put in Jdfirey, while he keenly
watched his companion's &ce; ''one part is
undoubtedly done already, the other nearly
so, I presume."
And then Sir Neil, taken unawares, and
led on by Jelfirey's quiet interest and atten-
tion, was won to tell him how openly Lina
avoided him.
" Shy," decided Jelfrey, promptly. ** I saw
it in her face last ni^t. But that will surely
not discourage you. Sir Neil? Why, such a
girl as that is just the one to like you all
the better for a dauntiess persistency. She
e2
52 VICTOR AND VANQXnSHED.
will hardly notice it herself, but, unconsciously,
your courtesy will grow pleasant to her' — then
necessary."
" I do not fancy it," Neil answered, thought-
fully. "I never saw a girl who could be
80 entirely and quietly independent, yet be
so small, and gentle, and loveable. By the
way, Jelfrey," he added, suddenly turning
to look into his companion's face, "did you
ever see Miss Chester before last night ?"
*' 1 1 — ^I see her before ? Never !" exclaimed
Eustace, uttering the glib lie very hurriedly.
" I beg your pardon, then. It was a stupid
suspicion of mine."
"And can you really be discouraged. Sir
Neil," asked the tutor, as if glad to leave that
subject, ** and let the shy diffidence of a girl —
childish, misdirected pride perhaps, or, more
likely still, a disguise for other feelings— chill
you in trying to amuse yourself in her society
until you go back to town ? From what you
have told me of Miss Chester, I take her to
be just one to be readily moved by constant
attention from such as you; and if she is
not, I think I can help you."
SOWISQ THE BTETER SEED. S3
^How?" questioned Sir Neil, quiddy.
^I can do it^" Jelfii^j answered, slowly,
^'bnt I will not interfere unless yon reqidie
my help ; and yon need not reqoire it nnless
yon choose. I am an older man than your-
self Sir Neil, by half a score of years at
least, and after a large eiq>erience — which
I have gained by knocking abont the world
as few men have done — ^I give yon one piece
of advice for winning this girl^s admiration.
Persist steadily in showing yonr admiration for
her. Now I mnst go. I was anxious to see
Lady Atheist on, but, as she is out, I will not
stay. Perhaps I may meet her."
Eustace Jelfrev walked back down the
avenue, and Neil sauntered round the house
until he was tain to give up the hope of Lina*s
coming out again; then he ordered his horse
and cantered out into the road. Ins tiioughts
retaking their old se1fKX>mplacency, and shaping
themselves almost as they had done the night
before.
" Yes, mine wiQ decidedly be a double game.
Odd that the resistance seems, after all, as if it
54 VICTOR AND VANQXnSHED.
were going to make the one part only all the
more attractive, and that, where there is most
to win, the part should be so easy. Well, my
experience in women is pretty wide, and I
generally find their smiles ready enough."
55
CHAPTER IV.
MARJORIE.
" "nOR me, Martin ? Was the card sent to
^ me?"
The corpulent, middle-aged butler at High
Athelston, who had made an unusual exertion
for Lina, told her that Miss Castillain's card
had been especially sent to Miss Chester ; and
then, hoping she fully appreciated the compli-
ment he had paid her by bringing it himself,
backed slowly from Lady Athelston's boudoir,
where the girl sat arranging countless and
many-coloured diamonds of satin^or the cushions
which Lady Athelston delighted to make.
" Marjorie CastillainJ^
Lina read the words on the card as she
56 VICTOR AND VANQXnSHED.
rose. '*Some message for Lady Athelston, I
suppose, which she will not trust to a servant*
But I wonder she even knew my name."
And as Lina said it, walking slowly down
the wide stairs, a flush spread over the delicate
face to which the pallor was so much more
natural than the bloom.
As she entered the first drawing-room, a
lady came forward from one of the windows,
with her hand outstretched. There was some-
thing in the first meeting of these two girls
which made them feel that it was not quite an
ordinary meeting, though neither understood
what this something was. Each was anxious
to read the nature of the other, yet there was
no curiosity, no inquisitiveness. On the one
side there was frankness, yet no patronage;
on the other a shrinking silence that was not
timidity ; on the one a gay lightness, yet no
flippancy; on the other an earnestness that
was almost sad. As for the faces, and what
was written there, they were read at once.
Miss Castillain's great eyes took in Lina's
nature at a glance; and Lina knew in after-
k
MARJORIE. 57
years that her first impression of Marjorie
Castillain had been true and exact. The two,
'without being widely different, were an artistic
contrast to each other. Marjorie Castillain was
not a beautiful girl, yet there was a wonderful
grace in her tall and lissom figure; a power
almost beyond beauty in her bright, restless
face; a power quite beyond beauty in her
character, contradictory as it was ; fearless
though gentle, thoughtful yet gay, earnest and
sincere, beyond all words, where she once set
her heart to love or to aid; humble and grateful
for any love or care that might be given her ;
yet rebellious and defiant enough at times to
try all love to the uttermost. This was Marjo-
rie, witk all her contradictions; disclosing in her
face, as she stood there in the April sunshine
which brightened the long luxurious room, a
specimen of girl-nature such as one rarely meets
— ^not on account of the rarity of any one of its
qualities, but on account of the rarity of finding
them together.
"When a strange family settles in this
neighbourhood, Miss Chester, all the surround-
58 VICTOR AND VANQXnSHED.
ing families make a point of calling," she be-
gan, with characteristic frankness; "so when
a strange lady comes, I feel it to be the duty
of other ladies to do the same. And here I
am — such an old friend of Lady Athelston's
and Sir Neil's, that you must let me be your
friend too."
"You are very good," began Lina, feeling
the tears starting, more at the bright, gentle
kindness of Miss Castillain's eyes than at her
friendly words.
" Good 1" she echoed, laughing. " Do not say
that until you know me."
" I will say it again, then," answered Lina,
gently.
"Never. Nobody ever says it who knows
me. I do not say I am not good — ^I have a
private opinion of my own that I am so, only not
appreciated. My own sister, for instance, when-
ever there is anything to say against me she
does say it with such a relish. But you will
soon find that out when you know her. Her
name is Louisa-an ugly name, isn't it 1"
MABJORIE. 59
'^ I do not like it very much,'' modified Lina,
as an answer was expected.
^^ No, of coarse not. Still it has the advan-
tage of being a name joa occasionally hear ;
while mine — ^ugh ! Marjorie I Don't you picture
an old nnrse in a mob cap? What an insnltit was
to my futare prospects when, in my incapacity,
they gave me the name of an old dame Castil-
lain who lived two hundred years ago. It wonld
not have mattered if they could have given me
her beauty too ; but to give me the name with-
out it !— cruel, wasn't it. Miss Chester?"
'^I think it depends on what she was like,"
smiled Lina.
"I did always long for beauty," replied
Marjorie, her eyes vety bright and earnest as
she looked into her companion's lovely face;
"but 1 am outgrowing those envious fancies
now. I ought to, ought I not, as I approach
the awfiil shadow that hovers about the age of
one score and ten, much more terrible to a wo-
man than the three score and ten ?"
" I shall be thirty in three years," said Lina,
simply.
60 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
*' Shall you 1" echoed Marjorie, her eyes fiill of
astonishment as they rested upon the small, girl-
ish figure. " But you should not put it so ; you
should say you are * more than twenty.' Every
age is beautiful for a beautiful woman."
"Still it is very near thirty," smiled Lina,
wondering at the earnestness in Miss Castillain's
voice.
"I am as near your age as possible, Miss
Chester," she said, forbearing to tell her age —
which was three years younger — as many
girls would have done if they had been three
years older; "and I do not think it so awful
now as I did before 1 came. There, I said
* awful ' again, didn't I ? I have got into a way
of using slang words, which makes papa get
furious — but then it does not take very much to
make him furious with me — and Louisa suffers
terrible mental spasms. Have you heard about
my father, Miss Chester ?"
**No," answered Lina, a little jsurprised.
" Haven't you ? Well, you soon will. He's
odder than you can imagine, unless you are
extraordinarily gifted in the imagination line..
MARJORIE. 61
He is a caution I — oh ! Miss Chester, I really did
not mean to say it, it pops out in spite of me.
At first I used to say these words just to provoke
the old folks at home — that means my father and
Louisa — ^but somehow now they seem to have got
the mastery over me, and crop up continually.
But now I want to tell you as much as I can of
Churchill lore while I am here. You have passed
through the prim, old-fashioned town. You
might be inclined to think it insignificant after
London, but you would be woefully mis-
taken, I can assure you. It has legends which
rival those of Winchester and Canterbury ; and
it is historical too. Why, years and years ago,
the Queen came here as Princess Victoria. And
not only that, but when the mayor had read an
address firom her loyal subjects, &c., and she
congratulated him and them on their pictm*-
esque town, saying, ' Yours is a very old town,
Mr. Mayor.' The Mayor (Mayors are obliged to be
self-possessed in the presence of Royalty, and
well-informed as the mouth-piece of the people)
answered, quite readily, * Yes, Mdam^ it has emr
hem considered so.' Why laugh, Miss Chester,
62 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
at wbat I think a solemn retrospect? Could
you believe that mj &ther heard it, and knew
Mr. Mayor, and lived ? But my &ther would
live through anything, I do believe. He is an
extraordinary and unusual man, you see, and I
am naturally proud of him. It is not every
girl, is it, Miss Chester," Maijorie asked, in her
fresh young happy voice, " whose &ther is an
inveterate, mean, successful miser ?"
« I hope not."
** You hope not ? That must be because yon
know so little of the subject. Just think what
a splendid thing it is to die worth twice as much
as you were worth when you came of age.
Think what a radiance the circumstance casts
around a dying bed I You have heard of the
man who ^ lived a poor man lest a poor he diedf '
Well, my father is just such a lunatic. Pleasant
and unselfish, isn't it, when he lives withothers^
and must die alone?"
"But if he saves for others?" questioned
Lina.
" Whoever he saves it for, it is a selfish and
narrow idea," replied Marjorie, resolutely ; " but.
MABJORIE. 63
though I tell him so, he never improves under
my teaching. Now what do you think happen-
ed, even within my memory ? fle was coming
home up the park one day, in just the miserly,
shabby clothes he wears about his place, when
he met an old beggar-man coming down from
the house. This beggar of course thought he
recognized a fellow-creature in similarly ex-
treme penury, and advised him, with a know-
ing wink — that is another word I ought not to
use — to make haste up, because a young lady
was about who had given him sixpence, and
that, if the old governor had been there, he
would have had him turned off the grounds.
My honoured parent saw the mistake, and en-
couraged it. * Are you sure you did get a six-
pence V he said. * Show it up.' The man ex-
hibited it in his dirty palm, and the Squire— his
great-great-grandfather once sold all his plate
and jewels, and laid a purse of forty thousand
pounds in the lap of his hunted and impover-
ished queen ! — took the coin out of the dirty
hand, pocketed it coolly, and went chuckling
up to the house, telling the man that the old
64 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
governor would have him turned off the groands.
Then he came straight in and scolded me for an
hour. Oh I I felt so benevolent after that ! I
could not tell you what good deeds I was
perpetually performing while the inflnence was
upon me. Do you feel as if you knew a little of
my respected parent's peculiarities now, Miss
Chester ? If you happen to come up to the
Manor some day, and see an old man felling
trees, you may bo pretty sure that that is the
Squire. I have known people accost him at his
work, and ask if Mr. Castillain was up at the
house. He saves a man's wages by this, you
know, and that is a consideration. By these
and other means, he has succeeded in amassing
an immense fortune for each of his daughters.
I shall have a little more than Louisa, because
my Godfather left me two or three thousand
pounds last year ; but that seems to make very
little diiference when we each inherit about
seven thousand a year. So we cannot be
jealous of each other, can we? Ohl no, we
never are. When I hear Louisa's beauty
praised, I only sigh and say I wish it were
MABJORIE. 65
more than skin deep ; and when she hears me
rebuked, she only sighs too, and says, 'Poor Mar-
joriel it is a pity she cannot be like other young
ladies.' I hope you have not an elder sister.
Miss Chester ; and I not only hope it for your
sake, but for hers too," added Marjorie, with a
comic seriousness, as she gazed at the lovely
face opposite her.
"No, I have no sister; but 1 have always
thought it a misfortune instead of a matter of
congratulation."
" Well, let me advise you from henceforth to
rejoice about it," returned Marjorie, concisely
" for I have had wide experience, and I say that
elder sisters are a mistake of nature. Oh! I
shall be awfully glad when Louisa marries!
Why are you smiling ! I said ' awfully,' did
I? What a bore! I meant exceedingly
glad. I suppose — of course " — (Miss Castillaiu
faltered a little, but not nervously, for her eyes
were full of fun) " Lady Athelston has told you
that I am engaged to Sir Neil, has she ?"
The question was asked so debonnairly that
— being what it was — it took Lina by sui-
VOL. I. F
66 VICTOR AND VANQinSHED.
prise, and she could not help showing this.
Marjorie laughed merrily.
'' Didn't she? I wonder at that, because she
generally takes the very earliest opportunity of
telling the little fact to everyone whom it
doesn't in the least concern, just as if she were
preparing a mass of witnesses for a possible
breach of promise case. Yes, I have been en-
gaged to Sir Neil for — how long f — three years
at least ; and I don't know whyy any more to-
day than I did on the day he proposed to me.
Very handsome he looked, I remember, and
very chilly it was in the Autumn woods. But
we did promise to love each other, and that
sort of thing. I think we considered it rather
a jolly arrangement — I beg your pardon, I
mean rather an amicable sort of arrangement.
As we had so long been badgered into it— I
mean teased into it — I suppose we thought it
best to get it done, and so we did it. Still,
there was romance in the matter, too. I don't
know whether there wasn't more romance
than there is in the generality of cases ; in-
deed, I am inclined to feel sure there was.
MARJORIE. 67
Neil was so very nice, and looked so — so like
a baronet with a rent-roll of ten thousand a
year, and the lion of the last season ; and I
was so very much obliged to him, because 1
wasn't the belle of any season, and never shall
inherit in my own right a magnificent place
like High Athelston. I was mildly pleased and
grateful ; and so you have no idea what a satis-
factory and romantic matter it was altogether,
and how the nation rejoiced over it — I mean
the county. Canyon fancy it? The mothers of
the penniless daughters, who had been absurd
enough to fancy that Sir Neil Athelston had
enough without my paltry seven thousand a
year, and the penniless bachelors who had fan-
cied that that paltry seven thousand might help
them to bear the expense of matrimony I Can
you fancy it ?"
" Not at all," said Lina, merrily.
" Some day," continued Marjorie, *' I really
must show you the spot where * the low-breathed
vow was uttered.' I forget whether it was low-
breathed, but, at any rate, it was a vow, and I
suppose we are bound to keep it ' till death u«
f2
(i8 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
do part' — I didn't mean to say that; I hate
using those words too familiarlj. That was
three years ago. Neil must have been quite
young — what age?"
" I could calculate better if I knew what age
he is now," said Liua.
" He is twenty-five this Summer."
" Two years younger than myself," put in
Lina, almost unconsciously.
"Yes, he was born with the June roses — I
like to express myself poetically whenever an
opportunity occurs. Then he must have been
twenty-two when he did it. How young to
plight his troth for good and all I How young
to have discovered the advantages of marrying
one of Squire Castillain's daughters ! But, after
all," continued Marjorie, with comic gravity,
" my greatest surprise is how he could have had,
at that age, sufficient discernment to choose me,
and steer clear of the acid mixture with which
a marriage with my esteemed sister would have
filled his cup of happiness ! Let me see, did I
like or dislike him most on that romantic day I
am telling you of?"
MARJORIE. 69
*' Oh I Miss Castillain I" cried Lina, really-
shocked.
"I forget," decided Marjorie, evidently in-
tensely amused by Lina's surprise. " I can
only remember thinking how well he walked
over the ugly dead leaves, and that walking
beside him there was rather a pleasant sensa-
tion — only cold."
"But now?"
" Oh ! now — whatever it may have been then
— I dislike him a good deal."
•* Oh I Miss Castillain, and engaged to him 1"
" And engaged to him — yes, Miss Chester,"
she answered. "Were you going to observe
that such engagements are desecrations of our
most beautiful law ? I know it, and I am sure
it ought to be written in our prayer-books — in
larger letters than that * a man may not marry
his grandmother ' — that ' a man may not marry
the woman he does not love.' Don't you think
so?"
" I hope there are few such engagements. Miss
Castillain," said Lina, seriously.
"Do you?" inquired Marjorie, with a curious
70 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
questioning in her eyes. ** And I know there
are many — more, at any rate, than yon and I
can dream of in onr philosophy. There is
something very amusing about everything con-
nected with onr approaching marriage," she
continued, laughing. '^It is one of the few
things from which 1 can glean a joke or two in
spite of papa and Louisa. It is fun to know
that it 18 so widely published that I can never
have the opportunity of refusing any other
Huitor; and it is fun to know that Lady Athel-
ston is in a mildly chronic state of dread lest it
should not come off! Poor, dear old lady I I
wish I thought it would make her less deaf for
her son to have a wife he cannot manage, or
that it would shed roses under her lazy feet !
Poor old lady ! I cannot help saying it, though
I do really like her very well, and am sorry for
her too — just as I should be sorry to see a sub-
stantial branch of ivy, with years and years of
life in it, obstinately determined to cling to a
hop-pole."
^' Does that represent Sir Neil 1" asked Lina,
smiling.
MABJORIE. 71
" No ; the hop-pole has a wider significance.
Lady Athelston must cling to some one ; so,
though her son will not act the oak which is
needed, she still clings to him, varying the per-
formance by attaching herself to that gorgon of
a maid of hers, or to Louisa, who is sufficiently
gifted to pour a constant stream of scandal into
that blessed trumpet — I mean, that trumpet —
and most especially of all to Mr, Jelfrey from
the Anchorage, who is more gifted still, in a
hundred ways. He is a clever fellow though,
really, and want^s — wants one of Mr. Castillain's
daughters for his wife."
"Which one?" asked Lina, laughing at
Marjorie's method of putting the case.
" Well, it does not, perhaps, signify muchf
because their wealth is so nearly equal. He
would like at any rate to have the two strings
ready drawn on his bow, so that, when one
snaps, there is the other all ready. Don't you
admire his infinite tact t"
"If it is tact," said Lina, quietly.
" Such tact I consider sufficient to place him
on the highest pinnacle of greatness in these
12 Ti-rr«:^ axi> vaxuCESHEXk
daT3^ But I can ncTer give too half an idea
how exqidsitelT clever Mr. Jelfrey is. I can
ocIt hope the knowledge will gradually dawn
upon TOO. It would take years to gauge the
depth, and the height, and the width of his in-
tellect. He is certainly only a tutor, but — jok-
ing asidep-he is wonderfully more than tiiat
too ; and then he is undeniably handsome^ and it
is not always that one can meet a Teiy hand-
some, and Tery gentlemanly, and reiy dever
man, eh V
^* Bnt you dislike him T* inquired Lina, gas-
ing eagerly, almost entreatingly into Marjorie's
face.
" No,** Marjorie answered, readily, "I do not;
I hate him. I have often said I hate Neil
too ; bat I am not sure about that, though they
are friends. * Show me a man^s friends '—do
you remember? — *and I wiU tell yoii what
the man himself is.' There is something, though,
in Neil's nature which makes me think that he
might be better; just the same thing, however,
may prove that he might be worse. I have
never yet seen any better part dominant, and
MARJORIE. 73
I have often seen the worse ; so I am only get-
ting deeper and deeper into the Slough of Dis-
like. How do you like him ?"
The question was asked so suddenly that
Lina's answer sounded chill and deliberate
after it.
" Do not ask me, please. Sir Neil Athelston
and I are such utter stangers."
" You will not be utter strangers for long,
Miss Chester," Marjorie said, wondering a little at
the proudness of the reply. " It does not take
long to sound the depths of such a nature as Sir
Neil Athelston's, 1 think ; at any rate, as far as I
have been able yet to judge."
" I should fancy you could judge best of all,
Miss Castillain."
** 1 do not know; I am not sure, but I fancy you
may know him before I do."
She spoke quite gravely, though the speech
meant nothing but a random surmise. But so
unnaturally pained and proud Lina's face grew
at the few words, that Miss Castillain bitterly
regretted them.
*' We talk of our wedding sometimes," resumed
74 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
Maijoric,in herown lighttones agaiD, "and we try
to be so aDxions over it, and fail so beantifully.
I choose Africa for our wedding-tour, because
other married couples don't go there, and because
Neil likes to do what the Grundies do. I rarely
begin the subject, though. Do you know why ?**
" I can guess," smiled Lina.
'* Can you ? That's right ; because I am not
going to tell you — till I have told Neil himself.
Oh, if my father thought there was any hitch
— I hope that is not slang — ^in our prospects,
he would lock me up for a year at least ; and
Louisa would tell the world in a bewailing tone,
and be supremely happy. Miss Chester, haven't
I cause to love, honour, &c., my father, who
never utters a loving word to me from morning
to night, and only remembers my existence
just as an agent in this marriage ; while he
knows the Athelstons are a selfish, dissipated,
unprincipled race ? 1 do not think there ever
will be a good and upright master here until the
old name dies out; and there does not seem
much prospect of that, does there, when you
MARJORIE. 75
look at the stalwart figure of the present baro-
net r
" There may be an Athelston, even yet, who
will redeem all," said Lina Chester, with a
grave, inexplicable sadness.
" There may ; but it does not seem rery like-
ly, BOW tliat tfeey haver borne the same reputa-
tion for centuries. Neil knows it ; indeed he
rather boasts of it, and says they have gradual-
ly got worse up to the present representative.
Oh, I doubly hate him when he says such things!
The last baronet but one was awfully wild — I
mean was very wild. He married a beauty, the
heiress of a cotton prince. You can see still
that Lady Athelston has been a beauty. He
died only a few weeks after his marriage, of
typhus fever, on his wedding-tour. Can't you
fancy what an incapable nurse his wife was ?
Serve him right ! In a year's time the next
baronet (that one's cousin) married her. He
was a reckless, dissipated fellow, and, they say,
hastened his own death ; but he lived until his
only son (Neil) came of age, and he educated
him on his own model.''
76 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
" Was the last baronet — ^I mean the last but
one — at all like the present one in appearance!"
asked Lina, rather earnestly.
''Like Neil? Oh dear, no; quite a contrast
in appearance, as you may see by the portraits
of him here ; there are plenty of them, aren't
there? He was handsome enough, high-bred,
and distinguished-looking in the extreme ; but
he was, for all that, no credit to any family. He
stood out as unprincipled, even among the un-
principled Athelstons. He was just one of
those cool, persuasive men, in whose power it
lies to work more than the average share of
wrong, and to be unsuspected of it."
" I thought so," answered Lina, uncon-
sciously.
"Yes, I daresay you have heard of him.
Neil's father was a random, hare-brained, selfish
fellow, bent on his own aims and pleasures —
just as Sir Gerard was — but openly and avow-
edly so, like Neil ; and the wrong he did, every-
body knew he did. Do you understand this
difference ?"
^' Thoroughly."
MARJORIE. 77
" And now I have told you enough of them,
haven't I ? Let us dismiss them with your hope
that there may some day be a worthy Athelston
of High Athelston. Unlikely as it seems, we
may as well indulge ourselves in the notion of
the possibility. Whom else shall I tell you of?
Mr. Jorden, the Rector, with his large head,
and his large heart, and his large wife, and his
small daughter? And I say no wonder his head
is large, when it is crammed with all the con-
fessions of his flock ; and no wonder his heart is
large, when it holds comfort for everybody ; and
no wonder his wife is large, when she does no-
thing all day ; and no wonder his daughter is
small, when she has been brought up as a tiny
precious pearl of inestimable value, which, if
lost sight of by the parents, would be immedi-
ately swallowed up by the great gaping dragon
of a world that lies beyond Churchill. She is
not a bad little creature, only you will know of
what sort, when I tell you she writes little
three-cornered notes about nothing, and signs
them always ' Emmie J.' If I could just live to
see one of her letters uncrossed, and signed ' E.
78 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
Jorden/ I should have some hope of her. An-
other thing is, that she thinks all women are
made to be smiled at and petted, like kittens,
and that all men delight in doing the smiling
and petting part. I often wonder whether her
notions, or mine, are nearer the truth."
" Hers may be true as regards some women
and some men," laughed Lina.
" Yes, I suppose so ; and I hope mine are true
as regards other women and other men. Miss
Jorden is the type of the weak-minded girls of
Highshire, as my sister Louisa is the type of
the strong-minded. Ugh I no wonder men are
to be found who think scorn of either extreme.
But, hpropos of Miss Jorden, she is setting her
cap now — with all its bows flying — at Mr. Jel-
frey. It used to be at Sir Neil, but she got
tired. Not that I blame her for setting her cap
at any one," broke off Marjorie, flushing a little
in her laughter, " we all do it, of course. It is
an exclusive Woman's Right."
"Do you, Miss Castillain?" inquired Lina,
gently laughing.
*' I ? Indeed I do. My cap is almost worn
MARJORIE. 79
out now from its frequent setting; and you
should see Louisa's I"
"But you have not told me yet about Colonel
Stuart and the Anchorage," put in Lina, when
she was grave again.
** Oh, I cannot tell you about him because —
because I never know how to describe him. He
is— bald.''
" Very little," said Lina, wondering at the
new, restless earnestness she detected in her
visitor s tone. " I have seen him."
" Have you I Do you like his face I"
" Very much."
" You could hardly help it, could you I But,"
added Marjorie, with a sudden careless men'i-
ment, " he is bald, you see ; or, as little Jack
Esdaile said, when he came from abroad, and
saw his uncle, * He has another forehead on the
top of his head.' "
**I do not think I noticed it," said Lina,
laughing.
'* Didn't you? Why, one part of his head
shines just like a mirror ; and the other day
when I saw a speck settled there in bold relief,
80 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
I had to go away, for fear of being too strong-
ly tempted to dust the glistening surface for
him."
" Oh, hush !" cried Lina.
" It is odd that so many men grow bald quite
young, isn't it?" resumed Marjorie, demurely.
" Do women grow bald too, and hide it with
caps and chignons? or haven't they enough
brain to work its way through ? Well, it is a
happy thing for me that Neil Athelston is not
at all likely to lose any of his hair till he is
about ninety, (colonel Stuart's story is rather
a romance, Miss Chester. Shall I tell it you I
His sister married the only son of a man sup-
posed to be the richest merchant in London, but
who died insolvent. And because, before this,
Colonel Stuart had heard — or found out, or
guessed, or something — that Captain Esdaile's
only sister, a delicate, gentle girl of seventeen,
was — was — what shall I say ? — fond of him —
loved him (not as Miss Jorden loves Eustace
Jelfrey, but as Viola loved the Duke of Illyria),
he came forward (now that her father was dead
and her brother going back to Australia, and
MARJORIE. 81
she penniless), and married her, and brought
her here, to be as happy as the day was long at
the Anchorage. Poor little thing I In the
midst of all her happiness she died before they
had been married quite a year. Are you tired
Miss Chester ? — ^you look so very white."
"Only as I always do," answered Lina,
simply ; but she drew her hand across her fore-
head, with a kind of weary bewilderment.
" Soon after that," went on Marjorie, " Mrs.
Esdaile and her little boy came to England, and
they have lived with Colonel Stuart ever since.
Captain Esdaile is working in the diamond fields
now, but I hope he will be able to come back
soon. They say he has always been a stern,
hard man, but I call him just and upright. I
believe he was terribly hard on some man who
forged his father's name when they were rich ;
still I do not judge by that, because sin deserves
its punishment. But all this only tires you;
and you look as if you had grown terribly tired
of me during the last few minutes. So those
are all at the Anchorage, except the tutor with
whom Miss Jorden is smitten ; that isn't slang,
VOL. I. G
82 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
and I don't feel compunction at telling her
secret. When she herself doesn't keep it, what
respect can I have for it I"
" Then Colonel Stuart was a widower within
a year of his marriage-day ?" asked Lina.
" Yes. Wouldn't it be awful to marry a
widower ! One would always be mentally com-
pared, disadvantageously, with the first wife ;
because of course all the bad qualities of a wife
are forgotten after she is dead. I wouldn't be
any child's step-mother, or any man's step-
wife."
" Colonel Stuart has no child, has he !" asked
Lina, laughing.
"No," returned Marjorie, the reply X'ather
hurried. " But I did not say I was thinking
then of Colonel Stuart. It is a terrible fact to
think how safely he has cast anchor as an old
bachelor-widower. I was merely rehearsing
my determination never to be anyone's second
love."
"Girls often make those determinations, and act
exactly in opposition," remarked Lina. "Not girls
like me. Now I will tell you Colonel Stuart'slatest
MARJORIE. 83
freak ? He has brought an artist — not at all a
first (but rather a fifth) rate artist — down here
to take some sketches for illustrating a book
Colonel Stuart's father wrote about Highshire.
He found him out by buying a sketch that was
for sale ; for no one told o^ or recommended,
him. This artist has one of the cottages in
Nether Lane, and he lives there in such a queer
huggery-muggery way (I hope that's a real
word). The oddest thing is that, though of
course he is getting a good deal of money — at
least, I suppose Colonel Stuart would give him
a respectable sum — he still lives as if he were as
poor as he could be. His name is Spendir ; but
you must understand how he lives, and how
rarely he makes a purchase, before you can
folly appreciate the dainty irony of the name.
Fitz Spendir — isn't it an odd name altogether ?
He too is a widower, I presume (not that any
one in Highshire knows or cares about it), for
he has a little boy who calls him father ; a boy
quite as old as Jack Esdaile, so that the father
must have been tremendously young — I mean
very young — when he married, for he cannot be
g2
84 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
above thirty now. There are only two cottages
in Nether Lane, side by side," Marjorie continued,
lightly, " and they are such a contrast now. The
woman who lives in one is a widow, though a
perfect old maid for neatness, and primness, and
acidity. Poor thing ! she has had a cloud up-
on her way for years, and I do not mean to
complain of her. Her home is a picture of
order, and contains more of everything than
she can possibly need through her lifetime ;
whereas Mr. Spendir's is bare, and bleak, and
desolate, containing only just meagre neces-
saries ; but, to make up, there are bookshelves
and pictures and cheffoniers and things actually
painted on the walls, to represent real furniture.
I rather like the idea — don't you ? A queer life
they seem to live there, the father and son, with
no womankind to look after them, no one to do
anything for either of them but the other."
*' Perhaps their neighbour helps them," sug-
gested Lina.
" Mrs. Cheere help them !" echoed Marjorie,
laughing. "Why, they wage perpetual guer-
illa warfare! She considers it an insult that
MARJORIE. 85
they were allowed to have the cottage next to
hers, and she scolds at them — she would not
condescend even to scold to them — at every op-
portunity. I take a great interest in them, Miss
Chester," added Marjorie, rather gravely ; " and
I long to know how they manage, and if they
are very wretched " .
** Do they look so ?" questioned Lina.
'* No, I think not. Of course the house looks
very odd and comfortless ; but the artist is not
peculiar at all, and the boy, though a rather
strong contrast to bright little petted Jack
Esdaile, is not more odd than many other boys
about Churchill. I got Colonel Stuart to take
me, and introduce me, and show me the pic-
tures, because I inherit my mother's curiosity —
Eve's, of course, I mean — and I remember how
chilly the room felt when the mystery of its
furniture was laid bare. Yet I have a more
vivid remembrance of it than of many hand*-
some rooms. There was a rather barren tea-
table, a hungry boy, a great grey cat, and a
restless, satirical, bearded man. By the way,
would you like to go, Miss Chester, and see
86 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
these sketches, which we are all expected to be
interested in ?"
" Very ranch," assented Lina.
" Then let me take you. But I forgot to tell
you that Mr. Spendir sings beautifully — he cer-
tainly doesn't paint beautifully, so do not think
him a paragon ; — I have not only heard of it,
but I have really heard him. 1 was told one
night that Mrs. Cheere — the woman who lives
next door — was ill, so I went to see her. While
I was there, I heard a man's voice singing in a
kind of lazy, desultory way, as if the man himself
were very busy ; you know that sort of singing,
I listened at once, eager to hear. Oh, it toas
singing ! And what do you think it was ? —
Mendelssohn's ' If with all your hearts ;' and —
and — " Miss Castillaiu stammered a little, as
she wondered whether it was fancy which had
brought that strange, still look of pain into
Lina's eyes — " and of course you would have
thought then that he was goody, or classical, or
something of that kind; but I had no sooner left
Dorcas's cottage, on purpose that I might lin-
ger outside and hear more, than he went straight
MARJORIE. 87
off into * Somebody's courting somebody.'
Colonel Stuart came up just then, and we stop-
ped together to hear. I was not disappointed in
the change of air," added the girl, laughing,
" because that last was such a pleasant assur-
ance, wasn't it ?"
" Why ?" asked Lina, absently.
"Why? I should have thought, being a
woman, you would have seen the consolation
of it. If nobody was courting anybody, the
world would be so very neutrally tinted ; don't
you think so? The finished way in which
he sang even that was rare," added Marjorie,
watching intently the wistful expression on
Lina's face, "particularly rare in these parts.
But how long I am staying I You will go with
me there, and to other places, I hope. I should
like you to give me as much of your time as
you can, and will. It will be but little, I know,
as Lady Athelston is very exacting with every
one on whom she is dependent."
"You mean on those who are dependent
upon her?" asked Lina, a little proudly yet
sadly.
88 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
" ^o, I mean what I said. She vnll soon
grow to be entirely dependent upon you ; any-
one with a strong will, or indeed with any will
at all, can wind her round their little finger.
And so her conduct depends entirely on
whose little finger she is round pro tern. His
mother's incapacity is some slight excuse for
Neil. He has had no advantages of early train-
ing, or of home influence, or whatever people
call it. In that he is to be pitied, but in nothing
else. How do you get on with the trumpet I"
"Pretty well, I think," replied Lina,
smiling.
" That's right ; but of course you would. Now
I make perpetual blunders. Only the other day,
when I was tired to death of bawling to her,
and, to relieve myself, said aside to Neil what a
bore it was, I found I had not taken my mouth
from the trumpet ; so each word was uttered
right into her ear. Can you imagine my sensa-
tions when she slowly laid down her trumpet
and began to weep ? You will never commit such
blunders as that, and I am sure you will soon
gain a good influence over her. Shall you think
MAR.TORIE. 81*
me impertinent if I give you just one word of
warning?"
" I shall think you very kind," said Lina,
truthfully.
" Do not ever be taken into the confidence
of Mr. Jelfrey, or allow him to patronize you ;
and do not ditto ditto as regards Lady Athel-
Bton's maid."
" I do not think 1 shall ever feel inclined
to do either," replied Lina, promptly.
^* That is all right, then. You will soon
feel at home here, and, whatever friends you
may make, you will always, 1 hope, look upon
me as one of the most — what? — one of the
oldest, at all events. Do not look sad ; High
Athelston i^ a splendid place -to live in, and
there are no more snakes in the grass of
this park than of many others. But it is
easy to be brave and hopefiil for each other,
isn't it? And you will say that neither you
nor I, though we stand here so pleasantly,
know the bitterness of each other's heart.
Never mind, it wears away at last. Now
good-bye. Tell Neil we are expecting him
90 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
to-night at Hawkcdale — anxiously, eagerly,
wearily."
And with these words, and a bright laugh,
Marjorie went away.
" I wish I could have asked her a few ques-
tions," she thought, as she drove her old pony
down the avenue; **but, somehow, she had
a look in her face that prevented me, and
that made me talk on indefatigably all the
time I stayed. She will think I only went
to chatter. That does not signify; that is
a very small mistake among the many sur-
rounding me. I went for the purpose of trying
to make her feel herself at home with me;
and though I don't expect that I have suc-
ceeded — because success rarely does crown
any of my efforts — still I cannot have done
much harm, I think."
91
CHAPTER V.
NIGHT m NETHER LANE.
A LL that evening there was a strange nerv-
-*^ ousness about Lina Chester, a dreamy
wonder in her eyes, and an odd watchfulness and
listening in every act and glance. She and
Lady Athelston dined alone in the brilliant
lamplight; Martin and the twin canaries —
as Marjorie Castillain called the footmen —
waiting as noiselessly and deferentially as if
there had been a row of guests on either side
the table.
To Lina, no meal had ever seemed so
long before ; but at last the dessert was on
the table, and she caught herself looking
across into Lady Athelston's face with eager
92 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
anxiety. But Lady Atlielston only eipped
her wine, and played languidly with the forced
fruits which had cost bo much labour and ex-
pense. So the minutes passed.
"Did you look out that account of the
wedding for me. ]Miss Chester ?" she asked
at last; and Lina nodded with a smile.
An answering smile broke in Lady Athel-
ston's sleepy eyes, and the girl rejoiced to see
it.
" Then we will go." And she rose, and
took Lina's arm to cross the hall.
"Now you shall arrange my patchwork,"
she added, complacently, as she took her
seat beside the drawing-room fire, **and I
will read this to myself after tea."
Lina's heart beat joyfully. For Lady
Athelston to read anything to herself meant
for her to sleep long and soundly.
Under Lina's dexterous fingers, the many-
coloured diamonds formed themselves artisti-
cally ; all the better it seemed for the nervous
haste of the little hands. The twin canaries
brought in the tea, and Lina prepared Lady
NIGHT IN NETHER LANE. 93
Athelston's, sipping her own afterwards as
if with an effort. The trays were carried
away ; Lady Athelston read a few sentences ;
and then Lina, watching her anxiously,
saw her drop calmly into one of those un-
ruffled sleeps which a book invariably induced
for her.
For a few moments the girl sat quite motion-
less, watching her ; then she rose and walked
noiselessly out of the room. Her very breath
was held as she ran up the lighted staircase,
where her foot-fall made no sound, and she
started back, trembling from head to foot,
when, close to her own room door, she came
upon Lady Athelston's hawk-eyed maid.
"You are in haste, Miss Chester; can I
assist you ?"
"No, thank you," answered Lina, nerv-
ously; "I have a headache, and I am going
to my room."
"I am sorry, Miss," replied Fletcher, re-
garding her very keenly ; " what shall I bring
you ?"
"Nothing, please — nothing, thank you,'^
94 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
fullered Lina ; *^ I only wish to rest, and
to be alone."
"My lady is tiring to be with long. I
am sure you find her so," insinuated '*my
lady's " faithful maid.
"I am not tired, only — ill," replied Lina,
unconsciously contradicting herself, as she
passed on into her own room.
With rapid fingers she changed her evening
dress for a black one ; then, with quickly-beating
heart, stood a moment listening. No sound ;
and she opened her door and crept down a side
staircase, and through the arched west-door,
near which Sir Neil had waited for her that
afternoon. Down the steps, from terrace to
terrace, she glided ; then crossed the park and
gained the path which led towards the limes
and the rookery.
Hastening along this, Lina never glanced
around her in the darkness until she reached
the green door among the trees, which led fi:om
the park into Nether Lane. Hastily she drew
the bolt, and passed out into the gloomy
little road, weird and shadowy even in day-
NIGHT IN NETHER LANE. 95
light, but now in dense and utter darkness.
Though she trembled as did the Spring
leaves above her, Lina went steadily on, until
she saw a light glimmering in the upper window
of a cottage standing back from the lane. Her
eyes were accustomed to the darkness now, and
the shadow of the trees was passed, so she
oould distinguish that two houses were built
together, and that the one farther from High
Athelston was in darkness.
"That light must be in the woman's bed-
room," she said, noiselessly lifting the latch of
the garden-gate. " Then this is the right one,
and the shutters are shut."
There was not a sound of the girl's cautious
footsteps on the gravel, but a little cry of joy
escaped her when she saw that, where the
shutters should have met, a ray of light
shone out into the night. Leaning with trem-
bling hands upon the window-sill, Lina gazed
eagerly through that slit in the imperfectly-
fitting shutters, from which the light crept
through to touch her warmly. There was
no blind to the window, and she could see
96 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
a portion of the bare little room, made distinct
and bright by the clear, pale light of a paraffin
lamp.
Full in this light, a boy of nine or ten sat at
a small table, on which a cloth was laid, with
two cups and saucers. His head was bent over
a book, and Lina could hear the monotonous,
childish voice. The sound made her heart
throb, as it proved that some one else was in the
room — some one to whom he must be reading.
She listened eagerly, hungering for another
voice ; but no sound interrupted the steady and
weariful flow of the reading.
She watched the little figure on its stiff chair,
the long delicate face, the ruffled hair, the thin
hand and wrist which the coairfileeve did
not cover. Every item was learned off by
heart ; and then again came the searching gaze
around the lighted room, as far as her eyes
could grasp it. No other figure came within
her sight ; for a long time no other voice
sounded; and she grew chill and dispirited,
though she never stirred, or faltered in her stead-
fast purpose.
NIGHT IN NETHER LANE. 97
But at last a voice came from the farther end
of the room — the voice, evidently, of a man who
was busy and engrossed — and the few quick
words made every nerve in Lina's fi-ame quiver
painfully.
" Put that book away now, Jet ; we have had
enough food for our minds to-night."
" Don't you like the book, father ?" the small
voice asked, earnestly.
. " Greatly,immensely — pretty well," quoted the
quick, engrossed voice; "but I like Crusoe better.
Where did you pick up that thrilling gem?"
" I bought it in a shop-window with my Satur-
day penny, dad."
" Oh I I see — the mortgaged penny for next
Saturday week. Now make the coflfee. I shall
not be long."
The boy put away his book, and, taking a
coffee-pot from the hob, put it on the fire.
After intently watching it as the coffee boiled
fine, he went back to his old seat, and, appa-
rently glad of a change of occupation, tookacomb
from his pocket, wrapped it in paper, and be-
gan to perform upon it. Not a soothing or
VOL. T. H
98 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
harmonious music would this instrument produce
at any time, but now it made Lina's head ache
acutely : still she stayed on, her ears strained
to listen for that other voice, her eyes strained
to see another form.
She followed " poor Mary Ann " to her grave.
She sojouraed for an indefinite period " in my
cottage near a wood." She listened while, for
an endless time, *' The Heavens were telling."
She would have grown really feverish in her
anxiety, only that a whistle now and then
joined in with the air, a man's whistle, clear and
true ; and when the child — to whom time was
rather a stumbling-block — made a worse than
ordinary mistake, the cheery voice stopped him
and put him right.
" Plenty, Jet," it called at last, as the boy
ended a melancholy strain; "isn't it rather
headachey ?"
" I like it, dad, and you are not ready for
supper."
" Like it, do ye ? Well, go on. Tune up."
Again the whistle joined in with its cheering
effect, — ^improvising variations now, — and Lina
listened without weariness. But as the whist-
NIGHT IN NETHER LANE. 99
ling became more energetic and florid, the comb
attempted more energy and floridness too, and
she felt that presently she should have to hold
her head.
*^ Suppose you get your violin, and practise
properly for a few minutes^ Jet ; that will do
you good," put in the pleasant, busy voice again.
** Oh, dad," pleaded the boy, fretfully, " it
makes my ears ache so."
" Peculiar ears. Then suppose you dish up
the herrings f "
**They are so small, dad," commented the
boy, dismally, as he pursued again his culinary
performances at the fire ; *' I could eat both of
them myself."
**I could eat half-a-dozen," was the readv
answer ; " but then it's wicked to overtax one's
digestive powers. So, under those circum-
stances, two are enough for both of us."
" When the woman came to sell them, you
said you only bought two because you hadn't
change, dad," insisted the boy, with a child's
desire to understand the motives of his elders.
" Of course I did. How could I possibly tell
h2
100 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
that she would not run away for ever with a
ten-pound note, if I gave it to her to change?"
A laugh, keen and slight, followed the
words, and Lina leaned forward more and
more eagerly.
" I expect they're done, dad," said the boy,
gravely examining the fish.
" Baste them a little, old fellow ; I shall not
be more than two minutes now."
"Only two minutes now," echoed Lina,
below her breath,
" Come, father, I'm sure they're done," whin-
ed the lad, with a certain patient tiredness
unusual in a child's voice and face. "Come
and look."
" Oh, nonsense ! You know whether they are
done, quite as well as I do myself."
"They are bubbling into bladders. Do let
us have supper now, dad. I am so sleepy and
so hungry, and it is such a while since tea, and
I had not very much then.''
" Jet, you are one of those peculiar lads gift-
ed with eternal appetite," was the answer, in
a tone which was so full of widely different
NIGHT IN NETHER LANE. 101
thoughts that Lina read a whole story in the
words — a story of regret, of longing, of hope-
lessness, yet of wide kindliness and love.
" Now I am ready."
Lina heard a chair pushed back on the
boarded floor, and then a figure sauntered into
her sight. For an instant she started back, a
quick breath, almost a cry, escaping her parted
lips ; then she was quite still again in her old
position.
" For what we are going to receive, Lord,
make us thankful. Amen."
She saw the two sit down after the simple
grace, and share the herrings exactly between
them — one for the big, strong,* hungry man, one
for the hungry child. She saw the little hands
pour out the coffee deftly. She heard the merry
words that passed between the two. She saw
the faces sometimes smiling merrily, and some-
times catching a grave and lonely look which did
not seem new to either. She remembered the
abundant, luxurious dinner which she had left
untasted a few hours before. She pictured the
rich, warm rooms to which she would return i
102 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
and as she did so, the little bare room before her
grew dim and misty, and, with her hands clasp-
ed and her tearless sobs suffocating her, she
turned away before the anguished words forced
themselves again and again through her white
lips.
" Oh, why did he come — why did he come ?
Only four years — only four. My God ! I feel
as if the fear would kill me 1"
Lina never remembered her walk back to
High Athelston that night, until, when she open-
ed the gate among the firs, she came suddenly
upon Sir Neil walking towards her. The kind
and pitiful darkness hid her face from his in-
quisitive gaze, and she schooled her voice to
calmness as best she could.
" I came to meet you, Miss Chester," he began
at once. But he waited in vain for a reply.
They were walking together now, side by side,
along the gravel path; and Neil, though he
tried to loiter with her, felt obliged to quicken
his steps to keep up with hers.
" Jelfirey is here ; he came up Nether Lane ;
so you understand how I knew where you
NIGHT IN NETHER LANE. 103
were. Miss Chester," Neil added, in the wooing
tones which he generally found irresistible,
" why did yon not let me walk with you t I
would have been home from Hawkedale in good
time, if you had only hinted such a wish to me."
"I preferred going alone, thank you, Sir
Neil."
" But about here," rejoined Sir Neil, a little
angrily, " ladies do not walk in the lanes alone
after nightfall."
In her utter incapacity for excusing herself,
Lina felt her voice grow hot and angry, and
she hastened her steps still more.
" Miss Chester," pleaded Neil, keeping beside
her, " will you promise me not to go again ? I
wish you to feel yourself under my care, as — as
any young lady guest at High Athelston would
be. And I can always be at your service, in
the dark or daylight. Will you promise me t"
" I am used to being alone, and I should only
break such a promise if I made it," rejoined
Lina, rather tremulously.
"I think I have a right to this," said the
baronet, now really provoked.
104 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
" I do not think so, Sir Neil."
"At any rate," he interrupted, throwing
away his half-smoked cigar with a gesture of
impatience, " my mother, I suppose, has such a
right ; and I hope she will exercise it."
" Let me go in, please, entreated Lina, while
her hands ached in their strained clasp.
" I did not tempt you out into the night, and
cold, and darkness," said Sir Neil, with an angry
scorn which frightened her ; " and now you
force me to believe Jelfrey, when he says that
this walk of yours was not one in which you
would care for a companion."
" I do not understand Mr. Jelfrey's suspicions,"
answered Lina, proudly; "I would not care
even to try to do so."
And then she passed him, and entered the
house with a cool, slow step.
" Did I make a fool of myself, or rather did
she make a fool of me ?" he soliloquised. " Of
course I lose my advantage by showing how
much I care for her words. I wish I could keep
cool through everything, as Jelfrey can. But
I act like an idiot by letting my temper get the
NIGHT IN NETHER LANE. 105
better of me when I fail to move her. And
she so cahn and cool !"
Calm and cool ! Would he have said it if he
had seen Lina take off her black dress, with
feverish fingers, and with hot tears in her eyes 1
Calm and cool 1 He might have said it a few
minutes afterwards, if he had seen her enter the
drawing-room in her white dress, and pass
Eustace Jelfrey as if he had been invisible.
106
CHAPTER VI.
marjorie's home.
LADY ATHELSTON'S low phaeton stood on
the gravel sweep, and the two fat ponies
in their glittering harness waited resignedly
for Lina to take the reins and let them trot
stolidly down the avenue. But she would not
take her seat until Lady Athelston had appear-
ed, and settled herself — a lengthened perform-
ance generally — upon her cushions.
Lina stood a little aside now, waiting for
her ; and as she stood so, Sir Neil came from the
house and joined her.
" How seriously you have been looking over
to the hills, Miss Chester I Were you wishing
to drive thither instead of to Hawkedale ?"
marjorie's home. 107
" I think I was," replied Lina, smiling.
" The sunlight lies so warm and bright
there."
*'You have never been to the hills, have
yout" questioned Neil, with an eagerness in his
tone, which he tried in vain to hide. ^* Will
you come to-day, after lunch !"
** Not to-day, thank you. Sir Neil," answered
Lina as gently as she could.
" Why not to-day ? Why must I always be
refused !" he asked, the hot blood rising to his
face.
"Lady Athelston said she would take me
some day, so she of course will arrange when it
shall be."
'* Are you going to pin all your wishes and
desires to Lady Athelston's cap strings?" inter-
rupted Lady Athelston's son, pettishly. " Sure-
ly you have a will of your own ?"
"Yes," replied Lina, with quiet coolness.
" I have a will of my own."
'*Ifmy mother takes it into her head to do
the honours of our hills herself," said Neil, try-
ing to speak lightly and pleasantly again, " I
108 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
know she will be glad of my help and company ;
she always is ; and we will make a pio-nic. I
will help her to show you the celebrated spots
among the Highshire hills. You do not thank
me, Miss Chester ; you do not even assent to
my proposal, or acknowledge my wish to please
you," he went on, with impatience ; " but it can-
not be that you really dislike me, for you have
no cause. I have always been — been anxious
to win your regard, and I can hardly yet have
seriously displeased you in any way. You will
not always be so distant and disagreeable — I beg
your pardon, but I believe you wish to be, and
would be, if such a thing were really possible to
you."
" I think, Sir Neil," said Lina, a tremor in
her low voice as she tried to speak with
easy indiflference, " if you had been kind and
courteous to your mother's companion from the
first, because she came a stranger and alone to
your house ; if, when you knew 1 was unpro-
tected, and felt I was — was inferior to the ladies
to whom you would naturally and willingly
show deference, or even mere politeness, you
marjorie's home. 100
had shown me just a little consideration and
courtesy, — instead of placing me at once,
and in the presence even of your servant, in
the insignificant position which it evidently
seemed to you my only right to fill — I would
have believed your wish, expressed since
then, that I should be happy and at home
here. But I never can think of that, because
the first impression fixed itself so deeply on my
mind ; and I know that your politeness to me
now must be an effort. So "
" Oh, Miss Chester, do believe me " inter-
rupted Neil.
But she spoke on, still gravely :
" So I choose to maintain now, Sir Neil, just
the position in which your reception placed me.
This must be always so."
" What do you mean. Miss Chester ?" he cried
excitedly. '* Do you really resent, so cruelly,
my hasty words in the station on the night you
arrived ?"
" I could not help hearing them," she answer-
ed simply, '' and I cannot help remembering
them."
110 VICTOR AND VANQUISHBD.
" Can I not blot them from your memory by
all my respect, my admiration, my '^
Lina interrupted him quietly.
" You have not done so yet, Sir Neil. You
knew that I was waiting there alone, and tired,
and cold ; not a lady visitor to High Athelston
to be met and welcomed generously ; only Lady
Athelston's new companion, a kind of servant,
whose duty it was to wait until they chose to
send from the inn, and with whom you had
nothing to do, while your cares were all de-
voted to your dogs. Is it odd that I remem-
ber this, and think sometimes how ignorantly I
have fancied other than this the conduct of a
gentleman I The word is a pleasant word, Sir
Neil, and one's thoughts give it a meaning per-
haps which is incorrect."
" These words of yours are unjust and cruel,"
said Neil, with angry emphasis ; " you make no
allowance for me. You never imagine how
different from you have been all my mo-
ther's "
" Hush, please," interrupted Lina, ** there is
no need to bring others into the conversation.
martorie's home. 1 ] 1
I have no wish to learn now, so late, that polite-
ness is not due to all women."
" Still your words are positively unjust," per-
sisted Neil, vehemently. " Tell me one thing,
are you so proud to me because — ^because they
have told you of my engagement to Miss Cas-
tiUain?"
Lina raised her eyes to his in simple, slow
surprise ; and under their gaze the scarlet rush-
ed to the roots of his hair.
"If I am engaged, I may ask you to be
friendly with me, to — like me, and not to
spurn me when I — by Heaven ! I do not know
what to say, for I — I admire you with all my
heart and soul, and I do not believe admire is
the right word after all."
The half frightened, half angry darkening of
Lina's eyes, still fixed upon his face, could not
stop the unkind, impetuous words. Before they
were all uttered, she had moved slowly away.
" Miss Chester," he cried, in a low, anxious
whisper, ** stay, please stay 1"
She half turned. Within twenty yards,
the servants stood about the carriage, and
112 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
Lina, always thoughtful, knew they would
wonder, and make their own commentB on
his eagerness.
So they sauntered on, side by side, easy
and careless ; though Neil, still feeling the
hot blood tingle in his face, tilted his hat
as low as he could over his eyes.
'' I suppose you will be away now, all morn-
ing," he remarked, moodily, " and you would
not give those sleepy little beasts one extra
cut, if I were to beg it of you from now until
you start."
" Not one."
The behaviour of Sir Neil AtheJston should
not make her unhappy — not more unhappy,
at least, than she could help. He should not
even see that it had any effect at all, except —
except just to prove that no words of his
could move her, or make her forget for one
minute the position she occupied in his house ;
the position which he had tacitly assigned
to her before he saw her.
"Do make haste home though, really," he
M arjorie's home. 113
urged; '^I have nothing to do, and shall be
looking out for you."
" Nothing to do 1" she echoed. " You are to
be pitied, indeed, Sir Neil."
"I suppose you would not have me go
about among my men, and ask them to let
me do their work for them, would you, Miss
Chester I" he asked, laughing. '* There is
not one of them who has enough to occupy
himself, not to speak of occupying an able-
bodied follow like me, too ; and I have no
business of my own to transact this morning.
Somehow, the new early rising system leaves
the middle of the day bare of employment.
I have a few letters to write, but they will
soon be done; and then I shall only be
wanting you to come back. You look very
grave, Miss Chester, but really 1 cannot be
what you seem to insinuate I ought to be,
I cannot descend to the level of a bee, and
improve the shining hours. Man's a rational
animal, you know. And do you think that
even the little busy bee would be such a
little busy fool as to gather honey all the
VOL. I. I
114 VICTOR ADD VANQUISHED.
day unless he wanfced itt Till I feel such
a want, I will avoid such an exertion. Now,
Miss Chester, own that that is plain common
sense."
'< There is Lady Athelston,'' she said, hast-
ening on, and avoiding any answer to his
silly speech.
*' Neil, are you coming t" exclaimed his
mother, astonished as she saw him leaning
against the phaeton.
" Not quite," he answered, laughing ; ** your
funereal pace is rather more than a human
being endowed with only ordinary patience
can stand."
"I do not like driving fast," rejoined Lady
Athelston, deprecatingly. "You will not for-
get that, will you, Miss Chester t" she added,
turning to Lina her sleepy eyes almost pite-
ously.
Lina nodded, with her beautiful grave smile,
and took the ponies on at a walk ; while Neil,
looking as if he could have heartily laughed at
himself the while, strolled on down the avenue
at his mother's side.
marjorie's home, 115
"You might come with us," she urged,
pathetically; **you so seldom come with me,
Neil."
The words stopped him at once. He raised
his hat with a laugh, though his eyes gravely
waited for Lina's recognition of his glance.
"Give my love to the Misses Castellain,"
he said, in a light aside to her; and then
he turned from the avenue, and sauntered on
in idleness till he was summoned into th^
house to receive visitors.
Lina Chester looked about her with interest,
as well as curiosity, when they reached Hawke-
dale. She remembered all that Marjorie had
told her with such random honesty, and she
felt anxious to see the home of this girl who «
had been so friendly with her.
In the great dingy drawing-room into which
Lady Athelston and Lina were ushered, there
sat a gentleman and two ladies. One of these
ladies rose at once, greeting Lady Athelston
delightedly as she led her to a chair. She
was a girl of about Lina's age, with a nar-
row, handsome face^ pointed features, very
i2
116 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
fair hair dressed to hang low on her neck,
and two real beauties in a pair of tiny shell-
like ears, and finelj-shaped white hands.
Louisa Castillain was wont to boast that she
possessed all those beauties which are the
symbols of high birth, "The symbols are
fallible," Marjorie used to say, with ready
spite. "My birth is unfortunately the same
as yours, and I possess none of the labels
of aristocracy. No water in the world would
be persuaded to run steadily under my instep ;
and my ears are as ugly as Mozart's. What
a bad thing, isn't it, that we cannot entirely
lose the taint of plebeianism we inherit from
our Gardener Grandfather — Adam f "
"It is kind of you to have come," Louisa
Castillain said, impressively, as she took Lady
Athelston's parasol. "And not long ago, do
you know, we were talking of you/'
"Gushing, eh?" remarked Marjorie to Lina,
without troubling herself to lower her voice.
" Miss Castillain — Miss Chester," began Lady
Athelston, introducing the girls in her gentle,
sleepy voice. And Louisa, half turning to the
biarjorie's home. 117
** companion," gave her a slow, slight bow,
" Miss Marjorie Castillain — Miss Chester," she
went on ; ** Miss Chester — Mr. Jelfrey."
To Lady Athelston's surprise, Marjorie
promptly and warmly took Lina's hand.
" I have the advantage of Louisa," she said
into Lady Athelston's trumpet ; ** I have seen
Miss Chester before. I called upon her at High
Athelston, and we are friends already — lasting
ones, I hope."
Was it Lady Athelston's surprised glance
only, or was it Mr. Jelfrey's,' which prompted
Marjorie to say this I The words were cer-
tainly addi'essed to Lady Athelston, but Mar-
jorie's defiant eyes were fixed on Eustace
Jel&ey as she finished speaking, and under
their gaze he coloured a little, and perhaps
wished that he, too, had offered his hand to
Lady Athelston's companion, instead of fidgidly
following Miss Castillain's example. Perhaps
to make up for this, perhaps from a secret mo-
tive of his own, he took up his station within
easy speaking distance of Lina, addressing
various remarks to her, which she received and
118 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
answered with a quiet indifference. Lady
Athelston talked on placidly from her large
qhair, and Louisa hovered about her, or sat on a
low chair near, using every power of entertain-
ment which she possessed.
" Worshipping according to her lights," as
Marjorie said aside to Lin a and Mr. Jelfrey.
'' Marjorie," said Louisa, turning and facing
her with pathetic displeasure, " I fear you forget
you are in the presence of affliction. Don't you
think it would be more Christian, as well as
more lady-like, to remember dear Lady Athel-
ston's deafness I"
It struck more than Lina that this speech,
so pointed and so clearly uttered, was intended
particularly for the deaf ears ; but Marjorie an-
swered it as cheerfully, if not as gratefully, as if
it had been the kindest and most sisterly bit of
advice. Then she turned again to Lina, with
a sigh of relief.
*' If you and Mr. Jelfrey had not been here, I
should have quarrelled with her outright."
" We are unfortunate, indeed, in having
marjorie's home. 119
marred your enjoyment, Miss Marjorie," said
Jelfrey, gazing at her in curious surprise and
keen admiration.
The handsome tutor was wont to say that
Marjorie CastiUain wanted form and repose;
yet no eyes followed her every movement with
the covert eagerness with which his did ; no
ears drank in her pleasant words as thirstily as
his.
" I am very cautious about what people think
of me," explained Marjorie, demurely, " and so
I never fight Louisa in public. Besides, we
should have no chance, Mr. Jelfrey — I and Miss
Chester, against you and my sister."
**You understand, then, exactly how we
should divide t"
" Exactly," assented Marjorie, with prompt-
ness. ** I understand, too, how terribly dan-
gerous such a conjunction would be for us I
You have no idea, Miss Chester, of the strength
of Louisa's pretty little hand, or of the exquisite
skill she exhibits in selecting one's weakest
points for attack."
120 VIQTOR AND VANQUISHED.
" And I, Miss Marjoriet" asked Jelfrey, with
a smile of feigned reproach.
" You t" deliberated Marjorie, with inimitable
sang-froid, " Oh ! 1 don't know about you, be-
cause you have weapons at your command
which I don't understand."
" Then you consider," he said, his manner a'
little embarrassed, "that the united cause of
yourself and Miss Chester would come to
grief?"
** Yes. Lady Athelston," Marjorie continued,
sauntering to her chair and leaning over the
back, as she spoke quietly into the elevated
trumpet, ** are you tired of Louisa yet?"
" Tired, dear 1" she echoed, astonished.
" Yes ; because when you are, please to men-
tion it, as Louisa is not fancifiil, and will never
imagine such a case. When you are, Mr. Jel-
frey wants to tell you one or two items of
news he has gleaned for our benefit. What do
you think is one ?"
'* What ?" asked her listener, eagerly,
"That Colonel Stuart — he did not hear it
from Colonel Stuart himself^ but that never
marjorie's home. 121
makes any difference — has made an offer to
Lady Helen Burton, and been refused."
" Not true," returned Lady Athelston, prompt-
ly and decisively. " He has never even admired
her."
'' But, dear Lady Athelston, what has that to
do with itt" inquired Marjorie, opening her
frank brown eyes in comical surprise. "You
don't understand the love-making of the nine-
teenth century so well as I do. If I see a
gentleman and lady treating each other with
systematic indifference, I am pretty sure that
they have chosen each other out of all the
world. If their indifference amounts to ne-
glect, then I am sure they would die for each
other. And if I see a gentleman paying atten-
tion to a lady, I am equally sure he is in love
with her — mother, or aunt, or any other
relation."
Some note in Marjorie's voice gave this
speech a tone of bitter earnestness which two
at least of her listeners detected, though only
one could appreciate the irony of the last sen-
tence. Yet all the while her face was full of
122 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
I
irrepressible mirth, and her eyes had the comical
look of a child who, enjoying the mischief it
has done, waits in timid expectation of the
punishment.
"I shall tell Neil your opinion of his love-
making," said Lady Athelston, not without
vexation in her voice, though she smiled ; ''Miss
Chester, you are witness."
"Don't bring Miss Chester in," entreated
Marjorie, hastily. " If one girl forms an opinion
from her own experience, it is very unjust that
another — whose experience is likely to have
been widely different — should have to endorse
it."
" 1 should be very sorry to have to endorse
it," said Miss Castillain, looking slowly and
smilingly round. "I find that the gentlemen
of the nineteenth century know exactly how to
pay attention in the most acceptable and agree-
able manner,"
This speech, though deposited in Lady
Athelston's trumpet, was intended for another
destination too, and evidently reached it. Mr.
Jelfrey bowed with a courteous, pleasant smile.
marjorie's home. 123
" Being the only representative of the sex
present," he said, "my unworthy thanks are
all your kind words can win, Miss Castillain.
And I hope you agree with me in thinking that
the men of the nineteenth century — with the
men of the eighteen previous centuries — are
influenced in their love-making (I will retain
your sister's word) by the conduct of the ladies
to whom they are making the love. I hope you
think this, and that Miss Chester, at any rate,
thinks so too."
He looked a very handsome and intelligent
specimen of the nineteenth-century man when he
spoke, and Lina's eyes were riveted upon him,
while the colour slowly rose in her face at his
words.
."Is she assenting to his words or denying
them?" mused Marjorie. "Is she angry with
him, or with some one of whom his words re-
mind her I"
" Have I any right to ask you, Miss Marjorie,"
concluded Mr. Jelfrey, rather earnestly, " what
reason you have for thinking us either cold or
deceitful t "
124 VICTOR AND YANQUISHED.
^ ' I have no other bat a woman's reason ; I
think yon so because I think yon so.' "
Marjorie's eyes, so gravely mischievous, went
back to their ^niet observation of Lina, until
Lady Athelston looked up and touched the
round arms that were crossed on the back of
her chair.
** I only want you not to pretend that you
speak from experience, my dear." she said.
*' We can take all your nonsense for what it is
worth if vou won't tell a direct falsehood. You
cannot meet with coldness from one you love,
or deceit from one who loves you."
" Can't 1 1" laughed Marjorie, while the red
flamed in her face with a vivid suddenness.
•* Why not?"
'' Because all those things have been arranged
for you, and there is no deficiency in your
courtship."
"Oh, nonel" rejoined Marjorie, raising her
eyes sublimely.
" You and Neil are sure to agree entirely
about that sort of thing," resumed Lady
marjorie's home. 125
Athelston, graciously ; " you are both just the
persons to win attention and admiration."
" Listen, ye shades I" cried the girl. "I don't
know about Neil/' she added, her laughing lips
again at the trumpet, "but I am 'just the per-
son' to win nobody's attention and admiration,
&c. ; but if I ever did, it would be those of * just
the person ' I never could care for. Is not that
a bad state of affairs. Lady Athelston ?"
" It is partly Marjorie's own fault that people
see no good qualities in her," put in Louisa,
seeing nothing of the stem compression of
Jelfrey's lips. " She will not even make a
little show in society. I don't mind what she
does here at home with me, but I think she
owes it to society to show some different feeling.
I hear many people say she is not at all like a
Castillain."
" Tidings of hope," put in Marjorie.
'* But," resumed Louisa, pityingly, " like some
uncouth peasant-girl dressed up."
" Any peasant-girl who could ' dress up' on
my allowance would be a prodigy quite worthy
126 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
of my imitation,'* said Marjorie, good humonr-
edly.
" You have the same as I have, dear," rejoin-
ed Louisa, looking up innocently from her low
seat.
** Don't let us discuss that," interposed her
sister, with sudden gravity ; " we have bickered
enough, and on that subject I rarely keep my
temper, especially when you call me * dear.'
Lady Athelston, if you'll ask me, I'll go back
with you to High Athelston."
This was speedily arranged, very much to
Lady Athelston's satisfaction, and more still to
Lina's.
" Yet I don't know exactly why I like her," she
mused to herself, thinking of Marjoiie. and un-
consciously repeating the words. **I see Mr.
Jelfrey is in a state of hot vexation at her go-
ing. I suppose it is a holiday for him, and he
is spending it here ; but he will stay and solace
himself with her sister, I dare say. She will not
hasten him away. Yes, he is playing a double
game."
From the back of the phaeton — for she could
marjorie's home. 127
not be induced to take Lina's place — Marjorie
Castillain talked cheerfully to Lady Athelston ;
almost entirely upsetting Lina's gravity now
and then by an aside, always funny, though
never malicious ; quite aloud and placidly utter-
ed, yet certainly not intended for Lady Athel-
ston's ears. It was a pleasant drive for them
all, and it was a pleasant surprise to find Colo-
nel Stuart with Sir Neil when they reached
High Athelston.
128
CHAPTER VII.
PAC5E TO FACE.
nOLONEL STUART and Marjorie were both
^ persuaded to stop for the day; but the
Colonel only did so on condition that the young
people would walk with him in the afternoon to
the cottages in Nether Lane, as he had an ap-
pointment with the artist who was living
there.
"Lady Athelston, may I ask you to spare
Miss Chester for an hour or two f " he said.
"I think — I think Lady Athelston will be
sure — to want me," stammered Lina, with that
frightened, shrinking look which was not new
to her.
"Oh, you must come," said Marjorie, with a
FACE TO FACE. 129
decision which was very gentle and quiet in all
its fun, " if it is only just for the pleasure of
comparing this call with the one you made this
morning. Why, you won't hear so much scandal
talked there through all the afternoon — if you
stay — as you heard Louisa and me pour into
Lady ^thelston's ear during the first t^n
minutes she was in our house."
^' Miss Chester, I am sure, is not a worshipper
of the Blatant Beast," said Colonel Stuart, with
a smile for Lina.
"That, Miss Chester," explained Marjorie,"
with a quick flash of pain in her eyes, " is
scandal — slander in Spenser's old English,
but scandal in modern English, a more petti-
fogging word, and more appropriate. We
are great gossips at Hawkedale, and gossip al-
ways degenerates into scandal."
"I know an old lady who encourages you
finely," put in Neil, shrugging his shoulders
with an amused glance at his mother.
'* And I know a young gentleman who en-
courages us finely too," said Marjorie in the
same tone ; ^' but whether it's Colonel Stuart,
VOL. I. K
130 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
or Sir Neil Atbelston, or Mr. Jelfrey, I won't
tell."
" Why don't yon say * One of the three ; I
won't say which, bnt it is not Colonel Stnart, or
you, Neil,' like the boy and his grandmother and
the cat? We should not understand it a bit
better than we do now," laughed the young
Baronet.
" Thoroughly in the dark," retorted Marjorie,
audaciously. " You will come I" she added to
Lina, almost appealingly.
*' I am rather surprised at your willingness to
go. Miss Marjorie," said the Colonel. " It is not
a week since you told me that paying calls to
strangers was a species of day mare, worse to
you than any nightmare."
" But I called on Miss Chester after that," re-
turned Marjorie, lightly, "and I found it so
pleasant that I changed my mind. By the way,
Colonel Stuart, will you tell her how you first
met with Mr. Spendir? I believe I told her
everything about him except that, and that I
forgot."
Lina moved a little apart from them all, and
FACE TO FAC5E. 131
nervously took Lady Athelston's work from the
table. Neil's eyes followed her,
" How bored she looks at the idea of heaiing
the history of this precious artist I" he thought.
" I was in the Strand one day, when in
London, Miss Chester/' said the Colonel, using
but few words for his story, " and a photograph
exposed for sale took my fancy. While I wait-
ed in the shop, I could not help hearing a
gentleman — shabby enough, but still a gentle-
man — urgently requesting the master of the
shop to purchase from him a few original
sketches. 1 listened for a good while, my heart
literally aching for the poor fellow ; then, in-
stead of buying the photograph, I took Mr.
Spendir's sketches. Afterwards, when I wanted
an artist to illustrate my father's book, I re-
membered him. That's all. No wonder Miss
Marjoiie forgot, was it f "
" Had he been painting all his life, and never
sold a picture before?" asked Marjorie, showing
no sign in her voice of the pity with which she
had spoken of this artist to Lina a few days be-
fore.
k2
132 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
^' No. He told me he had been accustomed
to gain a livelihood — a very good livelihood —
by his voice, but that it had failed him, and that
the possibiKty of that was over — over, I hope,
only for a time."
Lina's hands had dropped the work now,
and her eyes were wide and hot. It seemed to
her that everyone in the room was intently and
questioningly watching her.
" What a much jollier life that must have been
for him than this one is I"
A very grave look Colonel Stuart gave Mar-
jorie when she said this.
" Perhaps he may have other ideas of the
'jollier life' — you chose the term, Miss Mar-
jorie, so pardon my adopting it — ^but this life
may be as good a one, don't you think ?"
" Depends," returned Marjorie, with random
thoughtlessness, '' on his receipts and disburse-
ments."
And the instant the words had left her lips
nhe could have cried out in anger with herself.
Why was it that he always made her ashamed
of herself — made her feel herself heartless and
PACE TO PACE. 133
worldly ? Why must she always show her worst
to him, whatever different intentions she might
have had ? Why could she never help it ? \
But 'yv^hatever Marjorie felt, she showed no-
thing of it in his presence. She would never,
she said to herself, show hinr that his words
could influence her in any way. She never
would show him that she cared for his approba-
tion — never. How could she ? when he treated
her with calm and never varying coldness, often
amounting, she fancied, to contempt. What
did it matter to him how much of her words
were felt and how much feigned ? She would
never condescend to make it plain to him. This
was Marjorie's decision, often and often repeat-
ed ; always acted upon. Others have acted —
to the marring of their lives — ^upon just such
vain, humble, contradictory thoughts.
Lady Athelston of course spared Lina when
requested by so many, and the party set out to-
gether rather quietly. But as they walked on,
in the beautiful sunshine of the Spring after-
noon, Marjorie's spirits rose to their usual buoy-
ancy, and Lina's eyes lost their dreary, hunted
134 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
look. She listened — ^though very, very quietly
— while Colonel Stuart told her of the artist and
his home, and she felt glad then that she had
seen both it and him, and that nothing to-day
could take her by surprise.
" An odd nam^, hasn't he, Miss Chester V* Sir
Neil was speaking to her across Miss Castillain,
as they walked in a row along the shadowy
lane. " Yet Stuart says he's gentlemanly. Did
you think so, Marjorie f "
" If his manners were not polished, his coat
sleeves were," replied Marjorie with noncha-
lance.
** And what about his boots?" laughed Neil.
** ni wager to know a gentleman anywhere by
his boots."
" His boots I Oh, they were slippers," return-
ed Marjorie below her breath, as she screwed
up her lips mysteriously. " Whisper it not in
Gath ; make it not a subject of conversation in
Ascalon ; but I believe he had a paper collar."
" We might never have been aware of these
things if you had not given us the benefit of
your keener perceptions, Miss Marjorie," remark-
FACE TO PACE. 135
ed Colonel Stuart, meanlDgly, while Neil laughed
with hearty eujoyment.
" And I shouldn't wonder if he has not even
paper wristbands on to-day, as you are expect-
ed, Colonel Stuart, and he will know that one
or two ladies are sure to attend you."
" You are perfect in your appreciation of
«atire, Marjorie. Isn't she, Miss Chester?"
asked Neil, only trying to win a glance or
word from Lina.
" And in its use," added the Colonel, quietly.
** Do you see any satire. Miss Marjorie, in the
old Latin proverb that says, God looks to clean,
not filled, hands ?"
"Not exactly," returned the girl, saucily
still, " but I see an unpleasant implication that
the filled and clean hands do not go together.
And that 'makes me uncomfortably wonder
about my own— and Neil's — and yours — and
Miss Chester's."
And now that Marjorie had succeeded in draw-
ing Lina into the conversation, she was con-
tent, and took but a minor part herself again,
until they reached the two small white cot-
136 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
tages l}nn^ back in the vegetable gardens.
"It is not exactly a winding avenue," re-
marked Neil, as he held the wicket open ; " but
it is bordered with stately potato-plants, and
has a beautiful regularity which cannot lead us
astray."
By a clever manoeuvre, skilfully performed
while he spoke, Neil managed to place himself
at Lina Chester's side, and to slacken his pace
a little to make the walk beside her last longer.
So it happened that they two did not enter the
cottage kitchen until a few minutes after Colonel
Stuart and Marjorie had done so. But Lina
was not too late to catch the last few words of
the ColoneFs courteous apology to Mr. Spendir
for being later than he had arranged to be ; and
her heart gave a great leap as she looked at
the two standing together, meeting easily and
courteously, as gentlemen meet on equal ground.
But one minute afterwards the heart-beats
ceased ; the soft pink flush that had risen in her
cheeks as she entered the cottage faded, and left
her &ce paler even than its wont ; the beautiftd
dark eyes dropped as if a sudden invisible touch
PACE TO PAC5E. 137
had closed them ; for Colonel Stuart was intro-
ducing her to the artist, and Sir Neil and Miss
Castillain were standing near.
Mr. Spendir bowed, very low and very polite-
ly, and Lina — still without looking up — held
out her hand to him as by some uncontrollable
impulse. Neil Athelston's brows were drawn
together over his angry half-closed eyes. Mar-
jorie's lips broke into a smile. Colonel Stuart
watched the two, narrowly, keenly, almost
cruelly in his intense earnestness.
Fitz Spendir, in a shabby coat stained with
paint, stood opposite this girl and clasped her
hand for just one second — his breath coming
quick and hard, and his lips growing white and
rigid-he then turned again, easUy and naturaUy,
to show Colonel Stuart the sketch at which he
had been working when they entered. When it
had been thoroughly examined and criticised, the
visitors moved about the room, glancing at
other sketches which lay or hung about. None
of them were very clever, none of them, as Neil
whispered to Lina, gave proofs of a genius
which would cut its way into fame. But all, as
138 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
Marjorie added, exhibited talent, at any rate,
and patient, painstaking earnestness.
In one corner of the room hung a small water-
colour drawing, before which Lina stood so long
and so silently that the others left her there
and moved on. It was a very trivial work pf
art at best, and there was a vague unreality and
incorrectness in it which would not fail to strike
even a casual observer, yet a rich and harmonious
blending of Autumn tints redeemed it. None of
the imperfections did Lina notice as she stood
so long before the little picture ; her hands
clasped, and her eyes filled with unshed
tears.
Yet it was only this. An old church porch,
with a heavy leaning cross upon its roof.
Just outside this porch, in the gravel path, a
stone that marked a grave, and on it one name
only written, ^^ Magdalen." Lina*s lips moved
as she read it over and over again. The two
lines carved below the name she knew, even
without foUomng the words.
«« This simple atone shall bear a simple line :
Heie lies a sinner sayed by grace DiTine."
FACE TO FACE. 139
A little aside from the gravel path stood a
broken sun-dial, the long grass climbing about
its base, and clinging to its worn and crumbled
pedestal.
"It is an uninteresting little sketch — to a
stranger, Miss Chester. I did not even paint it
from nature."
The voice was only Mr. Spendir's, but Lina
started as if it had reached her from the church-
porch, or the grave upoQ which her eyes were
fixed.
"From memory, I suppose?" asked Sir^eil,
glancing at the sketch because Lina did so, but
with intense carelessness ; guessing nothing of
how this painted memory was woven into the
past and future history of his house. '
" Yes, from memory— the memory of a de-
scription given me many years ago," answered
the artist, without glancing at Sir Neil.
•' You must have thought long and much of
it," remarked the Baronet, wishing this stupid
call was over.
Then Fitz Spendir looked for the first time
full into his face — into the lazy, handsome
140 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
Saxon &ce, — and answered, with a fierce and
savage flash of short-lived passion in his eyes,
" I think a good deal about it still. If you
ever chance to see the place, I hope you will
recognise it again."
"Ohl readily;" answered Sir Neil, noticing
nothing odd in the speech or the speaker.
" Though painted from memory, it possesses
reality enough for that." And then he opened
the door, and stood upon the step waiting, and
pondering how he could arrange to walk be-
side Lina along the quiet, shadowy lane.
But the departure was not to be yet. Just
as Sir Neil opened the door, a boy darted past
him into the house, and pulled up breath-
lessly beside the artist. Curiously Lina looked
from the strong, handsome, bearded face above,
to the narrow, young, pinched features below.
" She says — she says," stammered the child,
hai*dly yet having seen the visitors, " that
weVe both scamps, and oughtn't to be allowed
to live here ; and then she never minds, because
we're sure to be turned out soon."
'' Is that Mrs. Cheere next door?" asked Mar-
FACE TO FACE. 141
jorie, coming to the rescue with her quick,
kindly tact. *'Ohl she's rude to everybody.
It's a kind of madness. Your little boy would
be sorry for her, instead of angry, Mr. Spendir,
if he knew how miserable she makes herself, as
well as everybody else."
" The gloomy individual has rather an in-
appropriate name," struck in Neil, lounging a
little nearer to the group as they stood re^dy to
separate.
"Jet offended her mortally last evening,"
said the artist, lightly laying his hand on the
child's dishevelled hair — "I'll tell you how.
She is accustomed to wear two large white
aprons in the house on a Sunday, one before
and one behind, for the protection of her best
frock — gown — dress ; I don't know which she
calls it. On Sunday evening she forgot, before
she went to church, to take off the one that pro-
tects the back of her dress. Jet saw her as she
came home, and told her of it. I don't won-
der she was mortified, and vented her anger on
the boy, but he cannot appreciate the justice of
the case."
142 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
" Is she often angry and cross with him t"
Mr. Spendir smiled a little as he answered
Lina's very quiet question — perhaps amused
because it was the first she had asked him.
" Very often, indeed ; but what is a boy
worth if he cannot bear such a thing as
that!"
" She is rude and cross to most with whom
she comes in contact/' said Colonel Stuart ;
" but, as Miss Castillain says, it is a kind of
madness now ; a madness lor which she is not
unblameable (though she is to be pitied), as she
has brought it on herself by the fostering of a
rebellious grief."
"There is some slight excuse for her," ex-
claimed Marjorie. " Shall I tell you, Mr.
Spendir, or would you rather not hear a word
about her ?"
" I should like to hear it, if it excuses her,"
he answered. " Is it a grief which is likely
to be lessened by the pursuit of a universal
revenge."
"Nearly thirty years ago," said Marjorie,
smiling, " she had a little girl — an only child —
FACE TO FACE. 143
in whom her whole heart was wrapped up, for
her husband had died before her baby's birth.
One evening she was showing the child, to
amuse her, the watch and chain which had been
her father's, and slipped them round her neck.
*When you are grown up,' the mother said,
* this is to be yours ; but I've another present
for you to-night instead ;' and she gave into the
little one's hand a common gilded locket, con-
taining two plaits of hair, her father's and her
mother's, with the names under. Of course the
child knew no difference in the real value of
the things, but still she was unwilling to have
the glittering gold chain taken from her neck,
and she put up her hands to keep the watch
that looked so bright against her white pina-
fore. Just then there came a knock upon the
front door, and the little girl ran delightedly to
open it, anxious most probably for an op-
portunity of displaying her brilliant ornaments.
The mother sat there waiting. She heard no
voices, but, in only a few seconds, the door was
shut again ; and so she sat there waiting for
her little girl's return. Mr. Spendir, to this
144 VICTOR AND TAXQUISHED.
very hour she seems to me to be just waiting still
for ber little girl's retnm, and just still suffering
tbe misery of tbat boor.''
^ But how was it 1** questioned Lina, with a
great pity in her eyes ; '* was the child stolen
just for the sake of tbe watch and chain V*
** Hardly, Miss Chester ; because I should think
they might have been taken from her without
her making any sound that would have com-
mitted the thieves. The idea was that she
waR stolen partly for her own sake. She was
an exceedingly pretty little girl — a beautiful
little fairy-like thing, I believe. That's five-
and-twenty years ago, and such crimes were
not so rare then as they are now ; though even
now we hear and read of them sometimes, don't
wer
'* I expect the chain and watch were the real
temptation," remarked Sir Neil^ '^ aad the child
was an afterthought."
'^ And so the mother is to be excused a little
of her acidity, isn't she f " asked Marjorie, turn-
ing with a smile to the artist and his boy. *^ As
1 tell you, she seems to be still always looking
FACE TO FACE. 145
for her daughter ; her little girl as she calls her,
though the little girl would be nearly thirty
now. She has grown poor in her search. She
spent all her husband's money — ^he was in a posi-
tion above her, and married her for her beauty,
though you would not guess it now — ^in prose-
cuting it in the best and most vigorous manner,
and having only a small annuity of her own
left, she has had to remove &om a pleasant
house in Churchill to this cottage. Poor thing I
one cannot help pitying her, though at the
same time one cannot help wishing she bore her
trial differently. But, after all, I pity her neigh-
bours more than herself, knowing how terribly
penetrating her temper is."
*' Has she never obtained any clue to the dis-
covery of the child, Miss Gastillain?" inquired
Fitz. ^' Does she search the papers ?"
** She used to read all she could buy, but they
made her so miserable she could not bear it at
last."
*^ So now Miss Castillain takes them to her,"
added Sir Neil, feeling exceedingly bored by this
time, and thinking to hasten the end of the
VOL. I. L
146 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
narrative. " Every few days she brings a budg-
et of papers to the fair and upright Dorcas,
and, after reading the cream of them all, destroys
them."
** Because it seems to me," said Maijorie,
flushing a little as she did when any generous
act of hers — always secretly performed — was
brought to light, ** that I never open a news-
paper without seeing first of all some account
of an accident to a child. Scalded — drowned —
— run over — burnt — shot — whatever it may be, I
know that the first thing I shall light upon will
be some accident to a child. But," she added,
with her bright laugh, as she noticed the gravity
on the faces round her, " I dare say they are
many of them inventions of the — what do you
call them, Neil? — ^penny-a-liners, isn't it?"
"I wish the accidents we read of were
all fabrications, Miss Castillain," said Colonel
Stuart, in just the tone which made Marjorie
sure that she had uttered a silly and unfeeling
speech — as she had done then, knowing it so.
*' And is a penny a line an irresistible tempta-
tion for untruth I"
FACE TO FACE. 147
*« Our neighbour is so very disagreeable, as
far as my knowledge goes, Miss Castillain/'
said the artist, the scarlet rising slowly in his
sunburnt face as he spoke to her, *' that I think
your going constantly to read to her and see
her is a greater act of generosity than many
would care to perform."
" Oh, I don't go very often," returned Mar-
jorie, turning away the subject lightly, as she
still felt the Colonel's rebuke. ** She does not
like me to go in the mornings, when she wears
her own grey hair ; and I don't like going in
the evenings, when she wears her brown front."
Fitz was laughing — a short clear laugh,
which was the first they had heard from him —
but just at that moment Neil bent to speak to
Lina in a low tone, and the laugh died shortly
and suddenly on bis lips. He might have
heard Sir Neil's few meaningless words if he
had tried ; he might have seen Lina's silent and
utterly indifferent reception of them; but neither
of these things prevented the gathering of a
dark, revengefiil anger in his eyes. They
would all have shaken hands with him before
l2
148 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
they left, but he stood back a little, and simply
bowed. Then he closed the door upon them,
and sat down at once to his work again, with-
out one glance through the window.
"Colonel Stuart," asked Maijorie, as they
two walked side by side down the stiff
little garden, some distance behind the others,
** did it strike you that Mr. Spendir was very
indifferent to Sir Neil's criticism — almost rudely
sor
" No, I think not. Was he I"
"I'm not quite sure that he really was so,
because, what reason could there have been?
But I'm sure that the idea struck me."
Again Neil's plans were frustrated by some
unperceived tact; for soon after they reached
the lane. Colonel Stuart and Marjorie joined
Sir Neil and Lina, and they walked on in
a row again under the softly-whispering
leaves.
That evening was a bright and pleasant
one at High Athelston. Lina began to think,
what Lady Athelston had known for years,
that no party could be dull of which Marjorie
FACE TO FACE. 149
Castillain was one; and Lina thought too,
what Lady Athelston loved to think, that
Marjorie was determined to show to Sir Neil
how constantly he was in her thoughts, and
what a pleasure it was to her to be in his society.
And to Colonel Stuart she was hotly and
impatiently defiant; only now and then a
gUmpse of saddened regret would creep into
the restless eyes after some more than usually
wilful reply.
And he — always courteous, yet with a
certain proud independence of her provoca-
tions, which sat wonderfully well upon him
in his high-bred calmness — treated her just
as no one else treated- her; fully, keenly
appreciating her humour, as Marjorie herself
knew; feeling the wholesome freshness of
everyone of her original or generous thoughts ;
seeing clearly all the good in her ; yet always
alive to her faults, more alive to them even
than Louisa was, only so very differently I
And Marjorie always knew that these faults
of hers — so many that, as she told Lina,
she had often tried in vain to count them
150 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
duriug a whole morning — ^hurt him as they
hurt no one else; hurt him just because he
was good himself. And yet — and yet it was
to him she always showed these &ults most
glaringly. It was from him she hid
the few good qualities which she possessed.
And it was too late now to change it all.
** Will you play to us, Marjorie dear?" asked
Lady Athelston.
It was the request which the girl always
expected and complied with at once; for the
knowledge that Lady Athelston could not
hear a note, and only asked because she knew
how fond Neil was of the light, gay music
which Marjorie always accorded him, did not
make her hesitate for a moment. But to-night
she rose very slowly, glancing comically, the
while, into all the expectant faces.
"What shall I play!" she asked, looking
at no one now; standing, tall and lithe and
graceful, at the piano, with idle hands — '* grave
or gay !"
" Gay, of course," responded Neil, promptly.
^ Grave," said Colonel Stuart, laughing.
PACfE TO PACE. 151
" Conflicting orders, rather," mused Marjorie.
*' Please don't make any other choice, Miss
Chester. Neil, you said gay, didn't you t All
right; I always do what you ask me. What
shall it be!"
" Tom and Jerry."
She sat down slowly, and her face was
hidden from them. Lina was listening for
the quick, gay old tune she knew so well;
but Marjorie had played for several minutes
before she recognised it, so oddly was it
played, with such curious pathos. Lina could
hardly believe her ears. Was it "Tom and
Jerry" — that slow, sad air? Yes; there
was no mistake. Through the rich, slow
chords and mournful harmonies, ran the old
melody distinctly; and yet such a wonderful
and touching strain was it all, that — even
though she fought with them — great, slow
tears rose in her eyes.
**You chose *Tom and Jerry,' and I like
playing what you choose," remarked Marjorie,
rising with an air of comical satisfaction;
yet Lina fancied that on her face, too, there
152 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
had been a gravity which she found it hard
to chase away.
" Do you call that gay t" asked Neil.
'^Tou did," she answered, in a quiet tone,
while a laugh stole into Colonel Stuart's
eyes, though he was not looking at her — a
laugh that was glad and surprised.
*' I wonder whether the pony-carriage is come
for me," surmised Marjorie, aloud, but without
addressing anyone in particular. **I should
be glad to think that the old folks at home
would remember me sufficiently to place that
antiquated vehicle at my disposal. I never
was brought up to expect anything superior to
that."
" There are plenty of carriages here at your
disposal, Marjorie," Neil said. '* And I expect
Louisa's remembering you depends a good deal
on whether Jelfrey is still with her. Have they
separated yet, think you t"
" She will just now," spoke Marjorie, mus-
ingly, as she glanced at the clock, ** be war-
bling * They wreathed my brow with gems of
light.' If they did, they'd never be such idiots
FACE TO FACE. 153
as to do it again, that's a comfort. And Mr.
Jelfrey will presently burst into song, and en-
treat her to ^0 breathe those thrilling notes
again I' which yon'd naturally think meant an
encore^ but it doesn't."
" I wonder whether Mr. Castillain and your
sister have any idea what you call them/' said
Colonel Stuart.
<* Do you mean the «01d Folkrat Home'?"
echoed Neil, laughing. ** Why, of course they
have. We all have the satisfaction of knowing
that Marjorie calls us nothing worse in our ab-
sence than in our presence."
*' A satisfaction indeed I" assented the Colonel,
quietly.
"Yet at home they don't appreciate even
that noble quality of mine," returned Marjorie,
determined not to show any displeasure at his
words. " It does not cause them to idolize me
in the slightest — ^not as Emily Jorden, for in-
stance, is idolised."
" Yet you are nicer than Emily, are you not?"
inquired Neil, detecting nothing of earnestness
below the girl's jesting words.
154 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
"Far, far nicer," answered Marjorie, with
pathos, " even Louisa would own that ; and if
any one could deny it, she would."
** She does not love Miss Jorden over-much,
owing to Emily's little narratives of Jelfrey's
imagined devotion to her."
" Hush, Neil I" interrupted Marjorie. " You've
no business to encroach on our prerogatives.
Women may say these things of each other, but
we don't give the right to you."
" Then it is a woman's prerogative," asked
the Colonel, "to make her sister's feelings a
subject of laughter with others, in her absence?"
" If Louisa will wear her heart on her sleeve,"
Marjorie said, coolly, as she rose, " it is to be ex-
pected from a well-trained daw that he will peck
at it."
** However wrong the thing may be, I do not
expect you to own to its being so," returned
Colonel Stuart a little sternly.
" No," she answered, " I could not do any-
thing so silly, I think too well of myself. My
sin is self-love, Colonel Stuart, as especially op-
posed to my father's sin of self-neglect, and
FACE TO FACE. 155
Shakespeare says that mine is not so vile as his.
So I console myself. Oh, Miss Chester, you
would have laughed if you had seen the Squire
yesterday. This sort of way — ^look I In his
spectacles, with an aprpn on, sweeping his study
himself, — study? bah I I call it his cash-box, —
afraid of letting a servant in, because there were
a few shillings lying about ; stepping after the
broom in this sort of way, I should like Mr.
Spendir to have sketched the little scene."
Though none of the others could help listen-
ing, and laughing heartily at Marjorie's face
and attitude as she mimicked her father with
the broom, Colonel Stuart had turned away
where he could not see her, no sign of a smile
on his face.
"Lina," cried Maqorie, impulsively, when
the two girls were upstairs together — " Lina."
And then she kissed her with a long,
long earnest kiss. A little understanding the
longing and the regret and the self-reproach
which called for sympathy in Marjorie's eyes
— no trace of mischief lurking in them now —
Lina put her arms softly about her, and whis-
156 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
pered that she thanked her for caUing her by
that name.
** I cannot call you by anything else again,''
Marjorie said, her lips twitching. " Oh, I 'wish
— I wish I could be like you T
" No, no," cried Lina, eagerly.
** Like you— just like you; and then this — ^this
miserable anger with myself could never be."
" You said one day that we could not judge
of one another's pain," said Lina, softly.
" No, we cannot ; but none that you could
bear could be just this sort of pain ; and — and I
hope and trust that you have none," she added,
with sudden regretful tenderness. "There,
mine is gone now for to-night."
Maqorie had said good-bye cheerftilly, and
now sat in the shabby phaeton, wrapped up to
the lips in a great red shawl ; Colonel Stuart
and Sir Neil stood beside her in the dusk of the
Spring night, the lamp-light from the hall-door
just touching them.
"Shall I drive you. Miss Marjorie," the
Colonel asked, " and send your servant on my
horse?"
FACE TO FACE. 157
"I think I feel pretty good now," she an-
swered, with quiet unconcern, "Further lec-
turing may undo it, so good night. Drive
quickly, James."
But James could not help its being half an
hour's drive; and through all that time big
tears fell ceaselessly from Marjorie's eyes ; fell
slowly, too, as only those tears fall that are
bravely struggled with in solitary pain.
158
CHAPTER VIII.
jelfrey's tactics.
COLONEL STUART and his sister were sit-
ting alone after their late dinner. Little
Jack was in bed, and Mr. Jelfrey out.
"He must be at Hawkedale," Mrs. Esdaile
said. " He would hardly be walking or riding
this wet evening. It is always a relief to me,
Alick, when he is out."
** Yet you cannot tell me why," remarked her
brother, smiling.
** No. I cannot even tell myself; but I am
relieved to be without him. I really dislike
him ; while I cannot understand the reason, any
more than I can prevent the feeling."
'* The only tangible charge you ever bring
jelfrey's tactics. 159
against him, Adelaide," said the Colcnel, '^ is his
daring to aspire to — to a close friendship with
your friends."
" What right has he to woo a Castillain ?" re-
turned Mrs. Esdaile, hotly. " But it is not that
only; I want to know how he dare pretend to
woo Louisa, when he has set his heart on Mar-
jorie I Marjorie, indeed I"
" Marjorie does not see it, I suppose ?"
"See it I" repeated Mrs. Esdaile, laughing
in spite of her spleen. *'Is there anything
at all like a joke which Marjorie does not
see?"
"And you think this very like a joke, eh?"
questioned the Colonel, his voice lighter than it
had been a few minutes before.
" Very, indeed ; and would be, even if Mar-
jorie were not a girl of high descent and heir
to £100,000 — would be, if there were no such
thing in the way as a prior engagement to Sir
Neil Athelston."
"I wonder when that marriage is to take
place ? Do you ever hear of it, Adelaide ?"
"Not as being fixed for any particular date ;
160 TICTOB AKD TAXQUISHED.
but I hear of it often,'' she answo-ed. ^ Lady
AthelBtoD IB fond enongh of talking about it.
What a day of sdiemes accx>mpli8hed and hopes
realized it will be for her ; won't it, Alickf
"What were we speaking of before? Oh!
Jelfrey. Now, much as you dislike him, Ade-
laide, you must own he is a gentleman."
" It depends a good deal on one's translation
of the word," she said. " I fear, if he is a speci-
men, you are not of the true metal, Alick. But,
still," she added, quickly, "I will own he is
what people call gentlemanly. I never saw
anyone who could make himself more irresisti-
bly agreeable ; nor one who could oftener make
you agree with him in spite of your better sense
and judgment."
** You are going too deep for me, dear," put
in the Colonel, laughing.
"Nonsense! It's only because you are so
determined not to speak against anyone.
It is so like you, Aliok. Well, Til say no more
than this : I wish he were not admitted to be
the friend of Neil Athelston. Sir NeQ is bad
enough perhaps by nature; but I know that
jelfrey's tactics. 161
every hour fepent with Eustace Jelfrey makes
him a worse man. And I wish the period of his
engagement for little Jack was over. I cannot
bear to break it — I mean I cannot bear to ask
you to break it."
" No, dear ; we engaged him for two yeai*s,
and it is but just to treat him (in our minds, of
course, I mean ; there is no fear of your not do-
ing it other ways) as generously as we can for
that time. JsLok is so continually with you,
and so young, that no influence, such as you
dread for Sir Neil, could injure him. And Jel-
frey is really an excellent teacher, as far as we
can judge."
The " excellent teacher," with his head bent,
and his hat low over his eyes, was making
his way just then along Nether Lane, in the rain
and the darkness, walking from the town to-
wards the two cottages which stood half way
to High Athelston. The overbranching trees
only extended so far as the lane skirted the
park, so that from Churchill to the cottages
the road was open to the sky. Jelfrey wished
to-night that it had not been so ; and yet he
VOL. I. M
162 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
cared nothing for the swift, light rain which fell
upon him unhindered.
He passed the first cottage, only just glancing^
at the closed door and shuttered window ; then
he trod with cautious quietness up the other
garden path, and rapped at the door of Mrs.
Cheere's quiet, orderly little house, A tall
woman, with a faded face and fierce, sharp
eyes, opened it to him only a little way.
« What is it ?" she asked, tartly.
Jelfrey pushed back his wet hat. H© had a
winning smile and a pleasant voice ; and the ir-
resistible force of both of these was brought to
bear upon Dorcas.
** Will you kindly tell me if Mr. Spendir lives
here?"
" Lives here ! No, thank God, he does not r
and the door was shut abruptly in Mr. Jelfi^y's
face.
The sharp retort and sudden repulse took his
breath away ; but he was not one to be non-
plussed for many minutes at a time. Dorcas
had hanily settled herself to her work again,
vhen he summoned her with another rap, and.
jelfret's tactics. 163
•without waiting to see whether she would
answer it or not, he softly opened the door and
entered the room with his hat in his hand.
" If you will allow me, I shall be very glad to
shelter here for a few minutes," he said, cour-
teously. " It is raining heavily, and I have no
umbrella. Will you allow me ?"
*' The rain off your hat's falling all about the
carpet. Give it me to take into the kitchen,"
remarked Dorcas, shortly.
He gave it, with a bland apology for troubling
her, and then sat down with the utmost ease in
the prim parlour.
"There's no objection to your sheltering,"
said Dorcas, looking rather favourably upon him
when she returned, but still evidently resenting
some injury which she felt rankling; "but I
thought you said you wanted that man next
door. Shame it is, too, that he should be next
door."
" Oh no, I did not want him," smiled Jelfrey,
pleasantly ; " I only needed shelter ; and, as I
happened to know his name, I thought it better
to ask him instead of troubling you."
m2
164 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
" Never mind the trouble," muttered Dorcas,
gruffly. " I suppose," she continued with in-
tense acrimony, " he could have given you
shelter, but I don't suppose there's anything
else he could have given you."
"Poor, I understand," put in Jelfrey, in a
tone of encouragement.
"Poor! Ugh, I've seen poor folks often
enough to know them by sight, but that's not
his disease. He's a born miser. And, I can tell
you, a half-mad miser, for ever singing and mak-
ing noises with fiddles and things, and laugh-
ing and knocking about, is not just the right
sort of neighbour for a quiet, orderly woman."
"Indeed he is not," assented Jelfrey, readily,
suppressing the smile which Dorcas's descrip-
tion warranted. " He must indeed be, as you
say, half-mad. I'm sorry for his child."
" Sorry for him ?" echoed Dorcas, shrilly; "he's
not the one to be sorry for. It's more natural
to be sorry for those he worrits and torments to
death."
" I almost wonder that Sir Neil Athelston let
Colonel Stuart have the cottage for them," said
jelfrey's tactics. 165
Jelfrey, with intense sympathy ; " he might
have thought how unpleasant it would be for
you."
"He might have thought — ^yes," returned
Dorcas, icily, "but he did not. People like
him don't think much. Thinking for others
doesn't generally go with money."
Jelfrey bent his face a little. His smile was
irrepressible, but he would not let her see it.
" But your neighbour, on the contrary, has
no money, and he does not seem to think for
others either."
"Thinking for others doesn't generally go
with miserliness," retorted Dorcas, stiffly.
A thought of Marjorie Castillain flashed into
Jelfrey's mind — of Marjorie and of some others
who were kind to this isolated woman — and an
ironical thought followed, classing all grati-
tude with this gratitude. But no words
escaped him but words of interest and sym-
pathy. So he led her on gradually to tell
him all she could of the life which those two
passed in the next cottage. Hungrily he listen-
ed to all she said, but so easily that he only
166 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
seemed to be enjoying her company, not
what she told him. And Dorcas felt the charm
of his presence, as others had felt it often and
often during the years of his manhood.
" And I've known ladies come to the cottage
too," she concluded, with a relish, "and one
came in the dark and listened outside his door."
" Perhaps too bashful to go in and get her
portrait taken for a few shillings," said Jelfrey,
with a charitable smile, and a well concealed
eagerness in his voice.
Dorcas sniffed in cool disdain.
" I was trying to drop asleep," she said, re-
senting even the retrospect, " but it was as
good not try as try, with that fearful noise just
through these thin walls ; more like bagpipes
than anything else, only worse. So I got up to
look out of my room window. Then I saw
her, though I dare say she thought herself
hidden in the dark. There was a bit of light
from his window, and I saw her."
" Young, I suppose?" asked the tutor, pleas-
antly.
But Dorcas was hazy on this point, and did
jelfret's tactics. 167
not choose to show that she was, so she passed
the question by with lofty unconcern.
" If I'd been down here," she resumed, " and
if she'd gone into his house, which 1 don't think
she'd the honesty to do, I should have known
what she wanted. The wall in that cupboard's
thin enough for that, thin enough to give me
the ear-ache pretty often."
Under Jelfrey's white hand there lay a heap
of periodicals on the little round table. His
eyes seemedto.be tracing the letters on the thin
paper covers ; but no words printed there could
have brought into them that sudden flash of
satisfaction.
*' I hope the thin walls do not belong to your
usual sitting-room ?" he inquired, with anxious
sympathy.
*' Usual sitting-room or unusual sitting-room,"
retorted Dorcas, " the walls are thin ; and that's
enough to have turned me out of this house
years ago, if I hadn't been determined to bear
it."
If Jelfrey's thoughts had not been too much
engrossed by other things, he might have fan-
168 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
cied Dorcas rather at a loss to explain her
reason for not being turned out by the thin
walls.
" That is the closet, I fear," he said, pointing
to a door opposite him.
" Yes, that's it," replied Dorcas, with resig-
nation ; "and inside that closet I could hear,if
I liked, every word of the nonsense those two
talk."
" If you had not told me this yourself," said
Jelfrey, with great tact, " I should never have
been able to believe it; Have you really never
spoken to Sir Neil about it ?"
"It is not often that Sir Neil Athelston
troubles me with opportunities of speaking to
him about anything," she answered, viciously.
" I should like to mention it to him, if you
would allow me," said Jelfrey, rising ; " I do not
ask you to show me the place, but ^"
" Oh, you can see it," said Mrs. Cheere, a little
mollified by his evident sympathy; "there's no-
thing secret in any of my cupboards."
With the door shut the closet would have
. been in darkness, but she did not of course oflFer
jelfkey's tactics. 169
to shut it upon her visitor. He stood -withia
for a few minutes, his head against the wall;
then he stepped lightly into the room again,
and the lips that had been pressed together for
that little time with cunning cruelty, were smU-
ing now.
" I think that no landlord should suflFer such
walls as those to stand,'* he said, shaking his
head sympathetically ; " and if you will give me
permission, I will remind Sir Neil of it. But I
would not he should think you have been com-
plaining ; so T will mention it casually, as if 1
had accidentally heard of or discovered it. You
had better not speak of this visit at all — neither
will I — to anyone. Miss Marjorie Castillain is
fond of coming to see you, I know," he added,
suavely. " Does she know how the sounds dis-
turb you ?"
" I've told her, but she's harum-scarum ; and
I don't believe she heeds it."
" She is young and giddy, true ; and would
have forgotten it, I daresay."
A generous excuse, truly, from his lips 1
*' And Miss Marjorie sometimes comes to see
170 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
your next-door neighbour?" he went on, with
apparent indifiference.
"Yes, sometimes; and alie don't want her
portrait, I know."
" Comes as a friend," murmured Jelfrey, with
a hot rush of colour in his face, though his cool
and easy kindliness did not forsake him. " You
have a handsome book here," he went on, turn-
ing over the leaves of the paper-covered books
on the round table. " History of England, I
see, in monthly parts, and illustrated. How
very nice !"
" Yes, it's a handsome book," rejoined Dorcas,
with stately pride, "and interesting. It's a
handsome price, too — two shillings a month 1 I
began to take it in when my little girl was a
baby, and stopped when — she was lost; so I
haven't got the end. I don't care about the
end ; unless she ever comes and wants it."
"Very nice — very nice," muttered Jelfrey,
turning the pages over and over, and wonder-
ing how Dorcas had found its interest when
none of the leaves were cut ; wondering whether
anyone could be found who would wade through
jelfrey's tactics. 171
all that close small print and dry matter ; and
wondering, too, whether the motive for issuing
such an endless periodical must not have been
to ensure the author a life-annuity. " Of
course, you never lend such a book as this ?" he
suggested ; *' else "
" Lend it 1 No, indeed !" cried Dorcas.
"But may I ask you," returned Jelfrey, go-
ing to the point at once, " to let me sometimes
just drop in and look over a few pages ? I will
be very careful of the work — a handsome and
valuable work, indeed — and be very much
obliged to you for the privilege."
" Not to take it from this table," explained
Dorcas.
" No, I will not ; and it will never be but for
a few minutes at a time."
" Oh ! you're welcome to that," she said, re-
laxing a little of her normal rigidity, "but
you'll take the chance of finding me engaged in
the kitchen."
Jelfrey's eyes brightened suddenly, and his
words of acknowledgement were airy in their
gladness.
172 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED. •
" Will you promise," he entreated, " never to
let my coming disturb you at all ? Just treat
me, when I come, as if I were a piece of furni-
ture, or as if I were not here at all. I shall be
so glad if you will promise this."
Dorcas promised, gruffly enough. And then
the tutor suddenly found that the rain had
abated sufficiently for him to venture forth. He
gave her a friendly hand-shake and further
thanks ; then went out again into the night,
and the rain, and the darkness.
And as he walked back very rapidly towards
Churchill, he laughed once or twice to himself,
wet as he was, thinking how dexterously he had
prepared for the work that lay before him ; the
crafty, cruel work which his hand and heart
were skilled to do and to design.
173
CHAPTER IX.
THE MOUNTAIN TARN.
"If AY — June — July — the Summer months have
""■*• come and gone. A few hours more, and
August, too, will have smiled her parting smile,
and hidden her blooming, beautiful face. But
in the light and warmth of this golden smile of
hers, there is enjoyment and festivity among
the Highshire hills. Her last glance has to fall
upon merry faces lingering among the flowers
in the valley ; and the music of her soft fare-
weU— whispered among the leaves— is to mingle
with the clear and jubilant young voices on the
hill-side. But, before we join them there, in
the beauty of the August afternoon, let us look
174 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
back a little, and see how these Summer months
have sped.
Lady Athelston has grown fond of her com-
panion now ; yet in such thraldom is she still to
her maid Fletcher, that she hides this fondness
carefully, even from the girl herself. Always
obliged to lean upon some one, Lady Athelston
finds it pleasantest to lean upon Miss Chester,
w^ho is always so calm, so wise, so gentle ;
always knows exactly the right thing to do, and
never makes a fuss about doing it.
Lady Athelston dislikes a fuss ; if there be
one thing capable of rousing in her mind a
feeling vigorous enough to be called hate, then
Lady Athelston hates a fuss. Fletcher, get-
ting often now excited in her jealousy of Miss
Chester, forgets this, and fusses in her duties ;
therefore day by day is Fletcher undermining
her own influence ; while Lina — always patient,
always self-forgetful, always alive to Lady
Athelston's wants and wishes, and always a
true lady — ^is day by day as surely increasing
and intensifying hers.
Lina thinks nothing of this. Just as she is
THE MOUNTAIN TARN. " 175
perfectly unconscious how her earnest thought-
fulness and simple woman's wisdom supply all
the deficiencies of the lady she calls her mistress
(and the while hides that they do so), so she is
unconscious with what true bravery and hu-
mility she walks that solitary path which she
has chosen. She only knows that she is try-
ing to do all she has undertaken to do, leaning
on other strength than her own ; and that the
'(;ask is a strangely heavy one, in spite of all.
At first she thought she knew the only reason
of this heaviness, and that it would vanish — at
any rate, for a time — when she and Lady Athel-
ston were alone. So she looked forward to the
time when Sir Neil would be in London. But
when he went, the load, though lessened, was
not taken from her ; and she knew then that
this pressing, overwhelming shadow of great
indefinable fear could never leave her, either
while she lived in Sir Neil Athelston's house, or
while the artist remained in that cottage near.
Yet now that she knew he did so, her one
strong reason for remaining was stronger ten-
fold than it had ever been.
176 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
Sir Neil AthelstoQ had not stayed long in
London. In the very height of the season,
from the very heart of its attractions, he had
returned to High Atheiston, vouchsafing only
the rather novel explanation that he had been
"bored to death." His mother did not often
trouble herself now to spend a season in London,
and she rejoiced, with an utterly childish de-
light, to think that he had found the great
house in town too dreary without her.
" Foolish boy," she said, complacently to Lina.
"He really had no other reason for coming
back, but that his old mother was here and not
there."
And Lina, whose eyes had been proud, and
hot, and angry ever since she and Lady Athel-
ston had left the dining-room, where Sir Neil
had whispered another reason to her even in his
deaf mother s presence, was grateful that the
words were not put as a question.
This was in May, and now she looked on to
the time when she and Lady Athelston were to
go to the sea-side together. Li July they
THE MOUNTAIN TARN. 177
went, but at the last moment Sir Neil changed
all his plans and took them.
"Fickle and uncertain as ever," his mother
said, with a smile of pride and pleasure.
To Lina this sea-side life was worse than the
life at High Athelston. Here Sir Neil seemed
to be able to take entire possession of
her the greater part of every day. There were
ladies there who knew him and welcomed him
among them ; yet he was always disen-
gaged to walk with Lina, and could always
manage that his mother should think him the
same dutiful son, yet should not be able to in-
terfere, in any way, with his selfish pleasures.
There were gentlemen there who sought him,
evidently accustomed to his prompt parti-
cipation in any amusement which might be
the fancy of the hour ; yet he was always
at liberty to ride, or drive, or sail with Lina,
and no refusal or rebuff of hers daunted him,
or stayed him. And what the world said,
or what it thought, had as little weight with
him as had the whisperings of a conscience
which could not quite forget that there was such
VOL. I. N
178 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
a name in the wide world as Marjorie Castil-
lain.
" What's the use of caring what's said about
you ?" laughed Neil, rather enjoying the banter
of the young men with whom he was play-
ing billiards ; " you may fret yourself to a sha-
dow in no time if you care what the world says.
I never did, and never shall."
" Evidently," one of his companions answer-
ed, coolly : *' but I should not like to be talked
about quite as you are, Athelston."
" Oh, it's no more painful when you're used to
it than skinning is to an eel. What does the
mighty world say now ?"
" Much," laughed a young man, looking up
slowly from the cue he was chalking. " It says
Sir Neil Athelston is paying his mother's com-
panion a ridiculous amount of attention, just to
spite Lady Helen Burton, who (it knows, of
course, why shouldn't it ?) has come from High-
shire on purpose to breathe his atmosphere
here. And it says that she is very absurd to be
provoked by him, because he is an engaged
man, and therefore an ineligible member of
THE MOUNTAIN TARN. 179"
society. And it says that Lady Athelston
ought to put a stop to such things. And it says
that Miss Chester, of course, will break her heart
-when her mistress's son turns his fancy else-
where. And it says that she must be a design-
ing little hypocrite. Thus the mighty world."
" And it never says," cried a very young man,
joining in the conversation, radiant after a fluke,
" that, if she's not the most beautiful girl here,
there's no other more beautiful. No ; catch it
saying that !"
" Nor does it say another thing," added the
first speaker, coldly, " that if Miss Castillain of
Hawkedale had a brother, Sir Neil Athelston's
behaviour here would be a little less unguarded,
and Miss Chester's fair fame unbreathed upon
by the idle, scandal-loving tongues which make
this world you talk of."
"I say," interposed Neil, looking fully and
angrily into his companion's face, while the
quick colour dyed his own, " don't you know
where to stop 1"
"It would not signify so much," was the
deliberate answer, " if the young lady did not
n2
180 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
live Tinder your own roof, and under your owft
protection, as it were. Why, man, can't you
see the wrong you do to her, as well as to Misa
Castillain?"
But Neil, irresistibly tickled by the seriousness
so out of place in that gay scene, only joined
the others in a hearty laugh.
" Nothing goes deep enough even to put him
out of temper," muttered the gentleman who
had spoken last, as he took his place at tho
table, " and nothing ever will."
So the world said what it chose, and Sir Neil^
unmoved, went on his selfish way. There was
another relief to which Lina could look forward
after their return to High Athelston, and this
was Sir Neil's visit, in the grouse season, to
his shooting-box in Scotland. This came and
went ; a few days of rest and quiet, and
then he was back again, and the house was
filled with the old gaiety, and cruelty, and un-
rest.
To another rest Lina was looking forward
now. This was the expectation of a house-
ful of visitors for September. ^ They were most
THE MOUNTAIN TARN. 181
of them to arrive on the evening of the last
day of August, to meet at an eight o'clock
dinner ; and before this dinner Sir Neil Athel-
ston had determined to have a few hours
of — for him — very novel enjoyment. ''Rustic
felicity," as he called it, with his ironical,
good-humoured laugh. "All drinking tea
in the valley, you know, Miss Chester, like
a Sunday-school ; and a real kettle and fire to
improve the drama, like the Crummies' s pump
and tubs. What do you say to my highly
original idea?"
Lina said nothing but that original ideas were
always to be welcomed. But even Neil could
see how little pleasure the thought gave her
when he proposed it, and how her light words
and fleeting smile only covered a thorough and
entire indifference. When Lady Athelston had
arranged, however, that the guests from their
own neighbourhood, who were to stay at High
Athelston with those from a distance, should be
asked to join in this tea at the waterfall, and
drive home with them in time for dinner, Lina
looked forward with more pleasure to the after-
182 VICTOR AND VANQXnSHED.
noon. Maqorie Castillain would be among
them ; and these few months had taught Lina
how to value this girl's generous, wilful friend-
ship. True, Louisa would be there as well as
her sister — and Louisa had by no means taught
Miss Chester to value her friendship; on the
contrary, she had taught her simply to dread
and avoid all intercourse with her, — ^but Lina
lost sight of that, in the pleasure of the other
anticipation.
Then Colonel Stuart would come too ; and,
even if Mr. Jelfrey were invited with him (a&
he probably would be, because Sir Neil liked
him ; and because, as he was known in the
neighbourhood to be a gentleman by birth, and
a clever and attractive one, it pretty generally
chanced that he was invited everywhere), it wa»
never the same pain to Lina to meet him when
the Colonel was present.
So they all met, gaily and pleasantly, just
within the valley gate ; and, descending
from the carriages which had brought them,
prepared to walk up to the waterfall, following
the winding of the glisteniug little stream
THE MOUNTAIN TARN. 183
which curved and frolicked hither and thither
on the soft, bright turf; all walking, at least,
except Lady Athelston, and Lina who drove
the pony-carriage on through the valley.
Slowly they went along in the August
sunshine, the walking-party now and then
keeping up with them, now and then fall-
iug behind, and now and then hastening
laughingly on. "As merry a party," Lina
thought, looking on from her low, cushion-
ed seat, " as ever the great, sunny hills
looked down upon." And as she caught
glimpses of the different faces, her thoughts
went back — as thoughts have a habit of doing
occasionally — to the first time she had seen
them ; and she wondered how far her first
impressions had proved true ones. "Nearly
in every case," she said to herself.
The knowledge of them which this Summer
had given her had hardly changed her opinion
in the slightest degree, where she had been
able to form an opinion at all. Had not Miss
Castillain always shown just the same cold
suspicion and hard mistrust of her as she had read
184 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED. *
in her greeting on that first day? And had not
Marjorie been always just as firiendly, as amus-
ing, and as incomprehensible as she had been
during that unexpected call which she had made
on the girl who came a stranger among them?
Mr. Castillain, eccentric and narrow-minded
as he was, had always been jocundly patron-
izing to Lina, just as he had been on their
first introduction.
Then Colonel Stuart, was he not always
courteous, and kind, and helpful ? From him,
Lina's eyes wandered to Eustace Jelfrey,
and a shadow clouded them. Why was
the power placed in his hands making
her life miserable? — yet why was it so hard
to tell how he did it ? Every word he utter-
ed to her — sarcastic and supercilious to her
ear, polite and kind to the ears of others —
made her heart beat with pain and anger;
yet, unless he lied to her, he was thinking
always of her happiness and welfare, and
using his great influence with Sir Neil Athel-
ston, to persuade him to desist in those eager,
ceaseless attentions, which were an insult
THE MOUNTAIN TARN. 185
offered now from him to his mother's companion.
This, Mr. Jelfrey made her believe when
he was in her presence, though strong within
her all the time was the consciousness that
she never disliked Sir Neil so thoroughly
as when he was acting under the tutor's
influence, and that Lady Athelston was never
so hard and selfish as when she, too, had been
in his society — no, not even Louisa Castillain
could make her quite so unfeeling and so ex-
acting.
" Yes, nearly in every case my first im-
pressions have proved true ones," Lina said
to herself, glancing with unconscious wistful-
ness into her companion's face, as if that
were the exception only. "I think, though,
that I never did have any definite im-
pression there," she thought ; " the mother
and the son were too much alike for me
to care. Are such natures capable of any-
thing beyond self-indulgence and self-love, I
wonder ?"
** What a handsome couple Sir Neil and
Maijorie make!" spoke Lady Athelston, sud-
186 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
den] J breaking in upon this thought; and
Lina nodded with her bright, assenting smile.
She was always ready, eagerly ready, to class
those two together.
" Not that Marjorie is quite to be compared
with my son in point of good looks," continued
Lady Athelston, with slow unctuousness ; " but
then there are other things about her which
compensate for want of real beauty. Ah I Mr
Jelfrey, have they let you off to join the old
lady ? Miss Chester and I were just remarking
how admirably my son and Miss Castillain
suit each other ; and how, though she has no
real beauty, she has other things which com-
pensate. For instance, her figure ; now what
figure do you gentlemen pronounce her to
be?"
Marjorie, a hundred yards in front, was
crossing the sunny little stream on the step-
ping-stones. Neil, on the other side, waited
for her, his offered hand unheeded, his dissatis-
fied eyes fixed upon the carriage behind.
Watching them intently, Jslfrey answered
with a smile :
THE MOUNTAIN TARN. 187
"Exquisite I There can be but one voice
among us on that point, Lady Athelston."
"Though Louisa's face is so much more
regular, I think Marjorie carries away the
palm. She always makes a greater sensa-
tion in society, as you may say; doesn't she,
Miss Chester?" inquired Lady Athelston, al-
ways requiring her own opinions endorsed, and
eager for praise of Marjorie, because she was
to be Neil's wife. "I must not ask you, I
suppose, Mr. Jelfrey. It would not be fair to
tempt you to say that Marjorie has the more
winning face."
Eustace Jelfrey's lips curled with a sudden in-
voluntary scorn ; his eyes for a moment flashed
with savage jealousy ; then he said, coolly, with
a smile which was bestowed on Lina as well as
on Lady Athelston,
" Miss Castillain's face is classically handsome ;
Miss Maqorie's greatest admirer could not say
so of hers."
And Lina, listening to the sarcastic words,
turned her eyes from the false, handsome face
with a feeling of real fear.
188 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
" Pull up, Miss Chester," cried Sir Neil, stand-
ing near the waterfall and motioning the groom
to the ponies' heads as they came up to him,
" this is the place."
"*This is the place, stand still, my steed,'"
quoted Marjorie, sauntering round to Lina's
side of the phaeton. " Did you ever see two of
the gold-fish at High Athelston walking about
the croquet-ground, Miss Chester, trying to
arrange the hoops ?"
" Not yet," laughed Lina.
" I feared not ; but at any rate I can show you
a very similar sight up above ; namely, the twin
Canaries arranging tea alfresco, and overwhelm-
ed by the responsibility of a disjointed fire and
an uncertain kettle. Neil is going to help them
when he has landed his mother ; and while they
exercise their united skill let us walk a little."
Neil came up to them eagerly.
" You are almost a stranger among the hills.
Miss Chester," he said, " so come and let me
show you the chief points of interest before tea."
*' Then 1 must go and help Colonel Stuart and
Mr. Jorden," said Marjorie, coolly.
THE MOUNTAIN TARN, 189
"That's a hit, eh, Marjoriel" laughed Neil,
laying his hand lightly on her shoulder. "I
must take the hint conveyed in it. Well, go
where you will, and I'll do what I've got to do
here ; but tell me where I shall find you
presently."
" We will go over the hills, there beyond the
fall," said Marjorie, "and come back by the
pool."
"All right," rejoined Sir Neil, " don't join any
other party."
" I almost believe," remarked Marjorie, as the
two girls strolled on, " that this is going to be
quite a jolly little pic-nic. And it is not very
often, is it, Lina, that those things which are
purposely arranged to give pleasure, do give it?
It seems to me that you have only just to
anticipate a thing, for it to turn out a disap-
pointing, lowering, depressing failure. Is that
your experience too ?
" I don't often look forward to any great en-
joyment," returned Lina ; " I have not for many
years."
One swift glance, tender and pitiful, Marjorie
190 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
gave into the beautiM white face beside her,
then laughed.
" Did not Sir Neil look handsome and angry
when I sent him oflF? I wonder whether he is
going to enjoy his pionie."
"T think we all intend to do so," Lina
answered, smiling. "I hope you do not
prognosticate disappointment for us all, Miss
Castillain."
" Make haste," interrupted Majorie, lowering
her voice, " I am afraid of — ^Mr. Jelfrey joining
us."
" It is Colonel Stuart's step behind us," correct-
ed Lina, "but he is only going to help Miss
Jorden up the steep."
"Oh," replied Marjorie, with a laugh that
stifled a quick breath of relief, and yet with a
deepening of odd shadows in her eyes, "if it is
Colonel Stuart we need not fear. He will not
care to worry us, nor to worry hiipself by
overtaking us. Make haste 1 "
So, quickly and happily they went on, climb-
ing past the fall, and on up the steep hillnaide.
Then they turned to make their way down into
THE MOUNTAIN TARN. 191
the valley again, past the tarn that lay so still
and white below the slope.
" It looks like a harmless and rather pictur-
esque little mountain lake, doesn't it ?" asked
Miss Castillain, as they neared it; "but you
have no idea, Lina, of its horrible treachery.
It was originally the shaft of a mine — I cannot
tell whether an exhausted one, or a failure, for
it certainly was never worked within my me-
mory — but gradually the water filled it, and
then spread, till now, all round, it touches
the sloping banks quite gently, doesn't it, as if
it had no horrible unsounded depth in its cen-
tre ? I don't like the place ; I never did, though
I seldom say so, because the idea would only be
called a stupid fancy. But, Lina, I have such a
shuddering dislike for anything that is — oh 1 I
hardly know what I mean — anything that is
trustworthy only on the surface; that isn't
whatjt seems to be. Do you understand?"
She looked round into her companion's face
as she spoke, and seeing it, there came upon
her a great regret for those words which had
been uttered without a thought beyond their
192 VICTOR AND VAXQUISRED.
present meanings yet had had the power to
pierce so keenly.
'^ Yes," she resumed, not apparently haying
noticed anything of this, " a place, I mean, in
which life may be lost while you never suspect
it possible ; precipices, and lakes, and glaciers,
and that sort of thing," added Marjorie, at ran-
dom. *^ But this water does look its character
a little, doesn't it ?"
" It is a solitary and gloomy place, even on
this Summer's day," said Lina, as they stood on
the brink, and looked far down into the water ;
" gloomy even with the sunbeams on its surface,
and the flowers growing to its very edge. Then
what must it be in the Winter time ? Think
of it in the haunted dusk of a December after-
noon I"
**0r November. November is the month I
hate. Oh, I would not be here in the gloomy
dusk of a November day," said Maijorie, with
a laughiug shudder, '* for a thousand pounds.
Would you ?"
"For a thousand pounds," echoed Lina,
THE MOUNTAIN TARN. 193
with a strange tone of pain in her low voice,
** indeed — indeed I would."
** Mercenary," laughed Marjorie, " what a
good thing I That is one of the Castillain vir-
tues, and I feared you did not possess it. When
they tell me of Mr. Spendir's miserliness, you
don't know how I feel drawn to him. Ah, talk
of an angel, and you hear the flutter of wings.
There is Mr. Spendir, I believe ; sketching, is
het Oh, what an object 1"
Lina's eyes followed Miss Castillain's rapidly
and eagerly, and saw the artist — his head en-
veloped in a large yellow silk handerchief— bent
busily over his work.
"Come," said Marjorie, noticing nothing of
Lina's quickened breath, *' and see what he is
doing."
Fitz Spendir looked up slowly from his sketch-
ing-board as the girls advanced ; then rose, his
handsome, sunburnt face looking out from the
yellow handkerchief.
"Why do you wear it, Mr. Spendir?" asked
Marjorie, looking at it with intense inquisitive-
ness in her big, grave eyes.
VOL. I. O
194 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
^ I wear it to keep off the flies," said Fitz,
colouring a little through the bronze skio, but
with DO vestige of shame-facedness. ^^ Being
yellow, Miss Castillain, it does not interfere with
the colours if it slips over my eyes. An odd
feature in the landscape, am I not!"
** About the only earnest or employed figure
among us all," said Marjorie, with a gentleness
for which Lina thanked her in her heart ; ** sp
you ought to make an odd feature in the land-
scape. Please go on sketching, Mr. Spendir,
while we stay here on the moss. Isn't it beau-
tiful? The tiny white butterflies skimming
over the heather might be snow-flakes, mightn't
they, Lina t I shall never have courage to go
back, for it seems as if my tread would crush a
hundred."
" The instinct of self-preservation is too strong
within them," said Lina, laughing a little ner-
vously as she stood,
" An instinct common to us all," put in Fitz,
quietly, as he went on with his work, " I wish
the instinct included preservation of other things
besides life."
THE MOUNTAIN TARN. 195
Lina was looking down upon him, a long, sad^
questioning in her eyes.
'' It does,*' she said ; ** only we are rash and
— and forgetful, and do not follow it."
Something in the tone made Marjorie silent
for a few minutes, wondering. As she stood so,
looking, not down upon the sketch below her,
but away among the shadows of the firs which:
stood above the tarn, a group from the valley
below came up the little path among the fern
and heather, only turning aside to the pool
when they suddenly caught sight of the girls
and the artist beside it.
" Oh 1 Marjorie r cried Emily Jorden, clinging
to her with a pretty little affectation of fear,
"why did you come here? We never com^
here when we picnic ; it is so very dreadfully
gloomy 1"
" Awfully gloomy 1" assented Marjorie, with
eyes so bright and laughing that Lina doubted,
whether she could really have uttered thosa
words about the lake only a few minutes before.
" I should feel quite frightened, only that Mr.
Jelfrey looks so brave, and Sir Neil is so big^
02
196 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
and Mr. Spendir is sure to be acoustomed to
mountain horrors, and Colonel Stuart has been
in battle, and Mr. Jorden is, by his cloth, made
impervious. So," continued Marjories " I don't
feel so greatly alarmed as I might under other
circumstances."
"But don't you really think it dismal?" asked
Emily, raising her eyes innocently, with that
peculiar glance which is intended for one person
and directed to another.
'*T remember," said Marjorie, particularly
addressing the artist as they all stood together
beside the pool — "I remember well a silent
little lake in the Scilly Islands, which the sight
of still and shadowy water always recalls to
tne, and which was something to make one
tremble indeed. We had to make our way
to it on our hands and knees, as it were,
along a cavern that seemed endless. Then
we came upon it — a high, vaulted space, occu-
pied by a dark, still sheet of water. The
guide stuck candles all around us on the slimy
walls ; and can you judge of the effect of these,
and of those we carried, when we embarked
THE MOUNTAIN TARN. 197
upon it, rowing on until it was too narrow for
us to pass t The reflection in the jetty-black
water, and the awful, silent gloom of the place,
made my hair really rise, I believe, as it rises
in novels. The whole scene — the motionless
water, dark as death, the weird lights, the
slowly-moving boat, could be like nothing but
the entrance to Hades. Very few people go to
the Scilly Isles," added Marjorie, as if glad to
dismiss the recollection, *' else I would ask you
if you knew the spot, Mr. Spendir."
The sunshine sparkled on the water before
him; the birds flew twittering from the firs
opposite ; the dainty little white butterflies
chased each other in and out of the shelter of
the heather ; but the artist's eyes saw nothing
of this. They were dark and sad with a far-
seeing, inward look; and over them the low
straight brows were drawn with pain.
"Miss Marjorie," said Colonel Stuart, answer-
ing quietly, as over his face there passed the
sudden awakening of a great pity, " my remem-
brance of the islands has a brighter aspect than
that. I can only recall the lake in the gardens
198 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
of the Abbey at Trescoe, with the islands in its
centre — islands within islands, — where tropical
birds and flowers abound; where emus walk
sedately under hedges of scarlet geranium
fifteen feet high, and among rare ice plants
of more than one hundred different hues and
forms,"
Colonel Stuart — who had evidently been
talking on for some purpose — stopped here,
with a sudden movement, to help Lina Chester,
for she had turned quickly away and begun to
•descend the path again.
" Lady Athelston will want me, I think, per-
haps," she faltered, her lips twitching, and her
eyes wide and miserable.
*' We are all coming. Miss Chester," put in
Sir Neil's high-bred, authoritative tones. " Wait
one instant, please ; I want Mr. Spendir to join
us at tea. It's a practical joke of a meal," he
went on, laughing. " Come, Spendir, we shall
^\l be glad."
Sir Neil Athelston could be courteous enough
when he chose, and he was courteous then.
But the artist quietly refused. They were all
THE MOUNTAIN TARN. 199
urging him when Eustace Jelfrey and Miss Cas-
tillain came up to the pool beside them, standing
nearer to it than had any of them.
" That's right," said Neil, waiting at Lina
Chester's side ; "Miss Jorden seemed to think
there was something about the water which
should make people avoid it."
" Haunted t" laughed Jelfrey.
With a sudden movement — half of terror, half
of disgust — Lina started back ; for, just as his
shadow touched the water, a heavier one spread
from edge to edge ; and for a moment the sun's
rays were swallowed, and the pool was black
and treacherous as night. Only a minute, and the
sun shone out again beyond the passing cloud ;
but the old look never came again to Lina's
face through all thai; evening.
There was much laughter during tea, for it
takes but little to provoke laughter over such a
meal among the hills ; with a great fire burning
up against the ardent August sky, and requir-
«
ing constant replenishing; and half a dozen
gentlemen waiting, with a gay attempt at pro-
fessional skill, and making the task as comical
200 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
a one as possible. Every joke passes muster
then, and laughter is bright and qnick and
ready to wait even upon a trifling jest, which
would be scomfally ignored as too poor to pro*
voke a smile in the very same society at home.
But when the noisy meal was over, and the twin
Canaries — who had had nothing to do— were
preparing to enjoy a quiet tea together in the
background, the party separated; and then
more than one of them wished that they could
have gone straight from the cheerful meal away
from the hills altogether.
'* How beautiful it is I" Louisa Castillain
said, looking up to where the sunshine lingered
on the hill tops, while the valley lay in shadow.
But she was left to saunter with Lady Athelston
only, and soon the beauty died out for her.
^^ Lovely T murmured Emily Jorden, glanc-
ing coyly down into the chattering little stream
which threaded its way through the moss, and
touching with her parasol the glistening pebbles
or shining leaves which lay below the rippling
surface. But Colonel Stuart listened gravely
to her rhapsody, and on the narrow pathway
THE MOONTAIN TARN. 201
above (so far away that the sheep upon it look-
ed like toys) Eustace Jelfrey and Marjorie Cas-
tillain were walking idly together. So very
soon the loveliness died out for her.
Could it have died out more completely even
if her ears had detected the passionate, jealous,
hopeless love which Eustace Jelfrey tried in
vain to hide as he talked to tliis girl ; a love
that was cowardly in its despair, and threaten-
ing in its selfishness ; a love which he strove to
make her feel in every word and look of his,
yet which he felt it would be ruin to him to
confess.
And Marjorie walked beside him with utter,
cold indifference, too proud to attempt an escape,
and too fond of fun not to glean a certain
amusement even from this tete-ontete.
They had stopped for a minute on the height,
and were looking round before they began their
descent, when Jelfrey made a plunge over
which he had hesitated for weeks. Inherent
coward he must have been with all his daring,
for his lips shook as he slowly uttered the words
which he had rehearsed so many times, and on
202 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
which he had built his last and most desperate
hopes.
" I am glad to see Lady Athelston enjoy her-
self as she has done to-day, Miss Castillain," he
said. *' Though I know Miss Chester's behaviour
has worried her, she seems to be growing fond
of her young companion. It certainly is not at
all honourable in the girl to repay this unde-
served kindness with treachery."
" Not at all," said Marjorie, placidly.
"For this whole afternoon, and for many
days before," continued Jelfrey, his voice a little
quicker and more eager, and his eyes turning
from the distance with a keen, intent look at her
as he spoke, '' I have marked it with pain and
regret. Lady Athelston's companion is using
every art and every wile she possesses to win
the love of Lady Athelston's son. Is that just,
is that honourable, for one who is living, as it
were, on her bounty t"
" Not at all," returned Marjorie, again.
" But perhaps the most harassing thought of
all, to poor Lady Athelston," continued Jelfrey,
. THE MOUNTAIN TARN. 203
making his desperate last throw, ^* is that Sir
Neil encourages this — nay, more, tempts her on.
In fact, he — he seems to enjoy being caught in
the meshes of an attachment which has an ex-
traordinary and incomprehensible attraction for
him, such as " — the die should be cast now ; he
would not draw back from his last throw — " no
other attachment ever could have had. Is this
a state of affairs which Lady Athelston can pos-
sibly sit down and calmly contemplate ?"
" I don't know," said Marjorie, looking full
into his face with her bright, honest eyes ; « but
Lady Athelston has a marvellous power of sitting
down and calmly contemplating affairs."
"Not such as those," rejoined Jelfrey, his
fiice hot and scarlet now ; " not the perfidy
of the girl whom she has taken into her house
in charity, or the faithlessness of her own son ;
above all, not the treachery practised towards
— another."
"I see," said Marjorie, in her clear, slow
voice. "I see what you are endeavouring to
make me see ; and more, perhaps. It is very
204 VICTOR AND VANQ
»]iiKi:i;Hi
gratifying to me, Mr. Jelfrey, to be made aware
of what you think/' she went on, calmly, as she
began the descent of the hill. '* It will at least
enlighten me as to your motives, if I am
puzzled by your conduct in the future, as I
have been a little puzzled by it now apd then in
the past. Of course you are kind to have con*
fided in me ; and you have been kind in your
frequent warnings toLady Athelston to beware of
the girl whom she did not take into her house in
charity — there has been no question of charity in
the matter. And of course you are kind to Sir Neil
in putting him on his guard against that solitary
man who is working among the hills here for a
scanty livelihood. Oh, pray guard Sir Neil
against him, because you choose to hate him, and
most of all perhaps because I choose to like him.
We are surrounded by traitors," added the girl,
changing her tone to one of easy sarcasm, *^ and
if we steer safely among them we shall owe it
all to you. Accept my thanks, at least, Mr.
Jelfrey ; for if there is one thing in the world
more despicable to me than all other bad things
put together, it is — treachery."
THE MOUNTAIN TARN. 205
Jelfrey's cheeks burned hotly. The tone was
so very unmistakable (though the sarcasm was
uttered with ladylike quietness), that he failed
entirely in his answer. Yet when Emily Jor-
den met them — though she made room imme-
diately for him at her side, and smiled her
pleased welcome — he quitted Marjorie with real
unwillingness; angry with himself though, as
he always was, for being so enthralled by the
only girl who had ever carelessly and openly
despised his devotion.
There was no contempt of his devotion in
Emily Jorden's manner as they walked toge-
ther down the valley, and the devotion was ap^
pareutly quite genuine. But at the valley gate,
where the horses were being put to the carriages
again and the scattered party gathering, Eus-
tace left her and joined Sir Neil, who had
dawdled a little apart, with a rather ominous
gloom on his fair, handsome face.
*'How dismal Miss Chester looks T began
Jelfrey, with his usual t^ct, and in a low, inter-
ested, yet idle tone. ** She looks as if she had
been vexing some one she is fond of. That
206 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
would be Miss Maijorie Castillain, I fear, for I
cannot be sure of Miss Chester loving anyone
else who is here to-day. Miss Castillain is so
very hasty, that I can readily fancy her hurting
the feelings of a timid, shy girl like Miss
Chester."
"Miss Castillain has had nothing to do with it,"
returned Sir Neil, promptly, a light of sudden
hope, of which he was unconscious, flashing in his
long blue eyes. It was I who bothered her, and
why the deuce don't you speak out, man I Why
are you smiling t"
** At your word 'bothered,* I can pretty well see
what has vexed Miss Chester ; not your bother-
ing, but the feeling of having parted from
you in a pet — of course you did part in a
pet. Sir Neil ?" he added, with his questioning
smile.
And Sir Neil, hot and angry, and glad to find
a vent for his impatience, told of Lina's cold
manner to himself, and then of a certain quiet
rebuke which had rankled within him most of
all.
At this Jelfrey laughed, so lightly and so
THE MOUNTAIN TARN, 207
sceptically, that Sir Neil Athelston felt his spirits
rise again ; and he listened to the tutor's
specious arguments ivith an eager gladness
shining again under the heavy lashes of his
sleepy eyes.
But there was one thing Jelfrey had yet to
say, and it must be said now. Be could not
beat about the bush, as he had tried to do with
Marjorie. He must just say what he had to say,
and leave the words to take root as they would.
So, acting upon this determination, Jelfrey
drew the bow suddenly and sharply, and the
arrow, poisoned and double-pointed, sped surely
on its way, keen and direct.
** You are sure of these things I" questioned
Sir Neil, in Jelfrey's first pause; and his lips
were tight and merciless. "You swear to
them I"
" I should swear to them," rejoined the tutor,
calmly, "if I were such a one as the fellow of
whom I have been speaking. But, being allows
ed to be your friend, Sir Neil, and Miss Castil-
Iain's friend, I merely need to tell you of the
fact."
208 YICTOB AND VANQUISHED.
'^ The scamp I" muttered the Baronet. *^ And
you overheard Miss Chester tell him she would
go to his cottage the first evening ahe had
Kberty f
" I overheard it ; yes."
" And you say Marjorie goes f "
" I know it."
'' Great Heavens ! a vagabond, wandering
painter fellow I And you say there is some —
confound it all ! what were your words ?— cour
nection between — between "
" Leave the thought now, Sir Neil," put in
Jelfrey, with gentle composure, **and leave all
the planning to me. I will forge the weapons
ready to your hands, if you will only take care
to use them skilfully when I give them up. I
am sorry in my heart that Miss Castillain should
act unworthily ; but I certainly do not think Miss
Chester has done so. I think this man has some
power perhaps over her, from which your brave
and generous hands may rescue her, to win her
whole heart's gratitude and love. Your watch-
word is but to watch and wait ; mine is to dare
and do."
THE MOUNTAIN TARN. 209
"I shall drive my mother now," said Sir
Neil, with a great lightening of his cloudy face ;
" I was too much enraged to do so before. By
Jove I Jelfrey, though yon half maddened me,
you seem to have given me a capital notion ;
and, upon my honour, I'm obliged to you, though
I can't exactly tell what the notion is. Marjorie,"
he went on, his voice a little stiff and proud
to her as he came up to the phaeton where his
mother sat, ^' how are you going?"
'* If you drive your mother, I shall sit behind
you with Miss Chester," returned Marjorie,
promptly, perhaps noting his displeasure, for a
slow flush rose in her face as Colonel Stuart as-
sisted her to her seat. '* Of course I had an
original design of driving in our own carriage,"
she added, as she arranged the soft white rug
about her, '' but like most of my designs it was
frustrated. Louisa proclaimed her determination
to drive herself, on condition Mr. Jelfrey would
assist her — the poor old pony may be restive —
and so I found myself in the wrong box. You
needn't look scared at that, Colonel Stuart, it
isn't slang. You ought to know it's a quota-
VOL. I. P
210 VICTOR AND Vj
«iii(^i:i HI
tion from Foxin Martyrs^ quife a Sunday
book.^
The Colonel was looking acroBS at Lina.
^ Then I am to drive my waggonette
empty I" he said, only for the sake of saying
something ; ** or shall I go back and persuade
Mr. Spendir to take a seat with me?"
^' He said he should not go home until dusk,"
returned Lina, wondering why Sir Neil looked
round so suddenly at both the girls, but never
colouring under his gaze.
^* Do, Colonel Stuart," cried Marjorie, and she
did colour brilliantly as she spoke the genial,
ready words, ^'do fetch him, and bring him
to High Athelston, and do make Lady Athelston
ask him to dinner."
" I think, Marjorie,** remarked Sir Neil, with a
ridiculous assumption of authority, ** that you
forget of whom you speak. Don't you think so
too, Stuart t"
"1 forgot more than that," said the girl,
lightly, " I forgot to whom I spoke. Now we
are ready, Neil."
And Colonel Stuart moved away, puzzled by
THE MOUNTAIN TARN. 211
Marjorie's perpetual changes of voice and &ce
and manner, and with his thoughts rushing over
ahnostthe same track as Neil's were taking, yet
not in the same narrow groove.
p2
212
CHAPTER X.
THE BIRTH OF A PLOT.
npHE long late dinner was over at High Athel-
-■■ ston, and the guests were scattered in
groups about the brilliant drawing-rooms, many
of them strolling through the wide glass doors
curtained with pink and white satin, into the
conservatories^ fragrant and beautiful in the
August moonlight ; and one or two young and
fearless ones venturing out beyond, upon the
terraces.
Among the fantastic shadows thrown by the
great stone figures on the balustrades, one of
these young and fearless guests was walking
alone now, looking to the right and left, with
the moonhght falling on a bright and excited
THE BIRTH OF A PLOT. 213
face, rich quivering lips, parted as if in the
anxiousness of some unuttered thought, and
beautiful, searching eyes.
" Lina, Lina," she called softly, and at last,
though no voice answered, Marjorie saw the
girl she sought, leaning against the great stone
Ajax on the lowest terrace, her face raised
in the moonlight, white as the pure white roses
which drooped beside her.
"Lina," said Marjorie, very gently, laying
both her warm little hands on Lina's cold,
clasped fingers, « don't be angry with me for
seeking you and breaking in upon your solitude.
Lina, the pain you felt, I felt too ; the stabs that
hurt you, hurt me too ; that's my excuse."
"I had no right to feel them at all," said
Lina, in a low voice of pain unutterably
deep ; and Marjorie flinched a little to meet the
steadfast, sorrowful gaze of the dark, unhappy
eyes. " I thought I had learnt to bear it all —
to bear all slights and all unkindness ; but — but
I was tired to-night, and miserable, and
could not — could not help minding it. Oh ! I
wish "
214 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
But the inteDse passionate whisper broke off
there, and Lina's clasped hands — ^raised passion-
ately for one moment — ^fell still and motionless
again.
" Yon wish Lady Athelston wonld let yon
mingle with her friends only when yon choose,
you meant" inquired Marjorie, softly. " She
never will, Lina. You are very useful to her ;
you are always ready to make everything clear
and distinct to her; you are a very pretty
object about her rooms; you are something
tangible for her to lean upon ; and, above all,
your presence beside her ensures her her son's
attention.''
" Oh I hush !" cried Lina, her low white brow
drawn with a great pain.
"And all these things being in favour of
Lady Athelston's keeping you with her," con-
tinued Marjorie, still very softly, as she
wistfully and sadly watched the pale face below
her, "Lady Athelston will never release you
until some miracle has extracted the vast leaven
of selfishness which her nature contains. But,
Lina," — the girl's voice saddened with a great
THE BIRTH OF A PLOT. 215
earnestness — '* the covert insults whioh you
have undergone to-night have been worse to
me than to you. Oh I think, Lina, if they would
not have pierced you even more bitterly and
more keenly if you had felt that the one who
caused them all was your own only sister.
Yon will leave this house some day ; you can
do so when you like ; but I — but I, Lina, can
never be anything but Louisa's sister. I can
never, never lose the shame of feeling every-
thing she does ; not as if it were done to my-
self but worse — oh ! far, far worse, — as if it
were done by myself. You can never have that
misery."
" Why does she do it V* asked Lina, in a
wondering whisper. "1 have never meant
to hurt or injure her. I can understand the
haughty contempt of those strange ladies; I
can underatand Mr. Jelfrey^s supercilious satire;
I can understand Lady Athelston's timid avoid-
ance of me when she sees this ; and I — I think
I can understand Sir Neil's condescending
patronage ; but ^"
" But you never," smiled Marjorie, with tears
216 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
in her eyes— "you mean you never shall be
able to understand why my sister should have
made a point of turning everyone against you,
misrepresenting you so grossly, and making you
so uncomfortable. Well, I'll tell you why it is.
It's easily told, it's because she's a Beast I
Never mind whether it is envy, hatred, or
malice. It is originated by a beast, and it is
therefore unworthy of speculation. How you
shudder I Come in ; it is drear and chilly
here."
For an instant Lina shrank back ; then, with
an implicit trust in Marjorie which had been
growing upon her ever since she had first seen
the bright, brave, merry face, she took the hand
oflfered her.
" You are so good and patient and gentle ! —
so wise and trustful, too I" Marjorie said, stoop-
ing impetuously and kissing the delicate lips,
**that it seems a mockery for me to advise
you. But, Lina — and you know we cannot be
anything but truthful out here in the great
wide calm and beauty of the night — I love you
so well that my greatest wish is .to help you and
THE BIRTH OF A PLOT. 217
make you happier. You will remember this.
Promise me to remember this."
But Liua little guessed, as the two girls
passed slowly up the broad moonlit steps, hand
in hand, for how long she should remember this.
**Mis8 Chester, Lady Athelston is asking
for you; will you allow me the pleasure of
taking her what she seems to miss so sorely t"
Colonel Stuart had met them on the terrace,
and, talking no heed of Marjorie, offered his arm
to Lina with his pleasantest smile. Marjorie,
not behind him in kindly thought for the lonely
girl, walked into the drawing-rooms beside
them; listening as Colonel Stuart talked to
Lina, but waiting whilst she answered. And
Sir Neil, seeing them, joined them with a pleas-
ant eagerness.
'* As she was obliged to come in again, Miss
Maijorie," said Colonel Stuart, when they moved
away, after lingering a little with Lina and
Lady Athelston, " I thought I might come to
you."
** You are always kind," replied Marjorie,
quietly.
218 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
" Poor child I It would have been Idsder
to have left her with you there."
/*It is odd how one girl can find pleasure
in hurting the feelings of another, isn't itt"
asked Marjorie, the question really grave
and anxious.
"It is odd how anyone can find pleasure
in hurting the feelings of anyone," he answer-
ed, smiling.
And the bright colour rose in Marjorie's
cheeks, and her eyes flashed, because she
gave his words a meaning which he had
never intended.
In one of the distant recesses of the inner
drawing-room, Louisa Castillain sat bending
over a book; while Eustace Jelfrey, on a
seat beside her, and leaning towards her
as if he, too, were intent on the same book,
spoke in a lowered tone. For a long time
they had been sitting so, while those guests
who passed within sight thought how deeply
interested they must both be in the plates
before them. There was a movement among
the brilliant little crowd in the other drawing-
THE BIRTH OF A PLOT. 219
rooms, and Louisa rose slowly and let her
companion take the hook.
" Then you will manage that," he whispered,
his eyes carelessly following his hands as
he very deliberately and unnecessarily moved
other things on the table to make room &r
the book he put down. " While we stay
here, you will make and take your own
opportunity for persuading Lady Athelston
to write to whatever address Miss Chester
gave her; B.nd'T. think she will find that all
is not as it should be."
** Poor Lady Athelston I" sighed Louisa,
with an unconscious smile of cruel jealousy;
"she shall not be imposed upon if I can
prevent it."
"You can at least prevent its being con-
tinued," insinuated Jelfrey, blandly ; " and
you are, I know, anxious to do so, as you
are anxious to do all kind things. My help
will only be of slight service to you. Miss
Castillain, but surely you know how happy
it always makes me to assist in anything you
undertake."
220 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
"Then you leave it with me to get this
letter written?" she asked, showing plainly
the pride and pleasure that his words had
given her ; " and, of course, without Sir Neil's
knowledge!"
" Of course, without Sir Neil's knowledge —
yet," he answered, making an effort to speak
as if it were of little importance, " and when
the letter is ready, Miss Castillain, you will
tell me. It will, at any rate, ensure me
another private interview with you," he
added, meaningly ; " and so you will give
me the promise, to cheer me up until then."
Louisa gave it to him, smiling coyly ;
grateful herself for any excuse for . another
interview such as this had been, where they
had one close interest in common, and where
such whispered words were now and then
exchanged. No regret for the treachery
that had been whispered, hovered in the
thoughts of either as they separated that
night; only a mean and cruel satisfaction
that their plans were mutual, as far as they
could safely see to form them.
THE BIRTH OF A PLOT. 22 1
With ready smiles and gentle kisses,
Louisa Castillain hovered about Lady Athel-
ston in her room that night, whispering sym-
pathetic words, which yet had power to stir
up a strange, uncomfortable doubt and mis-
trust in Lady Athelston's bewildered mind,
and took Louisa on with steady steps towards
the realization of her wish.
" I will leave it now until another time,"
she thought to herself smiling still.
Then she kissed "dear Lady Athelston"
again, and went with a gay step to the
room which Marjorie shared with her, now
that the house was so full.
"Asleep already!" she muttered, glancing
sharply into her sister s face half buried in
the clothes. "She laughs and chatters all
day long, then falls asleep like a baby. And
I particularly wanted to speak to her before
I rang. Marjorie I"
" Don't apostrophize over my prostrate form
like a feminine Marc Antony," said Marjorie,
opening for a moment the big brown eyes
222 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
that looked suspiciously sleepless. ^* You
can preach to-morrow. Good night !"
And Marjorie drew the clothes still higher
over her ears, yet tried ineffectually to shot
out her sister's running fire of reproof then
of advice, then — worst of all to Marjorie —
of sarcastic comment on the solitary girl
who, far away in another wing of the house,
sat at her window, '^ thinking, thinking, think-
ing," while the moon rode slowly over the
grand old gloomy hills.
223
CHAPTER XI.
LATINa THE TRAIN.
^* OUT the other ladies have promised. Do
^ come, Miss Chester. Why shouldn't
yon? The drag will be round at twelve,
and we shall meet yon in the birch coppice for
lunch. Don't be the only one to disappoint us,
Miss Chester."
Sir Neil Athelston, in his velveteen shooting
coat, his felt hat in his hand, and his face grow-
ing* angry in its eagerness, lingered in his
mother's room, while the gentlemen gathered
in the hall below, and wondered why he did
not come.
" You will come, Miss Chester?" he persisted,
heeding not an atom whether his mother heard
his entreaty or not. " Promise me.'*
224 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
" Don't ask me any more, please, Sir Neil,"
answered Lina, turning to him and speaking
very firmly and decidedly. "Nothing you
could say would persuade me."
" Why not I Why, in the name of Heaven,
have I no power to move you? Do you
hear others set my com my wishes at defi-
ance as you do ?"
" No," she answered gently ; " therefore you
may well aff()rd, Sir N«il, to dispense with my
obedience."
" I won't," cried Neil, carried beyond himself
by wrath, as he watched the proud, still firmness
of the girl's delicate lips ; " I won't dispense
w^ith the only obedience I care one straw about.
Every soul in the house may do what they please,
if you will listen to my wishes. Say you will
come."
"Neil," put in his mother from the win-
dow where she sat, speaking rather querulously
because her son seemed to be angry with her
companion, " the keepers are here, and have
been waiting for a long time. You always
do keep everybody waiting. Go, my dear. The
LAYING THE TRAIN. 225
ladies and the. lunch will be at the coppice be-
fore you have bagged a solitary bird. I shall
not be able to go with them to-day, but Mrs.
Esdaile will take my place."
•^ May Miss Chester come f asked Sir Neil ;
so easily now that neither of his listeners
guessed with what anxiety he spoke.
"No, I shall want her. What does she care
about such things f
: "Mother," said Neil into the trumpet, his
voice shaking a little with suppressed amuse-
ment, " Louisa Gastillain is awfully anxious to
stay at home with you, only she doesn't like to
offer, she says. She wants you to ask her. She
loves you tremendously; in fact, she's never
quite happy unless she is with you— never."
" Does Louisa really wish to stay with
me? " asked Lady Athelston. " How do you
know ? "
"Maqorie told me — in confidence, though,"
replied Neil, a falsehood more or less being of
little consequence to him ; " but you are to ask
her yourself and not to pretend that we've
spoken of it ; you understand ?"
VOL. I. Q
226 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
** Yes, I understand," was the pleased reply.
" Louisa IS very fond of me."
^^ Passionement^^ put in Neil, solemnly.
"But you see now, mother, you must send
away Miss Chester, because she and Louisa
never agree."
" Yes," assented Lady Athelston, with an in-
stinct of the necessity of this, " Miss Chester can
go-
" There," cried Neil, raising his head from the
trumpet, with an air of great relief, " you are
conquered. Miss Chester ; but, to make assurance
doubly sure, I shall leave it in Maijorie's
hands."
*' No, please," argued Lina, earnestly ; " be-
cause, if she asks me, I must go."
"I know you must," laughed Neil, delighted,
" How I shall look out for the carriage now, and
not for the sake of the lunch — not quite ! Good-
bye for a few hours. Good-bye, my little friend."
Then Neil, his handsome face unclouded
again, ran downstairs and left his commands in
Marjorie Castillain's hand, drawing her a little
apart from the other guests in the hall.
LAYING THE TRAIN. 227
" Poor little thing, it will be a change for
her," he concluded, flushing duskily under Mar-
jorie'fl calm gaze. " The mother keeps her so
preciously close in a general way. And she is
so fond of you, Marjorie, that she will be sure to
enjoy this with you. No wonder she is fond of
you, dear," he added, with a slight qualm, **you
are so good to her, and so like one of us. I mean
to say ^"
" You don't quite know what you mean to
say, Neil," returned Marjorie, carefully picking an
end of his mother's wool from his brown sleeve ;
" but providentially I always understand as well
what you leave unsaid as what you say ; so —
it's all right."
One or two of the gentlemen were envying
him a little as he lingered with his betrothed ;
for had they not seen her gentle touch upon his
arm? But Neil turned away, feeling rather
uncomfortable, wishing he had not seemed so
much in earnest over this.
*' Louisa," he said, in a voice whose ease and
coldness sounded refreshing even to himself
after its late warmth and anxiety, "my mo-
q2
228 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
ther is awfiiUy anxious to have you at homo
with her this afternoon ; too bad of her, isn't it ?
But she seems to have set her heart upon it. I
don't think she's ever happy without you,
Louisa. But I must tell you this, she is so fear-
ful of your staying against your will, that she
won't be happy unless you can be generous
enough to consent very readily. I am vexed,
because I hoped to see you in <he coppice ; but
mother will be lost without you. You are so
very amusing with her, and possess such a fund
of narrative."
Neil left off there, afraid of laughing. But
Louisa Castillain guessed nothing of this. Her
whole face brightened as she glanced across at
Jelfrey.
" I will stay gladly, Neil," she said ; " I al-
ways like to give dear Lady Athelston a little
pleasure."
And Neil thanked her so heartily that Colonel
Stuart — standing near and examining his gun
— guessed rather more of his reason than Sir
Neil would have cared to acknowledge.
" Stegrt early, Mrs. Esdaile ; we trust to you,"
LAYING THE TRAIX. 229
the young Baronet said gaily, as, with the dogs
around him, he looked back from the hall door ;
raising his hat from a face which never could
have been so careless or so happy if he had
known for what a cruel work his own selfish
plans had smoothed the way.
When the shooting party returned that even-
ing, merry and muddy and tired, the ladies—
who had driven home an hour earlier — were in
their own rooms, resting before they began to
dress for dinner ; all except one, who happened
to be passing slowly along the east corridor as
Mr. Jelfrey entered it on the way to his own
room at the ferther end.
"We have arranged it all," she said, in a
hurried tone of congratulation. " I've written
the letter myself. Lady Athelston asked me to
do it for her, and Sir Neil is not to know."
Eustace Jelfrey smiled down into Louisa Cas-
tillain's flushed, fail- face, reading it steadily for
a few moments. What he saw there — the light,
shallow eyes were easily read — satisfied him
that what she did, she did for him ; no scruple of
conscience hurting her. no generous qualm hin-
230 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
dering her; and he trusted in her just so deeply
and just so steadfastly as such natures trust in
those which are a little higher than their own,
in that they are powerless to sound the deeper
and more sinful motive, and a little lower than
their own, in that they obey in very weakness
the guiding of the stronger will.
" How is the letter to be posted, Mr. Jelfrey ?"
asked Louisa, fidgeting coyly with the ribbons
on her dress, and speaking with insinuating
slowness, as she felt that he was still gazing
into her bent face.
"Leave that to me," he • answered gaily.
"I knew you would succeed; everything is
safe in your hands. Have you the letter with
you ? I will take it to the village ofiice my-
self before I dress. I have more than half-an-
hour to spare. Will you give it to me ?"
" Yes," cried Louisa, ready in an instant to
obey, yet evidently wishing to tell him more.
"Lady Athelston did not know the number
of the house in Berkeley Square, so she sent for
Miss Chester ; and I came away to — prevent
the girl seeing me there. You said you thought
LAYING THE TRAIN. 231
it better that no one should recognise our part
in this."
•* I €yreed that it was better, far better/' re-
plied Jelfrey, with am emphasis which would
convey that he had only acceded to a proposal
of hers.
^* Although our part is taken in simple kind-
ness to dear Lady Athelston," resumed Louisa.
" Yes,^ returned the tutor, promptly. " How
did Miss Chester take it V*
" I met her coming out of Lady Athelston's
room a few minutes ago — in fact, only as I
came along here to meet Marjorie," she answer-
ed, never guessing how he detected her untruth
the moment it was uttered. '* She always looks
white enough, doesn't she ? — but I never saw
any face so deathly white as hers was then. I
spoke to her, trying to judge how great her
craven fear might be, and she really could not
answer me for a time. Then, do you know,
she spoke quite calmly. There is such a strange
power in guUt," added the girl, innocently, " to
cloak itself under a calm and indifferent manner.
But I could see her real terror, and knew what
232 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
was meant when she complained of a horrible
headache, and said she was going to her room.
Of course 1 sympathised, and asked her to try
to come down, but she answered me in . real
panic. She must lie down, she said ; she some-
times did have these severe headaches, and rest
away was the only thing to take them away.
But I don't believe, Mr. Jelfrey, that she ever
had a headache like this before — do you ?"
Jelfrey laughed, and then they separated;
the letter in his pocket, and his whispered
words of flattery ringing in her ears.
The smile that lingered on her lips when she
entered her own room angered Marjorie a good
deal ; because it was, as the younger sister said
to herself, the hypocritical smile which boded
harm for some one. Marjorie, in her morning-
dress, was idly sitting before a table in the
bow-window, her chin resting on her hands, and
her eyes on the glowing sky above the hills.
"You are a nice sociable companion!" said
her sister, having waited in vain for her to
speak. "Can't you tell me something about
the afternoon, instead of sitting mooning there f "
LATIKG THE TRAIN. 233
" Yea, I could tell you lots of things," re-
joined Marjorie, absently. '* Of whom shall I tell
you first ?"
" You lunched all together, of course, in the
coppice V
" Yes, and ate an enormous luncheon every-
one of us. I never saw Eustace Jelfrey so
greedy, or so gay."
Louisa darted a swift look into her sister's
fece, and her lips tightened viciously. But
something in the absent, far-away brown eyes
(in which the old drollery lurked) stopped the
words that were coming.
" She does it only to provoke me," iliss Cas-
tillain thought to herself, " and she shall not see
that she has the power." — "And Emily Jorden
was in her seventh heaven, I suppose?" she
said, aloud.
"Seventeenth, I fancy. I could hardly re-
cognise her on the heights to which the hand-
some tutor's devotion led her."
'*And Sir Neilf inquired Louisa, with spite-
ful emphasis, " of course his devotion was for
you alone I"
234 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
" Sir Neil is too polite a host to bestow all his
devotion on one lady, however worthy," replied
the girl, demurely,
**Then Miss Chester had a trifling share,
eh ?" resumed Louisa, yawning as she looked
round on the preparation for her elaborate
toilet.
" You are always correct in your remarks,"
Marjorie said ; " why an unnecessary interroga-
tion at the end ?"
" And Colonel Stuart," asked Louisa, with a
keen cold look into her sister's face, " I suppose
he paid marked attention to Lady Athelston's
companion, as usual I If it were not that he is
getting old, and is such a thoroughly confirmed
widower (which is as bad as an old bachelor),
he would get laughed at for his ridiculous at-
tention to that girl."
"What a good thing it must be to be get-
ting old!" mused Marjorie, her eyes still on
the distant crimson of the sunset sky, her
chin still resting on her warm, white hands.
" His absurd conduct to the girl is, after all,
though, no more absurd than your behaviour
LAYma THE TRAIN. 235
towards that pettifogging artist in Nether
Lane," continued Louisa, vnih slow scorn.
"Everybody is remarking upon it. I should
not like my conduct to be spoken of as yours
is now. And you make no secret of your in-
&taation."
**An artist," said Marjorie, with quiet
gravity, "may rank even "witu a miser's
daughter."
''Even owning that artists, as a rule, rank with
the aristocracy," repliedLouisa — " and you won't
get the aristocracy to own it — such an artist as
this would not be included. Bah I he is not
worth calling an artist 1 He's a mere vaga-
bond, and it was an insult to us for him to have
been introduced among us."
" He never wished to be introduced among us,
Fm sure," rejoined Marjorie, uttering no depre-
dation of his talents, as she had done to Lina.
" We are not such gods and goddesses here in
Highshire. But, as I like him very much," she
added, her eyes taking their old laughter, as
she rose and rang the bell, " and intend to woo
him from his vagabond ways — * homeless.
236 . VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
ragged, and tanned,' you know — I hope you'll
make much of him for your poor sister's
sake."
"Good gracious, Marjorie!" cried Louisa,
vulgar in her excitement as the mean-hearted
often are, *' don't let other people hear you say
the mad things you say to me. Will you
never know what belongs to your position ?"
" The finest brace of birds which Colonel
Stuart brought down," continued Marjorie, her
voice full of laughter now as well as her eyes,
*' he himself took to the cottage in Nether Lane,
to leave for Mr. Spendir ; and I went with him,
and Miss Chester went with me, and Sir Neil
went with her, and Lady Helen went with him.
Oh ! Lady Helen was stiff to-day. She was a
living amalgamation of jealousy and spleen
and starch, and — and poor little Miss Chester's
happiness was anything but unmixed."
" And you really all made such donkeys of
yourselves as to go to that place and carry
game for that man ?"
" No ; not all," was the calm answer. " Mr.
Jelfrey never could so far forget himself, and
LATINO THE TRAIN. 237
Emilj Jorden never could so far forget him;
and of conrse tke others did not. I wonder
what rd better wear to-night. I feel so terribly
lowered by my visit to that place and my interest
in that manJ*
" Your mockery does not hurt me," returned
Louisa, jpulling again snappishly at the bell;
*• you always reserve all your amiable conver-
sation for me."
" You never talk of anything T care about,"
the younger sister answered, with a sound al-
most like a sob in her voice. " You don't caro
for what I care for. You don't scorn the things
I scorn. I — I suppose it never will be."
"I wish strangers knew how very unfascinat-
iDg you are at times," remarked Louisa, stolid-
ly, " however different you may appear before
them."
" They will surely know it presently," rejoin-
ed Marjorie, very calm and cold again, " for
constant information on the subject will fix it
on their minds at last, and you will be reward-
ed — as all virtue is."
The maid had entered the room bv this time.
238 VICTOR AND VANQXnSHED.
and the sisters hardly spoke again, except to
her, until they went downstairs together, the
lamplight falling richly on them, glancing
among the satin folds of Louisa's long white
dress, and softening the harshness as well as
subduing the haughtiness of her cold regular
features ; chasing away the weary look that had
lingered so long on Marjorie's piquant face,
while it cast dainty sunset tinted rays on the
thin pink dress which cost just one sixth of
what her sister had paid for hers, but to which
the graceful ilanc^ figure gave an elegance that
was priceless. Then the elder sister said, with
careless nonchalance,
" We shall have no contretemps to-night, at
any rate, for Miss Chester is not coming down.
Why she ever should have come down among
us I cannot imagine. She is keeping her room
for some mysterious reason or other."
And Marjorie answered not a word, but her
steps slackened and she fell behind. From the
bottom of the wide, lighted staircase, Louisa
looked up with a sneer on her lips, but the girl
was following, though slowly ; following with
LATIXG THE TRAIX. 239
her gloved hand on the balusters, humming
softly as she came. Seeing her so, and having
no legitimate canse of complaint, Miss Castil-
lain went on and entered the drawing-room
alone.
Then suddenly the gay insouciance left lilar-
jorie^s &ce, the notes died on her lips. With
swift, light steps she ascended the stairs again,
and at Lina's door bent her mouth to the key-
hole, entreating to be let in. The voice, true
and bright and earnest, carried a message of
hope as well as pity to the desolate girl within,
who sat alone, shivering with fear in the
shadow of a coming trouble.
240
CHAPTER XII.
STOLEN.
HEYOND the hills the crimson light had
-^ faded. There was certainly a full and
efficient substitute in the long dining-room at
High Athelston, where gay voices mingled with
soft high-bred laughter, and the glow of fire and
lamplight gleamed on shining plate and crystal,
or darted coyly here and there among the
jewels ; but, without the great lighted mansion,
the park lay dark and chill ; darkest of all in
the great avenue, down which a girl's figure —
small and darkly dressed — was passing swiftly.
Never once did Lina Chester pause until she
reached the high entrance gates, over which
STOLEN. 241
the lamps were burning on either side the stone
leopards.
'* Will yon unlock the little aide gate for me,
please t" she asked the lodge-kee])er timidly,
yet with the gentle dignity which, in all lier
humility, was inseparable from her. '^ Tlic post
bag was gone before I was aware, and I want
to go to the post-office in the village.'*
*' Law, Miss Chester," cried the woman,
astonished, ** to think of your being here, out
by yourself and the house so full ! Haven't you
a key of the bag? — because it's hero waiting.
The mail cart doesn't pass till nine."
" No, I have no key," said Lina, her lips cold
and stiff. ** I must go on to the village — I don't
mind, it is such a short distance ; it is not as if
1 had to go to Churchill."
"Of course you couldn't go there, miss,"
ejaculated the woman, decisively. '^ Come
in, please, and rest a bit; and my little girl
shall take the letter."
"Oh no, thank you," returned Lina, in
quick fear ; " I would rather go myself."
The woman smiled incredulously, and made
VOL. I. B
242 VICTOR AND VANQXnSHED.
a guess which, to be sure, was a very natural
one — " My lady's companion had an acquaint-
ance, to whom she wrote on the sly."
" If you'll wait here half-an-hour, miss,"
she said, aloud, "you can give the letter
yourself to the driver of the mail-cart, and
he'll post it for you ; you've only to give
him a trifle. It's sure to go safe, and you
can give it to him yourself, to make sure."
"I cannot wait, thank you'" said Lina,
her voice shaking more and more. "I shall
be back at High Athelston, I hope, in less
than half-an-hour. Will you let me out now,
please I"
With a sigh at the wilfulness of the girl,
looking so beautiful and so fragile in the
uncertain light, the lodge-keeper opened the
gate; and, after one more earnest entreaty
to be allowed to send her little girl with
Miss CheiSter, she let her out into the deepen-
ing shadows of the wide, open road.
" I couldn't help it," she muttered to herself,
locking the gate again, *' I hope I shan't
be blamed. If all's true that we hear. Sir
STOLEN. 243
Neil wonldnH care to know this ; and if it is a
sweetheart she writes to — as what el8o coiiUl
it be to take her out in this way ? — the sight
of the letter would bring him into one of
his worst tempers."
Along the silent highway went Lina swiftly,
too intent on one thought and one denire
to notice whether or not she mot any other
human being between High Athclston and
the village post-office.
A little cottage it was, next to the villap^e
alehouse, where a group who stood at thi%
door stopped for a minute in their noisy talk,
to watch the little dark figure hurry up the
cottage garden. One quick hope nerved
Lina's courage as she rapped at the door,
but it was dispelled at once when she entered
the kitchen; for, though only a low fire burned
on the hearth, and a small candle upon the
table, under the window, the old couple who
kept the office knew her in a moment.
She had not thought how hard it would
be for her to pass unrecognised by the people
round High Athelston, among whom her
k2
244 VICTOR AND VANQXnSHED.
exquisite beauty and her incomprehensible
avoidance of the young Baronet were prolific
themes of wonder and discussion ; and among
whom, her gentle, courteous sympathy was
given in just the way they liked best.
" Am I in time with a letter '" she asked,
feeling in her pocket slowly, and looking
around her with a strange eagerness literally
burning in her dark eyes,
" If the bag 'ad been sealed, Miss Chester,"
said the woman, as she brought forward a
chair, *Mt should 'a be'n in time for you, I'd
undo it myself if the master 'adn't adone it."
" Thank you," replied Lina — " thank you
very much; but I'm glad not to have given
you that trouble. You are already sortings
I see, " she added, glancing with painful
intentness at the letters which the old man
had been dividing by the light of the candle
on a table under the window.
" Yes, miss ; and I'll sit down again if
you'll excuse me," he answered, pushing his
spectacles down to their place on his broad
nose. ** I've only five minutes more."
STOLEN. 245
'' Go on — please go on," entreated Linu,
quickly, ** while I sit and rest for a few minutes,
as — as I don't feel very well. Here's my
letter."
It was a common-place looking letter
enough, addressed to Miss M'MulIen, 7, Con-
duit Street, London ; but yet the liaud which
laid it on the table trembled so that the
fingers could not be trusted to place it on
any certain heap ; and the voice which Huid,
"Which are the London letters?" was but
a weak and unsteady whisper.
"Here, miss. Thank you. Them's the
London letters, but I 'spects I've more here."
And Lina, watching breathlessly and with a
throb of pain as each letter was read by the
poor light, could yet join in the running
conversation which the old woman required
all the time.
"Miss Chester I Good mercy me, Miss
Chester, what's the matter?"
"I'm faint," gasped Lina, pushing with
both hands the thick, dark hair from her
temples, and raising a pair of wide, wild eyes
246 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
to the woman's face — " Fm faint. Can you —
ean you — get me a little brandy? Quick,
please."
" Go, go 1'" cried the woman, shaking by the
shoulder the poor old man who sat by the
table alarmed and bewildered. '* Go into the
public and get it. We can settle for it after,
only be quick. Oh, Miss Chester, what shall we
do ? You must be so awful ill."
" Is he gone I" asked Lina, still gazing at the
woman, as if her sight were deserting her. ** Is
he gone ? Will he be long ?"
** Not long — not long, my dear," the old wo-
man said, soothingly, longing to put her pitiful
arms round the slight, drooping form.
"Will he be quick?"
" Yes, he'll be quick, my dear. He's sure to
be quick," she said, coming a little nearer in her
great pity, and slipping one arm round the girl's
shoulder to support her.
" You are very good," whispered Lina, still
with the miserable bewilderment in her eyes,
"very good; but would you be kinder still?
STOLEN. 247
Would you go and hasten him ? Thej will keep
him. Oh, do go and hasten him."
**! don't like to leave you," said the woman,
softly, while her eyes filled.
*^ Please go," cried the girl, in intense eager-
ness, clasping her hand unconsciously.
And the old post-mistress, unable to meet the
entreating gaze of Lina's eyes — so unnaturally
big and dark to-night in the white fac^ — turned
away at once.
•• ril go, my dear," she said comfortingly, *• I
won^t be a minute."
Slowly Lina Chester rose when she was left
alone ; trembling in every limb, and supporting
herself by the table. One hand, shaking help-
lessly, moved the top letter from one of the
heaps, and took away one that lay next below
it, replacing them all evenly without this.
More and more the slight white fingers trembled
as she put this letter into her pocket ; and the
jhce, white and scared and guilty, which met
her in the common glass that hung beside the
window, made her start back as if a blow had
struck her.
248 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
" I am ill," she murmured to herself, speaking
in that tone of self-pity and self-vindication
which only the utterly desolate ever use ; " I
wish — oh, how I wish that was all 1"
They came in then with the brandy in
a tumbler, and Lina — instinctively recoiling
from it — had yet' to sip it while they stood and
watched ; watched her as if they feared that
when she put the glass down she would fall.
In quiet, broken tones she thanked them ; but,
when she turned to leave, the good old woman
followed her out into the dark little garden,
and took her hand to link within her sturdy
arm.
" ril not leave you, miss, I couldn't ; so please
don't say it."
So they walked from the village together in
the darkness, and in a few minutes the mail-cart
rattled along the road behind them, and the bag
was put in.
In the light of the lamps at the park gates
Lina stood to thank and dismiss the old post-
mistress. Then, her step still weak and slow,
she passed again along the silent avenue.
STOLEN. 249
Bat» instead of entering the honse, she harried
on acrofls the wide still park, and came out
into the dense darkness, among the elms in
Nether Lane.
250
CHAPTER XIII.
THE artist's cottage.
"niTZ SPENDIR, stooping over his work, at the
-*• cottage window that evening, stopped his
low, clear whistling for a minute, and raised his
head, intent and listening. Presently he bent
it once more over the block which he was pre-
paring for the engraver, and whistled again,
this time only four dear notes which made a
call.
" All right, dad— what is it ?"
The call had been answered promptly enough,
for the child he summoned came instantly into
the open doorway between the two rooms, and
stood there wiping his hands on a small brown
towel.
THE abtist's cottage. 251
*' Look on the chimnej-piece. Jet," said the
artist, going on with his work. ** There's a six-
pence and three pennies. Take the pennies to
that fellow at the gate. He does not look very
saiDt-like ; but a penny or two can't make him
worse, any more than the torrent of abuse he's
had next door can make biro better."
" She's blowing up now, dad," said the boy,
opening the door and hesitating. ** I wish she'd
go in."
*• Frightened — eh I" laughed the artist,
''and not ashamed to show it I Bah I Run
off."
But Jet did not run off at all; on the contrary,
he walked very slowly, and took care to leave
the door open behind him. So Fitz, though he
took up the broken strain of " The Standard
Bearer" again, as he bent industriously over his
block, still heard, above it, the shrill, raised
tones of his next door neighbour.
" Much use it is trying to keep away scamps
from one's house when they're encouraged in one's
very face. Some people don't mind, of course, be-
cause they've nothing to lose ; but I have things
252 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED,
to lose, and I'll appeal against money and bri-
bery being given at my own door, and in my
very face, to vagabonds who skulk about and do
no work, and for all I know are ticket -of-leave
men. A nice sort to attract about onel"
Over the artist's face — turned full to the
window now — a death-like pallor spread, blanch-
ing the lips that were half hidden in the rich
brown beard, and drawing them with a great
and passionate pain. The voices — his own boy's
now joined with the woman's — went on out-
side, but no word reached his ears.
" Dad, dad 1" cried Jet, entering presently,
with his small white face wet with tears, and
shutting the door behind him, carefully, this
time ; " she — she — she shook me 1"
" Then you'd done something wrong," rejoin-
ed Fitz, his lips still white and stiff, while he
tried, almost savagely, to regain his ease.
*' No, I hadn't — no, I hadn't indeed, dad. I
only said, * If she was poor and came to beg,
she'd rather have a penny than a scolding.' "
The artist's voice was shaken by a curbed
THE artist's cottage. 253
and fierce excitement. ** Move off, 1*11 go and
apologise for you."
"No, &ther; please don't,** urged the child.
" I quite meant it.**
** And I'm not to say you're sorry ?" he asked,
surprised, bending his face — so full of strength
and power, yet so full of gentleness — upon the
earnest one beside him.
•* No ; because it wasn't a fib. You know it
wasn*t, dad.**
" All right, ril stay where I am, then," he
said, raising his head with a sudden gesture as
if shrinking from something which had a strong
fiiscination for him; **and you little know, laddie,
what you have stopped. Apology !" he added,
with a low laugh of intense satire. " There's
little of the angel in me ; mine would have been
rather a savage apology — but never mind. It
shall stand over once more. Only a woman ; a
woman alone with the pestilence of a black
temper; solitary, too, as we are ourselves; and
has had trouble too, — ^if death ever does bring
trouble, as they say it does. I don't know. I can
only dream of one thing worth calling trouble."
254 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
" What, dad? Why are you mumbling!
Stop drawing, and tell me about supper."
" Supper r laughed the artist, raising his
eyebrows at the anxious little face.
" Yes, supper," whined Jet ; ** I didn't care a
bit about tea, because we'd no sugar, and it's so
bitter without sugar and cream."
" Bitterer than most things, eh ? Well, and
what's the supper to be I"
" You said we should have sausages, dad,"
proposed the child wistfully.
**Did I? Very well. Take that sixpence
and get half a pound. Don't stop in the town
at all."
"Am I to bring you a bottle of beer, dad?"
"No, not to-night," was the quick reply.
"We can't stand that every night, you know;
only when we've had a very hard day's work."
"I wish . we weren't poor," whined the
boy. " Mrs. Cheere made such an ugly frown
to-day when she said you ought to send me to
school ; and did so laugh when I told her you
couldn't because you couldn't afford it."
" You needn't tell her more than necessary.
THE artist's cottage. 255
Ii^ddie," said the artist, again checking his
passion by a strong, brave eflfbrt. ** Whatever
she says to you — if you can't walk away out of
hearing — just quietly bear it, like a man. Poor
lad I" he muttered, with a smile, ^ it is so easy
to tell a child to bear things like a man, and so
very hard for a man to bear them any way to
make an example of. Look at the braid on your
coat sleeve," he continued, with a light change
in his voice. " You can't go into the town until
you've mended it."
** Won't you do it, father I"
" No ; I'm too busy now ; I want to make the
most of the daylight. You can do it yourself
famously."
^^ Jack Esdaile never mends his own coat, I
know," grumbled Jet, "nor washes himself;
and he always has buttons on. I believe the
tailor puts them on. No other boys have to do
everything, like I have, dad."
"Don't they t" smiled Fitz, always wonder-
fully patient with the boy during his occasional
fits of gloomy discontent and rebellion. " But
still I don't quite see why you should envy
256 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
them. You are happy, 1 know, my lad ; and
what more can any boys be — even little
princes I"
^' I expect I could be happier, dad," said the
child, with a strange pathos in his young voice.
" Everybody thinks that, dear. Perhaps little
Jack Esdaile fancies that he might be happier."
" 1 don't think he does," was the boy's an-
swer. *' It's his birthday to-day, and he told
me what lots of presents he had. Dad,'when's my
birthday ?"
" 1 don't know ; I — forget," the artist answer-
ed, as the dusky red rose slowly in his sun-
burnt face.
" Do you, dad ?" Jet asked, astonished.
" Jack said you'd tell me, and Colonel Stuart
said it too. He came in when we were talking
of it, and he asked me all about what I could
remember when I was little."
" Colonel Stuart is very good to you, laddie,"
said the artist, putting in the words rather hur-
riedly.
" Oh, so good, father !" was the enthusiastic
reply. " He says I can go to the Anchorage
THE artist's cottage. 257
whenever 1 like, and he always keeps me to
Jack's tea, and he — he puts his hand on my
head just as he does on Jack's. Oh, father,
shouldn't we be happy if we had a beautiful
house like Jack's ?"
" Hope on, work on, laddie," said the artist,
gently, ** and some day your home will be as
beautiful — as beautiful," he added, with a smile
that was sarcastic in all its dreamy gentleness.
« Will it, father ?"
*^ Yes."
« How soon ?"
"God only knows, my boy. But do you
think I could work as I work now, only for
years and years untold of this life — oithia home?"
"But, dad" (the boy's voice had caught
some of the earnest patience of the man's, but
was doubtful still, and rather regretful), " you
don't mean Heaven, do you ?"
Fitz drew the child into his arms, with a quick
laugh which told nothings
** Now then, laddie, get a needle and mend
your sleeve."
As the child sat at the opposite end of the
VOL. I. S
258 yiCTOR AND VANQUISHED.
room, his face bent low over his hands, sewing
awkwardly at the binding of his jacket, the
artist's eyes rested upon him with a strange,
sorrowful tenderness in their gaze.
" If this could be bound all fresh, it would be
a good deal better, father," put in Jet, without
raising his engrossed eyes.
" I daresay."
Then the artist went on busily with his work,
and did not look up again.
**I suppose I'm growing, dad," said Jet,
when he rose at last, and put on his tight little
coat.
" Well, and who asked you to grow, pray I''
Fitz answered, merrily. So strangely, sudden-
ly sad or merry he could be, as if the whole
teaching of his life had been at variance with
his nature.
"Do you know who's going to give me a
penny for a bun when I go, father ?" questioned
Jet, anxiously, now that he was ready.
"No, who is it r .
"I don't know, father," rejoined the boy,
thoughtfully. : "I was wondering."
THE artist's cottage. 259
*• So was I," laughed Fitz. " Let's set the
wonder at rest. The fair Dorcas will see you
eating the bun though, and give it sharply as
her opinion that it's no wonder I can't put you
to school, when I spend all the nioney we get
on * bilious tantaddlings.' You remember she
said it before/'
" She's very cross ; isn't she, father ?" was
the gentle remark, as the child put the money
into his little basket with old-fashioned caution.
" Not so much cross as cantankerous ; and
that word's expressive according to its length.
Now, old fellow, make haste."
" And, father," pleaded the boy, hesitating on
the threshold, " after supper may be you'll play
* Old Maid.' "
The artist's laugh was fresh and spontane-
ous.
"All right, laddie, we'll enjoy half-au-hour
at that suggestive and appropriate game. Then
after you go to bed I must pluck one of Colonel
Stuart's birds for our dinner to-morrow, unless
I leave it for you in the morning. Now be oflf^
s2
260 VIOTOR AND VANQUISHED.
Even when he was left alone, the laugh lin-
gered in the artist's eyes.
" What a relief it is when the ludicrous side
of the cards is uppermost 1" he said, moving
away from his fine pencil-drawing, and begin-
ning to paint rapidly at a great, highly-coloured
board which he took from its covering.
"There's almost always a ludicrous side to
show in this life of ours — Jet's and mine. Poor
Jet I — poor little lad 1 There's something
almost touching, yet irresistibly comic too, in his
fear, yet defiance, of our neighbour — the vixen I
Just suppose she had little Jack Esdaile to
deal with ; or, indeed, any child who had not
had his restless little spirit tamed and subdued
as my lad's must be. It seems to me that — that
all the happiness on earth is due to money,"
mused the artist, sitting before the gorgeous
sign he was painting. "But I haven't quite
settled that question with myself yet. Didn't
Miss Castillain say something the very opposite,
the other day ? Ah ! but what a difference it
makes whether those who speak possess it or
want it 1 One thousand pounds 1"
THE aktist's cottage. 261
The brush was moved rapidly, daringly ; and
the artist's eyes followed it, but withal they had
the look which told of one close, concentrated
thought, and one vague, distant ambition un-
resistingly pursued.
^' One thousand pounds, and the interest for
four years I Suppose — suppose," mused Fitz, as
if to dismiss that other thought, ** that I had no
cause to save — that I had no purpose for which to
save ; and could spend all I earned. Suppose that
1 hadn't to take any little pettifogging job that
turned up ; and be grateful for it too, as I am
for this, which will no sooner be put up, I dare
say, than all the world will blurt out the
painter's name to Colonel Stuart, &om whom
I'm keeping it hidden so carefully. It does go
against the grain to paint this leopard; and
yet it may be a good joke in years to come.
* The Athelston Arms.' Capital I And the
arm that painted it can boast of no better deed
through all its lifel What's that about the
leopard changing its spots I And all the Athel-
stons But just suppose," the artist went on,
again dismissing suddenly his old train of
262 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
thought, " some one were to give me a hundred
pounds, and tell me I must spend it on com-
fortable things — ^personal sort of things. Let
me see what I should do. First I should
buy "
The long, calculating silence, — during which
Fitzin imagination spent his hundred pounds, —
was broken hj the opening of the door, and he
turned laughingly to the boy.
" I'm glad you are come, old fellow. I'd got
to ninety pounds, and couldn't find anything
more I wanted. What a relief it is to come
back to reality, and find I haven't got it to
spend at all I"
Of course the child did not understand what
this meant, and he was too full of some misery
of his own to heed it.
"I didn't have my bun, dad," he said^
through thick tears ; *' a big boy fought me and
took it."
" And the sausages ?" asked Fitz, coolly.
" No, I didn't let him see those ; but he hurt
me, dad."
"And you hurt him, I suppose?" was the
THE artist's cottage. 263
easy question, though Fitz Spendur's eyes were
wrathful as he drew the persecuted boy to
him.
" No, dad, not much, I — fear," said the child
honestly, raising his wet eyes. " I was beaten.
There ; I knew you'd laugh, dad, and say I was
a coward."
" Beaten boys are not all cowards, Jet," he
answered, kindly. "Shall I tell you of one
who was not ?"
^' Please, dad," and the wet face brightened a
little.
"Well, this boy once had a fight with a
girl 1 Think of that ; and a girl two years
younger than himself; and he came off beaten
abjectly, conquered ignominiously, and in abun-
dant tears, too. Should you have said he was
a coward?"
" Of course, dad, when he was beaten by a
smaller girl."
" Of course, eh ? Well, that proves how little
you know about it, old fellow. That boy grew
up into the bravest and cleverest soldier in the,
world, and did what lots of brave and clever
264 VICTOR AND YAXQCISHSD.
men bad tried to do and cooldn't ; and the con-
quering girl waa never heard of afterwards,
that I know o£ Bat I dareeaj she may have
been living in some qniet comer, and may
have read of the glorious victories this boy
gained. They called him the Dnke of Wel-
lington in those days.**
^ Oh, dad, and is it tmef
^ As tme as that he was the conqueror at
Waterloo. Now make haste and get onr sup-
per, laddie/*
While the boy cooked the sausages with
comical deftness, and the artist went on inde-
&tigably with his work, they told each other
stories, asked each other riddles, amusing
each other, as it had grown upon them to do in
their solitary life, and their laughter was prompt
and ready. Yet upon both faces there lingered
a something which, if those who loved them
had been near to-night, it would have given
a cruel pain to see.
The sausages had been eaten and enjoyed ;
the game of "Old Maid" had been won — as it
generally was — ^by Jet, with great complacency;
THE artist's cottage. 265
and now the child was sleeping upstairs, and the
artist sat beside the dying fire, and absently
hummed the chorus of " Beautiful Isle of the
Sea," as he plucked a partridge. Even over
this, his fingers were rapid and dexterous ; it
seemed as if the man had no room in his life
for either listlessness or indifference.
The rich, softened notes broke off suddenly,
for at the cottage-door Fitz heard a quiet
rapping. He laid the bird down in the basket
that held the feathers, and rose with a vexed
surprise upon his face — a look of fear, too, that
was half-defiant. But all this vanished in a
moment when he opened the door upon Lina
Chester.
266
CHAPTER XIV.
GONE.
TTTTHEN Lina had entered the cottage, she^
' ' turned in silence and bolted the door be-
hind her ; then she raised her white, scared face,
and Fitz, bending his bronzed and bearded one
to meet it, kissed her very, very tenderly.
" My little pet, my poor little pet I What has
frightened you to-night ? Whose work is this ?'*
he asked, his voice growing hot and passionate
through all his tender greeting. Lina drew
back a little and looked up at him, trying to
bring a smile into her eyes instead of the hunted,
frightened look which she knew that he could
read there. And, standing so, she laid the letter
GONE. 267
on the table beside him, and told him how, and
why, she had just stolen it from the office.
She did not modify the word. She •did not
try to hide one shade of her deceit or guilt.
She told him the simple facts, in a hurried,
whispered tone, which made the few fierce words
that now and then interrupted her sound all
the more clear and startling.
" If I had my hand upon that rascal's throat
this moment, I should think it no sin to leave
him dead there on the floor !"
She never tried to calm him, seeming to know
how useless that would be ; but when she
uttered again the tutor's name she roused
more hotly still the furious demon within
him.
" Jelfrey !" the sarcastic tone was loud and
fierce in the very intensity of its abhorrence.
"Don't name him again. Though I should
loathe my own hands if they touched him, I
should think it no sin to murder Aim."
So the artist spoke in his savage anger, lean-
ing his back heavily against the thin, slight wall
of which he knew or guessed so little.
268 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
"Show me what you are painting now!*'
whispered Lina, her voice gentle and soothing,
though still moved and shaken by pain. *^Miss
Marjorie Castillain told me of your last illustra^
tion, the view at the tarn. She often tells me
of you.**
*' Does she t" asked the artist, the dusky red
in his cheeks, and a softening light in his eyes.
« God bless her I"
" She is good," said Lina, with deep earnest-
ness. " And is — ^is that really the last illustra-
tion which will be wanted f And is your
work here over now?"
. " It ought to be," Fitz said, as they stood to-
gether over the block, " it would be if Colonel
Stuart were like anyone else, but he gives me
another thing to do as I finish one; and — I think
through him — I have had one or two small
orders from houses in Churchill. And now that I
have nearly finished, he has commissioned me to
copy a curious old family poi-trait, for his
sister, as the original belongs to him."
" He is good too ; very good," breathed Lina,
softly.
GONE. 269
" So good," replied the artist, as he cautiously
put aside the block, " that it is no burden to a
man to owe so much to him. And even that
serpent is safe, being in his household. It is
only by meeting such a man as he that I can
keep a spark of manly truthftilness alive in me ;
and even then it's hard enough at times. God
only knows how hard, when my thoughts have
their fling, and travel backwards, through your
life and mine, my little pet.
They were standing close together then, and
for long minutes they spoke of that past, in
hushed and saddened tones. Then Lina, sud^
denly recollecting herself, looked wistfully up
through her tears into the strong, kind face
above her.
** I must go ho 1 must go back now," she
said. And he answered only — ^putting a strong
constraint upon himself —
** Come, I will take you."
"Only to your own gate," she said, quite
firmly and decisively, though with the old loneli-
ness and fear growing again in her eyes, now
that she was leaving him. " You have left the
270 VICTOR AND YAKQUISHED.
letter," she added, hesitating just without the
door.
** Never mind," he whispered (for they were
close to Mrs. Cheere's lighted window), ** I will
bum it when I go in ; the pleasure will reconcile
me to my solitude. I shall take it up with the
tongs, like a tainted thing as it is. Let it lie
there, without a thought wasted on it."
"There is no fear of anyone going in and
seeing it, I suppose?" questioned Lina, still
anxious.
^'Mine is not a likely mansion to attract
thieves of any kind," said the artist, laughing
low. '* Besides, if they are coming they must
pass us at the gate. No, not yet," he added,
as Lina stopped at the wicket ; " I must come
just a few steps down the lane with you."
Only a few steps literally did she allow him to
take ; and then he sauntered back, his head bent
in thought, his eyes so far away that they saw
nothing in the shadow of the hedge, as he closed
the gate and turned into the silent garden.
The cottage door still stood open, and the
little lainp was burning ias he had left it. Al-
GONE. 271
most before he was conscious what it was, Fitz
Spendir missed something. He looked romid,
the brows coming down over his eyes. The
letter ! Yes ; it had been left upon the table,
here beside the lamp, and it was gone.
The artist's eyes, darkening with a terrible
fear and rage, went over the small room from
end to end. Then he turned suddenly, and left
the house, his breath coming quick and hard. A
sharp, short summons at Mrs. Cheere's door
roused her from the placid enjoyment of a
glass of mulled elder wine, which she always
" took medicinally " before going to bed,
" I have been away from home for five
minutes," said the artist, breaking in upon her,
almost grand in his curbed wrath and excite-
ment. " Do you know who has been in my
house during my absence ?"
"If 1 keep my own house quiet and un-
molested, I think it's about as much as need be
expected of a woman," rejoined Dorcas, stiffly.
" I never heard that I was expected to mind
yours too."
'' You haven't been in, then ?" inquired Fitz,
caring nothing for her rudeness.
272 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
"II" retorted Dorcas, with a scornful sniff
which died awaj in a laugh of contemptuous
astonishment ; " I'd be sorry to go over your
doorsill, I would !*'
" Then you don't know V* asked Fitz,
anxiously.
"II you are sober, I should think you know
yourself," she answered, stirring her wine, with
cool scorn ; " unless you killed him, as you
threatened. Didn't he go in to bring you
Colonel Stuart's message, though I tried to
persuade him against it, when he'd real need to
be afraid oi murder ?"
" What do you mean ?" inquired Fitz, aghast.
" Just what I say. And now I should think
you can go, and not stare a person out of coun-
tenance like that, at unseemly hours."
A tact, not at all belonging to the artist, came
to him now with ready help.
" But Mr. Jelfrey is only just gone, as you
acknowledge," he said, quietly; "I fear he
missed me, and couldn't leave the Colonel's
message. Will you kindly tell me what it
was ?"
GONE. 273
" I hope Fm better bred than to ask gentle-
men to tell me things that no way concern me,"
answered Dorcas, with stately pride. " And if
you missed the message, and it was a good one
for you, yon just deserved it ; having visitors
that daren't come in the daylight."
Looking at him with vicious scrutiny, Dorcas
saw the scarlet rush into the artist's face; and
she smiled with grim satisfaction.
" Mr. Jelfrey is a gentleman^^' she said, with
impressive and suggestive emphasis ; " and
when he reached your door and found that you
were engaged with a person " (the second
emphasis added greatly to theimpressiveness and
suggestiveness of the first), " he came in here to
remain until your houseshould be visitable. Then,
when he supposed you were alone again, he
went in to give you Colonel Stuart's message.
I wish you good night now, and hope these do-
ings under my own roof— for the houses are
but too unfortunately conjoined — may not be
allowed by Colonel Stuart to be of long con-
tinuance."
With this slow shot, Dorcas turned again for
VOL. I. T
274 VIOTOK AND VANQUISHED.
consolation to her tumbler of warm beverage,
but its flavour was a little diluted by the un-
flattering consciousness that ** that vagabond
artist " had not waited to hear the whole of her
speech.
Not he ! By the time Dorcas had stopped to
take breath, he was out in the lane, pursuing
his way under the elms, with the sure, swift
vigilance of a greyhound. No figure moved
before him in the almost utter darkness; no
step sounded on the hard road; but he still
held on his hurried, eager way, until he saw be-
fore him the end of the lines of overarching
elms; and, in the partial light beyond, two
figures beside the green door in the wall which
bounded the park of High Athelston.
It did not need the artist's keen, well-
practised eyes to recognise them. Eustace
Jelfrey had one hand on Lina Chester's arm,
while the other placed the key in the lock of
the door.
With a very madness of anger, Fitz Spendir
sprang forward, but only to see the door close
behind them as they entered the park together.
GONE. 275
The grey, ivy-covered wall was eight or nine
feet high, but Fitz looked up at it, eagerly and
hungrily, as if he could have cleared it at a
bound.
Lina had crossed the park, entered the house,
and crept to her own room — the hunted look
darkening her sad eyes then, even as it had
never done before — when the artist at last
left the dark lane, and, re-entering the cottage,
sat down beside the empty grate, and took up
the half-plucked bird.
t2
276
CHAPTER XV.
MARJORIE CASTILLAIN FORMS A RESOLUTION.
"liTARJORIE CASTILLAIN, in her pink
■"-*- evening dress, and with the roses unfaded
in her rich brown hair, was sitting beside the
fire in Miss Chester's bedroom when Lina
entered it.
" I found Margaret here waiting to help you,
Lina," she said, with only an instant's glance up
from the fire, " so I told her you were downstairs
busy ; and that, as I liked sitting here, she
might go to bed. You were downstairs busy,
so don't look shocked at me. It is no fib. You
weren't upstairs, and you weren't idle. In that
I was right. Miss Chester, as in most things —
Save the mark !"
MARJORIE FORMS A RESOLUTION. 277
Lina had smiled with sudden gladness when
she saw Miss Castillain sitting in her room ; but
before she had taken off her hat, the short-lived
brightness had vanished from her face, and it
was pale with a pallor which frightened Mar-
jorie. Yet Marjorie still spoke lightly, and still
looked into the fire with idle enjoyment in her
whole attitude ; leaning forward on her low
seat, and clasping both her hands round one
knee.
** Margaret was glad enough to go back to
the servants' hall, I know," she said, " for she
idolizes the twin Canaries. She is in love with
one of them, but has not yet decided which, and
she is equally fond of the other. You see, Lina,
I think it one of the arduous duties of my
sphere to make observations secretly about the
affaires du cceur of the Athelston retainers.
You've no idea how often my little romances
turn out facts ; and they — not the romances, but
the heroes and heroines — need a little encour-
agement, which Lady Athelston is far too inert
to give them. Poor lady ! she forgets the time
when for her the * we two ' of the world were
278 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
not exactly hereelf and her grown-up son.
So, yon see,'* continued Marjorie, still more
easily, as Lina came towards the fire in her
morning dress, *' being so au fait in these mat-
ters, I understood exactly how Margaret would
enjoy a little flirtation. Besides that, I under-
stood how my dearly-loved sister would enjoy
a spicy gossip with our pnaid, sittiDg en peignoir^
and growing happier and happier the more
scandal Browne condensed into the time. Bah !
isn't it an unwomanly thing — at least, I mean,
isn't it a detestably womanly thing — ^to listen
by the hour, with watering lips, while your ser-
vant tattles treachery about your own friends,
lowering not only her and yourself, but lower-
ing, too, all mistresses for ever in the girl's eyest
And besides that, I understood, Lina, how I
myself should enjoy a quiet rest here until
you came, and then a cheering talk with you,
my little friend."
Marjorie had risen now, and was standing on
the rug opposite Lina, her eyes unspeakably
gentle and pitiful in their questioning.
<« But — but I am so miserable I" cried Lina,
HABJORIE FORMS A BESOLUTION. 279
impetuously, pushing her hair from her temples
with the air of utter bewilderment which Mar-
jorie had noticed before, and which it grieved
her inexpressibly to see, now that the white
face was so full of helplessness and real
despair.
** Have you failed f " asked Marjorie, in a
whisper which sounded almost cheerful because
she made such an effort to prevent its sounding
hopeless.
** I — I have — more than failed ; worse than
failed."
" Then the letter is posted, Lina?"
" No," she answered, looking into Marjorife's
eyes with a wide, startled gaze, '^ no ; but Mr.
Jelfrey has it." »
"How was that!" asked Marjorie, letting no
surprise appear either in her voice or eyes, for
it really frightened her to see the terrible
anguish on the face before her.
"I don't know yet," said Lina, very low,
groping as it were in a great vacant darkness,
and still gazing into Marjorie's eyes with the
scared glance which seemed to search for some
280 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
gleam of light to help her. " I left it in — the
cottage ; and before I reached here, he — over-
took me, and — and he had the letter, he told
me."
"Bat did not give it to you?" questioned
Marjorie, still calmly, though the words sounded
as if they came through her closed teeth.
" And I," continued Lina, as if she heard or
saw nothing but that of which she was telling,
"I forgot everything and pleaded; but he
would not — he would not, unless "
''I see, dear," put in Marjorie, impulsively
kissing the dark eyes which looked with such
wild bewilderment into hers. " Don't look so,
Lina. Let us talk of it quietly. Surely, surely
we can frustrate him. Close your eyes ; I can-
not bear their pain and fear. You mean," she
went on, as she caressingly put Lina into the
low chair, and knelt upon the rug beside her,
" you mean that he would not give it you unless
you promised what he wished T
" Yes," answered Lina, speaking sharply in
her acute pain.
" And — don't be vexed with me, Lina, what-
MARJORIE FORMS A RESOLUTION. 281
ever I may ask — and is it impossible that you
should do what he means ?"
" I don't know. Oh I that is the hardest of
all — to hnow^^ cried the girl, with a great tear-
less sob.
"I will not ask you," continued Marjorie,
with her hands on the restless fingers clasped
in Lina's lap, " why it would hurt you if that
letter went. You told me this evening that
you feared its going. That was enough for me
to know then ; that is enough for me to know
now when I look into your eyes. It would hurt
you if that letter went, and so we must prevent
its going."
" Miss Castillain," whispered Lina, the words
coming brokenly from her shaking lips, "it
would not hurt me for the present only; it
would wreck my whole life. Ahl you can
never know what it is to be utterly alone in all
the big, cold world ; and how hard, being so, it
is to earn a home. Oh I Miss Castillain, all my
life would be wrecked, and — and "
" I thought so," answered Marjorie, very
softly. ** It would wreck another life too. I
282 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
read that in your face. Liua, you are sure my
sister wrote it ; not Mi*. Jelfrey ?"
'* Lady Atbelston told me Miss Castillaiu had
* kindly written ' it for her," replied Lina, with
slow unwillingness.
'' Pooh 1" cried Marjorie, with a ring of real
contempt in her voice, " don't hesitate to tell
of her to me. What a comfort that she did it
kindly! At any rate, then, Lina, that letter
must not go ; and Mr. Jelfrey's conditidns must
not be met, whatever they are."
" But, Miss Castillain, I must tell you what
they are," exclaimed Lina, still with the look of
terrible suffering in her eyes. ** Please let me
tell you what they are, because I feel as if I
groped so blindly, not knowing right from
wrong ; both are so terribly mixed."
Then Marjorie, seeing it would relieve and
help the girl to tell even a little, said, with
tenderness, just the words that Lina wanted —
"Yes, it will be better for you to tell me
what he wants, dear; I," she added, *'have
known him so much longer than you have."
" No," interrupted Lina, with a quick catch*
MARJORIE FORMS A RESOLUTION. 283
ing of her breath. " But, Miss Castillain, how
can I tell you what he said f You will hate me
for repeating his words."
*' No," returned Marjorie, earnestly ; " never
fear that any of his words can move me even
to anger with Atm, let alone with you, dear.
No, indeed, they can only make me despise him
just a shade, perhaps, more heartily than I do
now. Well, Lina, he says — ?" she concluded,
as a help to Lina in her reply.
*' He said," breathed Lina, very low and
slowly, " that he would not post that letter if I
would promise to — to — would promise that Mr.
Spendir should leave Highshire at once, quietly^
without explanation to anyone."
** I see — should leave suspiciously ; yes, I
see," assented Marjorie, her clear voice clearer
than ever in it« unutterable scorn; "should
disappear — run away — ^yes, I see that distinctly.
What else, Lina !"
*' He said I must Oh ! I cannot tell you !"
" I think I know," said Marjorie, gently. *' It
was about Sir Neil."
^ Yes," answered Lina, her head drooping
284 TICTOR AM) TAXQUISHED.
lower and lower, and her ejes, so dail: in their
sadness, wandering^ to the fire. ^Ohl Miss
Castillain, jon cannot know — jaUj of all the
world r
^ It is jnst I of all the world who wonld be
likely to know,^ returned Marjorie, calmly.
"He wants yon to give Sir Neil enconrage-
ment, as they call it. Don't flindi, dear ; don't
look so sadly shocked. I wonld never let words
of Mr. Jeljfrey's move me, if I were yon. Lina,
I've seen for a long time — ^for all this Summer
— that Sir Neil Athelston loves yon. Don't
interrupt me ; the word is the right word, and
I am the right one to tell you ; at any rate,"
corrected Marjorie, with a great bravery in her
shaking voice, " I choose to think so. Lina, I
can see that Neil Athelston has never loved at
all before this Summer. I don't say what his
love may be worth to anyone ; perhaps it too
much depends on who the ' anyone ' is ; but I
know — and no one knows it as I know it — that
he has never loved me as he loves you, and so
T do him the justice to say that he can never
have loved anyone as he loves you. I know it ;
MARJORIE FORMS A RESOLUTION. 285
I can see it in his face always now ; I can hear
it in every tone of his voice when you are pres-
ent. You see, I don't flinch from telling it ;
but that is nothing. The simple fact stands as
I have said, and Eustace Jelfrey sees it. Lina,
in spite of the abhorrence I see in your face
for this subject, in spite of your strong and
natural dislike to Sir Neil Athelston, I have
made you listen to this to prove to you that I
understand that condition of Eustace Jelfrey's ;
and I know he will abide by it ; I know he will
hold to it like grim death."
*' Why?" asked Lina, the vacant, wandering
gaze once more fixed upon Maijorie.
" Why I" echoed Marjorie, speaking so lightly
that no sign was visible of the scorn and con-
tempt she felt. " Because Neil wants but the
slightest encouragement &om you to violate
unhesitatingly the tie between himself and me,
and that tie Eustace Jelfrey would use all his
strength and skill to break at any cost."
A little light of comprehension broke upon
Lina's face.
" I knew he admired you," she said, trying to
286 VICTOR AND VANQ
*iii^:ijii
tmderstand, ** bat I thought he was — was going
to ask your sister to marry him."
** Of course yon did, and so he is," langhed
Marjorie, ^bnt only if his last scheme Seals.
This is his last scheme, and it mnst £dl. We
wiU frustrate both Mr. Jelfrey's conditions.
Ton shall not persuade Mr. Spendir to leave
Highshire ; nor shall yon let Sir Neil think that
yon love him, yon poor little lonely girl T
.And Marjorie Castillain, in her large and
generous sympathy, took the aching head
within her arms, and actually shed warm tears
above it.
" It is no wonder that I should try to help
yon, is it, Lina," she whispered, soothingly,
** when I am the cause of the persecution yon
suffer r
" Oh ! indeed — indeed yon are not !" cried
Lina, earnestly. ** You say it because you are
so good, but you don't know, and I cannot
tell you. Oh ! Miss Castillain, what must you
think of me ?"
"Too much to tell you what it isy*' replied
Marjorie, with ineffable gentleness.
MARJORIB FORMS A RESOLUTION. 287
" And you never ask me," Lina went on, sob-
bing, " you never ask me how I could get Mr.
Spendir to go away from here ; you never ask
me what I know of him, what influence I have
over him — you never suspect ^"
"Never," returned Marjorie, hastily. "I
trust you, Lina, because I could not help it if I
tried. 1 can do nothing but trust you, dear.
And as for him, does not Colonel Stuart trust
him just as fully as I trust you ? Doesn't he
trust him because he knows him ? And, know-
ing him, it seems natural to trust and to like
him. Well, it is just as natural to me to
trust and to like you. If you never tell me a
word more than you have told me to-night, I
shall still have utter confidence in you, my little
friend."
Then, still within Marjorie's warm and pitifril
embrace, the girl — who could not even then
tell the secret of her life — wept long and unre-
strainedly; sobbing until the excited strength
of the slight frame gave way. Marjorie let her
weep and sob^ only holding her close, and
whispering soothing words now and then.
288 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
And when she was exhausted — yet relieved, and
Marjorie knew it — she told her it was bed-time ;
and, moving softly about the room, in her beau-
tifiil flowing dress, and talking now quite easily
and naturally, she brought at last one little
gleam of hope to the white face which lay so
wearily upon the cushion.
*' Good night," she whispered, bending until
the roses in her hair touched Lina's eyelashes,
and their perfume brought a momentary, inex-
plicable gladness thrilling through her, as the
sudden scent of flowers often will. "Good
night. Don't think of this again, until to-
morrow, and then it will all look clearer and
brighter, dear."
Hardly speaking, or accepting any help, when
she went to her room, Marjorie waited until her
sister had dismissed the maid (a right she al-
ways reserved to herself), arranged her pillows,
and lain down. Then Marjorie came up to the
bed, and, leaning with folded arras upon the
carved footrail, looked at her sister with a
pleading wistfulness which was new and strange
on the gay, careless face.
MARJORIE FORMS A RESOLUTION. 289
Louisa was the beauty of the family,— there
never was any question about that, — ^but never
at her best had she looked beautiful just as
Marjorie did then.
" Louie," she began, " I very seldom ask you
to do me a favour — a particular, personal favour,
do I r
" Quite often enough, I think," replied Louisa,
languidly.
** Will you grant me one to-night ?" continued
Marjorie, unheeding this interruption. •* It will
not hurt you. Indeed, in years to come you
may thank me in your heart because you were
persuaded to do it."
"Indeed!" interrupted Louisa, icily. "Per-
haps I had better thank you now. I may have
forgotten it. in years to come."
"It will cost you no trouble, no loss, no self-
denial even. Oh ! Louisa, do say you will
do it!"
" I'm not quite idiot enough to promise be-
fore I know what it is," returned Miss Castillain.
" Speak out, if you want anything, and make
haste. Money, of course ?"
VOL. I. U
290 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
" No," answered the youDger sister, gently.
" I may want money, — I generally do, — ^but I
would not ask you for that as I ask you for
this."
" Well, what is it, then ?"
But Marjorie hesitated even yet to speak out,
understanding her sister so well. So — ^though
in her great earnestness it would have relieved
her to come to the point at once — she leaned a
little more forward on her arms, and slowly in-
troduced her desired request, as she fancied it
would be best received.
" We all know," she said, " what an immense
power you possess over Eustace Jelfrey. He
obeys every wish of yours, much to Emily
Jorden's discomfiture ; and he is always ready
to follow your advice. Louie, will you use this
great influence, which everybody notices, to
dissuade him from posting a letter which Lady
Athelston has written to-day to London about
Miss Chester ?"
JVIarjorie, knowing who was the real writer of
the letter, had too much tact and knowledge of
her sister to venture to let such a knowledge
k
MARJORIE FORMS A RESOLUTION. 291
appear, or to seem to suspect that Louisa could
have even the smalleut share in the transaction,
except as an able auxiliary now in remedying
the evil.
'' Rubbish!" sneered Miss Castillain from her
pillow, looking, with a supercilious smile, into
her sister's anxious face, on which the fluctuat-
ing colour came and went swiftly in this, to
her, novel and unpleasant situation. " What
business is it of mine what Lady Athelston may
choose to do about her poor little paltry com-
panion 1 We have quite enough of her down-
stairs, I think, without your dragging her into
every conversation up here. Fm sick to death
of her very name."
" If you will promise me this one thing,"
entreated Marjorie, "I will promise never to
speak to you of her again— I will, indeed."
** Much I should believe you I Besides," added
Miss Castillain, with an enjoyment of her sister's
unusual and unfeigned earnestness, " would not
it relieve you from your present painful position
to know that the letter had been posted? Don't
u2
292 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
people generally post their letters the day they
write them r
" Bat I know — I mean," corrected Marjorie,
with great suddenness, ^^ sometimes Lady Athel-^
ston does not ; and, if it is not posted ^will
you promise me it shall not go if it is not post-
ed? I will take the other chance. Oh, Louisa,
do promise me ; you might just as well. Will
you r
" Might I just as well t" snapped the elder
sister. " That is not exactly what I happen to
think. The letter is posted ; rest content with
that. If it were not ^"
" If it is not," cried Marjorie, the tears actual-
ly starting in her pleading eagerness, ^' you will
prevent its being done? Louie, there isn't
anything you can ask me that I will not do for
you, if you will only promise me this."
"Thank you, but I have no special desire
either for your property or services," rejoined
Miss Castillain, chillingly ; " and I have not the
faintest intention of doing what you ask. I hope
I am too much of a lady — whatever yon may be
— to interfere in matters that are entirely per-
MARJORIE FORMS A RESOLUTION. 293
Bonal and private matters of Lady Athelston's."
" But if Eustace Jelfrey isn't too much of a
gentleman — I mean," faltered Marjorie, afraid of
injuring her cause by her natural impetuosity,
"if Eustace Jelfrey doesn't think it wrong to
interfere, you need not, need you, Louisa f I
shouldn't; I shouldn't indeed," cried the girl,
forgetting in her eagerness how little store
Louisa ever set by her opinion on any point.
" And you could do it so well. Will you? — ^will
you ? I ask you a favour so seldom, and I ask
yon this so urgently. Will you — ^if Eustace
Jelfrey has the letter — prevent its being posted
to-morrow ?"
** On the contrary," replied Louisa, gazing
with stony unconcern into her sister's face, "if
you do tempt me to interfere at all in this affair,
I shall do it just so far as to take especial care
that Lady Athelston's letter is posted to-morrow,
without fail ; and posted in a way which it will
be rather hard to circumvent. But I think,"
she added, watching with a keen enjoyment
the very novel sight of her sister's patient for-
bearance, " I think, my dear, that you have no
294 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
real cause to excite or distress yourself over such
a trifle, as I am perfectly confident that the
letter would be posted promptly and safely if it
were left in Eustace Jelfrey's care. Does not
that satisfy you!"
Marjorie, wondering vaguely, as she listened to
this last speech, how far Louisa's deceit could go
but hardly knowing even that she thought of it,
pleaded again with one last brave struggle,
" Louie, you may be glad afterwards if you
promise me. You never can be glad that you
refused. Do promise me I I will do anything
for you, and I will never say a word of this."
" Thank you ; that is indeed kind," retorted
Miss Castillain, with vicious suavity. " I should
value your offer highly if I were accustomed to
doing things about which I could fear your
'saying a word.' No, I have not yet fallen
quite so low as that, whatever my sister may
have done. Are you going to bed at all to-
night, or are you going to lean there staring at
me till morning f"
" Does it strike you, Louisa," asked Marjorie,
a great, cold change coming over all her face,
BIARJORIE FORMS A RESOLUTION. 295
"that Neil Athelston would hardly relish the
fact of Mrs. Esdaile's tutor posting his mother's
letters, when the post-bags go from here ; and
that I may choose to tell him of it f
" It is not very likely that yoy will," laughed
Miss Castillain, in her thorough cruel confidence,
** at least not if you do really care what becomes
oftliat upstart girl. That would of course at once
prove to Neil that she was an. impostor, and he
would soon turn her away then."
*' Would he ?" echoed Marjorie, ironically, but
knowing, even better than her sister- did, how
little wisdom there would be in that plan she
had hinted of. " I don't quite know whether he
wouldn't turn you away first. Go to sleep ;
blessed and consolatory dreams no doubt await
' you ; they always wait on innocence, and purity,
and love. I dare say there are several now
attending the couch of that masculine angel,
Eustace. Oh, what a beautiful couple you and
he will make — ^in a photograph I In real life,"
added the girl, musingly, as she twisted up her
long brown hair, "I don't know but what I
should be all the happier at a good wholesome
296 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
difltance from such a pair. I think I should be
the gainer in purity of atmosphere."
" Don't you tliink," put in Louisa, with a calm
enjoyment of the spite her speech contained,
" that you are just a little bit idiotic to make
this fuss about one of Lady Athelston's depend-
ents until you are mistress of Lady Athelston's
house? And don't you think, too, that your
chance of becoming Lady Athelston yourself is
rather slight while that low-bred girl stays
here ? It is plain to see that she could lure that
foolish Neil to anything. I advise you to show
a grain or two of common-sense in this matter,
if you really liave any to show. I, as your
elder sister, advise you not to stand quite so
thoroughly in your own light."
"And I advise you," cried Marjorie, in a voice
of intense passion, while the big brown eyes
flamed with anger under the hands which were
still in her hair, " to remember that you are not
speaking to such a one as your own contempt-
ible, false-hearted self; and I advise you to
remember that Neil x\thelston is no fool ; if he
had been, he would have been lured, as you call
MARJORIE FORMS A RESOLUTION. 297
it, to propose to you years ago, when you used
every art you possess to tempt him. And I
advise you to think, before you call Miss Ches-
ter low-bred, that she may rank miles above
you presently — 1 hope she will ; and T believe
her birth has been as good as yours ; and I
know, and everybody can see, that her words
and acts are better than yours, even. at your
best. And as for her beauty, that is as far
above yours as — as ^*'
Poor Marjorie faltered and failed lamely over
her simile, for the natural and uncontrollable
burst of passion had exhausted itseli^ and she
felt the hot tears crowding to her eyes, as they
always would after one of these rare, real out-
breaks with her sister ; real, because the girl's
very heart was tempest-tossed with a fierce,
shamed misery; rare, because, as long as she
had strength to curb the anger and hurt pride
that burned within her, Marjorie avoided any
retaliation upon her sister beyond the honest,
hot rebuff, which was over in a few seconds,
and left her comfortable and content.
So much stronger and higher in heart and
298 VICTOR AND VANQUISHED.
mind was she than her sister, that it was but
seldom she felt crushed, as she did now, by the
malicious words and spiteful hints. Besides
this, she was baffled and disappointed, too, of
her desire, and knew she should have no com-
fort to give on the morrow, where she felt that
comfort was sorely needed ; so it was not won-
derful that her hot, vehement speech was un-
finished, and the scalding tears would have
their way.
Louisa, catching sight of them, laughed plea-
santly upon her pillow.
" Get into bed, Marjorie," she remarked, with
amiable patronage, "and don't be such an
arrant goose.*'
Marjorie did not retaliate then, though her
eyes flashed through her tears. She extinguish-
ed the lights, and, drgtwing the heavy curtains
from a narrow, deep-set window which had no
shutters, looked out across the park, where she
could but dimly descry the outlines of the great
trees and the gigantic hills above and beyond.
And, standing so, she wondered and wondered
many things, though never for a moment, in
MARJORIE FORMS A RESOLUTION. 299
her brave and simple confidence, did she doubt
the truth and purity of the girl she was be-
friending.
" There is one effort I can make," she said to
herself at last. " If that does not succeed, I — I
suppose I must appeal to him. What a horrible
lowering of my pride that will be ! Yet I don't
know," she mused, with a gleam of the old
brightness — almost the old merriment — in her
eyes ; " nothing really lowers us but sin, so old
nurses tell us, and sometimes th^y hit upon
the truth, as Solomon did. I hope that's true,
for to beg a favour of Eustace Jelfrey will be as
bad to me as the Inquisition."
And, with this lucid simile and cheering
thought, Marjorie turned away from the gloom
and the chilly silence which, that night, sur-
rounded High Athelston.
END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
LONDON : PRINTED BT MACDONALD AND TDOWELL, BLBNHEOS HOUSE.
' «
//
| victorandvanqui01haygoog | OL23546869M | OL1489334W | 311 | 1,874 |
zh | N/A | N/A | **信阳万家灯火集团**
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**于涛董事长**
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**“面向中国，面向未来，立足本土，立足现实，不断创新，不断超越”。在现有基础上，用三年的时间建成软、硬件国内一流的有开发潜力和后劲的，有较高知名和美誉度的，以房地产为龙头其他产业协调发展的现代化企业集团。**
**企业荣誉**
**多次被市房管局评为市“优秀开发企业”；多次协办、承办茶叶节开幕式晚会，并评为“先进单位”；被省、**
**市、区评为“全省十佳诚信房地产开发企业”、纳税“先进单位”、、““消费者信得过单位”、“光彩助学工程”中评为先进单位、 “招商引资工作先进单位”、“创建中国优秀旅游城市工作先进单位”、“纳税贡献奖”、 _“中国_ 房地产及住宅研究会房地产综合开发委员会会员单位”、 “2008、2010\[河南之星\]最佳企业称号”、“中国房地产及住宅研究会房地产综合开发委员会会员单位”、 “河南省民营企业参与新农村建设光彩先进单位”、河南省“五星名盘”、、“工会工作先进单位”、2008、2009年度“社会贡献奖”、河南省房地产业商会授予“2009年房地产开发优秀企业”。**
**项目建成后的意义和影响**
**加快城市化进程，使信阳的开发和建筑行业，上了一个新台阶；拉动相关的108家行业，活跃繁荣了商业、旅游餐饮、文化娱乐等一批行业；改善了老百姓的居住条件，增加了诸多就业岗位；增加大批、大量长期稳定的税源；提供了无限的商机，吸引了一大批国内外知名企业进入信阳。** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 浮动式等级分组在标枪教学当中的运用
白 明
(宿州学院体育系，安徽宿州 234000)
摘要：为解决标抢教学中因个体差异带来的困扰，提出了浮动式等级分组的设想，并进行了教学试验，试验表明：浮动式等级分组教学组织形式能有效地贯彻因材施教原则，激发学生学习的积极主动性，培养学生的竞争意识和自主学习能力，对学生运动技术水平的提高有明显的促进作用，教学效果显著。
关键词：标抢教学；浮动式等级分组；教学效果
中图分类号：G420 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1673-2006(2009)03-0162-03
引言
学生的个体差异是体育教学活动应考虑的重要因素之一，因材施教是应对教学中个体差异的有效方法。为了达到因材施教、共同提高的教学目标，笔者在标枪教学中尝试采用了浮动式等级分组的方法，收到了良好的教学效果。
浮动式等级分组是指在集体授课的技术、技能教学中，教师根据学生某一种或多种差异为依据，按一定标准将学生分成高、中、低三个不同水平的浮动组，根据教学实际情况统一或分别制定各组的练习方法和要求，然后在学习过程中按照学生掌握技术的程度不断调整组别的分组方法。教学试验证明，采用浮动式等级分组进行标枪教学，能有效地激发学生学习的积极主动性，因材施教，发展学生个性和特长，促进技术的掌握和技能的培养，提高教学质量。
2 研究对象和方法
2.1
研究对象
以宿州学院体育系2006级1班的48名男生为研究对象，根据上学期铅球、100米两方面综合成绩排序，按蛇形排列分成两组：实验组和对照组(图1)。
图1 蛇形分组图
2.2
研究方法
2.2.1 文献资料法
查阅有关教学研究文献，为本研究提供理论依据。
2.2.2 试验法
试验组采用浮动等级分组教学，对照组采用自然分组教学，教学内容、进度、考核方法和场地条件相同。于2007年2月-6月实施教学试验。
2.2.3 问卷调查法
通过问卷调查，广泛征求专家、教师和学生意见，制定出考核标准。
2.2.4 数理统计法
运用 SPSS12.0软件对两组考核的技评成绩、达标成绩和总成绩进行统计及差异性检验(T检验)。
3 浮动式等级分组实施过程(程序设计)
在实施浮动式等级分组方式的标枪教学中，整个教学过程分为准备期、前期、中期、后期和考核5个阶段，每个阶段的操作具有各自的特点和要求(实施程序见图2)。
3.1 准备期
在这个时期，教师一方面要认真备课，熟练掌握教材内容，预先设计教学方案，另一方面通过各种途径了解授课学生的实际情况，确定分组依据。这里是以上学期铅球、100米综合成绩为依据的，因为这两项成绩能够反应学生的速度、力量、协调性等素质，这些素质在很大程度上影响着学生学习和掌握标枪技术的快慢与好坏。值得强调的是，不同项目分组的依据是不同的。
3.2
前期
此阶段为继续准备和技术学习阶段，主要的任务有两个，一是进一步了解学生的基本情况，按照分组依据准确地将学生分成高、中、低三组，并选定每
收稿日期：2008-08-27
作者简介：白明(1971一)、安徽宿州人.讲师.在读硕士研究生，主要研究方向：田径训练与教学。
图2浮动式等级分组实施程序
一组的组长(要求积极性高，有一定组织能力)，第二个任务是教授一些标枪基本的技术，包括握法、持枪、扎准、原地掷标枪。由于此阶段学习的技术简单，各组掌握情况的差异不明显，除按照分组依据调整分组外，不实行各组间的浮动。本阶段安排约4次课。
3.3 中期
本阶段为技术学习和掌握阶段，教学内容包括原地掷标枪技术、交叉步技术、助跑技术和完整技术练习。每一节课都包含复习内容和学习内容，在做复习的时候，根据学生技术的掌握程度和质量相应浮动升降至高、中、低不同水平的组内(必须由教师决定)，此时教师对三组分别提出适宜的要求，重点关注低、中水平组，兼顾高水平组。而在学习新技术时，则按照最近调整的组统一学习，不进行浮动升降，教师统一要求，同等对待。本阶段安排7~8次课。
3.4 后期
本阶段为技能形成阶段，主要内容为完整技术练习，教师对三个组分别提出相适宜的要求，并按照学生技术掌握的程度和质量，使之在各组间相应浮动升降，教师重点关注低水平组，注意中水平组·兼顾高水平组。本阶段安排4~5次课。需要说明的是，此时分组的标准已调整为按技术水平划分、但与最初划分依据并不矛盾，因为速度、力量、协调性等素质为专项素质，在不计学生练习态度、时间等其他因素的影响时，可以认为，同等条件下，专项素质好的学生，技术掌握的水平也高。
3.5 考核
在广泛的征求专家、教师和学生意见的基础上，制定了标枪实践课的考核标准。考核成绩分为平时考勤成绩和考试成绩，平时考勤成绩占15%.考试成绩占85%，而考试成绩又分技评成绩和达标成绩，技评成绩占考试成绩的权重为0.6(即85%×0.6-51%)，达标成绩占考试成绩的权重为0.4(即
85%×0.4=34%)。在这三个方面、平时考勤成绩注意学生的学习态度；技评成绩比重较大，注重可变性差异，鼓励学生通过个人努力提高技术，有付出就有收获；达标成绩则考虑到学生专项素质的差异。这种三结合的考核方式发挥了评价机制对学生学习的促进作用，较好地体现了公平性、统一性和灵活性。
4结果与分析
4.1
试验结果
在教学试验结束时，对参与试验的两个组按照预先制定的考核标准进行了考核，考核成绩见表1。
表1试验组与对照组成绩比较表
| 考核成绩 | 实验组 | 对照组 | T值 | P |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 考勤成绩 | 91.10±2.03 | 88.80±2.42 | 1.77 | ≥0.05 |
| 技评成绩 | 86.50±2.86 | 78.10±3.74 | 2.56 | ≤0.05 |
| 达标成绩 | 83.80±3.05 | 79.40±3.98 | 2.09 | <0.05 |
| 考试成绩 | 85.42±2.94 | 78.62±3.89 | 2.32 | ≤0.05 |
| 总成绩 | 86.27±2.7\] | 80.15±3.52 | 2.28 | <0.05 |
由表1可以看出，采用统计学手段对各项成绩进行T检验后，在考勤成绩方面，试验组和对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05)，而在技评成绩、达标成绩、考试成绩和总成绩4个方面，试验组成绩均好于对照组，且试验组成绩离散程度较对照组低，两组成绩存在显著性差异(P<0.05)，这充分说明采用浮动式等级分组的教学效果明显好于传统的自然分组。另外，从教学过程中的表现来看，试验组在学习积极主动性上也普遍高于对照组。试验结果充分说明，所设计的试验模式，已达到预期效果。
4.2
试验分析
根据试验结果，结合教学过程中的实际情况，经过分析得出，在标枪教学中采用浮动式等级分组具有以下优点。
4.2.1
由于采用了等级分组，使教学的实施较为精确和有针对性，为不同层次学生的学习创造了条件，促进其在原有基础上进一步发展，既有利于共同提
高，又有利于发展个性和特长，有效地贯彻了因材施教原则。
4.2.2
在教学过程中教师对不同水平的组会提出不同的要求，而且考核中也充分考虑到学生的个体差异，学生的学习热情得以激发，高水平组不自满，精益求精，低水平组不丧失信心，努力练习，大大提高了学生学习的积极主动性。
4.2.3
个人教学目标的可实现性、使每个人都有机会品尝取得成功后的喜悦，有利于教学激励机制的形成。
4，2.4
从社会心理学的角度上看，被分到“中等”，特别是“低等”组，可以被认为是一种挫折，可以激发个体积极向上的斗志3，而“高等组”亦不敢放松对自己的要求，否则会被浮动出去，所以浮动分组有利于学生竞争意识的培养和教学竞争机制的形成。
4.2.5 由于采用浮动分组，追使学生在课中掌握要点，相互交流，课外积极主动练习，互帮互学，有利于学生人际关系和自主学习能力的培养。
5 结论和建议
5.1 结论
通过教学试验证明，在标枪教学中采用浮动式等级分组能有效地贯彻因材施教原则，激发学生学习的积极主动性，培养学生的竞争意识和自主学习能力，对学生运动技术水平的提高有明显的促进作用，教学效果显著。
由于在实施浮动式等级分组的标枪教学过程中，也出现了一些负面的问题，如等级分组产生标签效应，对所谓“差生”的个性培养带来不利影响；形式比较复杂，加大了实际操作中的难度；教师工作量大，有时会降低其教学热情等。因此，建议在实施中遵循以下要求。
5.2.1 教师要周密备课，根据每组学生的基础，制定相应的任务和要求，确定分组依据，科学准确地将学生分到相应的组内，同时注意培养体育骨干(小组长)，减轻教师负担。
5.2.2 对不同水平组的学生一视同仁，创造平等、尊重、和谐的课堂氛围，对于低水平组要投人更多的关注。
5.2.3 及时了解学生对技术的掌握情况，正确评价等级，审慎地将之浮动到相应的组别。
5.2.4 由于高、中、低三组同时进行练习，使用三块场地，教师应加强各组的巡视，勤于指导，注意安全。
5.2.5 严格执行考核标准，充分发挥评价机制对学生学习的促进作用，使成绩的评定更客观、更公平、更合理。
参考文献：
\[1\]华国栋.差异教学\[M\].北京：教育科学出版社，2001.
L2\]祁国鹰.体育统计简明教程\[M\].北京：北京体育大学出版社，2007.
\[3\]章红兰.运用教学设计手段优化体育教学过程\[\]\].湖北体育科技.2002.4(36)：511-512.
Application of Floating Hierarchical Grouping in Javelin Teaching
BAI Ming
(PE. Department， Suzhou University， Suzhou Anhui 234000，China)
Abstract： To overcome the bewilderment caused by individual difference in javelin teaching， we have conceived an idea of floating hicrarchical grouping and have performed experiments in teaching. The experiments show that the teaching form of this method can effectively implement the principle of teaching studenis according to their aptitude， stimulate studen1s’activeness， spur their competitive consciousness and spontaneous learning， and work wonders in improving students’ moving skills. The teaching effect is noticcalle.
Key words：Javelin teaching； Floating hierarchical grouping； Teaching effec1
(from page 53)
Thinking for Strengthening Capacity-Buil ding of National Monitoring and Evaluation on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control
WANG Fa-yan， GUO Yong WANG Wan-rong
(Anhui Medical College， Hefei Anhui，230601，China)
Abstract： For the importance of Monitoring and Evaluation on HIV/AIDS prevention and control， Our country is also making great efforts to establish a comprehensive and coordinating monitoring and evaluation (M&.E) framework on HIV/AIDS prevention and control. The capacity-buildling is the basis and precondition of moni-toring and evaluation on HIV/AIDS prevention and control， so the article puts forward some recommendations of capacity-building enforcement with the understanding of its concepts and goals.
Key Words：HIV/AIDS；Prevention and Control；Monitoring and evaluation：Capacity-building | null | null | null | null | null |
en | hf cc0-1.0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/storytracer/US-PD-Books | The ramrod broken, or, The Bible, history, and common sense in favor of the moderate use of good spirituous liquors: showing the advantage of a license system in preference to prohibition, and "moral" in preference to "legal suasion."
author: New England journalist
LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
GIFT OF THE
STATE VITICULTURAL COMMISSION.
, January, 1896.
Accession No. (o I (0 3 (ft Class No.
^STATE VITICULTURAL
Oe-
THE
RAMROD BROKEN;
O R,
IN FAVOR OF
THE MODERATE USE
GOOD SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS
SHOWING THE ADVANTAGE OF A LICENSE SYSTEM IN
PREFERENCE TO PROHIBITION, AND "MORAL"
IN PREFERENCE TO "LEGAL SUASION."
A NEW ENGLAND JOURNALIST.
£o** Of TOR
iUIXTlBSITY]
BOSTON:
ALBERT COLBY AND COMPANY,
No. 20 WASHINGTON STREET.
1859.
TV
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859, by
ALBERT COLBY AND COMPANY,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISEMENT.
WE need not remind the reader that publishers are not expected
always to indorse the sentiments of their authors ; but, on the
contrary, it is quite frequent that books advocating entirely opposite
sentiments are published by the same parties. For instance, a book
is published upon some subject, and, in course of time, a reply is
written and offered to the same house, who, having known the course
of the circulation of the first book, can turn, the reply into the same
channels. In this country of ours, where free discussion and liberty
of speech are respected by all parties, this practice cannot be con-
sidered inconsistent. Let any subject be fairly discussed, and then,
and not till then, may we hope to arrive at truthful conclusions.
Among the books we publish is the following : —
MAINE LAW TRIUMPHANT; or, the Mysterious Parchment
and Satanic License : showing the necessity of total abstinence and
stringent prohibitory laws to prevent the great and fearful evils of
intemperance. By Rev. JOEL WAKEMAN, Pastor of the First Pres-
byterian Church of Almond, New York."
This book has been before the public since 1853, and has been
favorably received. A reply to the same, and some other works
of a kindred nature, is now before you. It advocates different views
and sentiments from those advanced in the other book ; but knowing
the author as one of the most popular editors in New England, and a
man of unquestionable candor and honesty withal, we are confident
his book will receive due consideration from all true friends of
temperance and reform.
(3)
"[RSfTTl
SIT- PKEFACE.
oar
mi
THIS book aims to be candid and entirely honest. If we
thought there was a page of cant in it, we would tear it out.
It treats of a subject that is never touched upon save with
prejudice, or in passion, or for partisan purposes, and endeav-
ors to treat of it in a direct and truthful way. The reader
need not be afraid of finding it full of hot and denunciatory
words, more than half of them blasphemous at that ; we leave
that sort of business to writers who labor to make proselytes
to their peculiar way of thinking, instead of laboring to make
all questions better understood.
This matter of Temperance, we conceive, has never yet
been taken hold of by the handle. The right sort of men
have not addressed themselves to its discussion. They have
been either men, on the one hand, who are above and be-
yond their business, mere theorizers, whose knowledge of
human nature is scanty, and whose great aim is to shape the
common heart to their notions, instead of the contrary ; or, on
the other hand, of men, who, from their very habits and ways
of life, could never have been at the trouble to form an opinion
of their own, even if they had the brains so to do — drunkards
in the slow process of reformation, and men of corresponding
tastes and sympathies.
Now, it will be admitted that the world cannot afford to
1 * (5)
D PREFACE.
follow the lead 01 either of these classes of individuals. There
is a spirit of progress ever to be consulted, and there is a spirit
of conservatism ; they are the centripetal and centrifugal
forces in nature ; but the happy medium to hit is that which
lies somewhere between the two. One thing;, at least, is self-
o" "
evident ; that in the work of planning reform movements the
safest way is, first, to understand the peculiarities of that hu-
man nature which you expect to reform. The Almighty did
not make us all to a particular mould, or measure ; and pro-
fessed reformers may as well remember that fact, and take a
hint from it. If it is best that wines and other stimulating
drinks should not be used at all, then there must have been
some radical fault in getting up the race, and that should be
attended to before we go about any thing else.
The " Ramrod " is the man who goes for stringent laws —
so stringent that they cannot be executed ; for making liquor
contraband ; for punishing a man who buys and sells it, as he
would punish a criminal ; for having human nature something
different from what it is ; and, generally, for going the " straight
thing" clear through. He derived his name in the State
where his favorite law had its birth, and is every where known
by that name now.
This book will best speak for itself, without the help of
prefaces or commendations of any kind. It is addressed to
every man's common sense and common reason. It labors
only for Temperance, and seeks to do so in a temperate and
rational way; with intemperate men, whether zealots or drunk-
ards, it has no more sympathy than it. would freely extend
to every one who truly needs reformation.
CONTENTS.
Page
1. Introductory. 9
2. What the Bible has to say 14
3. The Good and the Evil 22
4. Pure and Impure • 28
5. Our Third Article of Faith 34
6. The License System 43
7. In Moderation 51
8. Too Much 60
9. The Unconstitutionality of Prohibition 67
10. The Liquor Agencies 73
11. License and Agency 80
12. At the West 86
13. In a Nutshell 92
14. A Song of Burns 99
15. Newly Invented Crime 104
16. A Good Text 110
17. Our Best Intellects 117
18. Prohibition Bitters 124
19. John H. W. Hawkins 130
20. A Few Anecdotes 139
21. The Necessity of Stimulants 147
(7)
8 CONTENTS.
22. Laws against Stimulants 155
23. The Satanic License ; or, a Bad Cause badly Defended 161
24. The Maine Law 169
25. The Causes of Intemperance 177
26. A Thousand Dollars 185
27. American Wines. — Part 1 195
28. American Wines. — Part IE 204
29. Intoxicating Food 211
30. Neal Dow's Law executed by himself. 228
31. Receipts for Domestic Liquors 238
32. The Curse of Opium 251
33. Delirium Tremens 261
34. The Three. — An Honest Ramrod, &c 267
35. The Use of Tobacco. .'.» 279
36. Tea and Coffee 284
37. Moral Suasion 288
38. Conclusion 297
THE RAMROD BROKEN.
i.
INTRODUCTORY.
THE question of Temperance, in one form and
another, has, without doubt, caused as much excite-
ment in the past as it ever will in the future. From
occupying the position of a merely moral and reform-
atory question, it has, by passing into the hands of
selfish, ambitious, and designing men, so changed its
attitude and its merits together, of late years, that it is
in no sense the question it was, depending upon its
own intrinsic merits to insure for it a thorough discus-
sion, but has enlisted on its side, and into its service,
about all the passions that disfigure the soul of man
and the body of society.
There is evidently a turn in this state of things close
at hand. In truth, circumstances without number point
to this most conclusively. The old adage concerning
the long lane that has no turning applies very happily
to this very matter. There never yet was an extreme,
but an opposite extreme followed and corresponded
(9)
10 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
with it. The principle is exactly that upon which the
pendulum of a clock swings. After excessive action
comes a reaction, and of necessity, in the very nature
of things. The human soul cannot bear to be screwed
lip to such a pitch, all the while, without desiring to
let itself down by the easiest and most instantaneous
methods. No human being can bear excitement with-
out end. And no cause known, whether that of Tem-
perance, of Religion, or any other, possesses vitality
and strength necessary to keep it long on its feet, if it
must be stimulated all the time by the aid of passion,
prejudice, wrangling, and contention.
These may sound to the casual reader like mere
truisms ; but the experience of the social state shows
us that, truisms though they may be, they constitute the
great underlying principles on which the permanency
of the social fabric rests. What men are apt to pass
by as comparatively unimportant, and of secondary
consequence, generally happens, after all, to be at the
bottom of all things.
We are perfectly safe in. saying that the day of gen-
eral and fanatical excitement over the Temperance
question has gone by forever. It is not possible again
to work up the public mind, by the appliances of cau-
cuses, and conventions, and stated preaching, and legis-
lative machinery, to such a pitch of frenzy as it has
suffered from, in certain localities, in the past. No
such thing can be done more than once, any more than
we may ever expect again to witness the crusades and
the quarrels about the Holy Sepulchre.
INTRODUCTION. 11
Men are returning to their senses. They are fast
developing the wisdom principle within themselves.
They have become satisfied that nothing comes of loud
and angry discussion, and that temperance is nowise
promoted by the bigotry of intemperate and blind zeal-
ots. They find, on reflection, that society is not apt to
be moved by gunpowder explosions to adopt novel the-
ories of reform, and that it is no way at all to try to
make a man better to denounce him on account of his
present wickedness. They see, furthermore, that there
are certain customs and habits existing in the social
state that are rooted in human nature itself, and
which it is just as hopeless a task for them to attempt to
pull up with violence and haste, as it would be to drag
forth mountains and hills from their base and tumble
them into the sea.
And in addition to the discovery of these habits and
customs that have their root and existence in nature,
they have also discovered that there are certain inalien-
able rights belonging to man in his social state, with
which, on the one side or the other, he has never parted.
Commerce is generally considered to have some little
potency as yet in holding together and nourishing so-
cieties, and peoples, and nations ; and it acts as a
mighty and all-pervading agent in the several channels
through which it makes its own vitalizing waters flow.
Trade is not altogether a thing of the past, but works
as actively in the promotion and furtherance of the
final interests of the community as any other living
power.
12 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
And these matters are not to be forgotten. The im-
pulse to make the world better by force, whether of law
or of the sword, has been exploded long ago, and we
can only wonder at the ignorance, and admire the
hardihood, of those would-be reformers and leading men
who propose to re-create the world by the potency of
their own hollow word. There are few, indeed, even
of the once ardent teetotalers and temperance-legisla-
tion men, who do not confess more than ever before to
the need of introducing " moral suasion " again into
their " prohibitory " undertakings ; and there are very
many who are quite disheartened with the prospects
under legislative processes alone, and begin openly to
express themselves of opinion that the cause of Tem-
perance can be helped along only by falling back upon
moral suasion altogether.
Such abundant evidences of the change that has oc-
curred, and is continually occurring, in the minds of
the leaders in relation to this matter, is by no means
to be slighted or passed over. It indicates plainly
enough that a better day is dawning; that however
much a man may desire the reform of the race, he can-
not hope to aid that reform in any way so rapidly and
effectually as by a purification of his own life, and a
perpetual watchfulness over his own thoughts and incli-
nations. In this matter, all reform begins -at home.
Personal example is more effective, a thousand times,
m producing converts, than all the high and hot words,
or all the long-jointed arguments, that were ever packed
into either discussions, or newspapers, or books.
INTRODUCTION. 13
We propose, in this little volume, to state certain
propositions in relation to our belief on matters of tem-
perance, offering proofs of the same as we go along ; to
show that the moderate use — not the abuse — of good
spirituous liquors is hurtful to no man, but rather a ne-
cessity and a comfort to him ; to establish the fact that
the Bible every where favors the use of liquor, wine and
otherwise,- — and so do the examples of History, — and
so does common sense itself; to show the manifest ad-
vantages of a properly guarded license system over any
merely theoretical system of prohibition ; and, finally,
to argue as conclusively and lucidly as we can, that
moral suasion, in this matter, has in all respects the
preference over legal enactments.
And inasmuch as this is a subject in which all men
alike must feel an absorbing interest, and has been so
long held up for public discussion that it evidently
drifts forward on the current of popular opinion towards
a speedy decision, either one way or another, — we feel
satisfied that the matter contained in the following
pages will challenge the reflecting and serious reader's
perusal. And we therefore offer it without further in-
vitation or comment ; merely adding, that no unpreju-
diced mind can successfully resist the continued appeals
to reason and good sense that are making every where,
day by day, by experience and by reflection, by per-
ception and by fact, to their consideration.
2
14 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
n.
WHAT THE BIBLE HAS TO SAY.
OUR first proposition, then, is as follows : —
We believe that the Bible teaches that a moderate
use of good spirituous liquors tends to health, happi-
ness, and length of days ; and that whoever denies
this doctrine, or the fact of these teachings, is an un-
believer both in the authenticity of the Bible and in
the doctrines it so plainly sets forth.
The Good Book, in fact, abounds with passages that
establish the above proposition. We can pick them
out alike from the pages of the Old and the New Tes-
taments. And we defy those who pretend to rely on
the Holy Scriptures for the evidence of the faith that is
in them, to show that these passages have any meaning
at all, unless it is directly and unmistakably in support
of the proposition thus stated.
Suppose, for example, we begin and cite a few : —
In Proverbs, 31st chapter, 6th and 7th verses, the
wise Solomon says, " Give strong drink unto him
that is ready to perish, and wine to those that be of
heavy hearts.
" Let him drink and forget his poverty, and remem-
ber his misery no more."
Good old Israel, too, after whom the church of God
WHAT THE BIBLE HAS TO SAY. 15
is named, in his dying blessing says of Judah, the head
of that tribe out of which sprang all the glory of the
Hebrew race, and the Saviour of the world, — in Gen-
esis, 49th chapter, 9th-12th verses, —
" Judah is a lion's whelp; from the prey, my son,
thou art gone up : he stooped down, he couched as a
lion, and as an old lion ; who shall rouse him up ?
" The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a
lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come ; and
unto him shall the gathering of the people be :
" Binding his foal unto the vine, and his ass's colt
unto the choice vine ; he washed his garments in wine,
and his clothes in the blood of grapes :
" His eyes shall be red with wine, and his teeth white
with milk."
It is also written in 2 Samuel, 6th chapter, 14th
verse, —
"And David danced before the Lord with all his
might ; and David was girded with a linen ephod."
And in the 19th verse, —
" And he dealt among all the people, even among
the whole multitude of Israel, as well to the women as
men, to every one a cake of bread, and a good piece of
flesh, and a flagon of ivine. So all the people departed,
every one to his house."
Further, in the 104th Psalm, David praises God, and
says in the 14th and 15th verses, —
" He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and
herb for the service of man : that he may bring forth
food out of the earth ;
16 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
" And wine that maketli glad the heart of man, and
oil to make his face to shine, and bread which strength-
eneth man's heart."
Now, if we turn forward to the pages of the New Tes-
tament, we shall meet with evidence that goes still
more strongly to establish and fortify our proposition.
As a crowning piece of testimony in favor of our
position, we produce what the Saviour himself said and
did on earth, — " He that spake as never man spake,"
-^•He who says, " Before the world was, I AM," — He
who came to earth working wonders and miracles,
and preached the blessed gospel of " Peace on earth,
good will to man." The very first miracle Jesus per-
formed was the well-known miracle at the wedding
feast in Cana of Galilee ; by which water was turned
into wine, — not for medicinal, nor yet for mechanical
purposes, but simply for the festive purposes of that
particular occasion.
We quote the entire narrative, in all its simplicity
and beauty, from the 1st to the 12th verses of the 2d
chapter of St. John's Gospel, as follows : —
" And the third day there was a marria'ge in Cana of
Galilee ; and the mother of Jesus was there.
" And both Jesus was called, and his disciples, to
the marriage.
" And when they wanted wine, the mother of Jesus
saith unto him, They have no wine.
"Jesus saith unto her, Woman, what have I to do
with thee ? mine hour is not yet c.ome.
WHAT THE BIBLE HAS TO SAY. 17
" His mother saith unto the servants, Whatsoever he
saith unto you, do it.
" And there were set there six water-pots of stone,
after the manner of the purifying of the Jews, contain-
ing two or three firkins apiece.
u Jesus saith unto them, Pill the water-pots with
water. And they filled them up to the brim.
" And he saith unto them, Draw out now, and bear
unto the governor of the feast. And they bare it.
" When the ruler of the feast had tasted the water
that was made wine, and knew not whence it was, (but
the servants which drew the water knew,) the governor
of the feast called the bridegroom,
" And saith unto him, Every man at the beginning
doth set forth good wine ; and when men have well
drunk, then that which is worse ; but thou hast kept
the good wine until now.
" This beginning of miracles did Jesus in Cana of
Galilee, and manifested forth his glory ; and his disci-
ples believed on him."
Matthew and Mark narrate the same occurrence, as
may be readily seen by turning to their pages.
St. Paul likewise writes in his First Epistle to Tim-
othy, 5th chapter, 23d verse, —
" Drink no longer water, but use a little wine for
thy stomach's sake and thine often infirmities."
Also in Colossians, chapter 2d, verse 16, he says : —
" Let no man, therefore, judge you in meat, or in
drink, or in respect of a holy day, or of the new moon,
or of the Sabbath day."
18 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
We are very well aware that the old objection or
quibble will be raised to this, that the wine spoken of
in the Old and New Testaments was not of the kind
that would intoxicate. That is very easily said, but it
will not be quite as easy to prove. But let us look
and see how it is.
Read St. Paul's advice, or rather caution, to the
churches, as regards the difference in eating and drink-
ing in one another's houses, and eating and drinking
the communion: — 1st Corinthians, llth chapter, 20-
22d verses, —
" When ye come together therefore into one place,
this is not to eat the Lord's supper.
" For in eating every one taketh before other his own
supper : and one is hungry, and another is drunken.
" What ? have ye not houses to eat and to drink in ?
or despise ye the church of God, and shame them that
have not ? What shall I say to you ? Shall I praise
you in this ? I praise you not."
This shows, if any thing can show it, that there was
a possibility, if not a probability, of the disciples drink-
ing a little to excess somewhere ; and Paul only cau-
tions them against doing it on the occasion of celebrating
the " Lord's Supper."
In his Epistle to the Ephesians he writes, — chapter
5th, 18th verse,—
" And be not drunk ivith wine, wherein is excess ;
but be filled with the Spirit."
It would not seem that any comment on that passage
was particularly required.
WHAT THE BIBLE HAS TO SAY. 19
Or, to return to the Old Testament cases, the fact is
just as undeniable that the wine then used, otherwise
alluded to, was possessed of intoxicating qualities. See,
in proof of this, 1 Samuel, 1st chapter, 12th to 16th
verses : —
" And it came to pass, as she continued praying be-
fore the Lord, that Eli marked her mouth.
" Now Hannah, she spake in her heart ; only her lips
moved, but her voice was not heard ; therefore Eli
thought she had been drunken.
" And Eli said unto her, How long wilt thou be
drunken ? Put away thy wine from thee.
" And Hannah answered and said, No, my lord ; I
am a woman of a sorrowful spirit : I have drunk nei-
ther wine nor strong drink, but have poured out my
soul before the Lord."
Then read in Genesis, chapter 9, 20th and 21st
verses : —
"And Noah began to be an husbandman, and he
planted a vineyard ;
" And he drank of the wine, and was drunken; and
he was uncovered within his tent."
And so we might cite passage after passage, from this
part of the sacred Book and from that, under the old
dispensation and under the new, — all going to prove the
assertion with which we set out, and which it has been
the aim of the present chapter to establish. The case,
we consider, is already made out. There is no room
whatever for disputation, or even for cavil. If a man
accepts the Bible as an inspired volume, and professes
20 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
to find within its pages such texts, and passages, and
teachings, and examples, as enable him to fix and build
up his spiritual faith, then he must concede full as
much authority to the volume as evidence on this point,
as on any of the leading points of his doctrines and
faith. You are not at liberty to torture the Scriptures
to your own personal use in certain instances, and then
deny their significance in certain other instances. If
they stand, they must of necessity stand together ; but
if you refuse to others the right of quoting fairly and
properly from them, you must utter no syllable of
complaint if you are told that you are debarred the
privilege of quoting from them too. Truth is as much
truth for one side, and one party, as it is for another ;
when it is at all partial, in the very nature of things it
ceases to be truth.
And what, therefore, does the testimony of the Bible
appear to uphold in this matter ? That the use of
wine in moderation not only does no harm, but even
conduces to physical good ; that it denounces the im-
moderate use of wine without stint, deprecating its
influence upon all whose loss of self-control drags them
down into a condition of degradation ; and, finally,
that the wine drank in the times embraced within the
scriptural narrative, was as likely to intoxicate those
who took it in excess, as any of the wines that are sold
and drank in these days of their unfortunate deterio-
ration.
We must, in this view of the evidence before us, —
enough of which we have produced to make the whole
WHAT THE BIBLE HAS TO SAY. 21
matter conclusive to any rational mind, — reassert the
statement with which we set out, that whoever denies
that the Bible teaches in favor of a moderate use of
good spirituous liquors, wines in particular, is an open
unbeliever both in the authenticity of the Book, and in
the doctrines, — on this, as well as on other subjects, —
which it so plainly sets forth.
Let anybody refute this position who can.
22 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
III.
THE GOOD AND THE EVIL.
OUR second proposition is this : —
"We believe it pleased God, in the creation of all
things, to place before man good and evil, and to make
him a free moral agent to choose between the two ;
knowing, in His infinite wisdom, that in the fulness of
time man would be led to choose the good alone, and
so the evil would have wrought successfully for his
discipline.
We believe, further, that a moderate use of pure
and unadulterated spirits may be fairly set down as
one of the comforts of the present life, given by the
Creator himself, to whom we are to be thankful ac-
cordingly ; but that even a moderate use of bad and
impure liquors is an evil of a decided character,
which, like the tree of knowledge in the garden of
Eden, should be abstained from.
We also believe not only that we must permit evil
to grow up with the good, even as tares will grow with
the wheat, — but that, even if we try ever so much,
we cannot prevent it ; since God alone permits temp-
tations of all sorts to exist, as tests and trials of men's
virtue, the result to lie between them and their Maker.
Let us show this by citations from Scripture history :
THE GOOD AND THE EVIL. 23
In Genesis, 1st chapter, 12th verse, it is narrated
that God, after creating the vegetable world, saw that
it was good : —
" And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yield-
ing seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit,
whose seed was in itself, after his kind ; and God saw
that it was good."
In the 2d chapter, 15-17th verses, it reads, —
" And the Lord God took the man, and put him into
the garden of Eden, to dress it and to keep it. •
" And the Lord God commanded the man, saying,
Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat ;
" But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil,
thou shalt not eat of it ; for in the day that thou eatest
thereof thou shalt surely die."
Now, here it is shown as plainly as it can be, that
there were certain indulgences to which man was not
permitted to give the rein. God had made every thing
that was made, and he had pronounced it " good ; "
and yet there was one thing — a tree of knowledge of
good and evil — which man was not to approach.
Why he was thus prohibited from plucking and eating
the fruit of it, does not appear ; but the fact stands out
clearly enough that one thing' he was to have nothing
at all to do with ; and that one thing had been cre-
ated, too, by the same God who had created all other
things ; and that same God, furthermore, had pro-
nounced it " good."
So that it is undeniable, even looking no further
into the Scriptures for testimony, that evil was per-
24 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
mitted from the beginning, and is permitted till this
our day. What the divine purposes are in permitting
the existence of this agent in human progress are best
known to the All-wise Creator. It is enough for us to
accept the fact, with humility and trust, as we find it,
using it as a means of growth, but never as an excuse
with which to hide our own deformities.
Again, let us read further : —
In the 16th chapter of Proverbs, 4th verse, the in-
spired writer says, —
" The Lord hath made all things for himself, yea,
even the wicked for the day of evil."
In the 45th chapter of Isaiah, 6th and 7th verses,
we read, —
" That they may know from the rising of the sun,
and from the west, that there is none beside me : I am
the Lord, and there is none else.
" I form the light, and create darkness : I make
peace, and create evil : I the Lord do all these things."
Here, in this last verse, the Lord himself confesses,
through the inspired writer, that he creates evil. The
purpose we must be content to let slumber within the
bosom of the infinite Jehovah. How evil is finally to
work out the ends of good, He best knows, for it was
his plan from everlasting.
It is written also in the 24th chapter of Joshua,
15th and 16th verses, —
"And if it seem evil unto you to serve the Lord,
choose you this day whom ye will serve ; whether the
gods which your fathers served that were on the other
THE GOOD AND THE EVIL, 25
side of the flood, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose
land ye dwell : but as for me and my house, we will
serve the Lord.
" And the people answered and said, God forbid that
we should forsake the Lord to serve other gods."
Showing very distinctly and conclusively, that in
those ancient times even there was as much of a choice
to be had between the true and the false, the good and
the evil, as in these times of ours : and that the false
and the evil were just as much permitted, in the plan
of the Infinite One, as were the true and good, we
have the word of Jehovah himself, given through the
pens of his inspired servants.
The New Testament publishes a new dispensation,
it is true ; in that, old things are become new ; the
Mosaic creed has worn its force and energy away ; and
a better scheme, or plan, has been offered in its place.
Many, therefore, would naturally look there to find
some new announcement in relation to the creation
of evil. But will they find it ? We think not. In-
deed, we know not. For all along from the first Gos-
pel to the Revelation, the injunction is persisted in,
over and over again, to resist the evil ; to overcome
evil with good ; to be perfect, in contradistinction to
imperfectnesss.
Jesus enjoins it upon his followers, in his beautiful
Sermon on the Mount, — " Be ye therefore perfect,
even as your Father in heaven is perfect." And this
same Jesus was the descendant of the ancient order
of God's chosen servants, traced directly down from
3
26 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
David. See the 22d chapter of Revelation, verses 16
and 17 : —
" I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you
these things in the churches. I am the root and the
offspring of David, and the bright and morning star.
" And the Spirit and the bride say, Come. And let
him that heareth say. Come. And let him that is
athirst come. And whosoever will, let him take the
water of life freely."
So that this, after all, is but the natural progress
and procedure of a single plan ; which plan, of creat-
ing evil to offset against the good temporarily, was the
work of Almighty God alone.
The Scriptures, therefore, are our abundant warrant,
we think, for saying that God permits evil in the world
for his own wise purposes; and that so far as our
intemperate use of liquor is concerned, it is an evil
which is allowed of His own infinite wisdom. We may
overcome it in our own cases, and we plainly should ;
but no sweeping acts of legislation can hope to outroot
it from the earth, for the same reason that no mere
acts of legislation can in a moment effect the reforma-
tion of the race. This must be done by themselves
alone. It was for this very object that evil was thrown
in their path ; and they hope and pray in vain, if they
hope and pray that some external power will come
miraculously, and on a sudden, to their rescue. It is
in this way of self-conflict, and self-discipline, waging
on his own part a perpetual warfare with evil, and
teaching himself daily to love more and more the good,
THE GOOD AND THE EVIL. 27
that man is to be redeemed from the clutches of sin ;
not by the interposition of arbitrary legislative enact-
ments, that have no root in life or society, but through
his own continued effort, God helping him to the tri-
umphant end.
28 THE EAMBOD BROKEN.
IV.
PURE AND IMPURE.
IN the previous chapter, we said that pure wines and
spirits, when properly used, were in no sense harmful,
and in no way tended to the degradation of the soul.
We stated that wine — when it was wine, and noth-
ing more — is one of the God-given comforts of life,
to be used as all other blessings are used, and to be ac-
cepted with sincere expressions of gratitude.
It will, of course, startle canting moralists and Phar-
isees, who themselves understand best how to distrust
all statements from knowing the hollowness of their
own, — it will startle such, we say, to hear sentiments
of this character openly and sincerely avowed ; but if
we were not sincere in them, believing them to be
really tenable in the long run of human experience,
we certainly should not now give them public expres-
sion.
It is high time, in our opinion, that men said what
they thought, and left off this wretchedly mean habit of
deferring to others, and especially to the clamors of
nothing but popular prejudice, for fear of putting their
own business, or their own standing, or their own social
position, in peril. Were this constitutional timidity to
be overcome, and were men to utter frankly and ear-
PURE AND IMPURE. 29
nestly just what their honest convictions were, especially
upon this long-vexed subject, we should hear a very
different story from that which now fills the public ear,
and catch every where the tone of a much higher, and
truer, and healthier public opinion. "What can so-called
public opinion amount to, if they who are supposed to
create it stand in jeopardy all the time, unless they
think and speak as they are bidden to speak? Of
what material, worth mentioning, does it consist, if it
is already made up for the mass obsequiously to sub-
scribe to ? How is it an opinion at all, if it amounts to
nothing but the rehearsal of the prejudices of a few
prominent men, styling themselves leaders, but in re-
ality acting the parts of tyrants ?
If, therefore, our opinion about wine and its uses is
to be scouted, and scoffed at, and hooted out of pop-
ular consideration, because it is an entirely new, if
not indeed a very bold thing for any one to express
such an opinion in these latter days, — it only demon-
strates the fact that, after all, it is not public opinion
that is opposed to us and our position, but nothing
more than a tyrannical public prejudice ; and as between
the tyranny of such a prejudice, and such a tyranny
as that exercised over free expression by the Louis Na-
poleons and King Bombas of the world, we confess we
discern very little indeed to choose.
They who are not ready and willing therefore to re-
spect the utterance of convictions opposed in the most
radical senses to their own, should see that they are
not yet well grounded in their own, else they could pa-
3*
30 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
tiently hear every thing that was to be said on the
other side, knowing that the whole had already been
thoroughly and finally considered by them. For no
problem is carried forward to a successful solution, that
has not already been subjected to every twist and turn
that could arise in the process ; and no opinion has
been really established, even for the time being, unless
it has fought its way successfully through the smoke
and fire of conflict. And if we hear a man abusing
another simply because that other one takes the liberty
to disagree with him, and to candidly state the points
and terms of that disagreement, we feel very confident
that he is, in the first place, in training for a bully, and,
in the second place, quite destitute of any individual
convictions on his own part. For abuse may be thrown
to and fro till the sun goes down on the wrath of the
two parties ; but reason, and persuasion, and argu-
ment, and facts, and reflection, — these are invariably
brought out into use only by those whose opinions
were built upon their reliable basis in the first place.
We assert, then, what is only true, — at least in our
own judgment, — when we repeat that a moderate and
proper use of good and pure spirits is not harmful, but,
on the contrary, both serviceable and a blessing. It
has been so from the earliest days of recorded history ;
and since those days, human nature has not so much
changed as to put the use of wine and spirits out of
the limitations either of comfort or necessity. Man is
not materially better now than in the days of the pa-
triarchs and prophets, when David and Solomon drank
PURE AND IMPURE. 31
wine, sometimes even to excess. And they who con-
tinually refer to the Old Testament records for the de-
fence of certain other doctrines, ought to be the very
last ones to decline the use of the same records for aid
in the establishment of our opinion.
Jesus turned water into wine. Every body remem-
bers the beautiful line, —
"The conscious water saw its God, and blushed."
Paul every where enjoins it upon the brethren not to
drink wine to excess, and especially not to turn their
communion feasts into revellings ; proof sufficient, one
would suppose, that wine was used, and that it was
abused, just as now. It is the abuse that Paul warned
others against ; it is the abuse which we sincerely de-
plore now. And we conclude that we may be perfectly
truthful and consistent in thus deploring such a wide-
spread evil, and still believe in both the possibility and
the propriety of using what leads to the evil in moder-
ation. All positive evil is only an excess ; the trouble
is, we are not yet become masters of ourselves, and so
are led away by powers which we ought either to repel
or control, — each one should best know for himself
which.
Wine is a blessing, in itself. The universal use of
it by the race shows at least as much as that. The
ancients deified it, worshipping it under the name of
Bacchus. All along in history, — the history of the
church and of the people, — wine has been freely and
openly used. The culture of the vine has for a long
32 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
time formed one of the most important items of indus-
try with several nations. God has given his rains to
descend and his suns to shine upon such a work as this ;
and at no time do we hear that he pronounced any
curse upon the occupation, like that which was hurled
against the people of Noah's generation, or the wicked
and abandoned cities of the plain. Priests have drank
it, even as the patriarchs and prophets of old drank it.
It lias strengthened the hearts and cheered the hopes
of wearied men every where. It has proved a blessing
to many, even if it has been a curse to others. But
shall the blessing be destroyed, be rooted out, be en-
tirely cast away and trampled upon, because its abuse
becomes a curse ? Shall we morosely refuse to see the
sun shine in the morning, because the west may be lurid
with terrific lightnings before night ? Are we never to
learn how to distinguish between the good and the
evil ? and to love the good for its own sake, and to hate
the evil for its own sake also? Must we put every
thing that is desirable in life beneath our feet, spurning
the good gifts of God in a spirit of morosest piety, be-
cause those good gifts are capable of perversion ? Are
we so ready to confess that we have neither the power
nor the inclination to prefer the good to the evil, the
pure and true to the bad and false, and therefore insist
on a style of goodness and purity whose condition is,
that evil arid falsehood shall not be suffered to come
into competition with it ?
What a sad state of morals is that, to be sure, which
requires to be fenced off by itself, lest it cannot with-
PURE AND IMPURE. 33
stand the wiles of temptation, nor overcome, in an open
contest, the opposing powers of evil ! Such purity
stands not upon its own established character, but
merely upon the protection of worldly authority and
force ; and that authority, in turn, rests upon such
worthless foundations as are composed of ambition, of
desire for power, and of personal vanity and conceit.
If purity can exist on such terms, it must be the purity
of ice, that glitters only to repel the soul of the ob-
server.
Recollect, too, that we said good wine, as well as
wine in moderation. Not logwood wine, nor wine with
the fruity flavor imparted by burned cockroaches, nor
yet whiskey wine, nor doctored wine of any sort, but
the good, pure juice of the grape, pulpy and juicy,
luscious and sparkling, an inspirer as well as a consoler
and comforter, a friend to cheer one and to warm his
soul with big thoughts and sentiments. Such wines
can be made even now ; they are made by the millions
of gallons on the sunny banks of our great western
rivers. And the more of them there are made, the bet-
ter will be the result for the nation at large. They
will help to drive out stupefying and brutalizing excess
faster than any other means. Their manufacture, in
fact, is but the first step in purification where purifica-
tion is chiefly needed ; and out of that self-same step
proceeds reform of the most hopeful, because thorough
and substantial, character.
34 THE KAMEOD BROKEN.
V.
OUE TRIED ARTICLE OF FAITH.
WE entertain still further ideas upon this subject,
and proceed to submit them thus : —
We believe human beings to be at least capable of
self-government ; and that, as a necessary consequence,
the less legislation one can get along with, the better ;
and that, if even one tenth part of the time and money
had been devoted to the thorough and much-needed
purification of spirits, that has been spent in the vain
endeavors to destroy it as an article either of use or
commerce, we should have vastly more real, true, reli-
able, and consistent temperance men about us than
we have at the present day.
Now, there is a great deal more in this than we sup-
pose any mere fanatics, or credulous partisans, — who
follow their leaders blindly through hedge and through
ditch, — will be gracious enough to allow. But we
care little enough whether such men are willing to
admit there is sense in an opponent's statements and
arguments, or not. Truth, thank God, does not de-
pend upon the present condition of this or that man's
prejudices ; it is self-sustaining, relying on itself alone.
And whether we are ready to come over to the side of
the truth to-day, or are determined obstinately to hold
OUR THIRD ARTICLE OF FAITH. 35
out till to-morrow, — it makes no difference ; the truth
does not suffer, — only ourselves.
Let us look at the first branch of our proposition.
Are human beings capable of self-government, or are
they not ? If not, then say so at once, and resolve
government back into its elements of aristocracy, mon-
archy, and despotism. Tear away your banners, and
badges, and false emblazonments, that proclaim this
land to be, in any sense, a land of freedom, and this
people a free people. Run down your flags, stars,
stripes, and all. Let us at least not pretend to be free,
while we are crouching, trembling slaves. Let us no
longer play at freedom, like mere children, while we
are all the time afraid to take the charge of our own
personal liberties.
But if, on the other hand, men are capable of self-
government, then we ask that the theory be thoroughly
tried. It is time that ambitious and wrong-headed
reformers — so called by themselves — should give
place to the people themselves ; that they should cease
trying to blindfold that people, and lead them around
by the nose. We say not a syllable against their giving
the masses all the instruction they are competent and
qualified to give ; but to attempt to force the masses
by any thumb-screw process, as they used to do in the
days of the devilish Inquisition, is a great deal more
than merely preposterous.
There are two sorts of tyranny in a free country, or
a country nominally free — the tyranny of a bigotry,
or fanaticism, that means only to carry out its own
36 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
purposes, and those purposes the moulding, and shap-
ing, and directing public sentiment, even against its
own wish and will, and when it amounts to nothing
higher than offensive prejudice; — and that other tyr-
anny, not more odious or fearful, nor any more dan-
gerous to the liberties and general well-being of the
masses, — the tyranny of a howling mob ; set on to
their blind work, too, by men who affect purity, and
sobriety, and goodness, and who employ these hollow
and temporary professions only to excite the masses to
do their own selfish work. The one kind of tyranny
is cold-blooded, soulless, chilling, and killing to any
nation ; the other is a fiery tempest, a perpetual erup-
tion of volcanic flames, revolution without end, a
never-ending overturning without a purpose. Bigots
control and shape the one, and ambitious men the
other. It is well for the people to see to it that neither
gains a permanent ascendency.
Now, if it be admitted that, in this country at least,
men are capable of what is generally thought to be
self-government, we insist, on behalf of the people to
whom this concession is granted, that they be permit-
ted to practise a little upon their rights. We declare,
on their behalf, and in their name, that neither bigots
nor tricky legislators — neither self-opinionated and
narrow-minded fanatics, nor selfish and plotting poli-
ticians — shall be allowed to take this right of self-gov-
ernment out of their hands. The first seek to do it
by telling the people, in solemn phrase and melancholy
voice, that they know better than every body else ; that
OUR THIRD ARTICLE OF FAITH. 37
they have gone farther into the matter, have thought
more about it, and have been able to arrive at better
conclusions, than themselves ; — the last seek to do it
by getting control of the government machinery, — at
first in towns and villages, and then in entire States ;
using their heartless professions on behalf of straight
morality as a lever, by which to pry up the forces of
government, and advance nothing but their own per-
sonal aims and ends. Hence, were the former to have
their own way without check or curtailment, they
would very soon destroy their power by its very im-
practicability ; they would prove palpably enough the
indescribable folly of intrusting power to the hands of
mere theorizers, and idle dreamers, and talking vaga-
rists. And it is seen, too, that as soon as the latter
obtain control of the government, and are in full pos-
session of the machinery whose use is what they were
in quest of, they readily forget all their zeal and loud-
sounding professions on behalf of certain grand moral
principles, and become as dead to the further operation
of those principles as if they had never heard that they
existed.
Almost every body admits that we are legislated
nearly to death. It is the easiest thing in the world to
go to the " General Court," for intellectual capital is
not the article chiefly in demand when candidates are
hunted after, or selected from. Collect a body of sev-
eral hundred uneasy, blindly aspiring, notoriety-seek-
ing, uninstructed, and unreflecting men into a single
legislature, and the likelihood is, that if they are
4
38 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
cooped up together long enough, they will begin to do
mischief. They must go to tinkering ; and not finding
the tools to work with, which are to be had at their
hand at home, they work with such as the State fur-
nishes them. Ambitious leaders, themselves acted on
by another influence, and not seeing either calmly or
clearly, begin to manipulate them ; tell them what the
" awakened moral sense " of the community demands
at this epoch of time, and in the middle of this much
abused nineteenth century ; declare to them that all
moral reforms, to be thorough and permanent, must
be supported by the force and authority of the laws, —
which is an open and designed untruth, since public
morality has ever made its way above law, without the
assistance of legal authority, and entirely clear of the
spirit that gives to laws their only vitality and char-
acter.
So the would-be honest, half-blind, and altogether
unreflecting body of our legislators have allowed them-
selves to be used by these leaders, who, in their turn,
affect to represent and speak for the higher moral
sentiment of the community ; and it is to be thought-
fully observed, too, that the more earnestly they claim
to be the peculiar friends and defenders of morality,
the more rigorous, bigoted, uncharitable, tyrannical,
and thoroughly fm-moral become the statutes with
which they experiment from year to year upon the
public temper.
If our legislators knew better for what they are
summoned every year to the State capitols, they would
OUR THIRD ARTICLE OP FAITH. 39
be a great deal less likely to occupy their time with
these odious, impracticable, fanatical, and bigoted laws
that now encumber the statute book, set whole com-
munities by the ears that were hitherto at peace, and
materially retard the real progress of the reforms of
the time. Satan, as in the old hymn we learned in
our youth, still finds some mischief for " idle hands to
do." If it is not one thing, it is another. If it is not
in Church, it is in State. And since the constitutions
of our several States, as well as of our common coun-
try, interdict the interference of legislatures with mat-
ters of religion, the latter vent their spite on the inter-
diction by meddling with the morals. Matters of
conscience are presumed to be untouched, so far as
worshipping God is concerned ; but when it comes to
what one thinks he ought, or ought not, to drink , —
ah, it is an altogether different affair.
The less legislation we have, the better for us. No-
body, who has ever observed and reflected much on
this subject, will pretend to dispute it. The fact is,
we require little more than great principles to respect,
as citizens of a single commonwealth ; a multiplicity
of rules, in the form of statutes, perplexes, confuses,
begets contradictions, and engenders disrespect. Over-
government is full as bad as no-government. Where
you have your statute books crammed and stuffed with
enactments, they necessarily require tinkering and
cobbling every successive year ; the execution of any
of them is rendered so precarious and uncertain as to
subject them all to a species of contempt, which, in its
40 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
turn, grows bolder and more open every year. Then
one statute varies with another, or contradicts it out-
right ; or one clause of one act militates with another
clause of another act ; and between two such stools,
the original purpose and intent of the framers falls
squat upon the floor. And again, the more legislation
there is had, the more there must be ; the more need-
less excitement there is in the community, — for the
one body acts upon the other ; and the less likely are
the people at large to understand the spirit, the prin-
ciples, or the true purposes of the statutes with which
their willing backs are saddled.
Temperance legislation, to the extent to which it has
of recent years been pushed by designing and reckless
men, has shown itself a perfect failure. We make the
assertion with a full knowledge of its meaning. We
point to the failure of temperance laws to diminish the
consumption of the article, to secure their own impar-
tial execution, to win the solid respect of the commu-
nity for either their intrinsic wisdom or practicability,
to help the cause of temperance itself, or to aid the
progress of reform and personal purification. We
point to the confessions of candid temperance legisla-
tors themselves, to those who have looked deep and
seen far into the subject, who now admit with perfect
freedom that the law can do nothing to help on a moral
cause with its rigid authority, — against which all men
alike are given by nature to protest, — but that re-
course must be had once more to suasion and argu-
ment, to instruction and sympathy, to example and to
OUR THIRD ARTICLE OP FAITH. 41
precept. In fact, they even agree that ground has
been lost by the hazardous and unadvised experiment,
which it will take a long time, under ordinary circum-
stances, for them to recover.
What we are going to add to these remarks is simply
this : that if as much time, and labor, and expense had
been given to the purification of wines and spirits, and
to securing the proper and licensed sale of only those
wines and spirits that were purified, as has been given
to wrangling, and confusion, and heated passions, and
selfish plans and projects, and fanatical denunciation,
a vast deal more would have been done for the cause
of temperance and morals than has been done already,
and a larger measure of charity and love would have
existed to sweeten the present character of society.
This is even so. Poor liquors have raised up enemies
even to the cause of temperance, where, had the liquors
used been pure and unadulterated, the same enemies
would have been consistent and determined friends.
Suppose theorists begin and test the value of their
theories by well-ascertained facts like these. "What
would be the possible harm, if they came out of their
card houses and tried the rough airs of common life ?
Even if they do not yet fully know the foregoing to be
facts, is there not reason enough for their pausing to
soberly investigate for themselves whether they are, or
not ? If, however, they still persist in refusing, they
place themselves in the position of persons who think
to, first, erect their pet theory, and then force the rest
of the world to jam and squeeze themselves into it.
4*
42 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
If the truth is all they want, and their desire is only to
advance the highest interests of society and the human
race, they will not refuse first to investigate and estab-
lish facts, let them support their preconceived theories
or not. And that is all we ask of them. They ask
as much of us, and we are ready to answer to their
appeal.
THE LICENSE SYSTEM. 43
VI.
THE LICENSE SYSTEM.
WE entertain another idea about this business, — an
idea that is based upon nothing but the experience of
society in reference to the sale and use of ardent spirits,
and upon what, all things considered, is the only prac-
tical system that can be put' and kept in operation.
That idea is just this : —
That since it has been shown, and admitted on all
sides, to be an impossibility to prevent the manufac-
ture, sale, and use of spirituous liquors, it is proper
and prudent that their sale be intrusted to the respon-
sibility of any good men, who shall be authorized and
privileged to sell only such productions as are pure
and unadulterated, and to only such persons as will
make a proper use of them.
This plan, of course, includes and provides for all
the necessary restrictions ; such as that, for example,
of furnishing sufficient bonds for the proper use of the
privilege, which is the first general restriction which
any community would be likely to impose. We under-
stand at once with what sort of nap-worn objections
this license plan is met, — such as, that it only proves
the right to prohibit by the same arguments that it
claims the right to license, — and others of equal force
44 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
and consistency. But those objections have every one
of them been answered, long ago. It is easy to reca-
pitulate the replies, rejoinders, and rebutters ; but to
what end ? If a case is but fairly stated, — especially
a case of this character, — all argument upon it seems
to be thrown away ; it is ammunition wasted ; the rea-
sons proffered possess no sort of living force, let them
be ever so conclusive, but are as dead as hay.
A traffic may be licensed and regulated with perfect
consistency, and yet be protected from the assaults of
those who demand its absolute prohibition. That is
plain to every one. It is nowise inconsistent for legis-
lative bodies to set about regulating a traffic in articles
which they have no authority or right to prohibit.
They who argue from the one to the other, argue with-
out a proper understanding of the subject. To set
limits to any kind of trade is perfectly legitimate and
proper, on the part of legislatures ; but to positively
prohibit a trade that has its foundations in the inalien-
able rights of persons, — • rights that are every where
recognized, too, by the laws, being no less than the
rights of property, — is pushing the theory considerably
farther than it will fairly go. And so it will at all
times be found. It has been so in the past, and will
continue to be so in the future. Much as the world
acknowledges its need of reformation and purification,
it will never consent to sacrifice a single one of its fun-
damental rights to secure such reforms, on the basis
proposed by mere theorizers. It will unequivocally re-
fuse to place its dearest interests and inalienable privi-
THE LICENSE SYSTEM. 45
leges in the hands of a few men, not better qualified
than the mass, who pretend that with themselves alone
rests the progress, or salvation, of the community.
That spirits, of one kind and another, will continue
to be manufactured, nobody, who has a head on his
shoulders and knows at the same time what is in it,
will presume to question. Spirits have always been an
article of commerce, within and between nations, and
it is very probable they always will be ; at least, so long
as our generation lasts, and the one that is likely to
come after ; -and since they form a staple of trade and
commerce, they will be produced by the vine-grower
and the distiller ; just as long as there is a demand for
them on the part of the community, just so long they
will continue to be manufactured. The law of demand
and supply holds as steadily in this matter as in all
others.
Now, there may be one way by which it is possible
to cut off the production, and but a single one that we
can think of; and that is, by cutting off the demand.
Once destroy that, and the problem is solved in no
time. Only put a stop to the taste, thirst, desire — or
whatever you choose to style it — for wines, spirits, and
liquors of the various sorts, and you have overset the
entire system of manufacture, together with its broad-
spreading ramifications of purchase and sale, which
visibly assist in the aggregate of trade and commerce.
•But how are you going to stop the demand ? That is
the question ; and it pinches as hard as any other ques-
tion that a professed reformer could have put to him.
46 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
Well, he directly answers, we will stop it by cutting
off the supply. Ah ! but this is the wrong way to go
to work ! This is only attempting, and attempting in
vain, too, a reversal of the laws of nature. You begin
at the wrong end, sir ! The plan will not be found to
work. The thing cannot be done. If, however, you
insist in carrying forward your attempt, convinced of
the final efficacy of a theory which, of all others, looks
most impracticable and unpromising even on paper, —
there is but one resort left you by which you are to
accomplish it ; and that is by actual, naked, unqualified
force. In the first place, you will be obliged to tell
people that they must change their, tastes ; must make
up their minds not to drink wine or spirits at all ; must
agree to confess themselves fools and drunkards here-
tofore, and timid converts to your particular theory
now. You must make them turn a short corner in
their lives, such as they never turned before, and cannot,
and will not, turn even now. You must effect such a
radical change in their physical, yes, and in their spir-
itual natures, too, that they will scarcely be conscious
afterwards of their own identity. You must, in fact,
teach them what they do not now know, and what they
will be very certain to forget just as soon as they do
know it, — that the use of spirits and wines is hurtful
to them in even moderate quantities, and that to taste
is contamination.
And then, after you have succeeded in setting up
such a theory in the prejudices and fears, rather than
in the intelligent minds, of men, you are compelled to
THE LICENSE SYSTEM. 47
sustain and support it by stringent, irrational, vindic-
tive, and thoroughly hateful legislative enactments.
In other words, your ideas of the crime and sin of using
liquor in any shape are to be backed up, and put in
operation, by the sheer force of law, acting alone, op-
posed both to the instinctive and traditionary convic-
tions of the human mind, generating a class of spies,
and eaves-droppers, and men of mean malice, to assist
in carrying it out into even imperfect execution.
And this is the only solitary method by which the
sale and supply of liquors can hope to be stopped, —
by cutting off the demand. And the success of attempts
of this character in certain localities, in the past, may
be taken as a basis on which to predicate the probable
success of similar attempts in the future. Let those
who have enjoyed a not over-promising experience in
this direction come forward now and say what, in their
candid estimation, are the chances of success for similar
attempts hereafter.
Granting, therefore, as it must be granted by those
who pretend to any practical knowledge of the subject,
that spirits are, and always will be, one object of de-
mand and use by the community, to whatsoever state
of religious exaltation and civilized refinement they
•may have arrived, it is only necessary that we should
consult common sense in a matter of so general inter-
est, and pursue such a course as that always safe and
wholesome adviser would suggest. And what does
common sense direct us to do ? Why, nothing more
nor less than this ; that since spirits are an article of
48 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
universal use, and are likely always to be such an ar-
ticle, their sale may be restricted within proper limits,
but not entirely prohibited.. This last is more than
the sense of the community is willing to endure. No*
body wants to be made a teetotaller by violence, any
more than he is ready to subscribe to any particular
creed in consequence of compulsion.
Regulate and restrict, but do not try to prohibit.
You may safely hope to do the first, because the moral
sense of the community will sustain you in it ; but as
for the other, it is like kicking against the pricks,
It is too sweeping an operation for human nature tc
submit to.
Then there should be a thorough and efficient license
system. That we subscribe to with all our heart, be-
cause it is, first, practicable, and, secondly, right ; and
better reasons cannot be had for the asking. Construct
a license law that will, in the first place, so fairly and
fully embody the moral sentiment of the people, and,
in the next place, so perfectly harmonize with the co-
related rights of individuals and the community at
large, that its execution becomes perfectly possible and
practicable. Let it be what the public, in the first
place, demands ; what will truly express its sense of
justice, its progressive tendencies, its reformatory incli-
nations. Then see to it that such a law is duly exe-
cuted, as it very easily can be. Clothe only respectable
and responsible men in the community with the privi-
leges which the license confers. Subject them to se-
vere penalties for breach of any one of the conditions
THE LICENSE SYSTEM. 49
on which their license is held by them. Require them
to give ample, and more than ample, bonds for the safe
and proper use of the privilege thus intrusted to them.
Mulct them in heavy, and even exemplary damages, if
they should happen to so far forget their responsibility
as to sell to improper persons, or in improper quanti-
ties, or under improper circumstances. Require them,
also, to keep for sale none but the piirest and best of
liquors, and to sell those of any other description at
their peril. And then, give the system the convenient
form of a general law, or enactment, like the free bank-
ing laws of some of the States, so that they who are
willing to comply with the specific conditions of the
same, are not denied the corresponding privileges. Let
any town of a State license any number of its citizens
or not, as it sees fit for itself; it may thus be a matter
for the people themselves directly to settle, as it mani-
festly should be.
This plan, so simple and direct, while it does not in
any way invade or even impair the rights of individuals
to such property as the laws every where recognize,
and tax, and protect, — or did protect until recently, —
likewise has tender regard for the spirit of reform that
pervades the body of the people, and goes forward with
that noble spirit just as fast as it can go. It does violence
to no right or healthy and well-grounded interest of
the individual ; and yet it does assist, and in the most
effectual manner, too, in carrying forward those proper
reforms that serve to mark the steady advance of the
race. By its very moderation it makes friends and
5
50 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
inspires general confidence. It is so firm, while it is so
just ; it is so thorough, while it is also so considerate.
Experience abundantly shows that nothing more than
this need be attempted in this generation, if those who
project it desire rather the sure and steady exaltation
of the people, than the building up of a reckless partisan
power for ends purely selfish, and full of mischief to
the community.
IN MODERATION, 51
VII.
IN MODERATION.
THERE are more drunkards to-day, with all the anti-
license, Maine Law, prohibitory feeling, than there were
before stringent legislative enactments were mistakenly
supposed to be the cure-all for drunkenness. As Gov-
ernor Seymour, of New York, expressed it, when the
Maine Law came into operation, rum became of neces-
sity a " pocket institution." Every body had it about
them ; if not in their pockets literally, then in their
houses, or their offices, or in sly and out-of-the-way
places. We know of many and many a man who
thought it necessary to lay in • a stock before the law
went into operation, and who became a confirmed
drunkard not a very long while afterwards, filling a
drunkard's grave.
They laid in a liberal store, for the fear that they
were to have no opportunities of getting more ; and
not being accustomed to the use of it, self-restraint was
very soon broken over, and they went down. It was
one of the most natural results of the operation of
such a law. To be sure, its friends and advocates
plead for a fair trial of it, saying that these early ex-
cesses and misfortunes were to be expected ; but if any
law whatever is to put in jeopardy the health or hap-
52 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
piness of even a single human being, merely for the
sake of testing itself as an experiment, it is not enti-
tled to a moment's consideration. It is to be con-
demned and denounced on that one ground alone ;
and that is ground enough.
Spirits may be used in moderation, and with perfect
safety ; and it is nonsense to harp on the old string,
that to taste, ever so prudently, is certain ruin. It
never was so, and it never will be so. Such deplora-
ble consequences come not of the use of good liquors
and a healthy public sentiment respecting their use ;
but only from the destroying adulterations that are
sold for good liquors, and from that wrong-headed
public opinion that drives a man to the practice of
hypocrisy in order to do what it is perfectly proper for
him to do, and persecutes him with all imaginable bit-
terness and virulence if he dares defy the tyranny of
such a shallow pretension. It is not the fault of the
spirits at all, but of the poisoned stuff called spirits,
and the insanity of public prejudice that refuses to
look at things as they should be.
It appears, if we are at the pains to consider it care-
fully, that most of the first minds and noblest spirits
of the country are in the habit of using spirits and
wines moderately ; but such has latterly been the
rabies of the community on the subject, lashed up as
the public mind has been by aspiring leaders and fren-
zied monomaniacs, that they have been compelled, in
pure self-defence, to keep their own secret, and liter-
ally drink behind the door ! They are good enough
IN MODERATION. 53
men till it is known they " drink," and then, nothing
is bad enough to say about them.
Let us give examples, here and there.
The " New York Tribune " is a strong arguer for
prohibition, and always has been ; yet it is well known,
to those at least who know any thing about it, that the
majority of its writers make an habitual use of stimu-
lants. We charge it not against them at all, for we
consider it entirely their own business, not ours ; but
we state it simply as a fact, from which those who fall
down at the feet of the advocates of prohibition may
be able to make some inferences of their own.
Dr. Holmes, the immortal " Autocrat of the Break-
fast Table," says in an article in the February number
of the "Atlantic Monthly," while discoursing most
genially and most philosophically, too, on the subject
of wine, as follows : —
" Whatever may be the hygienic advantages or dis-
advantages of wine — and I, for one, except for certain
particular ends, believe in water, and, I blush to say
it, in black tea — there is no doubt about its being the
grand specific against dull dinners. A score of people
come together in all moods of mind and body. The
problem is, in the space of one hour, more or less, to
bring them all into the same condition of slightly ex-
alted life. Food alone is enough for one person, per-
haps — talk, alone, for another ; but the grand equal-
izer and fraternizer, which works up the radiators to
their maximum radiation, and the absorbents to their
maximum receptivity, is now just where it was when
5*
54 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
' The conscious water saw its Lord and blushed,*
— when six great vessels containing water, which
seems to have been carefully purified, so as to be ready
for the marriage feast, were changed into the best of
wine. I once wrote a song about wine, in which I
spoke so warmly of it, that I was afraid some would
think it was written inter pocula ; whereas it was com-
posed in the bosom of my family, under the most tran-
quillizing domestic influences.
" The divinity student turned towards me, looking
mischievous. ' Can you tell me,' he said, 6 who wrote
a song for a temperance celebration once, of which the
following is a verse ? —
« Alas for the loved one, too gentle and fair
The joys of the banquet to chasten and share !
Her eye lost its light that his goblet might shine,
And the rose of her cheek was dissolved in his wine ! ' "
" 4 1 did,' I answered. < What are you going to do
about it ? I will tell you another line I wrote long
ago —
« Don't be " consistent" — but be simply true.9 "
The " Autocrat " is perfectly right. He is a man
who has a deep insight into the mysteries of human
nature, too. Our half-fledged legislators, who under-
stand no more of the workings of the human heart
than they do of comets' tails, think man is like a mul-
tiplication table, square all round, and readily ciphered
out by any patent process ; they only display their
own mixed ignorance and presumption, — and these
IN MODERATION. 55
two things are almost always found to go together, —
when they try their ill-considered experiments upon
the community. The community are a very patient
body, however, and are perfectly willing to give the
fledgling legislators a chance ; by-and-by, however,
they will take these things into their own hands, as
they manifestly should have done long ago.
Mr. J. G. Holland, one of the editors of the " Spring-
field Republican," and the author of " Timothy Tit-
comb's Letters," "The Bay Path," and a writer of
most genial and engaging qualities, in a lecture recent-
ly spoken before the Lyceums of our principal cities,
alludes in this way to the natural effect of wine as an
opener of men's hearts, — a potent mollifier of their
prejudices, — a cement of friendships, — and a prolific
producer of beautiful thoughts : —
" Go to a dinner party. You find every one con-
strained, and evidently feeling awkward. The crack
of the wine-bottle is heard, and when the Heidsick has
completed the grand tour, every tongue is loosed. A
social atmosphere has been created by artificial means.
The northern and north-eastern portions of our coun-
try have lost much of their sociability, and, I regret to
say, said Dr. Holland, that I think it is because liquors
have been banished from the sideboard and the tavern.
But I do not speak of these changes to advocate rum
drinking — by no means."
We will append in this place the song of Dr.
Holmes, — the same with whose authorship the " divin-
ity student " taunted him, as described above by him-
56 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
self. It is entitled " A Song of Other Times," and is
as follows : —
" As o'er the glacier's frozen sheet
Breathes soft the Alpine rose,
So through life's desert, springing sweet,
The flower of friendship grows ;
And as, where'er the roses grow,
Some rain or dew descends,
Tis Nature's law that wine should flow
To wet the lips of friends.
Then once again, before we part,
My empty glass shall ring ;
And he that has the warmest heart
Shall loudest laugh and sing.
" They say we were not born to eat ;
But gray-haired sages think
It means — Be moderate in your meat,
And partly live to drink ;
For baser tribes the rivers flow,
That know not wine or song ;
Man wants but little drink below,
But wants that little strong.
"If one bright drop is like the gem
That decks a monarch's crown,
One goblet holds a diadem
Of rubies melted down !
A fig for Caesar's blazing brow,
But, like the Egyptian queen,
Bid each dissolving jewel glow
My thirsty lips between.
" The Grecian's mound, the Roman's urn,
Are silent when we call,
Yet still the purple grapes return
To cluster on the wall ;
IN MODERATION. 57
It was a bright immortal's head
They circled with the vine,
And o'er their best and bravest dead
They poured the dark-red wine.
" Methinks o'er every sparkling glass
Young Eros waves his wings,
And echoes o'er its dimples pass
From dead Ana cr eon's strings ;
And, tossing round its beaded brim
Their locks of floating gold,
With bacchant dance and choral hymn
Return the nymphs of old.
" A welcome, then, to joy and mirth,
From hearts as fresh as ours,
To scatter o'er the dust of earth
Their sweetly-mingled flowers ;
'Tis Wisdom's self the cup that fills,
In spite of Folly's frown,
And Nature from her vine- clad hills
That rains her life-blood down !
Then once again, before we part,
My empty glass shall ring ;
And he that has the warmest heart
Shall loudest laugh and sing."
A single passage in the above beautiful song of Dr.
Holmes will naturally excite in the reader's mind the
reflection that he has unconsciously fallen into the
same strain of thought with another poet, — no less
an one than the noble King David. That passage is
this : —
" For baser tribes the rivers flow,
That know not wine or song," &c.
58 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
David, who was a poet as well as Dr. Holmes, sang
in the 104th Psalm, from the 10th to the 15th verse,
in the following fine strain : —
" He sendeth the springs into the valleys, which run
among the hills.
" They give drink to every beast of the field ; the
wild asses quench their thirst.
" By them shall the fowls of the heaven have their
habitation, which sing among the branches.
" He watereth the hills from his chambers ; the earth
is satisfied with the fruit of thy works.
" He cause th the grass to grow for the cattle, and
herb for the service of man ; that he may bring forth
food out of the earth ;
" And wine, that maketh glad the heart of man, and
oil, to make his face to shine, and bread, which strength-
eneth man's heart."
According to King David, therefore, water was made
chiefly for " wild asses," but wine was made to " make
glad the heart of man" We seriously ask bigoted
water-drinkers to consider into what company their
habits are likely to take them.
And in this place it may not be inappropriate to
allude to a fling that has frequently been indulged in
by abstinence stump speakers against those who choose
to use wine and spirits, and say nothing about it.
The argument is, that no animal will drink, or can be
made to drink, any kind of liquor ; from this they
take the liberty to charge that those who do use liquor
of any kind are worse than brutes. Now, their logic
IN MODERATION. 59
takes them, properly, to a very different conclusion,
which is this : if it proves any thing, it only proves that
those who do not drink are like animals ; while those
who do, are essentially a different and distinct order
of beings ! Is not this even so ?
60 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
VIII.
TOO MUCH.
WE make a few extracts from one of the Boston daily
papers, expressing every reflecting man's sentiments
on the subject of drunkenness. This sin cannot be re-
buked in too strong language, nor held up in too vivid
coloring to warn the young against its approaching
dangers. We only take exception to the position as-
sumed by those who think they have discovered a patent
process of their own by which drunkenness is to be
cured and extirpated from the land, and tell them they
never can succeed in their plan by the way they have
set about it.
The newspaper quotations are as follows : —
" When man revolted against his Maker, his passions
rebelled against himself, and became the worst enemy
of the soul. If there be any fertile source of mischief to
human life, it is, beyond doubt, the misrule of passion.
It is drunken passion which poisons the peace and hap-
piness of the family circle, overturns the order of
society, and strews the path of life with so many mis-
eries as to render it indeed the vale of tears. It has
pointed the assassin's dagger and overspread the earth
with bloodshed. The black and fierce passions, such
as envy, jealousy, and revenge, take their worst influ-
TOO MUCH. 61
ences from the poisoned bowl. The inordinate use of
this soul-destroying beverage has opened the flood-
gates of every species of vice and immorality, and has
wasted the produce of honest industry a thousand fold
more than all other vices combined. Nothing chaste
or holy has ever been connected with the unrestrained
use of intoxicating liquors. It makes a maiden lay by
her veil and robe, which modesty and becoming shame
made her keep close about her, and in an evil and un-
guarded hour her virtue and chastity are gone forever.
Under the influence of intoxicating liquor many excel-
lent personages have suffered great calamities. In-
stances of this are frequent in the Bible, and in profane
history.
*****
" Drunkenness is ind,eed the agency of hell, as
through its influence the arch fiend, the declared en-
emy of God and man, is to a greater extent more suc-
cessful in frustrating the plan of universal redemption,
by bringing about the- destruction of the greatest num-
ber of souls.
*****
" Sobriety is the bridle of the passion of desire, and
temperance is the bit and curb of that bridle. Glut-
tony is the twin relative of drunkenness, and produces
the pain of watching and choler. Gluttony is more
uncharitable to the body, and drunkenness to the soul,
or the understanding part of man. c Take heed to
yourselves lest at any time your hearts be overcharged
with surfeiting and drunkenness.' Surfeiting, that is
6
62 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
the evil effects, the sottislmess and remaining stupidity
of habitual or last night's drunkenness. ' While men
think themselves wise they become fools.' They think
they shall taste the aconite, and not die ; or crown
their heads with the juice of poppy and not be drowsy ;
and if they drink off the whole vintage,' still think they
can swallow another goblet.
" In all ages of the world drunkenness has been de-
tested by every class of people under heaven. All
nations, however sunk in barbarism, have ever been
unanimous in striving to foot out from among them this
detestable vice. The faith of the Mahometans forbids
them to drink wine, and they abstain religiously as the
sons of Rechab. The rulers of the Athenians were ac-
customed to place a drunken person in the midst of
their young men, that, by his disgraceful conduct and
foolish behavior, they might forever after loathe and
detest such a shameless sin. And the faith of Christ
forbids drunkenness to us, and therefore is infinitely
more powerful to suppress this vice, when we consider
that iv e are Christians , and that drunkards can never
inherit the kingdom of God.
" The evil consequences of drunkenness are in this
sense reckoned by writers of Holy Scripture and other
wise personages of the world. It causeth woes and
mischief, wounds, sorrow, sin, and shame ; it maketh
bitterness of spirit, brawling, and quarrelling ; it in-
creaseth rage and lesseneth strength ; it particularly ad- •
ministereth to lust, and yet disablcth the body ; it maketh
red eyes, a red face, and a loose and babbling tongue ;
TOO MUCH. 63
and Solomon, in enumerating the evils of this vice,
adds this to the account: 'Thine eyes shall behold
strange women, and thy heart shall utter perverse
things.' It besots and hinders the actions of the un-
derstanding, maketh a man brutish in his passions and
a fool in his reason, and differs nothing from madness
but that it is voluntary, and so is an equal evil in na-
ture, and worse in manners. It extinguisheth and
quenches the Spirit of God, for no man can be filled
witli the Spirit of God and with wine at the same time,
and therefore St. Paul makes them exclusive of each
other. 6 Be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess, but
be filled with the Spirit.' It opens all the sanctuaries
of nature, and discovers the nakedness of the soul, all
its weaknesses and follies ; it multiplies sins and dis-
covers them, makes a man incapable of being a private
friend or a public counsellor, and disqualifies him from
any situation of trust or responsibility. It taketh a
man's soul into slavery and imprisonment more than
any other vice whatsoever, because it disarms a man
of all his reason and his wisdom, whereby he might
be cured, and therefore it commonly grows upon him
with age ; a drunkard being still more a fool and
less a man. I need not add any more sad examples,
since all history of all ages has but too many of
them."
The writer speaks earnestly and with perfect truth.
It is impossible to paint the vice of drunkenness in too
frightful colors. It is a terrible infliction indeed, and
comes of lack of self-restraint, of partaking too statedly,
64 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
and of too much. No man should surrender his self-
control. But because men do, and perhaps in this
matter in great numbers, does it therefore follow that
the fault is in the liquor rather than in themselves ?
Is this pretended reform movement to be conducted on
the principle that a man is a nothing, capable of no
self-control, and with no character, no manhood, when
temptation is by ? and hence, that in order to reform
and renovate the man, the temptation is to be removed,
rather than the man taught to set himself above the
temptation ? What sort of a reform is that in which
the individual undergoes no change, — only the temp-
tations are taken away from him, and he is free from
vice because he cannot put vicious instruments under
contribution ? Is this life ? Is it not rather making
live men over into dead men ? paralyzing the force of
their will, — weakening their powers of resistance,—
and taking away from them every motive for a more
perfect self-control ? So it looks to us, certainly ; and
so we are willing to prophesy the public will come in
time to confess it, however tightly that public may be
bound up in the iron bands of prejudice and vicious
self-will, just at this present time.
We desire the reader to mark our prediction.
Better refuse utterly to taste spirits of any sort, than
drink immoderately. Every man can tell what his
own temperament is for himself. Nobody else has a
license to set up authority over him. In fact, the mo-
ment you abridge a man's freedom, even to pursue evil
if he likes, and abridge it by throwing around him
TOO MUCH. 65
restraints of this sort and that, or by taking every thing
that bears the name of temptation out of his way, —
that moment you make a moral cripple of him, and in
no sense a better and a stronger man. The Almighty
himself has, as we have shown from the Scripture
record, left the choice entirely open to all alike, and
out of the conflict alone can finally proceed the victory.
He pretends to make no man virtuous by compulsion,
or yet by placing him beyond the reach of vice ; for
that would imply the possession of such negative virtue
as, we fear, would give an individual but a very nar-
row claim to positive goodness.
We might, at least, take a hint from the arrange-
ments of Providence, and the harmonious laws of
Nature, in the shaping and coloring of our own laws ;
neither being at the pains, on the one hand, to force
such a state of purity upon the world as would compel
men to be virtuous because they are not allowed to
know what vice means, — nor, on the other, to invade
in any way those rights of property and person which,
from time immemorial, have been esteemed sacred be-
yond disturbance.
But, as we said before, the sin of drunkenness is one
so great and terrible as to call forth naturally the most
profound sympathies of mankind for those who are the
sad sufferers by it, and excite men to put forth concen-
trated exertions, exertions made almost with a " bloody
sweat," for its effectual removal. Scarcely any of us
all, but, if he or she were to make the confession aloud,
would certify to the melancholy truth that gome friend,
6*
66 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
or possibly some dear and near relative, has fallen power-
less beneath the assaults of the fiend. There is enough,
and ten thousand times ten thousand times enough, to
appeal to the profoundest sympathies that lie unused
in the human heart ; and are we so very certain, then,
while the exercise and daily use of these sympathies,
these protestations, these pleadings, these warnings,
and this final punishment of public scorn and contempt,
would be so potent if properly called out into open
action, that it is better, and more effective, and pro-
ductive of a more stable reform, to call in the force of
law, and the authority and violence of statutes conceived
in the heat of partisan passion, and so supersede the
employment of the diviner qualities, — the sympathies
and the pleadings, the higher culture and the tender
love, — altogether? In truth, can drunkenness be
cured, effectually cured, by society in any such super-
ficial way ?
THE UNCONSTITUTIONALITY OF PROHIBITION. 67
IX.
THE UNCONSTITUTIONALITY OF PROHIBITION.
IT has been generally supposed that a free govern-
ment expressed freedom from all sorts of tyranny —
not less from tyrannical men than tyrannical laws;
that such laws as characterized free States must of ne-
cessity be pervaded with the spirit of the largest liberty ;
that all forms of legislation, in fact, in free States, were
capable of containing the widest liberty, without degen-
erating into wild license. There are other betrayals
of tyranny than those which are made by the " one
man power," sitting on a throne and holding a sceptre.
A legal enactment, framed and indorsed by a profess-
edly free people, may contain the real essence of tyran-
ny as much as any edict of an autocrat or an emperor.
The test is to be found in the spirit of the enactment,
rather than in either its origin or form.
The so-styled "Maine Law," which looks at nothing
short of downright, violent, and defiant prohibition both
of the sale and use of liquors, is, in our judgment, the
very representative of the spirit of tyranny. It was
conceived in ideas of authority, and power, and force,
and by force, and power, and authority alone it must
hope to be executed. One would suppose any such law
ought at least to secure the respect of the whole com-
68 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
munity, however much it might militate with the weak-
ness and delinquencies of a portion ; but it has proved
that it fails even of that. No law was ever written on
the pages of the statute books, that called out such a
furious excitement of opposition, — that generated such
animosity and bad blood. It has made, we presume to
say, more outright rebels against all forms of law, than
it has ever done good ; and this statement of course
fails to include the cases of deceit and hypocrisy, the
acts of spying, and lying, and eaves-dropping, that have
shown themselves to be its legitimate fruit and result.
A prohibitory statute, like this, is directly in the face
of all sound and true constitutional principles ; we
mean the organic principles of that constitution upon
which rests the fabric of our entire political and social
system. For if a despotism like this is to be the con-
fessed groundwork of the State, then it must needs
follow that the State itself must partake of a similar
character. You cannot lay your foundations in a spirit
and temper of tyranny, which ceases to regard the
rights of others with tenderness and care, and expect
the superstructure to offer a free*, and broad, and lib-
eral pattern.
And if the underlying spirit and fundamental prin-
ciple of this government of ours, and of the government
of each one of the States, is essentially that of freedom,
— a freedom which allows to every individual citizen
the largest latitude for accumulating his own fortune,
and progressing step by step to his own widest develop-
ment,— is it not, we seriously inquire, in direct antag-
THE UNCONSTITUTIONALLY OF PROHIBITION. 69
onism to that spirit to place laws on the statute books
that excite the strongest repulsion on the part of citi-
zens of every walk and class, and force them, both
openly and by resort, to shifting expedients to set such
laws at defiance ? It most assuredly is ; and so all
thoughtful and reflecting legislators will in time come
to acknowledge.
If the spirit of our Constitution is in any real sense
a free spirit, then such tyrannical enactments are con-
fessedly ^^-constitutional ; and this is the sum total of
the argument. Under our Constitutions, it is claimed
that a man is perfectly free to enjoy himself in his own
way ; to eat, drink, and wear exactly what he chooses,
just so long as he interferes with none of the rights and
jttivileges of any one else. Now, how a man, consist-
ently with a doctrine, or principle, like this, is to be
told that he shall not buy arid drink wine or spirits at
all, so long as he infringes by the act in no way upon
the rights of the mass, or of even a single one of
the mass, passes our comprehension. And again, and
more particularly, how the curtailment by law of an
indvidual's power over his own appetites, — and only a
curtailment in the public eye at that, — is going to
effect the man's moral reform, or secure any greater
rapidity of progress in morals for him, we confess we
are not at all able to see. There are those, of course,
who can see a great way farther into a millstone than
we can ; and we would be glad if such strangely-gifted
individuals would give the world the benefit of their
superior vision.
70 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
We set ourselves about the quotation of no phrases,
such as are to be picked out of the several State Con-
stitutions, all, however, only showing the inconsistency
between the open guarantees of individual rights set
forth in those instruments, and the open defiance offered
them by these prohibitory enactments ; that were an
altogether needless task. But we plant ourselves upon
the position that such laws are in open violation of the
vitalizing spirit, the fundamental principle, of these
Constitutions ; and that we have shown them to be.
Instead of securing to the individual citizen the "largest
liberty," — of course compatible with the largest lib-
erty of others, — these statutes deprive him of his liberty
altogether. In the case in hand, the individual is not
permitted to purchase liquor, lest he may abuse the
privilege; and this is what they style, and delude
themselves into believing, the freedom of all ! A man's
faculties are at first clapped into jail, and then he is
told that none are so free as himself! If it were not
such a palpable, unmistakable, unendurable tyranny,
in itself, it would be the veriest satire on what is com-
monly called Free Government the world ever beheld.
To make men free from their appetites, it would make
them slaves to Law ; and if slaves to Law, then how in
any real sense Free ?
Haste in legislation, especially in mere legislative
theories, is always detrimental in the highest degree to
the efficiency of the laws enacted. And it is particu-
larly true, that it is not safe for legislators to go faster
than the state of public sentiment will warrant. For
THE UNCONSTITUTIONALLY OF PROHIBITION. 71
unless a statute has the ready support of popular opin-
ion, it must become either a tyranny, if sought to be
put into execution, or a perfectly dead letter. But
when the people are assured that a law, like the Maine
Law, is in all its essential features an unconstitutional
affair, and got up by a pressure of exciting circum-
stances, operating upon the minds of well-meaning but
really unreflecting men, they will, as a matter of course,
be very loth to pay it either obedience or respect.
They must needs feel convinced that a law — any law
— has its foundations in the principles of justice, or it
of necessity can have no claims upon them.
And this the Maine Law, as we have both said and
shown, has not. It is unconstitutional because it is
unjust, and it is unjust because it is unconstitutional.
It violates, both in its spirit and its provisions, the
principles that lie at the bottom of all free society, or
any society that so styles itself. For, to be free, a peo-
ple must have individual liberty in all directions, save
that alone which trenches on the ground of another ;
and if entire curtailment of that personal liberty is
called freedom, it strikes us that we have hitherto been
all in the dark in reference to the whole subject. Why,
let us ask, too, should the morals of a man be profess-
edly thought of before his liberty, his freedom ? In-
deed, what do his morals amount to, if they never have,
and never can stand any test such as temptation has to
offer ? And besides, by what patented process shall
one set of men, as legislators, tell another set of men,
as fellow-citizens of the same Commonwealth, that
72 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
they, the legislators, understand better what is moral
than all the rest put together ? Who, after all, has
the keeping of the public morals, or of individual mo-
rality, that he shall be allowed to say whether it is, or
is not, an act of immorality — nay, a crime outright —
for a man to drink a glass of stimulus once, or twice,
or three times a day ?
The truth is, this matter has not yet been looked
into as it should be. There are certain radical points
about it that have not yet been investigated ; points
not merely of constitutionality, but of freedom and of
morals. It is not every quack doctor of laws that un-
derstands the magnitude or mystery of legislative prin-
ciples, any more than it is every quack doctor of medi-
cine who understands the principles of the human
system.
THE LIQUOR AGENCIES. 73
X.
THE LIQUOR AGENCIES.
IT looks not a little strange, not to say inconsistent,
to see men who originally advocated straight-out pro-
hibition, now defending the practice of establishing
State and Town Agencies for the sale of liquors. They
once argued that it was as wrong to sell in one way as
in another, and they ridiculed the idea of a " respecta-
ble rumseller." On all occasions they contended that
it was not the way in which a thing was sold, so much
as the thing sold itself. They used to say the sin was
in the rum and not in the act of selling, — no matter
whether it was sold at the Parker House, or in Patrick
Murphy's little grocery down in the city cellar. They
called all spirituous liquors " devil's broth," making
out that our Saviour was in league with the devil and
doing the devil's work when he turned water into wine
at Cana of .Galilee. They claimed that no one would
advocate the use of spirits even for sickness, unless they
themselves wanted it to drink on the sly. But a change
has taken place, and they say nothing against an
"Agency" now. By their own mouths let them be
judged and they are proved guilty of taking liquor on
the sly. Truly consistency would be a jewel in these
times with the advocates of temperance. Now we
7
74 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
claim that it is just as wrong to license an agent,
whether State or town, as it would be to place a gen-
eral enactment on the pages of the statute book, by
virtue of which a dozen proper men might be allowed
to sell in any town of sufficient size to warrant it. If
licensing is to be opposed, so are agencies. There is
no material or practical difference. Both mean the
same thing. They unite in fact and form, but vary
only in degree. A man may be just as respectable
while standing behind his own counter and selling
liquors to customers that happen in, as if he were
transacting the same business on behalf of the State,
or town, and receiving his commission from another
source.
We have often stood and looked at these duly-ap-
pointed liquor agents, in different places, watching tlie
eminent satisfaction and air of authority with which
they seemed to be invested, as they dealt out the
" liquid damnation " to their eager customers ; and
thought to ourselves how differently they would have
felt about their business, had they been transacting
the business on their own account. It makes great
odds whether # man is selling rum for his own account
or on account of the State, or town. And why ? Sim-
ply because the mind is wont to lift the act into the
appearance of respectability when the law authorizes
or protects it, showing what moral majesty the law
really enjoys among a law-abiding people.
Now, we argue, if the agency system can thus be
made respectable and above reproach by the assistance
THE LIQUOR AGENCIES. 75
of the State, then a general and proper license system
can likewise. Why not ? The prohibitionists are only
arguing the matter for us beforehand. Every " origi-
nal- package " of liquors these agents sell is but an
argument for the sale of similar packages, or even of
other packages, by other persons similarly licensed.
Who will deny it ? If any body, upon what ground ?
Let the ground, then, be stated, and we shall be ready
and willing to hear or read all that can be said or
written in its support. The fact is, those who have
allowed themselves to be carried away with this excite-
ment of temperance reform, this mania for making
men good whether they would or no, have not stopped
to think of this ; they never before saw that all that
can be said by them against a proper license system
can be said with quite as much force, and even more,
against their agency system. But it is even so, and it
furnishes another striking proof that men's zeal often-
times leads them, by a roundabout course, into the
very practices which they set out to denounce and con-
demn !
But look at the present agency system, as it is op-
erated under the Maine Law machinery for making
moral men more moral, and saints out of yesterday-
drunkards. Look at the Massachusetts agency as a
fair and complete illustration. We say nothing of the
individual who controls it ; he has said all that even
his worst enemy could wish respecting himself, in the
little book of personal confessions, called " The Hen
Fever." Possibly the Executive of Massachusetts
76 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
considered, in making such an appointment, that he
had at last, and for once in his life, succeeded in see-
ing " the right man" put into " the right place."
Do any of the readers of this book remember the
complaints that were made against this agent for the
sale of liquors in Massachusetts, by a certain town
agent in the hither part of Maine, — which complaints
were made public in the newspapers at the time ? Do
our readers recollect, too, the letters of the Massachu-
setts agent in reply, in which he stated, in a sort of
begging and semi-confidential way, that what was not
good out of the lot of champagne sent down from
Boston, might be returned, and it should be replaced
with better ? Every one who is in the habit of reading
the papers will readily recall this spicy correspondence
between the Maine town agent and the Massachusetts
State agent. From which it plainly appeared that an
inferior quality of champagne — nothing more harm-
ful, probably, than Newark cider — had been acciden-
tally or otherwise sent to a Maine gentleman, who was
himself too good a judge of wine of that stamp to
suffer himself to be imposed upon, and who took the
earliest opportunity to prevent a fraud upon the com-
munity whose agent he was, by refusing to sell them
that inferior, if not valueless article.
The Massachusetts agent came out of the dispute
with no new laurels on his head, but, speaking some-
what personally, and after his own fashion, perhaps, —
with his feathers pretty well plucked out. We know
very well, from personal observation, what a feeling of
THE LIQUOR AGENCIES. 77
mortification passed through the ranks of those men
who really endeavor to be rational and consistent pro-
hibitionists at this unexpected disclosure, and what a
general expression of indignation there was that a
State agency could, in the hands of big and little poli-
ticians, be made the instrument to disgrace the princi-
ples they profess to hold dear. But there were the
facts ; they stood openly confessed, on the face of the
correspondence itself ; and what was to be done next ?
Remove the agent? Ah, — but "our party" might
have something to say about that ! and unless you let
us — "our party" folks, we mean, — make the most
out of the emoluments the office of State agent may
be made to produce, we won't stand by you prohibi-
tionists in trying to fly your particular kite ! In fact,
we are the tail to your prohibition kite ; and you know
as well as we do, that you can no more go up without
a tail than a comet could sweep the heavens without
the same appurtenance !
Abuses, and deceits, and impositions must go on.
And so they will go on until the time will come when
they have made head enough to break down all the
barriers of little politicians and men seeking power,
and correct themselves. But the agencies are just as
open to abuse as the license system ever was. Why
not ? If the truth was published as it ought to be, it
would show this fact in unmistakable colors. If the
books of the town agents, who are authorized to retail
liquors in certain quantities and for certain purposes,
could be made clear to the eye of the general reader,
7*
78 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
their pages would make a confession such as not every
opponent even of the Maine Law is prepared to receive.
But why, you ask us, is not this thing done ? For two
very good and substantial reasons. First, because there
is no power that can compel the publication of any
such statistics ; and, second, because it is unwise for
the interests of the cause of prohibition that such a
thing should be done.
Yet, inasmuch as the prohibitionists have always
stood out so stoutly for open and aboveboard opera-
tions in this matter, and have been especially indus-
trious in collecting their columns and pages of statis-
tics from every conceivable and inconceivable quarter,
which they believed would fatally tell against a license
system, or, indeed, against any system but their own,
- — it is now no more than what the public have a perfect
right to demand of them, since they have at last got
the system they asked for, to give up every item of
information they have in their possession, that shall
throw any light upon the operation of that system.
Why would not this be right ? Why is it not a fair
demand to make upon them ? Certainly, if the morals
of the people are all they care for, they will raise no
objections to enlightening the people in respect to the
progress of those morals, just in whatever way they
may have the power.
We challenge the production of such items, of such
minute and complete testimony, as shall most properly
set the practical workings of this Maine Law in its new
light. Let the public go behind the scenes. Let them
THE LIQUOR AGENCIES. 79
see, if they ask to see, to what class of persons town
agents habitually sell liquor, — and in what quantities,
—how often, — and for what purposes. Such a record,
if accurately and impartially made up, would tell a
straighter story than all the empty praises of the law
itself in State and county conventions. It would lay
the whole matter bare, — strip it of its externals, —
pull the scales off the eyes of sentimentally-moral peo-
ple, — give a practical turn to theories and theoriz-
ers, — and enable the community to take the proper
bearings of their present position. Such a plan has
been attempted in some cases, but never completely
carried out. It carries the war too far into Africa
and exposes too much hypocrisy to suit the so-called
temperance party.
80 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
XI.
LICENSE AND AGENCY.
IF, now, Liquor Agencies are right, a proper license
system will stand. The arguments that underlie the
one, underlie the other also. In fact, it is not more
presumptuous than it is inconsistent, that they who
deny the right and propriety of licensing should be
willing, and even eager, to favor the right and propri-
ety of establishing agencies. The inconsistency only
shows to what a pitch of infatuation even honestly in-
clined persons may insensibly be led, if they are not
careful how they surrender up their individual opin-
ions to the control of others.
The license system is said to be liable to abuse ; so
is the agency system. And whereas the former does
not tend to make every man a spy upon his neighbor,
the latter certainly does ; and whereas the former does
not underrate the honesty and truth of the buyer and
consumer, making him the miserable knave and hypo-
crite he secretly, if not openly, confesses himself, the
latter does ; . and whereas the former is not likely to
increase the ranks of immoderate consumers and even
drunkards, because such a system would, in itself,
guard both the consumer and the community, so far as
any system could, against the liability of such an evil,
LICENSE AND AGENCY. 81
the latter is likely, and even very certain, to sow the
seeds that will in due time yield as wretched a crop of
disease and distress, both physical and moral, as ever
afflicted any community that aspired to the name of
civilization.
It is charged that impure liquors may easily be sold
under a license system, while the agency machinery
prevents all that. Prevents it, indeed ! How prevent
it ? Was the indignant town agent in Maine so very
sure of having had good champagne in his possession,
even after the State agent of Massachusetts assured
him that the cheap and wretched stuff was imported,
and the genuine article ? Agents are just as likely to
be imposed upon as men who sell under a license ; and
if they are men who profess never to taste liquor them-
selves, as you will find they generally are in these
piping Maine Law times, then they are even more like-
ly to suffer from imposition. And agents are just as
apt to lay in with certain manufacturers of liquors, too,
who know how to doctor and to reduce with great skill,
and who are ready enough to share whatever profits
the agents are likely afterwards to make. Why not ?
The thing has been done ; and it may be done again,
and with impunity. Is there any thing in the charac-
ter of a State or a town liquor agent that specially
clears him of such influences as reach other men, and
keeps him, above other sellers of liquor, free from the
contaminating influences of a trade that madmen are
eager to denounce as villany in all its parts, points,
and relations ?
82 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
This style of argument against the sale of liquor in
any form, or through any instrumentality, has been
pushed a little farther than it will cleverly go ; and
they who have used it most freely begin to feel that
they have unconsciously been handling a two-edged
sword. It cuts both ways. For if selling spirits in any
form, and under the authority and protection of law,
is a crime and an unpardonable sin, it is so just as
much in one case as in another ; if the argument can
be made to apply to a license system, it bears with just
the same force upon the system of selling through
agencies. Sale is sale ; and if it is iniquitous to sell
rum any way, there is an end of further disputation ;
but if the business may be made " respectable " by an
agency law, what is there, pray let us know, to hinder
its being " respectable " under a general license law ?
No mind accustomed to reasoning can find any essen-
tial difference in the cases ; and yet an inflamed popu-
lar prejudice persists in refusing to look at this matter
just as it is.
People fall into the way so naturally, or, rather, so
readily, of supposing that what the law authorizes and
supports must of course be reputable and proper.
Well, we agree it ought to be so, although we fail
always to find it is so. Therefore, if the law says an
agency is reputable and proper, men consent to throw
around the agency system their esteem and respect ;
albeit it is, considered in itself, open to just the same
charges that are made by prohibitionists against " rum-
selling," that the license system is ; that, at least, no
LICENSE AND AGENCY. 83
one can deny. Now, what we wish to know is, — and
we shall continue to put the inquiry till at least one
candid mind somewhere has fcmnd an answer for it
within its own reasoning capacity, — why cannot the
license law bring up, if you so please, the traffic in
spirits to as high a standard of respectability as the
agency law ? Why not ? sure enough. The virtue of
the deed, as is generally admitted by prohibitionists,
exists only by virtue of the law ; and we argue from
that point, that the law, when framed in a prudent and
proper spirit, and taking cognizance of the habits and
needs of men as they are, is as capable of giving char-
acter and weight to one system of selling spirits as to
another. This ground, we feel very well satisfied, can-
not be undermined by the currents of any prejudice or
fanaticism. It is real ; and will stand, because it has
a substantial rock-bottom.
But temperance legislators — or, rather, those
strongly-biassed leaders who have hitherto assumed the
control of temperance legislation — have become some-
how possessed of an idea that they must needs make
laws only according to their .own theories and abstrac-
tions, regardless of the wants and habits of those for
whom such legislation is undertaken, and in a spirit
even of open hostility to things as they at present exist
all around us. Now, if these theorists could but find
men just as they want them, possibly their crude and
inconclusive plans might be made to apply ; but taking
men as they are, it seems the height of folly to seek to
make laws for them which are not at all applicable to
84 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
their wants, against which even their better and freer
instincts rebel, and which, even if they were carried
out in execution to the very last letter, would produce
at the best but a forced and unnatural public morality,
underneath which would flow in boiling currents the
whole lava-tide of human passions and vicious inclina-
tions.
A healthy and hearty state of public morals is not
to be secured by any such mere gloss and patchwork as
a Maine Law proposes ; for in such a state as that, all
men are supposed to be, firstly, free to do as they
choose, within certain restraining limits which are set
for the protection of others, — and, secondly, to be
capable of exercising that continued self-control which
alone can lead both to individual and public morality.
Now, if your Maine Laws, or any other laws, operate
to clap a man's individual freedom into jail, as it were,
he is in no sense whatever a moral person, but only
apparently moral, because the law will not give him a
chance publicly to be otherwise.
But our thoughts have led us a little wide from the
topic immediately in hand. We were speaking simply
of the advantages of a license law over an agency law,
and showing how, in the first place, the former was much
more safe and proper than the other, — and, second-
ly, how the latter was not a whit more " respectable,"
in point of fact, or through the aid of the statute book,
than the former. Our readers will be likely to agree
with us in this matter entirely. We ask no one to
admit what is not true both in nature and in reason ;
LICENSE AND AGENCY. 85
but we do insist that what is perfectly true in both,
shall be admitted to that high place in public esteem,
and public legislation, to which its own permanent
worth really entitles it.
8
86 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
XII.
AT THE WEST.
"A ' LIQUOR LAW' has passed the Indiana House,
fixing licenses at from fifty to one thousand dollars, at
the discretion of the county commissioners ; assessing
a fine, not less than five nor more than fifty dollars, for
every instance of selling without license ; prohibiting
selling on the Sabbath, or on State, county, town, town-
ship, or municipal election day, where the same may be
held ; prohibiting the selling to persons in the habit of
being intoxicated, or to minors, under heavy penalties,
with other stringent features."
"We take the above paragraph, in relation to a license
law, from the news columns of the New York Tribune.
It is needless for us to say that, in its essential features,
it embodies what is practically necessary for the con-
venience of the community, and what, at the same
time, seems jealously to guard the rights and interests
of that community.
Such a movement as the one indicated above is in
the right direction. It certainly accepts the existing
customs, habits, needs, and desires of the people, as
something fixed and unalterable ; and then it simply
proceeds to throw around the community the protec-
tion which the existence of such habits, customs, needs,
and desires naturally suggests ; that while the individ-
AT THE WEST. 87
ual shall not be shorn in any way of his individuality,
the public shall in no sense be the sufferers.
This single movement in the Indiana legislature
does but go to prove the truth of what we stated in the
first chapter of this book ; namely, that the unnatural
and fanatical excitement about teetotalism and prohibi-
tion was fast coming to its natural termination, and
that the day of candid, calm, and thorough discussion,
with a view to the ascertainment of true principles and
the best modes of action, had just begun to dawn.
Now let us look at the several suggestions contained
in the paragraph extracted above. In the first place,
the price of a license is to be fixed high enough by the
county commissioners, who are thus made directly
responsible to the people for the proper execution of
their trust, to allow none but proper men, as near as
may be found in any community, to sell spirits at all ;
the prices ranging all the way from fifty dollars to a
thousand. This naturally puts the matter on pretty
safe ground, to begin with.
Next, a fine of from five dollars to fifty is liable
to be imposed for every instance of selling without a
license thus regularly obtained. Very few persons, of a
character likely to lead them to violate a proper license
law, could well afford to subject themselves to penalties
of this magnitude, or, in default of paying these, to
punishment by another process.
Then there are other provisions, all stringent and
proper, and every one a formidable safeguard against
the irruptions of cupidity and passion upon society;
88 THE EAMEOD BROKEN.
such as the prohibition of selling at all upon the Sab-
bath, or on any election day ; of selling at all to such
persons as are known to make improper uses of liquor,
and are habitually intoxicated ; and of selling at all to
minors, or, in fact, to any other equally improper and
irresponsible persons.
Such a law evidently was not framed by " rum-drink-
ers," nor by men who love the interests of " rum-sell-
ers " above other men's interests ; but by men who
have closely and philosophically observed the radical
elements of our common nature ; who understand what
man is, what are the sole objects and purposes of gov-
ernment, and what is the real meaning of the term
" freedom," as applied to the plan of a government ;
and who are just as deeply concerned for the highest
welfare of the people as they are for any merely per-
sonal and selfish projects that may be charged against
them. It is easy to call them by hard names, but that
practice has about had its day ; if it has any effect, it is
only to weaken the cause of those who follow it, and
not of those who have no remedy but to submit to the
abuse. For why may it not be supposed that the
friends and supporters of a stringent license system are,
in their hearts, as sincere men, and as ardent workers
for public morality, as they who set out with assuming
that they have all the virtue and all the purity on their
side ? It is preposterous to give way to these idle clam-
orers and name-callers any longer. It is full time they
were openly confronted, argued down, and put to pub-
lic shame.
AT THE WEST. 89
What if, now, every State legislature in the country
were to take up this most important subject right where
it is ? Suppose they were to establish such a general
license system as the Indiana legislature is engaged in
perfecting to-day, affixing to it all the penalties public
sentiment would fairly and reasonably demand as needed
for its own protection. "Would there be any great risk
in such an undertaking as this? Certainly, a good,
practical license law, that stands a chance of being lit-
erally executed, is much better than a theoretically
strict prohibitory law, whose execution is laughed at all
over the State as an utter impossibility.
Then just look, for a moment, at the character of
these town agents, as regards their practical acquaint-
ance with the business they have been intrusted with.
What do they ordinarily know about it ? Most of them
will tell you they cannot tell a glass of brandy from
another glass of Newark cider ; and perhaps they can-
not. It is at least charitable to suppose they are fully
as ignorant as they confess themselves to be. These
agents are certainly not safe or proper men to intrust
with dealing out liquors only for mechanical, medicinal,
and sacramental purposes, for they see no visible differ-
ence between French brandy and aquafortis, and would
be as likely to poison their customers with the latter as
make them over-joyful with the former.
Zealots and bigots have succeeded in warping the
public judgment in a most fearful manner; and when
the time comes in which the public will see how the
thing has been done, — by appeals Alternately to their
8*
90 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
sympathies and their partisan passions, — they will be
lost in wonder at thinking of the readiness with which
they were made to call black white, and white black.
Just as if the expressed juice of the grape and the
apple was not as much property to-day as it was thirty
years ago ! and as if other pure liquors were not prop-
erty after the same principle ! Absurd in the extreme !
Preposterous beyond expression ! Now, this very mode
of rating all liquors has led to this practice — to be
condemned and scouted by all honest men, — of adul-
terating and poisoning them. Being held in little and
low esteem by law-makers, they were more liable than
ever to abuse in manufacture ; for since the traffic had
lost the protection it had the original right to claim for
itself, the objects of that traffic naturally became the
instruments of vicious and abandoned men, who saw
nothing in them better than a chance, first, to deprave
the appetites of consumers, and, secondly, to employ
that very result for their own purely selfish advantage.
As a consequence, the destruction to health and life
has been fearful to contemplate ; and stump-speakers
for prohibition have employed this fearful fact as the
strongest argument they could advance for violently
rooting out the system of selling liquor at all. But the
argument can be made to apply only to the vitiated sys-
tem — - to the entire prevention of the sale of poisoned
liquors. When they seek to apply it to the sale of any
liquors, those" even that are pure, they go beyond what
prudence, or reason, or common sense will permit them.
It is not pure liquors, the real juice of the apple and
AT THE WEST. 91
the grape, that shatters human constitutions, and de-
stroys human life almost with the rapidity of a virulent
disease ; but it is these poisoned, adulterated, " doc-
tored " drugs, eating their slow way into the very soul
of the infatuated consumer itself. It is not such wine
as is spoken of in the Book of Judges, that " cheereth
God and man ; " but it is their villanous substitutes,
compounds such as disgrace our civilization, and that
no civilized laws ought for a day to tolerate the sale of.
Now fling all your schemes of " ramrod " prohibi-
tions behind 'your back. Look this matter square in
the face. Understand, to start with, that you cannot
eradicate the desire for fermented beverages from the
human race, and then settle down into the sensible and
wholly tenable opinion, that you may at least enact
such legal provisions as will insure the sale of pure
liquors, and likewise secure their sale in proper quan-
tities to suitable persons. All the rest you must leave
to the average public sentiment or personal habits, —
to individual exertion, — to moral suasion, as it is
called, to work out.
92 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
XIII.
IN A NUTSHELL.
THE statement of this question, that so long has ex-
cited the passions and prejudices rather than the minds
of the community, is an exceedingly simple one, and
the arguments are direct and few. There is no need
of their being mixed up with foreign matter, or being
discussed with haste and heat. If they who are eager
to be thought reformers would regard rather the spirit
and end of their proposed reforms than the mere
ambition they possess to become in some way noted,
they would far better help on the cause in which they
so earnestly protest they have embarked.
Let us look at this matter of manufacturing, selling,
and using wines and spirituous liquors, just as it stands
in the calm light of common sense.
In the first place, these beverages have always been
made and used, and no doubt always will be. We
have abundant authority from the Scriptures, which
we have already furnished in these pages, to show that
the use of fermented liquors, at least, is as old as man's
own t recorded existence ; and to show, likewise, that
the wise and good of all time have indulged in that
use, many of them even immoderately and to their own
shame, — as Noah and others, — and that our Saviour
IN A NUTSHELL. 93
himself set an example of using wine at public festivals,
which cannot be put aside. So much for fermented
liquors.
As for those that are distilled, by modern processes,
we have the testimony of all medical men whose opin-
ions are not infected with the mania of teetotal parti-
sanship, that the use of pure liquors, thus distilled, is
beneficial to the human system, and that there are nu-
merous instances in which it is absolutely necessary that
such liquors should be used. Even those who condemn
their use altogether, are constrained by the heavy hand
of disease and physical disaster to impress them into
their own service, and are very apt, even then, to con-
tinue their use, under cover of medicinal reasons, even
after the actual calls of the disease become only imagi-
nary. But let all that pass. What we merely wish to
deduce from this is, that inasmuch as liquor is thus
made necessary to the race, its manufacture and sale
are both necessary and right also.
But the liquor, we insist, must be only pure liquor.
The community, as purchasers and consumers of it,
have a right to demand this much, and to assert and
maintain that it shall be proved to be pure to their own
complete satisfaction. Here is just where all the trouble
arises. This is the head and front of the whole offend-
ing. The stream is poisoned now at its source, and
there is where its purification must of necessity begin.
Pure liquors do not generate a brood of loathsome
drunkards, and it cannot be proved against them. We
simply assert what any one either knows, or can readily
94 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
acquaint himself with. It is the arbitrary disposition
of certain men and certain parties that has forced the
pure liquors out of their open and proper use, driven
their sale into dark and out-of-the-way corners and
dens, and thus put it in the power of back-door sellers
to doctor and adulterate them at their own pleasure — •
which of course means only their own pecuniary inter-
est. First making it a stimulating excitement to run
the gantlet of public prejudice in order to get a glass
of liquor, it naturally enough follows that liquor thus
surreptitiously obtained becomes in itself a double stim-
ulus, and is drank in at least double quantities, and
with double the natural excitement, — first, for its own
sake, and second, on account of the success of achieving
its difficult possession. So that, in fact, the very means
that have been employed by fanatical reformers, seek-
ing power and notoriety rather than the thorough and
permanent good of the race, to banish spirituous liquors
from general use, and drive them to those back corners
and out-of-the-way places where they are made to wear
the aspect of criminality and degradation, — these very
means, we say, are the ones that have, more than any
thing else, caused the adulteration and poisoning of good
liquors, and produced a crop of hard drinkers and
wretched drunkards, whose vice will be transmitted al-
most to their latest posterity. Let teetotalers look at
this in any other light if they can ; we tell them these
statements are true to the letter, and statistics, as well
as personal observation and reflection, are at all times
ready to verify them abundantly.
IN A NUTSHELL. 95
The use of a pure article, then, being conceded as
a necessity, no abuse of an impure article will war-
rant arbitrary legislation as against the article that is
pure ; for this would be resting the principles of legis-
lation iipon a most insecure basis, and opening the way
for the free working of the most unjust and tyrannical
motives in all popular enactments. Right legislation
can only be done on a right basis ; and that, of neces-
sity, must be permanent and stable. The moment
prejudice, or mere policy, comes in and usurps the
place of principle, the whole structure of government
institutions totters ; there is no security any where ;
the same motive that is applied for a party to-day may
be applied with tenfold power against it to-morrow.
Hence any reflecting mind can see at once, that the
use of pure liquors ought not in justice to be con-
trolled, or even modified, by the abuse of impure ones.
The two things have no sort of relationship with one
another.
To protect the community against even the worst
consequences of excess, legislators cannot go to work
to cut off all supplies ; that is folly itself, and worse
than folly. As well might it be argued that, to protect
the body of the public against the excesses of a few
men's passions, the legislators have a right to deprive
them of their lives, as the surest way of quelling their
riotous passions ! that is, that any proposed end — and
only a theoretic, and in no sense a practical end, at
that — may be made to secure any sort of means for its
successful attainment ! Such reasoning, we had sup-
96 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
posed, had been blown to the four winds long ago.
No ; as the passions of men must undergo proper
restraint, either at the hands of the individual or of
society, so must the abuses of liquor consumption be
restrained, — and either by each individual for himself,
or else by the strong and united hands of society. If
the use of liquor tends to inflame passions, so as to
make the work of self-control still more difficult, then
the individual must needs forego the use of liquors
altogether ; for he owes as much as that to society, and
a good deal more to himself.
It is thus the simple power to control the sale of
liquors that legislators possess, and not beyond that ; to
the total prohibition of such sale, they cannot properly
and safely go. They presume too much, and under-
take too much, when they get upon this track ; to at-
tempt by any mere legislative coup de grace to expel,
or outroot, the desire of spirits and wine from man as
he happens in these times to be constituted, is about
as rational a business, and as likely to prove successful,
as a tilt in full feather against the ancient institution
of windmills.
Then if a person has a right to use (not abuse)
pure (not impure) liquors, the right to manufacture
and sell may be not the more disputed ; for one goes
along with the other. And the purchaser, whether
at first hand or second hand, has a right to be secured
against the possibility of fraud and adulteration in
his purchases. The law protects him against fraud in
other articles of manufacture and commerce, and is
IN A NUTSHELL. « 97
manifestly just as able to protect him here. And this
much both consumer and seller have a right to demand
of the law-makers ; who, while they are careering off
against the natural appetites and instincts of human
nature, betray the wrong spirit that moves them by
suffering the rights of persons all around them to go
unprotected. This shows plainly enough that it is not
so much the practical protection and benefit of the
community at which they aim, as the wish for noto-
riety, for power, or to marry their names for a brief
day to a thoroughly impractical reform in the public
morals.
We insist, therefore, that there is but one course left
open, by which to approach this matter through the
authority of legislation ; and that is, by limiting and
restraining all liabilities to abuse either the sale or use
of liquors, and confining the work of the law to that
alone ; by appointing only proper men to sell spirits,
and they to sell only to those who are certain to use
them properly ; to surround both the manufacture and
the sale with such all-sufficient safeguards as shall pro-
tect the community abundantly ; and afterwards to let
the power of moral suasion have free course, and do
its work most thoroughly and permanently.
Here are the leading points of the case, and the sug-
gestions of such measures as any free community has
an undisputed right to adopt for its own safety and
progress. But for society to go beyond the power
properly delegated to it, though tacitly, it may be, by
the individual, and trample down individual rights and
9
98 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
liberties, is plainly enough to set up its authority as a
laughing-stock, and to court the jeers and ridicule, in-
stead of the respect and obedience, of the great body
of men of which that society is composed.
A SONG OF BURNS. 99
XIV.
A SONG OF BURNS.
THE public festivals recently held all over the land,
in honor of the hundredth anniversary of the birthday
of Robert Burns, the world-beloved poet of Scotland,
certify in no common manner to the estimation in
which he is held ; not merely by those who affect a
love of literature, but by all humanity ; by poor men
as well as studious scholars ; by those who wear " hod-
den gray " as well as royal purple ; by rich and hum-
ble alike ; by known and unknown. Philosophers and
politicians, clergymen and men of letters, vied with one
another to celebrate his deserved praise. They pro-
fessed to admire the man, as well as the poet, and to
subscribe in toto to his large and generous sentiments
concerning all things that pertain to the happiness of
human nature.
Well, we propose in this place simply to quote one of
this same Robert Burns' popular songs. It came di-
rectly from the ploughman-poet's heart, — as, indeed,
all his songs did, — and is therefore of all the more
intensity and truth. Here it is.
100 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
THE CURE FOE, ALL CARE.
i.
" No churchman am I for to rail and to write,
No statesman nor soldier to plot or to fight,
No sly man of business, contriving a snare —
For a big-bellied bottle's the whole of my care.
ii.
" The peer I don't envy — I give him his bow ;
I scorn not the peasant, though ever so low ;
But a club of good fellows, like those that are here,
And a bottle like this, are my glory and care.
in.
" Here passes the squire on his brother — his horse ;
There centum per centum, the cit with his purse ;
But see you the Crown, how it waves in the air !
There a big-bellied bottle still eases my care.
IV.
" The wife of my bosom, alas ! she did die ;
For sweet consolation to church I did fly ;
I found that old Solomon proved it fair,
That a big-bellied bottle's a cure for all care.
v.
" I once was persuaded a venture to make ;
A letter informed me that all was to wreck —
But the pursy old landlord just waddled up stairs,
With a glorious bottle that ended my cares.
VI.
" « Life's cares they are comforts,' — a maxim laid down
By the bard — what d'ye call him ? — that wore the black
gown ;
And faith I agree with th' old prig to a hair ;
For a big-bellied bottle's a heaven of care ! "
A SONG OP BURNS. 101
[A Stanza added in a Masonic Lodge.]
" Then fill up a bumper, and make it o'erflow,
And honors masonic prepare for to throw ;
May every true brother of the compass and square
Have a big-bellied bottle when harassed with care ! "
The immortal song of King Solomon is in the same
strain with this of Burns ; for he was a poet as well as
the Scottish cottager. And though the exquisite beau-
ty of the Hebrew poetry is nearly lost in the process of
translation, yet you will find this same sentiment of
Burns in Proverbs, chapter 31, verses 6 and 7, as fol-
lows : " Give strong drink unto him that is ready to
perish, and wine unto those that be of heavy heart.
Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember
his misery no more."
In Burns' time, not only did good and accepted
Masons indulge in the use of liquor without disparage-
ment or disgrace, but good Christians likewise. It is
within the ready recollection of many and many a per-
son now living among us, that it was once the custom
for clergymen to keep good spirits constantly on hand.
They had them on their sideboards ; and whenever
they went about in their parish, the first and last thing
they would be invited to do was, to take spirits. They
invariably imbibed on the occasion of funerals and wed-
dings ; then it was considered an indispensable article.
And lecturers will reply to this, — " 0, but the moral
sentiment of the community has changed wonderfully
since that time!" " Yes," — we reply — " and be-
cause the rum has become so bad, and generally for no
102 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
other reason ! " The effects of adulterated liquors
actually drove decent men into total abstinence.
In those old times to which we allude, spirit was a
soother of sorrow, and, as Burns sings along with Solo-
mon, it was a " cure for all care." It was naturally
expected that the man who possessed pure religious
sentiments, possessed pure liquors likewise; and the
expectation was rarely disappointed in those days.
Lord Byron says, in one of his most popular poems, —
" There's nought, no doubt, so much the spirit calms
As rum and true religion."
Now, we admit, that, as the present generation have
been educated to think and believe, these lines of By-
ron sound profanely in the ears of many, and especially
in the ears of fanatics ; but the man of a philosophic
turn of mind understands their true meaning, and lets
the light, of real life fall upon them as it should. They
were the reflection of the sentiment of the age in which
Byron lived. In Matthew, chapter llth, verse 19th,
we read, " The Son of man came eating and drink-
ing, and they say, Behold a man gluttonous and a
wine-bibber, a friend of publicans and sinners." For
doing just as our Saviour did, excellent Christian men
subject themselves, even now, to the same indignities
which were cast upon him. The same spirit of perse-
cution and detraction lives- in this day, that lived in
his. Human nature has undergone little or no change ;
it is fully as bad now as it was then. And it is like-
wise no worse for men to use wine now in moderate
A SONG OF BURNS. 103
and proper quantities than it was then. The change
that public sentiment has undergone since his time
does not change the absolute character of the practice.
The fault is now, as it was then, in excess ; and it is
made to appear more vicious and glaring than ever, by
the base adulterations to which all originally pure and
good liquors have since been subjected.
104 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
XV.
NEWLY INVENTED CRIME.
THE most preposterous and presumptuous point
about this prohibitory Maine Law business is, that
what was never before considered a crime by common
law, — that is, by common sense, and the commonly
accepted moral sense of the community, — is suddenly
legislated into a new form and character, with penal-
ties attached to the same that bear no sort of relation
to it, and such as no self-governed community of men
will ever allow or submit to. If one legislature can
resolve that selling liquor is a crime, — we mean pure
liquor, of course, — then a subsequent legislature can
resolve that such an act is no crime ; and where is the
definition ? Once depart from the platform of common
law and common sense in such a matter, whether for
party purposes or for professedly moral purposes, and
we are all at sea ; there is no stability whatever in the
administration of justice, because it ceases to commend
itself as common and equal justice to the moral sense
of the public.
Indeed, we can think of few illustrations of the ten-
dency on the part of ambitious men to establish a tyr-
anny, in case they see the chance of obtaining power
at all, more pointed and noticeable than this very fact
NEWLY INVENTED CRIME. 105
furnishes. They are not content with employing the
legislative functions for their proper and limited pur-
poses, but must needs try to choke rigid and austere
morals clown the throats of the community, whose,
throats would not be one half as much harmed by be-
ing asked to swallow good wine or spirit in their stead ;
for it would be infinitely better that men swallowed
proper quantities of good liquor, which find a proper
receptacle in the stomach, than that they belch up
fiery curses — more fiery than even the "blue ruin"
that is now so freely, though slyly, sold for a beverage.
Now, we openly defy any body of men, whether re-
formers or not reformers, to prove that the act of selling
pure liquor is a crime, in any possible and natural
sense ; or that to thus stigmatize it is any other than
the most arbitrary act which could be undertaken by
legislators. For crimes are, in their very nature, read-
ily defined and easy of apprehension ; they cannot be
this thing to-day and that thing to-morrow ; their spirit
and character must of necessity be always one and the
same, betraying the most decided and unmistakable
intent of evil, — and evil against others ; and their lim-
itations are fixed in every enlightened mind by the
legislation and precepts of the past. And, what is still
more than all, it is to be considered that the spirit of
advancing civilization is not given to adding to the list
of recognized crimes by special and forced legislation,
but that it is disposed rather to shorten the list ; and
not so much, either, by yielding to any applications of
pseudo-philanthropy or mock sentimentality, as by pre-
106 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
ferring to rely upon those deep and boundless moral
resources that lie imbedded in the very nature of every
society that pretends to true progress in civilization.
There is great crudeness and haste of thought among
new and inexperienced lawgivers on this point, and it
would be well to get the better of the fault at as early
a day as may be. The sooner men are divested of such
an idea, baseless and vicious as it is in every aspect, as
that a mere legislative act, secured by no matter what
severity and steadiness of external pressure, can put a
new face upon the moral sense of society, converting
innocent acts of a sudden into acts of criminality, and
dooming men who are protected in a traffic to-day
by the law, to degradation to-morrow because this law
refuses any longer to protect them, — the better will it
be found for the health and stability of the entire social
system.
To a certain extent, and only to a certain extent, we
concede that the sale of liquors may be called criminal ;
and that is, when the sale goes to betray fraud and
vicious intent. First, remember that liquors are de-
manded by the community, and always will be, in con-
sequence of the desire for their use, which is inherent
in, and instinctive with, human nature ; then we sub-
mit, that in attempting to supply this demand, the law
has a perfect and indefeasible right to step in and take
cognizance of all attempts at fraud and improprieties
of sale, and to stamp such attempts with the brand of
criminality, affixing penalties to correspond.
It is at exactly this point that we ask for legal inter-
NEWLY INVENTED CRIME. 107
vention, to furnish protection for the consumers, and,
incidentally, to prevent by this very method any harms
coming to the body of society. Here is just where the
law may be useful and effective ; and it is here that
we demand it shall be applied. Law is for protection
against crime and wrong ; not for the mere purpose of
impressing the community with a sense of the power
and strength of the dominant party ; when it comes to
this last pitch, it abandons all its claims of relationship
to the eternal and immutable principles of justice, and
becomes the mere mouthpiece of an excited rabble,
temporarily organized with leaders and catch-words,
and presuming to take the very name of Progress and
Purity in vain. This deserves to be remembered.
We agree, as the logic of the other side would at-
tempt to prove, that a crime is an open infraction of
the law ; but it is not, therefore, to be argued that all
infractions of every law, or even of every criminal law,
— technically speaking, — are criminal. Because, if
that were so, as we showed only a little way back in
this chapter, legislatures have but to say each year
what shall and what shall not be crimes for that year,
and, their resolutions being law, of course every thing
that contradicts their arbitrariness at once becomes
criminal. This is absurd, not to say extremely dan-
gerous ; indeed, it is needless to say that no civilized
society could exist, as a civilized society, upon such a
basis as this from one year's end to another. Any man
of good sense can readily see that all power, and all
permanency, would rest in the hands of a few men,
108 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
called legislators ; and every one knows that the same
machinery that made these men legislators in the first
place, for a specific purpose, would continue to be the
controlling power of the State always. And what,
pray, is this but the rankest and most unmitigated tyr-
anny ? Who would not as soon and as fervently pray
to be delivered from this, as from that of a Louis
Napoleon, or of a Ferdinand II., or of any Austrian
monarch that ever made his subjects both fear and
hate him ?
We must keep the great fact continually in mind,
that with the advance of civilization the list of crimes,
and especially of flagrant crimes, diminishes. That is,
a man would not now, as formerly, be hung for theft,
or some other equally trifling fault ; the apparent dis-
proportion between the offence and the penalty is in
this case so great as to render the act of administering
the punishment an absolute injustice ; which, in an age
when moral sentiment is very much awakened, would
amount to as great a fault as the unpunished crime
itself. If civilization conceals a living definition within
its name, that definition must be that it adjusts the
scales of justice more delicately than they were ever
adjusted before ; not that it dives into the forests of
barbaric days again, and drags out bloody and base
modes of punishment from their hiding places, in order
to apply them to deeds with which they have no rela-
tion.
Our ideas of justice must rest upon stability, or they
are good for nothing. As Truth is said to bo " eter-
NEWLY INVENTED CRIME. 109
nal," so must Justice be eternal ; if less, it can only
be vacillating', unsettled, shifting, and unreliable. And
the attempt to found great nations, and build up great
states upon a foundation like this, is as preposterous
and idle as it was, according to Scripture history, to
order the over-burdened Israelites to make bricks with-
out straw. There can be no society, except it rests on
stable and permanent foundations ; and those must be
nothing less than living ideas and principles. Not no-
tions and wild theories ; not changeful prejudices and
whimsical passions; — but principles, that include all
theories possible to be spun, and try them at last by
the laws of their own stern and impartial judicature.
10
110 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
XVI.
A GOOD TEXT.
" As ye would that men should do to you, do ye also
to them likewise."
This is the text to which we refer, and we style it a
" good one ; " good for practical use and service ; not
something merely to hang a discourse upon, but some-
thing out of which to extract an excellent rule of liv-
ing. Considered thus, AVC think we may sincerely rec-
ommend it to every reader of this present volume.
Since the different chapters of this book have been
passing through the press, we took the liberty, one day,
to show the proof sheets of a part of the chapter which
treats of what the Bible has to say about the use of
wine, to a well-known abstinence man, and a friend of
our own besides. Our object was simply to be set right
on any point where we might happen to be wrong, and
to draw out from one who, we knew, would oppose
our views with great earnestness, the very hardest ar-
guments and objections that could be adduced from that
side. On reading the sheets alluded to, our teetotal
friend at once answered that the wine mentioned in the
Scripture was not intoxicating. That we almost ex-
pected him to say, just as we expect many others to
answer, in their first impulse, on reading the first of that
A GOOD TEXT. Ill
same chapter. But we were prepared for our friend,
and rejoined by asking him to read the whole chap-
ter, which most conclusively proves that the Scripture
wines were intoxicating. To this, after giving it his
thoughtful perusal, he could make no sufficient answer ;
he certainly could not think of denying what, upon its
very face, was so apparent, and what is so well sup-
ported besides. There was no resource left him, there-
fore, but to admit our two main arguments; viz., that
the Scriptures do openly countenance and approve the
use of wine in proper quantities, and that that same
wine was capable of producing intoxication. We re-
joiced not over this compelled admission of our teetotal
friend as any merely personal victory of our own, but
as additional evidence that we had, in conscientious-
ly searching for the truth, actually found it. That
was all.
But still, even with this admission on his tongue, our
friend was compelled to offer some sort of a reply to our
position ; he thought it his duty, as he certainly seemed
to feel it within his power, to destroy the force of that
position ; and so he stated that there was one passage
of Scripture which would cut down our entire argu-
ment, — overthrow the whole superstructure by under-
mining its foundations. That passage of Scripture was
the one with which this present chapter begins ; and is
to be found in the 31st verse of the 6th chapter of
Luke's Gospel : " As ye would that men should do to
you, do ye also to them likewise."
By this quotation he meant as follows : If you would
112 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
like to have another man lead you into drunkenness by
selling you wines and liquors, then go and lead him
into drunkenness by selling them to him ; otherwise,
not. That was his whole and his final argument.
Now, let us not omit to look even at this, and look at
it, too, with all the care and candor we have endeavored
to bestow upon the rest of the texts that have been the
subject of our investigation. Is not this text, in fact,
a better argument, and a much stronger one, for us
than for him ? We conscientiously think it is. It does
go most directly to fortify our own position, as we have
already taken it on this question. For what man, we
ask, would wish, or be willing, to have his own indi-
vidual morals, or his religious belief, cut and dried for
him by any process of law ? Not a single one that we
know of, or ever expect to know. If there is such a
one, then we take the liberty to tell him that his mo-
rality is not morality, because it does not spring' from
himself, but proceeds from the external pressure of law
and legal surroundings. A man, to be a good man,
must needs be such, of and because of himself; not
because he cannot find a chance to be a bad man with
safety. It is the heart, the thought, the steady inclina-
tion, that gives character to the individual ; not his
outward acts alone, which may easily be covered up
under the garb of hypocrisy, and which he may even
be compelled to conceal on account of the severity of
the law.
No, no ; it is never for himself that a man wants a
law written on the pages of the statute book, but only
A GOOD TEXT. 113
for his neighbor, — for somebody else, at any rate.
And all legislation that has for its object the attempt
to control human conscience, is travelling on the
straight road to despotism, at which point it will be
certain to arrive iri no very long time. And all those
reformers, and classes of reformers, who seek to call in
the aid of law and authority to perform their work for
them, are much more apt to betray zeal than knowl-
edge ; they certainly do show that they have miscon-
ceived the idea of reform in any true and proper sense,
and are vainly seeking for something else which they
think may be made to come in and supply its legiti-
mate place. And time will not fail both to disappoint
and undeceive them.
Our Saviour was the promulgator of a Gospel of
Peace. He employed no force whatever in his endeav-
ors to reform the world, because he did not aim to
bring about that reformation from without, but alto-
gether from within. We remember that on a certain
occasion he said he had power to summon a legion of
angels to assist him ; but he did no such thing. He
never thought to overcome violence by violence, but by
love. He preached only " peace on earth, good will
towards men." His wonderful power was the power of
Love, not of Hate. But alas ! where stand his pro.
fessed followers to-day ? What has become of the faith
of that minister of the gospel who disobeys the com-
mands of the blessed Redeemer, and, disregarding his
example of love and gentleness, as well as his plainest
and most pointed precepts, demands the application of
10*
114 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
a revengeful law and brute force itself to accomplish
what he vainly considers will be the moral reform of
the race ? Well indeed may we seriously ask one an-
other such questions, when even those who preach
Christ are gone frantic to seize the power that, in their
crazy judgments, shall make all men Christians, wheth-
er they will or not.
" But," says the teetotal preacher and lecturer,
" I believe in moral suasion for the drinker, but legal
suasion for the seller ! " Is that so ? Then see here.
By your own statement then, sir, if you first go to work
and apply proper moral suasion to the consumer, or
drinker, do you not see that, with only limited provis-
ions, the seller will need no reforming ? because, by
thus decreasing the demand, you naturally cut off the
supply ? The seller will come, then, at last to have
none to whom to sell ; and even what he does sell, we
insist, as we have in previous pages, shall be none but
pure and unadulterated spirits.
Now, we ask the most zealous total abstinent man
going, to ask himself, whom, in case he finds he has been
guilty of immorality, he would prefer for his judge ?
Into whose hands would he soonest intrust the power
of administering the punishment ? If he will answer
our question from his heart, would he not cry out even
with King David, —
" Let us fall now into the hands of THE LORD ; (for
his mercies are great ;) and let me not fall into the
hand of man."
That day was indeed a dark and gloomy one for the
A GOOD TEXT. 115
cause of true temperance, that saw the introduction of
what goes by the name of the Maine Law into the halls
of legislation. For on that day the whole matter
changed front. Its friends chose new weapons, which,
as they have since found to their cost and sorrow, can
cut in more than one direction. Temperance ceased
then to be a Reform, and became a Warfare ; stirring
up communities, hitherto peaceful, with all the passions
that rage among open enemies ; distracting churches,
and driving out the spirit of love from the same ; even
dividing families, and setting father against son, and
son against father.
Like the old Spanish Inquisition, this new Maine
Law institution might compel men to be moral and
decent on the surface, — might in fact make them ap-
pear to be what they really are not ; but we ask, in the
name of Heaven, is this the first great object and aim of
society ? Is it for so mean a purpose as this that we
consent to select men to make our statutes ? Do we
agree that the highest and noblest, the first and the last,
object of society is to appear clean and white on the
outside, — like the platter spoken of in the New Testa-
ment,— while all within is foulness and corruption?
Nay, we tell the advocates of this Inquisition plan that
force never did and never will reform any person liv-
ing ; he may profess to be reformed, and his friends
may profess it all over for him again ; but the work
never has been done, because it cannot thus be per-
formed. A man must first be convinced of error from
within ; no conversion can begin until this quickening
process has begun beforehand.
116 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
Understand, — we object in no possible way to
any individual's abstaining from the use of spirituous
liquors, even for medicinal purposes, if so it appears
right and proper to that individual. Let that be his
own affair, and be suffered to rest entirely with himself.
We believe for ourselves, however, that History, the
Bible, and Common Sense, all three allow and approve
the moderate and proper use of good wines and spirits,
on the part of those who choose so to use them. And
we would only repeat, for the benefit solely of Moham-
medans, Rechabites, or disciples of Dr. Alcott, the gen-
tle and beautiful words with which the present chapter
opened — " As ye would that men should do to you,
do ye also to them likewise."
OUE BEST INTELLECTS. 117
XVII.
OUR BEST INTELLECTS.
WE gave a few instances, some chapters back, of the
use of liquor by men, who, prohibitionists are kindly
wont to think, never use it at all, and add to that list the
name of still another — no less than the distinguished
historian, Prescott. We do this from none but the
best intentions, and in no sense from a spirit of boast-
ing or brag. Such a spirit, in truth, is the very one
with which we feel ourselves chiefly forced to contend,
in the discussion of this entire subject.
It is so true that our greatest scholars and men of
intellect are in the custom of taking a glass of wine,
or spirits, whenever their physical resources show symp-
toms of failing them, or for the sake of cheering them
under the burden of exhausting labors and protracted
exertions. Such men feel that they require the aid of
stimulus to recruit the powers that are tasked with
such severity. And they use it accordingly. It is
their own affair, and they make it that, and nothing
more.
But such a state of bigotry exists at the present time
in the community, or has existed until now, regarding
the subject of using wine as a beverage at all, that even
these first and best men have been forced to practise
118 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
unworthy shifts — some of them — to conceal the habit,
lest their very names might be dragged forth into the
columns of violent and virulent newspapers, there to
be held up for public scorn and detestation. And by
means like this, the friends and advocates of a Maine
Law have flattered themselves they could work out the
knotty and intricate problem of moral reform.
So secret, we repeat, have been the practices of our
intellectual men in using liquors of one sort and
another, that it would even be thought libellous by
many to charge them with the use of them at all ; in
other words, nobody would say he believed you, if you
should tell him that any living man of eminence and
excellent moral character is a moderate drinker. Yet
when these same men of distinction come to die, the
pen that records their virtues loves also to dwell upon
their social habits ; and it is then that even the bigots
will bear to read of their proper and daily use of liquor.
In another place we have referred to David and Sol-
omon, and other great men of the ancient times ; in
this place we may allow ourselves to speak of the illus-
trious dead of our own time. We alluded to the his-
torian Prescott. Such a man, of all other men, thus
tasking mind and body together, and giving his days
and years entirely to the service of the world, requires
the constant stimulus which is only to be found in gen-
erous and abundant diet. Bloodless men make but
indifferent writers, and challenge in but a slight de-
gree the sympathies of the race. What they want to
operate with is rich and healthy blood, and enough of
OUR BEST INTELLECTS. 119
it ; and this is not to be got from eating bran or drink-
ing cold slops. It stands both to reason and to nature,
that as we use our bodies, so will our bodies make re-
turn to us. If we starve them, we must expect them
to contain miserable tenants in the way of souls. If
we pinch, and stint, and cramp, and dwarf, and mor-
tify them, they will be very sure to pay it all back to
us again, with interest added. Nature will certainly
have her revenge. She utterly refuses to be cheated
out of what belongs to her. We cannot expect long to
draw for rich and plentiful stores upon that mysterious
workman, the brain, and yet not give back that same
wonderful and generous brain something in return.
Give and take, is the law in this as in other matters.
It is on exactly the same simple principle on which the
farmer goes to work to get a crop off his land ; he soon
learns for himself that the better he treats his land, the
better his land treats him. And that is the law every
where.
There appeared in the columns of the New York
Tribune, not long after the death of Mr. Prescott, a long
and interesting memorial of the man from the pen of
his former private secretary, Mr. Robert Carter, —
himself at the time a Washington correspondent of the
Tribune. It related to Mr. Prescott's private life and
habits, and was in all respects one of the most thor-
oughly interesting accounts that were written of the
lamented historian. In the course of that memorial
occurs the following passage respecting the use Mr.
Prescott made of wine and cigars : —
120 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
" Mr. Prescott usually worked hard at Nahant, the
air of which refreshed and exhilarated him. He was
now going to begin his history of Philip II. ' Let
us begin with Robertson,' said he. I took down the
first volume of the History of Charles V., the father of
Philip, and read for an hour and a half, till dinner
time. He invited me to dine with him, to test, as he
laughingly said, the extent and completeness of Na-
than's arrangements, for whose skill, as a major domo,
I had expressed some admiration. Nothing was want-
ing. The dinner was perfectly served. He drank, as
usual, two moderate glasses of sherry, and then said
that in honor of Nahant he would indulge in a glass of
champagne. He remarked that in the damp atmos-
phere of Nahant, as that of England, he could drink
twice the same quantity of wine, without injury, that
he could in the dry interior of our country. He sat
long at the table, eating very moderately, and chatting
and joking with his invincible cheerfulness, exerting
himself to induce every one present to take a due share
in the conversation. He was a good listener, and had
much tact in leading those around him to talk, inva-
riably paying the most patient attention to whatever
was said, skilfully avoiding disputation, though he was
remarkably fond of good-natured, animated discussion.
When the ladies withdrew, we lighted our cigars, of
which he gave me a handful, saying I should probabfy
not find any so good at the hotel, and we adjourned to
the veranda, where he walked about for some time,
talking of Nahant, pointing out to me the peculiarities
OUR BEST INTELLECTS. 121
of the scenery, and dwelling with interest on the par-
ticulars of a dreadful shipwreck which had taken place
on a reef that lay almost beneath the windows of his
house. By the time his single cigar was smoked, his
hour for exercise had arrived, and I left him."
Now, what, we would ask the most strenuous pro-
hibitionist and teetotaler, is there wrong in all this ?
What harm is there done ? Who is injured ? On the
contrary, who is not benefited by the continued ruddy
health of the hard-working historian ? Ah, but it is
setting such an evil example ! whines some one. Prove
that what you say is true, sir. Who says it is an evil
example ? What ! an example of cheerfulness, of tem-
perance, of perfect self-poise and self-restraint, to be
called an evil example ? Forbid it, common sense !
Forbid it, reason ! If this be evil example, then have
our morals gone up to a most unsupportable pitch in-
deed. We fear they will soon be out of the reach of
people altogether. It is the cynic and meddler that talks
about evil examples, and calls every thing such that
does not follow his own directions, and do exactly as
he does. What does he know of evil examples, being
himself one of the last who is able to see the effect pro-
duced by his own case ?
If we should be at pains to look, we should find that
all our men of note and mark — the men who do the
hard work, and great work for the generations — are
obliged to have regular recourse to the stimulus fur-
nished by wine and liquor, and that the result amply
justifies the practice. There is a fixed principle about
11
122 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
the matter, which, sooner or later, they find they are
obliged to obey. And obey they do. They find they
cannot task their best powers without humoring those
powers in return. They require recreation, cheerful-
ness, sociability, stimulus, as much as other men, and
even more ; and an examination into their personal
habits, if proper and allowable, would not fail to dis-
close just such practices in abundance as are brought
to the light by the narrative of the secretary of Mr.
Prescott.
This matter of food and drink, too, is not so clearly
established as these sciolists in morals would have us
suppose. You cannot draw such a straight line for
every one between what is good for him and what is
not good for him, as you think for. What feeds one
man poisons another. All temperaments are not alike ;
and all digestive apparatuses are not made on exactly
the same principle. A series of papers has recently
been published in Blackwood's Magazine on this im-
portant subject, that deserve general perusal. They
stoutly controvert certain favorite theories of chemists
in regard to articles of food and drink, as well as all
other special theories, in fact, concerning what should,
or what should not, be eaten or drunk by mankind.
According to the writer, chemistry may determine the
precise nature of whatever men consume as food ; but
it can never fix any laws by which to determine the
amount or kind of food best adapted for human suste-
nance, because the influences which operate upon food
in the human system are beyond the reach of chemistry.
OUR BEST INTELLECTS. 123
These influences are also so various in different indi-
viduals, and in the same individuals at different periods
of life, that no specific rules can, it is argued, ever be
laid down by the physiologist for general guidance.
Alimentary substances, it is further observed, are
substances which serve as nourishment ; but a great
mistake is made when it is imagined that their nutri-
tive value can chiefly reside in the amounts of carbon,
nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and salts, which they con-
tain ; it resides in the relation which the several sub-
stances bear to the organism they are to nourish. The
substance which nourishes one animal affords no nour-
ishment to another, nor can any table of nutritive
equivalent, however precise, prove that a substance
ought to nourish in virtue of its composition, when ex-
perience shows that it does not nourish, in virtue of
some defective relation between it and the organism.
This is worth remembering. It contains matter
enough to overthrow all these patent processes of mak-
ing men moral and temperate by telling them what
they shall eat and what they shall not eat, what they
shall drink and what they shall not drink. It only
goes to prove that Nature forever keeps her own se-
crets, and that we cannot hope to coop her up within
any of the restrictions and hedge-fences of our meddle-
some little laws. Let little legislators take a hint from
the same, and bid adieu to their officiousness without
ay more words.
124 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
XVIII.
PROHIBITION BITTERS.
THE time was, — and not very long ago, either, —
when it was thought by very clever and respectable peo-
ple that he who was licensed to sell liquor for medicinal
and mechanical purposes only, would of course offer
the community nothing but the very best quality of
spirits, and sell them, too, to none but that class whose
character was a guarantee that it would be put to a
proper use. Those were innocent days, even like those
in which the pastoral poets lived, and piped their soft
lays to delighted lambs and ladies. But, unfortunate-
ly, these present times are not those times. There is,
in fact, no resemblance between them.
For just listen to what our honest friend Josh has to
say on this matter of prohibition rum. He has had an
experience with it, and knows very well what he is
talking about. Josh tells us in all candor, and with a
horribly distorted countenance while he gives up his
story, that whenever he is forced to make up his mind
to " smile " on prohibition rum, the taste is as that of
antiquated eggs, and the fragrance rises like the fra-
grance of a downright " hen fever " ! As Josh speaks
so entirely from experience, we are not the individuals
to call his statement in question. He declares, with
PROHIBITION BITTERS. 125
lamentations upon his tongue, that you can place no
earthly reliance upon temperance bitters ; and that, in
fact, you had better make up your mind not to touch
them at all, unless, as is now and then the actual case,
a man is an open enemy to the peace of his own
bowels !
This relates, however, only to the matter of quality ;
in point of quantity, there are other things to be said.
And one of those things is this ; that whatever restric-
tions may be thrown around the sale of liquors by
stringent prohibitory laws, declaring that only so much
shall be sold to this man, and only so much to that
man, and for a specific purpose in each instance, —
money will nevertheless buy all that is wanted of these
agents, as a general thing. It is even so. There are
people enough who, if they chose, could come forward
and verify this statement. We know of more than in-
stances enough ourselves to permit us to put forth the
statement in the form we have.
A noted temperance lecturer, not long ago, told a
little anecdote like the following : " A young lad,
named Billy, once called at the store of a temperance
liquor agent, and asked for a quart of rum. Says the
agent to the little fellow, < This is for sickness in the
family, isn't it, Billy ?' < 0, no, sir,' answered the boy,
in all honesty and truth ; ' but old Uncle Toby is over
to our house, and he's — he's — makin' an ox-yoke, —
and — and ' — ' Well, well ; never mind about the rest,
Billy,' spoke up the faithful and far-seeing agent ; ' it's
for mechanical purposes, my little fellow ! All the
11*
126 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
same, exactly ! ' And of course lie let the boy have the
rum. For do you suppose that such an agent as that
couldn't see the value of liquor in works of a mechan-
ical nature, — like the bending of an ox-bow ? " Now,
without doubt, that individual was himself interested
in making the profits ; either altogether to himself, or
else by watering his liquor and so saving1 the profit,
which is quite as short and easy a way as earning it.
At all events, he showed himself, as a public agent,
quite willing to sell.
The very same men, too, that seek to place the sale
of liquor in such hands exclusively, will go to work, —
for a great many of them have been guilty of doing
such wicked things, — and cut down handsome apple
orchards, just to show more plainly the extent of their
fanaticism. Such conduct is always the characteristic
of insane persons, and proves conclusively of itself that
to them should never be intrusted the making of our
laws. If they cannot have a better care for their own
property, they are manifestly not the ones with whom
to intrust the property, much less the morals, of others.
Cut down an orchard with the hope of preventing
drunkenness ! It is preposterous ; nay, it is too child-
ish to rise to an act such as reasonable men would like
to visit with their hearty and outspoken contempt. It
can be compared to nothing but the folly of wrong-
headed boys, who, because they stub their toes while
they are at play, let off their passionate irritation by
dashing their playthings upon the ground, — as if the
playthings were in fault ! And so it is ; the small boys
PROHIBITION BITTERS. 127
in this way make work for the industrious toy-maker
and shopkeeper, while the old boys make work for the
nurseryman and the distiller. The small boys deserve
to be soundly whipped and put to bed, and the old boys
to be shut up in an insane asylum.
But since the days of liquor agencies set in, since
the reign of rumselling for medicinal and mechanical
purposes alone, it is melancholy to think of the count-
less cases of sickness that have been brought to the
light. A sicker people, as a general tiling, it is hardly
possible to conceive of. And yet we continue, through
the whole trial of such a chronic sickness, to keep up
our old boasts about being the smartest nation under
the face of the heavens, and capable of doing the most
active work in any single day or generation. There is,
of course, no inconsistency in it all ; nothing more than
a sickly sort of pleasantry ; nothing worse than a stale
practical joke. We could be sick easily enough, — that
is, about sick enough for purposes of agency medicine ;
but we were never so ill as to forfeit our standing as
a muscular, vigorous, highly nervous, and excessively
self-willed people. It was a roguish boy who wished it
would rain — rain hard enough to keep him from
going to school, yet not so hard but that he might go a
fishing ; and we think the advocates and patrons of the
liquor agency system are in about the same ridiculous
position ; they are not really sick, that is, not sick
enough to be laid up, — yet they are just about sick
enough to want to take agency medicine ! That is the
way it stands.
128 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
And tinder this most plausible guise of taking pre-
scriptions, generally ordered by their own inclinations
rather than by regular physicians, a vast deal of rum
has been drunk within the past few years, and very
poor rum — the most of it — at that. Thousands have
been ailing and complaining, who never bestowed a
serious thought upon their health before ; and many
of those thousands who have not become regular tip-
plers by the means, have become what is almost, if not
quite, as bad, confirmed hypochondriacs. Considered
firstly as a domestic, and next as a social evil, this
really amounts to a great deal more than appears on
the face of it. A race of whining, complaining, ever-
lastingly sick men and women, drones and dumps, and
made so through the natural operations of certain laws
that interfere with private and personal habits, it is not
very desirable to contemplate ; and certainly it will not
be claimed by any one who possesses a healthy liver
and tolerably sound digestion, that such a generation
would either do credit to the great and high-sounding
pretensions they put forth, or in fact be of much service
to the earth they only cumber.
But the main feature of the case is, the wretched
stuff that we find generally sold at these agencies as a
pure article of liquor. Any almost indifferent judge
of liquors will tell you, on testing and tasting these
assortments, that they are at best but poor stuff, and
in very rare instances worth any thing like the money
that is asked for them 4 that they are great cheats, per-
fect frauds, as decided and as wicked impostures as any
PROHIBITION BITTERS. 129
that were ever practised under the odious free grog-
shop system itself. Witness the numerous instances
where agents in the interior have returned their sup-
plies to the State general agent, with complaints of
inability to sell because of their manifest impurity and
inferiority. And how many men, themselves fair
judges of good liquors, absolutely make wry faces as
they choke down the doses they have purchased at
these agencies under the name and title of a pure arti-
cle ! How many have again and again been driven to
profanity, on tasting brandy for which they paid at the
agency at the rate of seven and eight dollars per gallon,
when they knew without further telling that it was
originally cooked up into its present market shape at a
cost of not more than one dollar and a half!
It is idle to seek to execute laws by lies and frauds
of this character. The law, being in the first place
offensive and tyrannical because of its sumptuary char-
acter, is bad enough as it stands ; but when to the law
itself is superadded the deceitful manner of carrying
it out, is it not asking rather too much of an intelli-
gent community, quite capable of self-restraint, to
solicit its aid and countenance in the execution of such
a statute in such a way ? We seriously submit that it
is. Human nature will put up with almost every thing
but hypocrisy in those who assume to instruct them
according to the principles of purity and truth.
130 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
XIX.
JOHN H. W. HAWKINS.
THIS well-known and recently deceased preacher of
total abstinence did a glorious thing for himself, and set
up a noble example for others, when he came out from
the great army of the gutter drunkards of his time,
and became a sober, respectable man. It was a high
step for Mr. Hawkins, for which he both deserved and
received the applause of all sober and good persons.
And the use to which he at once began to put the tal-
ents he had rescued from the depths of degradation,
only placed him still higher in the esteem of those
whose respect is a part of the great rewards of life.
After his striking reformation, after he thus came
up out of the mire and filth of drunkenness, in which,
by his own confession, he had been so long wallowing,
he went forward in a generous spirit, and began to
exert a powerful influence in securing the reform of
other inebriates also. As long as he kept up his bold,
passionate, and eloquent appeals to the drunkard's
manhood, the good work of conversion from degrada-
tion went on with the hearty God-speed of almost every
sober and intelligent person in the community ; but
when he was at length prevailed upon by interested
parties, who had wires and secret strings of their own
JOHN H. W. HAWKINS. 131
to pull, to advocate the substitution of legal authority
for moral suasion, from that unfortunate day his influ-
ence for good over the mind and heart of the drunkard
was gone forever.
The ." Life of Hawkins " has recently been laid before
the public, compiled at the hands of his son ; and in
that volume we find, on cursorily running it through,
the following account of the power of moral suasion, in
a case that occurred in Newport, Rhode Island. It is
extracted from a letter written from that place to the
secretary of the American Temperance Union by Ed-
ward W. Lawton, Esq., a " dear friend of Mr. Haw-
kins." The letter, which is dated Newport, January
8th, 1842, says,—
" On the 3d, Mr. Hawkins arrived here in the evening,
and commenced lecturing in little more than an hour
after, and from that time until this morning it has
been a perfect jubilee. The whole public mind has
been engrossed and absorbed by this one question.
Immense meetings every evening, and continual visits
through the day; constant applications to sign the
pledge left the friends of the cause but little time to
spare for other avocations. Mr. Hawkins several times
expressed the opinion that it exceeded any movement
he had yet seen, even that of the celebrated reforma-
tion in Springfield, Massachusetts. Our pledge roll
now numbers upwards of two thousand five hundred,
many of whom were drunkards, or hard drinkers, not
one of whom has yet broken his pledge. Rumsellers
in all directions are giving' up their business ! Several
132 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
bars have been taken down this day, since Mr. Hawkins
went away. Townsend's Coffee-house, (so miscalled,)
that has been a great drinking-house for nearly a cen-
tury, this evening closed its bar ; several have thrown
their liquors into the street; some into the back yards.
I called on one man to-day, who had signed the pledge,
and told him there was a feeling of uneasiness among
the friends from a report that he had some liquors left.
He thanked me most cordially, and said if he had been
ahvays thus kindly treated, he should have been a tem-
perance man two years sooner, and added, ' What
shall I do ? I have but one cask, and that I have de-
termined not to sell.' I replied that if he would throw
it away, he would get rid of the poison and the impu-
tation both together. He said immediately if I would
help him to get it out, it should go. It was accord-
ingly set to running in the back yard ; his family lived
in the same house, and his children, discovering what
was doing, came out and danced round it for joy.
Believe me, sir, I do not state this circumstance to cel-
ebrate my own part in it, but only to add my testimony
to many others as to the efficacy of kindness in con-
ducting this enterprise. It has been a general feeling
among us, and has evidently been productive of the
best results ; under its influence the utmost unanimity
has prevailed among us, ' the eye has been single, (to
the object,) and the whole body (seemingly) full of
light.' I would not be understood as taking any credit
to ourselves in this matter ; the hand of God is evidently
in it, and if his servants are but faithful, it will prosper
JOHN H. W. HAWKINS. 133
to their everlasting benefit. Mr. Hawkins, during the
few days he staid among us, got a strong and most
affectionate hold upon our feelings, and I trust we have
imparted something of the same to him."
To show still further the good effects of moral sua-
sion, of argument, and reason, a tract that appeared in
Boston about the first of January in the same year,
(1842,) entitled " The New Impulse ; or, Hawkins
and Reform," sums up the results of Mr. Hawkins's
moral suasion labors to that date, as follows : —
" The whole number who have signed the pledge
and joined the Washington Total Abstinence Societies
in the principal cities, and in various parts of the coun-
try, is surprisingly great ; the exact number cannot
be ascertained, but is estimated in round numbers, by
those best acquainted with the facts, to be — in Balti-
more, about 12,000 ; New York, 10,000 ; Boston, 5000 ;
all other places in New England, 73,000 ; other North-
ern States, 100,000 ; — total, 200,000. A majority of
these are supposed to have been hard drinkers, and a
large proportion hardened drunkards ; all reformed
from the example and exertions of one man ! "
This is indeed a wonderful statement to make, yet
we see no good reason to doubt it in any particular ;
we readily accept it in all its possible bearings, and
hold it up triumphantly as a refutation, thorough and
complete, of the idea that men are no longer open to
reason and argument, but that nothing less than the
force of law will reach them. If, now, the appeals of
a single man could, in so short a time, accomplish the
12
134 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
rescue — even though temporary in many cases — of
nearly a quarter of a million of men, what a grand and
almost incalculable result might not be expected from
all the united and harmonious forces of society in the
same direction, making a movement that was inspired
by love and sympathy, and betraying at all points that
feeling of fraternity, as well as charity, which testifies
that at best the whole world is kin !
Where, throughout the whole country, we ask, has
Law done a work to be compared with this work of
Mr. Hawkins at Newport ? Where, and when, has the
Law induced a rumseller to roll out his casks with his
own hand, and empty them of his own free will into
the public streets ? Where, on the contrary, instead
of doing any sort of permanent and abiding good, has
not Law at all times done evil ? We all know from
personal observation that it has succeeded in dividing
neighborhoods, churches, and families. It has engen-
dered every where discord instead of harmony, and
war instead of peace. It lias begotten crimination and
recrimination. It has caused bloodshed and murder.
Nay, even the originator of the Maine Law himself has
the blood of a fellow-mortal on his hands, shed in his
attempt to defend liquors which his own law protected !
Property has been destroyed from motives of the mean-
est conceivable malice, and in modes the most dastardly
and aggravating. Woman has been led to unsex her-
self before the world, and head vulgar and passion-
fired mobs for the violent destruction of the product
of the grape and the apple. Private dwellings them-
JOHN H. W. HAWKINS. 135
selves have not been altogether exempt from invasion.
Horses have been sheared and cruelly hamstrung ;
cattle have been barbarously mutilated and killed ;
valuable trees have been girdled and ruthlessly cut
down ; houses have been burned by the torch of the
infuriated incendiary ; the worst possible blood has
been aroused in all quarters, and in almost every lo-
cality ; and civil war has raged, with more or less
violence, all over the land. Because a law that ap-
peals solely to force is sure to excite force, and all the
mean and vicious allies of force, in opposition to it, to
attempt the execution of a law of such a character, is
only to challenge and defy the power of the worst pas-
sions that slumber in the hidden crater of human
nature.
For what, we inquire, was the cause of Temperance
originally dragged into politics, when reason and ap-
peals to common sense were exercising such a powerful
influence without the aid of law ? Alas, there was a
reason for the movement, and it was a purely selfish
one, too. It was because some few men, in this party,
and that party, had got an idea in their heads that some-
thing was to be made by it; and, in fact, because they
felt that, in their political emergencies, there was noth-
ing to be made in any other way. Not only these
leaders, but the temperance lecturers, including Mr.
Hawkins himself, were convinced that only by the new
alliance could they secure their living. They were in
the condition of the up-country minister in New Hamp-
shire, of whom Daniel Webster used to tell the following
136 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
story in his own inimitable way: In a poor town,
situated in the upper corner of New Hampshire, where
the hard-working people raise barely enough off their
farms to keep soul and body together through the long
winters, they had a custom of raising by subscription,
every autumn, a few bushels of rye, by the payment of
which they might secure regular preaching during the
next winter. A committee having been duly appointed
to take charge of the business, an itinerant preacher
soon presented himself, and made his proposals to per-
form the required amount of preaching for the rye.
He gave them one sermon as a specimen of what he
could do for them ; and after the discourse the com-
mittee retired to deliberate on the comparative value
of the rye and the sermon. They happened to be out
rather a longer time than usual in their deliberations,
and the preacher began to grow nervous in conse-
quence. Finally he found he could stand it no longer ;
and, fearing lest they might conclude to report ad-
versely to his proposal, he bolted straight in among
them, and argued his case for himself. " Gentlemen,"
said he, in a fever of anxiety, " if I didn't preach to
suit you that time, just tell me how I shall preach, and
I will be certain to do better next time ; for, gentle-
men, I tell you I must have the rye ! "
And it has been about so with the temperance lec-
turers ; they have changed their ground because they
have felt just as the itinerant New Hampshire preacher
did, that they must have the rye ! Mr. Hawkins was
only a poor mechanic previous to his reform ; he found
JOHN H. W. HAWKINS. 137
he could make more " rye " by speaking than by work-
ing at his trade, and therefore he was willing to con-
tinu£ in his new calling, even though it took him
entirely out of the course in which he had originally
started. This, on his part, was only his blindness and
his misfortune ; shrewder men were determined to use
his talents for their own purposes, as instruments with
which to obtain political power. They made him their
cat's-paw, with which to pull chestnuts out of the fire.
They insisted now on his preaching force and law ;
and force and law he was compelled to preach, because
he had rather take their " rye " than go back to steady
and tasking work at his trade.
We once heard of a story to this effect: A snarl
of farmer's children had broken a lot of eggs, and the
farmer talked it up seriously with their mother whether
he had not best administer a severe flogging all round.
His wife pleaded for the children, as most mothers are
very apt to do. " Don't punish them," said she, " for
they are little creatures, and did not know any better."
So the flogging for that particular offence was remitted.
But after a time they fell into other mischief; and now
the resolute farmer was bound to give them what they
deserved. " No, no ! " the young rascals cried out in
concert, remembering too well the effective plea that
had been made for them before — " no, no ! we are only
little creatures ! we don't know any better, father I "
It is just so with the drunkards. Treat them like hu-
man beings, — lay their sins and follies at their own
door, — make them responsible for their own acts, —
12*
138 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
and it is possible to reform them ; but impiously find
fault with Heaven for permitting the beautiful process
of fermentation to go on, — blame our Saviour for hav-
ing turned water into wine, — blame the farmer for
raising apples and grapes, and the merchants for sell-
ing their juice, — and drunkards will not reform.
They will cry out with the children, — " We are only
little creatures ! we don't know any better ! " The
laws of the ancient Hebrews allowed drunkards to be
stoned to death ; but what scriptural law, we wish to
know, forbids a man to sell pure and unadulterated
liquors ? Suppose some ardent friend of prohibition,
some exceedingly strait ramrod man, undertakes to
answer our question.
A PEW ANECDOTES. 139
XX.
A FEW ANECDOTES.
A GENTLEMAN of our acquaintance tells us a story of
a young man named John, who, for good and sufficient
reasons, saw fit to join a temperance society. Not
long after becoming a member, John rose in the meet-
ing and delivered himself of a speech. Said he to his
attentive audience, " Henceforth and forever I am a
temperance man, for I have been nearly ruined by
rum. It has been a curse to me from the beginning.
It has made a beast of me. Night after night have I
suffered disgrace by publicly lying drunk in the ditch ;
but now, thank God ! I am a free man. I have burst
my fetters ! I am reformed! " And so on in the same
strain to any extent. John's address produced an
electric effect upon his listeners, for he was young still,
and he challenged their profoundest sympathies. It
was such a terrible thing to think of, that he, so good
and so generous, so impulsive and so noble, should
have been lying upon the very brink of the great pre-
cipice, and was finally plucked from the destruction
that seemed so certain for him ! It thrilled his audi-
ence to hear that he had been snatched from ruin in
such a signal manner. They saw, too, plainly, that the
hand of Providence was in it, working through this
140 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
unfortunate young man another miracle. And, hav-
ing thus worked up their feelings, he was made a lion
of without further notice.
When he went home to his mother again, she had
heard of the wonderful effect produced by her son
John's speech, and proceeded to put him a few ques-
tions on the matter. " Now, John, my son," said she,
in all possible maternal tenderness, " do pray tell me
ivhen you ever got drunk as you said, and lay helpless
in the gutter ? I am sure / never heard of it before,
and it surprised me greatly. When did all this hap-
pen ? " " Ah, mother," answered the dutiful son,
" don't you know it's not a word of it true ? Don't
you understand that I got up and told that yarn in the
meeting just for effect ? The rest of the speakers talk
so, and I had to do the same, or they wouldn't have
listened to me a minute ! That was the reason, moth-
er. But as for being drunk and lying in the ditch, 1
never did such a thing in all my life ! "
Bum has a great many things to answer for, which
it is not really the cause of. It has done quite harm
and mischief enough, from its adulteration and abuse,
we allow ; but yet it is not right to saddle it with a
load that some other cause ought to be made to carry.
If a man insists on publicly making a fool of himself,-—
if a man insults and so loses a valued friend, — if he
suffers himself to be led away into the commission of a
crime of any description, — the fault is always ascribed
to rum. Of course rum is answerable for every thing
that is wicked and mean, even to a person's natural
A FEW ANECDOTES. 141
shiftlessness, and lazy and improvident habits. If an
individual fails to control his temper, and flies in a pas-
sion with another, he is generally suspected of, if not
openly charged with, having been drinking ; whereas
he may never have tasted so much as a glass of wine
in all his life. It has come to that pass, where, if a
person thus unfortunate will only consent to say that
he was excited with liquor, he is readily excused ; or,
at least, his offence is not esteemed of that magnitude
which it would otherwise have reached.
Very many of the temperance stories that are nar-
rated by teetotal lecturers are mere fables, and, like
our friend John's story, told merely for the effect they
are expected to produce. We once heard a story of a
sailor's falling from the mast-head, and thus meeting
his death. His body dropped overboard. It was sub-
sequently recovered, and deposited for a brief time in
a warehouse until a jury of inquest could be summoned.
While lying thus exposed in the warehouse, the weath-
er being very cold, the body froze stiff, and the rats got
at it besides, mangling it somewhat in places. The
jury of inquest proceeded to perform the duty required
of them on the next day, and, after a long and patient
examination into the circumstances attending the death
of the poor sailor, finally brought in the following lucid
and intelligent verdict: " We find," said they, "that
he fell from the mast-head and was killed ; he then
tumbled overboard and was drowned ; he floated ashore
and froze to death ; and finally, the rats ate him up
alive ! "
142 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
It is about so with the multiplied charges that are
brought against rum. Some ass, who never possessed
brains at all, perhaps died a drunkard, and he is
straightway, by supposition, made a saint of. 0, but
if it had not been for rum, he might have been such a
great man, such a wise man, such a wonderful man !
He had a brilliant intellect, they say, but what a vast
pity that rum ruined him ! He could have been any
thing, and done any thing he chose, but for accursed
rum! That destroyed him, and the bright hopes of
his friends along with him ! 0, if only this rum could
be banished from the world, then, perhaps, every man
of bright parts might shine as he was born to shine !
Now, after all is said and done, what has rum really
been guilty of in this case ? Of depriving society and
his family of a man of high promise ? Not at all ;
farthest from that possible. But this fool's lack of
brains, and consequent failure to accomplish any thing
in life, has been conveniently laid at rum's door. It is
a capital scape-goat to bear the mortification of his
friends at his own natural lack of mother-wit. It
merely causes, in this instance, a mule to bray a little
louder than he would if he had fed only on thistles and
water ; that is all. But what a fuss about a fool !
We once heard, or read, a story of a young fellow, a
native of the Green Mountain State, who returned
home among his relatives, one summer, from New Or-
leans. It was in the piping times when the prohibition
scheme first laid its heavy hand on all social arrange-
ments, and of course the contrast presented to his mind
A FEW ANECDOTES. 143
between the style of things in the gay capital of the
south-west and the quiet rural districts of his native
state, was decidedly striking and impressive. To come
irom New Orleans to the heart of Vermont was a
change indeed.
The young man's early friends and relatives were
delighted to see him, wherever he went. They made
it a particular point — as they generally do in all the
country towns of New England — to treat him to the
best the land afforded. He was not allowed to go either
hungry or thirsty ; there was hardly an hour of the
day when his digestive apparatus was not kept in in-
dustrious operation. He arrived, one day, at the house
of a worthy uncle, a diligent farmer and a most excel-
lent man, whose two boys, already men grown, were
quite as glad to see their stranger cousin as their father
was. The boys' names were James and Jirah. It was
right in the season of haying, and father and sons were
hard at it every day.
The forenoon after the arrival of our New Orleans
friend at their house, he thought he would prick up
and take a stroll in the hay-field, where his uncle and
cousins were at work. As we remarked previously, it
was hot and high temperance times, and of course
nothing in the way of stimulus — not even the pure,
old-fashioned cider brandy was to be had for love or
money. Before going out into the field, however, his
thoughtful aunt took him aside into her buttery, and
said, "You see,. Tom, we have to keep these things
very private up here, nowadays ; I s'pose you are in
144 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
the habit of taking c a little something ' every forenoon,
down in New Orleans, and I thought mebbe you'd like
a drop, or so, before you went into the field ! There's
some gin that I keep for my own private use ; I don't
let any body in the house know that I've got any such
thing; but you're welcome, Tom; help yourself!"
And as he naturally supposed it was such a hard mat-
ter to get a drink up in Vermont, and that he would
have to go thirsty for the rest of the day, he did help
himself, and to a pretty " stiff horn," too. Wiping his
lips with great satisfaction, he sallied forth in improved
spirits in quest of his uncle and cousins in the hay-field.
He found them, and in the company of one and another
the time wore away very pleasantly.
After a little while, happening to be off with the old
man alone, said the latter to him, " Tom, I s'pose
you're used to taking a little somethiri* every forenoon,
out where you've been a-livin' ; haven't you? Wai, I've
got a drop or two of right good gin in a bottle under
the wall, yonder, — it's right where my jacket lays,—
and if you'll go out there sort o' carelessly with me,
we'll take somethin' ; but I have to keep it very sly ; I
don't let the boys know any thing about it ! So keep it
to yourself, Tom, will you ? " 0, yes ; he would cer.
tainly keep it to himself; he would never tell of it in
the world. And supposing it likely that this was the
last horn he would get that forenoon, he took as stiff
an one as before, if not, perhaps, a little more so ! The
result was, his liquor began just a trifle to affect him.
Considering that the day was warm, he was growing a
little mellow !
A FEW ANECDOTES. 145
By and by, Tom got round to that part of the field
where his cousin Jirah was tossing and turning the
wilted grass with his pitchfork. " I'll tell you what it
is, Tom," said Jirah, wiping the perspiration from his
brow, " Pm getting pesky dry. I've got something in
a little flask that I carry in my pocket, and if you'll go
with me sort o' slyly round to the spring, just over in
the next field, I'll give you something that you'll call
pretty good. Come ! " Tom was rather delighted than
otherwise with his prospects, and crept round to the
spring with his cousin Jirah, where he took yet another
substantial horn. This made three, and three pretty
stiff ones, all of them, too ! " But, by the way," whis-
pered his cousin, before they left the spring, " I keep
all this from the old man, and so must you ; don't say
any thing about it, nor let him think you've had such
a thing as a drink from me ! " 0, no ; Tom knew
enough to keep a secret, and he guessed he could keep
this.
When noon came, his younger cousin, Jim, winked
to him, as they reached the barn on the way home to
dinner, to follow him in. Tom mistrusted there was
something afoot, and proceeded to obey the sly sugges-
tion. " I've got a little good gin here under the hay,"
said Jim, after he felt sure they were safe from obser-
vation, " and I want you to have a drink before you
go in to dinner ; but you mustn't lisp a word of it to
old folks, — no, nor to my brother Jirah, neither !
lon't let him know any thing about these little ar-
rangements of mine, any more than I do my father.
13
146 * THE RAMROD BROKEN.
Ah, there's the little treasure, safe and sound ! " and,
taking it up and shaking it well, he passed it over to
his cousin to help himself. Tom had by this time got
so in the habit of it, that he could not well forbear
indulging even once more in a very generous pull ;
and he instantly acknowledged the virtue of the arti-
cle that he had just incorporated with his system.
Here were four stout drinks, all in a single forenoon,
and all obtained on the sly, and from the several mem-
bers of a professedly teetotal family, living in the very
focus and heart of a total abstinence community ! It
was a grand illustration of the rank hypocrisy engen-
dered of the rigid law of prohibition ; making men
moral and abstemious outwardly, but forcing them into
the most despicable practices of hypocrisy in secret.
Our friend Tom remarked, — and rightly enough,
too, we think, — for free drinking through the day, old
Vermont, with its stringent prohibition law, was a great
deal to be preferred to any thing he ever had the for-
tune to see in New Orleans !
THE NECESSITY OF STIMULANTS. 147
XXL
THE NECESSITY OF STIMULANTS.
So loud has been the outcry against liquors and their
use, that a great many, if not the majority, of persons
have succumbed to the prevailing prejudice J and, with-
out pretending to understand the why or the wherefore,
have really believed that it was sinful to use a glass of
wine, gin, brandy, or any other sort of stimulus in
their families. This curious fact does but show how
liable the best intentioned people are to be overborne
in their own sentiments, and with what servile readi-
ness they give in to the loud and persistent shouts of
those not one half as competent to arrive at proper
opinions as themselves.
Now, we know that, to some persons, stimulus is
absolutely necessary ; as much so as the food they eat
or the air they breathe. The great business of life
is to live ; not to hurry away to what we think may
offer us something better in another state of existence,
but to stay right where we are, and get the greatest
amount of good possible out of it. In a normal, that
is, natural condition, both of mind and body, there is a
perpetual struggle going on between the opposing forces
of existence and decay — an everlasting resistance on
ae part of the individual to that principle which
148 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
gradually wears him away. In other words, to employ
the language of a well-known chemist, to provide
against the tendency of our bodies to oxidation, has
required all the time, and labor, and talent of a very
large class in every country and in every age.
Now, we have each of us been furnished by the
Almighty with those instincts that lead us to seek out
those articles best adapted to the sustenance and pres-
ervation of our bodies, and also with the ingenuity to
make those articles apply to our actual necessities.
All this, as we can see for ourselves, is God-given.
And the leading and noticeable fact that stands out in
history is this, — that all nations, whatever the state
of their barbarism or civilization, have invariably found
out for themselves some substance that yields them
the required stimulant. This is a much more signifi-
cant fact than is generally thought of, even if it is
thought of at all. Some nations have employed vege-
table, and some animal substances, in order to effect
their purpose. It is supposed that, in all, a list of
more than a hundred articles could be named, and
generally of the most opposite description, out of which
the element that causes intoxication has been pro-
duced. Now, we would be glad to have some one,
who is not himself averse to reason on these things,
tell us how and why it is that the instincts of the en-
tire race, scattered all over the world, and antipodes to
one another, have led them, first, to seek such a sub-
stance as would yield for them the intoxicating ele-
ment, and, secondly, to apply their highest ingenuity
THE NECESSITY OF STIMULANTS. 149
to the production of that element in order to subserve
their necessities. There certainly can be no witchcraft,
or magic, in it ; it must be nothing but nature. The
idea is, that some stimulus of an intoxicating nature
must of necessity be provided ; and provided it has
been, and probably always will be, until humanity is
clothed with a different body, that shall feel the influ-
ence of entirely different instincts. Even in the Bible,
it can nowhere be found that the use jof wine is
charged, or even thought, to be wrong ; only its ex-
cessive use, its abuse, is deprecated. We have already
quoted abundantly in support of our position, and we
will now merely add the sincere injunction of the
apostle, — "Add to your faith, virtue ; and to virtue,
knowledge ; and to knowledge, temperance" — not
teetotalism, but nothing more than a temperate use
of the good gifts which, properly employed, serve to
" cheer the heart of man."
Now, we say, there are certain classes of people in
this our modern society, to whom the use of stimulants
is an absolute necessity. In the Bibliotheca Sacra of
the year 1855, a distinguished medical writer says,
" In the present state of public sentiment, there is little
danger of the abuse of stimulants by educated men
who desire to set an example of temperance ; we are
not sure that so far as the health of the individual is
concerned, the error is not on the other side." Again,
the same writer continues as follows : " We acknowl-
edge that, with most physicians, we feel very often a
reluctance to advise the use of stimulants, for fear of
13*
150 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
the possible formation of a bad habit. But we have
too often seen their good effects, when ordered by a
practitioner bolder or less scrupulous than the greater
number of the physicians of the present day, not to
feel strongly persuaded that there are many in our
community who would be better for an occasional stim-
ulant. It is true that one in perfect health does not
need it, cannot be made better, and cannot but be made
worse by it. But this is the condition of not so large a
number as is generally supposed"
These are plain truths, and plainly stated. An emi-
nent physician thus testifies, too, to the mortifying fact
that there are plenty of men belonging to his own pro-
fession, who would not dare prescribe what they feel
assured would be for the benefit of their patients, out
of fear alone to the riotous and tyrannical prejudices
of the community whom interested and unreflecting
leaders have lashed into such a state of excitement.
He also testifies that a great many persons require
stimulus as much as they do food ; and that while it is
sometimes injurious, it may more frequently be bene-
ficial. It is seriously worth while to pause and reflect
what such a sort of public sentiment amounts to, and
how far it deserves to be respected, when those who
are popularly esteemed the most respectable in our
midst, are forced to make confessions of such a nature
in respect to their fear of it !
It may be true, as the physician above quoted says,
that persons in perfect health do not require stimu-
lants ; yet it is riot less certain that the multitudes
THE NECESSITY OP STIMULANTS. 151
whose health is not all they could wish it, would as-
suredly receive a benefit from their use. Who are the
really well ones, and how many do they number ?
How many are there about us, whose very pores reek
with exuding health and vitality, whose eyes are keen
and bright, whose step is quick and elastic, and whose
spirits are far above the clouds and fogs of partial and
temporary despondency ? Surely, let us have that ques-
tion answered before we proceed to stigmatize any who
use spirits because of the exhaustion of their physical
system. We are told by pretty nearly all foreigners
that we are a lean, lank race of mortals, and it may
be, in a large degree, true ; yet not so strikingly so,
on the whole, in comparison with themselves, as might
be imagined. Still, it is sadly enough true for our
present purpose. We are old and decrepit long before
our time ; but for what reason ? Because we wear our-
selves out with making, and trying to make, fortunes
in a few years; and those few who accomplish what
they aim at within the time prescribed, find themselves
obliged ever afterwards to be occupied in nursing
and doctoring their broken-down systems. And the
many who do not succeed in their exertions, are
but doubly broken ; we see them around us every
where, giving evidence in abundance that they are
broken in ambition and spirits, and thoroughly ruined
in health.
So we show a generation of lean, pale-faced, round-
backed men, whose condition has been made a thou-
sand times worse by dosing, year after year, with quack
152 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
medicines, hoping to patch up the decaying system,
and make it last until the projected schemes are car-
ried out, or unfortunately fail. Quack medicines com-
plete the work that over-exertion begins. Then the
mind is made to labor with a swiftness and intensity
calculated to wear out any frame ; as if all that was
before us to do in the world must needs be done within
a very limited time, or not at all ! "We hardly give
the time to eating, drinking, and sleeping, which nature
imperatively demands ; and as for recreations,, we do
not know what the term practically means. We hurry
through with every thing ; it is hurrying on our clothes
in the morning, and hurrying them off at night ; hur-
rying to dinner, and hurrying back to business again.
We snatch sleep, rather than take it as necessary to us,
and really our own blessed possession.
And what is to be inferred from such lamentable
habits respecting the physical health of those who per-
sistently follow them up, year after year ? That they
can possibly be a well race, — that is, possessors of
ruddy health and vigorous strength ? The farthest
from it in the world. Every body is feeble. Nobody
can stand up, stretch out his arms, and say that he is
really well. All are ailing. All consult the doctors.
All run to and from the apothecaries. All read the
flaming advertisements of the nostrums in the news-
papers. From early youth till the time when affection
closes the eyes of the dying one, it is a weary life of
complaining and inexpressible desires for a something
which he has not ; he hardly knows what that some-
THE NECESSITY OP STIMULANTS. 153
thing is, but it is nothing but ruddy and blessed
health.
Now, what is to be done in a state of things like this ?
Evidently, until a better educated public opinion shall
compel the next generation to commence a work of
practical reform, nothing can be done except to tinker
and patch up our present constitutions the best way we
can. And that is all that can be done. And we leave
it to intelligent and unprejudiced physicians to say
whether, for this purpose, quack medicines are worse
or better than pure liquors, properly taken into an en-
feebled and impoverished system. Their answer we
have already. Such systems must have a tonic to in-
vigorate and keep them up. They cannot subsist
without it.
And even those persons who, being at present in
robust health, are forced by circumstances, and the
nature and exigencies of their calling, to undergo pro-
tracted and exhausting labor, require stimulus at cer-
tain times, and must employ it, if they would preserve
to themselves their own constitutions and faculties.
Excess of labor, whether of body or mind, which every
one is liable at certain times to be called upon to per-
form, requires the immediate application of a repairing'
process. The tissues must be made as whole as they
were before the labor was undertaken. And to effect
this, a certain kind of stimulus must be used. The
natural instincts of the race have long ago sought out
and applied these stimulants, and they will continue
to use them so long as they shall be required for the
154 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
service in hand. And not all the laws of all of the
states of Christendom can put down this general use
of such stimulants, simply because they cannot eradi-
cate those native instincts of which the stimulants
themselves are the legitimate product.
LAWS AGAINST STIMULANTS. 155
XXII.
LAWS AGAINST STIMULANTS.
LAWS against intoxication are a great deal older than
people generally think for. And still people have in-
dulged, more or less, in intoxication. It is human
nature to desire to taste of forbidden pleasures ; the
desire must, we think, have been an inheritance from
Adam. As early as twenty-one hundred years before
the Christian era, a History of China shows that a law
against intoxication was enacted by the emperor of
the Chinese, far more stringent than was ever proposed
in these days of ours. All lawyers, and persons in
certain other classes of society, were at once con-
demned to death if found in a state of intoxication.
The palm was destroyed, and all other plants uprooted,
from which the intoxicating element could be extracted.
And yet, says the historian, in spite of all these most
strict precautions, that same generation proved to be
one remarkably addicted to intemperance.
In Persia, too, such laws were passed at a very early
day. In Rome, likewise, under the rule of Romulus,
there was an exceedingly rigid law. Temperance so-
cieties were also quite popular in the early history of
Greece. Both the Spartans and the Carthaginians
had severe laws against the vice of intemperance, and
156 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
followed extreme measures in their execution. Lycur-
gus, King of Thrace, enacted a " Maine Law," to carry
out which he caused not only the wines to be destroyed,
but even the vines that bore them. About seven hun-
dred years after Christ, Terbaldus, a Bulgarian prince,
did the same thing. Charlemagne made stringent
laws against grog-shops, drinking healths, and other
incentives to intemperance. Constantine banished
rum-sellers, and levelled their houses with the ground.
The Chinese law went so far in its war against intoxi-
cating liquors, that every tiling from which such drinks
could be produced was destroyed, until the rice plant
and the palm tree, although extremely abundant be-
fore, were altogether extirpated, and became unknown
productions. And yet the ingenuity of the Celestials
opened methods to them by which they could obtain a
drink that would produce the desired intoxication ;
showing that any and every law can be eluded in some
way, if it becomes too severe for the silent endurance
of the people.
A similar enactment was made by Mahomet, and the
followers of the Crescent at once became remarkable
for their effeminate habits and the destroying indul-
gence of their sensual appetites. They excited their
nervous systems with coffee and tobacco, until they
became physically unfitted for any thing like manly
exertion ; and thus they frittered away their brief lives
in wild delirium or stupefied indulgence. In this way
they have lost their characteristics as a distinct race,
and would have been wiped off the map of nations, but
LAWS AGAINST STIMULANTS. 157
for foreign aid and interference, long ago. Since the
year 1688, there have been placed upon the statute
books of the State of New Jersey not less than forty-
eight enactments against intemperance ; and some of
the other states have even a longer record than this to
show for the same period of time. In our Eastern
States, a search among the statutes would astonish
those who fancy that every thing desirable in this
world can be secured by naked legislation.
The evils of intemperance — that is, of the immod-
erate and excessive use of wines and spirits — have been
deplored by Christian men of every age and generation.
As a thoughtful writer in one of our popular magazines
has well expressed it, " Politicians and governments
have devised many remedies to obviate and prevent
the enormous expenses of pauperism and crime, in
consequence of excessive indulgence in stimulants.
Such indulgence not only debases the body, mind, and
soul of man, but an appetite is thereby created, which
virtually hands over the wretch to the keeping of a
fiend, who changes his whole nature, destroys his
natural affections, and induces him willingly to sacri-
fice home, wealth, fame, prospects, hope, and heaven.
Who that has seen a moral wreck produced by this
cause, and has, perhaps, endeavored to stay the mono-
maniac, whose downward course none could arrest ;
who that has seen the good wife mourn over the lapse
of her husband, and endeavor to lure him to virtue ;
who that has seen the orphan children needing bread
and suffering for the want of education and employment,
14
158 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
— but has longed for a cure for the moral pestilence,' and
has cursed the conscienceless retailer, who was willing
to fatten on all this misery? None have witnessed
these things without wishing for some law that should
effectually prevent such outrages, and suitably punish
the ^ordid wretch wh^w<ould rob the innocent and rob
his nti&hbor." it" t
And the writer goes on : " It is the fashion ,to exalt
the present $ge. We call things by new names, and
believe that we£j&ave reached a new era of experience
and discovery/ It is unquestionaby true of it, how-
ever, that none have equalled it in moral ^strength,
and in the prevalence of Christian principles. The
great law of Scripture — ' Thou shalt love thy neighbor
as thyself — and the principle of St. Paul, who wrould
not eat meat if it made his brother to offend, never
before operated practically on so many minds. The
moral energy and Christian excellence of our social
system is evidenced in the prevailing determination to
prevent and cure, by legislative enactments, the evils
of intemperance. The people, by a general uprising,
have pressed their determination upon politicians and
legislators, forcing them in several States to jjfQrio the
statute book a law more stringent than aiiy Before en-
acted in this country. Thfs remarkable movement is,
in its aims, altogether worthy, of sympathy ; and, if it
could succeed in producing* (T serious and permanent
diminution in the amount o!^ intemperance, pauperism,
and crime, it would merit the earnest cooperation of
every honest man."
LAWS AGAINST STIMULANTS. 159
Yes ; if it could succeed in producing a serious and
permanent diminution in the amount of intemperance,
it would be a very good thing indeed ; but that prob-
lem has been worked out. It has been satisfactorily
proved, that the people's rising in obedience to the ex-
citing appeals of lecturers to for^ce legislation on behalf
of reform, has accomplished no " serious and perma-
nent diminution of intemperance " whatever. Because
the old instincts of human nature come in at this point,
and demand that room and scope for free play which
belong to them. They refuse to have bits put in their
mouths'and then to be driven by men of "like pas-
sions " and instincts. And such an honest, deep-rooted
element of our common nature it will ever be found
idle to hope to eradicate.
Speaking of this very matter, the New York Inde-
pendent— a religious paper — says, "We must not
be blind to the facts that already exist, nor to those
difficulties which the carrying into effect of the Maine
Law will inevitably breed and cherish. By the en-
forcement of that law, thousands of men in our city
will be deprived of an habitual stimulus and source of
pleasure,* What is to take the place of the lager bier
saloons, and the hundreds of dens for drinking and
gambling which infest -OUT city? Are these men to
have nothing supplied to them for that which is taken
away ? Truly, if this is to be so, it may well be doubted
if the law is wholly a gatfT or not ! Some amusement
they must have, some recreation they will have ; if you
take away their drink^they will seek lower pleasures
160 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
still, such as are untouched by law, unless they are
provided with means whereby they may improve and
elevate their lives."
This is as true as gospel. We heard Wendell Phil-
lips say, not long ago, in a most eloquent and well-
reasoned lecture on Temperance, that this idea of
taking away a source of amusement, or gratification,
and not supplying another, and especially a higher one,
in its place, was the mark of the folly that had re-
duced modern legislation on the subject of temperance
to its present anomalous condition. In fact, it is hardly
better than an abortion, and will have to be aban-
doned, first or last, by all who have embarked in it.
Speaking on this subject, an English writer says,
" France, Italy, Spain, Hungary, and Germany have
no restrictions with regard to intoxicating drinks ;
still, very little intemperance is seen in those coun-
tries, while our statute books are filled with laws, and
intemperance is the national vice of the British Islands,
for the want of education and improvement in the
moral tone of society." Such facts tell very hard
upon these latter-day theories of mere sentimentalists,
who look at sturdy, rough, and robust human nature
through the rose-coloring of their own atmosphere.
Statistics and facts are worth every thing in new move-
ments that are likely to be dubious in their operations,
for they are the only sure and reliable basis on which
theories can hope to be built.
THE SATANIC LICENSE. 161
XXIII.
THE SATANIC LICENSE; OR, A BAD CAUSE BADLY
DEFENDED.
ZEAL is a great thing in any cause ; but where it is
applied to a cause radically wrong, it works incalcula-
ble mischief. " Zeal without knowledge " w^as warned
against by the apostle.
The friends of prohibition have certainly displayed a
zeal in their operations truly worthy of something
better than what they have yet accomplished. Sea and
land have they compassed, to make a single proselyte
more ; after which it appears that they have only forced
him to drink worse rum, and more of it, than ever
before ; just according to the account to be found in
St. Matthew's Gospel. They have alternately used
truth or suppressed it, as best suited their own taste
and convenience. Jesuit-like they have consented to
do evil, in order, as they claim, that good might come
out of it ; but so late in the day as this, they are dis-
covering that an evil tree cannot bring forth good fruit,
neither can figs be begotten of thistles. Of course we
speak only of those ignorant, self-opinionated, and
thoroughly uncharitable men, who are wrongly suffered
to take and keep the lead in such an important matter
as temperance reform.
14*
(raff JVfcRSI'TVH
162 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
Not long since, we were reading over again, and with
somewhat more of a critical eye than when we first
read it, a little thin volume, illustrated with a diabol-
ical cut, — that is, having a picture of the devil in the
frontispiece, — called " The Mysterious Parchment, or
the Satanic License." The author is the Rev. Joel
Wakeman, and the book has long been a text-book
with the leaders and magnates and officials of the pro-
hibition party. Neal Dow swears upon it, and Dr.
Jcwett quotes and indorses it. It is from the prolific
press of those eminent publishers, Messrs. John P. Jew-
ett & Co., who have, in their day, probably published
as many books in support of the temperance cause as
any other men. " The Mysterious Parchment, or the
Satanic License," is a simple little tale, and its author
sincerely avers that it is based on nothing but facts.
Now, we conceive that this book — if any single book
can be — is a personification of error, combined with
exaggeration and untruth, so strangely mixed that it
would be hard to say which was the accidental, and
which was the deliberate falsehood. But as it has been
so generally indorsed by the leaders in the Maine Law
movement, and its sentiments have been so often
quoted by them in one place and another, and its au-
thor has been so highly lauded by them on all occasions,
we deem it no more than our duty, as we likewise know
it must be an acceptable work to its truth-loving
friends, to examine into some of its more palpable
errors.
In his preface, the author sets out with the state-
THE SATANIC LICENSE. 163
ment that the book is merely a story, but founded alto-
gether on fact. The scene of this story is laid in a
town which he calls Harwood, in the State of New
York. In one place he represents a person going be-
fore the Board of Excise, and arguing against granting
any person in the whole town a license for the coming
year. This same fictitious person is made to state, in
the course of his argument, that there are fifty habitu-
al drunkards in the town, twenty or thirty occasional
drunkards, and more than three hundred moderate
drinkers ; and he further says there are not more than
two or three young men in town who are not in the
habit of using intoxicating drinks. All very well till
you follow him along a little way farther. There the
same speaker before the Excise committee is made by
the author to say, that about four hundred voters of
the same town petition for the authorities to refuse
another license ! This strange discrepancy may be
found by turning first to page 103, and afterwards to
page 106, of the volume. The amount of his story,
therefore, is, that there are about four hundred drunk-
ards in town, and the same number of voters ; and that
all the voters, which of course comprises all the drunk-
ards, have petitioned to have the sale of liquor under
the license law stopped !
Inasmuch as he is a clergyman, the writer is of
course obliged to quote Scripture for the purpose of
backing up his arguments ; but we cannot see that he
finds any passages in the Bible against either the sale
or the use of spirituous liquors, provided the same are
164 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
pure and are used in a proper manner. He is, to be
sure, guilty of cutting and slicing up passages of Scrip-
ture to suit the case in hand, and always to make them
appear to mean something different from their original
and natural signification. In this respect, he reminds
us of a well-known anecdote of the famous English
preacher, Rowland Hill. Mr. Hill was of the Metho-
dist persuasion, and in his day was accounted a great
revivalist. The fashion of that day seemed at one time
to run into an enormous height and expansion of head-
dresses, or, as they were called, " top-knots." He felt
that it was rapidly becoming cause of scandal that so
many of the ladies of his congregation should have
given way to the influence of the fashion, and for a
long time was puzzled how to proceed. It was evident
that the practice must be rebuked, and that sharply
and openly. If matters wrere allowed to go on at this
rate, there would soon be an end of vital religion among
his people. So up rose Mr. Hill, one pleasant Sunday
morning, with the church filled with the enormous
" top-knots " of the ladies, and presenting a sight cal-
culated to startle the most careless beholder, and com-
•menced with the following bold and striking text:
"Top not, come down!" The words of the text, he
remarked, were to be found in the 17th verse of the
24th chapter of Matthew ; which was really the case ;
for the whole verse reads thus : " Let him which is on
the house-fop not come down to take any thing out of
his house."
Just so with the manner in which the Rev. Joel
THE SATANIC LICENSE. 165
Wakeman chooses to quote Scripture texts in his " Sa-
tanic License." They have no more logical or reason-
able connection with the subject he has before him,
than this text in Matthew naturally had with the " top-
knots " that were worn by the ladies of Rowland Hill's
congregation ; no more relation to rum-selling, or rum-
drinking, than these words of our Saviour, when prop-
erly quoted, had to the exaggerated head-dresses of
those ladies who flourished before the days of our grand-
mothers.
But there is one distinguishing feature about this
anti-license book, thus illustrated with a wood-cut of
his Satanic majesty, which we desire in particular to
notice ; and it is where this mighty prohibition advo-
cate and wonderful story writer — we were going to
say prophet, too — blunders so fatally for his cause by
telling the naked truth ! The avowed purpose of his
book is to overthrow and break up the whole system of
licensing ; but, like Balaam, who was hired by Balak
to prophesy against the armies of Israel, but after all
prophesied the other way, (see Joshua, 24th chapter,
9th verse,) the Rev. Joel Wakeman, in his attempt to
destroy the license system, uses an argument like this
in its favor. We quote from page 277 of the " Satanic
License," where he is making one of his fictitious char-
acters answer another who had asked him what he
thought about adulterating liquors with poisons : " 0, it
must have a very injurious effect upon the health of
those who use the liquors. The drugs which are now
used is the reason why men become drunkards so soon.
166 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
Since my remembrance, it was a common thing for men
to use pure liquors through life without inebriation.
We have no such cases now. It is a common thing
now to see young men of seventeen reeling in the
streets as common drunkards. All this, I think, is in
consequence of drugged liquors. Thirty years ago, also,
delirium tremens was a rare disease. Now, it is so
common that almost every drunkard has its symptoms,
if not the disease, in some of its fearful forms. This,
I have no doubt, is to be charged to the adulteration of
liquors"
Well and truly said. It is exactly what we have
been arguing from the beginning of this volume. Here
the Rev. Joel Wakeman admits that people used to
drink moderately for a whole lifetime, without becom-
ing drunkards, or being in any way injured thereby.
Now, Reverend Joel, we have got you just where we
want you ; and all who quote your writings with such
evident satisfaction, are in the same tight corner. You
admit that good and pure liquor, when used in proper
quantities, hurts no one, even though a man takes it
for the length of a long life. And you say what every
body, who knows any thing about it, knows to be true.
Tell it not in Portland, — let it not reach the ears of
Neal Dow, — but, brother Joel, like Balaam of old, you
have been prophesying in our favor ! We could have
asked no better things of you, even if we had had the
first choice. If one tenth part of the money and time
and labor had been spent to purify spirituous liquors
that have been wasted, and worse than merely wasted,
THE SATANIC LICENSE. 167
in the vain attempts to destroy them altogether, we
should now have real temperance men where drunken-
ness abounds, and honest and consistent friends of the
temperance reform where now we have only outside
pretenders and knavish hypocrites. But what have you
frantic anti-license men been doing to purify rum?
You have only succeeded in putting the author of the
" Hen Fever " at the head of your system, — and where
is the first temperance paper or orator that ever dared
raise an objection to the measure ?
It would be tenfold more easy to go about the work
of purifying liquors, than it now is to prevent the issue
of counterfeit money ; and yet people have -not stopped
to think of such a thing, because the prohibition lead-
ers have kept them in such a state of excitement over
the plan to exterminate liquors altogether. Once re-
store and improve the license system, and secure the
appointment of competent and faithful inspectors of
liquors, just as we do the appointment of weighers of
hay, and measurers of wood, and sealers of measures,
— and then make every rum-seller responsible for all
damage done by the sale of his rum, whether accruing
to the individual, to the individual's family, or to the
community, — and establish it that every dealer in
liquors who is not thus responsible is a nuisance, to be
abated after the style of nuisances generally, — and we
should be troubled with very little more strychnine
whiskey and dead-shot for bedbugs, retailed by the
glass for the purpose of murdering such persons as can
get nothing better to drink. Those who truly love the
168 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
human race would be apt to take such steps as would
first of all extirpate the destroying influences that are
now felt with such fatal effect on every side. If, too,
they would spend their energies on proper and practi-
cable objects, they would try to understand, first, the
instincts and hereditary habits of the human family,
and, secondly, seek to apply only those remedies to ex-
isting faults that would be likely to reach and remove
them.
The " Satanic License " affords us no encouragement
that its author knows himself either what ought to be
done, or how to do it. Such books do little good, for
they only serve to make passionate partisans where
they ought to encourage men to use their perceptions
and their reason.
THE MAINE LAW. 169
XXIV.
THE MAINE LAW.
THIS is a statute different in all important respects
from other statutes ; because, instead of taking things
as they now are, and applying its operations to them
after a perfectly natural method, it unmakes what has
been already established, calls that a crime which nei-
ther the common law nor common sentiment agrees to
call such, raises opposition where only general assent
should exist, and excites the passions where it should
only excite the respect of the community. Those who
framed it did so in the mistaken belief that a tempo-
rary inflammation of popular feeling, or inordinate
excitement of popular sentiment, was a true and per-
manent condition of the public mind; that aroused
passion and sympathy was an enduring form of public
opinion, — whereas it had no logical connection with
public opinion at all. For what men think in a state
of passionate excitement, they do not think ; reason
does not guide or control in such a condition of the
human mind.
The Maine Law is so called from the fact that it had
its practical origin in this country, in Maine ; still, that
State cannot rightly lay claim to having produced it.
It was the fruit borne of the labors of men like the
15
170 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
.elder Beecher and Dr. Hewitt, and not of those of Neal
Dow. It frequently happens, however, that some new
man starts up to usurp the honor which other men
deserve to wear, merely because it so fell out that he
was a willing instrument in consummating a work
which others before him had spent their lives in carry-
ing forward. We may say, in fact, that the Maine Law
is the remote offspring of the old alliance known as the
" American Temperance Union."
The immediate manner in which this law came into
being has been so well described by another, that we
prefer to quote from him, to attempting the description
ourselves : " Philanthropists and Christians, who had
expended much zeal and effort in favor of temperance
reform, — while they saw very great improvement ;
while intoxicating drinks had been banished from the
sideboards of most families ; while those who took the
lead in moral influence abstained from their use ; and
the principles of temperance, which, a quarter of a
century before, were scoffed at, had now become uni-
versally received by the good and virtuous, and it was
no longer an opprobrium to be a teetotaler, — still, as
we say, philanthropists and Christians were impressed
with a conviction that there yet remained much in the
habits of the community which needed reformation.
" Dram-shops abounded. The young men were pre-
sented with the intoxicating cup at public dinners ; and
festival occasions were not regarded as complete with-
out their use. The tavern was the rallying point in
many communities, and furnished the place of meeting
THE MAINE LAW. 171
on any occasion which called the people together.
Youth associated in military and fire companies, and
those who desired to be regarded as fashionable were
peculiarly exposed to temptation. Temperance was
growing less popular ; there was an apparent disposition
in the community to relapse into habits of excess ; yet
there seemed to be nothing more that the advocates of
temperance could do."
So, of course, they must needs go to work and undo
what they had already done. They were impatient
because the world would not be reformed as fast as
they wished to reform it ! therefore, says the writer
from whom we quote, —
" At this juncture," — although we confess ive can-
not see exactly what that "juncture" was, — "the
experiment of a prohibitory law was conceived. It
was eagerly regarded as the ' Eureka,' by means of
which this giant evil could be effectually vanquished.
But it is to be feared that this law, with all its strin-
gent provisions, loses sight of the operations of human
nature. The word 6 prohibitory ' would seem to imply
the possibility of forbidding effectually the use, in any
form, of intoxicating drinks. The feature of that strin-
gent law of Maine, which imprisons the traveller who
has a vial of brandy among his baggage, or the porter
ho leaves a bottle at a dwelling, or fines the physician
who furnishes it, seems to suppose the possibility of
legislators making dietetic regulations which shall be
regarded as binding upon the community."
And upon this point, our author speaks so well that
172 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
we shall allow him to continue : " There is no prin-
ciple with regard to which men are so sensitive as that
of personal liberty. A small community might be will-
ing, for the sake of those whose idiosyncrasy drew them
into intemperance, to relinquish the use of stimulants.
But it is Utopian to expect that the majority of our citi-
zens will consent to a law that shall decide for them
questions relating to their diet and regimen, which it is
eminently their province and right to decide for them-
selves ! By attempting too much, there is danger of
losing vantage ground, and of failing to obtain, such
wise enactments as can be effectively enforced."
The case is well and truly stated. The great point
is only this, that human nature will not consent to be
reformed in this patent way, but insists on doing the
work itself, if it is done at all. And the prohibitionists
are only kicking against the pricks, when they persist
in their futile attempts, and snarl and snap because
human nature does not happen to be something differ-
ent from what it is. They will be obliged, we fear, to
begin and do the work all over again, making man
something quite different from what he is now.
There is another point to be considered. The Amer-
ican mind is ever prone to extremes. Public opinion
is any thing but steadfast in this country. To-day it is
for, and to-morrow it is against. Now it is up, and
now it is down. We always want to overdo matters —
cannot be satisfied unless we get more than what was
at first proposed. We insist on crossing the line that
limits temperance and moderation, even when we aim
THE MAINE LAW. 173
to preach moderation itself. It is all a great mistake,
and a fatal one.
If we wish to enact a law that shall put a stop to
tippling practices, shut up dram-shops, and purify in
this way the public morals, we must be careful at the
same time not to make such a law as will both em-
barrass and insult the temperate and law-respecting
portion of the community. Here is where the danger
lies ; in seeking to avoid one extreme, another has been
run into. Then, again, people are so eager to run after
cliques and factions, as if one must needs enroll his
name among them, or he is nobody. But of this grows
that excessive and weak desire to appear consistent in
one's opinions, which shows a greater regard for the
opinions themselves than for their effect. And on no
one subject has cliquism been more rampant than on
that of temperance. It has had recourse to all intem-
perate practices, for the sake of carrying temporarily
its own end. It raged so high at one time, that no man
was esteemed worth listening to in a temperance meet-
ing unless he had come up out of a gutter, and could
narrate the most disgusting experiences. Hence the
poor, ragged, and thoroughly worthless rascal, who had
hung about the greater number of years in filthy bar-
rooms, was infinitely preferred as a speaker to those
who really had observed and seriously thought upon
the matter of temperance reform. And the style of
oratory was, of course, to correspond. It did not bring
a blush to a man's cheek, to get up before a large audi-
ence and confess what an ignorant beast he had taken
15*
174 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
delight in being all his past life, — how many times a
week he had been dead drunk, — how often he had
been carried home on a board, or a shutter, and tum-
bled into his bed, — or trundled along to the same
place in a handcart or a wheelbarrow.
And the same spirit rules to-day ; and it is this spirit
that we are laboring to show up as exactly the wrong
Spirit? — as that which works more mischief than it can
ever work good. It betrays itself in every possible way
now. It calls on a man to enroll his name among some
order of self-styled temperance men ; rigs him up in a
gaudy coat of regalia ; and acquaints him with certain
secret winks, nods, and signs, by the favor of which he
may gain access to up-stair lodges, back-door caucuses,
and purposeless fraternities. It demands further of
him, that he shall join in the general cry for stringent
laws, — no matter whether there is a likelihood of their
ever being carried into operation or not, — and obedi-
ently vote for every man who is proposed as a candidate
through whose aid such laws are to be enacted.
And so comes this wild shout, which we have all
heard so long, for statutes that shall declare liquors to
be poisons, and constitute it a criminal offence to be
connected with the traffic in them ; for statutes that
shall put liquor on the same footing with strychnine
and arsenic, and prohibit their sale under any circum-
stances except for certain prescribed purposes. And
the Maine Law has been enacted in certain States, al-
though its execution is more an impossibility to-day
than it ever was. It has been pronounced unconstitti-
THE MAINE LAW. 175
tional by some of the State courts, and therefore
amended and otherwise tinkered so as to cover the
emergency. Few or no convictions have as yet fol-
lowed its enactment in Massachusetts or in Maine,
while in New York and the States farther west, it has
been confessed to be utterly impracticable.
Still there are a few men who cling to the infatua-
tion of believing that such a law can as well be executed
to-day as any other law. Neal Dow believes it, or at
least pretends to believe it ; and if he could have only
his own autocratic way about it, he would make of
Maine the same sort of a state that one will find in
many parts of over-governed Europe — in every little
town a sort of custom-house, at which the traveller's
baggage, or clothing, would be inspected by an igno-
rant and insolent guard. For this must certainly be
the result of it. And this is the kind of liberty which
such forcible intermeddlers with popular morals would
fain establish all over the land ; if people will not be-
come moral of themselves, then they shall be made
moral by the application of law ! They shall become
better, at all events !
Mr. Delavan, the great teetotal apostle of Albany,
predicted that in a short time after the passage of this
law in New York, that vast emporium of commerce
would become pure and clean of every thing like liquor
and liquor influences ; the very sale of rum by the glass
was to be prohibited without any mistake. And the
twenty, thirty, and forty thousand drinking places to
be found open, and doing a good business, too, in New
•
176 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
York, are the best, or worst, possible commentary on
his vain and ill-digested opinions.
The fact literally is, this Maine Law has as yet ac-
complished nothing, and can accomplish nothing. Be-
cause it aims at too much ; it travels entirely out of the
record ; it has become a mere engine in the hands of
ambitious men, who seek for power only, and the pop-
ular sentiment cannot offer such a creature its sympa-
thy or support. Not until these pretended reformers
— good men, some of them — return to the paths of
common sense again, can they hope to make any prog-
ress in purging tire world of this giant evil that is
called Intemperance. Of one thing, at least, must they
rest satisfied ; and that is, that no such progress as they
count on can be made under the aiispices of any so-
called " Maine Law."
THE CAUSES OF INTEMPERANCE. 177
XXV.
THE CAUSES OF INTEMPERANCE.
IN the excitement and fury incident to getting up
parties on the inefficient and impracticable Maine Law,
scarcely any attention has been paid to the leading
point in all this controversy, which is, the causes of in-
temperance. It is to this point that we all need to come
back, and take our bearings again upon this matter ;
for it is certain that no disease, and no evil, is ever to
, be cured or eradicated, unless its character and the
laws of its operation are first well understood, and so
the best method is made known after which it may be
treated.
We find that vast numbers are addicted to iiltemper-
ance ; not wretches and vagabonds all of them, but many
among those whom we all know, and whom the world
otherwise delights to honor. How comes this about ?
Why is one man intemperate in his habits, and another
right the contrary ? And is there no allowance to be
made in this estimate for differences in circumstances,
situation, surroundings, and temperament? Can all
men be measured by an absolute standard, — all laid
on the same bed, and stretched or trimmed off to suit
only the length of the bed ? If it is upon such an
ignorant assumption as this that the temperance reform
178 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
proceeds, then all hope of making more out of it than
a piece of unmitigated folly may as well be abandoned.
Look, first, at the weakness of our common nature
on different occasions, and when subjected to different
moods, and then at the temptations that beset that
nature at every turn, ever ready to take advantage of
its weakness and its despondent moods. Here is a
poor man who finds no relaxation from his tasking
labor from one week's end to another ; and just at this
critical juncture the dram-shop or the cheerful bar-
room presents itself, well lighted, filled with chatty
acquaintances, and always accessible ; where, too, all
who frequent it meet on terms of perfect equality, if
not fraternity. Do you say there are no naturally
strong enticements for that man in such a place as this,
especially when the whole of his home is embraced
within four dreary walls, or at most in a cellar-like
tenement, whose light often enough comes down
through *& trap-door, if at all ? Such a man would not
be a human being, as God originally made human be-
ings, if he did not prefer the cheerful bar-room, or
dram-shop, to his own ill-lighted, ill-ventilated, and
thoroughly squalid quarters. In a climate like this
of ours, especially where alcoholic stimulus has so long
usurped the place of milder and safer beverages, the
bar-room of course becomes a powerful attraction, and
there are formed those unfortunate habits that lead
their victims on to the destroying disease of intem-
perance.
In this respect we are like the English. The French,
THE CAUSES OF INTEMPERANCE. 179
and indeed most of the people of the continent of Eu-
rope, when they meet socially, are perfectly content to
sit down over a glass of some light and harmless wine,
or even to sit and sip a beverage as innocent as sugar,
and-water ; whereas we, like the English, must needs
pour down streams of the most powerful alcoholic stim-
ulus, oftentimes very slightly diluted, until the brain
feels the fire and all the veins swell with the intense
excitement. This habit is in a good degree an inherit-
ance, and partly an advance upon what descended to
us in the way of appetite and temperament. But what
is the reason the masses of our people cannot accustom
themselves to milder and more innocent stimulants of
the social feeling ? Why must they needs descend to
the gross and destroying practice of intoxication, in
order to testify one to the other the satisfaction they
experience in coming together ? Why this first and
last resort always to strong drink, and in such immod-
erate quantities ? There is an answer for these ques-
tions : Because no provision is made among our people
for innocent recreations and amusements, and hence
no taste for them has as yet sprung up ; their only
resort is the bar-room, and, with adulterated liquors,
consequent intoxication.
We have no games and diversions, — no holiday fes-
tivals and general jubilees ; but the rout is made up of
an oddly assorted mixture of military turn-outs, target
excursions, firemen's demonstrations, and public pa-
rades,— most, or all, of which demand more or less
stimulus from the bar-room or the dram-shop, and may
180 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
be said to possess that special element in a correspond-
ing proportion. Now, if we banish the vile grog-shops,
which a proper license statute would be certain to do
for us, we must supply their places with something
better, for it will never answer to create a vacuum and
leave it unprovided for. This can be done, for there
never yet was a want felt but some one stepped in to
supply it. And here is where public rooms for conver-
sation, for reading, and similar social purposes might
be provided, with drinks at hand of an enlivening but
not inebriating nature, and with games of every de-
scription to cheer and enliven the spirits. In such
places the habits of a coming generation might just as
well be formed, and formed on right principles, as in
those other places where all is now placed at so great
a hazard. Here distilled liquors might be proved to
be not the essential elements and conditions of enjoy-
ment they are now popularly supposed to be ; and
young men, whose habits are forming, would learn that
the best and only true way was to practise the very
necessary art of governing themselves.
The condition of those unfortunate persons, however,
with whom a morbid desire for unhealthy and excessive
stimulus has been an inheritance, deserves more than
the passing notice and the hollow expressions of half-
pity they have heretofore received. In truth, those
who have been chiefly in the habit of talking on teeto-
talism, or temperance even, have not begun to under-
stand the lamentable condition of this class of people.
Here is a state of things most important in connection
THE CAUSES OF INTEMPEBANCE. 181
with this subject, but to which such reformers have
steadfastly shut their ears and eyes. Are such un-
happy persons to be proceeded against as criminals ?
Not at all ; the rule will be found not to work. They
are manifestly an exception to any law, and are to be
considered and provided for accordingly. The taste
for strong liquors, — and the stronger the better, —
which they have both inherited and made controlling,
is their one great curse and cause of misery. Society
forgets entirely what it owes to itself and to each of its
members, if it omits to include this very large class in
its general estimate.
The leading and most widely operating causes of in-
temperance, then, we think we have already named :
in the first place, it is the fault of our social manners
and customs, that scarcely admit anything like rec-
reations or amusements within their circle ; next, it
comes of the fiery poisons and adulterations, one of
whose elements is the deadly strychnine, to the use of
which, through the very lack of social pleasures, men
are driven ; and lastly, the disease of intemperance —
for it is undeniable that such it is — is handed down
from father to son, and the teeth of the children are
indeed set on edge with the grapes eaten by the fathers.
Here are three grand causes for the prevalence and
increase of intemperance ; and reformers, in addressing
themselves to the consideration of this question, must
not think that any one of them can be overlooked, or
passed by as of secondary importance.
Latterly, however, evidence is producing that the
16
182 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
more thoughtful and truly philanthropic of our reform-
ers are taking steps to provide for at least one division,
or class, of these causes. They have studied intem-
perance as a disease, and resolved as such to treat it.
In New York State, an Inebriate Asylum was estab-
lished last year, with the congratulations and God-
speed of all well-wishers of the human race. Many
professed temperance men are as strongly inclined as
ever to entertain doubts of its practical efficiency, yet
all seem to unite in conceding to it an opportunity for
a fair trial. Medical men, who have given their time
to the careful study of this subject, must be supposed
to know most exactly what are the statistics in relation
to the prevalence of this unfortunate malady ; and to
them must we look for a still more thorough diagnosis
of such a disease than we at present happen to possess.
Still, says an influential daily journal of New York
city, "It is enough to know that a large number of
eminent names are being erased from the list of the
living, where the true cause of death is never suspected
by the community at large, (the interposition of sur-
viving friends saving their memories from indelible
disgrace,) ' died from delirium tremens' being the
fearful secret. At least two on the list of subscribers
for the contemplated Asylum — men who stood high
in the profession of law and literature — are already
victims to this insidious destroyer ! It has been as-
serted that men are not to be found who would volun-
tarily commit themselves to an institution for inebriates ;
but this is refuted by the fact that almost before the
THE CAUSES OF INTEMPERANCE. 183
foundation stone was laid, there had been twenty-eight
hundred applications for admission, of whom, accord-
ing to Dr. Turner, Corresponding Secretary of the New
York State Inebriate Asylum, 'more than four hun-
dred are women in the high walks of life, educated and
accomplished.' There appears to be no room for rea-
sonable doubt upon this point. The chief divergence
in public opinion is occasioned by doubts as to the
permanency of the cures effected by an inebriate asy-
lum, the belief being prevalent that where disease has
once so far advanced as to deprive the individual of
self-control, a relapse to former habits would almost
inevitably ensue upon the removal of external re-
straints ; that organic changes already wrought in the
system would defy all attempts at correction."
It is to this feature — the pathology of inebriety —
that the New York State Asylum proposes to address
itself ; to inebriety of the stomach and brain, which is
first constitutional, and then hereditary in its character.
According to Dr. Turner, " the time, and the only
time, when this institution can reach the inebriate, is
when he has lost self-control, and the law regards him
as a dangerous citizen, or when he can be induced to
enter the Asylum voluntarily. A large proportion
of cases, as shown by the experience of some of our in-
sane asylums, may be cured in a year, — within whioh
time the morbid condition of the stomach will be re-
moved, and the powers of the constitution renovated,
so that the unnatural craving for artificial stimulus
will no longer exist. Though this is the first institution
184 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
of the kind in existence specially designed for the treat-
ment of this disease, it has the substantial indorsement
of all the prominent physicians in the State."
These are movements, it must be confessed, in the
right direction. Intemperance is a disease, either ac-
quired or inherited, or both, and as such it will in time
come to be treated. The only thing at present in the
way is, the excited passions and prejudices that, in
certain places, are strong enough to carry all before
them.
A THOUSAND DOLLAKS. 185
XXVI.
A THOUSAND DOLLARS.
SOME time during the month of May, in the year
1856, an offer of a thousand dollars was made to the
writer of the best essay on temperance legislation, to-
gether with the outline of a law — the essays to be
subjected to the careful examination of competent
judges and respectable men in the community, but no
one to take the prize unless his effort should, in the
opinion of the judges, be found worthy of their ap-
proval. This munificent offer was made by Mr. John
M. Barnard, of Boston, a well-known distiller, and a
man who, as is understood, is both able and ready to
carry out what he undertakes.
The motive apparent in the making of this offer was,
to call out the best possible productions from the best
minds of the country on the subject of Temperance,
and a law that should embody the general sentiment
of the community, in relation to the sale and use of
liquors. As a citizen having at heart the highest and
broadest interests of the society of which he was a
member, he performed an act of the most praiseworthy
and honorable character ; and it only remained for the
temperance men, who professed to have at heart the
16*
186 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
same high and permanent interests, to come forward
and aid Mr. Barnard in his project to establish this
matter on a sure foundation, because on principles of
justice and truth.
But did temperance men do any such thing ? Far-
thest from it possible. They sneered at the proposal,
and turned up their noses at the offer. Why ? Simply
because the gentleman making the offer did not happen
to belong to their peculiar creed ! He wtis a distiller,
and of course, in their estimation, could not be sup-
posed to possess any real honesty of motive in a matter
of this kind. A teetotaler must be, as a matter of
course, a pure, moral, upright, and thoroughly religious
man, and a " respectable " man, too ; but a distiller
must be the very reverse in every particular ! There-
fore, obedient to these vicious prejudices of theirs, none
of the prohibition writers, who pretend to keep such a
fixed eye upon the well being of society, brought for-
ward their schemes and projects for the regeneration
of men, as they deem it quite practicable to redeem
him, but let the golden opportunity pass unimproved,
because, forsooth, it was not offered by somebody on
their own side of the question ! They certainly could
not have objected to the proposal that the judges se-
lected were either partial or incompetent men, for they
were such persons as John H. Clifford, formerly Gov-.
ernor of Massachusetts, Rev. Alexander H. Vinton, the
Rector of St. Paul's Church in Boston, but at present
preaching in Philadelphia, Nahum Capen, the Post-
A THOUSAND DOLLARS. 187
master of Boston, and Peter Cooper, the distinguished
philanthropist of New York, and the munificent founder
of the Cooper Institute in that city. These, certainly,
are among the very first men in any community, and
it is not supposable that their verdict, after giving to
the Essays sent in their careful examination, would be
any other than competent and impartial. The pre-
mium offered, too, was large enough to enlist the best
talent, and should not have failed to call out that from
the body of the prohibition party, if, as they professed,
they were in earnest about their plans to redeem the
race from the vice and evil consequences of intemper-
ance. But their prejudices were insuperable, and over-
came every thing else.
A correspondence was held between Mr. Barnard
and the Assistant District Attorney for the county of
Suffolk, A. 0. Brewster, Esq., some time afterwards,
in which the whole subject treated of in the Essays was
discussed ; and as the correspondence between these
two gentlemen was made public at the time, and pos-
sesses much interest for readers generally, we append
it in this place. We may be allowed to add further,
that we have ourselves seen the essays that were sent
in from various parts of the country in competition for
the prize, respecting the merits of which mention is
made in the correspondence. The following are the
letters : —
188 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
BOSTON, December 15, 1858.
John M. Barnard, Esq. Dear Sir : During the past
year various and repeated inquiries have been made of
me about the offer, made by you a year or two since, to
give a premium of one thousand dollars for the best
essay on temperance legislation. If I remember right,
your proposition was published at the time, and an-
swered by various writers who entered the field as
competitors for the premium. Have you any objection
to acquaint me with the facts relating to a matter of
such public interest ? Perhaps, on the whole, the bet-
ter mode is to communicate through the columns of
the press the award of the committee, to whom the
essays were referred with full power to approve or reject.
My object in dropping you this note is to solicit full
information in regard to the line of argument pursued
by the writers, and to receive such suggestions as are
valuable and worthy of adoption. The public mind, too,
is still at sea upon a question of paramount interest.
Can we have a better law than the one now on our
statute book, designed to regulate the manufacture,
sale, and use of intoxicating liquors ?
It is to be presumed that the competitors for the pre-
mium discussed this question in its full length and
breadth. Will you give to the public the award of the
committee ? In other words, who got the premium ?
and where is the essay ?
I am, dear sir, your ob't servant,
A. 0. BREWSTER,
22 Tremont Row.
A THOUSAND DOLLARS. 189
BOSTON, December 24, 1858.
Col. A. 0. Brewster. My dear Sir : I am happy to
acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 15th hist.,
making inquiries as to the result of my proposition to
give one thousand dollars for the best essay on tem-
perance legislation. I now avail myself of the earliest
opportunity to state frankly and freely such suggestions
as occur to me in connection with this matter.
As your letter is decidedly explicit and direct, you
will of course pardon me for a little directness on my
part.
The offer to which you refer was made public in
May, 1856, and was a " premium of $1000 for the best
essay on temperance legislation, and outline of a law."
My motives for this offer were stated at the time, with
a view to invite the spirit of duty in the statesman,
and to advance the cause of temperance in a reasonable
and practical way. No limits or requisitions were pre-
scribed as to the number of pages, but intimating a
directness of aim and a comprehensive brevity. All
competitors were requested to send their productions,
enveloped, sealed, and directed to me, on or before
May 1, 1857, after which I would place them in the
hands of the judges who had kindly consented to serve,
viz. : Hon. John J. Gilchrist, late Chief Justice of the
U. S. Court of Claims ; Hon. John H. Clifford, late
Attorney General of Massachusetts ; Eev. A. H. Vin-
ton, of Boston ; Hon. Peter Cooper, of New York city,
and Nahum Capen, Esq., Postmaster of Boston.
190 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
In a few months following my proposal, a number of
communications were received, which continued up to
the period limited, when they reached the number of
forty or more. Most of them were unnecessarily long,
prolix, and tedious ; Job himself would have rebelled
against reading them. Others were more practical and
comprehensive, but did not come up in merit to the
views of the committee.
To prove to you the extreme fanaticism and igno-
rance which pervade the minds of some writers upon
temperance reform, I will here state as an illustration,
that one of the writers commenced his essay with a sad
recital of the evils of intemperance now desolating the
land, and after drawing a gloomy picture of life, pro-
posed as a panacea for the evils an outline of a law,
which, among other remedies, undertakes to make all
parents criminally liable for the acts of their children
under twenty-one years of age, (provided that the
oifences charged against them are the result of intoxi-
cation.) In other words, an honest and industrious
mechanic, the father of many children, has one son
addicted to intemperance ; that son in an unhappy
moment engages in a quarrel, and takes the life of a
human being ; under the law, the father is to be held
to bail, or imprisoned, and in due course of time is to
be placed at the bar for trial on a charge of murder or
manslaughter.
Imagine such a law on our statute books. And this
is but one illustration of the impracticable views of our
modern over-zealous reformers.
A THOUSAND DOLLARS. 191
Another writer opens the discussion with a feeling
and eloquent portrayal of the miseries of intemperance,
and in a fervent spirit calls upon the statesman and
legislator to come to the rescue, and devise some means
to stop this tide of human suffering. What, think you,
is his remedy ? He condemns the Maine Law, pro-
nounces all sumptuary laws as unjust and oppressive,
but proposes, in lieu thereof, sanitary institutions all
over the State, with different apartments for inebriates,
and to be supported from the revenue of the Common-
wealth. He argues from this that the burden of tax-
ation would be so great in maintaining these hospitals,
that the moral influence of all good citizens would be
directed towards the suppression (by moral suasion) of
the free use of intoxicating liquors.
Another contributor, in an earnest, but voluminous
essay, falls back upon a license system as the most
effectual one to meet the views of the public.
In most of the communications there is a want of*
harmony and unity of views. No two writers seem to
agree. Extremes meet. Both start from the right
place, but diverge at different points. It has been
owing, possibly, to the impracticable, visionary views
of some, and the too cautious conservatism of others,
that the committee failed to see how any essay on the
score of merit was entitled to the prize.
I transmit, for your perusal, the decision lately placed
in my hands by the committee : —
192 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
BOSTON, December 12, 1858.
Sir : The Essays on Temperance Legislation received
by you, under your liberal offer of a premium for the
best discussion of that subject, having been submitted
to us, we are constrained to say that no one of them is,
in our judgment, of sufficient merit to justify us in
awarding to its author either the prize or the preference.
We are respectfully
Your ob't servants,
JOHN H. CLIFFORD,
ALEX'R H. VINTON,
NAHUM CAPEN,
PETER COOPER.
To John M. Barnard, Esq., Boston, Mass.
Tliis report, brief but simple, tells the whole story,
and you will not thank me for further comments.
I am glad that you have written me about this mat-
ter, as the public is entitled to know its finale.
I was in hopes, when I made the offer, that it was
liberal enough to arouse the best talent of the country,
and engage the attention of sound thinking men to dis-
cuss this question in a broad, wise, and comprehensive
spirit. The present law, commonly known as the
;i Nuisance Act," has failed to reach the difficulty. It
needs modification to make it effective.
No two men in our community better understand
this than Mr. Cooley and yourself. I think you once
told me that you experienced great trouble in procur-
ing convictions under it, and intimated that the number
of disagreements by juries was owing, not so much to
its alleged unconstitutionality as to other vexed and
A THOUSAND DOLLARS. 193
delicate questions involved. You have no difficulty
with prosecutions based upon other criminal statutes ;
and why is it that the liquor law is so inoperative and
void?
I know of no one abler or better fitted to discuss this
subject than yourself; and why not enlighten public
opinion upon a matter so deeply interesting ? With
your large experience, and varied knowledge, you can
readily see the imperfections of our impolitic and im-
practicable statutes, and should be able to suggest a
remedy.
In these observations I do not mean to hint that you,
or your honored associate, Mr. Cooley, should depart
from the line of official duty, to engage in the discus-
sion of a popular question ; and yet, who better com-
petent to advise and instruct than gentlemen whose
every-day life brings them into contact with different
minds ?
You know better than most men the logic of the
jury box, the mode of reasoning, the prejudices and
partialities of juries, their willingness to exercise the
right to judge the law as well as the fact ; and you
can easily obviate an apparent difficulty by making the
law more liberal and consistent, but none the less
effective.
Obliterate the odious and abominable features of the
law, conceived by zealots and partisan bigots ; strike
from it all that is despotic and tyrannical ; give to it
consistency, dignity, and sense, with its full measure
17
194 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
of severity of punishment, — and you will work a
lasting and permanent good.
I am, most respectfully, your obedient servant,
JOHN M. BARNARD,
No. 13 Temple Street.
AMERICAN WINES. 195
XXVII.
AMERICAN WINES. -PART I.
UNTIL very lately, our people have not permitted
themselves to think of the possibility of such a thing ;
but it is now as fixed as any other fact in existence.
We are yet to manufacture all our own wines, and
doubtless export wines besides. Adlum, — the author
of a " Memoir of the Cultivation of the Vine in Amer-
ica," published in 1823, — said, in the preface of his
little book, " A desire to be useful to my countrymen
has animated all my efforts, and given a stimulus to all
my exertions. It is from this desire, in connection
with a wish to satisfy the numerous inquiries that have
been made upon the subject, that I have been led to
undertake the present work, which, I hope, will induce
others to follow my example in cultivating the vine,
and be the means of spreading a knowledge of the sub-
ject among my fellow-citizens. As I am advancing in
years, and know not when I may be called hence, I am
solicitous that the information I have acquired should
not die with me." It has not. These precepts of Ad-
lum, of Dufour, of Longworth, and of Fisher, — the
pioneers in grape culture in this country, — have not
been passed over or forgotten. They have proved
themselves as true and as worthy patriots as any this*
country has ever had.
196 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
Dufour, though not an American by birth, says of
his* travels through this country for this very purpose,
" I went to see all the vines that I could hear of, even
as far as Kaskaskia, on the borders of the Mississippi
River ; because I was told by an inhabitant of that
town, whom I met with in Philadelphia, that the
Jesuits had there a very successful vineyard when that
country belonged to the French, and were afterwards
ordered by the French government to destroy it, for
fear the culture of the grape should spread in America
and hurt the wine trade of France" ! The volume of
Dufour is the manual of the vine-dresser to-day.
For thirty years and upwards, Nicholas Longworth,
of Cincinnati, has devoted himself to the culture of the
grape and the manufacture of wine, in the Ohio valley ;
and " to him," says a well-known writer, " more than
to any other man in the "West, we are indebted for
our knowledge in grape culture." His great endeavor
has uniformly tended to but one result, namely, to pro-
mote national prosperity, national temperance, and
national hilarity.
Fisher, who passed five years abroad, in France, Ita-
ly, and Switzerland, for the sole purpose of informing
himself on this most important subject, says, in relation
to temperance in those countries, " I have passed three
years in France, where I never saw a drunken French-
man. Eighteen months in Italy, and, in that time, not
an Italian intoxicated. Nearly two years in Switzer-
^ land, of which I cannot say the same, but I can safely
aver, that during that period, I did not see twenty
AMERICAN WINES. 197
drunken men ; and whenever my feelings were pained
at beholding a prostration so sad over better principles,
it was invariably on an occasion of extraordinary fes-
tivity." And the same writer adds, T^ith a vast deal of
truth, " The cultivation of the vine will do more to-
wards the furtherance of this object" (the overthrow
of intemperance) " than a host of non-consuming res-
olutions. On all efforts shall legislators look with in-
difference, and withhold from the moral improvement
of the community the aid so liberally granted to rail-
ways, and canals, and sectional improvements ? To
the system that should banish intemperance from our
land will be justly due a conspicuous rank among the
improvements of the age."
It is true that wherever the vine has been planted,
and now flourishes, there live a happy people. The
very word vineyard starts clusters of pleasant and
loving associations. There is poetry in the word. It
suggests plenty, contentment, sociability, and not ex-
cess. We associate excess, in this country, with the
strychnine infusions that are poured down diseased
men's throats, kindling a fire in their stomachs that
consumes their very souls.
Up to the present time, the State of Ohio has taken
the lead in this great vine-growing movement in Amer-
ica, and from this point it is likely to spread and take
permanent root all through the rich slopes of the West.
Missouri offers unusual facilities and attractions for the
culture of the vine, which are made still more valuable
by the accession of populous colonies of Germans to the
17*
198 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
fertile hill sides of that noble State, whose habits of
industry are, of all others, best fitted to the work. The
Germans, like the Swiss, make notable vine-dressers.
In California, the grape has already been cultivated
with surprising success, and the last year's product was
upwards of eight millions of gallons. It is predicted
that a much larger breadth of land will be planted to
the vine in that State by another year, and that the
yield in the immediate future will be enormous. The
climate and soil combine to make it preeminently a
land, in parts, for the extensive culture of the grape;
and it is nothing to hazard to say that it will in a very
few years become a staple article in the long list of her
most valuable products. Kentucky, too, has done
great things in this line, and promises to do better.
Buchanan, a reliable authority on all matters con-
nected with the growing and dressing of the vine, says,
in his little book on " Grape Culture and Wine Mak-
ing," that the year 1853 was a highly favorable year
for the vine in Ohio, about six hundred and fifty gal-
lons having been averaged to the acre, and, in some
instances, as high as eight hundred and nine hundred
gallons. He obtained himself, from a little estate of
five acres, four thousand two hundred and thirty-six
gallons ; or, at the rate of eight hundred and forty-
seven gallons per acre. Taking the country through,
however, the yield that year came up to about four
hundred gallons an acre. And wine selling for a dol-
lar a gallon at the press ! A gentleman in Kentucky
states that, from his own experience, wine can be made
AMERICAN WINES. 199
as cheap in Kentucky as in France or Germany ; as
cheap, in fact, as cider ; and that, at fifteen cents a gal-
lon, it will pay a better profit than the generality of
staple productions. And he sets about proving his as-
sertions in the following way :
Pour hundred gallons of wine, at fifteen cents, is six-
ty dollars. An acre of the best land in hemp will aver-
age six hundred weight ; six hundred weight of hemp,
at five dollars, is thirty dollars; — leaving a balance in
favor of the vineyard of thirty dollars, or one hundred
per cent. One acre of corn will average fifty bushels,
worth thirty cents per bushel ; fifty bushels, at thirty
cents, is fifteen dollars ; — leaving a balance in favor of
the vineyard of forty-five dollars.
The same writer further states, that the tillage of the
vineyard and making wine is not so laborious, nor near
so expensive, per acre, as the tillage and labor of secur-
ing the products of an acre of corn or hemp. If we
can get one dollar a gallon for wine when ready for
market, or fifty cents per gallon from the press, the
products of the gold mines of California would be small
in comparison with the receipts from wine-growing in
any single State like Ohio or Kentucky. If you plant
out a vineyard of a hundred acres, the products, at fifty
cents a gallon, amount to twenty thousand dollars per
annum. A man having five acres, which he could
manage himself, would find them more profitable than
a Kentucky farm of two hundred acres, with three
negroes to cultivate it.
Of the several varieties of native American grapes,
200 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
those that have hitherto proved themselves the most
prolific, and at the same time the best producers of
wine, are the Isabellas and the Catawbas. A gentle-
man near New York planted a single acre with the Isa-
bella vine, and the product he estimates at four tons
of grapes per annum. The vine grows more luxuri-
antly in the Southern than in the Northern States.
The famous Scuppernong sometimes covers acres of
ground with a single vine, the circumference of whose
stem is measured by feet rather than inches, and the
weight of the grapes by tons.
Wine, — pure wine, such as this country is abundant-
ly capable of producing, — is both a powerful and prac-
tical argument for temperance, and a necessity among
the masses. We should have more of it. It should be
made just as free as it is possible to make it ; so cheap,
in fact, that not even the poorest should be deprived of
its blessings. As a potent means of eradicating the
vicious use of fiery liquors, it is capable of doing, and
destined to do, a great work in the future. This we
seriously believe. On looking at statistics, — those
only truth-tellers for persons who would get at the fun-
damental laws of political economy, — we find that in
those countries where wine has been driven out from
common use by high duties, worse liquors have come
in to supply their place ; the more potent, and gener-
ally the viciously adulterated liquors, have been con-
sumed in a more than corresponding degree. When
England was known to possess a population of twenty-
four millions, she consumed twenty-eight million gal-
AMERICAN WINES. 201
Ions of spirits, exclusive of ale, porter, and beer.
France, however, with a population o/ thirty-three mil-
lions, consumed but fifteen million of her own brandies,
and of these a great part was employed in manufactures,
in strengthening wines for shipment, and in preserving
fruits, and preparing confections. Whereas, in the
United States, we manufactured at the same time eigh-
ty-six million gallons of whiskey, spirits, and ale, for
home consumption only ! This is a terrible recital, and
publishes to the world a terrible truth. If wines were
at all common with us, — if the duties on them did not
operate to their practical exclusion from common use,
or, what is equivalent, if we could raise wines enough
of our own to expel these stronger and more harjnful
drinks from popular use, — any reflecting mind can at
once perceive what a blessing it would prove, in all re-
spects, to our population !
It is this same matter of duties that makes so much
trouble. Abolish them, and wines would be more com-
mon, while doctored and diluted spirits would be ban-
ished from such general use. A hundred and fifty
years ago, three times as much wine was drunk in
England as is drunk there now. The grape in Europe
is not indigenous — that is, does not belong to the soil.
The entire grape stock is of Asiatic origin, and it is
universally believed to have had its rise in the Orient.
The Phoenicians introduced it into the islands of the
Archipelago, into Greece, and into Sicily ; afterwards
into Italy, and the territory about Marseilles. From
this point it extended over the whole of the south of
202 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
i
France ; and it is said by one writer, that the Johnny
Crapeaus had thqjr claret and olives in the times of
Solon and Sappho, and drank to the health of Neb-
uchadnezzar when he captured Jerusalem, June 9,
587 B. C.
The vine was introduced into Switzerland in the days
of Julius Caesar, by a blacksmith of Helvetia. The
slips were brought from Italy. The vine made its way
into Spain and Portugal subsequently to the Christian
era. But in tracing up the history of the vine in
Europe, nothing is more apparent than the fact that it
is not a native of the soil, but of Asiatic origin. And
in the process of propagation through such a succession
of centuries, it has been at length overtaken with a
disease that seems to baffle all attempts to eradicate it.
The reader is perfectly familiar with the distress which
prevailed but a few years since in Italy, in Prance, and
in Madeira, in consequence of the prevalence of the
oidium, or vine disease ; and it is established pretty
thoroughly that that disease is a natural result of the
long and steady culture of the vine from one particular
stock. The consequence is, the stock must be replen-
ished — infused with a new vigor and vitality. How
shall that be done ? is the important question. It is
certain that the Asiatic vine yields to certain climatic,
and other influences, in Europe ; and that resort
must be had to the original stock again, as it was at
first found wild on the mountain sides, or else there
must occur an importation and general planting out of
American vines. And even then the plan may fail, as
AMERICAN WINES. 203
it has failed already. What, then, is to be done?
Whither is the world to look for its supply of wines ?
Manifestly, to our own productive slopes and hill sides,
where the grape is indigenous, and where its products
surpass the wildest calculations of all who have had to
do with the vine before.
It is in relation to this very point that we wish to
remark further in another chapter.
204 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
XXVIII.
AMERICAN WINES. -PART II.
IT is stated that the Northmen, who are the reputed
discoverers of America, when they first landed on the
island where Newport now stands, named it " Vine
Land." And with propriety ; for the vines were grow-
ing all over the banks, down to the water's edge. Sir
John Hawkins, a knight of Queen Elizabeth, speaks of
drinking a wine from grapes grown in Florida, in the
year 1564 — the same year in which Shakspeare was
born. Ealph Stone wrote in 1585 of the grapes of
Virginia, that they were " grapes of such greatnesse,
yet wilde, as France, Spain, nor Italic have no greater."
As early as the year 1620, vineyards were planted in
Virginia. The wine produced from grapes native to
Delaware was much praised as early as 1648. " A
second draught," says the quaint writer of that day,
" four months old, will foxe [intoxicate] a reasonable
pate." In the year 1683, William Perm made the at-
tempt to establish vineyards in the neighborhood of
Philadelphia. The Jesuits set out their vineyards at
Kaskaskia, on the bank of the Mississippi, earlier than
this. Wines were produced by the French at Fort
Duquesne, now Pittsburg, in the year 1758, and even
a little previous to that time. Volney, who visited this
AMERICAN WINES. 205
country in 1796, speaks of drinking a native wine at
Gallipolis, Ohio. Dufour, in the same year, speaks of a
Frenchman at Marietta, on the Ohio, who was making
several barrels a year out of the wild grapes, known
by the name of " Sand Grapes." " I drank," said he,
" some of the wine when about four months old, and
found it like the wine produced in the vicinity of
Paris, in France, if not better."
Early in the present century, the vineyards at Spring
Mills, near Philadelphia, and the Swiss settlement at
Vevay, Indiana, were established. Several varieties of
foreign grapes were tried at Spring Mills, but soon
abandoned for those that were native to the soil. The
" Schuylkill " succeeded there admirably. This was
replanted by the Swiss colony that settled Vevay, un-
der the name of the " Cape Grape," and flourished
there for many years. The wine produced from it,
however, was but indifferent when compared with that
yielded by the Isabellas and the Catawbas., which are
destined in the immediate future to give us a great
name as a wine-growing and wine-producing nation.
These two vines, both indigenous to our soil, form the
great channels through which a vast amount of our
national wealth and prosperity is yet to flow. Their
names are yet to be remembered, as performing better
service in weaning our people from the love of adulter-
ated spirits and forming their tastes on true principles
of temperance, than the names of all the much-vaunted
prohibition rantipoles that ever stirred up peaceful
communities to unhappy strife.
18
206 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
The exact number of vines that spring native in our
soil cannot be counted ; they are, we might as well
call it, incalculable. Since such vast tracts of territory
have been added to our national domain, we have
hardly given that attention to the discovery of such
treasures which the subject truly demands. The nat-
uralist has years of close labor and study before him
in this field alone. Henderson says, that in Europe,
" the climate most congenial to the culture of the vine
extends from the 35th to the 50th degrees of north lat-
itude ; and it is between these points that the most cel-
ebrated vineyards, and the countries richest in wine, are
placed." This same rule appears to be applicable to
our own continent ; it is exactly between the same
parallels that the vine flourishes best in America.
And within these very limits there is scarcely a State
that has not a native vine of its own — not from the
Rio Grande to Canada, nor from the Atlantic to the
Pacific. With perfect propriety, therefore, might the
early Northmen discoverers name America the " Vine
Land." The " Catawba " is the grape mostly raised
in California, which they call the " Sweetwater." The
" Mustang " and " El Paso " are the peculiar grapes of
Texas. De Bow's Review says of the valley of El Paso,
in which the latter is raised, that it stretches midway
between Santa Fe and Chihuahua, and is some twenty-
two miles in length, extending from the Falls of the
Rio Grande, on the north, to the Presidio, on the south,
and is a continuous orchard and vineyard, embracing
and sustaining a population of about eight thousand.
AMERICAN WINES. 207
There are annually manufactured in this valley not
less than two hundred thousand gallons of perhaps
the richest and best wine in the world, which is worth
always two dollars a gallon. They are pronounced far
superior in richness, and flavor, and pleasantness of
taste to any thing of the kind to be met with in the
valley of the Rhine or on the sunny hills of France.
The great Mustang grape of Texas is also said to be
a grape of superior wine-producing quality. It is said
by French cultivators to be the port wine grape, of a
very superior quality and yield. The sea islands, that
fringe the coast from Norfolk to the Florida reefs, are
laden with vines, and clotted with the purpling fruit.
Florida abounds in this luscious product ; Alabama is
already bestowing serious attention on the grape ; the
woods of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas stagger
under the loads of rich fruit that hang from the prolific
native vines ; Texas has a countless variety of native
grapes, and so has California; and when we come back to
North Carolina, we come to the natal soil of the Isabella
and the Catawba, as well as the Scuppernong — a fact
that should constitute glory enough for any single State.
Virginia holds out a great number of inducements for
the culture of the vine, and upon her soil the Catawba
brings forth a wine of a distinct flavor from that pro-
duced by the same vine in Ohio. There is certainly
wild and waste land enough in Virginia that is pecu-
liarly adapted to the growth of the vine, especially
of the Catawba ; and the time may not be far distant
when this most important branch of industry will be
208 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
pursued with astonishing success in that noble old
State.
Of Ohio and Missouri wines we have already spoken.
They are supplanting in our great markets the im-
ported wines of France and Italy, even at the same
prices per gallon. Vine growing in the Ohio valley is
Nwhat people nowadays call an "institution;" in other
words, it has grown up from an experiment into a
great business. Terraces of vines rise above terraces,
all laden with dark foliage and heavy clusters of fruit.
The red soil of the banks is completely concealed by
the beautiful covering which the graceful vine has
thrown over it. It is in Ohio, thus far, that the Ca-
tawba has chiefly excelled, and in Norfolk, that the
Isabella has especially betrayed its matchless qualities.
The culture of the grape in Pennsylvania proved but a
temporary success, and after a time public interest in
it began to subside ; but there are present signs of its
reviving again, and that the Quaker State will yet man-
ifest the ancient interest in the work of vine growing.
The vine has also been cultivated with decided success
in New Jersey, in certain localities ; and so it has in
Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan. But of all the other
States thus far, Missouri promises to be the most active
competitor with Ohio in the production of wines, al-
though it still remains to be seen what California is
able and ready to do. Indiana is to be considered as
much a pioneer in the growing of the vine as Ohio,
for there was first planted the Vevay colony of Swiss
emigrants.
AMERICAN WINES. 209
In Missouri, in the year 1852, the vineyards at Herr-
mann embraced some forty or fifty acres only ; three
years later, there were not less than five hundred acres
under cultivation in that locality, not including a great
many more in the interior of the 'State. Six prizes
were awarded to vine growers of Missouri, at the New
York Crystal Palace exhibition, for samples of superior
native wines, both Isabella and Catawba, still and
sparkling. Of these two grapes, the Catawba seems to
be the favorite in Missouri, as it likewise is in Kentucky
and Tennessee. In the St. Louis market, we are told
that the native wines are rapidly supplanting all im-
ported and foreign wines, and driving them out of the
market altogether. The wines set before the guests at
the hotels there, are generally produced in the State
itself, or at least in this country.
Ohio first produced a pure native wine, and to her
belongs all the honor. There, scientific culture of the
grape and scientific treatment of the grape juice have
united to place before the world a product of which
the whole country may reasonably feel proud. Within
a circuit of twenty miles around Cincinnati, there were
raised in the year
1848, . . . . 34,000 gallons.
1849, (a very bad year for rot,) 36,000 "
1852, . . . . 125,000 «
1853, .... 340,000 «
We have not the figures for later years, or we might
bring down the statement to the year before last. In
1854, however, the crop was a short one, in consequence
18*
210 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
of a cold and backward spring, and excessive rains ;
yet, to compensate for this, there was a largely in-
creased number of cultivators of the vine, which of
course caused an increased crop of fruit. Speaking of
American wines in general, the patent office report of
1854 states that their value exceeded, for that year,
the value of the tobacco crop, and proves the statement
by the figures. One can readily infer from this to
what a state of forwardness the cultivation of the vine
has reached by this time.
One thing is certain — that the growing of the grape
is destined to become, and in not many years from this
time either, one of the largest and most important in-
terests of America. We shall make all our wines, and
export them beside. We shall thus drive out intem-
perance from the land more rapidly and effectually
than by all the prohibitory laws that may be thought of.
And it rejoices us, above all, to feel assured that men
are now engaging in this great work with a zeal and
energy that promise perfect success in the future.
INTOXICATING FOOD. 211
XXIX.
INTOXICATING FOOD.
IT is a fact with which all scientific men are familiar,
that the intoxicating element can be extracted from the
food man eats, provided circumstances and conditions
are rightly adjusted for it, as well as from the liquors
that have been already expressed for this very purpose.
For example, a person who has been either wholly or
partially fasting for a long time on the wreck of a ves-
sel, in the wilderness, or on a desert, will become in-
toxicated by partaking of almost any kind of nutritive
food ; and hence it is generally administered to such
very sparingly. We can find numberless cases of indi-
viduals on wrecks, who, on drinking the warm blood of
an animal, or even of a slain companion, became drunk
and crazy, and fell into the sea. The Scotchman takes
his whiskey as food just as the Englishman takes his
roast beef and ale, or the wild Arab his dish of snails.
The accompanying article, full of the largest possible
interest for the readers of this volume, is extracted from
a recent number of Dickens's Household Words, a
well-known English publication ; and, as it shows so
graphically the great variety of food, as well as drink,
used by different nations, one will not fail to observe
that the Abyssinian gets drunk on raw meat and warm
212 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
blood just as easily as the Yankee inebriate does on
new rum, or the Turk, arid — v/e are sorry to say it
— the modern temperance man, on opium! The arti-
cle in question is as follows : —
" Nothing is more variable than national diet, except
it be national appetite. An Italian is content with a
handful of bread and grapes, but an Esquimaux will
devour twenty pounds of flesh in a day ; a Hindoo picks
up a few spoonfuls of rice between sunrise and sunset ;
and a Russian Tartar will eat, in the twenty-four hours,
forty pounds of meat. Nay, a Tartar mentioned by
Captain Cochrane in his Travels, consumed in that
time the hind quarters of a large ox, twenty pounds of
fat, and a proportionate quantity of melted butter for
drink ; and three of the same tribe — the Yakuti —
think nothing of polishing off a reindeer at a meal. In
London and New York the average consumption of
meat is half a pound to each person daily ; in Paris it
is one sixth of a pound, with a lower fraction still for
the villages and country ; yet the Irishman's bone and
muscle are elaborated from potatoes, not from flesh ;
and the brawny Highlander builds up his huge mem-
bers from porridge, kail, and whiskey. So that meat is
not absolutely essential even to Northmen ; when, by a
little unconscious chemistry they supply efficient sub-
stitutes, tailing off by units the various properties con-
centrated in honest beef and mutton.
"Pood is very unequally distributed among us.
INTOXICATING FOOD. 213
There is the poor man, who can never give his children
a hearty meal ; and there is the rich man, gorged with
unimaginable luxuries ; on the one side Lazarus, with
a hunger never sated ; on the other Dives, who, be-
tween the ages of ten and twenty, consumes forty wag-
on loads of superfluous meat and drink, at the cost of
seven thousand pounds, according to the calculations
of Sydney Smith.
" But even more varied than amount is kind. There
is no limit to the odd dainties affected by different peo-
ple. The New Brunswickers find a special charm in
the moufle, or loose nose of the moose deer. Sharks'
fins and fish-maws, unhatched ducks and chickens, sea
slugs and birds' nests, are all prized by the omnivorous
Chinese. The Esquimaux revels in the foreign luxury
of a purser's candle ; and the Abyssinian intoxicates
himself with raw meat and warm blood ; which are as
intoxicating in their way as ardent spirits. Paris has
lately gone mad about horse flesh ; and in the Exhibi-
tion of eighteen hundred and fifty-one, a Monsieur
Brocchieri showed and sold delicious cakes, patties, and
bon-bons of bullocks' blood ; rivalling the famed mar-
rons glaces, or baptismal dragees, of the confiseries of
the Boulevards. This seems to us almost the triumph
of the art.
"Meat biscuits, made in Texas for the use of the
American navy, were also exhibited. They are like
light-colored sugar cakes in appearance. One pound
of meat biscuit contains rather more nutriment than
five pounds of ordinary meat. Portable soup is another
214 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
matter of culinary condensation, wherein nutritive
power is out of all proportion to bulk ; and pemmican,
so well known to arctic voyagers, is again a condensa-
tion of solid meat finely ground, then mixed with
sugar, fat, and currants. The Siamese dry elephants'
flesh, as Germany hangs her beef and pork ; Cuba feeds
her slaves on dried meat imported in enormous quanti-
ties from Buenos Ayres and the United States, and, all
through America, the trade in this article is brisk and
lucrative, extending even to Europe, which imports
and consumes a goodly quantity to her share.
"The extreme north presents, perhaps, the oddest
specimens of luxuries in food. Blubber, the unrumi-
nated food of reindeer serving as an accompanying
salad ; whales' skin, cut into cubes, black as ebony,
and tasting like cocoa-nut ; whales' gum, with the bone
adhering, not unlike cream cheese in flavor, and called
Tuski sugar — these were some of the chief dishes at a
Tuski banquet ; while at a feast given by some respect-
able Greenlanders were half raw and putrid seals'
flesh, putrid whales' tail, preserved crowberries mixed
with reindeer's chyle, and preserved crowberries mixed
with train oil. "Walrus is good eating. It is like
coarse beef ; and walrus liver, raw, is a dish on which
to grow poetical. Frozen seal is excellent as a stand-
by in travelling ; and putrid seal, which has been buried
under the grass all the summer, is a winter's special
charm. The reindeer's maw is made into a dish called
nerukak, or the eatable, and sent about, as presents of
game or fruit might be with us. The entrails of the
INTOXICATING FOOD. 215
rypeu, mixed with fresh train oil and berries, make
another favorite dish; and the Greenlander's winter
preserves are crake berries, angelica, and eggs in every
stage of incubatory progress, flung all together into a
sack of seal skin, which is then filled up with train oil.
An Esquimaux will eat his sledge — when it is made
of dried salmon sewed between two skins ; the cross-
pieces being reindeer bones. This is not so marvellous
as it seems to be : it is not quite like feeding off a one-
horse chaise or clarence with C springs ; but it must
be a curious sight to see a party turn out and make a
meal of their carriage. Reindeer is the great delight
of the Esquimaux — when he can get it ; and frozen
reindeer, eaten raw, is better, to his taste, than all the
royal venison ever cooked for royal feasts.
" Keeping for a while among the cetacea, we find that
the manatus, or sea calf, gives a white, delicate flesh,
like young pork ; a lean or fibrous part like very red
beef; and fat, which is like hog's lard, with an excep-
tional portion lying between the entrails and the skin,
like almond oil in taste, and an excellent substitute for
butter. The tail is the titbit, and is covered with a
fat of firmer consistence and more delicate flavor than
that on the body. But the manatus is too human to
be pleasant. ' It appears horrible,' says Mr. Lund Sim-
mons, in his Curiosities of Food, < to chew and swallow
the flesh of an animal which holds its young (it has
never more than one at a litter) to its breast — which
is formed exactly like that of a woman — with paws
resembling human hands.' The tongue of the sea lion
216 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
(jphoca jubata) is preferred by some to ox tongue ; and
the heart is said to be equal to roast calf's heart. The
walrus has a tongue, a heart, and a liver, all service-
able and palatable, though we think the meat coarse
and strong ; the female sea bear is like lamb, and its
cub the very counterpart of roast pig. Seal flesh we
think strong and oily ; but we have already taken the
Greenlander's opinion on it. The black skin of the
whale, too, we have tasted, and found its ebony cubes
with the cocoa-nut flavor simply delicious, but its
coarse, red flesh like inferior meat. Porpoise, or sea
pig, is not to be despised by British sailors suffering
from salt junk and scurvy ; but it is not much sought
after now, though in the days when peacocks in their
pride, swans, and herons were at English tables, por-
poises, or sea pigs, had their place of honor there as
well. All sea things have the recommendable quality
of being highly iodized. This is one of the virtues of
cod liver oil ; one of the reasons why sea-side air is so
good for the scrofulous and consumptive, and almost
the sole benefit to be found in the Iceland moss, once
so famous as a specific against consumption. Isinglass
has also a fishy origin. The court plaster of the chem-
ists' shops is isinglass and balsam spread on silk. Ca-
viare is the dried roe or salted spawn of fish ; the black,
which is the best, comes from the sturgeon ; the red is
from the gray mullet and the carp. Botargo is a kind
of caviare made from the spawn of the red mullet, and
of great esteem in Sicily ; the roe of the pollock makes
commendable bread, and the roe of the methy (eoilia
INTOXICATING FOOD. 217
maculosa) can be baked into biscuits, which are used
in the fur countries as tea bread.
" In Beloochistan the cattle are fed on a compound
of dates and dried fish ; the inhabitants living almost
entirely on fish ; and we here, in England, fling hun-
dreds of pounds of sprats and other fish upon our fields
to fertilize the land, poison the air, and deprive some
hungry thousands of a dinner. The Atlantic tunny is
like veal, but drier and firmer ; and the sturgeon, so
prized by Greece and Rome, is also of the veal type ;
that is, like flesh without blood. The sharp-nosed stur-
geon is like beef, very coarse, rank, and unsavory.
The shark is dry and acid. Havana is the only place
where shark is openly sold in the market, and the Chi-
nese are the only people who ascribe any specially in-
vigorating virtues to the fins and tail.
" The Gold Coast negroes are fond of sharks, as they
are of hippopotami and alligators ; and the Polynesians
surfeit themselves to indigestion and disease by their
love of sharks' flesh, quite raw.
" Scotland, and some other northern countries, eat
the picked shark and the dog fish. The conger eel,
dried and grated, thickens soup in Catholic countries,
and is a Jersey dainty, tasting like veal. In Cornwall,
they make conger eels, as they do every thing else, into
pies. The Chinooks dry a little fish — something like
a sardine — then burn it as a candle ; and the scales of
the delicious and delicate callipevi make exceedingly
beautiful ornaments.
" Other people beside the Gold Coast negroes feed
19
218 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
on, and take pleasure in, reptiles. We ourselves eat
one of the tribe when we devour calipash and calipee.
But, though we revel in turtle, we keep an adverse
countenance to tortoise ; yet half the soup eaten by
travellers in Italy and Sicily .is made of land tortoise,
boiled down to its- essence. In Trinidad, and other of
the Wes't India islands, land tortoises are in much re-
pute ; the eggs of the close tortoise (iestudo clausa)
are held a supreme delicacy in North America ; and
Sir Walter Raleigh fed his fainting men on ' tortuggas
eggs ' while sailing up the Orinoco.
" In both North and South America the salt water
terrapin is a fat and luscious luxury, if taken just at the
close of summer ; and its eggs, in their parchment-like '
skin, — they have no true shell, — are always valued.
The hiccatee, New Holland's curious snake-necked
version of a tortoise, has a liver which would send the
pate de foie gras of Strasbourg out of the field alto-
gether ; while of turtle the world of gormands is never
tired, under any form of presentation that it may please
the chef to serve him. The hideous, scaly, demoniacal-
looking iguana is better in the trial than in the prom-
ise ; cooked skilfully, it is like chicken in flesh, and
like turtle in flavor ; but, if one of its paws should
happen to stick up in the dish, it is so frightfully sug-
gestive of a pygmy alligator that many a stout European,
afraid of nothing else under the sun, would be afraid
of that. It is excellent eating, being omingustatory ;
it is like chicken, like rabbit, when stewed or curried ;
like turtle, if dressed as turtle should be ; like hare,
INTOXICATING FOOD. 219
when turned into soup ; and a good dish of imitation
minced veal might be made of it, with lemon cream
and streaky bacon superadded. It is of the range of
white meats ; and its small, soft-shelled, delicate eggs
are equal to itself in purity and daintiness of flavor.
Indeed, the eggs of most reptiles are wonderfully appe-
tizing ; but none more so than those which bring forth
the harmless, hideous, and delicate iguana, unless it
be the eggs of the contemned land tortoise.
" Caymans and crocodiles, lizards and frogs, are all
Beaten and enjoyed by certain people. The typical
crocodile is like veal ; but some species have a strong
flavor of musk, which is nauseating enough ; and some
are like juicy young pork, while others resemble lob-
ster. Others again have a powerful fishy taste, very
disagreeable. On the whole, therefore, crocodile is
uncertain eating, and not to be ventured on with undue
rashness. Alligator is supposed to be invigorating and
restorative, and at Manilla is sold at high prices ; the
Chinese clutching at the dried skin, which they use in
their awful messes of gelatinous soup. Alligator is
likened to sucking pig, but the alligator's eggs have a
musky flavor.
" The Australians devour even the most venomous
snakes ; and those who have tried say the flavor is like
collared eel, though the general likeness is to veal. In
olden times viper broth was, to a benighted world,
what turtle soup is to us ; and viper jelly is still con-
sidered a restorative in Italy. The hunters of the Mis-
sissippi have, at this day, a dish called musical jack, of
220 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
which they are mightily fond, though it is only a stew
of rattlesnakes.
" The French are notoriously fond of frogs, and frogs
command a high price in the markets of New York,
where they sell the large bull frog, weighing sometimes
half a pound, as well as the tender little green frog,
(rana esculenta^) whose hind legs taste so like delicate
chicken, when served up with white sauce in the res-
taurants of Paris and the hotels of Vienna. Of course,
frogs do not escape in China, which devours every
thing with blood or fibre in it ; and the horrid negroes
of Surinam eat the still more horrid and most loath-
some Surinam toad.
" Snakes and frogs seem to go somehow with mon-
keys and parrots ; they are all of the same class
together, though the naturalist would scoff at such a
notion, and no physical geographer would countenance
it. To us they suggest a sequitur. African epicures
are never more charmed than when they can dine off
a highly-seasoned, tender, young monkey, baked, gypsy
fashion, in the earth. The Rio Janeiro monkeys are
sold in the Leadenhall Markets of the place, together
with parrots and the paca, a not very edible-looking
rodent. The great red monkey, and the black spider
monkey, the howling monkey, and the couxio or jack-
eted monkey, are all eaten by the various people among
whom they are found. Monkey tastes like rabbit, and
is reported nutritious and pleasant.
" Bats and fox monkeys — the flying lemur — are
also eaten, but are neither of very respectable holding
INTOXICATING FOOD. 221
in the gastronomic aristocracy ; they have a rank odor,
arid are unpleasant, but are eaten, nevertheless, by the
natives of the islands of the Indian Archipelago, Mal-
abar, &c. One species of bat is good eating ; it is called
by the naturalists the eatable bat, and is said to be
white, tender, and delicate ; it is much favored by the
inhabitants of Timor ; for all that it is a hideous beast,
like a weasel, with a ten inch body, covered with close
and shining black hair, and four feet wings, when
stretched to their full extent.
" If the rank fox monkey may be eaten, why not the
fox ? So he is — in Italy reckoned a crowning delica-
cy ; and in the arctic regions, where fresh meat is
scarce, when judiciously interred in a pie, he is consid-
ered equal to any rabbit, under the same conditions,
ever bred on the Sussex downs. But, strange to say,
the Esquimaux dogs, which will eat any thing else, will
riot touch fox. The skunk, the prairie wolf, and the
sloth are eaten. Cats and dogs find purchasers and
consumers in China, where they are hung up in the
butchers' shops, together with badgers — tasting like
wild boar — and other oddities of food.
" In the South Seas, too, dog is a favorite dish, and
a puppy stew is a royal feast in Zanzibar ; but it is only
justice to say that where dog is eaten, he is specially
fattened for the table, and fed only on milk and such
like cleanly diet. The Australian native dog, or dingo,
is eaten by the blacks, but by no one else ; and a South
African will give a large cow for a well-sized mastiff.
19*
222 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
The tiger is thought by the Malays to impart his own
strength and courage to his consumer.
" The American panther and the wildcat of Louisiana
are said to be excellent eating ; so is the puma, which
is so like veal in flavor that you would not know the
difference blindfold. The lion, too, is almost identical
with veal in color, taste, and texture. Bears' paws
were long a German delicacy ; and bears' flesh is held
equal or superior to pork by connoisseurs, having a
mixed flavor, which partakes of the joint excellences of
both beef and pork. The fat is as white as snow, and
4 if a man were to drink a quart of it,' says one amiable
enthusiast, ' it would never rise on his stomach ! ' The
tongue and hams are cured, but the head is accounted
worthless, and thrown away.
" The badger tastes like wild boar ; the kangaroo is
not inferior to venison, and kangaroo-tail soup is better
than half the messes which pass in London under the
name of ox-tail soup. Hashed wallaby is a dish no
one need disdain, and a small species of kangaroo,
called pademelon, is as good as any hare ever cooked.
An Australian native banquet is an odd mixture. Kan-
garoos and wallabies, opossums and flying squirrels,
kangaroo-rats, wombats, and bandicoots, all of them
more or less of the venison type, represent the pieces
de resistance ; while rats, mice, snakes, snails, large
white maggots, called cobberra, worms and grubs, are
the little dishes and most favored entrees. A nice
fat marmot is a treat — why not ? They are pure
feeders. An Esquimaux strings mice together as a
INTOXICATING FOOD. 223
Londoner strings larks, and eats them with equal
gusto.
u The muskrat of Martinique is eaten, musky as it is,
and indescribably loathsome to a European ; and the
sleek rats of the sugar-cane fields make one of the most
delicious fricassees imaginable — so tender, plump,
cleanly, and luscious are they. Sugar plantations gen-
erally maintain a professional rat-catcher ; but some
people think that rat produces consumption, so dis-
courage the sport. The Chinese are in a rat paradise
in California, where the rats are incredibly large, highly
flavored, and very abundant ; they make a dish of rats'
brains equal to the famous plat of nightingales' tongues
spoken of in a certain Roman history ; and rat soup is
thought by all right-minded Celestials to beat ox-tail or
gravy soup hollow.
" Mr. Albert Smith gave his impressions of Chinese
fare as consisting, for the most part, of ' rats, bats,
snails, bad eggs, and hideous fish, dried in the most
frightful attitudes,' with the addition of a soup of
' large caterpillars boiled in a thin gravy with onions.'
India is now about to supply China with salted rats,
which it is hoped will open a new field of commercial
enterprise and fortune quite unparalleled. The bandi-
coot, dear to Australian palates, is the pig rat ; and
the vaulting rat, or jerboa, is of the same order. The
Indians eat the beaver, which is said to be like pork ;
and porcupine is a prime favorite with the Dutch,
the Hottentots, the Australians, the Hudson Bay trap-
pers, and the Italians. Porcupine is a cross between
224 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
fowl and sucking pig, and accounted exceedingly nu-
tritious.
" Elephants' feet, pickled in strong toddy vinegar and
cayenne pepper, are considered in Ceylon an Apician
luxury. The trunk is said to resemble a buffalo's
hump, and the fat is a godsend to the Bushmen, who
go almost any distance for a portion. Hippopotamus
fat, too, is a treat ; when salted it is thought superior
to our best breakfast bacon, and the flesh is both pal-
atable and nutritious ; the fat is used instead of butter
for making puddings, and, indeed, for all the ordinary
uses of butter. The young tapir is like beef, and the
peccary and musk hog are both superior to the common
porker, if care is taken to cut out the fetid orifice in
the back. Pig — the pig for which Charles Lamb
would almost dare a crime, and the immortal China-
man burned down his house — the pig of our childhood,
our maturity, and our old age — has detractors and
calumniators ; surely no man who has once tasted could
ever forego again. America is the great pork-shop of
the universe ; not even excepting Ireland, where the
pig element is also strongly developed. In America,
they speak of pickled pork by the acre ; and, in Ohio
alone, they use about three-quarters of a million of
swine yearly. In Spain, pig is game, lean and highly
flavored, without fat or unctuousness, devoid of any
capability for bacon, and without a rasher or a cheek
available for breakfast. It is fondly thought that sau-
sages come from this member of the pachydermatous
family; but sausages are deceptive, and sometimes
INTOXICATING FOOD. 225
contain as much horse flesh and donkey flesh as their
more legitimate basis. Mr. Richardson, of Manchester,
gave evidence in Mr. Scholfield's committee to the
effect that horse flesh is mixed with potted meats, and
enters largely into the composition of collared brawn,
sausages, and polonies ; and that, indeed, it is of ma-
terial use in these preparations, as, being harder and
more fibrous than pork, it binds together the whole,
which else would be inclined to run to waste and
water.
" Birds are of large importance in the supplies of
human food ; and not only birds but birds' nests as
wel] — at least with the Chinese, whose dainties are
always peculiar. These nests are brought from Java
and Sumatra, the gathering taking place thrice in the
year, and being inaugurated by solemn ceremonies.
The nests are like fibrous, ill-concocted isinglass, in-
clining to red, about the size of a goose's egg, and as
thick as a silver spoon. They hang upon the rocks
like (according to Mr. Albert Smith) watch-pockets.
When dry they are brittle and wrinkled, and are sold
for twice their weight in silver. The best are the
whitest and cleanest ; but even with these there is enor-
mous labor in preparing them for the Chinese market,
the end and aim of the trade being a soup with these
nests floating about like lumps of soft, mucilaginous
jelly. This nest, which is of the sea swallow (Jiirundo
esculenta), is the only edible one known. Many are
the delicious morsels afforded by birds. The beccafico
in the fig season ; the bronze-winged pigeon of Australia
226 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
when the acacia seeds are ripe ; the young, fat, hideous
diablotin or goat-sucker, if taken when a tender nest-
ling, and the same bird when older, if taken when the
palms are in fruit ; the rice bunting of South Carolina,
when the rice is ripening in the field ; and the ortolan,
mere lump of idealized fat as it is, — these are among
the most celebrated of the smaller titbits, not forgetting
the snipes and woodcocks of our own land.
" Some people eat insects. The grub of the palm
weevil, about the size of one's thumb, is much favored
in the East and West Indies ; and the grubs of most
beetles find their admirers and an cesophagal tomb in
some or other quarter of the globe. Locusts are a
substitute for grain with the Arabs, and are ground up
into a kind of bread ; beside being salted, smoked, and
plainly boiled or roasted. The Moors think a fine fat
locust superior even to a pigeon, and the Hottentots
make a coffee-colored soup of their eggs. Grasshoppers
and cicadas are also eaten ; and, indeed, the problem
seems to be to find any living thing which does not
pass through the furnace for the benefit of some one's
bill of fare. The white ants — termites — are said to
be good eating ; so are ants generally, giving a pleas-
ant acid to the preparation, whatever it may be. They
are distilled with rye in Sweden for the purpose of fla-
voring inferior brandy. The grub, or larva, of the
termites is like the most delicious bit of cream ; but
the lusciousness of a large white fat maggot, precious
to the Australian native, is said to be without com-
pare. Stupid native ! he devours the grubs of the most
INTOXICATING FOOD. 227
valuable and the rarest moths and butterflies , and
certain species are almost extinct, in the plumed state,
because the thirsty, parched, unentomological black
seizes on that bit of living marrow, the grub, wherever
he finds it. The thrifty Chinese first wind off the
cocoon, then send the chrysalis of the silk-worm to
table. It is a pleasant adjunct in a feast where half-
hatched eggs, sea-slugs, rats, frogs, and dogs are the
principal dainties. Spiders are delicacies of the dessert
kind to the Bushman ; and Lalande and Anna Maria
Schurman used to eat them like nuts, which it is said
they resemble. Snails have their partisans, and Mu-
rillo's Seville boy ate a snail pie while he was being
painted. Even we rear a certain large white race,
which we sell in Covent Garden, to be made into soup
and jelly for the consumptive, who believe them to be
almost a specific for that complaint. The Chinese gloat
over sea-slug, or bcche de mer, and a dish of a certain
sea-worm is one of the events of life to the dwellers in
the islands of the Southern Pacific. The people of
Chili eat barnacles as we eat whelks ; the Hottentots
devour handfuls of roasted caterpillars, which taste
like sugared cream or almond paste, and stand to them
in the place of sugarplums and comfits. What a bless-
ing it would be if we could persuade our rising popula-
tion to exchange daff and mineral-colored lozenges for
nice young harmless caterpillars roasted in the ashes.
Think how the farmers would gain by the exchange ! "
228 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
XXX.
NEAL DOW'S LAW EXECUTED BY HIMSELF.
THE bloody work made in Portland, at the hands of
Neal Dow, while mayor of that city during the year
1855, is not forgotten by even a single one of our read-
ers. It was a terrible, a murderous piece of business,
begun and carried out by the very man who assumes
to be the author of the Maine Law, as well as its suc-
cessful pilot among the rocks and shoals of more than
one legislature.
No more significant fact could be stated than this —
that the author of the prescriptive, illiberal, tyrannical,
and, after all, inoperative Maine Law was compelled to
resort to the military and the hasty use of firearms in
executing it. One man — an innocent and unsuspect-
ing stranger — was murdered in this process ; others
were wounded ; life was put in imminent jeopardy, and
public feeling was excited to a pitch that would not
compensate, in its fearful effects, for a thousand fold
more drunkenness than that particular locality in which
it occurred ever witnessed.
We will rehearse the mournful and disgraceful story ;
premising that it is no more than an earnest of what is
quite likely to follow every where else, if it shall be
attempted to carry out this most impossible of all laws
of the present day and generation.
NEAL DOW'S LAW EXECUTED BY HIMSELF. 229
On the 2d day of June, 1855, in the city of Portland,
Maine, occurred what has generally been styled the
" Maine Law Riot," but which a great many, both of
the citizens of Portland and other places, have insisted
was the " Maine Law Murder." The occurrence took
place on Saturday night. One man was killed outright,
and seven more were wounded. It appears that a large
quantity of liquors, valued at sixteen hundred dollars,
had been purchased in New York, and brought to Port-
land for sale. It having been suggested to the city
marshal that it would be necessary, under the law, to
seize such liquors as illegally exposed for sale, the
response was elicited from Mayor Dow that he had
purchased them himself, on his own individual respon-
sibility, and had ordered them to be sent on and stored
in the city. This being the case, Mr. Dow was evi-
dently guilty of breaking his own law, the penalty for
which would have been imprisonment for thirty days,
and the entire forfeiture of the liquors so seized. A
complaint was accordingly made to the Police Court,
and the judge issued his warrant for the seizure of the
liquors ; but not for the arrest of their owner, Mayor
Dow. This warrant was not, however, given to an
officer who would have been ready to make immediate
service, but placed in the hands of the deputy marshal,
who was not, very soon after receiving it, to be found
any where. This deputy was a friend of Mayor Dow's.
Upon this, the mayor suddenly summoned the board
of aldermen to meet, for the purpose of effecting a
transfer of this liquor to the city for its agency. The
20
230 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
agency, however, had only been established a day or
two before, and by the casting vote of Mr. Dow him-
self, which was several weeks subsequently to the pur-
chase of the liquors by Mr. Dow in New York. The
aldermen had been in session but a little while, when
the missing deputy marshal suddenly made his appear-
ance, and seized the liquors upon the warrant in his
possession. An idle crowd collected about the door
where the liquors were stored ; but there was not the
least symptom of excitement, the only desire being to
see what was done, and how it was done. This took
place on the afternoon of the fatal Saturday. As early
as seven o'clock in the evening, it being still light,—
for it was early in June, — a crowd was found collected
about the City Hall building, in which the liquors were
•
deposited, and kept gradually increasing until after
nine o'clock, when a cry of fire was raised, — it is said
by Mayor Dow's own order, — and the bells were rung,
with a view of diverting the crowd from the spot. It
produced, however, a contrary effect, and greatly in-
creased the crowd.
Presently a few stones and other missiles were thrown
through the windows and against the door of the room
where the liquors were stored, biit this was proved to
be the work chiefly of boys, intent on mischief and
fun ; there was no malice about it, and the temper of
the crowd was any thing but malicious. On the con-
trary, good nature was apparent all the while, and no
other motive seemed to have called the people together
but that of curiosity. They wanted to see what was
NEAL DOW'S LAW EXECUTED BY HIMSELF. 231
going on. A Portland paper remarks at this point of
the narrative, " It is our decided opinion — and we have
not met an intelligent person who witnessed the pro-
ceedings of the evening that does not concur with us .
— that an efficient police officer, with a dozen good
men, could have easily dispersed the crowd any time
prior to half past nine o'clock. Soon after ten o'clock
the crowd had materially diminished, and seemed rap-
idly dispersing, when Mr. Dow, accompanied by Captain
Green and a part of the Light Guard, appeared upon
the sidewalk on the north side of the City Hall. The
crowd were warned to disperse. His appearance, sword
in hand, with soldiers, at once changed the temper of
the multitude. They rallied around them, and gave
groans and hisses in reply to the proclamation to dis-
perse."
Then Mayor Dow gave his fatal order, — on the
haste and impulse of the moment, as if instigated to do
so by nothing but the derisions of the multitude, —
"First section, FIRE!" The order was not obeyed;
and it was then that the mob began to hurl missiles,
mostly at him., A part of the company started off with
Dow in escort, and the remainder at once returned to
their armory in an upper story of the City Hall building.
Captain Green refused to order his men to fire, as was
said, because he thought it was unauthorized by the
trivial scenes and circumstances of the occasion. At the
time Dow gave his rash order, the company were stand-
ing directly opposite the entrance to the hall of the
Mechanics' Association in Clapp's block, and their fire
232 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
would have taken effect, if at all, upon the people on
the sidewalk, a part of whom were mechanics just com-
ing from their hall, and who were entirely unconscious
that any such proceeding was called for or contem-
plated. After Captain Green's company had retired,
the brickbats flew thicker and stronger, and the police
who were aiding the deputy marshal, who had seized
the liquors to guard them, commenced firing pistols
charged only with powder. A sort of sham fight was
thus kept up between the crowd, which had now be-
come more determined in its character, and the police,
iintil about eleven o'clock, when Mr. Dow, with a por-
tion of the Rifle Guards, descended from the Light
Guards' Armory, and with the muskets of the Light
Guards, to the south side of the City Hall. The doors
of the liquor store were then thrown open, and the
firing commenced, by Mr. Dow's order, through the
store upon the crowd in the street upon the other side
of the building.
One man, named George Bobbins, the mate of the
bark Louisa Eaton, was shot through the body, fell
into the arms of a person close by, and died almost
instantly. He was only thirty-two years of age, and
was to have been married to a young lady in Portland
very soon.
Thomas McCarty, a hostler, aged twenty-two years,
received a ball under his chin, which passed out through
his cheek, breaking the jaw-bone in its passage.
Thomas McKenney, a young man about twenty years
old, was slightly wounded by a bullet on the head. A
NEAL DOW'S LAW EXECUTED BY HIMSELF. 233
young man by the name of Frank Milliken received a
blow from a brickbat in the face, making a severe
wound. An apprentice of Mr. Felt, and a young man
employed at the United States Hotel, were also slightly
wounded by bullets. John A. Poor, Esq., on his way
home from his office, passed, in company with two other
gentlemen, in front of the Clapp and Deering block,
and just before reaching Preble Street a bullet passed
through his hat, but did no injury. There were sev-
eral other similar hair-breadth escapes. After firing
for a while, the soldiers charged bayonet through the
streets, and made several wanton and rude arrests,
though none were attempted in the early part of the
evening, when they ought to have been made. Mr.
Seth Hilborn, an elderly gentleman, received a severe
bayonet wound on the hip, while trying to get out of
the way as fast as he could.
Such is the account of a rash, hot-headed, and vin-
dictive man's trying to enforce a law of his own, with
which it was impossible that his pride should not have
far more to do than his boasted love for the race and
its moral reform. In teaching people how to be tem-
perate, he was betrayed into the grossest and most
criminal intemperance himself; showing, in the first
place, that he never possessed a proper conception of
what the influences are that really operate to man's
elevation, and, secondly, that he was the most unsafe
man of all others to be clothed with the power necessary
to enforce a law, whose whole spirit and temper was
that of violence itself. We have been at the pains, in
20*
234 THE KAMROD BROKEN.
a previous part of this volume, to point out the various
methods by which such a law is certain to work mis-
chief in every free community, and it is not necessary
that we should rehearse them here ; but this revolting
tragedy, wrought at the hands of Neal Dow, furnishes
us with all the illustration we need, by the aid of which
to make each one of them glaringly real. This case
abundantly sets forth the truth of the doctrines that
we- have all along laid down in reference to this law.
All its tyranny, its violent and ruthless temper, and its
dangerous tendencies are well illustrated by the tragedy
that occurred in Portland in the year 1855, and it is
for this reason that we have rehearsed it in this place.
Having said that all such laws, operated only by the aid
of a system of spying and lying, of malice and mean-
ness, of meddling and suspicion, must of necessity lead
to open violence in the end, and to the fatal disruption
of all those ties that hold communities and neighbor-
hoods together in peace, — we bring forward this pres-
ent case by way of furnishing an ample illustration of
the position with which we set out. It is, indeed, a
most melancholy illustration ; yet it holds up the truth
of the whole matter before the eyes of the reader better
than volumes of arguments, could we have brought
forward so many.
In reference to the various causes that directly
brought about this result, we quote from the columns
of a well-informed journal of the city where this bloody
drama was enacted : —
" As to the principal causes which produced this
NEAL DOW'S LAW EXECUTED BY HIMSELF. 235
unhappy result, there can be but one opinion. The
course which Mr. Dow has pursued in the execution of
the new liquor law, ruthlessly searching private dwell-
ings, and packages coming by steamboat or express,
and disregarding what have ever heretofore been re-
garded as the sacred rights of citizens, has done much
to irritate and excite hostile feeling against him and
his officers. They have seized liquor wherever they
could find it without warrant, and have treated it and
its owners as if the article was entirely outlawed ; as if
the formalities of law were of little importance in dis-
posing of it. Mr. Dow and his minions have adopted
just the course of proceeding which Elder Peck made
an occasion for boasting at the recent Temperance
Convention in Boston. He told the assembly there,
that they had got so in Maine that they seized liquors
wherever they could find them, and that they got the
warrants when convenient. This spirit, manifested on
the part of the authorities, has produced a deep-seated
bitterness in the community. To add to this, Mr. Dow
asked of the city government, at its last meeting, an
appropriation of two thousand dollars to pay informers
under the law, and the aldermen voted it. The com-
mon council laid the order on the table for the time ;
but as there was a large majority of Mr. Dow's satellites
in that body, it was presumed he would drive them
into voting this appropriation for pimps and spies, and
thus add another aggravation to his already odious
• manner of executing the law.
" Then came the development in regard to the
236 THE EAMEOD BROKEN.
wholesale purchase of liquor by Mr. Dow, and the at-
tempt of the aldermen on Saturday to cloak the trans-
action after the warrant had been obtained for its
seizure, and before it was served. The impression was
pretty strong that the law was thus to be cheated, and
that both Mr. Dow and the liquors were by unfair
means to escape the penalty meted out by him with a
high hand in other cases.
" There was a pretty strong current of feeling, that
no great moral or legal wrong would be done by letting
Mr. Dow's liquor into the gutter, (the common recep-
tacle for the article here, and no doubt the best one
when properly got into it,) and it was this feeling on
the part of a few, and curiosity on the part of others,
which caused the assemblage on Saturday night. The
worst that any one of those assembled had in view was
the spilling of a little liquor, which is hardly regarded
as property, and with those unable to make the nice
distinctions between beverage and medicine is not a
crime of a very serious nature. Whatever of violence
there was exhibited on the part of the crowd, was di-
rected wholly against this liquor. The desire for the
destruction of liquor seemed to have become an epi-
demic. The position of parties, however, was singularly
reversed ; the people wished to destroy, and the police,
with Mr. Dow at their head, were defending it. We
do not believe, however, if Mr. Dow and the military
had kept away, that any serious harm would have been
done.
" A few panes of glass broken, and some other injuries
NEAL DOW'S LAW EXECUTED BY HIMSELF. 237
done to the door of the liquor store, would have been
all, and the crowd would quietly have dispersed of
themselves, or a reasonable spirit from any prominent
citizen would no doubt have dispersed them any time
during the evening. But the presence of Mr. Dow,
brandishing his sword, and accompanied by soldiers, ex-
asperated the crowd to make a more violent attack upon
the store. These acts were unlawful and unjustifiable
on the part of those who committed them ; but these
did not, in our judgment, call for or justify the shed-
ding of blood. The loss of the liquor would have been
of little consequence, compared with human life, which,
we confess, it seems to us was most wantonly sacri-
ficed in this case."
Is there need of saying more ? We simply ask how
much real, practical, permanent reform can possibly be
effected by statutes claiming to be based only on the
sentiment of benevolence, but whose execution is liable
at any time to call out an armed soldiery to shoot into
excited mobs. Temperance and Reform this is, with
a vengeance !
238 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
XXXI.
RECEIPTS FOE DOMESTIC LIQUORS.
INASMUCH as it is generally conceded that wines must
oe used in families, for one purpose and another, cer-
tainly in a state of sickness if not in health, we have
thought the reader would consider it not amiss to find
within these pages such reliable directions for the man-
ufacture of pure drinks as would be of service at any
future time. There is a further satisfaction, likewise,
that the drinks thus manufactured will be pure, and
so incapable of producing, even if used in some in-
stances improperly, those terrible effects which are
chiefly to be deplored in the case of those usually sold
and consumed.
We commence with the harmless beverage of cider ;
at which too many people simply pucker their mouths
and make wry faces, instead of trying to do something
to make cider what jt ought to be.
" Cider," says a high medical work, " made of ripe
apples, properly fermented, and racked or purified, is,
of all fermented liquors, the most innocent and the
best. It may be made, by care and proper manage-
ment, as fine flavored and as clear as wine."
There are several modes of keeping cider ; but we
can recommend the following one as the best, if not
EECEIPTS FOR DOMESTIC LIQUORS. 239
the very best method in use. We give it, anecdote
and all.
" A few years ago chemistry and sugar making were
found to be intimately connected. The chemist told
the planter how to arrest the natural tendency of cane
juice to acidify. It was simply to add a little sulphite
of lime. Now he tells the cider makers the same thing.
Mind, it is sulphite, and not sulphate. The latter
is a natural form of lime, known as plaster of Paris.
The former is a preparation by the chemists — the salts
of sulphurous acid. To use this material, which is in-
expensive and harmless to health, in preserving cider,
Professor Horsford, of Harvard University, says, —
" ' Put the new cider into clean casks or barrels, and
allow it to ferment from one to three weeks, according
as the weather is cool or warm. When it has attained
to lively fermentation, add to each gallon three fourths
of a pound of white sugar, and let the whole ferment
again until it possesses nearly the brisk, pleasant taste
which it is desirable should be permanent. Pour out
a quart of the cider, and mix with it one quarter Ox
an ounce of sulphite of lime for every gallon the
cask contains. Stir until it is intimately mixed, and
pour the emulsion into the liquid. Agitate the con-
tents of the cask thoroughly for a few moments, then
let it rest, that the cider may settle. Fermentation
will be arrested at once, and will not be resumed. It
may be bottled in the course of a few weeks, or it may
be allowed to remain in the cask and used on draught.
If bottled, it will become a sparkling cider — better than
what is called champagne wine.' ?
240 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
Be careful to have the cider work sufficiently before
putting in the sulphite of lime, or you will get nothing
more than sweet cider, which will prove comparatively
worthless.
Pure hard cider , if kept in perfectly clean barrels in
a cool cellar, is no bad drink, unmixed with any other
ingredient, and with very many constitutions it is a
specific for summer complaint, nausea, and all kindred
diseases.
WINE.
The same physician referred to above, as speaking of
cider and its benefits, says of wine as follows : " Wine,
unmixed with alcohol, used in moderation, may be
considered a wholesome drink. In those countries
where it is produced in abundance, the people drink
freely of it without injury, and are proverbially tem-
perate. In Prance, where there are such immense
quantities of wine, a drunkard is seldom or never to
be found. It seems to destroy that hankering after
stronger spirits which is so peculiar to other countries
where wine is not much made. The wine imported
into this country frequently contains such a large quan-
tity of alcohol, that it becomes injurious. Hence the
necessity and importance for Americans and others to
plant vineyards. Some of our most sensible men give
it as their opinion, that if wine was as freely used as
in Prance, it would eradicate the universal vice of in-
temperance."
Says a noted writer upon this subject, " Wine, when
used in moderation, proves generally grateful to the
EECEIPTS FOR DOMESTIC LIQUOES. 241
stomach ; it warms and stimulates it to greater exertion,
promotes probably a more speedy discharge of its con-
tents, and, from its immediate action, imparts a transient
sensation of warmth and comfort ; but when taken in
an immoderate quantity, it produces intoxication for the
time, and, its exhilarating effects having subsided, it
leaves the frame disordered, relaxed, and weak. Wine
may be considered as the best of cordials, where its
good qualities are not destroyed by too free and fre-
quent a use. Most of the great drinkers of vinous and
spirituous liquors die of relaxation, of debility, loss
of appetite, tubercles, and scirrhosity of the liver, or
dropsy.
" The uses of wine are great, both as a beverage
and a medicine. Several physicians recommend it as
an excellent cordial, and particularly serviceable in
fevers. The moderate use of wine is of service to the
aged, the weak, and the relaxed, and to those who are
exposed to a warm and moist or corrupted air ; wine
deserves to be ranked first in the list of anti-scorbutic
liquors. Considered as a medicine, it is a valuable
cordial in languors and debilities ; grateful and reviv-
ing ; particularly useful in the low stage of malignant
or other fevers, for raising the pulse and resisting putre-
faction."
There are various kinds of domestic wines that de-
serve to be manufactured with much more care than is
now bestowed upon them ; if they are esteemed of high
value when made in the hasty way they now are, what
might they not become if an equal amount of pains
21
242 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
was bestowed on them with that paid to the manufac-
ture of the Catawba and foreign wines. Of the several
kinds in constant and common use, we cite a few of
the leading ones, and speak of the best mode of their
manufacture and preservation.
GRAPE WINE.
In the first place, great attention is to be paid to
the mashing of the grapes. Where but a few bushels
are to undergo this process, a simple and efficacious
process is to prepare a wooden stamper, say three
and a half feet long, about six inches in diameter
at the larger end, and with the bottom slightly scooped
or concave. Let holes be bored thickly through the
larger end, with a quarter-inch auger, into which, fix
hard oak or hickory pins, so that they may project
from the masher for nearly half an inch in every
direction. Now, put about two bushels of grapes
into a clean, sweet cask, holding in the neighborhood
of forty gallons, and proceed to pound the masher up
and down among them. Continue this operation until
the entire mass of the grapes is thoroughly mashed.
Then empty the whole mass into a box placed upon the
wine press.
In European countries, the practice has been to tread
out the grapes with the feet, the grapes being placed in
a small tub, the bottom of which is perforated with a
great many holes. But this practice is not likely to be
adopted by us. The skins and pulp of our grape are
so hard that the work would be too laborious ; and many
RECEIPTS FOR DOMESTIC LIQUORS. 243
of our vintners think that the " tannin " of the stem
improves the flavor and aids in the preservation of the
wine. Concerning the European practice of allowing
the mashed grapes to stand in casks for fermentation,
before pressing, it is thought that it will hardly be
adopted in this country by wine-makers, although many
experiments are yet to be tried in order to satisfy the
public on the matter. It is thought that the season
here, at the time of the vintage, is too warm to per-
mit it.
After mashing comes pressing. As soon, therefore,
as possible, the mass of mashed grapes is to be taken
to the wine press. This instrument each person will
of course suit to his own crop of grapes and length of
purse. Any modern hand-book on the manufacture of
wine will furnish the reader with diagrams of such an
instrument as he will need, together with complete di-
rections for their manufacture. The whole mass is
poured upon a floor like a frame, to which is tightly
fitted a cover ; and on the back of this is a stout cross-
piece, to which the screw is applied that produces the
wine. The sap that first flows from the press makes the
best wine ; all the other expressions are of course in-
ferior. Yet few persons in this country would stop to
consider so trifling a fact, important as it is in its
results.
Let the whole work be performed with as much
nicety and despatch as possible. Young wine juice
absorbs acids very readily from the atmosphere, and
likewise from the vessels, if not thoroughly clean, into
244 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
which it runs. The grapes, either before or after mash-
ing, should not be allowed to stand about for any length
of time in tubs, casks, and barrels, but be attended to
at once. Make a business of it while the work is going
on, and, where the small quantity of grapes will per-
mit, mash and press all that are gathered in one day
on the same day, and carry the juice instantly to the
cellar, leaving it as little exposed to the atmosphere as
need be. .It is of course highly important that casks,
clean and tight, should be all prepared for the recep-
tion of the juice of the grape, and made as large as you
can secure. The larger the body of wine fermenting
in one vessel, the better will be the wine finally pro-
duced.
The casks that receive the product of the wine press
should not be allowed to stand on the cellar bottom,
but upon platforms or scaffoldings, and should be filled
not more than three fourths full. Within twenty-four
hours the wine will commence the work of fermenta-
tion. By this process, many of the finer essences be-
longing to the wine, and that would greatly improve
its flavor and general character, escape. The carbonic
acid especially is lost, being secured only in the wines
known as champagne. But the cost of securing this
essential element is so great as to be out of the ques-
tion with those who would be glad to get hints on
domestic wine-making from the pages of this volume.
When fermentation subsides, instantly close the casks
so that the oxygen of the atmosphere cannot penetrate
to the fermenting mass. Of course the bungs are left
RECEIPTS FOR DOMESTIC LIQUORS. 245
out while this process is going on, else the casks would
burst. Fermentation being over, drive in the bungs
tightly. The wine becomes clear generally in a few
weeks, when it may be drawn off. The wine should be
carefully kept in dry, walled cellars, impervious both to
the heats of summer and the cold of winter. Vegeta-
bles, that produce a peculiar and sometimes an offensive
smell, should not be kept in the same cellar with the
wine, or, certainly, not very near the casks. Every
thing should be as clean, sweet, and dry as it can be
made.
In the spring, the fermented wine should be drawn
off, if it has not already been done, when it will be
found to have become much improved by its winter's
sleep. Then it is placed in bottles for family use, some
of which may be drank to advantage after suffering
them to lie embedded in sand for about six weeks.
Good wines are clear wines, and have of course gone
through the necessary process of fermentation. All
the boasted unfermented wines are crimes against nature,
and contain elements that go to the making up of no
wholesome beverage.
We now proceed to cite some of the simpler domestic
wines, and to give the best and easiest methods of man-
ufacturing them.
GOOSEBERRY CHAMPAGNE.
Secure none but the largest sized gooseberries that
are not yet turned red, and take off clean their tops
and tails. Measure a gallon of pure, soft water, and
21*
246 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
weigh out three pounds of the berries ; place the ber-
ries in a clean tub, and pour on a little water ; mash
them well with a wooden masher ; then pour on the
rest of the water, and stir the whole mass thoroughly.
Place now a cloth over the tub, allowing the whole to
stand four days; but stir it frequently during that
time. Then strain the liquor into another vessel, and
add to every gallon of liquor four pounds of fine loaf
sugar, and to every five gallons of the whole a quart
of the purest French brandy. Have the mass well
mixed, and pour it afterwards into a clean and sweet
cask that will be exactly filled, leaving no space at all.
Put the cask on its side in a cool, dry place in the cel-
lar, and place the bung loosely over the bung hole. Be
very careful not to allow the cask to be disturbed in
any way, since any shaking or jarring is calculated to
injure the wine. Let it work now for about two weeks,
when the noise caused by the fermentation will cease
to be heard. Next bottle it, driving in the corks tight-
ly. Place the bottles on their sides, and by suffering
them to lie for six months they will be found to furnish
as lively champagne wine as any family would wish to
drink.
RED CURRANT WINE.
An excellent and much admired wine is made of the
red currant, which sells very readily in the market at
the rate of two dollars a gallon. This currant is acid,
but juicy, arid of a very fine vinous flavor. The fruit
is very acceptable at the time when it makes its appear-
ance, and is used in sundry ways by those whose palates
crave just the refreshment it is ready to furnish.
RECEIPTS FOR DOMESTIC LIQUORS. 247
In order to make a good and palatable drink, in the
form of wine, from this common berry, observe the fol-
lowing process: After expressing the juice from the
currant, add two pails of water and three pounds of
sugar to each gallon. Or, what is better, make a strong
sirup by adding a pound of sugar to a quart of currant
juice, strain and bottle it, or put it in casks, cork as
tightly as will be safe, and set away in a cool place in
the cellar, that the fermentation may not be too rapid.
Afterwards add a little water to the pomace, so that
each quart of currants and pound of sugar shall receive
a quart of water. This mixture will keep well for one
or two years, and is at all times sweet and refreshing,
besides containing none of the alcohol to be found in
all imported wines.
GREEN CURRANT WINE.
Let the currants be full grown, though not so far
advanced as to have begun to redden. Pick them clean
from the stems, weigh them, and allow to every three
pounds a gallon of soft, pure water. Proceed to mash
them in the same way as in the case of the gooseberry
champagne ; but in the matter of sugar, a good light-
brown sugar may be used, if preferred on account of
the expense, instead of the loaf sugar. As soon as the
fermenting process is over, it may be tightly secured in
the cask, without the trouble of bottling, the bung be-
ing driven in. After standing in a proper place for six
months, it will be fit for drinking.
248 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
PEACH WINE.
Weigh out eight pounds of the best freestone peaches,
fully ripe, and very juicy. Slice them into a couple of
gallons of soft water, and add five pounds of well-broken
loaf sugar. Next extract the kernels from the peach
stones, break them up, and sprinkle them in the bottom
of a clean tub, or other vessel. Then put the peaches,
with the now dissolved sugar, into a kettle, and boil
and skim it till the scum no longer rises. Strain it
now through a large sieve into the tub containing the
broken peach-stone kernels. Stir all together thor-
oughly, and cover it over tightly till all is cool. Then
throw in a large slice of toasted bread, smothered with
yeast, and leave it to ferment ; when fermentation
ceases, strain it into a keg, and add a bottle of sweet
Malaga wine, or Muscadel. Now let it stand undis-
turbed for six months. After that, draw off a small
quantity in a glass, to see if it is clear ; if it should not
be by that time, draw off a pint of the wine, into which
put an ounce of gum arabic ; dissolve the mixture in
a slow heat, and add an ounce of powdered chalk.
When all are well dissolved, pour back the pint of
wine into the cask, stirring it gently the while with a
stick ; but be careful not to let the stick touch the bot-
tom, lest it may disturb the lees, or sediment, in the
cask. After standing three days longer, it will be fit
for bottling. Six months keeping will make it a very
fine beverage.
RECEIPTS FOR DOMESTIC LIQUORS. 249
BLACKBERRY WINE.
This is quite a common domestic wine, but none too
many families are in the habit of manufacturing it.
Let the berries be fully ripe, and pick them all over
carefully. Allow a quart of soft water to every quart
of the berries, and boil the water separate. Put the
blackberries in a clean tub, and mash them with a
wooden instrument, so as to do the work thoroughly.
Pour the boiling water upon the mashed berries, and
let them stand in a cool place till the next morning,
stirring them from time to time. Then press out all
the juice, measure it, and allow for every quart of the
liquor half a pound of sugar. Put the sugar into a
cask, and strain the liquor upon it through linen. Stir
frequently till the sugar is completely dissolved, and
leave the cask open till the liquor has ceased to work.
Add now half an ounce of isinglass, or an ounce of gum
arabic, dissolved in a little hot water ; or the beaten
whites of four eggs will answer as well ; keep the cask
open till the next day, after which the bung may be
driven in. In two months it will be fit for bottling.
DOMESTIC BEER.
Pleasant and healthy beer can be made very cheaply.
Almost any cook book contains at least half a dozen
different receipts for its manufacture. Any old lady or
skilful country housewife can tell how to make beer
that will make a sick man well, and a well man happy
and strong. The time once was, when a girl who could
250 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
not bake and brew about as well as her mother, stood
but a slim chance in the field of matrimony. A very
common mode of manufacturing beer is, to sweeten as
much water as is wanted to suit the taste of the drink-
er,— although the more sweetening used, the more
vitality will the beer contain, — to add to each gallon
of water half a gill of common yeast, and the strength,
in liquid form, obtained by steeping a common handful
of hops. This is all that is necessary to make good
beer, yet it is usual to add sarsaparilla, yellow dock,
spruce, or any thing else that the health or taste of the
consiimer may require.
DISTILLED LIQUORS.
The process of distillation is very simple, and if our
Saviour was warranted in performing his first miracle,
— that of turning water into wine, — may not the dis-
tilling practices of the present time be defended, which
only convert water, with molasses added, into New and
West India rum ? The rum itself is good, may be used
innocently, and its efficiency as a medicinal agent is
undeniable. Its abuse is quite another matter, and is
as infinitely different from its proper use as hell is said
to be from heaven.
THE CUKSE OF OPIUM. 251
XXXII.
THE CURSE OF OPIUM.
UPON the tendency of the human race generally to
manufacture stimulating drinks, or compounds, we
have already commented in a previous chapter, and at
quite sufficient length. It is an acknowledged fact,
therefore, that men have a natural desire or craving
for stimulus, and that desire they will gratify in one
way or another, at almost any cost ; if the gratification
of this instinct is denied or forbidden them, instead of
its being educated, disciplined, and refined, there is
little doubt, as the history of mankind fully shows, that
the instinct will pursue even improper and ruinous
courses in order to secure the enjoyment of its own
purposes.
Hence in some countries, where we think civilization
has long since demonstrated the impossibility of such a
thing, we find men of the highest social position, hold-
ing office under government, and possessed of the most
brilliant talents, devoted to the daily use of the deadly
drug called opium, than which no other power among
stimulants is at once more subtle and tyrannical. Rum
is comparatively powerless by the side of opium. It
holds its devotees like bound slaves. De Quincey fur-
nishes an illustration of a man with splendid talents,
252 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
who, by the habitual use of this potent enchantress,
practically threw away the high and valuable services
of an active manhood, and lives now only to do daily
and even hourly penance for the guilt of which he
stands self-charged by his habit of indulgence. It is a
belief with him now, years after his reformation was
effected, that a large and greedy worm has been gen-
erated in his vitals, and that the horrible creature's con-
stant cravings for stimulus are the cause of the ever-
lasting gnawing with which his life is afflicted.
In Eastern countries, as in China, opium is largely
eaten and smoked by the people for its exhilarating
effects ; likewise in Turkey, where the inhabitants,
some of them, derive the very inspiration and essence
of their lives from partaking of it. The lotus plant is
likewise used in Egypt, and in India the liquor that is
distilled from hemp. As we before said, there is no
end to the methods by which this universal instinct in
man, that craves for stimulus of some sort, will in-
geniously resort to secure its gratification. But opium
eating, of all others, is, without doubt, the habit that is
most deplorable. It most surely and thoroughly de-
praves the intellects of its victim ; it soonest runs its
delicate and insinuating influences under and through
his whole nature, and determines to rule and ruin it
together ; it will have all its worshippers the most sub-
missive possible of all slaves, begging for the poorest
favors, which in a right state of health and self-control,
they would have but to reach out and take for them-
selves.
THE CURSE OF OPIUM. 253
He who once eats of this drug usually eats of it for-
ever. There is a spell in its influence which no man has
full power to withstand. He becomes a slave in his very
soul. The power over himself is almost gone. He is
sunk completely in his indulgence. He is no indi-
vidual— he is a thing. Friendship goes for nothing
with him ; nor love of kindred, nor the pious duties
that belong to a husband and father, nor the claims of
citizenship and manhood. His nature undergoes a
rapid reversal. Every thing seems to be turned inside
out. He has no ideas of responsibility, no self-respect,
no shape or form for his character whatever ; he is
devoted to but one thing, and that the drug of which
he eats, and through whose instrumentality he destroys
himself. A pitiful spectacle such men present, but
quite as common as it is wretched.
De Quincey, the famous English author, in his " Con-
fessions of an Opium Eater," remarks of the common-
ness of this practice of eating opium, and the large
class addicted to it, " But who are they ? Reader, I
am sorry to say a very numerous class indeed. Of this
I became convinced some years ago, by computing, at
that time, the number of those in one small class of
English society, (the class of men distinguished for tal-
ent, or of eminent station,) who were known to me,
directly or indirectly, as opium eaters. Now, if one
class, comparatively so limited, could furnish so many
scores of cases, (and that within the knowledge of one
single inquirer,) it was a natural consequence that the
entire population of England would furnish a propor-
22
254 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
tionate number. The soundness of this inference,
however, I doubted, until some facts became known to
me, which satisfied me that it was not incorrect. I
will mention two : 1. Three respectable London drug-
gists in widely remote quarters of London, from whom
I happened lately to be purchasing small quantities of
opium, assured me that the number of amateur opium
eaters (as I may term them) was, at this time, im-
mense, and that the difficulty of distinguishing these
persons, to whom habit had rendered opium necessary,
from such as were purchasing it with a view to suicide,
occasioned them daily trouble and disputes. This evi-
dence respected London only.
"But, 2, (which will probably surprise the reader
more.) Some years ago, on passing through Manchester,
I was informed by several cotton manufacturers that
their work people were rapidly getting into the practice
of opium eating ; so much so, that on a Saturday after-
noon the counters of the druggists1 were strewed with
pills of one, two, or three grains, in preparation for the
known demand of the evening. The immediate occa-
sion of this practice was the lowness of wages, which,
at that time, would not allow them to indulge in ale
or spirits ; and, wages rising, it may be thought that
this practice would cease ; but as I do not readily be-
lieve that any man, having once tasted the divine
luxuries of opium, will afterwards descend to the
gross and mortal enjoyments of alcohol, I take it for
granted
* That those eat now who never ate before,
And those who always ate now eat the more.' "
THE CURSE OF OPIUM. 255
The amount of opium annually consumed in the
United States has latterly begun to attract public at-
tention. It is reported that some three hundred thou-
sand pounds were imported into the country last year,
of which the comparatively small portion used for me-
dicinal purposes, as can easily and accurately be ascer-
tained, shows how much — and it was an enormous
quantity — was used by the regular eaters of the drug.
Few persons have any idea of the matter. The evil
has gained a footing that it will be no such easy work
to eradicate. It takes hold on rich and poor alike ; it
knows no distinctions of position, of culture, or of any
thing else ; it insinuates its way into the habits of our
population, every person sacredly keeping his own
secret, and soon comes to assert its own prerogative, if
not the entire mastery.
Even those persons who have set up the loudest out-
cries against others using spirits and wines for social
and stimulating purposes, addict themselves to this
vice with the utmost constancy. They either do not
see their inconsistency, or they are hypocrites on prin-
ciple. In families where we little dream of such a
practice, and which, of all others, we would suppose to
be exempt from their invasion, the deadly but infatu-
ating drug is secretly used, each member keeping the
practice closely to himself, and going on in his indul-
gence until his thraldom is thorough and complete.
Professional men buy and eat opium for the sake of
the splendid relief it furnishes them from the toilsome
cares of their daily avocations. Lawyers address juries
256 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
on matters where human life trembles in the balance,
under the weird spell of this potent drug. Authors sit
at their solitary tables, silent and rapt in thought, and
pour forth a wealth of intellect which, in their normal
condition, they are astonished to find in any sense the
fruit of their own faculties. Ladies in high life scruple
not to buy and eat opium, for the splendid dreams it
drifts over the sky of their lives, and deem themselves
happy only when lapped in the indescribable elysium
produced by the Eastern narcotic. And failing to get
opium itself, they consume laudanum in large quanti-
ties, making it do the work instead.
So that much the larger part of the opium and lauda-
num imported into this country is consumed by those
who purchase it for the sake of its intoxicating prop-
erties. What that exact quantity is, cannot of course
be ascertained, because of the secrecy with which it is
employed. What is used for medicinal purposes can
be readily known ; and the great balance must be set
down to the charge of these men and women — and a
vast army they make among our population — who ha-
bitually eat the drug, and r drink the deadly wine that
is compressed in its manufacture. It would startle us
all if we could count the numbers of these people, and
behold them drawn out in array before us. But the
fact is none the less well established, lamentable as it
is, than if we really had the whole of this wretched
body of beings directly before our eyes.
THE CURSE OF OPIUM. 257
THE HASHEESH EATER.
The eating of hasheesh is as common in Eastern coun-
tries as the use of opium ; and it is but another proof
of the universal tendency of mankind to the discovery
and consumption of some agent that shall exalt and
enlarge the spirit, and seem to make life larger than
it is.
A book was published by the Harpers of New York,
a short time ago, entitled " The Hasheesh Eater ; " and
the author describes hasheesh, and its weird influence
on him who eats of it, in the following way: " In
northern latitudes the hemp plant {cannabis saliva)
grows almost entirely to fibre, becoming, in virtue of.
this quality, the great resource for mats and cordage.
Under a southern sun this same plant loses its fibrous
texture, but secretes, in quantities equal to one third of
its bulk, an opaque and greenish resin. Between the
northern and the southern hemp there is no difference,
except the effect of diversity of climate upon the same
vegetable essence ; yet naturalists, misled by the much
greater extent of gummy secretion in the latter, have
distinguished it from its brother of the colder soil by
the name cannabis Indica.
" The resin of the cannabis Indica is hasheesh. From
time immemorial it has been known among all the na-'
tions of the East as possessing powerful stimulant and
narcotic properties ; throughout Turkey, Persia, Ne-
paul, and India, it is used at this day among all classes
of society as an habitual indulgence. The forms in
22-*
258 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
which it is employed are various. Sometimes it appears
in the state in which it exudes from the mature stalk,
as a crude resin ; sometimes it is manufactured into a
conserve with clarified butter, honey, and spices ; some-
times a decoction is made of the flowering tops in water
or arrack. Under either of these forms the method of
administration is by swallowing. Again, the dried
plant is smoked in pipes or chewed, as tobacco among
ourselves.
" Used in whatever preparation, hasheesh is character-
ized by the most remarkable phenomena, both physical
and spiritual. A series of experiments made with it
by men of eminent attainments in the medical profes-
sion, principally at Calcutta, and during the last ten
years, prove it to be capable of inducing all the ordi-
nary symptoms of catalepsy, or even of trance.
" However, from the fact of its so extensive daily use
as a pleasurable stimulus in the countries where experi-
ments with it have been made, it has doubtless lost in-
terest in the field of scientific research, and has come to
be regarded as only one more means, among the multi-
tude which mankind in all latitudes are seeking, for
the production of a sensual intoxication. Now and
then a traveller, passing by the bazaar where it was ex-
posed for sale, moved by curiosity, has bought some
form of the hemp, and made the trial of its effects upon
himself; but the results of the experiment were dig-
nified with no further notice than a page, or a chapter,
in the note book of his journeyings, and the hasheesh
phenomena, with an exclamation of wonder, were
THE CURSE OF OPIUM. 259
thenceforward dismissed from his own and the public
mind."
The writer then proceeds to give the results of his
own personal acquaintance with the drug, which he
does in a most vivid style, conjuring up in the imagina-
tion of his reader the wildest and seemingly most un-
real forms it is possible to conceive of. He treats the
subject of hasheesh as " a key to some of the most sin-
gular manifestations of the Oriental mind, as a narra-
tive interesting to the attentive student of the human
soul and body, and the mysterious network of interact-
ing influences which connect them." And he thus
finely sums up the object he has in giving his expe-
riences as a hasheesh eater to the world : " The aim of
this relation is not merely aesthetic nor scientific;
though throughout it there be no stopping to moralize,
it is my earnest desire that it may teem with sugges-
tions of a lesson without which humanity can learn
nothing in the schools. It is this : The soul withers
and sinks from its growth towards the true end of its
being, beneath dominance of any sensual indulgence.
The chain of its bondage may for a long time continue
to be golden, — many a day may pass before the fetters'
gall? — yet all the while there is going on a slow and
insidious consumption of its native strength ; and when
at last captivity becomes a pain, it may awake to dis-
cover, in inconceivable terror, that the very forces of
disinthralment have perished out of its reach."
The experiences of the eater of hasheesh are too
various and terrible to be described ; in fact, no verbal
260 THE BAMROD BROKEN.
description is equal to the gigantic reality. A moment
of time becomes years to the person under its influence ;
a common voice sounds like the shouting of a mighty
host ; all persons, space, time, and number are viewed
as through a spiritual telescope ; the world has become
a larger world, a grander sphere, a vaster reality. The
demon of madness seems to have seized hold upon the
one yielding to the fatal indulgence. He goes he knows
not whither ; he lives newly ; old places and old friends
take on fresh and varied characteristics ; the world is
a dance, and the hasheesh eater reels on through the
whole, the vastest dream of all.
This drug exercises a spell as potent as that of opium ;
and the devotees of each count by legion in the Eastern
countries. As we before remarked, we are only re-
minded by the prevalent use of this resinous substance,
called hasheesh, of the activity of human ingenuity in
devising means to produce intoxication of the senses,
and a temporary stimulus of the mental and spiritual
faculties.
DELIRIUM TREMENS. 261
XXXIII.
DELIRIUM TREMENS.
THIS terrible disease is the penalty paid by those who
indulge in the excessive use of strong liquors ; especial-
ly the criminally compounded liquors that are unblush-
ingly sold in these times for pure drinks. It is, in fact,
a much more common disease than is generally known.
Its symptoms are those appertaining to the disease of
insanity. It is called by some the brain-fever of drunk-
ards. It commences with nausea, vomiting, and the
like, and sometimes only because of a sudden disuse of
stimulus. It is not necessary, either, that the victims
to it should have been notorious drunkards ; a man
who has always kept his skin full, yet screened his rep-
utation from shame by superior steadiness of nerve, is
as likely to succumb to its frightful assaults as one who
has habitually lain in the gutter.
The disease is of gradual approach, and several days
usually elapse before it reaches its highest stage of
riotous power. The patient is extremely wakeful, in-
clined to walk hurriedly to and fro, and his brain is
haunted with throngs of the most hideous and frightful
images. Generally the unhappy victims to it see noth-
ing but devils all around them, these forming the acme
of the " Gorgons and chimeras dire " with which they
262 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
are beset. Symptoms of decided fever accompany the
disease. The countenance takes on an expression of
alarm, anxiety, and suspicion. Suddenly the patient
grows wildly talkative, — extremely irritable, — and
calls out for help from others. Then he raves, and is
tormented with idle fears that he is pursued, that he is
about to be robbed, or murdered. And in this course
he continues for a term of four or five days, when the
disease terminates in a fit of epilepsy and the decease
of the unhappy victim.
It is a fact well worthy of general consideration, that
delirium tremens was comparatively, if not altogether,
unknown among even immoderate drinkers of strong
liquors in other days ; and temperance writers and
temperance orators themselves admit it. If the reader
will take the pains to turn back to the chapter review-
ing the book called the " Satanic License," he will find
that the reverend author of that book makes this most
important admission. We call it important, because
upon it hinges the whole case whose defence, or rather
whose elucidation, we have been engaged in setting
forth in this volume. For if it shall be shown, and
admitted by candid men, that it is owing only to the
poisoning and base adulteration of spirits that these
melancholy cases of delirium tremens occur, then we
have all the stronger right to insist that they shall be
brought to an end by the interposition of statute law.
If it can be shown that, by reason of this wicked adul-
teration of liquors, this most criminal compounding of
poisonous ingredients, such a fearful disease as the
DELIRIUM TREMENS. 263
delirium tremens is entailed on the human race, then
it plainly follows that it devolves on the social state to
remove this cause of the vast evil, by decreeing that
such abominable corruptions and compositions shall be
rooted out of the land. The law-makers have plenary
power in their hands to do this thing, and they know
very well they would be sustained by the people at
large in the enactment of laws stringent enough to suit
the case. They can see the evil, and they know what
is the most efficient remedy to apply to it. And fol-
lowing close upon the heels of a statute to prevent the
adulteration of liquors of all kinds, would fitly come
another statute, embodying effective and stringent pro-
visions in favor of a proper system of license.
The greatest portion of the evil that has been right-
fully charged against rum — as all sorts of wines and
liquors are commonly styled by fanatically inclined
persons — is well known to proceed from that rum's
being such vile and murderous stuff. It was manufac-
tured expressly to destroy both body and soul. A
greater degree of criminality of heart can hardly be
said to exist in the cold and calculating manslayer than
is to be found in the man who deliberately and perse-
veringly mixes potent draughts of poison, for the sole
purpose of selling them to be drank by those who buy
them because they can get nothing better. These
draughts may inspire intoxication at first, but it is
maddening rather than exhilarating"; it gnaws at the
stomach rather than diffuses a healthy stimulus all over
the body ; it perverts the taste as soon as it passes the
264 THE BAMROD BEOKEN.
delicate pavement of the palate, and craves more from
the moment it has secured its first gratification. Like
all other poisons, it does its work without mistake.
Travelling lecturers on teetotalism show to astonished
audiences the awful condition of the human stomach
that has imbibed these destroying fluids, by means of
hideous but truth-telling diagrams and pictures. It is
indeed a dreadful matter for any civilized people to
contemplate ; and we are glad they are led, or even
forced to do it, while these murderers or poisoners of
the public are allowed to go on with their nefarious
work with impunity. It is best that the truth should
be pressed upon the minds of all continually, so that if
they are made to feel their responsibility for the tolera-
tion of these things, there will be no sort of excuse if
they do not go to work and bring them to a speedy end.
We have not at our hand any statistics of this dis-
ease called delirium tremens, and we question if any
have yet been collected in such form as to be of service
in showing the fearful extent of its ravages. Yet
enough is known in various quarters, such as our pub-
lic hospitals and other similar places, to certify to the
lamentable fact that thousands are afflicted with it
every year ; and it is perfectly safe further to presume,
from such significant and numerous facts as have al-
ready come to public observation, that there are multi-
tudes more among our population who linger and die
under its destructive power, but whose true cases, from
reasons of pride and delicacy on the part of friends, are
never known. It is a scourge, wrought by man upon
DELIRIUM TREMENS. 265
man; and there is no reason why it should not be
brought to an end by those who always have it in their
power to secure that result. It is a destroyer whose
liberty ought not to be tolerated in a community styling
itself civilized for a day ; but nothing is easier than for
those who are resolved to throttle the monster, to do it
without fear or ceremony.
But fanatical minds are always impracticable minds ;
that is, in their heat and prejudice they see every thing
but the right thing, and every way but the right way,
and therefore suppose that the way to check the ravages
of this fell destroyer is to try to stop mankind's drink-
ing any stimulating drinks at all, even if they were to
be had pure and unadulterated ! This is merely fanat-
icism flying over to its other natural extreme — folly.
For it cannot be deemed practicable now, after all this
long and futile experimenting, to stop the consumption
of stimulating drinks by the community ; and if legis-
lators are disposed to attempt it again, and so keep on
with their dead experimenting, they will suddenly dis-
cover that a more intelligent public sentiment and a
more practicable public determination have availed to
rotate them all out of their position and their power
together.
The fact is simply here : wines and spirits will al-
ways be manufactured, and will always be sold ; and
the only question for legislators to answer is, whether
they will permit dealers to mix the poisonous elements
they now do, and sell them in every direction, or insist,
on the other hand, that none but pure and thoroughly
23
266 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
tested liquors shall be sold, on penalty of forfeiting lib-
erty itself for the criminal transgression. This deadly
stream is not to be rendered innocuous by building
fences all along on either side of it, and telling people
that they shall not climb over, or creep under, and
drink, on their peril ; but rather by following it up to
its fountain head, and there stopping the flow of waters
that carry such certain destruction from the beginning
to the end of their course.
Hence, we say, there is no stronger argument for a
severe license law, one of whose provisions shall ex-
pressly take protecting care of the liquors to be sold,
than the prevalence of such a disease as delirium tre-
mens, which is known to be the direct fruit of poisoned
liquors. This terrible fact stares us in the face, and
calls louder than all others for a reform where, indeed,
a reform can alone be effective. It is idle to talk about
preventing the use of liquors, for that has been tried,
even at the expense of human life itself; the most val-
uable reformer is he who will address himself to their
purification, rather than their banishment. And every
month proves that public sentiment is rapidly setting,
in relation to this matter, in the right direction.
THE THREE. — AN HONEST RAMROD. 267
XXXIV.
THE THREE.-AN HONEST RAMROD.
THE frontispiece to the present volume gives the
reader a pretty vivid notion of three distinct classes of
individuals, each of which will find more or less re-
mark suited to itself in these pages. We candidly
consider that the talented artist has done his work as
he should do it, and that his pencil will work a more
thorough reformation in public opinion than a vol-
ume of dry temperance discourses could on the same
subject.
The individual standing on the extreme right of the
picture represents " An Honest Eamrod ; " that is, a
man whose bad digestion inclines him to hate wine,
and all other creature comforts, on principle alone, and
who dies a thousand deaths in seeing others enjoying
what nothing but the morbid state of his liver — which
he mistakes for his heart — forbids his enjoying too.
He looks over his spectacles ; any one can see that it
imparts increased sanctity to his countenance ; the
little boys along the street dare but to throw glances
at him, and secretly wonder if an angel is at all like
that man for right down hard goodness. You cannot
see that the glasses are colored, yet whatever he looks
at seems to his vision to be of a yellow hue. That
268 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
proceeds from his liver again. He is affected with the
jaundice, in consequence of his indigestion, and all ob-
jects of course take on a saffron tint. The thoughtful
style, however, in which he throws his telescopic glance
over his spectacles, as far forward into the misty future
as he can make it go, is peculiar to the Ramrod style
of man, and, we ought conscientiously to add, as be-
coming as it is peculiar. One of Burns's songs, now,
sung on a roistering key in that excellent gentleman's
ears, — we do not discover that they are extremely long
ears, either, — would give him a shock that he would
carry with him into his grave.
Poor, honest, unhappy man! How we pity him!
He carries his Bible on his arm, as if it were a cross
upon his back. See what a weight it is upon him.
He would bow under it, if that would make him look
any more meek. Between the covers of that Bible
he believes he has found the sum of all truth ; and
that amount is comprised in spurning the good gifts
of Heaven, and making himself acceptable by going
without altogether. It is a sorry mistake, but few men
get so much comfort out of theiu misery as he does ;
and all that is to be said in his favor. That book — as
he believes — teaches him to turn his face the other
way, when he is obliged to pass a cider mill ; to salute
the fresh apple blossoms of spring with the grimmest
smile that ever played about a human mouth ; to bless
God that he never tasted any thing delicious in grapes ;
and to inwardly declare that the beautiful miracle at
Cana of Galilee was one of the most mistaken examples
THE THREE. — AN HONEST RAMROD. 269
a truly divine teacher could have allowed himself to
set for his followers.
His faith and stomach combined have had the effect
to start ugly puckers, in the form of wrinkles, all over
his face. Such a faith ought to be too much for any
constitution ; it ought to wear a man out, and, in due
time, it will him. The Almighty will not consent to
keep one of his children shut up here on this earth,
while he betrays such dissatisfaction with every thing
around him ; he will suffer his ill digestion to take him
off as soon as it may.
The slenderness of this gentleman's outline, elegant
as it is in the eye of art, is likewise to be attributed to
the operation of his faith. That is enough to take the
flesh off of any man. To get fat on his sort of faith
would be as difficult as to make a breakfast off a raw
east wind ; that has been tried, but never would suc-
ceed. This class of individuals are never gross crea-
tures ; their very honesty forbids that. They look like
walking clothes-pins, with coats on ; where they find
their tailors, is a mystery.
Yet these poor Ramrods are not to be looked on with
contempt, by any means. Miserable as they look, and
miserable indeed as they are, they are nevertheless honest
in their wretchedness. They have disordered livers,
spleen, indigestion, and all manner of bad humors,
simply because they believe these to be conditions of
happiness ; else they never would go in for them at the
killing rate they do. Do you think they believe in
youth ? — not they ! They are entirely opposed to all
23*
270 THE BAMROD BROKEN.
sorts of spirits, even to the frolicsome spirits of chil-
dren. Other people's happiness is their misery. If
they must take cider — which God forbid! — let them
have it hard, and made of the genuine crab, or even of
the persimmon !
Were it not for their honesty, we should despise
them ; but your really honest Ramrod is an honest man
indeed. Otherwise, what could induce him to forego
all the comforts and pleasures that make so many oth-
ers happy ? Or what could prompt him to hate even
goodness itself, if it must be had only with the aids of
cheerfulness and contentment ? He loves only that
half of his Bible which agrees with his views, while the
other half he believes to be either a mistake, or incor-
rectly translated ; himself he loathes from the crown
of his head to the sole of his feet ; he cannot think why
God placed him here, unless it was to show up human
unworthiness in its very worst aspect ; he believes that
as there is nothing good in man, so there is nothing
good in nature ; and he is down upon wine and cider,
and even small beer, with all the truculent fierceness
of his " totally depraved " nature. The honest, but
wretched creature ! how we pity him ! He does not
understand what he was born for, and so carries about
his Bible with him, and exclaims continually, " We are
all poor worms ! we are all miserable sinners ! "
A DRINKING HYPOCRITE.
Our friend on the extreme left of the picture stands
in exact and entire contrast to the honest Ramrod ;
THE THREE. — A DRINKING HYPOCRITE. 271
for while the latter is in all respects conscientious in
his conduct and belief, the former is a walking false-
hood, a speaking volume of hypocrisy and deceit. • He
guzzles all the while, and talks temperance, and even
teetotalism, with as much gusto as if he had never
tasted a drop in his life. It is this very trait that makes
him contemptible. Nay, more ; he is one of the most
malignant deceivers any community holds ; for it is
from such as he that it learns hypocrisy, and from lips
like his are poured out that lava-tide of backbiting and
lies which may well be esteemed the worst infliction
any community can endure.
His very face tells the story for him. See how
blotched and pimply it is ; behold the unornamental
knob on the end of his nose ; as if a man with such a
nasal organ as that could by earthly possibility be any
thing else than a drunkard ; watch the leering look
that slips out of his eyes, hinting to you that he hardly
expects you to believe him, and more than half won-
dering if you do ; see the unsteady attitude, and the
total want of true manly character expressed in his
whole carriage ; see with what pains he attempts to
make it appear that he is a sober and moral citizen by
buttoning about him a decent exterior, while he knows
and feels that all within is corruption itself. This class
of men are by no means rare. They may be found on
every corner. They grow on almost every bush. If
you hear a person talking over-loud and over-earnestly
in favor of temperance reform, and especially of their
desire to see the liquor law enforced to the last letter,
272 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
look twice, and behold a hypocrite and a drunkard on
principle, for you cannot very well have gone wide of
your calculation. He always wants to see the law en-
forced upon somebody else ; himself he considers per-
fectly safe from its reach.
The motive for his hypocrisy is apparent enough ; it
is quite plain why he talks so loudly and earnestly in
favor of the stringent execution of the most stringent
law ; it is because he would be thought what he is not,
— because, knowing his own guilty habits and prac-
tices, he seeks to call off public attention from them by
crying out against something else. That is the whole
secret of it. Such tricks are no new thing ; they have
been tried before ; it has always been considered a
shrewd game by corrupt men to seem to be what they
are not, by charging upon others the vices they practise
themselves, — and our contemptible friend on the left
of the frontispiece represents exactly one of that class
of would-be shrewd men. But his very countenance,
unfortunately for his pretensions, lets the cat out of the
bag for him ; that hypocritical expression, that knobby
nose, that pimpled face, that leering and lying eye,
each betrays him.
He never drinks a glass of liquor for the pleasure of
the thing, — not he ! He never uses liquor at all, un-
less it is for a medicine ; and, for that matter, he man-
ages to be ailing about all the while. He wears a
diseased, anxious, medicated look continually. He is
never well, and of course he never presumes to look as
if he were well. He is forever sick on principle. He
THE THREE. — A DRINKING HYPOCRITE. 273
goes to the agency — State or town — for all his rum,
and has a new complaint, or an old complaint in a new
place, every time he makes his application. The town
agent cannot help wondering — if he is a conscientious
rumseller — how it is such a man can live along in this
way, and still be so sick all the while ; and well may
he wonder, and satisfy his curiosity in wondering. The
expressions of illness and hypocrisy are so adroitly
blended in his countenance, that a close observer would
at once declare this was the sickest hypocrite he ever
saw.
Such are the men who are red-hot with the desire to
see the Maine Law carried out in all its severity. Such
are the men who desire nothing so much as to exercise
supervision and authority over the appetites of others.
Such are the men who talk the loudest against the
vices, arid even against the foibles, of their neighbors,
as if they had nothing of the kind of their own. This
fellow in the picture probably has as little charity for
others as any man that lives ; and he asks the charity
of nobody else in return. Instead of appealing to that,
he prefers to try his art of deceiving others into the
belief that he is upright and pure himself, needing no
such favor as charity at any body's hands. He would
be thought a reformer ; and yet he is the meanest type
of a drunkard. He would be esteemed a temperate
man, if not a teetotaler ; and yet he keeps his skin as
full of poor agency rum all the while as it can hold.
He would have all persons believe him ; and he is the
veriest liar that wears boots.
274 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
No cause, however good, can be helped on by hypo-
critical practices. No man will be fool enough to
believe what such a fellow says about the virtues of
teetotalism, or even of temperance, while he sneaks off
afterwards and takes a stolen drink of agency rum be-
hind the door. These fellows are the co-workers, or
would be thought so, with the rest ; but it would be a
thousand fold better to kick them off without hesita-
tion. Compared with him, we fairly honor and love
the honest old Ramrod over against him, because we
believe that he, at least, is honest ; that expression on
his countenance is not the expression of a hypocrite,
but of a man whose liver is out of order, and who takes
wrong views of things. But this drunkard on the left
is a hypocrite ; he insults you while he stands in your
presence ; he abuses you whenever he opens his mouth ;
he corrupts the moral atmosphere with which he hap-
pens to be surrounded ; and we only wish for him that
old Ramrod may have the final settlement of his per-
sonal accounts !
AN OLD-FASHIONED BIBLE CHRISTIAN.
He will bear looking at ; he stands in the middle of
the picture. All the children would love him, because
they couldn't help it. He carries the certificate of his
righteousness in the very lines of his countenance. On
comparing him with the honest old Ramrod who stands
facing him, one would hardly suppose they were dwellers
upon the same planet, while to imagine them descend-
ants from a common ancestor would be preposterous.
AN OLD-FASHIONED BIBLE CHRISTIAN. 275
His skin is full of the juices of good humor and loving
kindness. His bosom overflows with the milk of hu-
man kindness. His malignant enemies come in the
night and girdle his apple trees, or cut down his choice
and well-tended grape vines, and he strolls out to be-
hold the mischief on the next day, — not cursing them
either with his lips or in his heart, but blessing Heaven
that even the consolation of innocent beer is still
left him.
He excites no hostility between neighbors, and wages
no wars of passion to prove that he holds his Christian
principles in real earnest. The influence he exerts on
those around him is one entirely of charity and peace.
He doesn't look in the least like a Neal Dow man,
though he would probably be as glad to see the evil of
intemperance swept out of existence as Neal Dow him-
self. You discover none of the riot disposition in the
expression of his face, in his posture, or in his general
make-up. He is evidently of opinion that life is too
precious to be thrown away in quarrels, when it can be
made so much more productive by the operation of a
steady and beautiful example, by the promulgation of
the purest morals, and by the exercise of a sweet for-
bearance and comprehensive charity. " Girdled my
trees, have they?" he seems to say to himself; "but
what do they expect to accomplish by that? They
can't excite me to do the same thing to them — they
can't stop my using cider, or wine — and they can't
force me even to hate them, for I only pity them !
But, thank God, there is a power in kindness, in moral
276 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
suasion, and I am bound to repose upon that. If these
midnight marauders come to see me, I shall treat them
well, and show them how I can punish them by pitying
and forgiving them ; as for going to law about it, and
having the whole community by the ears, I shall do no
such foolish thing ! "
This man, now, believes in the real doctrines of the
Bible ; such as those of forgiveness and charity. And
he would perform ten thousand times as wide and per-
manent a work with that benignant countenance and
warm heart of his, as any professed reformer, with a
rigid law and the soldiery at his back, could perform in
a dozen lifetimes. He would make all things beautiful
and harmonious around him. The feelings of no man,
friend or foe, should be injured by act or word of his.
While his convictions necessarily lead him to the con-
clusion that licensing is the only method by which the
indiscriminate sale of poisoned liquors can be stopped,
he confesses that no law can supply the place of moral
suasion in converting and reforming the individual
whose appetite has hitherto had dominion over him.
He is ready to help along such temperance lecturers as
generously as means and sympathy will permit ; and
what he gives, he gives ungrudgingly, and not for effect
and show. What he does, likewise, he does from the
impulse of a noble and generous heart ; there is no
gainsaying it, than an act of his on this side or that
carries much, more than the ordinary weight with it,
because he puts his heart into his deed, and thus hal-
lows it.
AN OLD-FASHIONED BIBLE CHRISTIAN. 277
We love to contrast such a man with Ramrod, be-
cause it shows us the fallacy of looking at the world
through a poor medium ; but to think of comparing
this genuine, old-fashioned, Bible Christian with a fel-
low like that drunken hypocrite, upon whom he has
properly turned his back, is more than we can well do.
Our Christian friend, we remarked, does not bear a
spirit of hatred towards any body ; but he does hate
this knavish drunkard's hypocrisy with all the hearti-
ness and spontaneity of his honest nature. The slime
of a serpent like that he will freely caution all men to step
out of the way of; he will denounce that Phariseeism
with his last breath, nor refuse to shake his cane, like-
wise, by way of giving emphasis to his gesture. He
feels that it is right for him to hate hypocrisy, and he
knows very well that he could not do otherwise ; be-
cause he is no hypocrite himself, and cannot endure to
see the acts of a hypocrite played off upon others.
Here are the three men, therefore, representatives
of a large class, each of them. Reader, tell us which
one strikes your fancy. Which would you choose for
your friend — your confidant — your counsellor ? Can
you accept the bilious misery of old Ramrod, and call
such a life as he leads living ? Will you take up with
the practices of the knavish guzzler on the left, and
call them any thing else than corruption, and the
meanest sort of hypocrisy ? Or, on reviewing the field,
does not the old-fashioned Bible Christian meet your
24
278 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
views of the case, and is he not the most thorough rep-
resentation of the true reformatory idea ?
We must all of us be classed under one of these three
heads. Reader, where are you? For ourselves, we
shake hands with our friend in the centre of the pic-
ture, and will agree to send him a plentiful supply of
sweet cider next autumn.
THE USE OF TOBACCO. 279
XXXV.
THE USE OF TOBACCO.
THIS weed holds a high place in the list of narcotics,
and is probably used as extensively as any other. Very
few people in this country, compared with the entire
body of the adult population, but are addicted to to-
bacco in one form or another ; they take it in the form
of snuff, or they smoke or chew it. Such a statement
may well be thought astonishing, when it is known
that it is naturally productive of nausea, and that it
works emphatic injury to the nervous system ; but
these drawbacks fail to have the effect we should sup-
pose they would upon those who habitually use the
weed. Still, there are not a few who are entirely ig-
norant of its pernicious effects, and hence go on in the
way they do with no knowledge of the certain results.
Inasmuch as tobacco is so commonly used, it is
proper that its power and the effects of its consumption
should be set down along with the fact of its general
use. It is called, then, by chemists, a virulent and
active poison. Three drops of the distilled oil of to-
bacco, dropped on the tongue of a cat, will cause her
death in a few minutes ; and a tobacco poultice, ap-
plied to the pit of the stomach, causes terrible vomitings
in a very short time. It likewise t)roduces similar
280 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
effects when applied to the head. A French physician,
who had experimented with the weed, gives the follow-
ing piece of experience : " I made a small incision in a
pigeon's leg, and applied to it the oil of tobacco ; in
two minutes it lost the use of its foot. I repeated this
experiment on another pigeon, and the event was ex-
actly the same. I made a small wound in the pectoral
muscles of a pigeon, and applied the oil to it ; in three
minutes the animal could no longer support itself on
its left foot. This experiment, repeated on another
pigeon, ended the same way. I introduced into the
pectoral muscles of a pigeon a small bit of wood cov-
ered with this oil ; the pigeon in a few seconds fell
insensible. Two other pigeons, to whom I applied this
oil, vomited several times all that they had eaten.
Two others, with empty stomachs, treated as above,
made all possible efforts to vomit. Vomiting was the
most constant effect of this oil."
Applied in almost any form, tobacco will produce a
similar effect. Chemists at once classify it with the
vegetable poisons. It is said that scurvy abounds much
more since the general use of tobacco, than ever before.
The use of snuff is said, also, to have produced apo-
plexy in a great many instances. In smoking, it is
well known that a great deal of saliva is wasted that
would otherwise assist in the digestion of food ; and
hence it cannot be esteemed conducive to health to get
rid of an agent so essential in the animal economy.
Chewing uses up much more of this important liquid
than smoking. Darwin says, in his Zoonomia, " The
THE USE OP TOBACCO. 281
unwise custom of chewing and smoking tobacco for
many hours in the day, not only injures the salivary
glands, producing dryness in the mouth when this drug
is not used, but I suspect that it also produces scirrhus
of the pancreas. The use of tobacco in this immod-
erate degree injures the power of digestion, by occasion-
ing the patient to spit out that saliva which he ought
to swallow, and hence produces that flatulency which
the vulgar unfortunately take it to prevent."
There is another consideration. Not only does to-
bacco use up the saliva which ought to be used in the
digestion of the food, but it so thoroughly saturates the
tongue and mouth with tobacco juice, that it vitiates
the saliva that remains, which, in this poisoned condi-
tion, finds its way to the stomach. " It seems," says
one writer on the subject, " to act directly upon the
nervous system, enfeebling, exhausting, or destroying
the powers of life." It affects the sensibility of the
membrane that forms the lining of the nose, mouth,
and stomach, and thus directly causes dyspepsia. An
eminent surgeon declares that of the cases of cancer of
the under lip that have come under his observation, all
but three were those of individuals who had, at some
period of their lives, used tobacco in some one of its
forms. De Bomare says of the habit of taking snuff,
u The least evil which you can expect it to produce is,
to dry up the brain, emaciate the body, enfeeble the
memory, and destroy, if not entirely, yet in a great
measure, the delicate sense of smelling."
It is thought by many that chewing tobacco is a
24*
282 THE KAMROD BROKEN.
preservative of the teeth ; but competent medical au-
thority assures us that both chewing and smoking wear
down, or absorb, the grinding surface of the teeth
much faster than would otherwise be the case. So
active a poison as the smoke or juice of tobacco, con-
tinually in contact with the surface of the teeth, must
tend to destroy their vitality, and consequently to
hasten, instead of retard, their decay. A German
paper speaks further of the excessive use of the weed
having produced vertigo, blindness, and paralysis. It
causes, also, a dryness of the throat, which in turn calls
for something of a stimulating nature to allay the new
thirst. " To this dark catalogue of evils," says a dis-
tinguished medical writer, " arising from the use of
tobacco, may be added the turbid nostril, the besmeared
lip, the spitting of saliva, imbued with this baneful
narcotic upon the floor, furniture, and even upon the
clothes of those around them; and last, though not
least, the foul and offensive breath, which, to those
whose olfactories have not been perverted by the use of
narcotics, is almost insupportable."
Blasts against the use of tobacco in any form, and
counterblasts likewise, have been issued from time
" beyond which the mind of man runneth not to the
contrary." But thus far to no purpose at all. If
people wrould only be more particular in the business
of spitting, and spirting, and squirting, we think we
should be less anxious on the score of their health from
the use of the weed ; but, in our opinion, considered as
a social question, the gravest and most offensive charge
that can be brought against the use of tobacco is, that
THE USE OF TOBACCO. 283
it is instrumental in daubing us all over with saliva
that does not belong to us. In the famous Counterblast
of King James against tobacco, he concludes the sub-
ject in the following strain : " A custom loathsome to
the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dan-
gerous to the lungs, and, in the black, stinking fume
thereof, nearest resembling the horrible stygian smoke
of the pit that is bottomless." This is strong, but we
are not inclined to question a line of its accuracy.
We do not advise any one to leave off the use of to-"
bacco, if, after being put in possession of facts like
these, he is confident it does not injure him ; but if he
already confesses himself a slave to the habit, then it
is manifestly high time he took some steps towards self-
emancipation. We do not use tobacco in any form
ourselves, and are ignorant of the temptation that would
be strong enough to induce us to do so ; still, we de-
nounce nobody else for doing what we choose not to
do ; that is not to our temper at all. We would have
every one go at the prosecution of his indulgence in
the weed with his eyes open on the subject, merely
imploring him not to bedaub his friends with the saliva
which, we think, he might as well " keep at home."
And we would particularly remind those devotees of
tobacco who style themselves "Sons of Temperance,"
and who are continually crying out against the habits
of other people, to carefully examine the following pas-
sage of Scripture, (Matt. vii. 5,) " First cast out the
beam out of thine own eye, and then shalt thou see
clearly to cast out the mote out of thy brother's eye."
284 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
XXXVI.
TEA AND COFFEE.
THERE are those who believe that the use of these
stimulants is decidedly injurious, and therefore think
it necessary that they should froth at the mouth at all
others .who do not incline to follow their advice in the
matter. For ourselves, we entertain no sort of enmity
to the above drinks. Our grandmothers — God's peace
be with them — used to drink both, and drink them
freely. Our mothers — may their days be many — still
use them as a beverage, and, while we live, we mean
to enjoy them also.
Dr. Beach, an eminent physician of the old school,
says in respect to these beverages, in his volume en-
titled " The Family Physician," " Tea and coffee are
injurious, especially to invalids, dyspeptic and nervous
people ; they produce debility, hysterics, and other evil
consequences. Tea and coffee, being both narcotic, or
poisonous, have many ill effects, by impairing the pow-
ers of the stomach, producing various nervous symp-
toms, palpitations of the heart, restlessness, headache,
a pale and sallow hue of the skin, and all the usual
train of morbid feelings which accompany dyspepsia."
We are aware that a great many people indorse the
views of Dr. Beach, and would just as soon swallow
TEA AND COFFEE. 285
arsenic as either tea or coffee. "With some particular
constitutions, or in certain states of health, it is ad-
mitted that tea and coffee do not agree, and the pos-
sessors of such constitutions we would advise to drink
something else ; but for the great majority of people
we know that tea and coffee are both agreeable and
healthy, and to such we would frankly say, " Don't be
scared ! they are narcotics, in a degree, to be sure ;
but the Arab lives almost wholly on a coffee diet, and
drinks it strong ; he is hardy and healthy, and is ca-
pable of a vast amount of endurance. The Chinese
drink strong decoctions of tea, from the cradle to the
grave ; and they generally manage to make a long jour-
ney of it, too ; there seems to be no immediate danger
of the Celestial race of mortals becoming extinct.
We insist, in this place again, that each one is to be
left to be his own judge in the matter of food and drink,
and ought to be able to decide, if thus left to his indi-
vidual discretion, what best suits his health, and secures
to him happiness. But " as ye would that men should
do to you, do ye also to them likewise ; " and if you
wish to stimulate your systems with tea and coffee, or
tobacco in its various forms, pray be so much of a Chris-
tian as to allow us to take what is better and healthier
for our constitutions than any of your favorite beverages,
viz., a little pure and unadulterated wine, or whiskey.
The ancient Mexicans and Peruvians produced an
intoxicating drink by fermenting a preparation of maize,
or Indian corn ; and the Hebrew people must have had
something similar, for the Bible says, " Corn shall make
286 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
the young men cheerful, and new wine the maids."
' (*Zechariah ix. 17.) We have shown beyond reason-
able dispute, in the course of these pages, that some
sort of narcotic, or stimulant, has been prepared and
used by every nation known to history ; and the infer-
ence is a fair and strong one, that all nations will con-
tinue the practice ; it is merely a practice based on the
common instincts of human nature. Many people, in
giving reflection to this matter, become infected, with-
out seeming to know it, with a species of fanaticism, or
insanity; they think they see one point clearly, and
straightway surrender their estimate of all other points
to their estimate of this. So good and famous a man
as Dr. Thomas Dick, of Scotland, went even so far as
to say it was not compatible ivith a state of innocence
to take the life of any sensitive being and feed on its
flesh ! and that, consequently, no such grant was given
to Adam in the garden of Eden, or to the antedilu-
vians ! He considered it a grant only fitted to the state
of man after the flood. Another writer of eminence,
also, Dr. Cheyne, says he is almost convinced that ani-
mal food was never intended, but only permitted as a
curse or punishment, and a cure for a malady, being
adapted to a corrupt state of man : 1st. To let him feel
and experience the natural and necessary effects of his
own lusts by painful diseases ; 2d. To shorten the du-
ration of his natural life, that sin and misery might not
increase infinitely ! This looks as if the writer thought
the Almighty had made a mistake in the creation of
man, and was eager to rectify it as soon as possible.
TEA AND COFFEE. 287
Tea and coffee have been used long enough, and
commonly enough, to establish the fact that, as an ar-
ticle of diet, they are not merely harmless, but even
necessary to most human constitutions. For our own
part, we use them regularly, and to no disadvantage
whatever ; and we insist on every body else having the
same privilege. And we have not the slightest objec-
tions to others using the genuine corn tea, too, pro-
vided it is only pure and unadulterated. In proper
quantities, and at proper times, it is as beneficial as the
tea grown in China ; and only popular prejudice clam-
ors against it. Others may do as they see fit ; while
they continue rational beings, we wish by all means to
have them do so. For ourselves, we claim no other
privilege in these matters than we are perfectly ready
to accord to others.
288 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
XXXVII.
MORAL SUASION.
AFTER carefully surveying the whole ground, it is
evident that we must at last fall back upon moral sua-
sion. We have seen that force itself has been tried,
but it has shown us that it is the last thing on which
we can rely. A law to prevent the consumption of
stimulating drinks has long since proved itself an im-
possibility. Men will use stimulus, and no law on
earth can prevent it. We have shown in this volume,
from abundant historical records, that such has always
been the case, and it is safe to presume that such ever
will be. It may be argued, we very well know, that,
as mankind advance in true civilization, they will be
more and more disposed to dispense with such an in-
dulgence, even if it be done by the aid of legal pro-
visions ; but such is in no sense good logic, since the
higher the civilization, the more, we insist on leaving
to individual choice and government ; we do not call
ourselves free, we do not speak of ourselves as in the
enjoyment of any sort of liberty, if at the same time
we are forcibly restrained of what, in even a ruder state
of society, was left to the self-restraining power of the
individual.
The tragedy at Portland, at the time it was attempted
MORAL SUASION. 289
to carry out the law of Neal Dow, fairly illustrates
the extent and nature of the evils that do certainly
grow out of any attempt to execute such stringent and
ill-founded statutes. They rest too much on pure au-
thority, and too little on the intelligent and cultivated
sentiments of the individual. In the name of liberty,
they embody the spirit of tyranny. Professing to per-
form nothing but the greatest good, they notoriously
lead to the greatest possible harm. They mistake the
real spirit and tendency of the age, which is towards
the largest individual freedom compatible with general
peace and safety, and undertake to set up in its stead
a certain crude theory of their own as to what that
spirit and tendency ought to be. They take away
choice, and substitute in its place naked compulsion.
And this is openly hostile to the real theory of our po-
litical liberty, of our religion, and of our social state.
This experiment has been tried, and tried pretty
thoroughly. The people have shown themselves will-
ing to bear patiently with the experimenters, to see if
by good chance some unlooked-for blessing might not
result. They have even submitted, in many instances,
to personal insults and indignities, for the sake of giving
this new piece of legislative experimenting a fair trial.
At any time, they well knew, they had it in their power
to take back the direction and control of matters into
their own hands, yet they declined to avail themselves
of their privilege simply because they would not seem
to judge even of the value of ill-digested statutes hastily.
Therefore they have waited, and waited till now ; and
25
290 THE EAMROD BROKEN.
even now there is no disposition whatever on the part
of the people to take any rash and hasty steps, to turn
any sharp and short corners, but to allow this change
in sentiment to work itself out gradually, by natural
processes, and altogether after the safe methods and
laws of observation and reflection. It is safe to assert,
that at this very day there is going on in the public
mind, upon this important question, a change that will
presently astonish those who have been thinking that,
once establish a law, and reforms follow it as a natural
consequence. The lesson will be learned, we believe,
that no enlightened public will ever consent to give up
its freedom of instincts, but that, if discipline is needed
in order to give greater protection to the social state,
that discipline, both in the matter of amount, method,
and time, must be left altogether to the discretion and
disposal of the individual.
The form and character of such a law as we sincerely
believe would be most conducive to the protection of
the community in respect of the manufacture, sale, and
use of wines, liquors, and inebriating drinks, we think
the foregoing pages have indicated in a sufficiently
clear and ample manner, and it is not necessary for us
to enlarge upon the subject, much less to indulge in
any repetitions concerning it in this place ; it is enough
that it is coming to be admitted more and more openly
every day, that the best that can be done is to regulate
a traffic which cannot be prevented, or outrooted, and
to leave the rest to the healthy operations — as perma-
nent, too, as they are healthy — of moral suasion. We
MORAL SUASION. 291
have not yet discovered the true merit of this plan, be-
cause we have not yet sufficiently given it our confi-
dence and trust. Where it has been tried, with all
surrounding circumstances to cooperate with its pow-
erful influence, it has shown itself capable of working
wonders indeed. If the reader will revert to the
account we have given of the almost miraculous con-
versions wrought in Newport by Hawkins, the great
temperance apostle, he will at once see that this power
of persuasion is by no means one of the " lost arts,"
but may be brought to bear with all its native strength
and energy to-day. That single narrative indicates the
most gigantic results ; it will do well to set over against
the temporary reign of terror instituted by Neal Dow —
another apostle of temperance — in Portland, that re-
flecting people may see for themselves the vast differ-
ence in the results of the two plans. Newport and
Portland exhibit the sharpest and boldest contrasts in
this matter, and the reader will do well to oppose them
frequently in his mind, when he pauses to give serious
attention to this subject.
If men would be as ready to trust their good and
noble qualities as they are to rely on their mean and
baser ones, or, rather, if they would go forth thinking
to reform the world as Christ did, by simply sowing
good seed on every side, and leaving it to spring up or
not as nature willed it, and not by exciting prejudice,
passion, class feeling, and all the bad blood that flows
in the veins of human nature, there is little question
that something very different would result from it from
292 THE KAMBOD BROKEN.
what we behold around us to-day. But we have too
little confidence in truth ; we continually doubt and
suspect one another ; we ever think it a mark of wis-
dom to agree to call a man a rogue till he has proved
himself — if he has the opportunity — honest; we put
no faith in the power of Love, but esteem Hate stronger,
simply because it does its work quicker ; we are, more
than all this, impatient because we do not see the effects
of our work sooner, and, like pettish children, run off
to try something else that will produce earlier fruits.
We often bring to mind the fable of the Sun and
the North Wind, when the traveller, with his cloak
wrapped around him, went forth to encounter the wind,
but was finally forced to throw off his cloak altogether
in- consequence of the superior power of the sun. This
fable aptly illustrates the contest that has for some time
been going on between the power of law and the power
of moral suasion. One makes a man defiant, fills him
with opposing energy, and excites the highest spirit of
resistance ; while the other conquers him by the silent
force of love, and, having once conquered him, forever
after keeps him as a cooperator and friend. There is all
of this advantage in moral suasion, that it does not
conquer by overcoming, but by practically convincing ;
so that the man who yields to it does so, not as being
vanquished, but as being converted. Thenceforward
he helps along the cause to which he has been brought
over, instead of merely submitting with a sullen grace,
to superior authority.
It is a fact which will soon have to be openly admitted
MORAL SUASION. 293
in this matter, as it is theoretically admitted in almost
every other, that appeals to prejudice and passion can
do nothing at all for the cause of temperance. The
idea has been exploded so far as religion is concerned ;
it will have to be in the matter of temperance. When
the community is excited from one part to another
over this question, when hard names are called, and
reputations, earned after long years of labor, are
trampled under foot, and societies split asunder, and
even families, once all harmony, become rent with feuds
and torn with madness, and human life itself becomes
a rash sacrifice, flung as an offering to the demon of
hate and passion, there is little likelihood of the law
becoming elevated in the general respect, and much
less of the public conscience becoming tender upon
points and practices to which, under more favorable
circumstances, it would be tremblingly alive. Once
open the doors and let in passion, and from that mo-
ment reason is driven out. And since all reform, all
growth, all real advancement is the result of reason
and reflection, aided most effectually, of course, by the
power of persuasion, it is incontestable that when re-
forms are attempted, they can take no permanent root
except in the reason and the native sentiments out of
which every thing like character must surely grow.
We shall hold to this doctrine till all else has been
given up. As the genial sun has so much more power
than the blustering north wind, so has moral suasion
more than the machinery of arbitrary laws, or the
tyranny of partisan prejudice and passion. Men will
25*
294 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
be convinced, but they will not be driven. It is easy
enough, — and we fear it is much too common, besides,
— for would-be lawgivers to draught their theoretical
statutes, and say, " Now, we know this statute, or that
statute, to be the best thing that could be set up as a
rule of public action, and therefore all the rest of the
community shall obey it, whether it suits their reason
or their instincts, or no." But it is not such an easy
matter, on the other hand, for them to declare that
what they know to be good and proper is really thought
to be good and proper by others ; and until this is in a
larger measure the case than it now is, there is little
use in making an attempt to enforce any law, since it
is entirely beyond the reach of ordinary reason and re-
spect. The great vice of reformers is, that they are
not willing to leave any thing to nature ; they must
needs be interfering with their own little plots and
plans all the while, as if Nature did not work fast
enough, or sure enough, for them, and they would jog
her on from time to time, and help her out with their
own petty devices. Men who seek the reformation of
the race, and very many of them, too, the best inten-
tioned men and the sincerest that live, are too impa-
tient because matters do not progress faster than they
do, or because, forsooth, their own personal projects do
not eventuate as they had hoped. They put too much
confidence in law, and too little in reason. They rely
on authority, and treat persuasion as a very little thing.
They defy the instincts of human nature, thinking to
set up something better in their place. Force is their
MORAL SUASION. 295
god, and they hold the gentle but certain operations of
persuasion in very slight esteem.
All this will have to be changed. We can see for
ourselves, if we will stop to look at it, that a change is
already coming over the public mind on this subject.
Men have opened, and are still opening, their eyes to
the significant facts all around them — facts that tell
them far different stories from those they have been
told by these fanciful theories of legal reform, and that
form the basis for a very different kind of reform from
that which relies upon force as its finality. We can
all see how little a law is doing for society, which every
one makes it a point to treat with ridicule and con-
tempt. We can see how next to impossible it is to
carry out its provisions ; with what countless difficul-
ties arid dangers it is beset ; how it provokes hostility,
instead of inspiring respect and a spirit of obedience,
and how universal this hostility has become ; how it
alienates friends and neighbors, sunders communities,
arrays class against class in the most deadly feuds, and
divides families with the ruthlessness of barbarism itself;
how the very thought of reformation is entirely sunk
and swallowed up in the other thought of carrying the
point, of forcing the community into obedience, of
making authority good ; and, finally, how important
are all the various methods resorted to for the attain-
ment of any good whatever, while nothing but mischief
and misery are the consequences of the measures thus
set on foot by mistaken zealots and ambitious reformers.
And this spectacle is enough. The reflecting man is
296 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
at no loss to draw the legitimate inferences from it.
It is too plain that there is a mistake thus far, and that
the only safety lies in retracing our steps and accepting
the valuable hints offered us by nature and reason.
There is no need, and there should be no fear, of re-
lapsing from a show of stringent authority, under the
name of law, into the opposite extreme of license, and
no law ; such a fear proceeds only from those minds
that, as we said before, trust altogether to authority,
and in no wise to reason ; but it is baseless and mis-
chievous. What we want is, a thorough law, that shall
protect the community, and which, from its very tone
and temper, may hope to be executed and sustained ;
the rest is to be left — must be left — to be done by the
silent, secret, and beautiful processes of reason and
persuasion. And such a work cannot fail to be both
permanent and secure.
CONCLUSION. 297
XXXVIIL
CONCLUSION.
WE cannot bring this volume to a close without call-
ing the reader to witness that, in the progress of its
several chapters, we have in no way encouraged the
immoderate use of intoxicating drinks. Such has cer-
tainly been the farthest from our intention. That we
have spoken, and with just cause, of the drunkard as a
self-made beast, is true, and it was our deliberate in-
tention so to speak of him. He has little .enough ex-
cuse, at the best, for the disgrace into which he brings
himself. We have referred to, and quoted in various
places, the laws of the ancient Hebrews in relation to
intemperance, — laws that condemned the drunkard to
death, — and likewise spoken of the severe penalties
imposed by the statutes of other nations well known in
ancient history. Some of these laws only declared that
the finger of scorn should be pointed at the inebriate,
which would not be any too insignificant a punishment
even in this country of ours. But we offer no sugges-
tions to our legislators on this point. They will not for-
get, on the one hand, what is due to society, nor, on the
other, what are the most humane methods by which so
unfortunate a being as the inebriate rnay be lifted out
of his degradation. Hosts of drunkards have been
298 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
reformed — have reformed themselves; for there is no
reform except it be self-wrought. And what they have
succeeded in happily accomplishing for themselves
once, they may assuredly do again.
And while alluding to this work of reformation from
the vice of drunkenness, it gives us tlie sincerest pleas-
ure to state to our readers that there has been, for
many years, ah institution in the city of Boston, called
the "Home for the 'Fallen," of which Mr. Albert Day
is the humane and efficient superintendent. This in-
stitution is established at No. 36 Charles Street. Here,
in this almost private quarter, a man has been devoted
to the pursuit of -a work, which entitles him to a thou-
sand times as much praise as the bloody work of Neal
Dow of Portland, because it is a work of the most beau-
tiful and persistent philanthropy. Mr. Day is very
glad at all times to see visitors and sympathizing
inquirers, to whom he is ever ready to impart such in-
formation as his varied experience has put him in pos-
session of. He is doing a noble work, although his
name is blown out of no trumpets, and swings on no
flags in the air. Through his personal instrumentality
hundreds of unhappy beings, once men, have been
lifted out of their accustomed degradation, and raised
to posts of usefulness and even public honor.
If an habitual drunkard desires to reform, he may put
ipecac, or antimony, in his rum, and that will be found
to assist him temporarily ; still, whatever results such
agencies may be able to work out, Mr. Day professes
to use nothing more and nothing less simple than the
CONCLUSION. 299
law of love ; and many oT his disciples and beneficiaries
may be found to-day in Boston, men thoroughly re-
formed and honestly respecting themselves, who have
risen from their fall by no other aid than that of the
all-pervading law of morality and reason. They can
walk by a grog shop as safely as they can avoid a mud
puddle. But it is only because they have been taught
to respect themselves, rather than the forms of pledges,
or the authority of law, or the power of public preju-
dice. Treat an inebriate like a man, and he will be
likely to reform ; but unless you do as much as this,
you destroy his confidence in himself and make certain
and permanent his degradation.
Our solemn advice is to every person who has been
in the habit of using spirituous liquors moderately, to
impose upon himself the severe restriction of total and
unconditional abstinence — not to touch a glass, not to
taste a drop — if it appears that the habit becomes too
strong at all times to keep under control. And we
would further recommend to any one who makes only
an occasional and moderate use of liquors, to abstain
for a few weeks at a time, that he may be sure at all
times that he has control of his appetites. This would
be on the same principle with the facts, which are prac-
tised so efficaciously by certain of our religious sects.
Far better suffer — if suffering it is — from the use of
too little, than from excess. A drunkard is the most
loathed of all men, because he consents thus to debase
himself; because he gratifies his appetites at the ex-
pense and degradation of his intellect and his spiritual
300 THE RAMROD BROKEN.
nature. He wallows in a sty of sensual indulgence,
and can never hope to advance or become exalted while
he continues in such courses. It is to him ruin in-
deed ; for it is brought upon himself, and it is complete.
We call upon the real and consistent friends of TEM-
PERANCE, rather than the friends of the mere temper-
ance party, to cooperate in the enactment of a stringent
law- against the manufacture and sale of spurious and
counterfeit liquors. We have laws, in present opera-
tion, to punish the counterfeiting of money, and why
not have them to punish the counterfeiting of liquor ?
If such are passed, and rigidly enforced, we need en-
tertain no more fears of the ravages of delirium tre-
mens. Only let pure spirits have the benefit of as good
laws as good money has, and the consequences will be
plain to every one. We shall be secure of temperance
every where, and all the inebriates now worth saving
would be certain to reform.
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| ramrodbrokenorbi00newerich | OL7118753M | OL16332016W | 316 | 1,859 |
zh | N/A | N/A | 老虎与绿鹅
**江南尘**
**中外文化有许多差异，更有许多相通之处。**
**薄伽丘的《十日谈》里有一则故事：腓力为使儿子一心侍奉上帝，从小不让他接触世俗生活。儿子长大后，第一次陪父亲进城，遇见一群年轻女子，便问父亲这些是什么。父亲怕唤起儿子的肉欲，骗他说，她们叫“绿鹅”。儿子就死缠着老子，非要带只绿鹅回家。作者得出的结论是：“那老头儿这时方明白，原来自然的力量远比他的教诲强得多。D**
**中国则有“女人是老虎”的旧事。清代才子袁枚的《沙弥思老虎》一文说：五台山某禅师收一沙弥，年甫三岁。五台山很高，师徒在山顶修行。十余年后，禅师同弟子下山，沙弥见牛马鸡犬皆不识也。师指而告之曰：“此牛也，可以耕田；此马也，可以骑；此鸡犬也，可以报晓，可以守门。"沙弥唯唯。少顷，一年少女子走过，沙弥惊问：“此又是何物?”师虑其动心，正色告之曰：“此名老虎，人近之必遭咬死，尸骨无存。“沙弥唯唯。晚间上山，师问：“汝今日在山下所见之物，可有心上思想否?“沙弥曰：“一切物，我都不想，只想那吃人的老虎，心上总觉舍他不得。”**
**两个故事，矛头指向皆为禁欲主义。“食色性也”，自古人性难禁，且不说把女人比做“绿鹅"和"老虎”，即便把女人说成“魔鬼”或“飞毛腿导弹”，也无济于事。中国《尼姑下凡》的戏，至今还在上演，对“绿鹅"与“老虎”的发明者，真是绝大讽刺。禁欲违背规律与人性，哪里禁得了?**
**时下，鼓吹禁欲主义的人，可能有，但不会很多。人们常常听到和看到的往往是纵欲现象，这已不是起于青萍之末的微风，实有肆虐为浊风的迹象。一说纵欲，人们会想到西门庆。《金瓶梅》序言说：“读《金瓶梅》而生怜悯心者，菩萨也；生畏惧心者，君子也；生欢喜心者，小人也；生效法心者，乃禽兽耳。”不幸的是，“生效法心”的禽兽已非个别。西门庆最后死于纵欲，身边也不过二十几个女人。而如今的数目已大大突破。数以百计者，当年曾有张二江，说是107个；江苏省建设厅原厅长徐其耀有记录的“情妇”也是一百多。后来又有长春市原市委书记米凤君和一百多名妓女有染，据说此人或将创下官员贪色的吉尼斯纪录。所谓“每一个贪官的背后都有若千个情妇"的议论，绝非空穴来风。包养情妇恶浊流风，是生长于官场和商海里的毒瘤。因为权力一旦与金钱女色为伍，祸莫大焉。**
**事实恰如波德莱尔所说：“荒淫和死亡是一对好姐妹。”这话何等的精辟与深刻!看看那些落马贪官的行止及人生终局，上面就明白地写着：纵欲与禁欲，此路不通。**
**湖南的双牌县有个政协委员叫胡佐军，还有个县委书记叫郑柏顺。在当地“两会"之后，委员胡佐军被书记郑柏顺给撤职了。**
**不要以为胡佐军是一张牌，郑柏顺是一张牌，他俩能构成“双牌”。说起来胡佐军是当地的政协委员，可他在书记面前却啥都不是。仅仅是“两会”上一次例行的“大会发言”，他就惹怒了县委书记——书记不仅当场愤怒批示，还轻而易举地把胡佐军的本职岗位给粉碎了。什么叫“大牌吃小牌”?这就是。**
**这不算祸起萧墙，而是祸起发言。胡佐军是政协委员，本职为县委办副主任，平常也是搞材料的；他要作大会发言是政协认为他熟悉情况，就让他弄了个《凸显双牌比较优势，打开工业招商新局》的发言。你如果以为胡委员是“胡发言”，他发言是批评性质的，从而得罪了书记大人，那就大错特错了。不是的，不是因为批评，不是因为跑偏，而是太正确，太“县委”，太“书记”了——胡委员讲的几乎全是县委书记式的正确的大话，而恰恰是这样的发言把县委招商引资的大政方针“擅自"变成一介小小政协委员的个人高见，使得县委书记的“真金白银"变成了你“建议后”的“残羹冷炙”………你说，书记听着能不火大?**
**郑书记何止是火大!发言结束后，他把县政协主席、县人大主任等留下来，生气地说胡的发言“严重违反政治纪律，个人主义膨胀”，还批评政协主席和县委办主任“不对材料把好关”，并下令把发言材料收回来。看明白了吧，这就叫“书记很生气，后果很严重”。更严重的“后果”是，第二天他就召集县长、县委副书记、组织部部长和县纪委书记等开了个小会，拿掉了胡委员的县委办副主任职务，让他下乡两个月，以后再调到一般科局，还要他“向县委写出深刻检讨”。**
**什么叫“人治”?这就是人治的典范。什**
**么叫飞扬跋扈?这就是飞扬跋扈的标本。什么叫“一言堂"?这就是一言堂的经典之作。不喜直行的权力，就是这样横行的。**
**该书记如此生气只因四个字：怕被抢功。你瞧他在胡委员发言材料上的批示：“涉及的内容不应作个人发言，这些是县委已经安排部署的改革措施。作为县委办工作人员必要(错，应为“须”)要自重、自省，切莫犯政治原则性错误。。"头一句就说明其发言是“抢功”的干活，紧接着他以家长的口气令其“自重、自省”，最后提升到“政治原则性错误”的高度。至于批示中夹了个把错别字，大约不是书记水平差，而是被气昏了头。**
**不过，这个书记显然对什么是人民政协和政协的工作性质非常无知。他就知道自己是全县的老大。胡委员也活该倒霉，谁叫你在这位书记的“领导之下”?更可见平常你们“关系”不好，更不铁——你也不精通官场的明规则和潜规则!呵呵!**
**那么，双牌县的县委书记打的是啥牌?他要打“双牌”吗?哪里啊，他光有一张名叫“权力”的牌就够打了，因为那“权力”俩字前面，隐约还写着“绝对”二字。**
官腔标本 金陵客
**湛江一位副检察长对打电话要求采访的记者说：“你怎么可以随便打电话给我这个政法机关的领导?一点儿规矩都不懂!"这位副检察长的话，给世人提供了一份难得的官腔标本。**
**何以见得?因为他的这句“名言”卜分鲜明地表现出今日宫腔的所有特征。即：一是对下，二是炫权，三是拒民，四是忘形。**
**官腔总是对下的。做宫的人，见着比自己官衔高的人，或许并不个个奴颜媚骨，甚至有胆量加以糊弄，但敢于当面跟上级打官腔的，却没有见过。对记者，他就可以置之不理了。如果打电话的是市长、省长或上级部门领导，他的官腔恐怕一下子就噎进肚里了。你不就是记者吗?怎么可以随便给我这么大的官打电话呢?这不乱套了吗?可见，凡官员打官腔时所面对的一定是官阶低于他的人，或是普通百姓。他们是不会把这些人放在眼里或心上的。**
**官腔总是炫权的。一开口就自称为“领导"，往往习惯于以势压人。副检察长当然是“政法机关的领导”之一，但他为什么不自称为副检察长，而要炫耀“政法机关的领导”身份?一望而知，这是个爱虚荣的人，是个讲排场的人，是个好张扬的人。可见，炫耀官职，炫耀权力，与其说是提醒对方懂点儿“规矩”，不如说是要给其点儿颜色看看。至于究竟什么“规矩”，恐怕他也说不清楚。或者说，这是官场游戏规则之一。官儿大的人，也许可以随便给官儿小的人打电话，下指令，居高临下，颐指气使；反之则不行。这种“规矩”他当然懂，并以为天下所有的人都该懂。**
**官腔总是拒民的。有些本来可以讨论的事情，一句官腔，就没有了讨论的余地。本来可以替老百姓做点儿实事，一句官腔，便抛弃了执政为民的初衷。要知道打官腔不应成为回避矛盾的挡箭牌，老百姓也不是听凭他们玩弄于股掌之上的“黔首”——老百姓有了事情，为什么不可以打电话找地方行政官员或政法部门的官员?政府公布的那些亲民电话，难道都是摆设?**
**官腔总是忘形的。忘什么形?忘记了自己应该是全心全意为人民服务的公仆，误以为自己是高高在上的老爷。一旦得意忘形，就把自己在大庭广众之下曾信誓旦旦的那些承诺忘得干干净净；就把他们必须接受老百姓监督**
**的道理丢得无影无踪。一个官员，如果是老百姓选出来的，他应该随时主动与选民联系沟通；如果是政府任命的，他也应记得权力是人民赋予的，老百姓才是他的衣食父母。敢于得罪自己的衣食父母，这就叫妄自尊大，这就叫得意忘形，说到底就是：忘本。**
**如此看来，这位副检察长的至理名言，实为今日官腔之标本。**
**newscartoan供稿** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **思想政治课议题式教学“三法”\***
苟强
**(甘肃省庆阳市镇原中学，甘肃庆阳，744500)**
**摘 要量议法、比议法和史议法是议题式教学的三种常用教学方法。量议法擅长量化分析，让数字发声；比议法主要有横向比较、纵向比较和正反比较，关键要找好比较的对象和找准比较的维度；史议法，强调史论和史证，史论结合、论从史出是其基本原则。**
关键词思想政治课议题式教学量议法法比议法去史议法
《普通高中思想政治课程标准(2017年版2020年修订)》明确提出“议题式教学”，并以教学提示的形式列示了34个议题，供四个必修模块教学选用。议题式教学重点在议，难点也在议。议法适切是实施议题式教学的关键。
**一、量议法**
量化分析法是一种非常重要的分析方法，但长期以来，思政学科更倾向于定性分析，量化分析在思政学科中没有受到应有的重视甚至被严重忽视。量化分析与定性分析都是非常重要的分析方法，二者相辅相成，不可偏废。量化分析是定性分析的基础。从哲学角度讲，没有量变就没有质变，事物性质的变化总是从量变开始，由量变引起，是量变的结果。所以，不能离开量化分析对事物性质作简单化的主观臆断。从数学角度讲，总体是个体的集合。研究总体要以个体为基础，但又不可能研究每一个个体，只能是抽取一部分个体作为样本进行研究，由样本推断总体。这实际上是统计分析，是高阶的量化分析。我们常犯的错误是，以单样本甚至极值样本为代表来研究总体。这样就难免以偏概全，得出的结论往往需要商榷。量化分析的优势在于让数字说话，还可以把数字图表化、图形化和模型化，一目了然，可视化效果好，一表胜千言，一图胜万语。统编版教材在这方面作了很好的示范。例如在《经济与社会》中，柱状图、折线图等统计图表多处可见。平时的教学也应该向统编版教材学习，创造性地使
用量化分析。
2018年8月31日，第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第五次会议通过全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改《中华人民共和国个人所得税法》的决定，自2019年1月1日起施行。那么，这次个人所得税改革到底有什么意义呢?此次个税法修改的一大亮点就是费用减除标准从3500 元提到5000元。另外，从税率表上看，低档税率的级距扩大。具体地讲，就是第1级税率、第2级税率和第3级税率的级距扩大了。从深层次讲，个税改革有利于减轻低收人者的税收负担，有利于缩小收人分配差距，有利于完善我国的个人收人分配制度。但从实际教学效果看，这样的文字表述和语言表达，太过于学术化，绝大多数学生根本听不明白。而如果换用量化分析，学生就很容易听懂，量化分析过程见表1。
**表11个税改革量化分析表**
| 级数 | 月应纳税所得额 | | 税率(%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 修改前 | 修改后 | 税率(%) |
| 1 | 不超过1500元的 | 不超过 3000元的 | 3 |
| 2 | 超过1500元至4500元的部分 | 超过 3000元至12000元的部分 | 10 |
| 3 | 超过4500元至9000元的部分 | 超过12000元至25000元的部分 | 20 |
| 4 | 超过 9000元至35000元的部分 | 超过25000元至35000元的部分 | 25 |
| 5 | 超过35000元至55000元的部分 | 超过 35000元至55000元的部分 | 30 |
| 6 | 超过 55000元至80000元的部分 | 超过55000元至80000元的部分 | 35 |
| 7 | 超过 80000的部分 | 超过 80000的部分 | 45 |
若李某2019年元月综合所得扣除专项扣除及
\*该文为甘肃省教育科学“十三五”规划2019年度一般课题“新时代中学思政课教师专业发展研究"(GS\[2019\]GHB1453) **的研究成果**
**专项附加扣除后剩余9000元，则个税法修改后李某少纳税多少?**
按照计算个人所得税的四个步骤，即确定、分级、分解和计算叫，分析过程如下。
修改前应纳税额：1.确定(应纳税所得额)应纳税所得额=9000-3500=55002.分级5500属于第3级3.分解5500=1500+3000+(5500-4500)=1500+3000+10004.计算(应纳税额)1500×3%+3000×10%+1000×20%=545(元)修改后应纳税额：1.确定(应纳税所得额)应纳税所得额=9000-5000=40002.分级4000属于第2级3.分解4000=3000+(4000-3000)=3000+10004.计算(应纳税额)3000×3%+1000×10%=190(元)545-190=355(元)，即个税法修改后李某少纳税355元。
通过这样一个实际案例进行计算和量化分析，学生就能很容易看出个税法修改减轻纳税人税收负担的税改效果，进而理解个人所得税改革的意义。
**二、比议法**
习近平总书记在3.18讲话中指出：“通过生动、深人、具体的纵横比较，把一些道理讲明白、讲清楚。”这种比较实际上就是“比较教学法”。有比较才有鉴别，事物的本质特征在比较中最容易显露出来。真与假的比较，可以去伪存真；善与恶的比较，可以抑恶扬善；是与非的比较，可以拨乱反正。纵向比较、横向比较和正反比较是最主要的比较方法。
唯物辩证法认为，任何事物都与他事物有着这样或那样的联系，把握事物之间的联系，对于我们正确认识事物具有重要意义。这是横向比较的哲学基础。在进行横向比较时，一要找好比较的对象，二要找准比较的维度。前者解决跟谁比的问题，后者解决比什么的问题。例如，统编版教材《经济与社会》在讲社会保险时，就将社会保险与商业保险进
行了比较，详见表2。
**表2商业保险和社会保险的比较**
| 项目 | 商业保险 | 社会保险 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 性质 | 自愿的市场行为 | 具有强制性和福利性质 |
| 经营目标 | 追求利润 | 保障社会成员基本生活，维护社会稳定 |
| 经营方式 | 保险公司经营 | 由国家经办 |
| 费用来源 | 全部由个人承担 | 由国家、单位和个人分摊 |
| 保障对象 | 签订保险合同并按照约定缴费的人 | 法律规定有权利享受社会保险的人 |
| 保障水平 | 满足被保险人的较高层次的保险需求 | 保障社会成员的基本生活需求 |
在这个案例中，社会保险的比较对象是商业保险，比较的维度有性质、经营目标、经营方式、费用来源、保障对象和保障水平。
唯物辩证法认为，事物并非一成不变，而是处于运动和变化之中。事物的发展总是由一种质态向另一种质态转变，但在同一质态，其性质相对稳定，保持不变。也就是说，事物发展呈现出阶段性特征。纵向比较就是事物在不同发展阶段上的比较。例如统编版教材《中国特色社会主义》在讲原始社会的解体和阶级社会的演进时，就是按照从原始社会到奴隶社会、从封建社会到资本主义社会的四个发展阶段依次展开。原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会和资本主义社会四个发展阶段互为比较对象。比较的维度主要有两个：生产力和生产关系。对于每一发展阶段的生产力发展状况和生产关系的特点，教材进行了重点解读。
事物总是相反相成。很多时候，单纯地从事物本身出发去认识事物往往很难真正认识事物，很难对事物有深刻的了解和准确的把握。相反，从事物的对立面出发来认识事物往往能取得认识上的重大突破。这就是正反比较。正反比较的关键就是要确立好对立面，然后分析和研究事物的对立面，以获得对事物本身的认识。在正反比较中，事物与其对立面互为正反，互为比较对象。例如，在“政府的责任：对人民负责”一框教学时，就可以使用正反比较。对人民负责这一原则包含三个方面内容，即在工作态度上，要做到为人民服务；在工作作风上，要做到求真务实；在工作方法上，要做到密切联系群众。为人民服务的对立面是以权谋私，求真务实的对立面是弄虚作假，密切联系群众的对立面是主观主义。在分析以权谋私时，主要讨论如何把权力关进制度的笼子，严防权力私用。这实际上是把前面
学过的政务公开和后面要学的权力监督结合在一起了。在分析弄虚作假时，主要讨论弄虚作假的表现形式、根源和治理，并与国家大力整治官僚主义和形式主义结合走来，关注现实政治，对弄虚作假进行深度剖析。在分析主观主义时，主要讨论主观主义的思想根源、表现形式和改进对策。原来在讲这一框内容时，教师感觉干巴巴的，很空洞，无话可说；学生感觉枯燥无味，甚至感觉假大空，跟现实严重脱节。在使用了正反比较教学后，课时内容充足，前后知识连贯一体，教学与现实结合紧密，既有理论深度和政治高度，又贴近现实，极大地激发了学生的学习兴趣和求知欲，教学效果大为改观。
**三、史议法**
2021年6月18日，习近平总书记在参观“‘不忘初心、牢记使命'中国共产党历史展览”时强调：“党的历史是最生动、最有说服力的教科书。”教育部印发了《关于在思政课中加强以党史教育为重点的“四史”教育的通知》，要求思政课要充分发挥好主渠道作用，加强以党史教育为重点的“四史”教育。从政治上讲，这是认真贯彻落实习近平总书记的重要讲话精神，是执行教育部的课程政策，是党史教育学习活动的重要内容。从教育教学上讲，这实际上是一种崭新的教学方法，是议题式教学的一种新的实现形式，是教学方法的创新。历史知识是政治教学的宝贵资源，若能合理开发和有效利用，则可收事半功倍之效日。史论结合、论从史出，是史议法的一个基本原则。所谓论，就是思政论点和思政观点；所谓史，就是历史，就是四仗，特别是党史。思政课讲历史，必须有思政论点，体现思政观点，不能单纯地讲历史，所讲的历史事件、历史故事、历史人物和历史资料等都必须作为论据来论证思政论点和思政观点。也就是说，在思政课中讲历史必须按需取材，按照思政课的学科需要讲历史，不能把思政课变成历史课。统编版教材增加了一个新模块《中国特色社会主义》，很多同仁感觉像是历史书。实际上，这是一种认知错觉。一段时间以来，思政课教学对历史关注不够，当下讲得多，历史讲得少。历史是现在的一部分，当下是从历史中走来的。如果不了解历史，我们就很难读懂现在。不管是经济体制、政治体制，还是文化传统，都有一个历史发展过程。因此，思政课不仅要讲我们现在所走的道路，还要讲我们是怎么样一路走来的。思政课不仅要旗帜鲜明、立场坚定，还要有历史基础，有历史逻辑和历
史论证。马克思说：“理论只要彻底，就能说服人。75思政课要彻底，要能说服人和教育人，就必须坚持历史唯物主义，引导和教育学生在学习历史中增强政治认同，坚定信心听党话，矢志不渝跟党走，立志为党的事业和中华民族伟大复兴作出贡献。
例如，统编版教材《政治与法治》第一课“历史和人民的选择”，主要以近代史为历史背景，论证了中国共产党的领导和执政是历史和人民的选择。水能载舟，亦能覆舟。历史能选择一个党，也能淘汰一个党；人民能选择你、追随你、支持你，也能反对你、推翻你、抛弃你。苏共亡党就是明证。这样的论证不够充分，不够有力。在教学中，应该从近代史、新中国史、改革开放史和社会主义发展史等众多史学维度进行全方位、立体化的论证，整个论证应该贯通百年党史。这样论证才更彻底，更有说服力。在具体教学上设计上，论证可分为三个方面：政治、军事和经济。政治上，以教材上的论证为主，主要是1949年前各种政治力量的对比；军事上，以抗日战争和朝鲜战争为教学史料，主要是国共两党在应对外部侵略战争方面的对比；经济上，以苏联的经济改革和中国的改革开放为教学史料，主要是苏共和中共在经济改革方面的对比。通过对百年党史重大节点性历史事件的深人解读，以严密的分析和严谨的论证回答“中国共产党为什么能”。这些历史，学生在历史课上都学过，这一课以“中国共产党为什么能”为议题，按照思政课的学科逻辑一线串起，从三个方面人手，抽丝剥茧，化繁为简，逻辑递进式地展开，引导学生坚持历史唯物主义世界观和方法论，透过纷繁复杂的历史现象，洞察历史本质，看到历史真相，形成科学的历史观，增强对党的领导的政治认同。
概而言之，这三种方法各有优劣。量议法长在数量分析，让数字说话；比议法重在比较，注重对比；史议法遵循历史逻辑，强调以史为鉴。三种方法既能单独列用，也能融合混用，量议中有比议，比议中有史议。在实际教学中，教师要因需制宜地选用。
**参考文献**
\[1\] 李圣德，苟强“跨学科教学”在思政课教学中的运用- **——以“个人** 所得税"的教学为例\[\]新课程导学，2021(10)：26-27.
\[2\] 苟强，谢亚蓉.态度·作风·方法：对人民负责的实然意蕴中学政治教学参考，2020(04)：8-9.
\[3\] 苟强.历史知识在政治教学中的运用\[A\].潘洪建，徐继存.当代教育 **评论第8辑\[C\].镇江：江苏大学出版社，2018：206-209.**
**【责任编辑郑雪凌】** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 电大远程教育成人虚拟教学班的深度思考
○冯鸿滔
\[摘要\] 虚拟教学就是在专任课程教师指导下学生较为稳定的远程协作学习，特点是需要高水平的专门教师指导，学生人数限定在较小范围之内，通过远程手段教学和学习。虚拟教学班对于以课程为单元教学的实施，解决师生“准永久性分离“状态，体现教育公平，构建更积极和谐的师生关系，保障自主学习，更好地发挥教师的主导作用都有积极意义。当前条件下组班或教师参与教学。包括以直属教学班为基础纽班教学、上级电大教师参与各地教学班教学、知名专家参与各地教学班教学以及基层电大教师自行组班教学等方式。
\[关键词\] 远程教育；教学组织形式；虚拟教学班
随着现代远程教育日益深人发展，人们对于其本质的认识越来越深刻和清晰，一个显著的表现是对于教师作用的反思，教师在远程教育中的作用不应淡化或削弱，而应在教学、指导和情感关怀等方面得到加强，因为这种特殊角色有时是无法用媒介虚拟和代替的。许多人认为，新的技术手段使的名优教师的资源让更多的人共享，从而能提高教学质量：早期实现名优教师资源共享的方式是广播、电视和音像资源，现在 Inlernel 技术以及各种便捷的通讯手段使教师资源的共享方式更加多样化，孙福万提出了建立电大网络“虚拟教学班”的构想。他认为：“虚拟教学班”是维护并确立正当师生关系的根本措施，“国外高校导师制的优越性就不必说了，即便是参与现代远程教育试点项目的学习中心，辅导教师和学生的班级也是明确的和.固定的——这是一种基本的教学规律。因此网上也应建立相应的虚拟教学班’，即为固定的班级配备固定的辅导教师，这样才能保证师生关系的相对稳定和教学质量的基本水平。”这一观点是针对目前网络教学低效、虚无的现实提出来的，具有很强的针对性。“虚拟教学班”使教师从“隐匿”和“虚幻”走向了“现实”，使真正的教学得以回归。它不仅使优质教师资源可以共享，还可以使远程教学的其他功能得到充分发挥、是一个值得进一步思考的问题：
一、建立虚拟教学班的意义
所谓虚拟教学班就是在专任课程教师指导下学生较为稳定的远程协作学习，特点是有高水平的专门教师指
导、学生人数限定在较小范围、通过远程手段教学和学习。它建立在教育大众化、终身化以及建设学习型社会的要求和现代教育技术的空前发展基础之上，是传统教学模式的升华，
(一)虚拟教学班是以课程为单元的重要实施途径
以课程为单元是远程开放教育积极倡导的教学组织形式，远程虚拟教学班可以成为探索以课程为单元组织学习的一个途径。传统教学班是按照学习者的年龄、程度、专业组织在一起，虚拟教学班如果打破年龄、专业、地域限制，就可以实现按照课程将学生组织到·起进行远程学习、这正好符合远程开放教育的设计要求。
(二)虚拟教学班可以构建更积极和谐的师生关系
网络条件下的师生关系是远程教育面临问题最多的领域。孙福万用“虚幻感”米表述现有的网络环境的师生关系。他认为，在网上教学中，师生关系呈现出一些新的特点，比如师生之间在人格上更平等了，在知识占有方面更接近了，在情感方面更微妙了，等等。但目前最大的问题是因师生时空分离所导致的师生关系的“虚幻感”，比如，在有些课程论坛上，就经常出现学习者神龙见首不见尾的现象，从这个角度提出了建立“虚拟教学班”的设想。他认为消除“虚幻感”，建立“正当”师生关系的办法就是建立“虚拟教学班”“正当”的师生关系应该是在人本主义理念下的现代人际关系，师生人格平等，交往和谐，能够促进学习者的身心健康发展。人际沟通是构成人际关系的重要部分，没有沟通不可能有
积极和谐的人际关系。虚拟教学班频繁的沟通需求和沟通过程必然成为和谐师生关系的坚实基础。
(三)虚拟教学班可以更好地发挥教师的主导作用
“以教师为主导，学生为主体”几乎成了当代教育界的共识，教师的主导作用不仅是一种理念，它还体现在教育教学的各个环节中、比如，在教学设计环节，教师的主导作用是将教育要求体现在设计方案中，通过目标加以引导；在学生自主学习过程中，教师的主导作用则是通过多种通讯技术交互技术进行过程指导。虚拟教学班可以使教与学双方在特定学习环境中交流互动，这种主导作用最为明显。课堂教学环境是启人心智的最佳教学环境，启人心智才是真正意义上的主导。教学的根本目的是帮助学生构建认知结构，主导作用只有在学生的认知结构建构中才会积极有效。蒋国珍、匡贵秋在谈到多媒体课件制作问题时，通过分析认识到课堂实录的价值，认为只有营造一个完整的课堂教学环境，主讲教师才能进入教学状；只有进入到了教学状态，教师才能安排外部环境，激活、支持和维持学生的，构成学习事件的内部过程，远程教学才能真正发生。虚拟教学班万疑是这个教学环境的组织前提：
(四)虚拟教学班是学生自主学习的有力保障
从表面米看，虚拟教学班与学生白主学习的教育追求似乎是相违背的。仔细分析一下就会发现二者并不矛盾。自主学习是一种学习方式，也是一种认知方式。作为认知方式，它是指
要让学习者成为自己学习的主人，学会主动建构认知结构。作为学习方式，自主学习是指学生自己把握学习的进程，想学什么学什么，想什么时候学就什么时候学，学习时采取个别学习的形式。如果过分强调学习方式，就会出现唯形式化的倾向，使学生学习放仟自流，这种现象在现实中并不少见，这是我们对自主学习的曲解，放任白流现象是因为我们在教学实践中忽视了教与学中“教”的作用，忽视了自主学习的本质意义。徐皓认为：在教学中，教师和学生之间不太能够存在“单主体”或“双主体”，从本质上来说应该是教学“共同体”。只不过，由于远程教育时空上的相隔，导致教与学的分离，所以学习只能在教与学之间的媒介场中通过相互作用产生，这才是本质…··不可否认的是针对以“学生学习为中心”的“教”却时时处处都在。忽视“教”就打破了教学的平衡，也就不是真止的教学，更不是真正的白主学习，虚拟课程教学班因为教师的“近”距离指导，对学生认知结构的发展将产生极大地促进作用，使自主学习变得更有实效
二、虚拟教学班的组织形态
(一)教师
虚拟教学班由课程教师全面负责教学、指导、服务和管理工作。教师既可以是专职，也可以是兼职。需要强调的是，应该鼓励学科专家(主要存在于中央和省两级电大)在可能的情况下积极参与教学辅导活动，否则，本文前而的某些关于意义的探讨就失去了意义。也就是说电大系统的教师都应该承担一定的网络教学任务，但不是目前的这种“虚幻”式教学。教师要成为一个固定学生群的远程辅导教师，师生间有一定的沟通和互动渠道，教师要完成教学各个环节的工作、包括教学辅导、答疑、评改作业、实践环节指导等。
(二)学生
既然是远程虚拟，学习者可以来自任何一个地区，前提是他经过注册，并且具备必要的学习条件。必须是小班化教学，学生数量以教师能够进行有效指导和管理为宜。师生比是
影响在线辅导答疑质量的重要因素。教师访谈与案例研究的结果都显示，一位教师根本无法为儿百名学生提供高质量的在线辅导答疑，即使教师作出再多也无济于事。前边提到英国开放大学是每个导师指导10名，从我国国情来看，实施起来可能会有些闲难。
要保证教师与学生进行充分、有效地交流，并令学生满意，·位教师负责答疑的学生数量控制在20一30人是比较理想的，这个数字可以作为组建“虚拟教学班”的参考依据。
(三)技术支持手段
虚拟教学班依赖于现代教育技术的支持。我们探讨的是网络条件下的虚拟教学班，网络必然成为主要的支持手段。考虑到各地经济发展水平不平衡，因此，各种其他的交占技术和通讯方式都可以充分利用。在所有的技术中，效果最好的是视频交互技术，只有它才能满足虚拟教学班的所有教学
功能。
(四)保障制度
虚拟教学班显是虚拟群体，但是作为正式班级组织，需要通过必要的制度规范各方的行为，以保证教学和学习的顺利实施。第一，要有法规性文件，明确管理者、教师、学生等各方的责任、权力和义务；第二，教学双方要有一份弹性教学进程表作为教与学的依据。
三、当前条件下的组班或参与教学的方式
虚拟教学班应该是电大多种教学组织形式之一，也是针对现存问题的一种对策，更多地是针对上级电大教师来谈的，不是说不看条件定要全面推开，各级电大可以在一定范围内进行实践探索。从口前的条件来看，组建“虚拟教学班”或教师参与教学的方式有这样几种：
第一，以直属教学班为基础织班教学。目前，中央电大、省级电大都在一定的区域范围内组建了直属教学机构，招收了一定数量的学生，有的已经成为现实中的虚拟教学班。不过，根据了解，大部分直属班远程教学方式和于段运用的并不充分、传统的面授教
学更多一些，离我们所说的虚拟教学班还有差距。这种方式组成的虚拟教学班也是建立“虚拟课程教学班”最现实的--种方式。因为学校有学籍管理权、课程管理权、考试权，如果再将学生管理权、注册权、收费权等适当交给课程教师，就可以实现真正的以课程为单元进行教学。
第二，上级电大教师参与各地教学班教学。中央电大、省级电大主持教师、课程教师可以参与各地“虚拟教学班”的教学活动，并参与学生全过程的管理工作。这是教师获得直接经验的最好途径，并且对于其教学设计和教学资源建设将会产生积极作用。
第一，知名专家参与各地教学班教学。电大办学的社会性表现之一就是可以充分利用社会上的优质教师资源，这是优质教师资源共享的个途径。可以邀请知名专家参加本地区"虚拟教学班”的远程教学活动，使更多的人直接聆听专家的教海，享受优质的教学过程。
第四，基层电大教师门行组班教学。虽然电大的教学重心在基层，但因为师资缺乏，基层电大不仅难以实现真正的远程教学，甚至连基本的教学过程都难以保证，可以通过邀请上级电大教师，或社会知名专家进行远程教学。部分有师资资源的市级、县级电大也可以自行建立“虚拟教学班”，并尝试按照现代方式进行教学
活动。
参考文献：
|1|纪平.广播电视大学教育发展中面临的缺位及其思考 【jl.中国远程教育，2004，(7).
\[2\]孙福万.网上教学的设计与实施\[J\].中国远程教育，2006，(12).
.3\]冯鸿滔.教师仍然是最好的教学资源\[\]\].河北广播电视大学学报，2007，(5).
\[4\]赵勇.传统与创新一教育与技术关系漫谈M
\_
北京：北京师范大学出版社，2006.
\[5\]蒋国珍等.远程教学资源建设：如何走出技术的樊笼 jl 中国远程教育，2006，(1)
(作者单位：河北广播电视大学教学指导中心，石家庄
主
050071) | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 核心素养下初中英语听力和写作的整合
谢仁李
(福建省尤溪一中洋中分校福建三明365100)
【摘要】学习语言重在体验单纯地做题并不能让学生把握英语的真谛。在践行英语听力训练的基础上引导学生写作，一方面可以提升学生听的准确率，另一方面可以促进学生写的质量的提升。所以，将英语听力与写作进行完美地整合恰恰是当前英语教师所要重视的。
【关键词】初中英语英语听力英语写作教学整合
【中图分类号】G633.41 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-6517(2020)03-0033-01
The Integration of Listening and Writing in Junior Middle School Under the Core Literacy
XIE Renli
(Youxi No.1 Middle School ， Yangzhong Branch ，Fujian Province Sanming 365100 ，China)
【Abstract】 Learning a language focuses on experience and simply doing a question does not allow students to grasp the essence of English. On the one hand it can improve the accuracy of students’listening on the other hand it can promote the quality of students’writing. Therefore the perfect integration of English listening and writing is exactly what English teachers should pay attention to at present.
【Keywords】 Junior high school English English listening English writing Teaching integration
传统英语教学以语法、句型和解题为基准将考试成绩定为学生学习质量的第一参照标准导致课堂培养出一批只会答题、不会实践的书呆子。培养初中生英语核心素养是当代教育的重要方针它符合了人才培育的基本概念顺应了学习与发展的理念要求。就教学的本质而言核心素养下的英语教学摆脱了传统分数定输赢的观念将实践性教育落实到主导位置。在这个背景下良好的实践能力成为主流发展目标。这说明教师应该加强对学生听英语和写英语的能力的培养从而让学生逐渐成长为实践性的人才。在实际教育中考虑到初中生的能力局限、水平现状教师要制定出因人制宜、以人为本的教学方案确保学生可以带着兴趣和动力投入学习。
一、听中写随意发挥
听力训练考验的是初中生的听辨能力，也即是在听到英语发音的时候是否可以捕捉到其中的关键信息，然后通过迅速地翻译了解语言描述的内容。初中生对基础知识的掌握能力相对扎实但是在听力方面却存在一定的短板。所以培养他们的听力能力是帮助他们走入英语殿堂的敲门砖。不过万事开头难，如何寻到科学合理的教学方向确保学生可以积极融入与学习活动之中，这是摆在教师面前的一个难题。实际训练中，教师可以将写作训练与听力训练结合在一起为学生营造出不一样的“听”的氛围。
比如在聆听仁爱版初中英语 《Unit2 Looking Different》 中的课文时，教师可以要求学生准备一张白纸，然后尽量地将自己听到的句子、熟悉的词汇记录下来。在学生聆听完毕后，可以要求学生将这些基础信息进行串联然后进一步推断听力中所表达的内容。为了达到写的效果，还可以鼓励学生按照自己的想法将听到的信息结合在一起书写为一篇新的文章。由此一来不但达到了听和写的双重锻炼标准也让学生的实践能力有所提升。需要注意：由于初中生综合能力有限在训练的时候要适当地降低活动的难度或者缩小听力内容的量度确保学生可以获得最合理的练习契机。倘若教师只是一味地讲授许多的听力内容反而会给学生带来极大的负担。
二、写后听反思不足
俗话说：“人非圣贤熟能无过”，在优秀的人才、学者，也会在求学的道路上遇到一些问题和阻碍。所以教师应该客观地看待学生存在的不足并采取合理的教学指导方案。另一方面，由于初中生在学
习的效率上存在较大的浮动，比如有时候发挥得很好有时候却发挥得很差。这对该情况教师必须及时引导学生反思帮助他们把握个人的不足之处。为了确保学生可以牢记自己遇到的问题教师不能直接将错源告知学生而是要让学生在反思中自觉地把握问题的关键。
例如在聆听单元课《Unit2 Looking Different》的课文 并写出了相对完整的小短文后教师可以随机抽选学生的短文进行朗读。其间，短文的作者及其他同学都要认真聆听，分析一下短文在语法、逻辑方面是否存在相应的问题。通常来讲，这个环节可以进一步锤炼学生“听”的能力当他们发现短文中存在的问题并采取了合理的方法进行纠正之后还能间接提升他们“写”的能力。可见“听力”写作”是一个相辅相成的关系。学生在听的过程中进行书写在写的基础上进行二次检验这让课堂练习具有了不同于以往的高效性。而且，由于这类练习模式负担较小、随意性强，所以可以有效调动学生的积极性让他们不知不觉地融入训练氛围之中。
三、学后练巩固能力
俗话说不积跬步无以至千里不积小流无以成江海。在培养初中生英语听力能力与写作能力期间教师必须遵循学生的成长规律及客观水平不能盲目地一视同仁。为了达到能力巩固训练的目的教师可以在指导练习的时候合理地融入分层理念。比如有的学生天赋高又具备生活环境优势所以他们的成长效率明显要高于其他学生。这时，对于他们采取的训练项目自然要难上许多。而那些英语基础薄弱且非智力因素偏差的学生教师可以适当地降低难度遵循其最近发展区的特征来制定练习方案。由此一来可以确保全体学生均衡发展。但需要注意的是：英语学习重在思维上的领悟所以在结合听力与写作训练的过程之中教师有必要引导学生深入探究西方文化知识。
总之，初中生英语听力能力与写作能力的培养讲究的是循序渐进不能急于求成。有些教师在发现学生进步缓慢的时候就会选择放弃这样做无疑是大错特错的。教师必须本着客观的态度看待学生的成长并在必要的时候对学生的不足进行合理纠正，由此达成预期的教育效果。
【参考文献】
\[1\]李杰贤.初中英语写作特点和训练分析\[.课程教育研究2015(17).
\[2\]汪洋.初中英语综合听力训练的实证研究\[D\].苏州大学2014.
基金项目：本文系福建省三明市基础教育教学研究2018年度课题《基于核心素养培养的初中英语听力与写作整合研究》(课题编号：JYKT-18060)的研
究成果之哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库 | null | null | null | null | null |
en | hf cc0-1.0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/storytracer/US-PD-Books | The principles of ventilation and heating and their practical application
author: Billings, John S. (John Shaw), 1838-1913
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THE PRINCIPLES
VENTILATION AND HEATING
THE PRINCIPLES
Ventilation and Heating
AND THEIR
PRACTICAL APPLICATION.
JOHN S: mLLINGS, M. D., LL. D. (Edinb.)
SURGEON U. S. ARMY.
SECOND EDITION
[With Corrections, November, 1886.]
NEW YORK:
THE ENGINEERING & BUILDING RECORD.
I 889.
I ft
mix.
CopyrighV^Sfl.
By The Engineering & Building Record
and
The Sanitary Engineer.
THE engineering & BUILDING RECORD PRESS.
277 PEARL STREET, N. Y.
":5fx_
PREFACE.
During the years i88o-'8i-'82, the writer contributed to the Sani-
tary Engineer a series of papers entitled " Letters to a Young
Architect on Ventilation and Heating." These letters were originally
prepared to meet current demands, and to answer questions sent to the
journal, and had, therefore, no special connection with each other. The
following work contains the substance of these papers, the whole being
re-arranged and in part re-written, and new matter and illustrations
being added. It is not intended to be a systematic manual on ventila-
tion and heating for the instruction of the skilled architect or engineer,
but rather to present the general principles which should guide one in
judging of the merits of various systems of, and appliances for, ventila-
tion, more especially as applied to large public buildings, with some
illustrations of their practical application, and this has been done as
far as possible without the use of technical expressions, or of any but
the simplest mathematical formula.
The number of queries from architects, physicians and others, which
appear from time to time on this subject, is sufficiently great to warra.it
the belief that there is a demand for an explanatory work on the
subject, and it is hoped that this volume may serve to meet the want.
Washington, D. C,
May 1st, 1884.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGES
Chapter I.
Introductory' — Expense of Ventilation — Difference Between " Perfect"
and Ordinary- Ventilation — Relations of Carbonic Acid to the Subject —
Methods of Testing Ventilation 13- 26
Chapter II.
Heat, and some of the Laws Vv'hich Govern its Production and Com-
munication— Movements of Heated Air — Movements of Air in Flues —
Shapes and Sizes of Flues and Chimneys 27- 37
Chapter III.
Amount of Air Supply Required — Cubic Space 38- 43
Chapter IV.
Methods of Heating : Stoves, Furnaces, Fire-Flaces, Steam and Hot
Water 44- 54
Chapter V.
Scheduling for Ventilation Plans — Position of Flues and Registers —
Means of Removing Dust — Moisture, and Plans for Supplying It 55- 71
Chapter VI.
Patent Systems of Ventilation and Heating — The Ruttan System —
Fire-Places — Stoves 72- 88
Chapter VII.
Chimney Caps — Ventilators — Cowls — Syphons — Forms of Inlets. . . . 89-103
Chapter VIII.
Ventilation of Halls of Audience — Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church —
The Houses of Parliament — The Hall of the House of Representatives. 104-129
Vm TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGFS
Chapter IX.
Theatres — The Grand Opera House at Vienna — The Opera House at
Frankfort-on-the-Main — The Metropolitan Opera House, New York —
The Madison Square Theatre, New York — The Criterion Theatre, Lon-
don— The Academy of Music, Baltimore 130-158
Chapter X.
Schools 159-171
Chapter XL
Ventilation of Hospitals — St. Petersburgh Hospital — Hospitals for
Contagious Diseases — The Barnes Hospital — The New York Hospital —
The Johns Hopkins Hospital 172-194
Chapter XII.
Forced Ventilation — Aspirating Shafts — Gas Jets — Steam Heat for
Aspiration — Prof. Trowbridge's Formulce — Application in the Library
Building of Columbia College — Ventilating Fans — Mixing Valves 195-214
Alphabetical Index 215-216
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Figures i and 2. — Apparatus for Testing the Purity of Air,
FiGURF 3. — Cellar Plan of Suburban Residence, ....
'• 4. — First-Floor Plan of Suburban Residence,
" 5. — Second-Story Plan of Suburban Residence,
6. — Cellar Plan of Suburban House, .....
" 7. — First-Floor Plan of Suburban House, ....
" S. — Second-Floor Plan of Suburban House, ....
" 9. — Description of Plans of Mr. E N. Dickerson's Residence, New-
York City,
" 10. — Plan of City House, ......
" II. — Refrigerator-Well Ventilation, .....
Figures 12-15. — Stoves, ........
" 16-19. — Cowls, ........
Figure 20. — McKinnell's Double-Tube Ventilator, ....
" 21. — Barker's Ventilator, .......
'■ 22. — Fresh-Air Inlet, ........
" 23. — Plan of Basement of Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New
York City
" 24. — Longitudinal View, Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, .
" 25. — Sectional Elevation of the House of Lords, showing Warming
and Ventilating Arrangements, .....
'* 26. — Horizontal Section through Equalizing Chamber of House of
Lords, .........
'■' 27. — Horizontal Section through House of Commons, .
" 28. — Plan showing Air Ducts, etc., in connection with Heating Ap
paratus, South Wing, U. S. Capitol, ....
" 29. — Transverse Section through .South Wing, U. S. Capitol,
" 30. — Section through Air Ducts and Heating Apparatus of South
Wing, U. S. Capitol
Figures 31 and 32. — Ventilation of the Audience Hall of the Grand Opera
House, Vienna, . . . .
PAGE
24
60
61
62
65
66
67
69
70
73
56-83
92-93
QS
96
lOI
109
no
117
118
119
124
125
126
I3I-I32
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Figure 33.-
34-
35-
" 3f'.
37.—
" 38.-
39-—
40.—
41.—
42.—
43-—
44.—
Figures 45
Figure 47.-
" 43.
4q.
50.
51
52,
53
54
55
" 56
PAGE
-Metropolitan Opera House, New York— Ground Plan, . . 134
" Longitudinal Section, 135
" " " Transverse Section, . 137
" " " Plan of Evaporating
Pan. . . 139
" »» " Plan of admitting Air
through the Auditor-
ium Floor, . . 139
" '• " Section through and
Plan of Private Box, 140
" " " Ventilation of Foot-
lights, . . . 141
-Madison Square Theatre, New York— Footlight Ventilator, . 144
_ " " " " Footlight Fan, . . 144
-Criterion Theatre —Ground-Floor Plan, .... 146
— " Section, ...... 147
_ " First-Floor Plan 148
AND 46. — Union League Club — Heating and Ventilation Plans, 153-154
" " " Second-Floor Plan, . . 156
— " " " Plan of Ventilation, . . 157
— Bridgeport School-House — Vertical Section of Coil Chamber, 16S
— " " " " " Building, . i6g
— " I 11 Floor Plan, .... 170
—St. Petersburgh City Hospital — Floor Plan, . . . . 173
— " " " Cellar Plan, .... 174
— " " " Cross Section, . . . 175
. — " " " Ground Plan and Section, . 177
, — Barnes Hospital at Old Soldiers' Home, Washington, D. C. —
Plan of Basement with Fresh-Air Ducts and Heating Appa-
ratus, .......... 179
57. — Barnes Hospital at Old Soldiers' Home, Washington, D. C. —
First, Second and Third-Story Plans, 181
58. — New York Hospital Buildings — Cellar Plan, .... 187
5g. — " " " Plan of 2d, 3d and 4th Stories, 189
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Figure 6o. — New York Hospital Buildings — Diagram of Ventilation and
Heating, ....
" 6i. — Second-Story Plan of "One" Medical Pavilion of the Cook
County Hospital in Chicago, 111., . . . . .
" 62. — Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md. — Common Ward,
First-Story Plan, ........
63. - Columbia College, Ntvv York — Plan of Lecture Room showing
Ventilating System,
■' 64. — " " " Section through Coil Box in
Cellar, . . . .
" 65. — " " " Plan of Coil and Exhaust Shaft
in Corner Turret,
" 66. — " " " Section of Coil,
" 67. — Gillis & Geoghegan's Switch Valve for Heating Coils,
" 6S. — Newton's Switch Valve for Steam-Heating Coils, .
" 69. — Heating Coils and Switch Valves — Johns Hopkins Hospital,
" 70. — Switch Valve recommended by Dr. N. Folsom,
" 71. — Detail of Mixing Valve, designed by A. Mercer, .
" 72. — Plan and Section of Mixing Register, designed by William T
Baldwin, ..........
191
192
193
203
205
205
208
209
210
211
212
213
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY EXPENSE OF VENTILATION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
"perfect" AND ORDINARY VENTILATION RELATIONS OF
CARBONIC ACID TO THE SUBJECT METHODS
OF TESTING VENTILATION.
The immediate cause for the following pages was the receipt of a
request for " some plain, practical directions as to the best methods of
arranging the ventilation of a building, to be given, as far as possible,
in the form of specifications which can be easily understood by an intel-
ligent builder, and not in the form of abstruse mathematical formulae."
The author of this request went on to state that he had " looked over
several books on the subject, but had found them chiefly made up of
long-winded scientific speculations about the physics of gases, the com-
position of the atmosphere, units of heat, etc., and could not obtain
from them a simple statement as to how to ventilate a large school-
house," which seemed to be the problem in which he was immediately
interested.
This request reminds me of the demand for medical education made
by some young men I have met. They do not wish to take the trouble
to learn anatomy and physiology ; they want to learn how to cure the
ordinary diseases of the country — typhoid fever, inflammation of the
lungs, etc. — and they want this information neatly packed and labeled
in the form of recipes or formulas contained in a vest-pocket manual,
which can be consulted as occasion demands.
There is no such royal road to knowledge as these demands pre-
suppose. One must learn the alphabet before one can become a school-
master.
The arrangement of the plans of a large building, so as to secure
satisfactory results in its heating and ventilation, is not such a simple
matter as this demand would indicate. It cannot be done by following
a formula.
But while it is impossible to comply with the request of my corres-
pondent in the precise and concise manner which he wished, it is per-
haps possible, and if so it seems desirable, to present the subject in such
a way that architects will appreciate its importance in their work — anO
14 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
understand its difficulties, and the general principles which should guide
them in endeavoring to overcome these difficulties — more fully than
many of them seem to do at present.
Every one who has occasion to examine the subject discovers
that it is difificult to secure good ventilation throughout a building, but
very few know what the principal difficulty is. Many persons seem to
suppose that it depends upon some properties of gases as yet unknown,
or upon some mysteries, connected vy;ith the fact that heat is a mode of
motion of the molecules of matter, which can- only be expressed in com-
plicated mathematical formulae.
The essential difficulty, however, which architects and engineers, in
the exercise of their profession, will find most prominent, is that of cost.
If the question of expense be entirely set aside, ventilation becomes a
comparatively simple matter. The object to be attained can be defined
with sufficient precision, and the resources of modern engineering are
ample to attain this object in almost any building that can be planned ;
but good ventilation is expensive, both as to the mode of construction
and the apparatus which it demands, and as to its maintenance after the
necessary conditions have been provided.
The first problems which the architect has to solve for each building
which he plans or constructs are not so much how to arrange flues, fire-
places, furnaces, etc., so as to secure good ventilation, as the following,
viz. : (i) How much money can be afforded to secure good ventilation ?
and (2) which of several methods should be employed to effect this,
taking into consideration the amount of funds available and the char-
acter and location of the building ? The answers to these two problems
will seldom or never be the same for any two buildings having different
owners, and the reader can therefore, perhaps, see the absurdity of a
request for "the best methods of arranging the ventilation in a
building."
The first problem above alluded to is one to which I hope that in
future more attention will be given than is usually bestowed upon it by
those whose business it is to plan comfortable and healthy dwellings.
I do not mean by this that when a gentleman comes to an architect
for a plan for a house, giving the usual data as to location, dimensions,
and proposed cost, that he is to be asked as to how much of this cost
he is willing to devote to ventilation. It is the business of the architect
to tell him that, and to be careful, from the very beginning, that, even
in his first rough-sketch plans, satisfactory arrangements for ventilation
are included. It is his duty also to see that, after the various additions
to the plan which will be made at the suggestion of the owner's wife
and several of his friends on whose taste he relies, have increased the
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 15
cost above what he had intended, he does not, in the spasm of economy
and retrenchment which will attack him, make a reduction in some
point which will affect the ventilation rather than on some of the orna-
mental work outside.
The connection of the heating of a house with its ventilation is, of
course, inseparable. Now, many persons will cheerfully expend from
fifteen to twenty thousand dollars in building a house, putting from
three to five thousand dollars into ornamental stonework and cornices,
who would not dream of spending from a thousand to fifteen hundred
dollars for the necessary hot water or low pressure steam apparatus to
keep this same house thoroughly and comfortably warmed and well ven-
tilated. If, however, at the very commencement, the desirability of this
is pointed out by the architect, as he should do in his capacity as expert
professional adviser, he will in almost every case find that his client will
accept his advice just as he will that for a proper arrangement of the
drains and plumbing work. By taking this course the architect will find
his clients much better satisfied with their houses and with himself than
if he defers to their ignorance in these matters.
When it comes to the planning of such a building as a public school, I
consider it to be the duty of the architect not only to advise, but to
insist upon proper arrangements for heating, ventilation, drainage and
plumbing ; and if it is his misfortune to have to deal in this subject with
ignorant committeemen, who, with a limited appropriation for the pur-
pose, persist in omitting, for the sake of cheapness, some of these points
in construction which are essential for keeping the building in proper
sanitary condition, it will be his duty to decline to have anything to do
with the matter rather than suffer himself to be used as a tool to exe-
cute work which he knows will be dangerous to the health and life of
the children of his fellow-citizens.
First of all, then, keep in mind this axiom, which applies especially to the
large cities in our Northern States, viz.: In this climate it is impossible to
have at the same time good ventilation, sufficient heating, and cheapness.
The fact that good ventilation is expensive is not so well recognized
as it should be, for the reiason that much of our literature on the subject
is furnished by English authors, who write with reference to the climate
of England. This climate is very different from our own, being much
more unitorm. The most important peculiarity, however, of the Eng-
lish climate is due to the high proportion of moisture contained in the
air, which permits of the use of lower temperatures in warming than can
be used here.
In this country, rooms must be kept at a temperature of from 68° to 70°
Fahr,, to insure the comfort of the occupants, while in England 60° Fahr.
lO VENTILATION AND HEATING.
seems to be the recognized standard. Open fire-places and grates can
therefore be used there more extensively than here, and in arranging
apparatus for heating by indirect radiation, it is necessary to provide
more heating surface than is called for by the specifications of English
engineers. This is a fact which must be constantly borne in mind
in reading the books of Edwards, Hood, or other English writers on
this subject, and it will be found well presented and strongly insisted
on in a paper by Mr. Robert Briggs, in the January and February num-
bers of the Journal of the Franklin Institute for 1878, entitled, " On the
Relation of Moisture in the Air to Health and Comfort."
What is it that we desire to effect by ventilation ? and how may we
define "good ventilation," or know whether it has been secured in any
given building ? Ventilation is ordinarily defined to be the removal of
foul and the introduction of fresh air, but this gives a very insufficient
idea of what is meant by the word. Ventilation is securing a change of
air. It may be required for the purpose of removing m.oisture, as in the
drying-rooms of a cotton factory, or in a cellar, or to keep the air of
rooms fit for respiration. In the great majority of cases it includes the
idea of a thorough mixing of pure air with impure air, in order that the
latter may be diluted to a certain standard.
Perfect ventilation can be said to have been secured in an inhabited
room only when any and every person in that room takes into his lungs
at each respiration air of the same composition as that surrounding the
building, and no part of which has recently been in his own lungs or of
those of his neighbors, or which consists of products of combustion
generated in the building, while at the same time he feels no currents
or draughts of air, and is perfectly comfortable as regards temperature,
being neither too hot nor too cold. Very rarely, indeed, can such perfect
ventilation be secured if the number of persons in the room exceeds two
or three ; in fact, I have never seen but three or four attempts in this
direction. One of these was in the house of the late Mr. Thomas
Winans, of Baltimore, where the floors were perforated uniformly all
over the room, as was done by Dr. Reid for the British House of Com-
mons, thus making the floor a gigantic register or grating through
which the fresh incoming air, having been previously warmed and
moistened in mixing chambers below, is to stream steadily upward at a
uniform velocity sufficient to remove all the products of respiration or
of combustion as rapidly as formed. It requires even more than this
to secure the perfect comfort as regards temperature above alluded to,
but this will be explained when I come to speak of the heating and ven-
tilation of large assembly halls. The amount of air required to secure
this perfect ventilation is very great. Take, for instance, a room twelve
VENTILATION AND HEATING. l^
feet square, and suppose that the air in it is to move uniformly upward at
the rate of six inches per second. This is equivalent to an air supply of 72
feet per second. Theoretically, it is true that, if the air moves regularly
and steadily upward at all points in the room at the rate of even one inch
per second it might be sufificient — but practically, at least six times this ve-
locity is required to overcome disturbances caused by opening doors, etc.
Probably this statement of air supply required gives no definite idea
as to its cost, and it may be more fully understood by considering that
it would require at least thirty times as much coal to heat a room thus
supplied as would be used for heating a room of the same size having
only the ordinary heating and ventilating arrangements.
What would be considered by all sanitarians as good ventilation
would not require nearly so much air as this. Good, ordinary ventila-
tion is to be secured by keeping the vitiated air constantly diluted to a
certain standard. It does not attempt to secure in a building or room
air as pure as that outside, but only air which shall contain but a certain
proportion of impurity — for all the air with which our ventilating
appliances are to deal will contain impurities Some of these impuri-
ties are more dangerous than others, and are less affected by this pro-
cess of dilution. Offensive or poisonous gases of all kinds, such as
sulphuretted hydrogen or carbonic oxide, can be diluted by fresh air,,
just as solutions of arsenic or strychnine can be by pure water, until a
mouthful of such diluted air or fluid is neither specially hurtful or un-
pleasant. The dangerous impurity in some air, such as that in a
hospital ward for contagious diseases, or in air from a sewer or a col-
lection of filth of any kind, is not a gas, and does not possess any very
marked or unpleasant odor. It consists of very minute particles of
organic matter, which are capable of producing disease when introduced
in the living human body, and some of which are capable of growth and
multiplication under certain circumstances. The process of diluting
foul air which contains such particles — or particulate contagia, as they
are sometimes called — cannot render such air certainly harmless any
more than by diluting vaccine virus we can make sure that none of the
fluid will give a successful vaccination. No amount of fresh air will
dilute one of these particles, and a single one may produce the disease.
All that dilution will certainly effect is, that in a certain air space there
shall be but one or two such particles instead of a hundred, and thus
the probability of an infection by an exposure for a limited period may
be much diminished. It is also probable, hov/ever, that for the great
majority of the disease germs, exposure to and agitation in large quan-
tities of fresh air, especially if this contains ozone, will destroy or greatly
anpair their vitality and powers of doing harm.
t8 ventilation and heating.
In view of this fact, it will perhaps occur to the reader that one of
the first things to be done in arranging the ventilation of a building is
to prevent, as far as possible, the admission into it of these particulate
contagia — these mysterious germs of disease which are so hard to dis-
pose of if they have once gained entrance — and that it is therefore worth
while to examine closely the details of the plumber's work in connection
with this question.
In the great majority of buildings it will be considered desirable to
arrange the ventilation with reference only to the ordinary impurities of
air in the inhabited rooms. Now, what are these impurities ? Possibly
the reader may smile complacently at this question, thinking, " Well, I
know that, at all events : it is carbonic acid, of course," but if he does, he
is mistaken.
Whenever a man takes the ground that carbonic acid is the
special impurity that is to be provided for, and asserts that, as it
is heavier than ordinary air, therefore it sinks to the floor, he demon-
strates that he is a person who may be a very estimable gentleman,
but whose opinions about ventilation should be received with very great
distrust.
Yet it is a fact that if there is any one thing that the average amateur
ventilator is more sure of than another, it is that carbonic acid gas is
the principal evil to be guarded against.
When he writes his first paper on the subject he will enlarge upon
the " deadly nature of this subtle poison," and will refer to the Black
Hole of Calcutta as proving its powers. He will also, in the same
paper, announce his discovery that " this deadly gas is heavy and col-
lects near the floor," and that therefore special arrangements should
be made to remove it from that point. He may also indulge in some
speculations as to the well-known great mortality among children under
five years of age being due to the fact that they are so short that their
faces are constantly bathed in this pool of heavy gas, and he will allude
in a familiar manner to the Grotto del Cane.
If he happens to be an architect, he may even proceed to put his
theory to a practical test, for I have seen, in large and costly buildings,
holes carefully provided at the level of the floor to allow this terrible
carbonic acid gas to run off.
Now, all this is nonsense ; and until a person knows enough of the
physics of gases in general, and of carbonic acid gas in particular, to be
sure that it is nonsense, and to be able to demonstrate 7^/y^ it is so, it is
useless to discuss ventilation problems with him. Let us note a few of
the characteristics of gases in general, and of the air and carbonic acid
in particular, which are of especial interest in this connection.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. I9
The atmosphere, which surrounds us Uke an ocean, and at the bottom
of which we construct our buildings, is composed of three gases, viz.,
cx)^gen, nitrogen, and carbonic acid. These gases are mixed in varying
proportions, the amount of carbonic acid being very small. The mix-
ture is a very perfect one, although these gases have each a different
weight for the same bulk, and this uniformity of mixture depends upon
what is known as the law of the diffusion of gases. Every gas expands
freely and rapidly into a space occupied by another gas, much as if
this space were a vacuum. If we take a tall glass jar and introduce at
the bottom some pure carbonic acid gas, leaving ordinary atmospheric
air above, and close the jar, we shall find in a short time that the
carbonic acid has diffused upward and the air downward, until the
composition of the mixture is exactly the same in all parts. Observe,
also, that this mixture will never separate again, unless we compel
such separation by placing it in some substance which will combine
with or absorb one of the gases and not the others.
In our ocean of air, the proportion of carbonic acid to the other
gases, is substantially the same at ^ point ten miles above the earth
that it is on the sea level, just as the proportion of salt in the ocean
is about the same at one foot below the surface that it is at one mile
depth.
The same is the case with an inhabited room; the proportion of car-
bonic acid at the floor will be about the same as, and in some cases even
less than at the ceiling, depending upon the currents in the room, and
upon the fact that the principal sources by which the proportion of this
gas is increased in a room, viz., respiration and lights, produce it
usually in a mixture at a higher temperature than that of the room,
and weighing less than the same bulk of ordinary air. For this rea-
son it rises, and by the time it has cooled it is thoroughly diffused
through and mixed with the rest of the air of the room, from which, as
just explained, it will not separate.
If carbonic acid is produced rapidly in a space enclosed on all
sides except at the top — as, for instance, in a well or the shaft of a mine,
or in a large empty beer or wine vat — it will expel the air and remain
at the bottom of the space until diffusion has been accomplished. When
in such a case the temperature of the carbonic acid gas is the same as
that of the surrounding air, so that no currents are produced, the pro-
cess of diffusion is slow, and if a slight production of carbonic acid gas
be kept up from below, it will remain almost like water in a barrel, as it
does in the Grotto del Cane and in the places above referred to. It is
only under such circumstances, however, that it is ever necessary to
make special provision for getting rid of carbonic acid gas ; and it
20 VENTILATIO>f AND HEATING.
is not probable that the architect will ever have occasion to make any-
such arrangements for its disposal.
In what would be termed "pure country air," carbonic acid is present
in the proportion of about 4 parts in 10,000. In a crowded and confined
space, such as the pit of a theatre and in some school-rooms, its pro-
portion has been found to rise to 30, 40, and even 100 parts per
10,000.
Pure carbonic acid gas may be present in air in a proportion as high
as 150 parts per 10,000, without producing discomfort or giving any
special evidence of its presence, as, for instance, in those establishments
where sparkling mineral waters are bottled, or soda fountains are
charged, or in vaults where champagne is bottled, in certain rooms in
breweries, or in some celebrated baths and health resorts.
It is evident, therefore, that carbonic acid gas — in the proportions in
which we find it in our worst ventilated rooms — is not in itself a danger-
ous impurity; in fact, we have no evidence to show that in such propor-
tions it is even injurious.
What, then, is the importance of this gas in relation to questions of
ventilation ? and why do sanitarians lay so much stress upon the re-
sults of chemical tests of air with reference to this substance, and on
what may seem very small variations in the proportions in which it
is present ?
It is because carbonic acid is usually found in very bad company, and
that variations in its amount to the extent of three or four parts in ten
thousand indicate corresponding variations in the amount of those gases,
vapors, and suspended particles which are really offensive and danger-
ous, and also because we have tests by which we can, with compara-
tive ease and certainty, determine the variations in the carbonic acid,
while we have no such tests of recognized practical utility for the really
dangerous impurities.
As a matter of convenience, therefore, we measure the carbonic acid,
and thus get a measure of the extent to which ventilation is being
effected. Of course, we must make sure that the circumstances of the
case present nothing unusual, since, on the one hand, carbonic acid may
be present in great excess — as in a soda-fountain-charging room — with-
out indicating great impurity ; and, on the other, it is possible that the
air of a room may be very dangerous, from suspended organic particles,
and yet have carbonic acid present in merely normal amount. This
will appear more clearly when we come to consider the ventilation of
hospitals for infectious diseases.
But while the quantity of carbonic acid which is contained in some of
our worst ventilated rooms is not injurious to human life, the amount
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 21
of this gas present is nevertheless of very great importance in relation to
ventilation, and very small variations in it — even so little as one ten-
thousandth part — are often very significant, because we measure by it
the quantity of dangerous impurities present, since we cannot conve-
niently measure these impurities themselves.
In most treatises on ventilation we are told that the best test for the
presence of an undue amount of impurity in the air is the sense of smell.
When a person goes from the fresh outer air into an inhabited room,
and does not perceive any special odor, it is usually safe to assert that
that room is well ventilated. But while this is true, it is necessary to
have some other test which will be independent of individual peculiari-
ties, and the results of which can be demonstrated to others. The man
who has a patent sanitary stove, or an automatic ventilator, will rarely
find any disagreeable odor in a room fitted with his appliances. The
carbonic acid test for foul air depends upon the fact that when, as the
product of respiration, the proportion of carbonic acid in a room
increases from the normal amount of 4 parts in 10,000 to between 6 and 7
parts in 10,000, a faint, musty, unpleasant odor is usually perceptible to
one entering from the fresh air. If the proportion reaches 8 parts the
room is said to be close.
To secure entirely satisfactory ventilation which will prevent this odor,
the proportion of carbonic acid derived from respiration, or what is
sometimes called the "carbonic impurity," should never exceed 2, or, at
the utmost, 3 parts in 10,000 of the air in a room ; that is, if the propor-
tion in the fresh air be 4, that in the foul air must not exceed 7. The
testing the amount of carbonic acid present is, although a simple opera-
tion, one which requires much care and precision throughout. Even in
collecting the sample of air for examination, special precautions are re-
quired, since if any one has his head too close to the jar, or if several
persons gather around to see what is going on, the sample will show too
high a proportion of carbonic acid.
For ordinary purposes a convenient method of testing the amount
of carbonic acid is the following, for which there will be needed six
well-stoppered bottles, containing respectively 450, 350, 300, 250, 200,
and 100 cubic centimetres, a glass tube or pipette graduated, to contain
exactly 15 cubic centimetres to a given mark, and a bottle of perfectly
clear and transparent fresh lime-water. The bottles must be perfectly
clean and dry. Having made sure that they are filled with the atmos-
phere which is to be examined, which can best be done by pumping
into them a quantity of this air by means of one of the small handball
syringes, which may be procured in any drug store, and taking care
that none of your own breath is pumped in, add to the smallest bottle
22 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
by means of the pipette, 15 cubic centimetres of the lime-water, put in
the cork, and shake the bottle. If turbidity appears, the amount of the
carbonic acid will be at least 16 parts in 10,000. If no turbidity appears,
treat the next-sized bottle, viz., of 200 cubic centimetres, in like manner.
Turbidity in this would indicate 12 parts in 10,000, If this remains
clear, but turbidity is produced in the 250 cubic centimetre bottle,
it marks about 10 in 10,000. The 300 centimetre bottle indicates
8 parts, the 350 7 parts, and the 450 less than 6 parts. To judge of
the turbidity, mark a small piece of paper on the inside with a cross
in lead pencil, and gum to the side of the bottle on the lower part.
When the water becomes turbid the cross will become invisible when
looked at through the water. This will enable one to judge roughly
of the amount of carbonic acid in the air. For more accurate analysis
the processes can best be learned by spending about three hours a day,
for three or four days, in a laboratory, working under the directions of a
good chemist.* There have been several attempts made to devise a
simple form of apparatus for the application of the quantitative baryta
test. One of the latest of these is that of Mr. F. N. Owen, which is de-
scribed in the Sanitary Engineer of April 3, 1884.
In this apparatus a solution of phenolphthalein, one of the aniline col-
ors, is used instead of litmus or turmeric, to indicate the precise moment
* The following is the method of Pettenkoffer, as described by Dr. Parkes : Take a
glass jar, holding a gallon or 4j^ litres, and fill it with the air to be examined, by
means of a bellows, or by filling the vessel with water and allowing it to drain off in
the place, the air of which is to be examined. Then add 60 cubic centimetres of
clear lime or baryta-water and close the mouth of the jar by a rubber cap or stopper
made air tight in other ways, shake it up thoroughly and allow it to stand for six or
eight hours. The carbonic acid is absorbed by the lime or baryta, lessening the
amount of caustic or free alkali in the fluid.
The causticity of the lime or baryta-water is determined both before and after it
has been placed in the vessel, by means of a solution of crystallized oxalic acid (2.25
grammes of the acid to i litre of water), i C.C. of which exactly neutralizes .001
gramme of lime. The point of neutralization is determined by turmeric paper or by
litmus. The number of cubic centimetres of the standard solution of oxalic acid
required to neutralize, say, 30 C.C. of the fresh lime-water, equals the amount of lime —
that is, between 34 and 41 milligrammes.
After the lime-water has absorbed all the carbonic acid in the jar, 30 C.C. of it are
to be withdrawn and tested with the oxalic acid solution as before. The difference
between the two results shows the number of milligrammes of lime which have been
neutralized by the carbonic acid, and by multiplying this difference by 0.795, we
obtain the number of C.C. of carbonic acid in the air examined. Deduct 60 C.C.
from the total capacity of the jar (the space occupied by the lime-water put in), and
state the remaining capacity in litres and decimals ; taking this as a divisor, and the
number of C.C. of carbonic acid found as the dividend, the quotient is the C.C. of
carbonic acid per 1,000 volumes of air.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 2^'
when the baryta has become saturated by carbonic acid. In an alicaline
solution, phenolphthalein is a brilliant crimson ; when the solution con-
taining it is exactly neutral it is colorless, and when it has become acid
it is dull yellow, but its change is not sufficiently sharp and prompt to
ensure accurate results.
EXAMPLE.
The first alkalinity of lime-water was 39. for 30 C.C.
After exposure to the air in the jar it was 33. "
Difference, being milligrammes of lime 6. precipitated by CO2 in jar.
Multiply by factor _5lZ2S , „„ . . . ^ „
4.770= total CO2 in jar in C.C
Capacity of jar 4385 C.C.
Deduct 60 C.C. for space taken up by lime-water 60
Net capacity = 4325 C.C. = 4.325 litres.
Then 4.770-7-4.325 = 1.103 C.C. of CO3 per litre, or volumes per 1,000. The
factor 0.795 is obtained as follows: The difference between the two alkalinities ex-
presses milligrammes of lime precipitated byC03 ; from this the milligrammes of COo
can be got by calculating from the ratios of the equivalents, thus :
CaO. CO.J. Mgm. of CaO. Mgm. of CO,.
56 : 44 :: a : 4 : .-. x = aXU-
As one C.C. of CO 2 at 32° Fahr. (0° Cent.) weighs 1.9767 milligrammes, the ratio
between weight and volume is j, 5^^7=0. 506 ; :: .r X 0.506 = C.C. of CO3, corres-
ponding to the milligrammes by weight. As 60 C.C. of lime-water were put into the
jar, and only 30 C.C. taken, the result must be multiplied by 2. Therefore, the fac-
tors combined are: 11X0.506X2 = 0.795, and this multiplied by ^'^ the difference
between the two alkalinities, gives x the total C.C. of CO., in the jar.
If baryta be used instead of lime, it must be free from traces of potash and soda ;
a much smaller quantity of liquid may be employed, as it is so much more soluble than
lime ; the calculation is the same.
A correction for the temperature of the air examined must be made, the standard
being 32° Fahr., or o^ C, the freezing point of water. If the temperature be above
this (as it will generally be, at least in buildings), the air will be expanded, and a
smaller quantity, by weight, consequently, will be operated on.
On the other hand, below 32° the air will be contracted, and a larger quantity, by
weight, operated on than at the standard temperature. This can be corrected by adding
0.2 per cent, to the result for every degree above 32°, and subtracting it for ever}-
degree below ; the reason being that air expands or contracts 0.2 per cent, for every
degree (or l per cent, for every 5 degrees), it deviates from the standard. Example :
In the preceding example the COg was found to be 1.103 per 1,000. Suppose
the temperature to have been 60^ Fahr., then 60 — 32=28' to be corrected for;
28 X 0.2 = 5.6 per cent, to be added on to result, or the result must be multiplied by
I -(- .056= 1.056, . ■ . 1. 103 X 1.056= 1. 154 per 1,000, the corrected result. Suppose
the temperature had been 25" Fahr., then 32 — 25 = 7° to be corrected for ; 7X0.2 = 1.4
per cent, to be deducted, or the result must be multiplied by i.oo — .014 =0.986 . ' .
1.103X0.986 = 1.087, the corrected result.
A correction for pressure is not necessar)', unless the place of observation be much
removed from sea-level ; in that case, the barometer must be observed, and a rule of
three stated.
As standard height of bar : } j Observed height ) .
(= 29.92 in. = 760 mm.) : f ^ of bar j- •• < •
24
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
''The apparatus consists of two graduated
glass flasks, Fig. i, set in a revolving frame
and connected by a glass tube furnished
with a stop-cock. The tubes connect with
the three-way cock, which allows air to enter
one or the other of the flasks at pleasure.
The U-shaped glass. Fig. 2, has eight bulbs
blown on one of the legs, to insure the per-
fect absorption of the carbonic acid by the
baryta-water.
"To use the apparatus, fill the upper flask
to the zero mark with water (this may readily
be done by attaching the end of the flexible
tube to a faucet) ; pour into the absorption
tube, through the funnel, from 12 to 15
centimetres of baryta-water containing 3.425
milligrammes of baryta (BaO), which will
absorb one-half a cubic centimetre of car-
bonic acid gas ; turn a three-way cock so
Figure 2.
Figure 1.
as to connect the upper flask
with the absorption tube ;
turn the stop-cock, so that
the water will pass from the
upper into the lower flask ;
aspirate slowly till the color
disappears ; shut the stop-
cock and read on the grad-
uated flask the number of
cubic centimetres of water
run out, and hence the
amount of air passed through
the baryta-water. Another
instrument, which appears to
be, upon the whole, the sim-
plest and cheapest of any yet
devised for making an
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 25
approximate estimate as to the proportion of carbonic acid contained in
air, is the one devised by Prof. Wolpert, and called by him an air-tester.
This consists of a test-tube, marked near the bottom to show the point
to which it must be filled to contain three cubic centimetres. The bot-
tom of this tube is whitened, and on the bottom is a black mark — or a
date printed in black. Clear lime-water is poured in the tube to the
amount of three cubic centimetres, and the air to be tested is blown
through this fluid until it becomes so opaque from the formation of car-
bonate of lime that the figure on the bottom of the tube becomes invis-
ible. The air is blown through by means of a rubber bulb containing
28 cubic centimetres, fastened on a glass tube, the free end of which
dips beneath the surface of the lime-water.
The number of times which this bulb must be filled and emptied meas-
ures the amount of air required to produce the opacity above referred to,
and a table which accompanies the instrument shows the proportion of
carbonic acid which corresponds to a given number of fillings of the bulb-
Thus, if the bulb has been emptied 40 times to produce opacity, the
proportion of carbonic acid present is 10 parts in 10,000 ; if the bulb has
been filled 50 times the carbonic acid is 4 parts per 10,000, etc.
With this instrument the unskilled observer, after three or four trials
can estimate the proportion of carbonic acid present to within one part
in 10,000, which is near enough for practical purposes. The chief pre-
caution to be taken by the experimenter is to see that in filling the bulb
with the air of the room he does not draw into it an undue proportion
of air which he himself has just exhaled.
I strongly advise all architects to learn how to make this test, for it is
only in this manner that they can prove that their buildings are properly
ventilated, or can decide positively on the merits of the dozens of patent
ventilating appliances, which are fast becoming as much of a nuisance
as patent lightning rods.
It is true that other tests should be applied in connection with this, and
it is also true that by measuring carefully the quantity of air entering a
room in a given time, and taking this result in connection with the position
of registers, etc., a person of experience can form a very accurate and
reliable opinion as to the character of the ventilation of the room ; but as
explained above, the phrase, " good ventilation," implies a thorough mix-
ing of the foul air with that which is pure, and the chemical test is the
only one which will show whether this mixing has been effected or not.
In'this connection let me oft'er abitof advice which may save some time
and annoyance. When the gentleman with the "Automatic Zephyr Venti-
lator," or the " Breath of Spring Pulsifier," or the " Sanitary Grate," orthe
" Foul-air Exterminating Stove," calls on you and begins to unroll his tin
26 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
models, or to ask you to read the certificates of Prof. Tuthick and others,
ask him where the air analyses are for his invention, and when he says he
has none, tell him that until he gets them from some reputable chemist you
really cannot spare time to look into the matter. It is not your business to
investigate the value of his patent ; it is his business to prove it to you,
and this proof must be the detailed analysis. If any patentee ever took
the trouble to obtain such proof I am not aware of it.
In this connection attention should be called to a property of air which
is important in ventilation problems, although it is hardly alluded lo in
books, and that is its adhesion to surfaces, even when in motion.
The best mode of illustrating it is, perhaps, an experiment devised by
the late Professor Joseph Henry. Upon a large, smooth table, sprinkle
uniformly some light powder, such as powdered lycopodium. In the
middle of the table place a bell glass, mouth downward. Then with a
pair of bellows direct a current of air from the edge of the table toward
the centre of the bell glass. The track of this current will be distinctly
marked in the powder, and when it reaches the bell glass you will see it
divide in two parts, one passing on one side, the other on the other, but
both adhering to the glass until they meet on the opposite side, when
they will join and continue in their original direction.
When a current of air is started along a wall or floor, it may adhere
to it for several feet, or even yards, and in this way we may have annoy-
ing draughts at points where we had least expected them.
In the hall of the House of Representatives, at Washington, a few
years ago, a large part of the fresh air was brought in through the risers
of the platforms upon which the chairs of the members are placed. This
sheet of air, introduced under pressure, and in a horizontal direction,
did not diffuse directly upward, as it was intended to do, but adhered
to the floor, and swept across the ankles of the member just in front.
When it had passed his desk and reached the next riser, it was reinforced
by a fresh stratum, and the honorable member next in front received
the upper current on the calves of his honorable legs, while the floor
current swept his ankles, to his great discomfort and dissatisfaction.
In like manner I have seen a warm air register so placed in the floor
in the corner of a room, that the entering air adhered to the sides of
the room and passed directly upward, almost as if it were in a tube. It
then streamed along the ceiling to an opening into a foul air flue in the
opposite corner, and passed out without disturbing the air in the lower
part of the room.
In this way it may happen that a sufficient quantity of air may be
passing into and out of a room and yet that the ventilation may be
extremely unsatisfactory. It is necessary to secure distribution as well
as entrance and exit.
CHAPTER II.
HEAT, AND SOME OF THE LAWS WHICH GOVERN ITS PRODUCTION AND
COMMUNICATION MOVEMENTS OF HEATED AIR MOVE-
MENTS OF AIR IN FLUES SHAPES AND SIZES
OF FLUES AND CHIMNEYS.
My architectural friend, in the letter to which allusion was made at
the commencement of the last chapter, said : " I do not care for scien-
tific theorizing and speculations in this matter ; what I want are
practical rules." Probably he would class as "scientific theorizing" the
following statements with regard to some of the laws in accordance with
which heat is produced and transmitted, and the movements of air and
gases take place, yet it is necessary to understand them in order that
the " rules " which depend upon them may be applied in each particu-
lar case, so as to be really " practical " and useful.
This "science," in regard to which distrust, and often more or less
contempt, is so frequentl)^ expressed is, after all, only another 'name for
the results obtained by trained common sense from comparisons of facts
carefully observed and accurately recorded.
As to theorizing, we must do that at nearly every step, for there are
few of our plans in which we are not compelled to rely on probabilities
instead of certainties. That the amount of daylight next year will be
about the same as in preceding years ; that we shall have life and
health to finish the plans which we promise to prepare ; that the cold-
est day during the next twenty years will not be colder than the coldest
day during the past twenty years ; and that the price of labor and
materials will not vary beyond a certain amount within the next two or
three years — all these are theories which we accept and act on when
we proceed to make plans and estimates for a building, and, moreover,
they are scientific theories. What we should really wish to avoid is
unscientific theorizing, and the best way to do this is to learn to recog-
nize it when we meet with it — which will be daily.
In these remarks I do not by any means wish to be understood as
undervaluing the importance of that knowledge which comes from prac-
tical experience. Every intelligent workman who has been engaged in
making and setting heating apparatus, and has had any opportunity of
28 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
observing the results, possesses valuable information which might be
very useful to a scientific engineer.
These detached observations, however, are of small value until they
are seen in their true relations with the general principles or laws which
govern the operation of such apparatus, and a mere rule-of-thumb
knowledge sometimes leads to very av/kward mistakes when an attempt
is made to apply it where the circumstances vary from those under
which it was originally acquired. The laws of heat and of pneumatics
are uniform and apply to all cases. We do not, by any means, know all
these laws, but we have discovered some of them, and whenever we find
any apparent contradiction to these — when the flue draws the wrong way,
or the room gets cold when it ought to be hot — we may be sure that the
error is with us and not with science. The distinction drawn by Her-
schel is an important one : ''Art is the application of knowledge to a
practical end. If the knowledge be merely accumulated experience, the
art is -empirical ; but if it be experience reasoned upon and brought
under general principles, it assumes a higher character and becomes a
scientific art."
Heat and cold are often spoken of as if they were material substances.
We hear of driving out or shutting out the cold, of heat flowing from
one body into another, etc. Heat is a force — cold is the absence or
diminution of this force. Substituting a definition of force, we say that
heat is a mode of motion — of motion of particles of matter — and this
matter may be gaseous, liquid or solid. Heat is usually said to be com-
municated from one body to another by three processes, known as radia-
tion, conduction and convection. Radiant heat passes from one body,
through gases, or through what is usually called a vacuum, to another
body at a distance, going in straight lines and with great velocity. It
does not heat to an appreciable degree the gas through which it passes.
Conducted heat passes from one particle of matter to another at insen-
sible distances. If the particle of matter is free to move among other
particles, as in liquids and gases, it may carry heat from one point to
another; and this is what is called convection, which is really a mixture of
conduction and radiation. Heat can only pass with great difficulty, if at
all, from one particle of liquid or gas to another particle of liquid or
gas — but it passes readily between these and solids. In attempting to
heat by means of warm water, steam or hot air, it is necessary to remem-
ber this, and that the securing a thorough circulation, so that every par-
ticle of the water or air comes successively in contact with the heated
solid walls of the furnace or radiators, is essential to success.
We measure heat in two ways. The first is by the thermometer,
which shows how much warmer or colder than melting ice its immediate
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 29
vicinity is. The second is by what is called the thermal unit, which in
Great Britain and in this country is the amount of heat which is
required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree
Fahrenheit. One pound of coal completely burned will give from
13,000 to 14,000 such thermal units, but in no form of grate, furnace or
heating apparatus is this complete combustion effected, nor can all the
heat derived from that which is burned be made available for heating
purposes. In an ordinary steam boiler from 6,000 to 8,000 heat units
are utilized in the production of steam, the rest being lost from imper-
fect combustion, in the air which passes up the chimney, by radiation
in the boiler house, etc.
With an atmospheric pressure equal to 29.92 inches of mercury, and
at the temperature of 52° F., one cubic foot of dry air weighs .0776 lbs. —
that is, 13 cubic feet of air weigh about one pound. The specific heat of
air, with constant pressure, is 0.2379 — that is, one pound of air will be
raised one degree in temperature by that fraction of a thermal unit, or
one thermal unit will raise the temperature of one pound of air 4.2° F.
If we assume that one pound of coal as usually burned produces 8,000
available units of heat, it will heat 8,000 lbs. = 104,000 cubic feet of air
4.2° F., or it will lift this same weight of air 772 feet. In heating air at
constant pressure a certam amount of heat disappears in producing ex-
pansion of the air, and this expansion gives buoyancy or ascensional
force which may be used to secure ventilation. But in doing this the air
passing off carries off heat with it, and that heat is no longer available for
warmth ; a fresh amount must be supplied to the air which enters to take
its place. The more you ventilate an inhabited room in cold weather, the
more heat you must supply, and therefore the more fuel you must burn.
You may do much to secure complete combustion of your fuel, and to
prevent waste of heat, but you can only get 100 per cent, of effect, and
by no form of apparatus is it possible to effect the heating of a well ven-
tilated room with the amount of fuel that would heat the same room if
the change of air were only sufficient for heating purposes. You will
find inventors claiming that their special appliances will give both ample
heat and abundant ventilation with diminished consumption of coal, and
there is little use in wasting time over the examination of plans or pro-
posals for contracts in which this claim is made.
To completely burn one pound of coal requires about 295 cubic feet
of air, and all the nitrogen, oxygen, carbonic acid, and vapor of water in
this air must be heated, and will therefore absorb and carry off some of
the thermal units. Whatever may be the methods of ventilation
employed, there is but one mode of getting rid of the products of com-
bustion of fuel that need be mentioned here, and that is by using the
force due to the expansion of gases by heat.
The air has weight. A column of it one inch square extending from
the ground to the top of the aerial ocean weighs about fourteen and a
half pounds ; in other words, the air presses on the earth, and on all
things on the surface of the earth, with a force of 14.6 lbs. to the square
inch. This pressure is not merely directly downward, but in all direc-
tions ; it presses outward from our lungs with a force of 14.6 lbs. per
30 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
square inch, and if it did not, our chests would be crushed with the
external pressure on them, which amounts to over four tons. If at any
point the pressure be diminished the surrounding air tends to rush in
and equalize it. If, then, we can diminish the pressure at any point, we
shall have a force which will be available for moving air toward that
point, and if we increase the pressure the force will be available for
moving air away from that point. One of the readiest means of dimin-
ishing or increasing the pressure of the air is by the addition or subtrac-
tion of heat. When we heat air, which is not confined in an air-tight
space, it expands — its particles or molecules go further apart, so that the
same number which occupied a cubic foot may, when heated, occupy two
cubic feet, and hence one gubic foot of air thus heated weighs only half
as much as it did before.
The result is that, if it be free to move, the heavy surrounding air
flows in from all sides and pushes the lighter heated air upward, just
as water forces wood whidi is lighter than itself to its surface. If
we confine the heated air in a chimney, the difference between the
weight of the column in the chimney and that of a precisely similar
column of the air outside the chimney is the measure of the force with
which the heated air tends to rise in the flue. On the other hand,
when we cool air it contracts in bulk, and a cubic foot of air thus
chilled and contracted weighs more than the same volume of air not
cooled.
If the air in a flue is cooler than the surrounding air in connection
with it, it will flow downward, and the measure of the force is the same
as in the case of the heated flue. Air expands ^Jy of its bulk at 32° F.
for every degree Fahrenheit it is heated. For example, if the air in a
chimney be heated 50° F. above the surrounding air it will be increased
in bulk as I is to I + ^^V' ^^ tV rie^rly. The force with which the gases
from the burning fuel tend to rise in a chimney may be, under ordinary
circumstances, measured by the temperature at which these gases enter
the flue. The lower this temperature, the more economical the appar-
atus, so far as heating is concerned. From an ordinary steam boiler
the products of combustion enter the chimney at a temperature of 550° F.
From a good hot water boiler, properly fired, these products of com-
bustion enter the chimney at about 300° F., the temperature of the
water in the boiler being 160° F., while from a so-called air-tight stove,
with a large amount of pipe, they may pass into the chimney at 150°, or
even so low as 100° F.
These are merely average figures. By special arrangements it is
possible to cause the gases from the furnace of a steam boiler to enter
the chimney at a much lower temperature, even as low as from a stove,
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 7,1
but such apparatus is seldom used, since with coal at present prices it
seems cheaper, on the whole, to use the usual forms of apparatus.
Heated air in a bottle having a narrow, open mouth will not rise,
because the colder air around cannot enter to force it out ; but if the
mouth be divided by a partition, a current will soon be established, the
cold air flov/ing down on one side and the warm air streaming up the
other. This is commonly illustrated by those advocating the use of a
patent ventilator which depends on this principle, by an experiment
which always deeply impresses those who see it for the first time, and
the exhibition of which has sold many ventilators — and purchasers.
This experiment consists in placing a short piece of lighted candle in
the bottom of the bottle. The heat of the flame promptly sets up a cir-
culation within the bottle, which continues until enough carbonic acid
has been produced to extinguish the light. If just before the light goes
out a partition be inserted in the neck of the bottle the effect above
mentioned will be produced ; the smoke will be seen streaming out on
one side, and the light will soon burn again as brightly as ever. For
ventilating a bottle, or a place which is under the same conditions as a
bottle, this is a very good method ; but if you ever put such an arrange-
ment into a house you will find that when cold weather comes it will be
carefully closed. On the other hand, warm air will not rise in a room
filled with cold air unless this room has some opening by which some of
its contained air will escape. Forgetfulness or ignorance of this fact
sometimes causes great disappointment to the amateur furnance-setter,
who cannot imagine why his apparatus will not heat a room above it in
which every aperture has been closed "to keep in the heat." The
quickest way to heat a room under such circumstances is to open the
window. It will be found useful to remember the bottle and the demor-
alized furnace-setter when a client complains of a smoky chimney.
I have now to call attention to some facts connected with the move-
ment of air in tubes or flues, and through outlets of various kinds.
Such movement is in many respects in accordance with the laws that
govern the movement of liquids under like circumstances. The first
thing to be done in determining the amount of discharge through any
opening is to find the velocity, and for openings, flues and chimneys, as
yet unconstructed, this velocity must be calculated. The calculation
cannot be made accurate, as we shall see, but very useful results may
be obtained from it. The theoretical velocity, when friction is not
taken into account, is calculated in several ways, but that which is now
most commonly used depends upon what is known as the law of Mont-
golfier, or the law of spouting fluids. This law is that fluids pass
through an opening in a partition with that velocity which a body would
^2 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
attain in falling through a height equal to the difference in depth of the
fluid on the two sides of the partition, or, what is the same thing, the
difference in pressure on two sides. The velocity in feet per second of
falling bodies is about eight times the square root of the height from
which they have fallen expressed in feet, and the formula for determin-
ing this is v = c s/2 g h.
In this equation v is the velocity to be found, stated in feet per sec-
ond ; g is the velocity which a body falling freely from a state of rest
has at the end of one second — which is 32.2 feet per second ; h is the
distance fallen through by the body ; and ^ is a constant determined by
experiment, which expresses the proportion of the actual to the theoret-
ical velocity.
The height h fallen through by the cold air is to be determined by
the law of the expansion of gases, which for our purpose may with suffi-
cient accuracy be taken to be ^y of its volume for each degree F. of
increase of temperature. In the case of a chimney flue, as explained
above, the force which drives the warm air up the flue is the force of
gravity — of the excess of gravity or weight of a column of cold air over
a precisely similar column of warm or expanded air, which is the differ-
ence in pressure above referred to.
This difference in pressure is found by multiplying the height from
the opening at which the air enters the flue to that from which it
escapes by the difference in temperature outside and inside, and again
multiplying this product by ^-Jy. The formula for the theoretical velo-
city then becomes
„^8 v^l^— ^) X h
491
in which t is the temperature in the chimney, /' the temperature of the
external air, and h the height of the chimney.
Suppose, for example, that the temperature in the chimney is 100°,
that of the external air 40°, and that the chimney is 50 feet high, we
shall have
^=8 /60X 50^ 8/671 = ^°
491
nearly, or the theoretical velocity would be twenty feet per second.
This theoretical velocity will be diminished by friction, by angles in
pipes and flues, and by eddies or counter-currents, and on the other
hand it may be increased by the aspirating force of wind passing across
the top of the flue.
The general rule is that the real velocity in a chimney flue will be less
than the theoretical velocity by from 20 to 50 per cent. It is because
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 33
r>f fbis difference that minute calculations are useless, and chat I have
preferred to give a slightly inaccurate formula because of its simplicity
and the ease with which it can be remembered. From what has been
said it will be seen that the velocity of the ascending column of air in a
heated chimney depends upon the difference in temperature between the
air in the chimney and that outside. The greater this difference up to
temperatures of 800° F., the greater the velocity, other things being
equal. The velocity also depends on the height of the chimney, the
general rule being that the velocity increases with the height. This,
however, is neither theoretically nor practically correct, except within
certain limits. The formula assumes that we use in our calculations
the mean temperature of the shaft. It must be remembered that there
is a very considerable loss of heat from the external surface of the chim-
ney itself, and the higher the shaft the greater the amount of this sur-
face and the greater the loss, thus neutralizing to a certain extent the
effect of the increase in height. The amount of air which passes up
the chimney depends on the area of the flue and the velocity, the form-
ula being q = a Y. v.
In ventilation problems, we usually determine first the quantity of air
which the flue is to transmit in a given time, and then, assuming such
figure for the velocity as may seem best under the circumstances, cal-
culate the area of the flue by the formula
The problems relating to velocities of currents and areas of flues-,,
more especially in chimneys, are comparatively simple, if the nature-
of the force which produces draught in a chimney be clearly understood;
— but the popular mind is by no means clear on this point. Many per-
sons seem to suppose that a chimney has some independent power of
its own, and in this sense say that it draws well or draws badly. I have
heard a mason contend that the chimney itself must do some of the
work, independent of heat, because in a house which he was then at
work on, he found an upward current in the chimney, although the roof
had not yet been placed on the building, and it required several trials
under different circumstances to convince him that this current was due to
the heating by the sun of the south wall in which the chimney was placed.
Of course, if a chimney had any such power as he supposed, we should
have a sort of perpetual motion, and, as Mr. Edwards remarks, upon this
theory it would only be necessary to build a few gigantic chimneys to
work all the mills in a place without the use of coal.
In deciding upon the velocity to be maintained in a chimney shaft,
which velocity is to be used as the basis of calculation for sizes of flues,
the following considerations must be kept in mind :
34 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
The velocity should be sufficient to maintain a steady, uniform flow,
without eddies or currents ; and, at the mouth of the chimney, it should
be so great that the usual winds will not interfere with it, which will
necessitate a rate of about lo feet per second. If it be greater than
this there will be a waste of fuel, for we have seen that this velocity
depends upon the temperature to which the air is heated, and every
unit of heat contained in the air escaping at the mouth of the chimney
which is in excess of the number of units required to prevent eddies
and counter-currents, is so much useless expenditure. It is, moreover,
quite unnecessary to keep the velocity in the shaft as great as that at
the outlet ; and it is very poor economy to do it, because the friction
increases rapidly with increase of velocity, and requires more force, or,
what is the same thing, more fuel, to overcome it. The velocity in the
main flue of the chimney of an ordinary dwelling-house should be about
five feet per second, whence it follows that the area of opening at the
mouth of the chimney should be about one-half that of the main flue.
The increase of temperature in the chimney which will be required to
produce this velocity depends, of course, upon its height, but for a shaft
about 40 feet high the increase over that of the external air should be
about 10° F.
Of late years the tendency of architects and builders in this country
has been to make their flues too small, which is probably due to the very
general use of stoves. In shunning this error care must be taken not
to fall into the opposite extreme, for " the expedient of constructing
everything a little larger than is necessary in order to have a reserve for
contingencies is not always a safe one," at least if due regard be given
to economy. If a chimney shaft has a larger area than is necessary,
down draughts will be formed in it when a sufficient supply of heated
air is not provided for it, while if this supply be given, more air, and
therefore more heat, than is requisite must be furnished. The use of
movable valves or dampers at the base of the shaft will prevent the last
evil, but will aggravate the first ; and the same is true as regards the
very common expedient of a valved opening at the base of the shaft to
allow air from the boiler room to enter the chimney direct, and there-
lore diminish the draught. If the valve be placed at the top of the shaft
both evils may be corrected within certain limits, and such valves will
sometimes be found of great use.
The shape of the flue should be as nearly round or square as the size
of the walls and jamb will permit. The circle is the best form, because
H gives the greatest area in proportion to the perimeter, or surface pro-
ducing friction, and the square is next. If the flue be rectangular in
4Uapt> with one diameter of not more than 4 inches, the friction will be
VENTILATIOJJ AND HEATING. 35
great, and if such a flue be so placed in a wall that one of its long sides
is parallel to a surface of the wall which is exposed to cold air, there will
be great loss of heat.
If we consider chimney flues as intended only to carry off the prod-
ucts of combustion, without reference to questions of ventilation, the
following are the sizes which give the best results : For ordinary
dwelling-houses the flue for each room, if built of brick in the usual
way, should be about one foot square, or for common bed-rooms g"x 12".
If the flues be lined with smooth pipes of pottery or cement they may
be 9" in diameter.
The sizes of chimney flues used in ordinary dwellings vary in differ-
ent parts of the country. In Boston, New York and Chicago such flues
are usually 8"x 8" or 8"x 12". In Baltimore the flues are usually i3"x 13".
In New Orleans the common size is 9"x 9".
This difference depends in part on the variation in size of brick in com-
mon use, in part upon the more general use of closed iron stoves in the
North, and in part to traditions of masons and builders, of which it would
be very difficult to trace the origin. Tredgold's rule for chimneys for
steam boilers is as follows : '' The area of a chimney in inches for a low
pressure steam engine, when above 10 horse power, should be 112 times
the horse power of the engine, divided by the square root of the height
of the chimney in feet. Example : Required the area of a chimney for
an engine of 40 horse power, the height of it being 70 feet.
" In this case
40 X 112
7= = 533-2
V 70
square inches. The square root of this is 23 inches, which will be the
side of a square chimney. Or, multiply 533 by 1.27 and extract the
square root for the diameter of a circular one."
In another place, however, Mr. Tredgold advises that chimneys be
built double the size called for by this rule. Mr. Milne substitutes 280
for 112 in the above formula, and thus obtains results between two and
three times as great. Milne's rule is as follows : The square root of
the height of the chimney in feet multiplied by the square of its internal
diameter at the top or narrowest part in feet is equal to twice the nom-
inal horse power for the chimney.
By horse power in this connection is meant the evaporation of a cer-
tain amount of water — the usual estimate being that a cubic foot ol
water at 60° evaporated to steam is equal to one nominal horse power,
which, in round numbers, would require 70,000 thermal units.
The judges at the Centennial defined a horse power to be eauaJ <cO
the evaporation of 30 lbs. of water from a temperature of 212'. At ?
36 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
cubic foot of water weighs a little over 62 lbs., this standard requires
less than half the fuel which would be needed for the former — being
only about 29,000 thermal units. Taking the older and more usual
estimates used by Tredgold, allowing 8 lbs. of coal per hour per horse
power and 300 cubic feet of air for the combustion of each pound of
coal, we find that we shall have for a 40 horse power boiler about 30
cubic feet of gases per second to dispose of. If we allow a velocity of
five feet per second in the flue we shall want a flue having an area of six
square feet, which result is intermediate between those of Tredgold and
Milne, and is probably more nearly correct than either.
Another rule is that of Murray — 18 square inches for 12 lbs. of coal
per hour.
Another rough-and-ready rule for chimne5^s for the ordinary horizon-
tal flue boilers is, that the chimney should be from 60 to 80 feet high,
and have an area equal to half the square of the diameter of one of the
tubes multiplied by the number of tubes. In such a boiler, 15 feet of
boiler surface is taken as equal to one horse power. Still another rule-
of-thumb is, that the size of the flue should be equal to the area of the
tubes.
In this connection it may perhaps be well to say a word about smoky
chimneys, although in this country we are not troubled with them to
anything like the extent that they are in England, judging from the
amount of English literature on that subject. This is due to the fact
that we do not use open fire-places nearly so much as they do in Eng-
land, and that we have a much drier climate. In some of our public
buildings where open grates are used there has been trouble from
smoke, and Mr. Briggs once gave me a very amusing account of the
efforts made to cure it in one of the large public buildings in Washing-
ton, in which there was a series of rooms freely communicating with each
other, and each having an open grate. When the watchman began to
build the fires in the morning he found the first one had a magnificent
draught, the second one not so good, the third very dubious indeed,
and the fourth smoked furiously. Then came the chimney doctor with
a patent chimney top, which was placed on flue No. 4, lengthening it
about three feet. No. 4 now drew well, but No. 3 was no longer
dubious, for it smoked like a tar kiln. Of course, the same remedy was
applied to No. 3, but then Nos. i and 2 became a nuisance. When
these also had been duly furnished with the patent chimney tops, all
the flues were again of the same height, and the process had to be begun
de novo. The true remedy in such a case is to see that each chimney
has its own sufficient supply of air from without, and does not draw
against another flue.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 37
A damp flue is another cause of smoky chimneys, since the current of
iscending air is rapidly cooled by evaporation. This often adds greatly
:o the diiificulty of keeping a smoke flue situated in an outer wall in
^ood working condition.
The effects of wind on the action of chimneys will be considered
hereafter.
CHAPTER III.
AMOUNT OF AIR SUPPLY REQUIRED CUBIC SPACE.
In preparing plans and specifications for heating and ventilating a
building, one of the first things to be done is to decide as to the amount
of fresh air that is to be supplied, and it is just at this point in his
studies that the young architect or engineer is most likely to become
demoralized and discouraged. On consulting his text-books and man-
uals he finds the greatest diversity of opinion as to the proper methods
of calculating this amount, and that the several methods proposed lead
to the most discordant results ; the effect of which is often that he con-
cludes that none of these opinions have any scientific basis, and that
really it don't make much difference whether any special attention is
given to the matter or not.
Engineers usually base their estimates as to quantity of air upon data
given by chemists and physicists with regard to the various ofiices
which this air has to fulfill.
For instance, Box, in his " Practical Treatise on Heat " — one of the most
convenient manuals on this subject — divides these offices into five, viz.,
to support respiration, to carry off vapor, to carry off the exhalations, to
carry off the animal heat, and for the lighting apparatus, and tabulates
these as follows :
Cubic Feet of Air required for the different purposes of Ventilation.
Character of Occupants.
Room with single occupant, cleanly and healthy. ...
Room with single occupant, healthy, but not cleanly.
Room with single occupant, cleanly, but sick
Crowded room, healthy and cleanly persons
Hospitals (ordinary cases)
Hospitals for fevers, etc
c
a
Sta
u o
^ts
0)
^•a
o a,
fc,«
w
«
0
22
237
250
220
22
237
350
220
22
237
1,000
220
22
237
250
500
22
237
2,000
220
22
237
4,000
220
60
60
60
60
60
60
He observes that the same air may serve simultaneously or consecu-
tively for all these five purposes, and concludes that for a clean and
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
39
healthy person 250 cubic feet per hour is sufficient, basing his subse-
quent calculations on 220 feet per hour as a minimum, in which he
follows Peclet.
The fallacy in this lies in the assumption that the used and contami-
nated air does not mix with and defile the air in the room, but passes
off at once— an assumption which is entirely incorrect in the great ma-
jority of cases, and would only hold good if each person inspired air
from one reservoir and expired it into a totally different one.
General Morin's estimates, which are those most frequently quoted,
but which Box erroneously criticises as being in many cases excessive,
are shown by the following table :
Places Ventilated.
Hospitals
Theatres, Assembly Rooms, etc
Prisons
Ordinary Rooms
Schools
Hospitals, ordinary maladies
" wounded, etc
" in times of epidemic
Theatres • • • ■
Assembly Rooms, prolonged sittings.
Prisons
Workshops, ordinary
" insalubrious
Barracks, during the day
" " " night
Schools, infant
adult
Stables
Cubic feet of air per
head per hour.
Max.
390
1,760
706
1,410
7,060
1,410
1,060
6,350
Authority.
530
350
300
212
I 530
,300
,585
,120
,760
,120
,530
,060
,760
618
,235
,700
Peclet.
Morin.
The estimates of sanitarians as to the amount of air required are now
based upon the observations of De Chaumont, Parkes, and others, as to
the amount needed to keep an occupied room free from perceptible
odor to a person entering it from the outer air, and on the percentage
of carbonic acid which is found in the air of rooms in which this animal
odor is barely perceptible.
As I have stated above, when, as a product of respiration, the propor-
tion of carbonic acid in a room is increased from the normal ratio of
between 3 and 4 parts in 10,000 to between 6 and 7 parts in 10,000, a
faint, musty odor is usually perceptible. Assuming that the air of an
inhabited room should not be so impure as to possess this odor, the
40
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
following table by Parkes shows the amount of air necessary to dilute
to this standard :
Amount of cubic
space (breathing space)
for one man, in cubic
feet.
Ratio per 1,000 of car-
bonic acid from respira-
tion at the end of one
hour if there has been no
change of air.
Amount of air necessary
to dilute to standard of
.2, or including the initial
carbonic acid, of .6 per
1,000 volumes during the
first hour.
Amount necessary to
dilute to the given stan-
dard every hour after
the first.
lOO
6.00
2,900
3,000
200
3.00
2,800
3,000
300
2.00
2,700
3,000
4CXI
1.50
2,600
3,000
500
1.20
2,500
3,000
600
1. 00
2,400
3,000
700
0.85
2,300
3,000
800
0.75
2,200
3,000
900
0.66
2,100
3,000
I.CXX)
0.60
2,000
3,000
The above table refers to rooms occupied for a number of hours con-
secutively.
In any given case the amount of air required for each room will de-
pend on the dimensions of the room, the difference between the external
and internal temperatures, the number of persons occupying it, their
character or occupation, and the length of time they are to remain in it.
With regard to the first and second points, it may be observed that for
an ordinary room in a dwelling-house which is to be heated by any
method of indirect radiation — that is, by warm air — it will be necessary,
in order to secure satisfactory warming when the temperature of the ex-
ternal air is below the freezing point, and the room has the usual pro-
portion of external wall and window surface, that the amount of air
supply per hour shall be about one and a half times the cubic contents
of the room. Unless this amount of change be secured, either the room
will not be kept comfortably warm, or the fresh air must be introduced
at a much higher temperature than is desirable for health or comfort.
This rule will not apply to very lofty rooms, and, so far as heating
and ventilation only are concerned, it is not desirable that rooms should
be more than 14 feet high, even if very large, while for ordinary living
rooms from 10 to 12 feet are the most satisfactory heights.
The higher the external temperature the more air is required to secure
comfort up to the point where the air becomes so warm and moist that
it no longer serves to remove the animal heat. There are days in sum-
mer when sufficient ventilation to secure comfort cannot be secured
even out of doors, and in a crowd this is not at all uncommon.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 41
As will be seen from the table given above, the allowance of 3,000
cubic feet of air per hour per head is that given by Parkes, and this has
been accepted by most modern sanitarians. As a matter of fact, this
amount of supply is very rarely obtained in cold weather through the
flues and registers provided for fresh air supply. The entrance of fresh
air is, however, by no means limited to such registers, and the health of
the residents of many houses depends on the crevices around the win-
dows and doors and at the base of the shrunken wash-boards, and on
the fact that air goes through a brick wall covered with ordinary plaster
with great facility. Bad construction thus sometimes prevents the evil
effects of bad plans. Assuming that all the fresh air is to enter through
the ducts provided fcr that purpose, and that we are to deal with sub-
stantial buildings having thick walls, rendered more or less impermeable
by paint, paper, etc., I would advise that heating surface, foul and fresh
air flues and registers be provided for an air supply of one cubic foot
per second per head for rooms which are to be occupied constantly.
If this be done, it will be comparatively easy to adjust these appliances
to a supply of but half the above amount, if this be all that the occupant
is willing to pay for ; whereas, if they be planned for the smaller supply,
it will be impossible for them to meet the larger demands which the
educated and thinking portion of the community are already beginning
to make, and which will steadily increase. When the room is to be
occupied but three or four hours at a time, and is thoroughly aired in
the interval, the amount may be reduced to 2,500 cubic feet per hour, or
three-quarters of a foot per second. This, for instance, is a proper
allowance for school-rooms, halls of assembly, theatres, etc. I do not
think it worth while to make any distinction between children and adults
as to the amount of fresh air required. For rooms constantly occupied
Roth and Lex fix the amount at 100 cubic metres, or about 3,500 cubic
feet per hour.
These quantities are given as being the least which the architect or
engineer should strive to secure, but every one agrees that it is desirable
to obtain larger amounts where this can be done without materially in-
creasing the cost. Other things being equal, the more air the better.
In the open air, with the temperature at 60° F., and when there is no
perceptible wind, about 32,400 cubic feet of air per hour will flow over
or come in contact with the person of a man, supposing his body to
present an area of about nine square feet, and the displacement of air to
be at the rate of one foot per second. In comparison with this, the
allowance of 3,600 feet per hour certainly seems insignificant. It should
be remembered, however, that this is the cold weather allowance, when
the incoming air must be warmed, and that in summer the amount
42 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
should be increased as much as possible, since to do so does not produce
increased cost.
For about six months in the year the air may be allowed to sweep
freely through inhabited rooms, and the architect may do much to secure
facilities for its doing so more commonly than is usually the case. I shall
allude to this again in speaking of methods of distribution, and the sub-
ject of amount of air supply will also receive further consideration when
we come to speak of assembly halls.
In intimate connection with the subject of amount of air supply is that
of cubic and floor space to be allowed each individual. Discussions on
this point usually relate to soldiers' barracks or to hospital wards, but it
also comes up in legislation relative to the accommodations to be fur-
nished in common lodging or tenement houses. This question of cubic
space is now looked on in a very different light from that in which it
was considered twenty-five years ago. English writers of that date
often made their calculations as to ventilation entirely or mainly with
reference to the cubic space concerned — that is to say, they would pre-
scribe that all the air in a room should be changed so many times per
hour, and the estimates for amount of heating surface were based almost
entirely on the cubic contents of the room or building to be heated.
So far as heating is concerned, this mode of calculation is still exten-
sively used, but it will often give very unsatisfactory results, and it
should be distinctly understood that, so far as ventilation is concerned,
the number of persons, lights and fires to be supplied with air, and the
quantity of air to be allowed for each, are much more important factors
in the problem than the cubic space. A certain amount of space is
necessary to secure the required change of air without perceptible, or at
least uncomfortable, currents or draughts, and under ordinary circum-
stances the larger the space per person the easier it is to secure ventila-
tion without discomfort. The ventilation referred to in this remark is
what may be called "good" as distinguished from "perfect," as was
explained in the first chapter, in which "good" ventilation was defined
to be that which would keep the vitiated air in a room constantly diluted
to a certain standard.
In calculations with regard to this standard it has been assumed that
all the impurities derived from respiration, exhalation from the skin,
etc., are constantly, quickly and thoroughly mixed with the total air of
the room. This assumption is usually incorrect, for the diffusion of
gases does not go on so rapidly as to overcome the effects of currents
of air of different temperatures, which cause sometimes marked
differences in the composition of the upper and lower strata of air in a
room.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 43
In such cases, however, it will usually be found that the upper strata
are the most impure, as well as of a higher temperature. If uniform
diffusion of the incoming air be supposed, the same supply of air is
required to ventilate a large space as a small one, if the same amount of
foul air be produced in each.
The formula for the amount of fresh air necessary to reduce a vitiated
atmosphere to a required standard of purity is given by Dr. De Chau-
mont as follows :
Let J? be the ratio of carbonic acid in incoming air.
" ;•' " " " " vitiated air.
" r be the capacity of original air space in cubic feet.
" r be the desired ratio of purity to which r is to be reduced.
" (/be the delivery of fresh air in cubic feet.
" z' be the total volume of air, = c + «/.
Then : = X '' = ^^, and v — c ^ d.
r — K
It will be at once seen by the above formula that when r=R, that is,
when it is wished to restore c to the purity of the external air, v and d
become infinity, so that complete purification of c is, under those circum-
stances, theoretically impossible.
To determine the number of men, n, a cubic space, c, will accommo-
date, we have the following, r and R being the ratio per cubic foot, e the
COg expired by one man in an hour (=.6 cubic feet), and h the number
of hours :
{r—R)v
e h
To determine the delivery of air required to retain an occupied space
at a given ratio of purity, r, we have :
ti e h
R - r
V, and V — c =^ d.
In computing cubic space for purposes of ventilation, heights of
rooms above 12 feet should be disregarded. With this limitation the
minimum amount of cubic space per head which should be given may be
stated as follows :
In a common lodging or tenement house, . . - - 300
In a school-room, ...-_--- 250
In a barrack dormitory for soldiers or police, - - - - 600
In an ordinary hospital ward, i,ooo
In a fever or surgical ward, ...._- 1,400
CHAPTER IV.
METHODS OF HEATING : STOVES, FURNACES. FIRE-PLACES, STEAM ANP
HOT WATER.
It is presumed that every reader of this book will admit that good ven-
tilation is a very desirable thing, and that we should pay at least as much
attention to it as to the ornamentation of buildings. But we must also
bear in mind another very important fact, viz., that in cold weather sat-
isfactory heating is even more desirable and necessary, since without it
the better the ventilation the louder will be the complaints. We may
write and talk as much as we please about the horrors of foul air and
the importance of good ventilation, but we shall never induce our audi-
ence to consent to sit in cold draughts and shiver for the sake of pure
air, and in fact we would not do it ourselves.
We must therefore make sure first of having satisfactory heating
arrangements in our building, and having done this must make the plan
of ventilation correspond to the particular method of heating adopted, at
least during the winter season. The methods of heating between which
we may choose are the following, giving them in the order of frequency
in which they probably occur in buildings designed by architects, viz.,
hot-air furnace, steam, fire-places, stoves, hot-water apparatus (low pres-
sure), hot-water apparatus (Perkins' system).
The great majority of dwelling-houses in this country are heated by
stoves, because this is the most economical method of heating, but
architects do not have occasion to design many buildings of this kind,
since they are usually constructed to sell or to rent by builders who are
their own architects.
Next to the stove, the most economical means of warming an ordinary
dwelling-house is a hot-air furnace. In the great majority of large
public buildings, hospitals, etc., steam is employed, and still for the same
reason—/, e., because it is the cheapest. It is only in houses where the
expense of maintenance is a matter of little or no consideration that
fire-places are used, and even then they are almost always supplemented
by some method of heating the incoming air by indirect radiation.
It is only where the first cost of the apparatus is a minor considera-
tion, and where the cellars can be almost entirely given up to the heating
apparatus, that hot water is used.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
45
Before discussing the merits of these various methods, it is necessary
to understand the essential difference between heating by direct or by in-
direct radiation. In direct radiation the heating apparatus is placed in the
room or space to be warmed. This applies to fire-places, stoves, and
coils or radiators filled with steam or hot water. The heat passes from
the radiant body to the solid bodies or surfaces around, which absorb it,
but this radiant heat does not raise the temperature of the air through
which it passes. It is therefore possible by using direct radiant heat to
keep a room comfortable, although the air in the room may be from five
to ten degrees below the temperature of solid bodies in the room. This
is almost always the case when the fire-place is used as the source of
radiant heat. The great majority of writers on this subject state that
radiant heat is preferable from a hygienic point of view, but the evidence
for this is not entirely convincing. Several years ago I wrote as fol-
lows : " It certainly adds to comfort and health that the heating of the
air inspired, beyond a temperature of about 50° F., should be accom-
plished in the lungs rather than previously by artificial means. It is
possible that this depends upon the increased transpiration when cool
air is breathed, and that this favors the removal of effete organic matter
or of volatile organic bases. When air is heated, its capacity for taking
up moisture rapidly increases. Air inhaled at 45° F. and expired at
95° F. will take up 50 per cent, more vapor than air inspired at 65° F.,
supposing the previous relative saturation to have been the same."
When that sentence was penned, I thought I knew a great deal more
than I am now inclined to think was the case, and I am not at present
disposed to be at all dogmatic upon this point. I have carefully
observed my own sensations in breathing air at a temperature of from
65° to 75° F. on bright, clear days in the spring and fall, and I now
think that the temperature of the air inhaled, when this is between 45°
and 70° F., is in itself a matter of small importance so far as either
comfort or health is concerned.
I have not, however, been alone in this error, for it is strongly insisted
on by one of the principal advocates of direct radiation. Mr. Lewis W.
Leeds lays great stress on the discomfort produced by breathing air at a
temperature of '/o^, which he calls "detestable" and " miserable" stuff,
and he thinks that the more ore hzz oJ it the worse off he is. He would
therefore use direct radiatior by means of steam coils or radiators placed
beneath the windows, and provides no special inlets for fresh air. In
other words, he gives up ventilation practically, and devotes his atten-
tion to heating. By taking this course, one can undoubtedly secure the
approval of the majority of clients— it secures comfort and is compara-
tively cheap ; but on the whole it is not advisable to rely upon it in any
room where a number of people are to be collected.
46 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
The majority of those who write on the beauties of warming by open
fire-places in this countr}' have had no experience of fire-place warming
with the external temperature at io° F., or lower. I have had such
experience, and it was not pleasant. An open fire-place is a cheerful
addition to other means of heating, but it is dangerous, troublesome,
and difficult to regulate, and no one who can have a good furnace or steam
or hot-water apparatus in his house in our northern climate will act wisely
in relying upon fire-places altogether. Nevertheless, I strongly advise
that a fire-place be provided in every room which is to be inhabited in a
dwelling-house, but this is for purposes of ventilation rather than heat-
ing, as will be explained hereafter.
What is known as the Galton fire-place may, perhaps, be an exception
to these remarks, for it makes provision for warming the fresh air to
some extent, but it is much better suited to the English climate th in to
our own.
Some trials have been made in our small army hospitals of double
fire-places, placed back to back and so arranged that the fresh air was
introduced between them, and warmed before it escaped into the room.
With anthracite coal these double ventilating fire-places worked very
well when the external temperature was above 30° F., giving excellent
ventilation and very fair heating ; but when the external temperature
was near zero, and when only wood or soft coal was available, it seemed
as if the more fire was made the colder it got, since the incoming air
was not sufficiently warmed, and at times it appeared as if the inmates
might be frozen to death by their own fire-places.
There are a number of patent stoves, which act upon the principle of
the ventilating fire-place, but the amount of air introduced and warmed
by them is usually small. For small rooms, occupied by only one or
two persons, they answer very well, but in a large room, containing many
persons, it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to secure a satis-
factory introduction and distribution of fresh air by any form of stove
placed in the room itself. The stove must be placed below the room to
be warmed ; in other words, it must be converted into a furnace. The
great majority of hot-air furnaces as actually used are unsatisfactory,
and special sources of danger to health, but this is not so much the
fault of the furnaces themselves as of the manner in which they are set
and adjusted. They are better than stoves in this respect, that satis-
factory heating cannot be secured by them without the introduction of
air into the room to be heated, but the air that is introduced by them is
often of a very unsatisfactory quality.
If a building is to be heated by a hot-air furnace, the following
points should be borne in mmd in its selection and adjustment :
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 47
First. — In ninety-nine out of every hundred buildings in this country
in which this method of heating is used, the furnace is too small. The
result of this is, that in cold weather, in order to secure comfort, it is
necessary to raise the radiating surface to a high temperature, often to a
red heat. The contraction and expansion due to such great changes of
temperature soon loosen the joints of furnaces built up of several pieces,
and permit the escape of the gases of combustion into the fresh air
supply. Of these gases, carbonic oxide and sulphurous acid are the
most hurtful.
The sulphur compounds, when present in harmful quantity, are so
perceptible to the smell and create irritation of the air passages to such
an extent as to soon call attention to the evil and lead to attempts to
remedy it. Carbonic oxide is odorless. When present in small quanti-
ties, it produces a peculiar feeling of discomfort, somewhat as if a
tightly-fitting band were drawn around the head, increasing to a dull,
persistent headache, with slight giddiness, languor and disinclination
for either mental or physical exertion. This gas will pass through red-
hot cast iron, and this fact is much insisted on by the manufacturers of
wrought iron, soapstone or brick furnaces. The special danger on this
account from a cast-iron furnace is probably extremely small ; it is much
more due to defective castings containing sand holes, or to badly-fitting
joints.
As Mr. E. S. Philbrick has pointed out,* wrought-iron furnaces are
by no means faultless as regards leakage, "for if often heated to redness
they suffer such strains by the expansion and contraction which always
accompanies heating and cooling, that the joints will be apt to fail, or
other cracks open in a little time." Moreover, wrought iron oxidizes
much more rapidly than cast iron, and will fail sooner from this cause.
It may be safer when new, but is more perishable. Brick, clay or tile
furnaces are not much used in this country. They take up much more
room than iron furnaces, but have the advantage of giving a much larger
heating surface at a comparatively low temperature.
Second. — As furnaces are usually set, there is no provision for mixing
cool air with the heated air. The result of this is, that the air is deliv-
ered in the room at a high temperature — often at 140° F., and sometimes
higher — and the only way to prevent the room from becoming too warm
is to close the register, which, of course, shuts off the supply of fresh
air. I shall have occasion to allude to this again in discussing the sub-
ject of moisture of the air.
Third. — The source of air supply to a furnace is often very unsatis-
factory. Sometimes it is taken directly from the cellar itself, in which
*See Material for Stoves, the Sanitary Engineer, Vol. III., page 3.
48 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
case it is almost sure to be contaminated with gases escaping from tne
furiiiace door, while the cellar itself contains decaying vegetables, slop
buckets, and perhaps an empty bell trap, giving free communication with
the sewer ; or the air box from the outer air to the furnace passing
through the cellar may have so many cracks and loose joints, that the
cellar air finds an easy entrance to it. The fresh-air supply should not
be brought in through an underground duct without taking special pre-
cautions to have it air-tight, and it should not pass across or near a drain
or sewer.
As a rule, architects make no special provision for the fresh-air supply
to a furnace, and the furnace setter is left to adjust this as best he can,
the result being that he will often select that method which involves the
least trouble and expense, but which also will give the least satisfactory
result.
Fourth. — A furnace is usually placed near the centre of a building,
the object being to have the flues conveying the heated air from it as
short and with as rapid an ascent as possible. Horizontal flues for
heated air are very undesirable, as the friction in them checks the cur-
rent and involves loss of heat. The direction of the wind has a great
influence on the action of hot-air flues, and for this reason it is better to
place the furnace not in the centre, but toward that side of the house
against which the winter winds blow most frequently and strongest. In
our vicinity this will be toward the northwest. If a building of large
area is to be warmed by furnace heat, it will be much better to use two
or three furnaces distributed over the area than one large central one.
It is no part of my purpose to discuss the merits of the various pat-
terns of furnaces now in the market, and I will only say in regard to
them that those which have the fewest joints and the largest amount of
radiating surface in proportion to the size of the fire box, are to be pre-
ferred— other things being equal — and that it is very poor economy to
buy a furnace which is not large enough to furnish, in the coldest
weather, all the heat required, without heating the fire pot to a red heat.
In this country nearly all large public buildings are heated by steam,
and in preparing plans for such edifices our architects take it for granted
that this method will be employed, unless specific directions to the con-
trary are given by the building authorities.
The cases in which hot water apparatus is used in such buildings are
comparatively few, this form of heating in this country being for the
most part confined to greenhouses.
The reasons why steam has thus obtained the preference over hot
water are worth considering. As a rule, our architects give no atten-
tion to the details of heating apparatus, and prepare their plans
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
49
Without any special reference to such details, other than providing space
and a chimney flue for the boiler, and other flues in the walls.
They rely for all details upon those firms who supply heating appar-
atus, and are therefore guided by their advice to a great extent in the
selection of apparatus.
The firms which make a business of furnishing steam and hot water
apparatus are comparatively few, for the business is one which requires
large capital ; but, few as they are, there are not one-fourth of them
who employ a properly-educated engineer to prepare their plans and
specifications, or to supervise the setting of their apparatus.
Now, it is very much easier to plan and set up a steam-heating appar-
atus which will work, than to do the same with a hot-water apparatus.
Please observe that I say "which will work," and not " which will work
properly, and be also the most economical as to construction and main-
tenance ; " and I also omit in this connection all considerations as to
the securing proper ventilation.
In a steam apparatus it is not necessary that the boiler shall be on a
lower level than the heating surfaces, and much greater inequalities and
more frequent alterations in the levels of the flow and return pipes are
permissible than is the case with hot water. In a hot-water apparatus
a mistake of a few inches in the height of a pipe may prevent the work-
ing of the whole system. In a steam apparatus the injurious effects of
miscalculation as to areas of pipes or of radiating surface may, to a con-
siderable extent, be overcome by increasing the pressure in the boiler,
although at an undue expense for fuel, while this can only be done
within very narrow limits in a hot-water apparatus.
As the radiating surfaces in steam heating are kept at a higher tem-
perature than when hot water is used, the radiators may be made
smaller and more compact, and thus be more convenient in some places
than the larger hot water coils. It is also easier to " scamp " a steam
heating job than a hot water one.
The very general use of steam as a source of power has made a large-
number of workmen familiar with the boilers and fittings required for
its use, and these can be everywhere obtained without difficulty.
For all these reasons, in addition to the important one that the plant
for a steam-heating apparatus is cheaper than for a hot water one, it has
come to pass that there are but three or four firms in this country which
recommend hot-water apparatus under any circumstances, or which are
willing to undertake repairs or alterations in such apparatus. Hood
states that " the first cost incurred for the erection of the two kinds of
apparatus will differ but little when the work is done in an equally sub-
stantial manner ; but the wear and tear and repairs of a hot-water
5© VENTILATION AND HEATING.
apparatus will be less than that of a steam apparatus, as in the former
there is absolutely nothing that can wear out except the boiler, while in a
steam apparatus there are various things which constantly require atten-
tion and repair, in addition to the greater amount of wear in the steam
boiler itself, caused by the large quantities of sediment which requires
to be constantly removed."
The principal disadvantages of a steam-heating apparatus are as
follows :
First. — It requires constant attention to keep up the supply of heat,
for as soon as the production of steam in the boiler ceases the radiating
surfaces cool rapidly. This is claimed as an advantage in the steam-
heating apparatus for rooms that are to be occupied but a few hours
each day, on the ground that it furnishes the heat only when it is actu-
ally wanted, and is, therefore, more economical than a hot-water appar-
atus, from which heat continues to radiate for several hours after the
necessity for it has ceased. While this is true to a certain extent, it
should be remembered that to secure comfort in cold weather the walls,
floors, etc., of a room must be warmed to a certain point, and that heat
must be expended in doing this whenever these surfaces are allowed to
cool, so that the shutting off the supply of heat is by no means a clear
gain.
Second. — Owing to the high temperature of steam radiators as com-
pared with hot-water ones, it is more difficult with the former to regu-
late the supply of heat in accordance with the demands of our very var-
iable climate without interfering with the amount of air supply. As
steam-heating apparatus is usually arranged, the only way to diminish
the heat is to either close the register, which cuts off the supply of fresh
air, or to turn off the steam from the radiator, which will give an insuffi-
cient supply of heat. The result is, that the great majority of steam-
heated rooms are, during many days in the year, too hot, and at the
same time have an insufficient supply of fresh air, producmg much the
same kind of discomfort as an ordinary hot-air furnace, although some-
what less in degree. This evil can be remedied in two ways. The
first is to arrange each set of radiators in several distinct sections, in
each of which the flow of steam can be controlled independent of the
others, so that when but little heat is required only one section need be
used, and so on in proportion to the external temperature. This method,
however, is practically applicable only in large establishments where
there is an engineer, whose exclusive business it is to look after such
matters, and also only where all the air supply for the building passes
through a single duct.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
51
I have seen one or two buildings where the radiators were thus
adjusted, but upon inquiry found that no use was made of the means of
controlling them.
The second mode of remedying the evil is to so arrange the air ducts
and flues that by the movement of a valve the air can be at pleasure
made to pass either wholly in contact with the radiating surfaces or
wholly separate from them, or partly in one way and partly in the other,
in such proportions as may be desired. By this method very excellent
results may be secured, but it requires careful adjustment of the valves
and flues and constant supervision.
Third. — A steam-heating apparatus is somewhat more dangerous
than a hot-water one, but if it is set and managed with good ordinary
intelligence the danger is very slight. The automatic adjustments are
now so satisfactory in steam boilers for this class of work that an explo-
sion is hardly possible, and the danger of fire from steam pipes is very
small. Such danger, however, exists, and it should be remembered in
carrying steam pipes on or near wooden surfaces.
The advantages and disadvantages of hot-water heating apparatus
have been in part indicated in the above remarks on steam-heating
apparatus. The temperature of the air warmed by hot-water apparatus
is moderate, it being difficult to raise it above 100° F., with the tem-
perature of the hot-water pipes at from 160° F. to 180° F. It requires
also comparatively little attention to secure comfort, since the hot water
continues to circulate for some time even after the fire is extinguished.
The use of water as a vehicle for the conveyance of heat has been
long known, and much more has been published with regard to it than
with regard to the use of steam for the same purpose. Yet, as I have
before stated, it is comparatively little used in this country except for
heating greenhouses, where constancy and regularity of temperature
are so important that no other method will produce as good results.
The most important work on heating by hot water is the practical
treatise by Charles Hood, on Warmi-ng Buildings by Hot Water, Steam
and Hot Air, on Ventilation, etc., the fifth edition of which, published
in 1879, is now before me.
The principal objection to this book as a practical guide for work in
this country is that it has too exclusive reference to the demands of the
English climate, and that hot-water apparatus constructed in accord-
ance with its formula and set up in New England would be found to
give an insufficieni supply of heat.
Mr. Hood bases all his calculations as to amount of radiating surface
required upon the assumption that these radiators should be com-
posed of cast-iron pipe four inches in diameter. Those who have had
52 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
most experience, and attained the greatest success with hot-water appar-
atus in this country, prefer three-inch pipe, and use much more of it
than Hood's formula calls for.
The advantage which the smaller size of pipe presents is that it has a
larger radiating surface in proportion to the amount of water contained,
and therefore insures a quicker circulation. It will not do to use less
than three-inch pipes in most of the radiators, because the friction
increases rapidly with the reduction of the diameter of the pipe, and
thus impedes the circulation and diminishes the effect. Where it is
specially important to guard against the effects of negligence in firing,
as in a greenhouse, and where, therefore, a large body of hot water is
needed as a sort of storehouse of heat, four-inch pipes may be usefully
employed, but not otherwise.
It will be found convenient to remember in calculations that, includ-
ing sockets, etc., loo feet run of three-inch pipe give about loo square
feet of radiating surface.
Mr. Hood's calculations as to the amount of air to be warmed are
based on a supply of from three and half to five cubic feet per minute
for each person in habitable rooms, which is hardly one-tenth of the
amount required for the preservation of health and comfort. He also
allows one and a quarter cubic feet of air per minute for each square
foot of glass which the building contains, and having thus calculated
the quantity of air to be heated per minute, he gives the following rule
for finding the amount of pipe required to heat it :
^^ Rule : Multiply 125 by the difference between the temperature at
which the room is purposed to be kept when at its maximum, and the
temperature of the external air, and divide this product by the differ-
ence between the temperature of the pipes and proposed temperature of
the room, then the quotient thus obtained, when multiplied by the num-
ber of cubic feet of air to be warmed per minute, and this product
divided by 222 will give the number of feet in length of pipe, four inches
diameter, which will produce the desired effect."
This rule depends upon the fact, determined by experiment, that one
foot of four-inch pipe will heat 222 cubic feet of air one degree per min-
ute, when the difference between the temperature of the pipe and the
air is 125°. To apply it to three-inch pipe, the quantity should be
increased by one-third.
From this it would follow that to heat 1,000 cubic feet of air per min-
ute, using for this purpose three-inch pipe at the temperature of 180°
F., and supposing the temperature of the external air to be at zero F.,
there would be required to maintain the room at the following temper-
atures, the amount of pipe set underneath each, viz.:
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
53
Temperature at which room is to be kept
55° 60°
65°
70° 75°
Number of feet of 3-in. pipe required for each
1,000 feet of air per minute supplied
330
375
424
477
536
Those who furnish hot-water apparatus very rarely calculate the
amount of radiating surface with reference to the amount of air to be
supplied. They proportion the amount of radiating surface to the
cubic space to be heated, according to certain empirical formula, in
which usually the question of ventilation is not taken into account.
For example, to heat churches and large public rooms, Hood allows
one foot of four-inch pipe to each 200 cubic feet of space ; that is, five
feet per 1,000 cubic feet. For dwellings he allows 14 feet per 1,000 ;
for schools and lecture-rooms, from six to seven feet, and for green-
houses 35 feet per thousand, and says that these amounts have been
determined by actual trial.
Mr. Anderson, in a valuable paper on the emission of heat by hot
water pipes, concludes that for ordinary dwelling-houses one square foot
of surface is necessary to every 65 cubic feet, and in a greenhouse one
square foot to every 24 cubic feet. These figures are based on data
collected by him, a specimen of which is given in the accompanying
table.
I give this table not only because of the data contained in it, but
because it shows the kind of information which is needed to put this
subject of heating on a scientific basis.
There is, however, one very important defect in the table, viz., it gives
us no information as to the amount of air which passed over the heat-
ing surface in a given time. In the school buildings there seem.s to
have been no ventilation at all. It does not seem to have occurred to
Mr. Anderson that ventilation is of any importance in connection with
heating problems. He remarks that "the heating surface necessary to
warm a given building depends on a variety of circumstances — on geo-
graphical position, whether the house stands high and exposed or low
and sheltered, and whether the average winter temperature is high or
low ; on the thickness and material of walls ; on the area and construc-
tion of windows, and so forth." All this is true so far as it goes, but
the ventilation is more important than any of the points he has narrjed,
and it is curious to see how totally he ignores it.
54
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
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CHAPTER V.
SCHEDULING FOR VENTILATION PLANS POSITION OF FLUES AND REG-
ISTERS— MEANS OF REMOVING DUST — MOISTURE. AND PLANS
FOR SUPPLYING IT.
The arrangement of the heating and ventilation of a large building
requires, in order to obtain the best results, an examination of each room
in the building with reference to its size, uses, number of occupants, and
exposure. In order to do this methodically the rooms on each floor
should be numbered in regular order, and then scheduled, the floor being
designated by letters of the alphabet. B 7, then, indicates room No. 7
on the second floor, and this mark can be placed on the plans on all flues
connected with this room.
The schedule should show for each room its length, breadth and
height, cubic capacity, area of external wall, amount of window surface,
exposure or frontage, purpose or use, and number of occupants to be
provided for. Having these data the next step is to compute the maxi-
mum amount of air supply which it will require in cold weather, and from
this to calculate the area of the flues and registers, and the amount of heat-
ing surface which will be needed to furnish this air supply. The area
of the fresh-air registers will depend somewhat upon the location in the
room at which the air is to be introduced, and this location must be
determined by the following considerations :
First. — The register must be in such a position and of such a size that
the requisite amount of air can be introduced through it without causing
currents of air of such velocity as will cause discomfort to the occupants
of the room. The only difficulty in this respect occurs in rooms occu-
pied by a number of persons, such as assembly and school rooms,
churches, theatres, hospitals, etc. Under such circumstances it is some-
times very difficult to so locate the fresh-air registers that the currents
therefrom will not be unpleasantly perceptible if they are rapid, and it
then becomes necessary to make these registers of such an area that the
velocity of the inflowing air need not exceed i ^ feet per second to
secure the introduction of an amount sufficient for both warming and
ventilation. When the registers are so situated that the currents from
them will produce no discomfort they may be made smaller. For example,
56 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
if it be determined to introduce the fresh air directly through a per-
forated floor in an assembly room, the total area of openings should be
at least 100 square inches for each occupant, while the area of register
openings need not be more than 40 square inches for each occupant if
they are placed near the ceiling.
Second. — Taking it for granted that the fresh air is to be warmed in
cold weather before it is brought into the room, its registers must not be
placed below the foul-air registers, unless the former are scattered all
over the floor of the room. The reason for this is, that direct currents
between the inflow and outflow registers are easily established when the
latter are above the former, and in such case little change is effected in
the great mass of the air in the room.
Third. — Flues of proper size cannot usually be placed in thin walls,
such as ordinary interior partitions. A flue measuring less than five
inches in its smallest diameter is of little use. Fortunately, in ordinary
dwelling-houses, where this difficulty of thin partition walls is greatest,
the precise location of fresh and foul-air flues is of minor importance so
long as the precaution advised in the preceding section be observed.
Fourth. — Fresh-air registers should not be placed in a floor so as to
be flush with its surface, because dust and dirt will fall into the flues and
be returned to a certain extent in the column of ascending air. Such
registers are also a fruitful source of loss of small articles. It is always
possible to continue the flue upward into a step or seat, and then place
the register in the side of this.
There is less objection to placing foul-air registers in the floor ; but
even this should be avoided, unless the openings are covered by some
article of furniture, as for instance in a hospital ward, where a good
position for the foul-air registers is in the floor beneath each bed ; and
even then the register should not be flush with the floor, but rise an inch
or two above its surface.
Fifth. — In dwelling-houses and buildings of moderate size it is econ-
omical to centralize the heating apparatus as much as possible, keeping
the fresh-air flues in inner walls ; but it is not easy by this method to
secure sufficient warmth in the vicinity of windows, especially on the side
most exposed to the winter winds.
On the other hand, hot-air flues should not be placed in outer walls,
unless these are thick and substantial, and even then it will be good
economy to make the flue of terra cotta or galvanized iron, so set as to
leave an air space of an inch or two on the outer side. For rooms on
the floor immediately above the radiators, it is not necessary to place
flues in the walls in order to bring the registers under or near the win-
dows, which is their best place so far as heating is concerned. Foul-air
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 57
flues should not be placed in outer walls, unless they are to be carried
downward and to have some means of aspiration connected with
them.
Sixth. — General Morin, and the majority of modern French engineers,
advise that the place of introduction of fresh air shall be near the ceiling,
in order to avoid unpleasant currents, while the discharge openings, on
the contrary, should be near the floor. The introduction of warm air
near the ceiling, in order to prevent disagreeable currents, is not abso-
lutely essential, for such currents can be avoided, as above explained, by
making the registers of proper size'; and to secure comfort in cold
weather, it is necessary, on this plan, that the air shall be introduced
at a temperature several degrees higher than is required if it be admitted
at a lower level.
The proper position of the foul-air registers depends on the purpose
of the room and on the season. During cold weather, in the majority
of cases they should be near the level of the floor, to secure a satisfac-
tory distribution of the air with the least expense. In large assembly
halls, however, and especially where it is desired to provide for respira-
tion air as pure as possible, instead of foul air diluted to a certain stan-
dard, the discharge openings should be above.
Seventh. — In order to secure a thorough distribution of the incoming
air, it is usually recommended that the discharge openings should be in
the side of the room opposite to that in which the fresh-air openings are
placed, and as far as possible from them.
In all dwelling-houses, however, and in rooms not having windows on
opposite sides nor containing a sufficient number of occupants to exer-
cise any special influence on the temperature, good ventilation will be
secured by placing the fresh warm-air openings on an inner wall, and the
discharge openings in the same wall at the same or a lower level. This
is the arrangement in most dwellings heated by indirect radiation, the
fresh-air register being in the side of the chimney near the floor, and the
foul air passing out through perforated fireboards on the same level a few
feet away. The result is the establishment of a circulation from the
fresh-air opening upward and along the ceiling to the outer walls and
windows, thence down the wall to the floor, and along the floor to the
discharge.
But when we come to deal with rooms having a large floor area in
proportion to the height, and containing fifty or more persons, whose
heat production is a factor that must be taken into consideration, there
is some danger by this method that there will be an unsatisfactory dis-
tribution of the fresh air when the temperature of the external air is not
below 50° F.
58 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
We are much in need of full and reliable reports of the results obtained
by careful experiment with apparatus arranged in this manner. Exper-
iments with models are, however, not of much value in these questions ;
what we want are experiments with the apparatus itself when it is in
actual operation.
In preparing plans for the heating and ventilation of buildings in large
cities, the architect or engineer is sometimes called on to provide for the
removal of particles of soot and dust of various kinds suspended in the
air, or, in other words, for the filtration of the air. So far as healthy
persons are concerned, this matter of air filtration is a point of theoret-
ical interest rather than of practical value, and if we can give to such
persons a sufficient supply of such air as they will breathe when walking
in the street, we shall have done quite as much as will usually be re-
quired.
In buildings or rooms containing sick persons, or works of art, books
in fine bindings, or other things to which dust will be injurious, it will
be well to provide means of removing the dust from the incoming air.
If the building be heated by any form of indirect radiation, and the air
supply for this purpose enters through a single duct, this can be easily
done by using strainers of coarse cotton cloth, or, better still, of thin
layers of cotton batting inclosed in wire frames, as is done in Mr. Dick-
erson's house in New York City. The chief points to be borne in mind
in arranging such a system of filters are, first, that they form a decided
obstacle to the entrance of air, as they give rise to much friction, and
hence, that their area must be six or eight times that of the delivery
flues ; and second, that the filters must be renewed as often as they be-
come clogged and foul.
In public buildings attempts are sometimes made to accomplish this
filtration, as well as to secure moisture and coolness, by passing the air
through sprays or thin sheets of water. Where it is desirable to filter
the air for a single room, as, for instance, in a case of sickness, this can
be done by placing a large frame before the register, covered with two
or three layers of coarse cotton cloth. Slices of coarse sponge have also
been recommended for this purpose, but they obstruct the air too much.
If the sponge be moistened and hung in front of the register it will act
to some extent as a filter, but mainly as a source of moisture to the air,
and as a means of lowering its temperature by the rapid evaporation
produced.
In living rooms, heated by a hot-air furnace or by indirect radiation
by steam, the use of a large, coarse, moist sponge in front of the register
will often be a source of great comfort. Vessels of porous clay, through
which water percolates rapidly, are used for the same purposes.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 59
This brings us to the question of attempting to regulate the moisture
of the air in connection with apparatus for heating and ventilation.
The precise influence which either the absolute or the relative amount
of moisture in air has upon health is uncertain, for habit enables man
to undergo great variations in this respect without marked ill effect.
Simple dryness of the air certainly is not injurious to health. At Fort
Yuma, during the months of April, May and June, when no rain falls,
the average temperature day and night is 90° F., and the air is so dry
that the skin becomes dry and hard, the hair crisp, and furniture falls to
pieces. Newspapers must be handled carefully or they will break, and a
No. 2 Faber's pencil leaves no more trace on paper than a piece of
anthracite. Yet this may go on, even with a temperature of 100° F.,
for weeks in succession, and there will be no additional sickness.
Dr. Wyman states that the Harmattan, a wind which blows from the
scorching sands of Africa, drying the branches of trees, cracking doors
and furniture, and drying the eyes, lips and throat, so that they are pain-
ful, is not an unhealthy wind ; on the contrary, its first breath cures in-
termittent fevers, and malarial affections disappear as if by enchantment.
A dry air, with a uniform temperature makes a healthy climate, as in
New Mexico.
When we turn to artificial climates, we find that in our houses in win-
ter, with the external air at 32° F., the percentage of moisture is often
between 30 and 40 without producing any discomfort.
There can be no better illustration of this than the results obtained by
Dr. Cowles in the Boston City Hospital, and published by him in the
report of the Massachusetts State Board of Health for 1879.
He says : " I believe that no discomfort has been felt or ill effects
produced from the low relative humidity, even on the occasions when
there was only fifteen to twenty-one per cent, of saturation. According
to Dr. De Chaumont, so great dryness is inconsistent with a healthful
condition of the atmosphere. Certainly, in this ward there is uniformly
observed a remarkable absence of complaint of any kind that can be
ascribed to the condition of the air, and a peculiar feeling of its fresh-
ness and purity is frequently spoken of by those who enter the room."
It is evident, therefore, that it is not necessary to supply moisture
enough to heated air to bring the percentage up to 70. It is also to be
noted that it will take about the same amount of fuel, or, in other words,
will cost as much to furnish this percentage of moisture to air heated
from 32° F. to 70° F., as it does to heat the air. Moreover, in a room
properly ventilated under such circumstances, it would be practically
almost impossible to maintain such a percentage of moisture, owing to
the great rapidity with which the vapor of water diffuses in such dry air
6o
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
and the condensation which would occur on windows and thin outer
walls. This whole subject has been well discussed by Mr. Robert Briggs,
in a paper entitled, " On the Relation of Moisture in Air to Health and
Comfort," published in th.Q Journal of the Franklin Institute for 1878,
and to this I would refer for further details.
The effects produced in air by artificial heat, and which by some are
supposed to be connected with insufficient moisture, are important, and
merit more study than they have yet received.
Dr. Ure describes the effects of the use of highly-heated cockle stoves
Figure 3.— CELLAR PLAN OF SUBURBAN RESIDENCE.— (See page 64.)
i?.— Boiler. I j^aa'.— Radiators.
to be tension or fullness of the head, flushings of the countenance, fre-
quent confusion of ideas, coldness of the extremities, and feeble pulse.
Hood confirms this, and states that he examined a school heated
in the same manner, and found it to be so pernicious to the health of
the children that they occasionally dropped off their seats in faintingfits.
He goes on to say that " these pernicious effects, although generally in
a somewhat less degree, always result from the use of intensely heated
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
6r
metallic surfaces. They are, however, much modified if the air is tem-
pered by the evaporation of water. In Russia and Sweden, the Apennines,
and other places where close stoves are used, an earthen vessel of water
is always placed on the stove for this purpose, and greatly mitigates the
oppressive effects which would otherwise be experienced. The dessi-
cating power of the air increases with the temperature to a very great
extent. Air at 32° contains, when saturated with moisture, j^ of its
weight of water ; at 59° it contains -g\ ; at 86° it contains -^-^ ; its capa-
city for moisture being doubled by each increase of 27° F.
Figure 4.— FIRST FLOOR PLAN OF SUBURBAN RESIDENCE.— (See page 64.)
D. — Dining-Room. 1 7?. — Reception-Room.
iV.— Kitchen. /".—Parlor.
Z.— Library. I /T.— Hall.
The arrows show position of Registers.
Of the reality of the effects referred to by Dr. Ure and Mr. Hood, as
resulting, in some cases at all events, from heating air intended for res-
piration to a high temperature, there is no doubt ; but that these effects
are especially connected with the dryness of the air is not probable.
English writers usually state that, in order to secure health and com-
fort, the relative saturation with moisture of air to be respired should
be from 65 to 75 per cent. Mr. Hood says that, " in rooms artificially
62
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
heated, the most healthy state of the atmosphere will be obtained when
the dew point of the air is not less than io° nor more than 20° F. lower
than the temperature of the room." Dr. De Chaumont states that for
England the difference between the wet and dry bulb thermometers
ought not to be less than 4° nor more than 5°, and that the percentage
of humidity should not exceed .75, while Hood declares that we should
endeavor to maintain in artificially heated rooms 82 per cent, of mois-
ture. There is little doubt that De Chaumont is more nearly correct
Figure 5.— SECOND STORY PLAN OF SUBURBAN RESIDENCE.— (See page 64.
The arrows show position of Registers.
than Hood, so far as the English climate is concerned, but none of these
figures will apply in the United States, as has been shown above.
But if it is not the dryness of the air which causes the disagreeable
sensations, whose frequency in furnace and steam-heated rooms no one
can deny, what is it ?
My answer is, that it is no single cause, but a combination of a num-
ber of causes. The first and most important is the want of sufficient
fresh air to insure satisfactory ventilation. The amount of air required
for this purpose, if admitted after passing through the heating chamber
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 63
of an ordinary furnace, would soon make the room insufferably hot, for
on a cold day its temperature from the common forms of apparatus will
average i8o° F. To prevent this, the register is usually partially or
entirely closed as soon as the room becomes unpleasantly warm, and
the fresh air is thus shut off as well as the heat.
The second cause is the contamination of the fresh heated air by
gases from the furnace, and especially by carbonic oxide. This will be
found to be the chief trouble in those cases where a dull, persistent
headache, with the feeling as if an iron band were bound around the
head, is produced, or in such cases as those mentioned by Ure and
Hood.
From hot-air furnaces these gases pass mainly at the joints, and the
more joints a furnace has the worse it is in this respect.
A very common cause of impurity in air heated either directly by fur-
naces or indirectly by steam or hot water, when the furnace is in the
cellar, is leakage from the cellar into the cold-air flues or chambers.
Brick piers, inclosing coils or radiators, are quite pervious to air, and
the pipes or box flues used to bring fresh air to the heating surfaces
leak very decidedly in the majority of cases.
A very common method used by servants for diminishing heat is to
open the furnace door, and at the same time to obstruct the draught below.
This gives rise to large volumes of carbonic oxide, some of which will
almost assuredly escape into the cellar, and it requires the presence of
but a very small percentage of this gas to produce bad results.
The last cause of discomfort which I need mention here, is overheat-
ing in rooms which are occupied by a number of persons. In personal
inspections in public offices I have usually found the temperature
between 75° and 80° F., to suit the sensations of the older and feeble
clerks.
In the preceding chapters the general principles which should guide
the architect in arranging the heating and ventilation of a building, or
at least in providing spaces and flues in his plans sufficient for the pur-
poses of the sanitary engineer, have been briefly stated. Let us now
consider some of the special applications of these principles in actual
practice, and for this purpose we may take first a building in which the
ventilation part of the problem is comparatively simple and easy, while
the heating part is especially difficult. Such a building would be one
in which the area of external surface is large in proportion to cubic con-
tents, which is in an exposed situation, and whose occupants must be
made comfortable at all times.
A private residence in a suburb of one of our northern cities, on an
elevated site commanding a fine view of the surrounding country, and
64 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
unprotected by neighboring buildings, hills, trees, etc., would be a build-
ing of this kind, and Messrs. Cabot and Chandler, architects, of Boston,
have been kind enough to furnish me with copies of plans for such a
dwelling, three of which are here reproduced.
The range of external temperature will in this case be from zero to
100° F., and the prevailing winds are from the southwest in summer,
and from the northeast and northwest in winter, when they are some-
times strong and persistent for several days, with the temperature below
the freezing point.
The external surface of the house is broken by projecting bays, which
give it a much greater extent in proportion to the cubic space to be
warmed than is usual, even in country residences, while the rooms on
the main front of the building facing the cold, north winds, present
special difficulties, so far as securing a comfortable temperature at all
times is concerned.
In a building of this size and character it will be true economy to use
some form of central heating apparatus. Neither fire-places nor stoves
merit consideration as the principal means of heating. No form of hot-
air furnace is advisable under the circumstances ; it would, in fact,
require several furnaces if this form of heating is to be employed ;
either a hot-water or a low-pressure steam apparatus should be used. The
fire-places in each room will provide ample ventilation for the probable
number of occupants, and this ventilation in cold weather is certain to
be secured by the amount of fresh warm air which must be introduced
to maintain a comfortable temperature. The most important question
to be decided in this case is as to whether the radiators and hot-air flues
shall be concentrated into one or two groups near the centre ot the
building, or whether they shall be placed against and in the outer walls.
The latter arrangement is shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5.
In Figures 6, 7 and 8 are given three floor plans of the same
building, showing all the radiators concentrated into two groups near
the centre of the building, and all the fresh warm-air flues opening in
inside walls. The arrangement of flues and radiators in these and the
preceding plans has been made by Mr. C. W. Newton, of Baltimore,
who has had much practical experience in laying out such work.
The difference in cost between these two plans would be about 25 per
cent, in favor of the latter, or centralized method. The absolute cost
in either case will depend upon whether the amount of radiating surface
is to be sufficient to make the house thoroughly comfortable in the
coldest weather and during cold northeast storms, or whether such sur-
face is to be calculated only for temperatures about the freezing point,
that is, for the average demand, relying upon the fire-places and grates
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
65
as auxiliary sources of heat on those days when the apparatus in the
cellar is insufficient. If the latter alternative be adopted, the cost of
the apparatus can be reduced very much, yet to do so will be a doubtful
economy.
Unless the cost be made a serious objection by the proprietor, I
should advise the adoption of the peripheral plan of heating, as shown
in Figures 3, 4 and 5. But if the house is to be placed in a sheltered sit-
Figure 6.— CELLAR PLAN OF SUBURBAN HOUSE.— (See page 64.)
Q. — Cellar. I S. — Stairs to Area.
/?.-
-Vegetable Store-Room.
A'.-
IV. — Entrance to Coal Vault.
■Heating Coils.
uation, or to be built in the vicinity of Baltimore, or further south, or if
it were to be built in England, I should advise the centralized plan.
The general principle of centralizing the heating apparatus is that
adopted by Drs. Drysdale and Hayward in the plans which they give in
their book on " Health and Comfort in House Building." After stating
that no direct admission of the external air into the rooms of a house
can be borne during at least eight months of the year, and that no plan
oi ventilation, applicable only to single rooms, can supersede the neces-
sity of a general plan for the whole house, they say, that to prevent
66
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
waste ot heat " care should be taken in the original plan of the house
to have a central hall, corridor, lobby, fresh-air chamber, or vestibule,
separate from the stairs-lobby, and into which no outer door should
open. The back door should open into the scullery or kitchen, or some
other room in which it is the interest of the servants, for their own com-
fort, to keep it shut. The front door should open into a lobby or
vestibule to which there is a separate access from the servants' depart-
ment, without their going through the central hall of the house proper."
From this central hall, kept permanently warm and serving as a warm-
FiGURE 7.— FIRST FLOOR PLAI OF SUBURBAN HOUSE,— (See page 64.)
A . — Library. 1 D. — Parlor.
B. — Dining-Room. £. — Reception-Room.
C— Kitchen. I J^. and C— Hall.
air distributing chamber, they direct that the doors of all rooms should
open, and they bring the air from this hall into the several rooms near
the top of the room through the cornice. The plans of houses given in
this work will be found interesting and suggestive.
The removal of the foul air in these houses is effected by the waste
heat of the kitchen fire, the air passing from each room at the ceiling to
a foul-air chamber, and thence down and behind the kitchen chimney
fire, from which point it passes up the chimney.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
67
Let us now take, as a contrast to buildings of this kind, in which the
heating is the most difficult part of the problem, a private residence of the
better class, situated in a block in one of our large cities. Such a house
will not be exposed to cold, bleak winds, and is in the most favorable
conditions for heating, being exposed to the external air on two sides
only.
On the other hand, its ventilation is more likely to be unsatisfactory,
and will require more attention than will that of the country house.
Figure 8.-SECOND FLOOR PLAN OF SUBURBAN HOUSE.-(See page 64.)
H^ /, /, A'.-Chambers. i, TI/.-Halls. N, O, /'.-Chambers.
The external air is not as pure ; it contains dust of all kinds— soot,
street sweepings, etc.; the air in the house is liable to special contamina-
tions by leakage of gas into its cellar or basement ; and it has happened
that offensive gases have passed directly through party walls from one
dwelling to another. The great cost of the ground leads to gaining space
by increase in height, while every additional story adds to the cost and
difficulty of providing equable and satisfactory heating and ventilation.
In a tall building, where all the rooms open directly into the staircase
hall, and no provision is made for dividing this hall and staircase upon
the several stories, so as to prevent the free communication of the air
68 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
in it, the result is that the hall is liable, by leakage from above, or by
the opening of a window in the upper story, to become a ventilating
shaft, which will interfere with the proper working of the chimney or
ventilating flues within the rooms. In such buildings in cold weather
it will often be found that the upper stories have a temperature several
degrees higher than the lower, and, if the house be heated by indirect
radiation, that to secure comfort in the parlor and dining-room, the bed-
rooms are made too hot. It is especially difficult in such houses to
prevent the odors and steam from the kitchen and laundry, which are
usually placed in the basement, from being unpleasantly perceptible in
the halls and upper stories.
On the other hand, both the fresh and the foul-air flues will be, for
the most part, on inner walls, where their operation is not liable to be
interfered with by winds or cold.
One method of arranging such a city dwelling is shown in the accom-
panying illustration (Fig. 9), which shows the floor plans of the residence
of Mr. E. N. Dickerson, of New York City, who has kindly given permis-
sion for their publication, and has also furnished some interesting infor-
mation as to the results obtained. The plans of the first and fourth floors
are not given, as they are not necessary to an understanding of the
system of heating.
The essential feature of this house is the central hall, occupying the
whole width of the building, and well lighted from above by a large
skylight.
It will be seen that a part of this hall is cut off for a private or back
staircase and a lift, and that upon the parlor and upper floors it forms a
part of the main suite of rooms. At the skylight is an opening having
an area of 2}^ square feet, always open, and when the heating apparatus
is in operation there is a steady upward current from the basement
through the staircase well, which is just perceptible to the hand, being
between one and two feet per second.
The plans are, for the most part, self-explanatory.
The heating is by steam at a very low pressure, the boiler being en-
tirely out of the house under the front pavement. The heating coils are
divided into three groups, as shown in basement plan, having in all about
2,200 feet of I -inch pipe. Before reaching the coils, the incoming air is
filtered by being drawn through sheets of cotton wadding placed between
wire frames. The results are stated by Mr. Dickerson to be extremely
satisfactory. The greater part of the ventilation is effected by the cen-
tral hall and skylight. The amount of air supply is very large, and no
difficulty has been experienced in having open fires in open fire-places
when desired. The chandehers in the parlor and dining-room contribute
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
69
to the ventilation, as shown on the plans, and it is stated that twenty-
persons can smoke in the dining-room without causing the least accumu-
lation of smoke. Similar ventilation is supplied to the chandeliers in
the library and other rooms upon the third floor.
Of course the flues with which these chandeliers communicate must
pull against the great central staircase flue, but the results reported by
aaa!W''fflraii^n^iwiriinMimiiiiwfliiMwtjn
FL<S OF 3" FLOOn
Figure q.— DESCRIPTION OF PLANS OF MR. E. N. DICKERSON'S RESIDENCE,
NEW YORK CITY
A . — Fresh-air inlet flues.
B. — Boiler, separated from house by open area.
C — Heating Coils.
D. — Flue to hall and 2d story.
£. — Flue to 3d story bed-room.
J^. — Flue to dining-room.
A'. — Chandelier with vent to convey products of
gas combustion.
L. — Kitchen heated flue,
j'/. — Chimney of boilers with cast iron flue into
which gas lights are ventilated.
Ji. — Registers.
B ^.— Eath-Room.
Mr. Uickerson are so satisfactory that it is evident that the amount of
air supply is so large as to be ample for all the outlets. The amount of
fuel used must be relatively large — that is, large as compared with what
would be required to heat the same house with the same apparatus if
only the ordinary amount of ventilation were provided. It would be a
matter of considerable practical interest if a series of anemometrical
70
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
observations as to the amount of air actually passing through the heat-
ing coils during a week of cold weather could be made, together with
observations of the external and
polJii^
internal temperatures, and a state-
ment of the amount of fuel actually
consumed.
Figure lo is a plan of another
city house in a block. This is the
common arrangement in such rows
of dwellings, the characteristic fea-
ture being a narrow, rather dark
hall extending from front to rear,
on one side of the building. This
hall contains the stairway, and in
many cases a water closet. The
annexed illustration gives the main
floor plan of such a residence,
which is superior to the average in
size.
This house is heated by two fur-
naces, the locations of which are
shown in dotted outline, and this
mode of heating will prove entirely
satisfactory, provided only that the
fresh-air ducts and the heating sur-
faces are made large enough to
prevent the possibility of the air as
it leaves these surfaces having a
higher temperature than 140°
Fahrenheit.
The best way to arrange the ven-
tilation of such a house as this
would be upon the principles indi-
cated by Drysdale and Haywood,
as indicated in the last chapter, and
for this purpose more space should
be given in connection with the
kitchen chimney.
With fire-places and separate flues
Figure io. therefrom in all living rooms, there
will be little trouble about ventilation at all times, when the external
temperature is below 40° F.. for there will then be a steady current
r^
^ Varies
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 7I
up each flue, provided the fresh-air supply be sufficient, which last must
be the case if the room is satisfactorily warmed. The special difficulty
in ventilation in a house like this, and one of the chief dangers to health,
is due to the pollution of the air of the hall and sleeping-rooms from the
plumbing arrangements.
With a dark water closet near the centre of the house, it is necessary
to take special precautions to secure its satisfactory condition at all
times. The methods of doing this, so far as plumbing work is con-
cerned, do not fall within the scope of this work, but I must insist
upon tile necessity of a satisfactory ventilation of the closet itself. The
surest mode of effecting this is by a shaft passing up and through the
roof and suitably capped, as I shall hereafter explain, in which shaft a
steady aspirating force is to be exerted by means of a gas jet, which
may at the same time serve to light the closet.
This shaft should take its air supply from beneath the seat of the
closet, and it will be well to place in it the soil pipe, which I take for
granted is also to be continued up through the roof.
The area of this ventilating shaft should be about 30 square inches,
if it passes straight up without bends or corners and does not con-
tain the soil pipe. The portion of the flue within the closet can be
best constructed of galvanized iron, and should be fitted as a lantern at
the point where the gas jet is brought into it. This gas jet should have
a stop so arranged that it can never be turned entirely out without the
use of tools, although it may be reduced to a very small flame.
The warmer the weather, especially if it is still, the more heat will be
needed from the jet to secure satisfactory ventilation. The air supply
for the closet should be taken from the hall through a transom or louvred
openings in the top of the door, thus making the closet the bottom of an
air shaft for ventilating the hall.
I wish it to be clearly understood that the arrangement is recom-
mended only for those houses which have their drainage arranged as ad-
vised by the Sanitary Engineer, and where the closet is not against an
outside wall. The use of the gas jet is advised, because it is, upon
the whole, the cheapest method of securing a constant upward current
under such circumstances. There are various ways of arranging the gas
jet, some of which are patented, but these do not seem to me to require
special comment.
CHAPTER VI.
PATENT SYSTEMS OF VENTILATION AND HEATING— THE RUTTAN
SYSTEM FIRE-PLACES STOVES.
The fact that at a certain moderate depth the temperature of the
earth is found to be uniform at all seasons has long been known, and a
number of proposals have been made to utilize this in heating and ven-
tilation. In his work on the British Army in India, published in 1858,
Dr. Jeffreys mentions an attempt made in 1824 to ventilate with cool air
a large hospital at Cawnpore, India, by means of a long and large tun-
nel, which, he says, failed because the cooling surface and the depth were
insufficient.
In another part of the same work he proposes to ventilate the soldiers'
barracks in India by making use of this principle, saying that " we may
view the uppermost fifty feet of the earth's surface— or as many feet
down as we can reach without the intrusion of water— as one vast equal-
izing reservoir, ready to absorb, from any amount of air we may choose
to subject to its action, a large proportion of its summer heat, even if
we do not aid our reservoir in its annual emptying itself of such heat in
the cold season, but leave it to conduct back, spontaneously, such heat
tardily upward to the surface during the winter months. But if we
adopt proper measures for cooling thoroughly in the winter the mass of
earth we select for our absorbing reservoir, we may have it emptied of
more than the accumulated summer heat before the ensuing hot season,
and brought down nearly to the ivmter mean, and ready, therefore, to
absorb again much more heat than when it had to cool itself by the
tardy spontaneous process of upward conduction through its whole
mass.
" Now, if we select contiguous to a barrack of the largest size a plot
of ground, A, B, C, D, Fig. 1 1, only a hundred yards square, or a hundred
and twenty yards long by eighty yards wide— less might do— and prick
it over with wells about seven yards apart, the cost of digging them all
will be only ^20, and we shall possess two hundred to operate
upon a cubic block of earth a hundred yards square,* and say fifty
* The plot of ground may, preferably, be oblong, as 200 yards by 50, according to
the length of the barrack or barracks.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
73
feet deep. There are numerous parts of India in which, the water being
forty or fifty feet or more from the surface, dry wells to that depth may
be dug ; but, on the other hand, in many localities, as at Meerut, Bar-
eilly and Delhi, the depth is much less, in some not one-half as much.
In such places the number of the wells would have to be multiplied,
and evaporation from the water's surface and the humid sides of the
wells would make up for the effect of their inferior depth. Upon the
plan proving effective it might form an important object in the choice
of a station, to select localities in which the refrigerator-well ventilation
could be given the best effect — whether with deep wells and a drier air,
or with shallow and more humid.
" At Futtehgurh, Cawnpore, Agra, and in Bundelcund, etc., dry wells
from forty to seventy feet deep may be dug.
^/^m//ir/mrpr/
Figure ii.
" To put the wells in action we may proceed thus : Let E^ F, G, etc.,
be successive rows of wells ; the first of each row, £ i, F i, G \, being
sunk in the lower veranda of the barrack throughout its length, though
this is not necessary, and the mouths of this row being covered with
wooden or bamboo gratings to guard against accidents.
" All the wells exterior to the building, excepting the furthermost of
each row, ^lo, F lo, etc., must have their mouths closed and plugged
for some feet down, by straw resting on a simple bamboo frame propped
across the well, as at O, O, O, etc.
" If the ground is wanted for exercising the men, the mouths of the
wells must be arched over with brickwork and covered level with the
ground around ; but as this would be expensive, and the ground on one
side of a barrack can generally be spared to that moderate extent, the
simplest course would be to raise a common mud wall a toot or two
high round each well, and to cover the straw, plugging its mouth with
74 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
matting or a thin thatch. The earth dug from the wells would raise the
level of the surface about a foot, and would in general yield, if the lower
sand were not put uppermost, a fertile virgin soil.
" The whole area between the wells might form a productive garden,
with its surface kept cool by frequent watering from a few wells reserved
and deepened for the purpose, and by being covered with vegetation ;
but it must not be such vegetation as could be a source of malaria.
This use of the surface would appreciably check the traveling of heat
downward into our cubic reservoir below.
" The wells of each row must be made to communicate with each
other, thus : from the bottom oi £ i, a. horizontal passage, J^, about two
and a half feet high and fifteen or eighteen inches wide, must be cut to
the bottom of the next well of the row, £ 2, and from near the top of
this well below the straw about ten feet, beneath the surface of the
earth, a similar horizontal passage must proceed to the next well, £ 3,
and from the bottom of this well a passage to £ 4, and so on to the last
well, £ 10, according to the number of wells in the row.
" This last well being surmounted by a large cowl, S (turned to the
wind by a fan-tail or a lever moved by hand), and acting as a wind-sail,
the wind will blow down it and through the passage at the bottom to the
next well, then up it and through its upper passage to the third well, and
pursuing this course through all the wells, will make its exit through the
grating of the well £ i, and into the veranda, T, which should be securely
closed. As in each row of wells the last would be similarly surmounted
with a cowl, every first well of each row would pour forth air into the
veranda."
I have given Dr. Jeffreys' description in full, because his book is some-
what rare, and because the principle which he set forth has been made
the subject of one or two comparatively recent patents, as for instance
in that granted to Mr. John Wilkinson, July 29, 1879, for an improve-
ment in tempering and purifying air and ventilating structures.
In 1876 Mr. Wilkinson published a pamphlet entitled, " How to con-
struct a perfect dairy-room," etc., in which he gives plans for a dairy
connected with a subterraneous duct about 200 feet long, through which
the air supply is to be drawn, and since that time he has written a good
deal for the daily press upon the merits of his patent sub-earth ventila-
tion.
March 11, 1879, a patent was granted to Morrill A. Shepard for an
improvement in producing heat and ventilation by sinking wells or shafts
to reach a water-bearing stratum, in which are to be laid pipes through
which the air supply for the building is to be drawn. As Mr. Shepard's
object is to have his fresh-air supply pipes surrounded by water of
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
75
nearly constant temperature, he would also have such pipes laid in rivers
to supply adjacent cities.
The principle of sub-earth or water ventilation having been distinctly
announced by Dr. Jeffreys in 1858, any one is at liberty to make use of
it, but it is only under special circumstances that it possesses any prac-
tical value. In cities it would be highly inadvisable to use subterranean
passages as air-supply sources, because of the great risk of contamina-
tion of the air with deleterious or offensive gases. In the country there
is less risk of this, but even there the percentage of carbonic acid in the
air will be markedly increased by passing it through a sub-earth duct.
This, however, will not injure it for dairy supply, and dairies constructed
in accordance with this principle will be found very satisfactory as
regards ventilation and temperature.
The force necessary to secure a movement of air for ventilating pur-
poses :an of course be obtained by the cooling of a column of air in a
shaft as certainly as by heating it, the essential point being to produce a
difference in the weight of equal volumes of air by giving them different
temperatures, and then utilizing this difference in weight to produce a
movement of air in the direction desired.
In the great majority of cases, however, it will be found much cheaper
and simpler to do this by adding than by abstracting heat.
The result of the examination of a collection of the drawings and spe-
cifications pertaining to about two hundred patents relative to the ventila-
tion of dwelling-houses, shows that the majority of these are for forms of
inlet or outlet for registers and cowls of various kinds. A few of them,
however, are for systems of house ventilation involving methods of con-
structing the house. One inventor began by patenting certain methods
of inlet and outlet, but seems gradually to have learned that these would
not insure success, and he therefore devised a system and published
quite a large book for the purpose of explaining it. This book, pub-
lished in New York in 1862, is entitled "Ventilation and Warming of
Buildings. Illustrated by fifty-four plates. * * * gy the Hon.
Henry Ruttan," etc.
Probably there are very few books which show a more complete and
profound self-satisfaction on the part of their author than this.
He states in his introduction that he had read everything he could
find on the subject — had tried experiments, and had found it all vanity.
No one before himself had shown how to warm as well as ventilate a build-
ing in a cold climate by natural means and by one and the same process.
Alluding to the works of Reid and Wyman in a way to show that he
had found them entirely worthless, he proceeds to lay down the follow-
ing law :
76 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
" The construction of an efficient system of warming and ventilation
requires that all the details pertaining to it should be reduced to one
hartnonioiis whole, which shall be applicable to everything. If not good
in all places, it is good for nothing. It must be adaptable to the palace
and the cottage, to the ship and to the railway carriage, to the habitations
of animals as well as those of men, and, in addition, it must be attainable
by the poor as well as the rich." The mental condition of a fairly edu-
cated man, acquainted with the general laws of heat and pneumatics,
who could deliberately pen such a sentence as that, and claim that he,
and he alone, had discovered such a universally applicable system as he
refers to, is to me very curious and amusing. I have met with half a
dozen gentlemen, each the inventor and proprietor of a patent system of
ventilation and warming, who thought and talked precisely like Mr.
Ruttan, each asserting that there could be but one way to heat and ven-
tilate a house satisfactorily, and that he, and he alone, had a patent
upon that method. Now, the truth is, as I have explained in previous
pages, that there are many ways of effecting satisfactory heating and
ventilation, the great and essential difference between them being that
of expense. Some of them are specially well adapted to certain kinds
of buildings, having due regard to economy, and the architect will err
greatly if he undertakes to heat and ventilate his private residences, his
large assembly halls and his hospital wards upon one and the same
plan.
Although I cannot admit Mr. Ruttan's claim to have discovered the
only perfect system of heating and ventilation, there is, nevertheless,
much in his book which is true, and which is suggestivfe to the architect,
more especially as regards private dwellings, which is the class of struc-
tures which we are now more especially considering. He says very truly :
" If we want to ventilate our room to cool it, we must let the air out at
or near the top, and supply its place with cool air, which, of course, will
distribute itself over the floor of the apartment ; and this has been the
policy in nearly all our former modes of ventilation ; cold air is intro-
duced, which, taking up heat from the occupants of the room and from
the fire, immediately escapes through an aperture provided for the pur-
pose at or near the ceiling ; thus proceeding on the erroneous notion
that cold air only could be pure, they have actually been freezing the
people when they wanted to warm them.
" If, on the other hand, we wish to ventilate our house to warm it, we
must take the air out at or near the bottom, thus keeping up a continual
exhaustion of the cooler air ; and if we wish to set the body of air in
the room in motion, upward or downward, we must, of course, bring
in the necessary amount of outside air to do it. If we want to warm the
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 77
room, the air we bring in must be warm, and if to cool it, it must be
cool. It depends now entirely upon where you open the aperture to let
the air out whether you can set this body of air so in motion or not. If
you open the aperture at the top, and the air you bring in is warm — or
if you open the aperture at the bottom, and the air you bring in is cold
— in either case the body of air will not budge ; your warm air will go
through the body, straight to and out of the top aperture ; and the cold
air will do the same, through the bottom aperture. The consequence
of this state of things is easily seen — you will neither warm, nor cool, nor
ventilate your room.
"But if you want to ventilate your room to warm it, and open the bot-
tom aperture, you will succeed in both ; and if you wish to ventilate
your room to cool it, and open the top aperture, you will accomplish
that ; because in the first case the fresh air will be the warmest and will
not stop until it comes in contact with the ceiling, where, spreading out in
level strata over the whole ceiling, it will keep its relative position to the
whole body until it reaches the bottom and passes out of the aperture ;
and so of the cold air, if you open the top and let the air out at that
point. In both cases every particle of air must be removed from the
room, because, as air of one temperature cannot, by any means, be made
to move or stop out of its level, it follows that every particle of every
stratum must in its turn leave the apartment."
Mr. Ruttan also lays great stress on the importance of keeping the
feet warm, and having decided that the outlet for air must be at the
bottom of the room in cold weather, and that no currents of air can be
allowed on the top of the floor, he constructs his floor with an opening
of two inches from the wall all around the room except at the doors and
hearths, and secures free communication through the space beneath the
floor by placing two-inch furring on the joists and laying his floors upon
that.
The space beneath the floor thus becomes a large box containing
warm foul air, and from this box suitable ducts are to be taken to the
chimney flue.
It will be seen that the effect of this arrangement will be to keep the
floor warm, to economize in fuel, and to make a dust-bin of the space
beneath the floor.
I have been told that along our Northern frontier and in Canada, a
number of private houses were built upon this plan about fifteen or
twenty years ago, but I have not been able to obtain any particulars as
to the results. At the commencement of his book he gives a collection
of testimonials as to the success of his method, one of which relates to
the heating and ventilation of a certain public hall in the city of Detroit.
78 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
In response to some inquiries on the subject, the architect of this build-
ing, Mr. Lloyd, informs me that the heating was fairly successful at
first, although the temperature was too high in the galleries. Four ven-
tilating shafts were used, one in each corner, which, as Mr. Lloyd
remarks, is an error, " it being impossible to make several flues draw
with equal power, and more often than not cold air will come down one
or two of the shafts unless heat is employed to force the draught."
A multiplicity of outlet shafts, however, forms no part of Mr. Ruttan's
system, so that it cannot be held responsible for their bad results. The
method is, however, entirely inapplicable to an assembly hall, a school,
or other room where a large number of persons are gathered toward the
centre of the floor, and both the architect and the housekeeper will
readily see numerous objections to the opening at the junction of the
wall and floor. Such a house would be a paradise for vermin and a
perpetual source of annoyance from loss of small articles. Any plan,
however, which in a cold climate will, in the rooms of an ordinary dwell-
ing-house, secure warm floors and the comfort connected therewith, at
moderate expense and without the use of carpets, merits very careful
consideration, and there is room for some good and useful work by
architects in this direction.
In this country the heating and ventilation of a very large proportion
of private dwellings, offices, stores, etc., depends upon some form of
apparatus placed within the room itself, and not on a generalized cen-
tral system of heating for the whole building. Open fire-places and
grates, and stoves of various kinds, including fire-place heaters and the
so-called ventilating-stoves, must always be extensively used, and it is
very desirable that a series of carefully devised and properly conducted
experiments and observations on various forms of grates, heaters and
stoves should be made to determine the effects which they are capable
of producing in connection with the question of cost.
As regards the open fire-place, we know that in moderately cool
weather it is a comfortable and cheerful means of heating, but a very
expensive one under most circumstances — that is, wherever the cost of
fuel is more than nominal. In very cold weather the fire-place is by no
means satisfactory as a source of heat, and in our Northern cities it
should be considered, so far as heating is concerned, as merely supple-
mentary to the furnace or steam heating, or even to the common air-
tight stove. It wastes from seventy-five to ninety per cent, of the fuel
consumed in it, so far as the work of warming the room is concerned.
Considered as a means of providing an exit fiue for an ordinary living
room it serves an excellent purpose, and occasionally, when but a small
amount of heat is desired, and that only for a few hours, as in the chilly
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 79
mornings and evenings of spring and fall, the fire-place is much more
convenient than the furnace. Although the great waste of heat from
the ordinary fire-place is universally admitted, there have been but few
careful observations made on the subject. Among the latest of these,
if not actually the latest, are those reported by Mr. J. P. Putnam, in his
very interesting book, " The Open Fire-Place in all Ages." Boston,
1881.
Although, as its title indicates, this work is largely historical, yet it is
much more than this, for the author has not been satisfied to be merely
a collector and critic of the work of others, but has undertaken to inves-
tigate for himself the action of fire-places and heaters of various kinds,
and gives as the result some valuable original data, to which, it is to be
hoped, that architects, furnace manufacturers and heating engineers will
give special attention. The first series of experiments detailed by Mr.
Putnam simply confirm the statements of Morin and Peclet as to the
enormous loss of heat, and the consequent waste of fuel consumed in
producing it, in the use of an ordinary fire-place. He found that in
using dry pine wood only about six per cent, of the heat generated by
the fuel was utilized in warming the room. In a room 29'x 20'x 10', six
and a half pounds of dry wood raised the average temperature of the
room only a little over one degree F., although the heat generated was
sufficient to raise the temperature of fourteen rooms of equal size from
freezing to 68° F.
Another series of experiments was made with ventilating fire-places of
two different patterns set in the same room in which the trials of the
common fire-place were made. In the first of these, made with what is
called the fire-place heater, about thirteen per cent, of the heat from the
burning wood was utilized, or about twice as much as in the ordinary
fire-place. The second form of apparatus tried was the Dimmick Heater,
and Mr. Putnam calculates that with this eighteen per cent, of the heat
produced was utilized.
The point to which I desire to call attention is not the relative value
of this or that form of apparatus, for, as a matter of fact, the data given
are not sufficient to determine the point with precision ; but it is, that we
have in this work an attempt to employ the experimental method in a
scientific manner, in order to settle the question of such relative values,
and that this is the only possible method by which we can obtain posi-
tive scientific data on the subject. It is not sufficient to try experi-
ments. Every proprietor of a furnace or heater, of any kind, has done
that, and is prepared to say that he has satisfied himself by experiment
of the value of his apparatus. To be of value the experiments must
be made and the results must be recorded in a scientific manner. Mr.
8o VENTILATION AND HEATING.
Putnam has endeavored to do this by testing the different forms of
apparatus, as far as possible, under the same circumstances, placing
them successively in the same room, using the same kind of fuel and for
the same length of time, and then recording the results by instruments
of precision — by the thermometer and the anemometer — instead of
giving vague and useless opinions as to whether one was better than
another.
It is true, as mentioned above, that the data are not as complete as
could be wished ; for example, we are not told in each case how many
cubic feet of air escaped at the top of the chimney, and at what temper-
ature, during the time of each experiment. This must be observed, and
not merely calculated or inferred, in order to determine the number of
heat units thus escaping, but if we could only obtain, from reliable
authority, data for every form of heating apparatus similar to those given
in this work, it would be a long stride toward placing the subject of
heating and ventilation on a sound basis.
As this book is thus recommended, it seems desirable to point out
what seems to me to be a fallacious line of reasoning in its first chapter —
a fallacy which, while not materially detracting from the interest and
value of the work, should nevertheless be understood by its readers.
The first chapter begins as follows :
" That great radiator of heat to all living beings, the sun, furnishes
those beings with the kind of heat best suited to support the life which
it has developed, namely, that of direct radiation. If we would only
accept this lesson, repeated every day as if for the purpose of giving it
all possible emphasis, in a manner the most impressive, and with appar-
atus the most magnificent that nature can furnish or the mind of man
imagine ; if we would accept the lesson and endeavor to heat our houses
after the same principles, these houses might be made as healthy as the
open fields.
" We should be prompted to respect more the open fire-places as fur-
nishing the best substitute for the life and health-giving rays of the sun,
and to discard all such systems of heating as are opposed in principle to
that employed by nature."
Precisely this form of argument is used to advocate vegetarianism,
long hair, going naked, communism, and every other sort of " ism " and
" pathy " which its advocates choose to consider in accord with what
they are pleased to call " nature." The notion that in order to make
our houses as healthy as the open fields, all that is necessary is to heat
them by direct radiation, will simply bring a smile to the face of every
educated physician or sanitarian. The author himself forgets his com-
mencing axiom very soon, for on page lo we find him stating that ideal
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 8l
perfection would imply that the supply of fresh air introduced into the
house shall be warmed in winter to a temperature somewhat below that
of the room, and all of his suggestions in the latter part of the book for
so arranging the flues of open fires as to warm the fresh-air supply of
the room relate to increasing the supply of heat by indirect and not by
direct radiation.
It is, in fact, in this direction only that practical improvement in the
economics of heating is to be hoped for, since it is not possible to
increase the amount of heat to be obtained by direct radiation from a
given amount of fuel, and at the same time secure a sufficient ventila-
tion, beyond what the fire-places of Gauger and Rumford will effect.
To secure the best effects from direct radiation a high temperature with
a correspondingly rapid consumption of fuel is necessary.
To say that the heating of rooms by close stoves, or by steam or hot-
water radiators placed in the room to be warmed, is heating by direct
radiation, is a misuse of the phrase, for the greater part of the effect of
such appliances is due not to radiant, but to convected heat — to the cir-
culation of air heated by coming in contact with them.
All this is understood by Mr. Putnam, who says that the system of
tubes which he proposes to arrange above the fire-place to heat the fresh
air should properly be called a convector.
I close these remarks by quoting ? passage from the book which carries
its own moral. The picture of the proprietors and workmen standing"
around and staring with astonishment at the results of the test ought to-
have been given by the pencil as well as by the pen :
" Furnace makers will claim that the peculiar kind of cement they use,,
or their peculiar method of hammering the joints, will prevent leakage
and stand fire. The writer visited a furnace advertised by the makers
to be absolutely gas-tight. The joints were numerous. In some joints
cast iron was connected with wrought. Pipes of cast iron were set into
wrought iron plates — an arrangement the reverse of that used in the
Dunklee furnace. To this the writer particularly objected, and inquired
of the makers if they could warrant the furnace to stand tests at these
points. The method of making these joints was, they claimed, peculiar.
" No cement was used, and so great was the care bestowed on each
joint that leakage was a sheer impossibility. A fine, new furnace was
exhibited to show the excellence of the workmanship. The writer still
objected, until challenged by the makers to give proof of any of the
numerous furnaces put up by the company having ever leaked gas.
Without taking the time to visit any or all of the five hundred or more
gentlemen whose letters of recommendation adorned the descriptive
circular of the firm, the writer expressed himself satisfied if the fine, new.,
^2 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
sample furnace then on exhibition would itself stand the test. With the
assurance that he was at liberty to make any reasonable test he pleased,
he ordered the furnace to be turned over and water poured into all the
joints. To the complete astonishment of the proprietors and of the
careful workmen standing around, the water which was poured in poured
out again through nearly every one of the score of careful joints, until
the furnace seemed to dissolve and float away in its own tears." (Pp.
119-20.)
In the preceding remarks upon the heating and ventilation of dwell-
ing-houses, only such buildings have been kept in view as architects are
usually called upon to plan or construct, namely, the larger and better
class of city residences and suburban villas.
It has been pointed out that the problem in such houses is compara-
tively simple ; the difficulties relating mainly rather to warming than
to ventilation, although it must be confessed that, simple as it is, it has
been in the majority of such houses not only unsolved, but not even
supposed to exist. But what shall we say of the houses with which
architects have nothing to do, but which contain the immense majority
of our people, both in cities and in the country ? Taking these as we
find them, what should we recommend to their owners or tenants as
desirable improvements ?
Let us first take an extreme case, such as a room in a tenement house
which is occupied by a family of four or five persons. This room, about
fourteen feet square and ten feet high, must serve as a kitchen, living-
room and bed-room. It is heated by a small cooking-stove, has one
window, and one door opening into an interior hall, which is dark and
dirty.
Every pound of fuel is a matter of importance, and every chink and
cranny at which cold fresh air might enter is, as far as possible, stopped
up. During cold weather, and under ordinary circumstances, it is prac-
tically impossible to do much toward improving the ventilation of this
room ; impossible, not because of mechanical difficulties, but because
the occupants do not want ventilation, which will either make the room
cold or increase the expense for fuel. Occasionally, however, in case of
sickness, the doctor insists on having some fresh air for his patient, and
it is well to know what can be done to secure this. Anyone who under-
stands the general principles of ventilation and has a little mechanical
ingenuity will find no difficulty in this respect. To secure a fresh-air
inlet, for instance, raise the lower sash of the window from four to six
inches, by placing underneath it a piece of board which will just fill the
opening thus created. This makes a fresh-air inlet at the point of junc-
tion of the lower and upper sashes, and the incoming stream of air will
VENTILATION AND HEATING, 83
be directed upward, so that it will not usually cause an unpleasant
draught.
The same effect can be obtained by removing one of the upper panes
in the upper sash and fitting to it a sort of hopper or funnel made of
tin or pasteboard, so arranged as to direct the current of air to the
ceiling.
The outlet must be obtained by the chimney flue, the simplest plan
being to make an opening about nine inches in diameter into the flue,
and so arrange a valve of paper, in a pasteboard tube or bit of stove-
pipe placed in this opening, that a reverse current will be prevented,
being a rough and ready application of Arnott's valve. Physicians of
the poor, and those engaged in charitable work, as well as all nurses,
should be prepared to devise such simple methods as these with little or
no cost, and in this connection attention is invited to the essay on " An
Effective and Ready Method of Ventilating Sick Rooms," etc., for which
a prize was awarded by the Massachusetts Medical Society to X. Y. Z.,
in 187 1, and which will be found in the papers of that society for 1872.
Care must betaken to make the tubes of sufficient size, for some very
absurd ideas have been urged in favor of the use of small pipes. For
instance, Dr. George Wyld, one of the Committee on Sanitary Science
at the Society of Arts, in a paper presented to the Social Science Asso-
ciation in 1858, says : "I roughly estimate the diameter of the required
piping necessary to ventilate any given apartment at about a multiple of
the diameter of the trachea or main air passage from the lungs of those
present. For instance, to ventilate a room containing generally eight
individuals, a pipe about two inches in diameter would be sufficient."
Upon such teaching as this, it is not to be wondered at that architects
and engineers should put a low value, especially as Dr. Wyld relies on
his little tube exclusively and makes no provision whatever for the
entrance of fresh air.
Passing from the tenement room, let us take the small house of from
three to six rooms, occupied by a single family.
Such houses in this country are usually heated by some form of stove,
and have no special means of any kind for the inlet of fresh or the exit
of foul air. The rooms are small, the hall, if there is one, is not heated,
and the bed-rooms are warmed only on special occasions, as in case of
sickness.
The house will be of brick, with 9-inch walls and plenty of cracks
from shrinkage about doors and windows and at the washboards. The
amount of air which would enter through these cracks, and directly
through the walls of the house were it not in a block, would be nearly
enough for ventilation purposes. The permeability of the walls is,
84 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
however, often destroyed by papering them. To save labor as well as fuel,
usually but two fires will be kept up, one in the kitchen and one in
the sitting-room, and in very many houses of the kind we are speak-
ing of, the kitchen fire is the only one to be found during the greater
part of the time.
Economy in fuel and labor is here the first consideration, and to secure
these results many different patterns of stoves have been devised, but with
regard to the relative merits of these various patterns we have singularly
little information. Mr. Brockett remarks that the efforts of the stove-
makers during the last thirty years have been directed rather toward the
completing of the principles of self-feeding, base-burning, hot-air feed-
ing, and the anti-clinker arrangement, than to the discovery of any new
principles. During the last ten years, however, a number of attempts
to secure the introduction of fresh warm air by means of the stove have
been made, and there are now on the market several patterns of venti-
lating stoves devised for this purpose.
When we remember that there are annually manufactured in the Uni-
ted States about two million stoves, representing an investment of capital
of about thirty millions of dollars, the importance of this industry may be
appreciated, and it is somewhat surprising that the records of experi-
ments to show the relative merits of various forms are so scanty. So far as
economy in fuel and labor is concerned, when anthracite coal is to be
used, the most approved modern patterns of base-burning stoves give
excellent results if connected with the proper flues, but as usually set up
they not only give no aid to ventilation, but often are direct sources of
contamination of the air of the room with the gaseous products of com-
bustion. In order to secure the greatest possible utilization of all the
heat produced in a stove, it is necessary that the smoke shall pass into the
chimney flue at the lowest temperature consistent with securing sufficient
and regular draught, and to this end much may be effected by such con-
trivances as sheet-iron drums, etc., which will utilize the waste heat in
warming the room above. The Latrobe heater, so well known in Balti-
more and vicinity, is another means of doing the same thing, and a num-
ber of similar devices, known as fire-place heaters, ventilating fire-places,
etc., will be found described in the work of Mr. Putnam, above refer-
red to.
The mode of action of a close stove has been clearly and well
described by Mr. Briggs : " Surrounding any stove in active operation,
there exists an envelope of air gradually ascending, as it acquires heat,
toward the ceiling. In what way does this envelope come to have any
considerable thickness ? Air is nearly a perfect non-conductor of heat ;
one particle of air does not, or at least very slowly receives heat from
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 85
another particle. As before stated, air permits the transmission of
radiant heat without absorbing it. Only the thinnest film of air can
possibly be in contact with the surface of the stove at any instant of
time, and yet it is only by contact that the air is heated.
" In fact, the air does not, nor does any fluid, whether gaseous or
liquid, slide upon a surface along which it passes. The movement is a
rolling one. D'Arcey describes the movement of water in a pipe to be
similar (but reversed) to the stripping of a glove from the finger, by
turning the glove finger inside out.
" In a similar rolling movement the sheet of air passing the stpve
comes to have a definite thickness, and involves in its rolling process
particles of air remote from the ascending stream.
" As a stone thrown into a pool transmits its vibrations over the sur-
face, so any disturbance of a fluid body confined in an inclosure is
transmitted and communicated throughout the fluid to its most distant
part, with some relative intensity. There rises from the stove a current
of air of considerable volume, acquiring, as it ascends, a nearly uniform
temperature, but with a nucleus hotter than the general temperature of
the room. This heated air endeavors to find its level next the ceiling,
but to do so it must not be assumed to slide in under the warm air
which it finds in contact with the ceiling. Instead of this, the interpo-
sition will be accomplished by a rolling action similar to that on the
stove surface, wherein one set of particles rolls off and the other rolls
upon the ceiling with mutual admixture and equalization of temperature
in the process.
" With the accumulating of a stratum of heated air next the ceiling, a
corresponding absorption from the floor stratum must have occurred.
The necessity for the stove at all is the presumption that some loss of
heat must have been going on at the windows and walls equivalent to
the heat imparted by the stove.
" The windows and walls impart ' cold ' in the same way and after
the same laws of convection as the stove imparts heat. In one part of
the room the stove will have been forming an ascending current of con-
siderable intensity or velocity all around itself, while at another part the
windows and cool walls will have a sheet of cool air, of less velocity, but
of equal heat-value, traversing them downward.
" The most uniform distribution will be effected when these currents
become the most general, extensive, and, consequently, most moderate.
Suppose the stove to have its position remote from the windows and
cooling walls, and to be so placed that the average extent of window or
wall surface or exposure shall be equidistant from the stove ; it can
then be asserted that the column of hot air from the stove will, after
86
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
rising, roll upon the ceiling and become intimately mixed and equalized
in temperature with the air it finds there, and that the sheet of descend-
ing air from the windows and walls will roll out upon the floor and
intermix with the air on that level, establishing an equality of tempera-
ture in that stratum. Within certain well known limits of size or shape
of room, and with a close room, the lower six, or eight, or ten feet of
height of the room will be heated by a stove in any weather, so that the
differences of temperature within that height shall not affect the comfort
of the occupant.
" Where the stove employed is so small as to demand inordinate heat-
ing of its surface to impart the required quantity of heat, successful
warming is secured by protecting the
occupants from direct radiation by
screens of inclosing envelopes, which
are found to accelerate the rising cur-
rent of hot air, and this is done without
very materially impairing the distribu-
tion of heat, and even when the sashes
are not very tight in the window frames,
tolerable uniformity of ground tempera-
ture is reached."*
About one-third of the effect is due
to radiant heat and the rest to heat
carried by the air which rolls up the
heated sides of the stove and pipe. In
the best forms of base-burner, with thin
castings and relatively large surfaces of
mica near the glowing coals, the propor-
tion of radiant heat is greater than this,
amounting to over one-half the total
effect.
To arrange an ordinary cylinder or
box stove so that it shall warm the fresh
air entering the room, the essential
thing is to surround it with a jacket
of sheet iron or zinc, leaving the necessary opening for access to the
stove, and then to connect through an opening in the floor the space
between the jacket and the stove with the outer air. The amount
of air which will be thus introduced will depend not only on the area of
the opening and the difference between the temperature of the room
and that of the open air, but also on the arrangement made to secure
Figure 12.
* The Sanitary Engineer, September i, 1880, page 372.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
87
Figure 13.
exit of air from the room. If the room have a fire-place in it and the
stovepipe enters the upper part of the flue coming from this fire-place,
which is a very common arrangement, the exit of
air can be readily provided for by leaving the fire-
place open.
If there be no fire-place, an exit shaft may be
carried up by the side of the chimney, from near
the floor to near the ceiling where it enters the flue,
and if this exit shaft be so arranged as to receive
heat from the upper part of the stovepipe it will
work very well.
Some simple methods of using the common stove
for ventilating rooms are described by Dr. D. F.
Lincoln in his paper on " School Hygiene," which is
printed in the Second Annual Report of the Board
of Health of the State of New York, for 1881-1882.
"In a variety of ways," Dr. Lincoln says, " the stove or stovepipe can
be used to expel air from the room. The 'jacket' or metal screen is a
thing of which no stove in
an inhabited room should be
destitute, as a protection
from heat. But it is men-
tioned here as affording an
aid to ventilation. Figure 12
shows how this is done. A
metal cylinder, considerably
wider than the stove, is
placed around the latter,
and its edge is fastened to
the floor. A good sized
pipe is then carried through
the floor, under the stove,
and led through the house
wall at A. Guard the inlet
with a screen of wire at yl,
and a large supply of pure
warmed air is drawn into
the room. This is one of
the cheapest and best de-
vices for warming and ventilating. Some prefer to extend the jacket
around only a part of the stove and leave the door uncovered ; or the
jacket may stop at the bottom of the stove and be made fast to the
Figure 14.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
latter at that point. The arrangement is equivalent to a ' portable
furnace,' such as is usually placed in a cellar or a basement hall.
"In Figure 13 a stove is represented standing close to an open win-
dow. The movable semi-cylinder of metal, commonly used for a screen,
has been so placed as to inclose the stove on all sides, except that
toward the windows. Cold air may then be freely admitted ; it is quickly
warmed by contact with the stove and is thrown upward with the gen-
eral current.
"Figure 14 shows air brought in so as to be warmed by contact with
a stovepipe. The inlet flue is enlarged and runs up with the stovepipe
like a jacket, for same distance.
"Figure 15 shows how a stovepipe may assist in removing injurious
air. The diagram represents a
two-story house with a chimney
which comes down to only a very
short distance from the roof. The
opening into the chimney for the
stovepipe is enlarged so as to re-
ceive a much larger pipe, which
encircles the stovepipe like a
jacket. This jacket may stop
short at A, or may be carried
through the floor to j5, in the first
story. It will secure a draught
from either story as may be ar-
ranged. The idea of this and the
preceding figure is borrowed from
an article in the report of the
Michigan Board of Health for
, . 1S79."
Figure 15. 1 do not propose, however, to
describe the thousand-and-one contrivances which may be used to
secure the entrance and exit of air in such houses as those now under
consideration. Each house is, to a certain extent, a problem by
itself, but it is a very simple problem, which any moderately ingen-
ious tinner or sheet-iron worker will have no difficulty in solving, if
he will only master the few simple laws of the inovement of air, which
have been given in previous chapters.
Every stove-dealer should possess this knowledge in order to deal
understandingly with the complaints which will be made to him about
bad draught, etc., etc., complaints which are almost always due, not to
the stove, but to improper construction or location of flues.
JS
CHAPTER VII.
CHIMNEY CAPS — VENTILATORS — COWLS SYPHONS — FORMS OF INLETS.
Within the last forty years a vast amount of ingenuity has been
expended upon devices to be placed at the mouths of tubes, flues, or
shafts, for the purpose of giving direction to air currents passing through
them, or of enabling the wind to produce, accelerate, or prevent such
currents. These devices, commonly known as ventilators, have of late
been patented in endless variety, and about a dozen new ones are added
to the list every year.
The outlet ventilators, which properly include all forms of chimney
caps or terminals for smoke, as well as foul-air flues, were probably
first planned to prevent the entrance of rain or snow into the flues, and
this is still one of their most important uses. Their action depends
upon two facts connected with the movement of fluids.
The first of these is what is sometimes called the law of the lateral com-
munication of motion in fluids — the fact that a fluid in motion tends to
communicate motion, in the same direction, to other portions of fluid
immediately connected with it.
The second fact is the tendency of air to adhere to surfaces. When
a current of air strikes a surface it is not reflected at an angle equal to
the angle of incidence, as a ray of light or a billiard ball would be, but
it is spread out in a thin layer upon the surface. In a valuable series of
papers by F. Savart, published in the Annales de chimie et de physique
for 1833, it is shown that "When a jet of water strikes a truncated cone
perpendicularly to its axis, and just above its lower base, it spreads out,
covering more than half its surface, and, rising upward, leaves its upper
base in a continuous sheet, vertically, in a plane nearly coinciding in
direction with that of the sides of the cone, and horizontally, nearly
in the direction of tangents to the surface of the cone, while a small
portion only of the fluid forms two small streams, which drop down
from those two points of the lower base of the cone which are at right
angles with the original direction of the jet.
" When a jet meets a plane at its centre and perpendicularly, it forms
a continuous sheet over the whole surface, thin in the centre and thicker
toward the circumference.
" Both the direction and continuity of this sheet are preserved far
beyond the borders of the circular plane, where its edge is thin, but it
po VENTILATION AND HEATING.
follows more or less the direction of the curve of the edge, if it is thick
and rounded.
"When a jet of air infringes upon a surface of limited extent, the
atmospheric pressure upon the opposite side of the surface, in conse-
quence of the lateral communication of motion, is diminished, and a
current will be established through a tube, one of the extremities of
which is placed in the point of diminished pressure, and the other be-
yond the borders of the surface. This is the important principle upon
which the efficiency of ventilators and chimney tops depends ; it is also
important in its bearing on the position of the mouths of air-trunks for
hot-air furnaces ; if the mouth be placed in a point of diminished pres-
sure, on the leeward side of a building, air may pass outward, especially
from apartments on the windward side of the house."
As Dr. Wyman points out, " A simple demonstration of these propo-
sitions may be obtained by means of a card and candle. If a blast from
the mouth be directed obliquely against a card, the flame of a lighted
candle will be drawn toward the card, on whatever side of it the candle
is held. Increasing or diminishing the velocity of the blast does not
change the direction assumed by the flame, but only the velocity with
which it is drawn toward the card.
" If the blast be directed perpendicularly upon the centre of the card,
the flame when passed around the edge of the card will be driven out-
ward at all points ; and if the candle be held near the blast and at a
little distance from the plane surface, the flame will, in virtue of the
lateral communication of motion, be drawn toward the surface, and yet,
by the current of air close to and parallel with the card, it will be pre-
vented from reaching it. A strong flame may thus be made to play
apparently with great force upon the hand, and yet not burn it. An
illustration of this principle may often be observed in the narrow path-
way, so convenient for foot-passengers, found after a snow-storm on the
windward side of a high and close fence."
In accordance with these principles, it is easy to see that when a cur-
rent of air flows across the open mouth of a simple cylindrical tube it
muFt exert a certain aspirating power upon the tube, or that a small
stream of air directed through a large tube tends to set in motion the
entire contents of the tube, upon the principle of the well-known Gif-
fard's injector.
The object of all cowls is to present such a surface to the wind that
the sheet of moving air produced shall, on leaving the surface, be
moving at such an angle to the column of air contained in the flue as to
exert the strongest aspirating effect upon it. The strength of this aspi-
rating effort varies, within certain limits, with the velocitv of the current,
VENTILATION AND HEATING. pi
and also with the angle which is made by the current with the axis of
the flue.
Some of these cowls are made to revolve with the wind ; others are
fixed, and present in every direction the saijie form of surface and open-
ing. As Dr. Wyman remarks, there are few objects on which so much
time has been spent and misspent ; and their great variety and the con-
stant changes in their arfangement are proofs that more is expected of
them than they accomplish, and that the principles on which they act
are not well understood.
The effect of outlet cowls, when placed at the top of vertical shafts
or flues, has been the subject of several sets of experiments.
The first of these to which I shall refer were made in 1842 by Messrs.
Ewbank and Mott, and the results were reported by them in the Journal
of the Franklin Institute, 3d series. Vol. IV., 1842, p. 104.
They directed a strong current or blast of air from bellows across the
top of a glass tube, an inch and a quarter in diameter and twenty-eight
inches long. The lower end of this tube was dipped into a vessel of
water, and on the upper end were successively placed tin models of the
various forms of cowls experimented on.
The greatest rise of the water column, showing the strongest aspira-
tion, was obtained by the use of a short conical tube, placed at right
angles to the glass tube, and having the blast directed through it from
the small toward the large end.
These experiments, however, cannot be considered to be of much
value, for the cross current used was stronger than a violent hurricane,
and it is not safe to rely upon obtaining with full-sized flues the same
results as are shown by glass-tube models in the movements of air
currents.
A much more extended and valuable series of experiments upon the
effect of various forms of outlet cowls was made by a committee
appointed for this purpose by the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences. The report of this committee, to which I have already
referred, was prepared by Dr. Morrill Wyman, and will be found in
Vol. I., of the Proccedittgs of the Academy, Boston, 1848, p. 307.
In these experiments a constant current of air, produced by means of
a revolving fan, was used to produce an induced current in a tube,
having its long axis at right angles to that of the blast ; the velocity of
the current thus produced being measured directly, and not by its
power of sustaining a weight, or head of water, or other statical effect,
which method the committee remarks is decidedly objectionable. " Such
a measure gives the correct value of the initial force or tendency to estab-
lish a current in a chimney in which there is no actual movement ;
92
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
but it does not indicate the velocity of the current which will be the
final result of the action of the ventilator, nor is it any measure of this
final velocity when ventilators of different construction are compared
together. Mechanics and engineers are familiar with the differences
between statical and dynamical effects of a force. In the air pump the
dynamical value of any amount of exhaustion is equal to the power
required to produce it, and is, therefore, proportioned to the magnitude
of the receiver when other circumstances are the same ; whereas, its
statical power, or its power to sustain a head of water, is wholly inde-
pendent of the magnitude of the receiver, and proportioned solely to
the tension of the air within it."
To measure the current, a leaden pipe 1.25 inches in diameter and
53 feet in length was placed near and a few inches below the mouth of
the blowing machine. In the mouth of the trunk, attached to the blow-
ing machine, was a tube of tinned iron of the same diameter as the
pipe, and bent at a right angle ; the upright branch, about 6 inches
long, reaching to the middle of the mouth, while the horizontal portion,
about 5 inches in length, reached to within 2.5 inches of the end of the
leaden pipe. Each ventilator,
when examined and tested,
was placed upon the upright
portion of this tube. For
this purpose the ventilator
had through it, or attached to
its side, a corresponding tube
of the same diameter. The
velocity of the blast was 10.36
feet per second, or 7.06 miles per hour. With the blast passing across
the top of a perpendicular-fixed tube cut at right angles, the velocity of
the induced current was 0.728 feet per second ; with a straight tube, cut
off obliquely at an angle of forty-five degrees, opening turned from the
blast, the velocity was 1.325 ; with a truncated cone, the velocity was
1.7 1 feet per second ; with a cone with cap, as laid down by De Lyle St.
Martin, lieutenant in the French Navy in 1788 (see Fig. 16), the velocity
was 1.56. St. Martin's cone without the cap gave a velocity of 2.21.
The cone was proposed as a proper form for the chimney top, and
an account of its application was published by Count Cisalpin about one
hundred years ago. The adjoining figure (17) is an elevation from the
perspective view given in the memoir. This, slightly modified (Fig. 18),
is what is generally known as the Emerson ventilator, and is one of the
best of all the various forms of cowls. The best form of cowl, as shown
by the report of the committee just referred to, and the one which I
Figure i6.
Figure 17.
*§■
T
Figure i8. Figure 19.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 93
prefer for all up-cast shafts, is shown in Figure 19. There are now no
patents upon any of the cowls just described.
This matter of terminals of foul air and smoke flues occupies such a
prominent, although for the most part wholly unmerited, place in the
literature of ventilation, and so much stress is laid upon the merits of
this or that particular form of cap or cowl, not only by patentees, but by
some architects, that a few more words on the subject seem necessary.
Dr. Wyman remarks that in a strong wind any cap will be effectual
which prevents the wind from beating down the chimney. " In a light,
unsteady wind, the time when
the cap is most needed, it is
subject to a disadvantage which
it is diflficult to obviate. The
friction is always considerable,
and, under the circumstances
just mentioned, the opening of
the cowl will often be directed
toward the wind ; in this position the wind will have but little influ-
ence upon the vane, and the smoke, if the draught is feeble, will be
driven into the apartment.
" The steadiness of the cowl may be increased by making the vane
double, the two sides forming an angle of ten or fifteen degrees (<).
The single vane in common use, receiving no pressure from the wind
when in its direction, has the same tendency to flap as a loosened sail.
The friction may be diminished by nicer workmanship, and the noise
lessened by allowing the cowl to run in leather collars ; but the objec-
tion we have alluded to will only be diminished, not removed."
Dr. Wyman speaks favorably of a form of cowl which consists of a
conical cap balanced on a point so that it can be tilted in any direction.
The wind blowing upon it depresses the side upon which it strikes, and
at the same time elevates the opposite side.
In 1878 a series of experiments were made at the Royal Observatory,
Kew, England, upon ventilating exhaust cowls, by a committee com-
posed of W. Eassie, Rogers Field and Douglas Galton, whose names
are a sufficient warrant for the care with which the tests were made.
The cowls thus tested were the air-pump ventilator of Boyle and the
injector cowl of Mr. Lloyd, which is a fixed cowl like that used by
Captain Liernur, of Amsterdam. Four upright iron tubes, each six
inches in diameter and twelve feet long, were so arranged as to receive
equal air supply below and the same exposure to wind above the roof
of the building in which they were placed, and above which they pro-
jected about two feet. On three of these tubes the cowls above
94 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
mentioned were fixed, while the fourth was left as a plain open tube, to
serve as a standard of comparison. The results are given in the fol-
lowing report, which is a model of brevity and clearness :
" The sub-committee appointed at Leamington to test the ventilating
exhaust cowls, beg to report that they have given the matter their most
careful attention, and carried out at the Royal Observatory, Kew, an
elaborate series of about one hundred experiments, on seven different
days, at different times of the day, and under different conditions of
wind and temperature. After comparing the cowls very carefully with
each other, and all of them with a plain open pipe as the simplest, and
in fact only available standard, the sub-committee find that none of the
exhaust cowls cause a more rapid current of air than prevails in an
open pipe under similar conditions but without any cowl fitted on it.
The only use of the cowls, therefore, appears to be to exclude rain from
the ventilating pipes ; and as this can be done equally, if not more
efficiently, in other and similar ways without diminishing the rapidity
of the current in the open pipe, the sub-committee are unable to
recommend the grant of the medal of the Sanitary Institute of Great
Britain to any of the exhaust cowls submitted to them for trial."
Of course, this report was by no means satisfactory to the inventors
and proprietors of patent cowls, and in this respect it corresponds with
the previous reports to which I have referred before. Each inventor
obtains very different results from his own experiments, and there
seems to be no immediate prospect of reconciling the discrepancies.
Mr. Hellyer, in the second edition of his work on " Plumbing, and
Sanitary Houses," has an interesting chapter headed '' Ventilation, or
Cowl-Testing, but not at Kew," in which he gives the results of a num-
ber of experiments made with cowls of different kinds. He concludes
that, while the power of a cowl to cause an up-cast of air through the
pipe is not so great as some suppose, it certainly is greater than the
report of the Kew Committee would lead us to believe.
He " considers that cowls should be fixed on a// ventilating pipes for
foul air, not so much for assisting the up draught as for preventing a
down draughty especially where the air blown down through such venti-
lating pipes would come out near a window or door, where it should be
sucked into the house." (The italics are in the original.)
His experiments were made with two four-inch lead -pipes, each about
thirty-two feet long, the tops being about six feet above the roof
and four feet apart. In one of the chief systems of testing, the bot-
toms of these pipes were connected by a pipe in the form of the letter
U, so arranged that an anemometer could be inserted and observed
through a glass door. By this apparatus a cowl can be tested against
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
95
another cowl or against an open pipe on what the author calls the
" Pull, devil, pull, beggar, principle."
Mr. Hellyer concludes that the best cowls are better than open pipes ;
that the relative value of various cowls varies according to the different
states of the atmosphere ; that, on the whole, the best cowl is one of
Mr. Buchan's, and that of Mr. Hellyer's comes second.
Many attempts have been made to combine the inlet and outlet in the
same ventilator, and this either with or without connecting them with
the heating apparatus. Of those combining the inlet and outlet in a
single tube or shaft, which is intended or supposed to be entirely inde-
pendent of the heating, the principal forms are the ventilators of
Watson, Muir, M'Kinnell and Macdonald ; the first three of which are
described and figured in most English
works in Hygiene or on Ventilation. All
of these are intended to be inserted in
the centre of the ceiling of the room
or space to be ventilated, and the best
of them is probably the double tube of
M'Kinnell. " It consists of two cylinders,
one encircling the other, the area of the
inner tube and encircling ring being
equal. The inner one is the outlet tube ;
it is so because the casing of the other
tube maintains the temperature of the
air in it ; and it is also always made
rather higher than the other. The outer
cylinder or ring is the inlet tube ; the air
is taken at a lower level than the top
of the outlet tube, and when it enters the room it is deflected toward
and spread over the ceiling by a flange placed on the bottom of the
inner tube. Both tubes can be closed by valves."
The Macdonald ventilator is recommended in the last edition of Parkes'
"Hygiene," where it is figured and described. It is similar to the
M'Kinnell tubes, but has a fan within the tube which is driven by
another fan placed on the top of the tube, the result being that no
reversal of the current is possible so long as there is wind enough to
give motion to the fan. It seems, however, rather complicated and
costly, and the remarks made on page loo upon Archimedean screw
cowls apply to this also. By making the motile fan much larger, and
self-regulating to secure a constant velocity, as is done in many of the
modern American windmills, this principle might be made useful in
some cases.
FlGlRE 20.
96
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
These double-tube ventilators are especially applicable to buildings
containing but one room, and where doors and windows are very rarely
opened, but they are useless in dwelling-houses. When a door or
window is opened in the room in which they are placed, their action
either ceases altogether or they become up-cast shafts — while, if there is
an open fire-place in the room, they become inlets.
To illustrate the use which may be made of these tube ventilators,
under exceptional circumstances, the reader may consult a paper by Dr.
J. N. Radcliffe, which will be found in full in the Sanitary Review for 1858,
vol. 4, p. 343. During the Crimean war Dr. Radcliffe had occasion to
take charge of a number of sick, placed in a small shed, lit by two small
windows, the sashes of which were fixed, the only opening for either
ingress or egress of air being the door. This shed contained thirteen
patients. It had a tiled and
sloping roof, and a ceiling at
a height of about ten feet.
The days and nights were
somewhat chilly, and any
attempt to introduce fresh
air from the door, windows
or walls was useless. Large
openings were made in the
ceiling and roof, and above
the opening in the roof a
shaft was erected, divided
by a partition and covered
by a roof, large enough to
prevent the intrusion of wind
or rain. The result was en-
tirely satisfactory, and there
was no discomfort. Dr,
Radcliffe thinks that much
of this satisfactory result
was due to the fact that the ventilating tubes did not communicate
directly with the room, but with the attic, which formed an air-chamber,
the ceiling acting as a diaphragm between this chamber and the
room.
The inlet and outlet are combined in connection with the heating
apparatus in what is known as Barker's patent. In this system the hot-
air and the foul-air registers are in one frame, the former being above
the latter. The lower part of the foul-air flue thus passes through the
upper or terminal portion of the fresh-air flue by which it is warmed.
Figure 21.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 97
The results obtained by this system in a ward of a hospital in Phila-
delphia, I have found to be not satisfactory. In cold weather a strong
current is developed in the outlet flue, but the distribution of air within
the room does not seem satisfactory ; while with the external temperature
at 50° F., the hot-air supply is in great part shut off to prevent overheating.
In the Journal of the Franklin Institute for 1877, p. 193, is a paper
describing certain modifications in ventilators proposed by Mr. William
Welsh.
One of these is a modification of the Emerson Ventilator, by the
insertion of four vertical radial wings or plates. This is not patented.
Another is a deflector to direct a current of heated air from the register
of entrance to the floor of the room, from which it will not rise until it has
traveled some distance or met with some obstruction.
This deflector has been patented, but any one can readily arrange
deflecting and baffling plates or screens which will serve the same pur-
pose, and it is well to bear in mind the good effect of doing this in all
cases where there is liability to annoyance from currents of hot air.
In arranging the ventilation for a large building of several stories, the
architect may choose between several different systems in planning his
foul-air or up-cast shafts. Suppose, for example, that the building in
question is a large school-house or a hotel, or a building containing a
large number of offices.
In the first place, he may give a separate foul-air shaft to every room,,
which shaft shall pass directly upward to the outer air above the roof.
The simplest way to do this is to give a fire-place and separate chimney
flue to each room. The objections to this are the increased cost, the-
difflculty of arranging so many flues and chimneys in the walls and on
the roof — increased danger from fire, and the risk that one flue will pull
against another.
In buildings of such size and importance that it is worth while to pro-
vide some form of centralized heating for them by means of steam or
hot water, the architect will usually prefer to gather the majority of the
foul-air flues into a few, and, if possible, one large up-cast shaft, in con-
nection with which he can provide means to secure a constant current,
and to regulate its velocity to suit the varying requirements of the
season or of the inmates of the building. This collection of the flues into
a central shaft may be effected in four different ways, which are well
discussed and illustrated by Planat.*
The first of these is what Planat calls aspiration from above, by which
he does not mean aspiration from the upper part of each room, but from
* P. Planat, Cours de Construction Civile, Premiere partie. Chauffage et Ventila-
tion des lieu.x habites. Paris, 18S0.
98 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
a point above all the rooms — usually in the attic — to which point all the
foul-air flues are made to converge and enter a single shaft, in connec-
tion with which is a furnace or coil of steam pipe to give additional
heat and ascensional force to the air.
The second method is to carry the foul-air flues of each story horizon-
tally to the central shaft which they enter at the level of the ceiling,
which may be termed aspiration on a level or horizontally. The third
method is to carry all the foul-air flues downward to the cellar, where
they are collected into a duct, or ducts, leading to the central up-cast
shaft. This is the aspiration from below of Planat. The fourth system
is a combination of the first and third, the rooms in the upper story
having their flues pass upward, while the remaining floors are venti-
lated by flues passing downvv'ard.
In selecting from the various methods the one to be used in a particular
building, the architect should be governed by the following considerations :
First. — It is desirable to reduce the number of main foul-air shafts or
ventilating stacks as much as possible. One is better than two, and
there are very few buildings in which more than two such shafts should
be used. With one large chimney the friction is reduced to a minimum,
the arrangements for control of the velocity can be simplified, and all
risk of one aspirating shaft pulling against another is avoided. The
question as to the employment of one or two shafts must be determined
by the plan of the building and the possibility of placing the shaft in a
nearly central position.
Second. — In the second, third and fourth systems above referred to,
the shaft will usually be built of brick, and be of nearly uniform diameter
from the bottom up. It will also in most cases be convenient to carry
the smokepipe from the heating apparatus upward within this shaft.
Such a shaft as this occupies more space than might at first be supposed.
It will be remembered that the velocity of the air in it should not exceed
six feet per second. If, then, it is to give passage to 216 cubic feet per
second — which implies a building of a size to accommodate between two
and three hundred persons — the chimney must have 36 square feet of
clear inside area. Such a shaft will probably reach 100 feet in height,
requiring thick walls at the bottom, and it will be found necessary to
provide nearly 100 square feet of area for it.
In the first system above referred to, it is not necessary to carry the
large central shaft up through every floor. The shaft begins in the
attic, and may be made of wood, if properly lined, or of galvanized or
boiler iron, according to its size.
Third. — In the first system the number of flues in the walls increases
with the height ; in the third system the reverse occurs. In other words,
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 99
in the third system the walls are weakest below, just where they have
the most weight to carry, and therefore should be thicker than when the
first system is used.
Fourth. — The application of heat to the central shafts can be arranged
more easily and to much better advantage in the third system than in
either of the others. During the winter the heat needed for this pur-
pose can be obtained in most cases from the smoke flue from the heating
apparatus, while in summer a small furnace can easily be connected v/ith
the side of the base of the shaft. As the aspirating power of the shaft
depends on the height of the heated column of air as well as on the
difference between the temperature in the shaft and that of the external
air, it is evident that the nearer the bottom of the shaft the extra heat is
applied, the greater will be its efficacy, bearing in mind that it must
be applied at a point above the entrance of all foul-air flues. In the
first plan it will usually be* found most convenient to apply the
accelerating heat by means of a coil of pipe lining the shaft and heated
by steam.
The difference in the cost of maintenance for systems one, two and
three, has been computed by Planat for a building four stories high,
having a ventilation of 39 cubic feet per second.
He finds that with system one it would be necessary to burn 7 pounds
of coal per hour to heat the shaft ; with system two, 5^ pounds, and
with system three, 4.1 pounds. The third system is therefore much the
least costly of the three as regards maintenance, and it also secures
greater uniformity of action and is more convenient to manage, for
which reasons it should in most cases be preferred. In an old building,
however, it is often much easier to apply the first system, and in some it
is the only one which can be used.
When system one is employed, all foul-air flues should run in or
against inside walls in order that they may lose as little heat as possible.
In system three this is a matter of less importance, although in this also
it is desirable to keep the foul-air flues warm. In system three it is
necessary that the central shaft be kept constantly heated, summer and
winter. If it be allowed to cool off in summer, there will probably be a
backward draught through the foul-air flues at certain times during the
day when it is cooler in the building than it is out of doors, and it will
then be found very difficult to start a fire to warm the shaft. If the
building is a high one and has a central hall reaching to the roof, it is
necessary to take special care to make the upper part of this hall as air-
tight as possible, for otherwise it may easily become a powerful venti-
lating shaft and antagonize the apparatus designed for ventilating
purposes, besides wasting a great deal of heat.
lOO VENTILATION AND ITEATING.
One of the many fallacies and errors which have from time to time
been urged by writers on ventilation, and with \/hich it is desirable that
the architect and sanitary engineer should be acquainted, since they
are constantly coming up afresh in the form of a patent or of a letter of
advice to the daily press, is that of the effect of syphons or syphon-like
arrangements as exit flues for foul air, and of the effect of Archimedean
screw ventilators.
A pamphlet has appeared entitled " Ventilation by Means of the
Patent Pneumatic or Air-Syphon with or without Artificial Heat,"
which begins as follows :
" The process does not require a fire, or any other artificial heat, or
moving power. It consists of the practical application of operations
constantly taking effect in the atmosphere, which cause a current to
take a place through an inverted syphon, having one of its branches
considerably longer than the other (whether it be in the open air or
with the shorter branch communicating with a room or other place),
into which the air enters at the orifice of the short branch, and is dis-
charged by that of the longer. This process is not prevented by mak-
ing the short branch hotter than the long. When it is proposed, in the
hereafter-described arrangements, to use the chimney as the long
branch, it is because of there being such a channel at hand, and because
it is capable of serving a double purpose when the season requires fire,
and is conveniently available for that single purpose (ventilation) when
fire is not required."
Upon this absurd claim it is only necessary to remark that if a syphon
could of itself either create or increase a current of air, the problem of
perpetual motion would be solved, and man would be able to create
force.
If there is a current of air in a syphon, it is because some force is
producing it, and in the great majority of cases this force is due to a
difference in temperature between the bodies of air at the extremities
of the tube.
With regard to the various forms of Archimedean screw ventilators,
as usually made they have no effect, unless driven by power independ-
ent of the wind. In calm weather, of course, all forms of cowls are
entirely inoperative, except as furnishing more or less obstruction to
the free egress of air ; and on a still, warm day, when the temperature
within a large building may be several degrees lower than that out of
doors, there will be a tendency to a reversal of the current and to down
draughts through any form of cowl that can be devised.
It often seems to be supposed by those advocating the use of this or
that particular cowl, that the cowl itself has some mysterious effect in
VENTILATION AND HEATING. lOI
producing currents of air within it independent of wind or of differ-
ences of temperature, and that, therefore, if enough cowls are provided
we can make sure of the effect desired under all circumstances. This
is, of course, not the case, nor does it by any means follow that the use
of two or more cowls on a building will produce more effect than one ;
in fact, the effect may be just the reverse. For example, I have seen
a large three-story building in which the foul-air flues from the several
floors terminated in the open space of the attic, and then half a dozen
patent cowl ventilators were placed in the roof to complete the arrange-
ment. The result was that the several cowls pulled against each other,
and as they were only nine inches in diameter, the result was sometimes
almost inappreciable. Had a single shaft, about three feet in diameter
and properly capped, been inserted, much better results would have
been obtained, although this plan of using the whole attic as a foul-air
reservoir is one that should be condemned under all circumstances.
With regard to inlets for fresh air, there are a number of patent con-
trivances designed for the purpose of preventing draughts and exclud-
ing dust, but very few of them are of any value in this country. They
cannot be used in rooms heated by indirect radiation, or warmed air,
as they would in most cases become outlets, and none of the patents
have any special value, since it is very easy to arrange deflecting plates
and filtering screens in any given case so as to produce the desired
effect. It is, however, sometimes convenient to purchase ready-made
valves, tubes, etc., and for this reason a few
words with regard to their selection may be
useful. The general principle of the major-
ity of these patent inlets is to give such a
direction to the entering current that it shall
become diffused and imperceptible by the
time it reaches the persons in the room, and
usually this is effected by giving the current Figure 22.
an upward direction. If the openings are to
be directly in the outer walls, and not connected with the windows, the
best form is the Sheringham valve, which is much used in English bar-
racks. In this the air enters through perforated bricks or an opening
covered with wire gauze or perforated zinc, and is then directed upward
by a valved opening, the deflecting plate of which is so arranged that
it can be set at any angle or made to close the opening entirely. (Fig-
ure 22.) The internal opening of these valves usually measures nine
by three inches.
Allusion has been made in previous chapters to the various methods of
securing inlets of fresh air at the windows by separating the sashes and
I02 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
by contrivances analagous to the Sheringham valve. In some other
cases the air may be brought in and distributed by perforated cornices,
with good effect. In all cases in which the air is introduced through
many small openings, it is well to have these openings trumpet-shaped,
to facilitate the rapid diffusion of the current. If wire gauze, or other
arrangements for filtering the air is used, it must be often cleansed or
renewed.
Another form of inlet consists in what are often spoken of as Tobin's
tubes. These tubes enter the room at or near the floor level, and then
ascend vertically from four to six feet ; the effect being to produce a
vertical current, like the jet of a fountain, to which the ceiling of a room
of ordinary height will act as a deflecting plate. The principle is not a
new one, and any architect or builder can use tubes of any shape or
size, passing in any direction and terminating in any part of a room,
for the purpose of either introducing or removing air ; and he can dia-
phragm or valve these tubes without hindrance from any patent.
Such tubes as those proposed by Mr. Tobin work very well when the
external air is above 45° F., if placed in a room having a sufficient sup-
ply of radiant heat, and an outlet-flue properly arranged.
Mr. Tobin, however, thought he had discovered that " the prevailing
notions about the necessity for carefully-planned outlets were fallacious,
and that if proper inlets are provided the outlets may generally be left
to take care of themselves. In order to test this, he fitted two vertical
tubes into a small room which had a fire-place and a three-light gas
pendant. He closed the opening of the fire-place, and every other
opening into the room except the tubes, hermetically, and, shutting
himself within, pasted slips of paper all around the door.
" He found that there was then no entrance current by the tubes.
The room had no outlet ; it was full of air, which his respiration had
not had time to consume in any appreciable quantity, and no more
could get in. He next lighted the three gas burners, and a steady
entrance current immediately set in through the tubes and continued as
long as the gas was burning. He waited nearly an hour without any
deterioration of the atmosphere becoming perceptible to his senses, and
with the currents steadily coming in and ascending in their customary-
manner. He then cut through the paper which secured the door, and
left the room, shutting the door behind him. Returning half an hour
later he found the atmosphere still fresh. He next extinguished the
gas and the currents gradually died away, the original state of equilib-
rium or fullness being restored." •
Upon this the Architect properly comments as follows : " The princi-
ples of ventilation are well known. It is the application of those
VENTILATION AND HEATING. I03
principles in special cases which causes the difficulty. The amount of
current of inflowing air into a room will depend upon the facilities or
arrangements for outflow, and vice versa. Therefore, for perfect venti-
lation, the proportions and position of both outlet and inlet must be con-
sidered ; neither can be neglected ; and, if in the room on which Mr.
Tobin experimented the air remained pure, it was because there was in
addition to the inflow some means for an outflow of a sufficient quan-
tity of air to remove the impurities given out from the lungs in breath-
ing, and from the gas in combustion."
Captain Galton says : " The main objection to these tubes is that they
form very convenient receptacles for dirt, insects, cobwebs and dust,
which after a time may injuriously affect the air passing through them.
Moreover, inlets of this shape do not readily lend themselves to act the
part of outlets when occasion requires, which is so convenient a feature
of the Sheringham ventilator."
CHAPTER VIII.
VENTILATION OF HALLS OF AUDIENCE FIFTH AVENUE PRESBYTERIAN
CHURCH THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT THE HALL OF
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
We come now to the subject of the heating and ventilation of large
assembly rooms, or halls of audience, including churches, theatres,
legislative assembly rooms, etc., etc., and to illustrate the methods which
have been actually employed in some rooms of this kind in which the
greatest success in obtaining fresh air appears to have been obtained.
The general principles which should govern the ventilating arrange-
ments for such rooms are comparatively simple, and do not differ from
those stated in preceding chapters. The basis of all plans and calcu-
lations is the amount of fresh air that is to be supplied. This has
been discussed to some extent in Chapter III., but it seems desirable to
refer to it again in this connection, in view of the fact that some of the
best of modern engineers appear to be slightly skeptical and cynical as
to the value of modern literature on ventilation, or as to the necessity for
such quantities of air as Dr. Parkes advises, and who think " that for
more than twenty years the practice of American contractors has been
such as will meet every requirement of supply of air in any quantity and
at any temperature desired." With regard to air supply an exponent of
these views says : "The whole matter, then, resolves itself into opin-
ions as to individual personal comfort, and to observations upon health-
fulness of some of the very few rooms and places where, for a period of
time more or less extended, a definite ventilation has been maintained."
He then goes on to say that 30 cubic feet of air per person per minute
is sufficient ; that " anything may be called tolerable that is tolerated ;
anything may be esteemed endurable that is endured. Churches,
halls, schools, theatres, state-houses, court-rooms, etc., are rendered tol-
erable when judicious care is taken in changing the air after a session,
and in having fresh air in the audience rooms at the commencement of
the same. They are endurable. Not only can little illness or actual
disease be traced to them as places of origin, but, on the whole, the
audiences accustomed or habituated to the closeness of the air which
accompanies any lengthened session, cease to notice what would be
excessively disagreeable to the newcomer entering the confined room.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. IO5
People do not willingly find fault when there is apparently no remedy.
Perhaps the most striking example of this salutary effect of occasional
change of air, as a substitute of ventilation by constant supply, is to be
found in our American railroad cars, where, in cold weather, wherein
the least of regular supply is furnished to the largest number of persons
temporarily crowded into the smallest space. To the outsider the heat
becomes intolerable ; to the insider it is more endurable than any
draught of fresh, cold air. The unhealthful condition of the car during
six months of the year cannot be questioned ; and yet no serious illness
that can be attributed to the want of ventilation is found among the
tens of thousands of passengers ; and it is well knowii that the con-
ductors, brakemen and others connected with the trains, who live in and
out of the cars from day to day, are healthy beyond the healthfulness
of most other men."
While there is a certain amount of truth in these statements, the
whole impression conveyed by them to the average reader is certainly
incorrect. I certainly do not believe that 30 cubic feet of air per min-
ute, in rooms continuously occupied, will secure good ventilation ; nor
do I think that an architect or engineer is justifiable in preparing plans
upon the basis of such an amount of supply.
Under such circumstances the air will become markedly foul, and
will exercise a very deleterious influence upon the health of the occu-
pants, who will be especially liable to consumption and allied diseases
if they continue to remain in it for a length of time, and who will suffer
from headache, loss of appetite, want of energy, etc., from even a com-
paratively short exposure to such a vitiated atmosphere as this will pro-
duce. One reason why this is not distinctly recognized is because, in
the computations as to the amount of air supply which is furnished to
rooms, the amount which enters through cracks and crevices and
through the walls and ceilings, is not taken into account, although were
it not for this supply many rooms would speedily become unendurable.*
* In this connection the following account of an experiment made by Mr. Putnam,
to test the amount of air which passes through the pores and accidental fissures of an
ordinary living-room, will be found of interest. The room was about five meters
square and 3.6 meters high, having five windows, two doors and a fire-place, with plas-
tered walls and ceiling and a soft pine floor.
"A flue ten meters long, from a basement furnace, famished the rooms with hot
air. The windows and doors were first made as tight as possible with rubber mold-
ings. The fire-place was then closed by drawing the damper and pasting paper over the
cracks. The brick back and jambs were oiled to render them impervious. All the
woodwork was thoroughly oiled and shellacked. A good fire was lighted in the fur-
nace, and the register opened into the room, all doors and windows being closed and
locked, and the keyholes stopped up. The hot air entered almost as rapidly with the
Io6 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
The only safe rule is that laid down by Drs. Parkes and De Chaumont,
namely : that when the air in a room has a perceptible musty, unpleas-
ant odor to a person entering it from the outside, that air is unfit for
respiration, and will probably, sooner or later, produce disease. I can-
not but deprecate strongly any attempts to lower this standard on the
plea of demanding scientific evidence as to the actual results which foul
air produces, and also on the plea that air foul to a certain extent does
not, in many instances, produce any perceptible results.
Precisely the same argument will apply to almost all measures which
are recommended by sanitarians. In how many houses, for example, is
gas from the sewers or from foul soil pipes escaping through pan
closets, etc., without producing observed ill effects ? And yet is that to
be taken as a sufficient reason for abandoning efforts to secure venti-
lated soil pipes and properly arranged traps ? The above argument is
one that will be eagerly seized upon by those who have paid no atten-
tion to provisions for heating and ventilation for halls of audience, as
an excuse for their ignorance, negligence, or parsimony, and will be
perverted to uses of which the author probably did not dream in writ-
ing it.
The conclusion " that, for audience halls occupied for sessions not
exceeding two or three hours' duration, Dr. Reid's value of lo cubic
feet of air per minute per person * * * jg ^i\ ^-j^^^ should be arranged
for when planning such halls ; all that can be judiciously urged in the
accomplishment of ventilation, in view of the cost of fuel and apparatus;
doors closed as when they stood open, and it continued to enter at the rate of 2.5 cubic
meters per minute without diminution as long as the experiment was continued. The
thermometer stood at 2° C. outside. The entering hot air ranged from 40° to 55° C.
The day was March 3, 1880. Other experiments gave the same results. The pressure
of the hot air from the register was sufficient only to raise a single piece of cardboard
from the register. A portion of the air must have passed through the pores of the
materials, and the rest through cracks and fissures which escaped detection. On the
5th of March a coat of oil paint was applied to the walls and ceilings. This diminished
the escape of air only about five per cent. On the 19th of March four coats of oil paint
had been put on the walls and ceilings, and three coats on the floor, to render them
absolutely impervious to air. The escape of air was diminished only about ten per
cent. On the 25th of March all the window sashes were carefully examined, and all
visible cracks at the joints, at the pulleys, cord fastenings, etc. , carefully calked and
puttied, and the entire room examined, and putty used freely wherever even a suspicion
of a crack could be found. The result of all this was a diminution at the utmost of but
twenty per cent, in the escape of the air, or, in other words, in the entrance of air
through the register. Each experiment was continued during more than an hour. The
air entered as freely at the end as at the beginning of the hour, when a volume of air
more than equal to the entire capacity of the room had entered it through the register,
with no visible outlet." J. Pickering Putnam. TAe Open Fire-Place in All Ages,
Boston, 1881, p. 137.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. IO7
quite sufficient to meet the physiological issue, and so large that it
ought to be accepted from the medical point of view," is one that I must
most positively deny. The amount of supply for such halls should in
no case be less than 30 cubic feet of air per minute through the regular
flues of supply, and in legislative buildings the apparatus should be
such that at least 45 cubic feet of air per person per minute can be fur-
nished, with a possibility of increasing it to 60 feet per minute when
desired. In dealing with such matters as air and water supply, engineers
should endeavor to secure maximum and not minimum quantities.
I am quite sure that no architect or engineer would advise making
plans to correspond with the requirement of 10 cubic feet per minute
per person, if the question of expense of construction and maintenance
did not come in ; and the difference between the opposing views is in
the main that one considers the question of cost as more important than
others are disposed to do. So far as construction is concerned, the dif-
ference in cost between providing for an air supply of ten and one of
sixty cubic feet per minute will not often be so great as to be a serious
ohiQCtxon, provided the plans be made before the construction of the building
is commenced.
It is when we have to provide heating and ventilating arrangements
for existing buildings which have been planned in utter ignorance of
the requirements of heating and ventilation — and this is the case with
at least one-half of the largest and most costly buildings in New York —
that we 'lave to diminish the supply of fresh air to the smallest permis-
sible amount in order to be allowed to introduce any at all. The venti-
lation of such buildings cannot be made satisfactory ; it is only " en-
durable," and a ventilation which is only just "endurable " is discredit-
able to the architect of the building in which it occurs, provided that
his advice has been followed on this point.
Halls of audience or assembly may be roughly divided into three
classes. The first are those which are to be occupied not more than
three hours continuously, and which do not have clear stories below
them devoted to other purposes. This includes the great majority of
churches and theatres. The second class include those which may be
occupied for many hours continuously, such as legislative assembly
halls. In these, expense, whether for construction or maintenance, is
usually a very secondary matter, and the blame for insufficient ventila-
tion rightly falls on the architect. The third class includes lecture-
rooms, etc., which are placed in the second or third stories, the rooms
below being occupied, and not available for ventilating purposes.
A good illustration of a building of the first class is the Fifth Avenue
Presbyterian Church of New York City, commonly known as Dr. Hall's
Io8 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
Church. I select this because it has been specially commended for its
ventilation by competent judges, and, among others, by Captain Galton,
who speaks of it as the best ventilated church he has seen.
I am indebted to the architect, Mr. Carl Pfeiffer, of New York, for
the data and drawings used in the following description :
This church covers an area of loo by 200 feet, and the auditorium is
100 feet deep on the main floor, 136 feet deep on the gallery, 85 feet
wide, with a ceiling 60 feet high, and is intended to furnish comfortable
seats for 2,000 persons. At the northwest corner of the building is a
tower 100 feet high and 16 feet square, which serves as a fresh-air shaft,
down which the air is drawn by a fan at the base of the tower. The
entire basement of the church is a fresh-air chamber, on the ceiling of
which is a network of steam-heating pipes, two inches in diameter,
amounting altogether to 9,000 feet in length. There is also an auxiliary
coil in the air chamber adjoining the fan, containing 4,410 feet of i-inch
pipe, which is divided into four separate steam coils, each of which can
be used independently. This auxiliary coil is in itself nearly, or quite,
sufficient to furnish all the heat required under ordinary circumstances.
But the pipes beneath the floor have been found very useful in warming
the floor of the pews. The basement extends under the entire building,
and is about nine feet in height. It is not ceiled or plastered. The
warm air forced by the fan into this basement air chamber, passes into
the body of the church through openings in the risers of the stationary
foot-benches of every pew, these openings being controlled by slats, or
registers, in such a way that the occupant of each pew can regulate the
inflow of air at his pleasure. The air also escapes into the aisles through
openings in the ends of the pews.
Steam is usually turned into the pipes underneath the floor about
twenty-four hours before the service in winter, and is turned off when
the audience begins to enter, when the fan is put in motion. The
forcing in of fresh air by the fan is continued between the interval of the
morning and afternoon services, thus thoroughly flushing out the church.
In warm weather the air is cooled by the spray of water from a perfor-
ated pipe at the bottom of the fresh-air shaft, and by the use of ice the
temperature of the incoming air has been lowered as much as six degrees.
The fan is similar to that used in the Capitol at Washington, is 7
feet in diameter of disk, 8.5 inches wide at the tips of the blades, 5 feet
in diameter at the mouth, 15 inches width of blades at the mouth,
having ^ of an inch clearance between the edges of the blades and the
wall or fan side, with an area of 19 square feet at the mouth and 15
square feet at the periphery. The area of the duct or passage leading
from the chamber is 20^ square feet.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
109
Figure 23.— PLAN OF BASEMENT OF FIFTH AVENUE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,
NEW YORK CITY.— Carl Pfeiffer, Architect.
A. — Fresh-air supply shaft from tower.
Entrance for air 75 feet above ground.
^.— Fan.
C. — Air chamber.
£>. — Heating coil. 4,410 feet of i-in. pipe.
£.— Belt.
/^. — Engine.
G. — Air duct.
L. — Air chamber for auditorium.
.)/.— CoaL
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
The results of some experiments made upon the operation of this fan
by Messrs. Skeel and Nason will be found in the Jourtial of the
Franklin Institute for August, 1876, page 97. With a velocity of 66
revolutions of the fan per minute, the velocity of air in the delivery
VENTILATION AND HEATING. Ill
duct was found to be 484 feet per minute, amounting to 9,900 cubic feet
per minute. With the fan running at no revolutions per minute, the
number of cubic feet delivered was 15,370. The authors make the fol-
lowing comment. Referring to experiment No. i, when 9,900 cubic feet
of air was supplied, they state that " at the end of the service of one
and a half hours, with 1,400 people in the church, the proportion of
carbonic acid in the air was found to be 12^ to 10,000."
An experiment made on the 4th of June, 1876, with the external tem-
perature at 84°, showed that with the delivery of 631,000 cubic feet of
air, being 465 cubic feet of air per man per hour, the speed of the air
through the registers was, near the centre of the church, from 80 to 135
feet per minute. The temperature of the air in the air shaft was 77.
When the water spray was turned on the temperature of the air entering
the church was 73, the temperature of the water itself being 69.
Complaints have been made at times by some of the audience of
unpleasant draughts, and to prevent these there is a tendency to
close the registers in the pews. When this is done in a part of the
pews, the effect is to increase the velocity of the current through the
remaining openings, and thus to induce the closure of these by those
exposed to such currents. It is therefore impossible, when the church
is full, to supply the amount of fresh air requisite to keep the propor-
tion of carbonic acid down to 8 parts in 10,000, which is, I think, a fair
standard for a building of this kind. To effect this, it would be requi-
site to increase the area of fresh-air openings in the floor, and probably
a good way of doing this, without producing unpleasant draughts about
the feet and ankles of the occupants, would be to have the partitions
between the pews made hollow and used as air ducts, delivering the
fresh air directly upward. This would increase the amount of air
supply, and at the same time diminish the velocity of the currents
through the lower openings to such an extent as to remove the desire
to close them on the part of the pew-holders.
As it is, however, this church is a vast improvement on the great
majority of such structures, in which, as a rule, there are no special
arrangements for the distribution of fresh air through the audience, and
the effects of the steady increase of impurity in the air are usually dis-
tinctly perceptible in the audience during the last half hour of the
service.
Probably no legislative hall of assembly has been the subject of more
complaints, or of more experimental changes, than those of the Houses
of Parliament in London, and I therefore give, nearly in full, a careful
description of the outcome of all these experiments, which description
was prepared in 1876, under the direction of Dr. John Percy, F. R. S.,
112 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
by J. H. E. Walters, E. M., for the information of a commission en-
gaged in investigating the ventilation of the House of Representatives
in Washington, to which reference is made hereafter.
The present system of ventilation in the Houses of Parliament is a
modification by Dr. Reid, Sir G. Gurney, and Dr. Percy, of the
system adopted by the committee of 1840, appointed to inquire into
the causes of the frequent complaints from members of bad ventilation
and defective communication of sound. To carry out the purpose the
whole of the spaces beneath the floors of both houses (Lords and Com-
mons), and above the ceilings, were planned and prepared by the archi-
tect, Sir C. Barry.
The problem was the adequate renewal of the air in such a manner as
not to prove disagreeable or injurious to the assembled members. It
was, however, some years before a satisfactory arrangement of the system
was arrived at, and even now complaints are occasionally heard which,
though in rare cases they may be well founded, result, it is certain, more
generally from special constitutional conditions of individuals.
The difficulty of affording general satisfaction is increased by the
fact that the same external temperature does not equally affect the same
individuals at all times, without considering the great diversity of tem-
perament that must necessarily exist in a large assembly.
An estimation of the supply of fresh air needed, in order to prevent
the amount of carbonic acid present from exceeding its usual limit
(= .0008-0005 by volume), is easily made, but this proves nothing with
regard to the volume of air required to remove the organic matter and
watery vapor given off from the surface of the body. It is upon the
assumption by some people that this matter is heavier than air that
systems of " downward " ventilation have been held preferable, but this
has not been confirmed by the results obtained. There is one fact which
admits of no doubt, viz.: that, provided the temperature and moisture
be suitable, the amount of air admitted (without draughts) cannot be
too great. Dr. Parkes, in his work on Practical Hygiene, observes :
"Wherever practical, we should be content with nothing short of an
unlimited supply."
The velocity desirable in the air-current varies with the temperature.
In hot weather, air, even at 75°, may be made pleasant to the feelings
by increasing the velocity. The exact ratio, however, between velocity
and temperature is difficult to determine.
Experience has shown that, in warming a large chamber, the chief
point is that the whole of the air supply shall be admitted at the temperature
required, and not (as is usually done) by tvarming the larger volume of
cold by admitting to it a smaller quantity of hotter air.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. II3
In proportion to the number of openings by which a given amount
of air is supplied to a chamber, can the velocity be increased without
draughts.
The amount of moisture present is a point of very great importance.
In hot weather, if the air be heavily charged with moisture, a sensation
of languor and lassitude is induced ; on the other hand, when an insuf-
ficient quantity of water is present, a sensation of dryness in the throat
and bronchial irritation is experienced, as during the prevalence of
the dry east winds of this country.
The commission appointed by the House of Commons in 1856 stated
that it was absolutely necessary that water be present in the air to the
amount of a little less than three grains per cubic foot with a tempera-
ture of 50° ; nearly four grains per cubic foot with a temperature of 60° ;
and to more than five grains per cubic foot with a temperature of 70°.
An excess of this amount has the important effect stated above.
Much controversy has taken place on the merits and demerits of ven-
tilation by mechanical propulsion of the air and by exhaustion by heat.
The latter is now generally considered to be the better plan, wherever
practicable, and it has been adopted in the Houses of Parliament exclu-
sively (except during the hottest weather, when efficient ventilation by
the furnaces is difficult).
The principle is identical with that employed so largely in collieries^
viz.: the heating of the column of air in a shaft placed in communica-
tion with the exhaust-air channels and flues.
The advantages of the system are, absence of machinery and mechan-
ical appliances, so that no skilled labor is required, and, if judiciously
and well arranged, it is not affected by external gusts and currents of
air, and also that by availing ourselves of natural forces at our com-
mand, expenditure is proportionately lessened.
A noticeable and important defect in most systems of mechanical
ventilation is the pulsatory movement induced in the air current, and
the noise consequent on the least neglect on the part of the machine
attendant.
In the case ot a large assembly, as in the Houses of Parliament, what-
ever system of ventilation be employed, it is only by constant supervis-
ion on the part of the attendants of atmospheric changes and the varying
number of members present that an equable temperature, with good
ventilation, can be maintained, and the demands of the assembly
satisfied.
The improvements adopted consisted in the addition of chambers
immediately below the floors of the houses and above those in which
the heating apparatus are placed, with the view of preventing local
114 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
currents and eddies, and the possibility of z. perceptible movement in the
air in any one part. General diffusion of the fresh air being the desid-
eratum, the floors of the houses are formed of cast-iron gratings, which
are overlaid (in the House of Lords) with hair carpet and with coarse
hemp netting (in the House of Commons). These gratings, forming the
ceilings of the equalizing chambers, allow of the free admission of a large
quantity of air with a perfect absence of draught.
Below the equalizing chambers, and communicating with them by
grated openings, is another chamber, containing the heating arrange-
ment or other apparatus for such treatment of the air as the state of the
atmosphere may necessitate. The whole of the space occupied by the
heaters is surrounded by a gauze screen, which acts as a filter to arrest
any coarse particles of dust, etc., that would otherwise pass into the
house. In summer the air is more or less freed from dust, by passing
through fine water spray.
The velocity (i. e., the quantity) of the air passing is regulated by a
sliding door or valve, placed in the foul-air exit, above the ceiling of the
house. This is actuated by hydraulic arrangement, and is under the
control of the attendant stationed in the air chamber under the house.
The panels of the ceilings are raised, leaving spaces around their
edges, through which the foul air from the houses is drawn off up to
the up-cast shafts.
In the Commons each set of gas-burners is connected by a vertical
tube with a main flue (running the length of the ceiling), in connection
with the up-cast shaft, into which the products of combustion pass.
The position of the air-supply channels is a point for careful con-
sideration. It was formerly considered that by drawing the air from
the top of one of the towers a purer supply would be obtained than if
taken from the ground level. This has (in London), however, proved
to be a fallacy ; the air thus obtained was the most contaminated with
smoke and other impurities.
In the House of Commons the air-inlets are placed in the " star " and
" commons " courts, and are of limited area as compared with those of
the House of Lords, thus making it more difficult to insure uniformity
of the air-current in its passage upward. Special attention is given to
the cleanliness of these courts, especially during hot weather. The
surface is laid in asphalt and is sluiced with water several times daily,
and any horse manure, etc., immediately removed. During the hottest
weather the air has been cooled by passing it over blocks of ice placed
on wooden racks in the air-ways.
The surface of the ice exposed, however, being small in proportion to
the volume of air passing, the temperature was but slightly reduced,
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
115
usually not more than one degree (1°), yet the air thus treated, it was
thought, produced a sensation of freshness, which possibly might be
due to the condensation by the ice of the excess of moisture present.
This was particularly noticed on one occasion, when the temperature of
the air was nearly the same before and after passing the ice.
The accompanying table of extracts from the official journal of 1875
shows the equable temperature maintained in both houses through a
considerable range externally :
TABLE OF TEMPERATURES IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.
Date.
February 9, 1875. . .
February 12, 1875. .
March 2, 1875
April 5, 1875
May 3, 1875
June I, 1875
July 6, 1875.
August 14, 1876. . .
ff
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V
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X3
•3
0
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be
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0
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0
0
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be
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6
a
0
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10.00 a.m.
61
61
60
61
57
57
33
5.00 p.m.
61
61
61
65
63-64
59
35
10.00 p.m.
64
66
64
68
65-66
62
36
10.00 a.m.
62
62
62
62
58
58
44
5.00 p.m.
62
63
62
63
62
63
45
7.00 p.m.
64
65
64
63
65
64
46
10.00 a.m.
59
58
.■58
54
54
54
33
5.00 p.m.
61
60
62
61
60
61
36
11.50 p.m.
65
64
65
61
63
65
36
10.00 a.m.
58
58
58
56
56
56
50
5.00 p.m.
61
62
62
63
59-61
58
53
11.00 p.m.
63
65
63
63
62-63
61
46
10.00 a.m.
61
61
61
62
59
62
62
5.00 p.m.
62
63
62
62
62-63
63
63
11.50 p.m.
62
66
64
65
63-64
64
57
10.00 a.m.
63
64
63
65
65
63
64
5.00 p.m.
66
66
66
66
64-66
66
68
11.50 p.m.
64
67
65
68
64-66
65
58
10.00 a.m.
66
66
66
66
66
66
65
5.00 p.m.
68
69
68
70
68
67
72
10.00 p.m.
68
70
69
70
68
68
66
10.00 a.m.
71
72
71
74
71
74
76
5.00 p.m.
73
74
74
76
73
75
81
61-53
60-52
61-53
61-52
61-53
62-53
63-58
65-59
65-52
70-65
ii6
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
TABLE OF TEMPERATURES IN THE HOUSE OF LORDS.
^
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u
0
•a
u
0
XI
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Date.
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0
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0
0
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February 9, 1875
10.00 a.m.
sR
60
60
60
S8
S6
55
52
33
2.00 p.m.
60
63
63
61
60
56
54
33
6.00 p.m.
61
64
62
64
64
64
58
57
February 12, 1875
10.00 a.m.
60
62
62
62
60
61
58
56
44
2.00 p.m.
60
63
63
63
63
60
58
7.00 p.m.
62
64
64
65
65
63
62
61
March 2 1875
10.00 a.m.
2.00 p.m.
5«
60
60
61
60
60
62
57
62
58
60
56
58
54
56
33
6.00 p.m.
61
63
64
6.';
63
60
58
May '?, iSt^
10.00 a.m.
2.00 p.m.
60
61
62
64
62
62
63
62
63
62
62
60
61
60
62
62
6.00 p.m.
62
64
64
63
62
62
62
62
Tune I 1875. . - . .
10.00 a.m.
2.00 p.m.
60
61
62
64
62
62
63
61
63
63
62
60
62
59
60
64
6.30 p.m.
62
6-^
65
62
62
62
61
Tulv 6, 187=;.
10.00 a.m.
2.00 p.m.
64
6s
65
67
65
65
67
65
66
65
65
64
64
63
64
65
7.30 p.m.
66
68
67
67
66
66
65
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
117
The fresh air is admitted by the louvre openings, A A (from the
court-yards on both sides of the house), to the warming chamber, on
the floor of which the heating batteries, B B, are arranged in four
equidistant and parallel rows. These are surrounded by a gauze filter-
ing screen, as indicated by the dotted line. The spray jets used in
Figure 25.-
-SECTIONAL ELEVATION OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS, SHOWING WARM-
ING AND VENTILATING ARRANGEMENTS.
summer for cooling and purifying the air are placed in the arcades out-
side immediately in front of each set of louvres. The heated (or cooled)
air ascends through gratings, C C, in the openings to the equalizing
chamber, Z>, from whence it is distributed to the house (through the
grated floor) and to the galleries (by the openings and flues, £ E).
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
The vitiated air is drawn off through the openwork in the ceiling to
the foul-air space, in communication with the up-cast shafts, and also
FiGUTJE 26.— HORIZONTAL SECTION THROUGH EQUALIZING CHAMBER OF HOUSE
OF LORDS.
through openings behind the bar, F, to the Victoria tower by the down-
pull, H^ as clearly shown on the drawing.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
119
Figure 26 shows a horizontal section through the equalizing chamber
of the House of Lords. The lettering is the same as on Figure 25.
Figure 27.-HORIZONTAL SECTION THROUGH HOUSE OF COMMONS.
The batteries, A', are for heating that part of the house immediately
beneath the throne ; M are steam pipes for heating the air supply to
the division lobbies. The " steam cockles," N, formerly constituted the
chief means of heating the air supply to the House of Lords, but they
are now rarely used, and are, moreover, difficult to clean and keep in
repair.
I20 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
In the House of Commons, during the hottest weather, a difficulty-
was experienced in passing a sufficient quantity of air by means of the
furnaces (or only by keeping up inordinately large fires therein). This
is in part due, doubtless, to the limited number and area of the air
inlets, and the extent of the channels the air is required to pass before
and after supplying the house.
To remedy this defect, an air machine was placed in the lower cham-
ber to act instead of, or to assist, the furnaces.
The machine is double-acting. The blowing chambers are rectangu-
lar in section (8'x 6'6") and are placed side by side, the two occupying
the width of the vault in which they are placed. The pistons are sup-
ported on double piston rods running through stuffing boxes at both ends.
The machine is driven by noiseless friction gearing from a small verti-
cal engine of four horse power, and is capable, at sixteen strokes per
minute, of renewing the air in the house in nine minutes ; or, in round
numbers, six times every hour. The valves are of simple construction,
of thin sheet India rubber, bending on wire seatings.
The boilers are of the type known as " Lancashire," 25 feet long and
7 feet diameter, double flues, 2 feet 9 inches throughout.
In winter, three of these are kept going to supply the heating and
other apparatus throughout the building.
The next illustration of methods of heating and ventilating large leg-
islative assembly halls to which I wish to call attention, is to be found in
the arrangements for the hall of the House of Representatives of the
Capitol at Washington. It is well known to all who have given attention
to the matter that these arrangements have been the subject of many
complaints and of several investigations, almost as many, in fact, as the
more famous ventilation of the Houses of Parliament in London. The
first of the Congressional documents relating to this subject, which has
now any interest or value, is what is commonly called the Wetherell
Report, being Executive Document 100 of the House of Representa-
tives of the first session of the 39th Congress, dated May, 1866.
This document contains brief reports by Mr. Walter, the architect,
and by Professor Joseph Henry, of the Smithsonian Institution, transmit-
ting a long report by Dr. Charles Wetherell, giving the results of exper-
iments and tests made by him to determine the proportions of carbonic
acid present in the hall under various circumstances.
These results showed that the amount of carbonic acid present was
relatively very small, and that the gas was very uniformly diffused
throughout the hall.
The report gives an extensive and valuable series of tables comparing
these results with those obtained by other investigators in lecture-rooms
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 121
and theatres in Europe. The paragraph, " on the direction the products
of respiration take after leaving the body," is worth reproducing, and is
as follows :
" Mr. Goldsworth Gurney, in his testimony before a committee of the
House of Commons, asserts that the breath is forced downward through
the nostrils to the ground, which is the natural provision against breath-
ing the same air over again. He proves the fact by tracing the down-
ward course of the current by the condensation of the breath of the
nostrils on a frosty day. This opinion is quoted by those authors who
approve of the downward system of ventilation and it is given also in
an admirable treatise upon the elements of ventilation, contained in a
report by Messrs. Shedd and Edson to a committee of the Massachusetts
Legislature.
" The conditions are different for a person in the external air and
when in a room raised to a comfortable temperature. In the former
case the breath, nearly saturated with moisture from the temperature of
the body, parts with a large portion of its water by the action of the
hygrometric condition of the cold external air. These particles of water
thus produced are specifically heavier than air, and their tendency to
fall is assisted by the downward impulse from the nostrils. The exper-
iment, to be fair, should be performed in the room, and at the tempera-
ture concerning which the practical conclusions are drawn. On March
27, 1865, at 1.30 p. M., in the laboratory of the Smithsonian Institution,
the temperature of which was 69.26° F., a delicate thermometer, held in
the hand for several minutes, indicated 95.36° F. Held in the mouth,
and observing the degree by the aid of a mirror, it indicated the same
temperature. Upon smoking a pipe with a stem of wood six inches
long, slowly, with the thermometer also in the mouth, the temperature
did not sensibly rise. Having thus obviated a source of error from any
supposed heat in the tobacco smoke, I experimented upon the air cur-
rents of the breath, both while sitting and standing, following them
readily by aid of the smoke.
" Before expulsion the smoke was held in the mouth for a short time
to insure its temperature to be the same as that of the breath, and the
hot pipe was held or placed aside. When the smoke is expelled gently
from the nostrils, as in the act of breathing, it proceeds downward for a
foot or less, and then rises rapidly. It rises more rapidly when in the
sitting posture, by reason of the current of warm air ascending from the
legs.
" When the smoke is blown with great force through a glass tube, it
can be made to reach the ground, but the tendency after it loses its
momentum is still upward. Blown horizontally, it rises as soon as the
122 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
horizontal force is exhausted, which depends upon the force of the blast.
The smoke blown upward through the glass tube rises very rapidly, as
may be seen also by the rings of smoke which some persons delight to
produce." (Pp. 69-70.)
Dr. Wetherell concluded that " the principal defect of the air," and
the cause of complaint, is in the hydration, and in this opinion Professor
Henry concurred.
Very little was done after the presentation of this report, and it was not
until 1876 that the matter was taken up in earnest. A board was then
organized, consisting of Professor Henry, of the Smithsonian Institution ;
Col. Carey, of the U. S. Engineers ; Mr. Clark, the architect in charge ;
Mr. Schumann, C. E., and Dr. Billings, U. S. Army, whose report was pre-
sented in January, 1878, and forms Report No. 119 of the Documents of
the House of Representatives of the second session of the 45th Congress.
As this document is not readily accessible to the majority of readers,
and as it treats of some of the difficulties in arranging the ventilation of
assembly halls of this kind, the following extracts are given :
" The standard of purity of air in an audience hall, which is recommended by the
board, is that fixed by the late Dr. Parkes, viz., that the ratio of carbonic acid (which is
selected simply because it can be conveniently measured) shall not exceed 6 parts in
10,000, and to secure this it has been shown that about 50 cubic feet of fresh air per
man per minute must be introduced and thoroughly distributed.
" The problem of ventilation of the Hall might therefore be stated as follows:
How to introduce and distribute from 30,000 to 60,000 cubic feet of fresh air per
minute — corresponding to from 600 to 1,200 occupants — and to do this in such a way
that the occupants shall not be annoyed by heat, cold, or currents of air.
" Even were this done, perfect ventilation would not be obtained, for this would
only provide for dilution of the impure air, while in perfect ventilation the impurities
are not so diluted, but completely removed as fast as formed, so that no man can inspire
any air which has shortly before been in his own lungs or in those of his neighbor.
"To secure such ventilation as this, horizontal currents must be avoided, and all
the air in the room should be made to move directly upward or directly downward. It
is utterly impossible to thoroughly ventilate such a hall as that of the House, if fully
occupied, by any so-called natural ventilation by means of doors and windows.
" The majority of such halls now in existence are heated and ventilated by currents
of air passing from below upward ; but the Chamber of Deputies at Versailles is
arranged for downward ventilation, and, to judge from the documents laid before the
board, this method would seem to be preferred by many theorists on the subject. * * *
" The relative merits of the upward versus the downward systems of ventilation in
large halls in which the centre of the room is occupied by a number of people, may be
estimated from the following considerations :
"First. — The direction of the currents of air from the human body is, under ordinary
circumstances, upward, owing to the heat of the body. The velocity of these currents
is small, but it may be estimated as being certainly not less than one inch per second.
This current is an assistance to upward and an obstacle to downward ventilation.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. I23
" Second. — The heat from all gas flames used for lighting tends to assist upward
ventilation, but elaborate arrangements must be made to prevent contamination of the
air by the lights, if the downward method be adopted.
" Third. — In large rooms an enormous quantity of air must be introduced in the
downward method, if the occupants are to breathe pure and fresh air. The whole body
of air in the room must be made to move uniformly downward ; for if at any point this
be not the case, the products of respiration will rise at those points, and, diffusing,
contaminate the air which is coming down to be breathed. The uniform rate of descent
should certainly be not less than three inches per second, in order to overcome the
ascensional tendency of the currents from respiration, the heat of the body, etc., which
implies that, for every 100 square feet of floor area, at least goo cubic feet of fresh air
are to brought in per minute. As the floor of the Hall and galleries of the House con-
tain 12,927 square feet, it follows that the amount of fresh air required would be
193,500 cubic feet per minute, or about three times the amount which is found to give
satisfactory results with the upward method.
" Fourth. — In halls arranged with galleries the difficulty of so arranging downward
currents that on the one hand the air rendered impure in the galleries shall not con-
taminate that which is descending to supply the main floor below, and, on the other
hand, the supply for the floor shall not be drawn aside to the galleries, is so great that
it is almost an impossibility to effect it.
" For these and other reasons, the board are of the opinion that the upward method
should be preferred. In the upward method there are two special difficulties to be met
in halls of this kind. The first is dust, derived mainly from the shoes of the occu-
pants. This, becoming dry, is ground into fine powder, some of which is kept floating
in the air by the upward currents. By careful supervision, and by the use of carpets
which can be easily detached and frequently shaken, as is done in the English House
of Parliament, this evil can be so much mitigated as not to be noticed.
' ' The second difficulty is due to the discomfort produced by perceptible currents of
air. The cause of this is insufficient area and improper position of the openings for
the admission of fresh air. If the area of openings be too small, the air must pass
through them with too great velocity in order to obtain the required quantity. In a
hall liable to be so fully occupied as this, there are few points at which fresh-air open-
ings can be placed the current from which will not impinge on some part of the body
of some occupant, and if it does so impinge the velocity should not exceed two feet per
second, in order to avoid sensations of draught. The supply of air for the House
should be, as we have seen, from 600 to 1,200 cubic feet per second, whence it follows
that the total area of openings should be nearly 500 square feet. It is desirable to
diminish the effect of these openings as much as possibl-e by placing at least a part of
them at points where the currents will not reach a person for several feet, or until they
have become somewhat difl'used. In attempting to effect this it is very important to
remember the law of the adhesion of gases to surfaces, and it is from omission to do
this that a large part of the discomfort of members of the House has arisen. It should
be distinctly understood that the board states these general principles only as applicable
to large assembly halls where a number of people are gathered in the centre of the
room, for under other circumstances some of them do not hold good."
The small fan, E, shown in Fig. 28, was originally connected with the
space immediately over the hall, it being supposed that at times the wind
was deflected from the central dome in such a way as to blow down
124
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
through the louvred openings into this attic, which openings were the
only means provided for the escape of foul air. The result of the use
of this aspirating fan, in addition to the rarefaction of the air produced
in the Hall by the force of the aspirating shaft or chimney, was such
that there was a constant tendency for air to flow into the Hall from the
surrounding corridors, and whenever a door was opened the direction of
Figure 28.— PLAN SHOWING AIR DUCTS, ETC., IN CONNECTION WITH HEATING
APPARATUS, SOUTH WING, U. S. CAPITOL.
A . — Main Fan for Hall. I G. — Evaporator and Mixing Chamber.
B. — Small Fan for Committee Rooms. ' H. — Heating Coils.
the current through it was always inward. These currents had such
strength that it was found necessary to place screens opposite the doors
to break their force. The air in the corridors was more or less impure
and offensive, as it communicated freely by large stairways with the
basement and cellar, in which were water closets, bath rooms, a large
restaurant with its kitchen, and the engine rooms. The large sewer,
which came beneath the building, was unventilated and untrapped.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
125
The result of all this was that various unpleasant odors were at times
perceptible in the Hall, and were attributed to almost every cause but
the right one. This aspirating fan is now connected with the corridors,
as shown in the figure, and the result has been very satisfactory.
The total area of clear opening for the admission of fresh air on the
floor of the Hall is about 300 square feet, and in the galleries about 125
square feet. The total area of openings in the ceiling for the discharge
of foul air is about 670 square feet, being three times as much as is
necessary. This is, however, a matter of minor importance, since the
amount of flow is practically controlled by the louvres.
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Figure 29.— TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH SOUTH WING, U. S. CAPITOL.
yi.— Main Hall. I C— Main Fresh-Air Duct.
B. — Space over Hall. I D. — Fresh-Air Supply to Galleries.
£, — E.xhaust Fan.
Through the courtesy of Mr. Lannan, the Engineer of the House, I
am able to present a table of data (see page 128), showing the working
of the apparatus during the month of Februarv^, 1881. It will be found
interesting to compare this table with the table following, which shows
the condition of the working of the apparatus under the old system of
exhaust fans in November and December, 1877, after some of the recom-
mendations of the board had been carried out and a considerable
improvement effected.
The results obtained are still better demonstrated by the results of
some air analyses, made at the request of the writer, in January, 1S80,
by Dr. Charles Smart, U. S. A. After the House had been in session
126
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
^VV.V\VVvV'.\\\\\V<^S'
Figure 30.— SECTION THROUGH AIR DUCTS AND HEATING APPARATUS OF
SOUTH WING, U. S. CAPITOL.
yl .—Cold-Air Duct.
B. — Heating Coil.
C. — Mixing Chamber.
Z>.— Fresh-Air Shaft.
E. — Evaporator.
/■.—Fresh-Air Shaft.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. I27
3^ hours, with 250 persons present on the floor and 300 in the gallery,
the proportion of carbonic acid present in the air at the level of the
desks was found to be 7.67 parts per 10,000.
As a portion of this carbonic acid was derived from the underground
duct, the amount of carbonic impurity is really not excessive. It shows,
however, that the distribution of the fresh air in the Hall is not as
prompt and uniform as it should be, since with the amount of air pass-
ing into and out of the Hall, and the number of persons present, the
amount of carbonic impurity present should not have exceeded 6.;^
parts per 10,000.
The Hall of the House of Representatives is a room 139 by 93 feet,
and ^6 feet high, with galleries and retiring rooms beneath them, which
reduce the area of the floor to 113 by 67 feet. This room is surrounded
by corridors and committee-rooms, so that all its walls are internal
walls, and it is lighted entirely from above by a skylight which extends
over the greater part of the Hall. Beneath it is a basement story, 20
feet high, and beneath this again is the cellar or crypt, in which the
ventilating apparatus is placed. The plan of this cellar floor is given
in Fig. 28, for which, as well as for the other illustrations of the Hall, I
am indebted to the courtesy of Mr. Edward Clarke, the architect of
the Capitol. The fresh-air supply is taken from a point on the lower
terrace about 200 feet from the building, by means of a low tower open
at the top and a tunnel, to the large fan. This tunnel has only been in
use two years ; prior to that the air was taken directly through an area
and window in the re-entering angle of the building next the fan. It
has been found by Dr. Smart as the result of careful chemical analysis,
that the air in its passage through this tunnel has its proportion of car-
bonic acid increased about one-half of one part in ten thousand.
The fan is 16 feet in diameter and was intended to supply at 60 revolu-
tions per minute 50,000 cubic feet of air against a resistance of about
half an inch of water column, and when running at from 100 to 120
revolutions to give 100,000 cubic feet of air, which was supposed to be
the maximum amount required.
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VENTILATION AND HEATING.
129
TABLE OF OBSERVATIONS ON TEMPERATURE AND MOVEMENTS OF AIR IN
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MADE BY WILLIAM LANNAN,
CHIEF ENGINEER, IN 1S77.
Date.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Jan.
17. I
17, I o
19, II o
20, II o
20, I o
21, II O
21, 2 O
22,
II
0
22,
2
0
2^,
II
0
2^,
2
0
27.
II
0
30.
II
0
I,
II
0
I,
0
3i
II
0
3.
0
4,
0
4i
2
0
■;,
II
0
s,
2
0
6,
11
0
6,
2
0
II, II
11, 2
12, 11
12, 2
13. II
13, 2
14, II
14, 2
15, II
15. 2
3- "
clock . .
clock . .
At II
clock . .
clock.,
clock..
At
clock.,
clock . .
clock . .
clock . .
clock. .
clock. .
clock . .
o'c'ock. .
'clock. .
'clock . .
'clock. .
'clock. .
'clock . .
'clock.,
'clock. .
'clock. .
'clock . .
'clock. .
'clock. .
'clock. .
'clock. .
'clock..
I'clock . .
I'clock. .
'clock.,
i'clock. .
i'clock. .
'clock. .
i'clock. .
i'clock. .
i'clock. .
i'clock. .
i'clock . .
JT3
>
Feet.
830
776
ock th
760
794
776
770
o cloc
800
810
II o'cl
822
778
790
791
sqo
619
582
607
750
570
620
600
543
653
750
703
648
620
560
68 1
601
405
733
589
638
636
6S4
739
820
807
bo2
C8 o c
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72
CHAPTER IX.
THEATRES THE GRAND OPERA HOUSE AT VIENNA THE OPERA HOUSE
AT FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN THE METROPOLITAN OPERA HOUSE,
NEW YORK THE MADISON SQUARE THEATRE THE CRITERION
THEATRE THE ACADEMY OF MUSIC, BALTIMORE.
As a rule, theatres are like churches, in one respect at least, namely,
that they have insufficient and unsatisfactory arrangements for ventila-
tion. They almost invariably become overheated when the audience is
large, while the stage is, as a rule, cold and exposed to draughts. The
difficulties in the way of obtaining satisfactory results are much the same
as those in large legislative halls, and are to be overcome by much the
same methods.
Of late years much more attention has been paid to the ventilation of
opera houses and theatres by architects, and some very good results
have been obtained, and the best of those of which I have personally
seen and tested the results I propose to notice in this chapter.
Probably no theatre in the world excels the Grand Opera House at
Vienna in the extent and completeness of the special arrangements for
securing ventilation, and in no theatre of the same size, and under simi-
lar climatic conditions, have better results been obtained.
The heating and ventilation of this building were arranged by Dr.
Bohm, who is now the medical director of the Hospital Rudolfsstiftung,
in Vienna, and have been described and illustrated in several of the
German text-books.
The clearest description, however, is given in a report by M. M.
Demimuid and Herscher, which appears in the " Memoires de la Society
des Ingenieurs Civils," and from which I have translated the following
account, and copied, with some omissions, the figures illustrating it.
The plan and section of so much of the building as is necessary to show
the ventilation of the audience hall are given in Figures 31 and 32.
The letters mark the same features in each figure and have the follow-
ing meaning :
A. — Fresh-Air Chamber.
£, C, £>, ^.—Heating Chambers.
C— Tubes for Fresh Cold Air.
i^.— Foul-Air Shaft.
.S. — Fresh-Air Fan.
U. — Foul-Air or Aspirating Fan.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
131
The building measures 397 x 299 feet, and the theatre itself will con-
tain about 2,700 persons. The ventilation is produced and regulated by-
two fans, as will be seen on the plans — the lower one for propulsion, the
upper for aspiration. This last is also aided by the heat produced by
the great chandelier, which has ninety burners. The heating is effected
by steam, and the air enters the hall at a temperature of from 634 to 65
degrees F., the points of entrance being at the floor and in the risers.
Each gallery and
compartment of the
theatre, including
the stage, has an in-
dependent supply
duct and indepen-
dent means of heat-
ing, so that the
amount of supply
and the temperature
can be regulated for
that portion irres-
pective of the rest.
The velocity of the
entrance of the air
is between one and
two feet per second.
The lower fan is a
helix, devised by
Prof. Heger, of the
Polyi;echnic School
of Vienna. It meas-
ures 11^ feet in
diameter externally,
and has a capacity
of 3>53i>658 cubic
feet of air per hour,
the ordinary figure Figure 31.
being from 2,825,324 to 3,001,907 cubic feet, corresponding to 1,059
cubic feet per head per hour. The aspirating fan, in the upper shaft,
is a simple helix, and the engineers referred to think that it is of little
use. Both of these fans are operated by an engine of i6-horse power.
There are two fresh-air shafts of supply, each being 19^ x 13 feet.
From these the air passes into a basement chamber, where, in warm
weather, sprays of cold water are made to play. From these it passes to
132
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
the lower fan, the air duct from which is 48^ square feet in area. This
duct passes below the centre of the theatre into a large space having
the same extent as the main hall. The space is divided into three stories.
The lower story is divided into distinct chambers, corresponding to the
orchestra chairs, dress circle, the galleries, etc. The second stage con-
tains the heating coils, which are composed of 59,058 feet of tubing of
I -inch interior diameter, containing steam at a pressure of five atmos-
pheres. The upper story is the mixing chamber. It will be seen by
. Figure 32 that the
/ fresh air may pass
directly from the
lower to the upper
floor, or mixing
chamber, through
tubes about three
feet in diameter,
without passing
through the heating
coils at all. These
tubes are valved, and
can be opened or
closed to any extent.
The foul air passes
out through the shaft
shown in Figure 32,
which is 13}^ feet in
diameter. The floor
surface occupied by
spectators is 14,608
square feet, the ca-
pacity of the hall is
Figure 32. 388,482 Cubic feet,
and the combined area of the fresh-air inlets into this hall is 807 square feet.
In addition to these ample provisions for the supply and removal of
air. Dr. Bohm has also provided, in this building, means for the control
and regulation of the whole apparatus from one central office, which
forms, as it were, the brain to the machine. By means of electricity the
temperature in different parts of the house can be observed in this office
of control, and here also are levers which control the valves which regu-
late the air supply, both hot and cold.
During an operatic performance, the superintendent of heating and
ventilation is on duty in this office, and sees that all parts of the house
VENTILATION AND HEATING. I33
receive their due supply of fresh air and are kept at a proper tempera-
ture.
The result has been extremely satisfactory', and I am assured that the
expense incurred by these elaborate arrangements has been much more
than repaid by increased attendance on the part of those who would not
go to an ordinary theatre because of the discomfort produced by over-
heating and foul air.
In connection with the heating and ventilating arrangements of the
Vienna Opera House should be mentioned those of the new Opera
House in Frankfort-on-the-Main, which are arranged upon essentially
the same system, although it is claimed with improvement as to details,
more especially as regards the supply of air to the galleries. The
apparatus in this building is designed to supply warmed and moistened
air sufficient for two thousand persons. The warming is effected by
steam, the boilers for this purpose being in the cellar of a building
placed on the opposite side of the street and connected with the opera
house by means of a tunnel passing beneath the pavement. There are
two of these boilers, each having about 540 square feet heating surface,
and supplying steam at from six to nine pounds pressure. The radia-
tors in the heating chamber beneath the audience hall and stage are
the usual pipe radiators, and furnish 10,800 square feet of radiating sur-
face, two-fifths of which is devoted to the stage and adjoining rooms.
The fan for propelling the fresh-air supply is a helix, nine and a half
feet in diameter, of the same pattern as that used in the Vienna Opera
House, and it furnishes in winter 2,800,000 cubic feet of air per hour, or
1,400 cubic feet per person, being an increase over the amount allowed
in Vienna. The maximum capacity of the fan gives about 2,400 feet
per head per hour, and this is intended to be the summer supply. Pro-
vision is made at the point of entrance of the fresh air into the building
for cleansing, moistening and cooling it by drawing it through sprays of
water.
The general results obtained by the apparatus are very good, and are
especially well marked in hot weather, when a good audience can always
be collected in this building, because of its coolness, freshness and com-
fort. I have not been able to obtain any detailed results of observa-
tions of the work actually done as regards movement of air and heating
or cooling it, but as the whole is under the direction of a competent
engineer, it is to be hoped that we shall some day have a detailed report
which will furnish data of much scientific interest and value.
The Metropolitan Opera House in New York City is another large
building of this class in which excellent results have been secured, so
far as heating and ventilation are concerned. The apparatus in this
134
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
case was devised by Mr. Frederic Tudor, under direction of Mr. J.
Cleveland Cady, of New York, the architect, and I take the following de-
scription and illustrations, by permission, from the Sanitary Engineer
of December 6 and 13, 1883, having personally verified their accuracy:
" The principle involved is 'plenum ventilation,' the object being to
Figure 33— METROPOLITAN OPERA HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY.— GROUND PLAN.
have an excess of air entering the building to that which is leaving it
by the regularly provided foul-air outlets. The result of this is to have
a pressure within the building slightly in excess of that of the air with-
out the walls, so as to insure an outward current through crevices of
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
135
doors or windows or through accidental openings. To accomplish this
in a practical manner, a blowing engine must be used, and the supply
of air must be almost unlimited. To this end the shaft (at the right of
Figure 34.-METROPOLITAN OPERA HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY.
LONGITUDINAL SECTION.
the Stage on the ground plan), seven feet by ten feet six inches (73-5
square feet), was provided in connection with the fan,/. Air is taken
136 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
in at a height of seventy-five feet from the ground, and sixty feet below
the top of the boiler chimney, and as remote therefrom as possible, being
on the north or Fortieth Street side of the house. After the air has
been drawn down through the shaft it enters a settling chamber, forty-
eight feet by twenty feet, with a height of ten feet, thence it is drawn
through the heating coils, C C, or passed around through the swinging
doors, as shown, to the fan. From this point onward there is now a
condition oi plemcm, and all of the building within the walls AAA and
the proscenium walls is supposed to have a pressure slightly in excess
of the outside atmosphere. From the fan the general course of the air
is through the main air duct, between the walls A and B in the base-
ment in the direction of the arrows, but all the basement within the
walls A A is subject to the same pressure. From the basement room
immediately under the auditorium floor the air is admitted through
many 4 x 4-inch openings made through the brick arches into the space
between the arches and the floor. From this space, the air for the
occupants of the parquet chairs passes through the risers of the floor
steps on which the chairs are set. In these risers are arranged open-
ings continuous at their face, but of peculiar construction, and covered
with No. 16 galvanized iron perforated with yL-inch holes, a detailed
drawing (Fig. 37) and description of which is given on page 139.
" The air which supplies the boxes is carried from the main air duct in
the flues in the wall A to the spaces between the floors and ceilings, as
shown on transverse section, and discharged at the edges of the tiers at
a a. Its course is then upward and backward, to the flues in the wall
B, which have an exhausting power derived from the heat of the gas
jets under the hoods in the balcony and family circle, and from the gas
light, when used, in the private parlor, immediately behind the chairs, a
detail of which is shown in Fig. 38, page 140. The balcony and family
circle receive air through the large flues G^ 6^ at the ends of the main
air ducts in the proscenium wall and through the flues G G and H in
the wall A.
" The air is discharged into the spaces shown, formed by the ceilings
of the box parlors on the second tier and by the ceiling in the angle of
the balcony at the walls. It is then distributed to the edge of the bal-
cony and family circle at a a and through a 2 x 4-inch hole at the back
of every chair in the risers of the galleries. By this means every sta-
tionary chair in the house has air admitted to it.
" The outlets for foul air are those already mentioned in the boxes,
and which are shown in the wall B (ground plan), and those in the
proscenium wall at the ends of the gallery and balcony. Such of the
fiues in the wall B as v/ere cut off by the extension of the balcony and
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
137
family circle toward Broadway (an after-consideration) are carried in a
galvanized-iron pipe within the air space under the balcony to other
flues in the wall B on the right and left. Into these flues connect the
openings from the hoods over the gas lights in the balcony and
gallery, each hood being a register.
Figure 35.-
-METROPOLITAN OPERA HOUSE, NEW YORK CITY.— TRANSVERSE
SECTION.
<* In the highest part of the gallery ceiling, in the rear, are five regis-
ters, under two of which there are clusters of gas brackets, the aggregate
area being twenty square feet. In the balcony ceiling there are like-
wise/^«r registers of fifteen square feet, under each of which there is a
13^ VENTILATION AND HEATING.
cluster of gas brackets. The foul air from these are likewise carried to
the wall B in galvanized ducts.
" In the centre of the dome-shaped ceiling is the main controlling
valve to the ventilation. It is circular, sixteen feet in diameter, and
admits of any adjustment by the rising and lowering of the bell-shaped
disk by the winch shown in the longitudinal section.
'■'■ By the adjustment of this valve, the pressure within the house may
be regulated and the condition of plenum maintained under varying
conditions of the speed of the fan made necessary by the climatic
changes.
" All the foul-air outlets in front of the proscenium wall open into the
space between the ceiling and the roof, and reaches the outside atmos-
phere through the louvred ventilator at the apex of the roof. This
ventilator has openings equal to io8 square feet, with louvre boards of
peculiar construction and an inner shield to prevent the admission of
snow or rain.
" The stage has separate ventilators at the roof and in the side walls,
and is warmed by direct-radiation coils on the back wall. By this
means a difference of pressure is kept between the house and the stage
when the curtain is down ; enough to belly the latter slightly toward
the stage. The rising of the curtain then allows air to pass from the
house to the stage ventilators.
" The method of managing the warmth of the house in cold
weather has been to keep the temperature at about 78° in the
day time, by slow movements of the air at a temperature of about 80°.
The object of this is to warm the walls and all objects somewhat
above the temperature required when the building is occupied, so as
to prevent radiation or the loss of heat from the bodies or shoulders
of people in evening dress to the walls or surrounding objects.
Then in the evening, when the building is to be occupied, the tempera-
tures in the air duct are dropped to 70°, and the air sent in full volume
through the house. The result is, the thermometers show a higher
temperature in the auditorium than that at which the air enters through
the openings, etc., due presumably to heat received from the walls,
floors and warm passages. Then, as the evening advances and the
effect of the heat from the gas and from the human body increases, the
entering air is lowered to 67° in the main duct. With this latter tem-
perature in the duct at 9.30 p. m., the temperature throughout the house
ranges from 70° to 73° F., according to location, being coolest in the
balcony and gallery.
*' On the evening of November 7, at 9.30 p. m., and after the air in
the duct had been lowered to 68°, the temperature at the wire of the
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
139
Figure 36.
parquet circle, a little to the right of the main entrance, was 70°. At
the floor of the parquet, at the same place, it was 70°. Half way round
the house to the left, breast high, it was 74° ; in the same position, to
the right, it was 72°; in the first tier, centre box, on a chair, it was 73°;
in the salon, behind box, 74°; and for other parts of the house it was :
Balcony, centre (failure) ; right, 71°; left, 72°. Air entering through
openings, right, 70°; left, 70°. Family-circle (gallery), centre, 70°; left,
72°; right, 72°. First tier, lobby, outside wall A, 70°. In air duct, last
experiment, 11 p. m.,
dry bulb, 67°; wet bulb,
53°. The temperature
in the box salon (74°)
is accounted for by the
radiation from the walls,
as the house had been
kept at near 80° during
the day. The increase to 74° at the left of the parquet is unaccounted for.
" In the coil chamber, between the coils C C and the fan, is placed an
evaporating fan, to regulate the hygrometric state of the incoming air.
The difference of temperature between a dry and wet bulb thermom-
eter, in the main air duct, being maintained at from fourteen to sixteen
degrees lower for the wet bulb.
" To regulate the hygrometric state of air after it leaves the coils, the
evaporating pan (marked Pan, on the ground plan), a detail of which is
shown in Figure 2,6, was devised.
The pan proper is of iron, 4 feet
by 12 feet, and 12 inches deep. It
is suspended directly in the warm-
est currents of air, and is furnished
with a ball-cock to keep the level
of water constant. Within the pan
is a brass coil of one-mch. pipes, a.
This coil has a steep incline, as
shown in the section, Figure 36.
The elbow of each inclined pipe is
at the level of the top of the overflow pipe, but the other end rests on
the bottom of the pan. By raising or lowering the water in the pan,
more or less of the coil is submerged, and more or less moisture driven
off into the air.
" Figure 37 is a detail of the manner of admitting air through the audi-
torium floor. The arches are of brick, and the whole space between
them and the wooden floor is filled with warmed air, which enters through
JTMIQUej ch^}^
Figure 37.
140
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
ii^jL
Section tvirou^h ppjnait box
a baffle, <z, that runs the whole length of the steps. The iron molding
at the edge of the step is perforated with small holes to admit the air in
a spray, and its shape is designed to direct and diverge the jet over 180
degrees of a circle, the object being to admit a large quantity of air
imperceptibly.
" Figure 38 is a section and plan of the private boxes, of which there
are 120. The air
is carried through
the floors from the
flues in the wall A
(as before mention-
ed), and delivered at
the edges of the box
balconies, as shown.
To each two boxes
is arranged a vent
flue, as shown on
plan. A special cor-
ner-register face is
arranged in each box,
with a septum ex-
tending inward, as
shown, to intercept
light, etc. In each
register is fixed a
small bell-mouthed
funnel, extending a
short distance into
the flue. Under this
funnel is an argand
gas burner, the pro-
ducts of combustion
of which are drawn
into the flue directly
and not allowed to
^'•^"''^ 38. escapeintothe
salon. The heat which accompanies the combustion may also be a help
to the draught of the flue.
"Figure 39 represents the special ventilation of the footlights. At
the edge of the stage at S, on the ground plan, is a system of flues con-
necting with the exhaust fan F. This fan is driven from the main shaft
and discharges its air into a flue at the side of the boiler chimney flue.
Qj^ ^ppOX BOXES
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
141
The object is to prevent the heat and products of combustion from rising
over the stage. The detailed section, Figure 39, is through one of eleven
short flues, 8x12 inches, which connects the space formed by the metal
reflector and the metal edge of the stage, with a main or trunk flue, which
in turn connects with the fan. This space, within which the three gas
pipes for the different colored lights lie, is divided into as many sections
as there are branch flues, and within each flue is a damper, d. These
dampers are set and fixed with the use of a water-gauge, so as to give a
difference of pressure in each flue of one-half inch water pressure, the
object being to get an equal pressure or draught into all the openings at
the edge of the reflectors, over the gas chimneys. The condition of
plenum within the house caused by the main fan also assists this
system.
"The main fan is 12 feet 6 inches in diameter by 45 inches in the width
of the blades, and delivers about 70,000 cubic feet of air per minute
when it is running 100
revolutions per minute.
The fans used are the
' Sturtevant ' make, and
are driven by one of the
Hartford Engineering
Co.'s engines, 14 inches
diameter by 21 inches
stroke, and which is sit-
uated at ^ in the engine
room. The main fan is
driven in directly from
the engine, the speed
of the engine being reg-
ulated to suit the velo-
city required for the fan. The dressing-rooms are warmed bv direct
radiation, a heater being placed in each room.
" The halls and corridors are warmed by a system of indirect radiation,
but the air supply is not taken from out of doors. The air is drawn
down in one leg of a flue from a register in the floor and delivered at
another register nearly over the radiator. This may be seen in the lon-
gitudinal section. The reason for doing this is to leave the corridors
clear and unobstructed, otherwise direct radiators would be used. In
the parlors, toilet-rooms, offices, etc., vertical radiators of the ' Reed '
pattern, made by the H. B. Smith Co., are used. The indirect
heaters, excepting the large coils, are ' Gold ' pin radiators, centre
connection.
Figure 39.
142 VENTILATION AND HEATING,
" Mr. Tudor furnishes us with the following note of a test of the volume
of air supplied to the auditorium of the Metropolitan Opera House on
the evening of December 7, 1883 :
"Used Casella's anemometer. Time, 9 to 9:30 p. m. Current meas-
ured in main inlet shaft, two and one-half feet above the ceiling of the
settling chamber. Speed of fan revolutions, 100 per minute at 9 p. m.;
92, at 9:30 p. M. Approximate average speed, 96. Velocity of current
o{ four tests : first, 980 ; second, 977 ; third, 918, ^.x\<\ fourth, 890. Aver-
age, 941, by cross area of shaft (73.5 square feet) = 69,163 cubic feet
entering the building, equivalent to an entire change of the air once in
a period of from ten to eleven minutes.
'■'■ The air-meter was kept constantly in motion in a horizontal plane
within the down shaft while recording, it being first carried around close
to the walls of the shaft, then zig-zag across it from wall to wall."
Another theatre in New York in which special attention has been
given to ventilation is the Madison Square Theatre, a good description
of which, prepared by Mr. W. G. Elliot, was published in the Sanitary
Engineer for October 15, 1880. From this description I take the follow-
ing extract :
" From near the rear end of the gable a square wooden cupola rises
to a height of about twenty feet above the roof. Each side of this is
provided with two sliding shutters operated by ropes from below.
These openings face the cardinal points of the compass and are used in
pairs ; thus, if the wind is southwest, the shutters at the south and west
are opened while the others remain closed. The shaft into which these
open is square, six feet in section, and extends downward behind the
scenes to the cellar.
" This inlet shaft, as well as many of the larger ducts, is constructed of
smoothed pine boards, sheathed in places with paper, and having few
bends.
" Suspended in it, point downward, is a conical-shaped cheese-cloth
bag, about forty feet deep, through which the incoming air is filtered.
A chamber at the bottom of the inlet is provided with a number of
shelves inclined at an angle of about forty-five degrees, upon which, in
summer, ice is placed to chill the air. From this point, the main duct,
diminished to a diameter of four feet, connects at the axis with a Sturte-
vant fan, eight feet in diameter, with blades three feet by eighteen inches,
and making 150 revolutions per minute. The periphery of this wheel,
moving at the rate of about two-thirds of a mile per minute, forces the
air at a high velocity into the delivery duct, five feet by three feet, in
which is placed another mass of ice. Four tons are used every night,
two in the delivery and two in the inlet duct.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 143
" The delivery duct is of brick, and is branched into six sheet-
iron pipes, each two feet in diameter. Two of these are again sub-
divided in two and open into four brick chambers, four feet square.
Three steam radiators are placed in each chamber to supply heat in
winter.
" The auditorium is divided into four sections of ninety seats each, and
every individual seat is supplied from the chambers by four-inch tin
pipes, ninety of which are connected with each chamber.
" Two of the two-feet flues from the main brick delivery duct have not
yet been accounted for. Each of them is subdivided into three smaller
sheet-iron flues, one set of them passing up the side wall on the right
and the other on the left of the house, and opening into the auditorium
through several 4xio-inch orifices just beneath the first balcony,
ten feet above the floor, and also through a number of two-inch open-
ings in the lower edge of the balcony, and also across the entire front
of the stage.
" Through the former openings in summer the cooled air is poured
into the house to reduce the temperature and to furnish a supply for
respiration.
" The dome chandelier, together with each wall bracket, are encased
in glass, and pass the products of combustion into separate flues con-
nected with the exhaust fan. The proscenium boxes and the elevated
orchestra chamber have their separate inlets and outlets, while the
galleries are as well supplied as the parquet.
" Another Sturtevant blower, eight feet in diameter, located upon the
roof near the middle of the building, is employed to exhaust the foul air.
" A wooden flue, four feet by five feet, descends from this at a sharp
incline to the floor of the attic, there dividing at right angles into two
smaller ducts three feet square. These are again subdivided in two,
twenty-four inches square. Two of them withdraw foul air through six
6-inch pipes in the ceiling under both sides of the first balcony.
'' The two others pass down to the lobby, opening into two 20 x 24-
inch registers in the wall, and located near the floor on each side of the
main entrance.
" An additional register, five feet in diameter, is placed in the ceiling
at the rear of the upper balcony, and connected by means of a large flue
with the main exhaust duct.
" One other feature remains to be mentioned, viz., the ventilation of
the footlights. Behind the row of jets is placed a strip of sheet metal,
six inches high, resembling corrugated iron, the corrugations being
large enough to form small niches, or " pulpits," as they are called, ia
each of which a jet is situated.
144
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
" Behind this sheet a hollow space communicates with an eighteen-
inch flue, extending each way from the centre to the side of the stage,
and thence through hollow iron columns to the exhaust ducts. A
metallic hood projects over the top of the row of lights. The products
of combustion are drawn
back over the top of the
niches and downward into
the flues of the exhaust.
" The action here seems
to be complete and satis-
factory.
" Observation showed
that at about 9:30 p. M.
the driving fan was making
150 revolutions and the exhaust 82 revolutions per minute. The
temperature of the air in the main delivery duct, just beyond the
ice, was 70° F.; that in the lower part of the theatre 80° F.; at the out-
let of the main exhaust flue 86° F.; while that of the outside air was
85° F. At the close of the play the temperatures were about the same
— that in the lower part of the theatre being 82° F.; at the outlet of the
exhaust flue 88° F.
"The current of cool air entering through wire screens in the
risers beneath the seats was very perceptible, but not sufficiently strong
to create unpleasant draughts. No foul and overheated air could be
Figure 40.
Figure 41.
detected in the upper gallery, and, in fact, the variation in temperature
and purity of air in different parts of the house was so slight as to be
almost unnoticeable. The exhaust registers in the lobby, as well as that
in the upper balcony ceiling, showed a strong inward current. Those
VENTILATION AND HEATING. I45
in the first balcony, however, were not so active. The fresh-air inlets
about the ' horseshoe ' and under the first balcony were doing their duty
well.
"The fan in the basement is able to deliver actually the required
theoretical quantity of 1,000,000 to 1,250,000 cubic feet an hour, or about
1,500 cubic feet to each person in the auditorium. The upper fan can
withdraw this amount at 100 revolutions, while it could easily run to 200
when speedy change of air might be desired.
" In conclusion, I would say that I think much better results could be
obtained if the exhaust fans were run at a higher rate of speed than on
the evening in question. A considerable amount of energy is wasted
by the sharp angles at some of the junctions in the exhaust and to a
less degree in the forcing system.
" There has also been some bad calculation of the necessary relations
of large to smaller diverging flues. The general effect of the system is
exceedingly good, however, and an immense improvement over any of
the theatres in the city with which the writer is familiar.
" Unfortunately, I have been unable to make this description com-
plete by a statement of the velocity of the inlet and outlet flues, the
total quantity of air introduced, and by an analysis of the air in the
room after the audience had been in for some length of time."
The Criterion Theatre, in London, presents the peculiarity of being
situated entirely beneath the level of the street, so that the floor of the
theatre is over thirty feet below the level of the sidewalk. It occupies
an area of eighty by fifty feet, with a height of twenty-seven feet, and
accommodates about 1,000 persons. The main purpose of the building
is that of a large restaurant, with a grand hall on the upper story, and
in many respects it is an excellent model for buildings of this class.
The architect, Mr. Thomas Verity, has given a description of it,
with illustrative diagrams, in No. 5 of the Transactions of the Royal
Institute of British Architects for 187S-9, under the title of " The
Modern Restaurant," and these diagrams, which are for the most part
self-explanatory, are herewith reproduced. Mr. Verity describes the
ventilating arrangements as follows :
" For the ventilation of the theatre a fan is provided, four feet six
inches in diameter, worked by a direct-acting steam engine. It draws
its supply down a series of air shafts, formed in the main eastern wall,
and forces it into an air chamber formed under the floor of the theatre.
From this chamber shafts are carried up in the walls to diffuse the fresh
air at different levels around the whole space. In addition to these
shafts, branch distributing channels are provided for a supply of air for
the stalls and the pit. Hot-water pipes arranged in coils are fixed in
146
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
the chambers, in order that the air suppHed may be warmed when found
necessary before its distribution. A water spray is also fixed in the
main cold-air supply for cleansing the air.
'' For the extraction of the vitiated air from the body of the theatre, a
centre perforation, about five feet, is provided ; this is in direct com-
JERMYivr STRETT
THE CRlTERlO?l.§i ["]
Figure 42.
munication with a powerful extraction shaft, four feet by three feet,
running up the entire height of the building. In order to increase the
power of this shaft, the waste heat from the grill stove and the products
of combustion from the sun-burner that lights the theatre, are carried
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
147
up the centre in independent wrought-iron pipes. At the gallery level
and also at the back of the stage four other extraction shafts are pro-
vided. It is found, when this apparatus is in full working, that the
Figure 43.
amount of air supplied and extracted is equal to the entire renewal of
the cubical contents of the theatre from five to six times per hour.
148
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
" The ventilation arrangements for tlie large hall consists of a series
of inlets of fresh air around three sides of the hall, in direct communi-
cation with the chamber already described. The vitiated air is removed
through the sun-burner, and the perforations around it communicate
with a main extractor formed over the dome."
JEPMYN STREET
x\\\\\\\\\\\|
THE CRITERION^
From personal observation, I can say that the ventilation of the
theatre with an audience of about 600 was fairly satisfactory. Toward
the close of the performance the temperature of the room had increased
rather beyond the limits prescribed by comfort, but, on the whole, the
results were better than I had anticipated, and show that the resources
of modern engineering are fully competent to secure good ventilation
under circumstances which, at first sight, would seem quite adverse to
such a result.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. I49
It is of interest to note that, after much controversy with the Metro-
politan Board of Works, it was decided that the floor between the theatre
and the restaurant formed a sufficiently fire-proof division to enable the
two to be considered as separate buildings. Licenses are not allowed
to a theatre and restaurant in the same building.
The corridors and staircases leading to the theatre are entirely fire-
proof, and it will be seen that they are entirely distinct from the res-
taurant part.
Another building of this class which is worthy of note in this con-
nection is the Academy of Music, in Baltimore. In this building the
special object of the architects seems to have been to make the method
of ventilation serve also to improve the acoustic effects, or, at all events,
not to interfere with them. To this end it is desirable that the sound
of the actor's voice shall, as far as possible, go with the main current of
air rather than across or against it. For this purpose they bring the
supply of air for the audience mainly from the stage, warming it when
necessary by means of ordinary steam coils. Before the audience
assembles the hall is warmed by hot air admitted through two openings
in the parquet, which openings are usually closed before the perform-
ance commences. The exit of foul air is intended to be by a large shaft
from the centre of the ceiling, the opening of which is controlled by a
valve. To secure distribution of the air, large exhaust flues are placed
in the walls, opening below in the rear of the galleries and communi-
cating above with the exhaust shaft above referred to. A sketch of the
arrangement is given by Mr. Neilson, one of the architects of the build-
ing, in the second biennial report of the State Board of Health of
Maryland, printed in 1878.
The acoustic properties of this theatre are excellent, and the supply
of air to the galleries is fairly good. The only force available for
securing change of air for the seats on the lower floor is practically the
heat furnished by the audience themselves, the supply of air being
insufficient, and the great mass of the fresh incoming air curving
upward as it enters from the stage. An objection to this direction of
the main current is, that in case of fire the direction of the draught
would be from the stage, with its mass of highly combustible material,
toward the audience, so that the mass of smoke and flame would be
whirled directly among the people.
For this reason it has been suggested that the main outlet should be
from the stage, and not from the auditorium. The American Architect
of December 24, 1881, contains a letter from Mr. C. A. Walton, an
architect, in Toronto, suggesting that in addition to the brick party wall
and iron drop curtain, which are usually agreed upon as desirable,
150 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
" there should be a large sheet-iron chimney fine or duct commencing
at the ceiling of the ' fly ' or scenery-room above the stage, and extend-
ing up to a point eight or ten feet above the highest point of the roof ;
said flue at bottom to have an area of not less than one-tenth of the area
of ceiling aforesaid, and to taper inward to five or six feet diameter at
the top, and to be placed directly over the centre of the stage to carry
off the smoke, heat and flame from a possible fire below."
Upon this the editors of the Architect observe that the plan is not a
new one, having been already put in use, and point out that the stage
ventilator might be found ineffective at the critical moment because of
the momentary non-existence of a draught in it. They suggest, however,
" that this defect might be entirely obviated and something effected
toward counteracting the air currents, which habitually flow from the
stage toward the auditorium, if the heated and vitiated air should be
led from the ventilator of the auditorium, by means of ducts laid
between its ceiling and roof, up to this more elevated stage ventilator.
If, in addition to this, properly arranged heating coils and fans are put
in place and used at every performance, we see no difficulty in estab-
lishing and maintaining an air current which shall always flow through
the proscenium arch from the auditorium and toward the stage, thus
negativing one of the most prolific causes of danger."
It will be seen that the requirements of a theatre are, among other
things : good ventilation and heating, good acoustic qualities, and
security against fire, and that these are, to some extent, incompatible
under any arrangement yet devised. I confess that I do not understand
how the plan proposed by the editors of the Architect can insure the
result which they seem to aim at. If air is to be drawn out at the centre
of the ceiling of the auditorium, I do not see how this is to produce a
current in the reverse direction — namely, from the auditorium toward
the stage. The proposition is something like pumping water out of a
cistern in order to make it overflow.
The whole matter of theatre construction needs further study, and
the great need is for reliable scientific data. Notwithstanding all the
capital which has been invested in these costly structures, there are only
one or two of them for which any precise data are in existence as to
amount of air introduced, its distribution as shown by air analyses, and
the relations of these to number of audience, external temperature,
wind, etc.
So also as regards acoustic qualities. If there are any existing data
as to the audibility of sounds of various pitch, power, and quality in
any large theatre when occupied by an audience, I do not know of them.
All that we have are the opinions of Brown, Jones and Robinson on the
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 151
matter, and unfortunately B., J. and R. do not agree among themselves,
either as to the facts in the case of any given auditorium or as to the
reasons for those facts.
The problem of heating and ventilating a large assembly hall is some-
what simplified, when instead of tiers of galleries rising one above another,
as in the opera houses referred to, the room presents merely a single
level or slightly sloping floor.
A very good arrangement for a room of this kind is presented by St.
George's Hall, in Liverpool, the heating and ventilation for which were
arranged by Dr. D. B. Reid in 1854-55. This grand hall measures one
hundred and twenty by ninety feet, and is eighty-five feet in height. It
has about 1,800 seats on the floor, 350 in the galleries and 200 in the
orchestra.
The apparatus designed by Dr. Reid for this hall and the Law Courts
connected with it has worked well, and, so far as I can learn, has given
satisfaction to the present time.
Li one of the courts an attempt was made a few years ago to alter
the plans to suit a patent plan, but the result was a failure.
The heating apparatus for this building was designed by Dr. Reid to
be in part hot water low pressure, and in part steam.
The water apparatus is intended to be the principal source of heat,
and more especially for the great hall and the court and concert rooms.
The steam coils are to be used principally for rapidly heating the build-
ing, and especially the corridors and smaller rooms, and as auxiliary to
the hot-water apparatus.
The supply of air is determined in part by aspiration, but mainly b)'
four fans, which were specially employed to diminish and neutralize
draughts and currents at the doors of the court rooms, and to insure
that whatever currents might exist at these points should be outward
and not inward.
The memoranda furnished by Dr. Reid in connection with his direc-
tions for the use of the apparatus are worth remembering by all who
have charge of such machinery. He says :
" Let the external doors used be in unison with the special ventilation required
at the Great Hall and the conditions of the weather. Without proper arrangements
there, or in the temporary tents used outside on great occasions when the weather is cold
and stormy, it is impossible for the arrangements within to compete with the force
of the external atmosphere.
" I,et changes required during the occupation be anticipated as much as possible,
and never made suddenly when great alterations are necessary ; the large valves should
always be slowly and gradually opened or shut.
" With a temperature ranging from 62° to 68°, according to the quantity of air intro-
duced— with a hydrometer where the drj- bulb and the wet bulb of the thermometer
152 VENTILATION AND HEATING,
used do not .ndicate more than five degrees of difference — and with a movement where
the quantity of air introduced is given by the gentlest possible inclination at all the
apertures available, the ventilation is generally brought into the highest and most effi-
cient action.
"Let the precise course to be taken at each special occupation of the building be
determined according to the number of apartments to be occupied at the same time,
and the attendance expected in each apartment. Then set all the minor valves open or
shut, as may be required, so that during the actual occupation of the whole or any part
of the building, the movement of the larger valves alone can regulate all the changes
that may be necessary.
"Let the cleaning of the whole of the fresh air ventilating channels be carried on
systematically, and every portion be inspected periodically at stated periods.
" Let no painting be permitted, except at proper periods, and none be used for warm
apparatus, except the hard copal varnish, laid on in the most sparing manner in which
it can be applied and retained. More trouble, annoyance, and dissatisfaction with the
condition of ventilating works may often be traced to this cause than to any other ;
excessive painting takes away the freshness and elasticity of the air in an extreme
degree, and too frequently gives it the character of being cooked or baked. No prac-
tice is so common in some public buildings as painting them immediately before the
commencement of a season of occupation, to an extent that they do not get over till it is
terminated.
" Let the condition of the boilers in use be daily reported, and the highest and low-
est temperatures of the water boilers noted, as well as the highest and lowest pressures
at which the steam boilers have been used.
"Let the alarm apparatus provided be made known to the atten ants at the boiler
room, and that any member of the Law Courts Committee, or any inspector, as well as
the director, can at once tell whether any boiler is or has been above the allowed tem-
perature, when a fixed place shall have been determined for the magnetic electro-ther-
mometer apparatus e.xplained in the Index of the Diagrams (47).
" Let the general arrangements adopted in the ventilation of the Great Hall, the
Courts and the Concert Room, be registered in books provided for the purpose on each
occasion when they are used for public purposes, reference being made to the particu-
lar diagrams that express the course pursued. Let any special memoranda that may
be useful be added, and let these books be registered and kept as the property of the
corporation for future reference on all special occasions."
These last recommendations have not been carried out, and I have
been unable to find any record as to the amount of work actually done
by the fans and heating coils, but the general testimony is to the effect
that the results are satisfactory.
An elaborate series of diagrams illustrating the ventilation of this
building was published by Dr. Reid in 1855, and forms an atlas folio
containing five sheets of drawings and twelve pages of text. This is
now rare, and although it is not of much practical value, it is worth
securing by the engineer who is fortunate enough to meet with it.
The building of the Union League Club, corner of Fifth Avenue and
Thirty-ninth Street, New York City, presents some peculiarities in the
arrangement of its heating and ventilation which are worthy of notice.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
153
Through the courtesy of Mr. Tudor, who furnished the apparatus, I am
able to give the following diagrams and description, the latter being
derived also in part from a personal examination.
This is a five-story brick building, about 150x85 feet, and contain-
ing 932,000 cubic feet of space to be warmed and ventilated. The
apparatus used for this purpose consists of steam coils and radiators to
furnish heat, and, to some extent, motive power in exhaust flues, and a
fan, 10 feet in diameter, to produce and control the necessary influx of
air.
A. — Cold-air Inlet.
B. — Steam Coil.
C. — Dampers.
Z),— Inlet to the Fan.
Figure 45.
/.—Outlet Flues.
JS. — Fan.
K—Uain Duct.
G. — A Branch Duct.
//. — Supplementary Coil.
The general arrangement is shown in the diagrams; Figures 45 and
46.
The fresh air taken from the street level is drawn through a chamber
so arranged that it may either be all forced through a steam coil, or a
part of it may be allowed to pass below the coil. The layers of cold and
warm air thus produced will be thoroughly mixed by the fan, and pass
into the space J^, which is about four feet high and extends under the
whole building, forming a large common air chamber whence all the flues
obtain their supply. The bottom of this chamber is of concrete, resting
154
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
on hard, blue clay, and it is intended that the temperature in it shall be
from 70° to 80° F. The fresh-air flues connect with it as shown at G,
being wide enough below to permit the insertion of a small supplement-
ary heating coil, as shown at H. The valve C shown, connected with
the upper corner of H, is controlled by a rod passing to the room to
which the flue leads, and it will be seen that the occupant of the room
can thus regulate the temperature of the incoming air to suit himself
without diminishing the quantity. The movable arm on the register
which regulates this valve is shown in Figure 46, which represents a sec-
tion through one of the conversation rooms of the club, indicating posi-
tions of outlets and inlets.
In the arrangement of the fan ducts in this building there must be a
very considerable loss of power from contracted inlet and from the
arrangement of the air chamber, which virtually forms a sudden expansion
to the delivery duct. With the fan making 130 revolutions per minute,
Mr. Tudor states that he obtained a movement of 33,000 cubic feet per
minute, which is slightly in excess of his calculation as to what is
required.
Certain rooms, such as water closets, servants' rooms, etc., obtain
their whole supply of air from the corridors, and have outlet flues
specially heated, the intention being to secure a constant flow of air from
the halls into the rooms. They are, in fact, the only outlets for the large
supply of air which is furnished to the staircase halls.
The amount of air supply and heating surface has been calculated
on the assumption that 3,000 cubic feet of air per hour per person shall
be allowed, except in the audience hall, where about 1,000 cubic feet per
head per hour is provided for.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 155
It is also assumed that during the day — that is, until 5 p. m. — about
100 persons will be in the building, and that in the evening 1,000 per-
sons may be present, although from 500 to 600 will be the usual
number.
The fan is intended to have a capacity of about 2,000,000 cubic feet
per hour. To heat this air, about 9,000 square feet of radiating surface
are provided, one-half being in the large steam coil between the fan and
the street. This coil will be heated by steam at about 60 pounds pres-
sure, and will therefore be of much higher temperature than an ordinary
steam radiator.
This high temperature, which will probably be over 280° F., is relied
upon to make up what would otherwise be a deficiency in heating sur-
face. The exhaust steam from the engine which runs the fan and the
elevator is turned into the heating apparatus, causing a back pressure of
about 10 pounds.
One of the special difficulties in this building is to provide a suf-
ficiency of fresh air for the audience hall or theatre.
The accompanying cuts. Figures 47 and 48, show the plan and section
of the theatre. This room measures 79 x 43 x 24 feet, containing 80,000
cubic feet, and has a floor area for seats of 36x50 feet, accommodating
about 300 persons. The total area of inlet is 23 square feet, of which
15 square feet are in the perforated panels in front of the stage, and the
remainder at the sides above the stage, as shown in the plan. At a
velocity of 4 feet per second for the incoming air, this would give for
each person a little over 1,000 cubic feet per hour.
Through the courtesy of the architects, Messrs Peabody & Stearns, I
have been able to compare the original specifications for the heating and
ventilation of this building, as prepared by them, with the modified
specifications upon which the contract was finally based. The work to
be done is essentially the same in each, viz., to force 30,000 cubic feet
of air into the building per minute, said air being at a sufficient tempera-
ture to heat the building to 70° F., with the thermometer at 15° below
zero outside (or, as in the modified specification, at 10° below zero out-
side). The essential difference between the two sets of specifications
consists in the amount of heating surface to be supplied. In the original
specifications, it is required that there must be at least one square foot
of radiating surface to 65 cubic feet of space, which would make about
14,300 square feet of radiating surface to the entire building, and, also,
that it is to be arranged to run at a pressure of five pounds, or less when
desired. The modified specifications require that " the total area of
heating surface is to be equivalent in condensing power, in combination
with other parts of the apparatus, to 31,164 lineal feet of i-inch pipe, or
X56
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
<^:
Figure 47.— SECOND FLOOR PLAN, UNION LEAGUE CLUB,
AS HEATyrD AND VENTILATED BY F. TUDOR ft CO. — PEABODY & STEARNS, ARCHITECTS.
/.—Inlet.
(3.— Outlet.
r.— Top.
^.—Bottom.
.-.•.•.— Foul Air.
The relative distribution of air is shown by the numbered arrows.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
157
9,800 square feet exposed to an atmosphere of 65°," and that the appar-
atus is to be arranged to work at either high or low pressure.
It will be seen that the plan proposed by Mr. Tudor and accepted by
the committee provides for a comparatively small amount of radiating
surface, which must be raised to a correspondingly higher temperature.
Some of the special difficulties which this involves are done away with
by the expedient of placing the greater part of the radiating surface
between the fan and the outer air, so that this part of the surface can be
highly heated, and the fan can be relied on to secure a thorough mixture
of this superheated with cooler air.
So far as the heating is concerned, this plan has proved fairly satis-
factory, but the ventilation of the theatre cannot be said to be a success.
Figure 48.
A sufficient amount of air is not introduced, and that which does come
in is not sufficiently distributed.
By reference to Figure 48 it will be seen that the seats remote from
the stage must obtain very little fresh air.
With reference to the difference as to amount of heating surface
called for by the original specifications, and that provided for in the
specifications proposed by the contractor, it is to be remarked that it is
much better that the amount of heating surface should be specified by
the architects, or by an engineer who is not connected with any estab-
lishment for the supply of heating apparatus, than to follow the usual
rule and let each bidder determine for himself the amount of radiating
surface which he will supply.
158 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
But the requirement that a certain amount of radiating surface shall
be furnished will be of little use, unless the various bidders are satisfied
that the amount which is actually put in will be measured by the archi-
tect ; in other words, that the provisions of the contract will be enforced.
The best heating firms will, of course, do what they agree to do, but in
bidding they must come in competition with others who are not so
scrupulous, and as the measurement of the heating surface actually put
in is a precaution very rarely taken by architects, and as this fact is very
well known throughout the trade, it follows that bids will be put in
which could only be carried out at a loss to the contractor if the work
was actually done in accordance with them. Those firms which have
patent boilers, or patent radiators, or both, in whose special efificiency
they have confidence, will, of course, object to specifications which call
for ordinary unpatented boilers and the common tube radiators, while,
on the other hand, to specify patent apparatus is to reduce the compe-
tition to a single bidder.
Building committees and some architects are apt to think that the
easiest way out of this dilemma is to simply require that the building
shall be comfortably heated in the coldest weather, and then let each
bidder prepare his own specifications as to how he proposes to do it.
The result is that the bids are not comparable. Most of the specifica-
tions presented are so vague and indefinite as to be practically worthless
as an indication of the manner in which the work is to be done, and the
committee or person giving out the proposals comes to the conclusion
that the only thing to be done is to accept the lowest bids.
The result is, of course, in the majority of cases, that the work is un-
satisfactory.
If proper and complete specifications, independent of the interests of
any manufacturer, cannot be prepared, and the terms enforced, the best
course is to call for no bids, but employ a respectable and honest party
to do the work as it should be done, and pay the price.
CHAPTER X.
SCHOOLS.
Of all classes of buildings in the United States, public or private, there
are probably none which are in such an unsatisfactory condition, as
regards their ventilation, as the public schools. In our large cities they
are, almost without exception, overcrowded and insufficiently supplied
with air, and for these and other reasons which I need not here specify,
they are probably the cause of a vast amount of ill health and prema-
ture death, although these results are usually not so direct and imme-
diate that they can be clearly traced. Every intelligent teacher knows
that the dullness and listlessness in some pupils, and the irritability and
peevishness in others, which are so manifest toward the close of the
afternoon session, are closely connected with the gradual accumulation
of foul air which has been going on through the day. If, after a brisk
walk in the open air, you enter one of our city school-rooms about 3
p. M., you will find an odor which is far from being agreeable, and
which, under such circumstances, is the characteristic sign of insufficient
ventilation. I have before me the results of the examination of the
schools in Boston, New York, Baltimore, Washington, Cincinnati and
Rochester, made by competent men, and accompanied in many cases
by chemical analyses showing the amount of impurity present in the
air. Everywhere the result is the same ; with a change of name of
place one report would almost answer for all. It is something like the
remark of the old toper about whiskey. He said there was no bad
whiskey, although some samples were better than others. In like
manner we may say there are no good schools, although some are
worse than others. As regards ventilation and overcrowding, probably
the New York public schools will average worse than any others in this
country, but single instances have been reported in Brooklyn and in
New Orleans which are probably worse than anything in New York.
It is not my intention, however, to attempt to criticise individual
school buildings, but rather to state, as briefly as may be the general
principles which should govern the architect in arranging the heating
and ventilation of such structures.
Before doing this, however, it may be instructive to consider how far
it is proper to hold architects responsible for the defects of such
buildings. There has been a good deal of growling at architects lately
on the score of their neglect of sanitary matters, and these complaints
have come not merely from the doctors and the public at large, but
l6o VENTILATION AND HEATING.
from architects themselves. On the o':her hand, in the leading jour-
nals devoted to architecture in England and America, will be found
some of the best and freshest sanitary literature, and to the studies of
individual architects are due the majority of the improvements in con-
struction which are really valuable from a hygienic point of view. But
the average architect, when called on to design a school building — how
will he probably proceed ?
Taking a comparatively recent work on school architecture, which is
very instructive and valuable as regards the general plan and arrange-
ment of such buildings, we find, on consulting the chapter on Heating
and Ventilation, that the author thinks that carbonic acid is the specially
dangerous impurity that is to be gotten rid of, and that this carbonic
acid, when cool, falls to the bottom of the room, but as he insists that
all the foul-air outlets must be at the ceiling, he expects to carry off the
greater part of the poison before it has time to settle. Steam heating,
he says, cannot pretend to be of use for schools.
He concludes by remarking that medical men seldom speak or write
upon the subject without displaying much scientific knowledge, but that
their application of such knowledge is not so successful. " The theory
of extraction from the bottom instead of the top may be scientifically
and theoretically the best, but it is practically inapplicable to a school-
house. * * * Extraction from the bottom requires, from its great
friction, so enormous a motive power as to be out of the question, except
in buildings of very great size."
The above extracts are sufficient to show how unnecessary a knowl-
edge of the ordinary laws of the physics of gases and of the principles
of ventilation is considered to be by this authority, as well as his sub-
lime contempt for those who possess such knowledge. He does not
propose any particular plan for ventilation, but says that " the architect
should exercise his own judgment, and should invariably intrust the
carrying out of the work to some engineer specially accustomed to the kind of
appliances and arrangements proposed to be used." This last passage is
a solid piece of wisdom, and as such, I have ventured to italicise it.
Is it strange that the school-house architect should blunder when such
is his instruction, or that he should fall an easy prey to the first man who
calls himself an " engineer," and urges on him the merits of his patent
compound, deflagrating, ventilating, lubricating air heater and purifier ?
Within a few years there has been a change for the better, but I am
compelled to believe that the majority of architects in this matter go by
rule of thumb instead of a satisfactory comprehension of the very simple
principles involved, and that, moreover, the thumb aforesaid is not of
the right dimensions or proportions.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. tOl
A good illustration of this appears in some remarks contained in the
Builder of December 4, 1880, p. 667. The writer says that " he was
now engaged in superintending the erection of two schools, one of them
to be warmed by Mr. Boyd's hygiastic grates, and the other by Leed's
American steam-heating system. * * * Unless the air was heated
in a direct manner, just as the atmosphere was warmed by the heat
imparted to the earth by the sun, or as the air of a room was warmed
by the heat given off to it from the objects warmed by the lire, the
principle proceeded upon was wrong. It was necessary to keep to
direct radiation ; in other words, the radiating points must be in the
room to be heated, and not in chambers or places remote from it."
From this it would seem that he is satisfied that steam can be used in
heating schools, but he thinks that the heating derived from a coil of
steam pipe in a room is of the same character and presents the same
advantages as that from the rays of the sun, or from an open fire —
which is not the case. Heating by a steam radiator in the room to
be heated is essentially a system of air heating, for the true radiant
heat from such a body is comparatively small in amount and feeble,
in effect.
My object in all this is not especially to criticise these authorities or to
controvert their dicta, but it is to show the difficulties which will always-
beset an architect who does not understand physics — the laws of heat,,
light and sound, and of statical and dynamical hydraulics and pneu-
matics, and I am very much afraid that some architects do not learn as
much of these things as they ought to.
I am by no means advising that every architect should endeavor to
make himself an expert on the subject of heating and ventilation, but
he ought to know enough of these subjects to see his own ignorance,
and to be able to judge of the relative merits of those who do profess to
be experts, and who come to him seeking employment — and also, he
should know enough, for the sake of his own reputation, not to be dog-
matic in his assertions about the merits of this or that method which he
has never seen tried and with regard to which he has no scientific data
whatever.
In planning a school-house the first things to be considered are the
amounts of floor and cubic space and of air supply which are to be
allowed each scholar. The class of school-houses which we are consid-
ering are those of such size and importance that an architect will be
called upon to prepare plans and designs for them. They are usually
located in cities, where space is limited, and the amount allowed for
their construction will be insufificient to secure first-class work. Under
these circumstances the sanitarian who asks for a liberal allowance of
l62
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
fresh air combined with a comfortable temperature and freedom from
draughts, will find that if he sets a high standard his views will be
promptly condemned as being unpractical. When the plans are in
course of preparation the average board of school trustees will approve
of any number of flues and chimneys, but when it comes to giving out
the heating contract, and some enterprising steam-fitter offers to guar-
antee perfect heating by placing coils in the school-rooms under the
windows, for about one-half the cost of such an apparatus as would do
the work properly and furnish fresh air at the same time, the said board
will, in nine cases out ten, try the cheap plan, with the usual results.
Let us see what some recent authorities have to say as to the proper
amount of air space and air supply for schools. In a report made to
the International Congress of Education, held in Brussels in i8So, Dr.
De Chaumont discussed these questions fully, and his paper should be
consulted as representing the views of European sanitarians on this
subject.
Taking, as a starting point, the experiments of Pettenkofer, which
show that a man at rest exhales 266 cubic centimetres of carbonic acid
per hour for every kilogramm.e of his weight, and making the necessary
allowance for the increase due to movement, speaking, etc., he con-
cludes that a child in the school-room exhales about 346 c.c. of carbonic
acid per hour for every kilogramme of its own weight. The average
w^eights of children of different ages being known by Quetelet's tables,
and De Chaumont's researches (to which I have referred in a previous
chapter) having shown that the amount of carbonic acid derived from
respiration should not exceed two parts in ten thousand, if the odor of
organic matter is to be avoided, he has from these data computed the
following table :
Ages.
Cubic metres of pure
air to be supplied
per hour.
Cubic air space.
No. of pupils for a
room containing 315
cubic metres.
4 years
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
16
Adults
25.960
28 . 8go
31.320
34.890
3S.510
41.670
45.200
48 . 200
53.630
61.100
70 . 060
Q2 . 200
118. 140
8.650
9.630
10.440
11.630
12.840
13.890
15.060
16.070
17.880
20.370
23.350
30.730
39-380
33
30
28
25
23
21
19
18
16
14
12
9
7
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 163
It will be seen that the table is based on the assumption that the
air in a school-room cannot conveniently be changed oftener than
once in twenty minutes, and that therefore the cubic space in such a
room should be one-third of the amount of air to be supplied per hour.
As a matter of fact, this amount of space is not given in the public
schools of any country, because of the great expense which it would
involve, nor is it a necessity, since the above calculations are based on a
supposed permanent occupancy of the room, as in a hospital ward,
whereas the school-room is occupied but a few hours at a time, and can
then be thoroughly aired. The following are the dimensions fixed by
law in different countries or recommended by those who have given
special attention to this subject, the data being derived from De Chau-
mont's paper above referred to :
Belgium. — By law one square metre of floor space and 4.5 metres in
height to each scholar. The Educational League of Belgium, in the
plans of its model school, proposes 1.67 square metres of floor space,
and 5.75 metres in height, giving 9.6 cubic metres to each pupil.
In Holland the average cubic space per pupil is 3,727 cubic metres ;
in 89 schools in Haarlem the average per head is 4.54 cubic metres. In
England, in the Board Schools, about one square metre of floor space,
;ind from 3.65 to 4.25 metres in height is allowed for each scholar.
Bavaria prescribes 3.9 cm. for scholars of 8 years, and 5.6 cm. for
those of 12 years. The public schools of Dresden give an average of
0.7 square metre of floor space, and 4.38 cm. to each.
In Frankfort the Medical Society advised 1.84 square metres of floor
space, and from 8.5 to 9.2 cm. per head.
At Basle, in Switzerland, 1.45 square metre, and from 4.21 to 4.67
cm. per head are prescribed. In Sweden in the primary schools 1.52
square metre and 5.35 to 7.55 cubic metres ; in the higher schools 1.58
to 2.17 square metres, and 7.69 to 9.980 cubic metres per head are
given.
In New York City from 2 to 3 cubic metres per pupil are
allowed theoretically, but the actual quantity is sometimes much less.
Dr. De Chaumont is disposed to lay some stress on the question of age
and to take the ground that young children require much less air space
and air supply than adults, as they produce so much less carbonic acid.
He would, for example, put three times as many children of 4 or 5 years
of age, as of youths of 15 or 16, in a given room. This seems to me to
be very doubtful. The question of amount of carbonic acid exhaled
has little or nothing to do with the matter, except in so far as it is an
index of the amount of organic matter given off, and it is probable that
the difference between the amount of organic matter excreted bv a child
l64 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
of 5 and one of 15 is by no means so great as would be indicated by the
carbonic acid test. I should allow in a school-room or hospital very
nearly the same amount of air supply per head for children of all ages
over 5 years. The dimensions of the school-room recommended by Dr.
De Chaumont are 10x7 metres, and 4^ metres in height, and in such a
room he would place from 12 to 53 scholars, according to their ages.
In connection with the paper of Prof. De Chaumont, above referred
to, the transactions of this congress contain essays by M. Wazon, a
French engineer, and M. Dekeyser, a Belgian architect, upon the meth-
ods of heating and ventilating schools. M. Wazon takes 20.5 cubic
metres as the allowance of fresh air per hour per head. M. Dekeyser
allows from 20 to 30 cubic metres, according to ages.
Prof. W. Ripley Nichols, of Boston, in a report on the sanitary con-
dition of certain school-houses in that city, dated March 23, 1880, fixes
as the permissible amount of carbonic acid in school-rooms one part by
volume in 1,000, and while tacitly admitting that this is a low standard,
says that it is as high a one as can at present be insisted on. "With this
amount of carbonic acid there will undoubtedly be more or less of the
* school odor,' especially with a certain class of the scholars. To obviate
this entirely would require an amount of fresh air which could not be
practically introduced into a building constructed as the Sherwin school
is ; in case of new buildings a higher standard might be obtained, say
0.8 or 0.9 volumes of carbonic acid in 1,000 volumes of air ; but it is
doubtful whether this standard could be reached without a larger
amount of floor space than the 15 square feet usually allowed."
The amount of carbonic acid which Prof. Nichols actually found in
the school-rooms of the Sherwin school varied from 1.43 to 2.29 parts
per 1,000.
The standards which I would fix for space and air supply in schools
are those given in the report of the special committee on plans for
public schools, given in the Sanitary Engineer for March i, 1880, and
reiterated in the report of a commission on the public schools of the
District of Columbia, dated March 15, 1882, and printed as Mis. Doc.
No. 35, House of Representatives, 47th Congress, ist Session, viz.:
"In each class-room not less than 15 square feet of floor area shall be allotted to each
pupil.
"In each class-room the window space should not be less than one-fourth of the
floor space, and the distance of the desk most remote from the window should not be
more than one and a half times the height of the top of the window from the floor.
" The height of the class-room should never exceed 14 feet.
" The provisions for ventilation should be such as to provide for each person in a
class-room not less than 30 cubic feet of fresh air per minute, which amount must be
introduced and thoroughly distributed without creating unpleasant draughts or causing
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 165
any two parts of the room to differ in temperature more than 2° F. , or the maximum
temperature to exceed 70° F."
It must be remembered that the above represents the minimum of
requirement, and is based upon the requirements in cold weather. In
warm weather, when the incoming air need not be heated, the supply-
should be as great as open windows and doors can be made to
furnish.
The usual requirement of those schools in this country for which the
architect will be called in to prepare plans will be that they shall con-
tain from eight to twelve class-rooms, each of which is to accommodate
from forty to sixty pupils, and that these are to be arranged in connec-
tion with a large central hall in a two-story brick building.
In some cases there will also be required one large assembly room,
which is usually placed in a third story. The heating will be effected
by furnaces or steam, the tendency being to increase use of the latter.
The trouble with furnaces is that they are almost invariably set in
insufficient number, and are of too small a size.
To undertake to heat such a school-house as that above described
with one or two furnaces is to insure bad ventilation. Not less than
four furnaces are necessary in such a building, and these must be of
the largest size, giving a large heating surface, costing from four to six
hundred dollars each when properly set.
A properly arranged and well constructed steam-heating apparatus
for such a building will cost from four to six thousand dollars, depend-
ing on the exposure, etc. Cheap steam heating is more objectionable
than a furnace. As a rule, school-rooms are overheated, the tempera-
ture in winter in our schools ranging usually from 72° to 76°. The rule
should be that the temperature should never exceed 70°, and Dr. Lin-
coln is no doubt correct in his statement that children can be made
comfortable at 66° in a well-aired room.
The sensations of the teacher rather than those of the scholars usually
govern the regulation of the temperature, and, as Dr. Lincoln remarks,
" an interesting lesson may be going on, or a written examination ; the
mind works well, for a time, at a fever heat, and the temperature of 84°
may pass unnoticed. It is needless to say that such a strain upon the
system is followed by a period of lassitude, and a state of lassitude
again may demand a slightly raised temperature. Thus, by degrees,
habits of preference for hot rooms may be found. The teacher may be
as unconscious of the evil as the scholar ; indeed, if fatigued she may
require, or if excited may not notice, an unusual heat. The time to
correct bad habits in this respect is the beginning of the school year.
Every one then comes to school with a system invigorated by some
l66 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
months of exposure to fresh air, and if care is taken, this vigor or power
of resisting cold may be retained." To this I would add that a slight
modification of the alarm thermometer, which arouses the keeper of a
greenhouse by the ringing of a bell when the temperature falls below a
certain point, can be easily applied to secure the constant ringing of an
alarm whenever the temperature rises above 70°, and that such an
instrument would be a very useful reminder and not very costly.
The arrangements for ventilation of school-houses by architects relate,
as a rule, mainly to the removal of foul air, no sufficient attention being
given to amount and location of fresh-air supply. A common method
of construction of late years is to provide an eight or twelve-room school
building with two or four aspirating shafts or chimneys connecting
with the various rooms and having an aggregate capacity sufficient, with
a velocity in these shafts of about eight feet per second, to remove from
fifteen to thirty cubic feet of air per head per minute. The air supply
in these same buildings is to come from a few 9-inch flues, or, as in the
Washington school buildings, through narrow slits placed beneath the
window sills. The plan in the Washington buildings is so very bad, and
yet was so highly approved by some persons, that it seems worth a little
more detailed description. The fresh air is admitted through a perfor-
ated iron plate, set in the walls beneath the sills of the four windows
in each room. The sum of the area of clear opening in the external
plate of each window is from twenty-two to twenty-five square inches,
making a total opening for the supply of pure air for the room from
eighty-eight to one hundred square inches, or about two-thirds of one
square foot, which would not give five cubic feet per minute per pupil.
Having passed through the perforated plate above referred to, the air
is supposed to pass downward through a narrow slit in the wall, until
it reaches the level of the floor, when it turns inward, and then passes
up through a steam radiator set against the window breast. Very little
air comes through such an arrangement in comparison with what is
required, but even this little is carefully shut out in cold weather to pre-
vent draughts and the freezing of the pipes.
This method of heating a school-room by steam pipes placed in the
room should never be employed, for it is sure to involve a defective air
supply, yet it is one that is peculiarly attractive to those who are not
qualified to judge of the relative merits of various methods of heating,
since it is comparatively cheap and does give the requisite amount of
warmth.
The practical effect of such a system when connected with a large
aspirating shaft is that a large part of the air supply in the class-rooms
comes from the central hall, as will be seen by testing the direction of
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 167
the currents at the doors and transoms. This central hall, in turn,
derives a large part of its air supply from the basement by means of the
stairways. This basement air is liable to be rendered impure by the
furnace, and by the water closets, if they are placed in it, which should
never be the case.
First of all, then, in planning a school-house, consider the air supply.
With regard to the location and direction of the openings in the school-
rooms for the admission of fresh air, they should either be situated
above the heads of the occupants or be so placed as to give an upward
current, for the amount of floor space which can be afforded to each
pupil is so small that some of them must be placed in unpleasant prox-
imity to registers located near the floor in the ordinary way. The usual
location, and one which gives good results if the fresh-air flues and
registers are large enough, is to place them on the outer walls, in which
case the window sills are a convenient place for the registers. Mr, W.
R. Briggs proposes to introduce the fresh air on the inner wall at a
point about two-thirds of the distance from the floor to the ceiling, and
has constructed at Bridgeport, Conn., a high school upon this principle.
A description of the heating and ventilation of this building was
published in the Third Annual Report of the Connecticut State Board
of Health, and a part of this appeared in the Sanitary E7igineer for
December i, 1881, from which I take the following description and
illustrations :
'' In the Bridgeport school the coil chambers for the heating of the
various rooms have been placed in the main ventilating shafts in the
centre of the building, and the air conveyed from them through these
shafts to the rooms by means of metal flues. The air enters the inner
corner of the room, about eight feet from the floor. The outgoing flue
has been placed directly under the platform, which is located in the same
corner as the introduction flue. This platform measures six by twelve
feet, and is supplied with casters, so that it can be moved at any time it
is necessary to clean under it. Its entire lower edge is kept about four
inches from the floor, to give a full circulation of air under it at all
points. The action of the incoming air is rapidly upward and outward,
stratifying as it goes toward the cooler outer walls, thence flowing down
their surfaces to the floor and back across the floor to the outgoing
register on the inner corner of the room. By this method all the air
entering is made to circulate throughout the room before it reaches the
exhaust shaft, and there is a constant movement and mixing of the air
in all parts of the room continually going on.
" The inlets are all intended to be large, and the flow of air through
them moderate and steady. The air is not intended to be heated to a
i68
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
very high temperature ; the large quantity introduced is expected to
keep the thermometer at about 6S degrees at the breathing level. The
school-rooms contain on an average about 13,000 feet of air, or 260
cubic feet per pupil. It is proposed to supply each pupil with 30 cubic
feet of air each minute, or 1,800 cubic feet per hour. Allowing 50 pupils
to each room, this will necessitate the introduction of 90,000 cubic feet
of air into the room each hour, and will change the air of the room 6.92
times within the hour, or once in about eight minutes. These calcula-
tions are based on a difference of 30 degrees in the temperature.
"In the exhaust flues there are placed coils to produce a strong up-
current at all times ; heat is also obtained from radiation from the intro-
duction and boiler flues, which run
through the foul-air shafts.
"The heating surface for each
room is inclosed in separate cases
or jackets of metal, and is then
subdivided into five sections, so
arranged that any number of sec-
tions or the whole may be used at
pleasure — that is to say, that any
one, two, or more, up to five parts,
may be used at discretion. In ex-
treme cold weather the whole five
sections are in use ; in moderate
weather two or three, and when a
small amount of heat is required,
only one. By this plan the sup-
ply of pure air remains always the
same, but the degree to which it is
heated is changed by the opening
or closing of a valve."
This arrangement is shown on the above vertical section of a coil
chamber, which represents the actual construction of the coil and
chamber, A, B, C, D, E, F, on the section of building.
These large dimensions for the outlet shaft have further support in
the mind of the architect in the necessities for summer ventilation.
The results obtained from this arrangement are indicated in the report
of an examination made by Dr. Lincoln, which report will be found in
the Sanitary Etigmeer for January 11, 1883.
The large opening, shown in the plan at the left of the platform, is
into the assembly room through folding doors, and the smaller on the
right into the hall. The circles on the plan indicate the position of
/W/P^/V-^sS^
Figure 49.— VERTICAL SECTION OF COIL
CHAMBER.
VENTILATION ANE HEATING.
169
/itraioA/ arrcnoT
indica fe /litre az'r,
CrooAed arroujTs
liidzcczle itn/tureoi'iy,
tfie Ca/taciVbr ofi
zule/- reois/er^ one
J!Ztt&.
peioo/^ooiT. ^
School y.\
Moom '?,
0c7iooi p
-Hoozn
t^o/d ciii ~ i /"en
enc/os-ed: z'rf 77tetci.7
fi iacAetr oonnec-7etX
dizfie^ed info J7z'pe
^ec/^tOTij vrrder each
Fvt.r-0 freslC atvfzinet,
JroTt J^art e/aittyters
Contain /Ae heiat .
^^i-ota i^Zotc:
J^/Sf/orfT
yifjSftarj
iZi^ air /re. .
%
I
i
H
Jiooin
Figure 50.— VERTICAL SECTION OF SCHOOL BUILDING.
iio
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
thermometers, and the numbers beside them are those used in the table
below. Where two numbers are attached to one circle, there were
two thermometers, one above the other. No. i was at the centre of the
hot-air register, about eight feet above the floor ; Nos. 2 and 3 at a
Figure 51.
height of twelve feet above the floor (about as high as the instrument
could be placed in a vertical position) ; Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11
at a height of five feet six inches — level of bulb ; and Nos. 12, 13, 14
and 15 at one inch above the floor. No. 15 being in front of the outlet.
Number of Thermometer
ON Plan.
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
Outside .
December 22, p. m.
2h. 40m,
io8°F,
74
75
69
69
69
71
68
70
69
70
67
66
65
2h. 50m. 1 3h. lom. 3h. 2501. 4h.om
112
76
78
70
71
71
73
70
72
71
72
67
67
65
69
37
84
73
74
74
76
73
76
75
76
70
71
120
81 +
85
75
76
75
78
75
77
76
77
70
69
73
36
119
84
87
76
77
77
79
78
78
79
69+
DeCEMBER 23, A. M.
gh . om. gh. 401x1. loh. 71H
90
61
61
60
60
60
60
61
57
41
104
70
67
63
63
62
63
62
63
63
60
59
61
135'
80
79
68-
69-
69
72
71
69
70
62
60
64
The thermometers used were said to have been carefully selected and
compared with each other, and to have had no great variation. The
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 17I
room had been closed (before the afternoon observation) at 12:40. A
class of about fifty scholars — the full number — was admitted at three
o'clock, and dismissed twenty-five minutes later.
Two measurements were made of the amount of air coming in. The
first, at about 2:50, showed nearly 800 cubic feet per minute, and the
second, at 3:15, nearly 1,000 cubic feet per minute, or 20 cubic feet per
pupil.
In the words of Dr. Lincoln, " abundant proof was given that the
current passes very rapidly across the ceiling, quickly down the exposed
(outer) walls, then slowly back across the room to the outlet ; the range
of temperature, regularly falling in about this order, furnishes a proof
of this, and further evidence was fully given by the action of the ane-
mometers at the ceiling and at the outer exposed faces of the room.
" In the latter situation, the current was invariably downward, and the
elevated temperature at the windows will be noticed.
"To answer a question as to the temperature at the level of the
pupils' bodies, a thermometer was placed upon a desk at 14. In the last
two trials (right-hand columns) the readings of Nos. 3, 9, the new ther-
mometer, and 14 (respectively placed at the ceiling, at 5^ feet from
floor, at the desk level, and at the floor), were 67°, 62°, 60°, 59° ; and
79°, 71°, 63° and 60°."
The motive power for ventilation of ordinary medium-sized school
buildings can be best secured by an aspirating shaft or chimney, and as
a rule two of these, one on either side of the central hall, are to be pre-
ferred. The size of these shafts will be determined by the fact that the
velocity in them should be from six to eight feet per second. Knowing
the total amount of air to be moved per second, the calculation is very
simple. If it be decided to use but one large aspirating shaft for the
whole building, the best results will be obtained by carrying all the foul-
air flues downward, and having them open at the bottom of the shaft.
Whatever be the system of ventilation adopted, it should be supple-
mented by systematic and thorough aeration of the building by open
windows in the intervals of the seasons. No doubt this will chill the
rooms in cold weather, and increase the expenditure of fuel, but this is
a necessary and legitimate expense.
CHAPTER XI.
VENTILATION OF HOSPITALS ST. PETERSBURGH HOSPITAL HOSPITALS
FOR CONTAGIOUS DISEASES THE BARNES HOSPITAL THE
NEW YORK HOSPITAL THE HOPKINS HOSPITAL.
We come now to the consideration of a class of buildings in which
the subject of ventilation has received more than the average amount
of attention on the part of architects — namely, hospitals.
The necessity of providing these buildings with more than the usual
means of ventilation has been recognized for a hundred years or more,
and in almost every large hospital which has been planned or built during
the present century some attempt has been made to meet this demand.
Yet, in spite of the experience thus gained, and of some careful studies
by physicians, engineers and architects as to the relative merits of
various systems, it must be confessed that the results obtained have too
often been unsatisfactory.
The bad results of imperfect ventilation, or of an impure air supply,
are more strikingly evident in hospitals than in other buildings, owing
in part to their continuous occupation, in part to the lowered vitality
of their inmates, who are specially susceptible to insanitary influences,
and in part to the presence of special causes of disease in the form of
germs or miasms. The great difficulty in providing a constant and
sufficient supply of pure air to hospital wards, in such a way that at
all hours of the day or night, at all seasons, or in all conditions of wind,
they shall be free from all odor and comfortable for the patients, is not
so much a want of knowledge of the means by which this may be
effected as it is the expense which must be incurred, not only in provid-
ing the necessary construction and apparatus for heating and ventila-
tion, but also to keep the system in operation after it has been provided.
This expense is almost invariably underestimated, and those who have
to furnish the funds for the support of the institution are disappointed
accordingly, and in attempting to reduce the cost are too apt to reduce
the ventilation also.
The hospitals for which an architect is liable to be called on to pre-
pare plans may be roughly divided into four classes. The first are
those intended for the reception of contagious diseases, the so-called
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
173
pest-houses. These are usually cheap temporary structures, hastily
erected to meet an emergency, and the architect is rarely consulted with
regard to them. It would be much better if he were, for such hospitals-
should be considered as an indispensable part of the municipal
machinery of every city of 10,000 inhabitants and upward ; they should
be carefully constructed while the emergency is yet afar off, and while
they should be simple and cheap, they should have a neat and attractive
appearance, instead of looking, as they usually do, like an enlarged dog
kennel. Their ugly, box-like appearance can be done away with by a
simple, broken, cottage-like outline, without much additional expense,
and they will then be considered as worth taking care of. They will be
one-story wooden buildings, with wards containing about six beds,
heated by a stove in the centre. Through or around this stove the
greater part of the fresh air should be introduced in cold weather, while
the foul air should be removed by a shaft reaching nearly to the floor
Figure 52.— FLOOR PLAN OF ST. PETERSBURGH CITY HOSPITAL.
1. — Porch.
2.— Hall.
3. — Nurses' Room.
4. — Ward Kitchen.
5. — Room for two patients.
II. — Water Closet.
—Bath.
—Ward.
— Room for two patients.
—Hall.
— Wash-room.
near the stove, and containing the stove-pipe in its upper part. The
amount of air supply should not be less than one cubic foot per head
per second. Upon a larger scale this kind of building is known as a
barrack hospital, and excellent results have been obtained from it. To-
illustrate its possibilities I give figures showing plan and cross section
of one of the barracks of the Roschdestwensky City Hospital, in St.
Petersburgh.
This hospital has three of these barracks, constructed in 1871-72,
and they have proved to be a great success, being comfortably warm in
the extreme cold of the Russian winter, and giving excellent results in
cases of typhus and also in surgical cases.
The walls of this barrack are triple, inclosing two air spaces. The
arrangement of the ward heating and ventilation is sufficiently shown
in the figures. The great central German porcelain stove is fourteen
'74
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
feet long, four feet eight inches wide, and six feet high. This so-called
stove is rather a furnace, fired from below, and has through it eight
openings for the admission of fresh warm air into the ward. The foul-
air flues open into the central smoke flue, as shown in the cross section.
Besides this central stove, there are three others, and the whole furnish
about 103,000 cubic feet of fresh air per hour. When the external tem-
perature is not below the freezing point these stoves are fired but once
a day. When between zero and 32° F., they are fired twice a day, and
when below zero, three, and in extreme cold, four times a day. When
I was in this ward in August, 1881, it was quite free from unpleasant
odor, although it was filled v/ith fever cases ; the day was cold and raw,
but the temperature of the ward was all that could be desired. It is
an interesting hospital, as proving that even in the coldest climates
such wards can be made perfectly comfortable and at the same
time be kept well ventilated.
Figure 53.— CELLAR PLAN OF ST. PETERSBURGH CITY HOSPITAL.
I. — Cellar. I 3. — Foundation of Stone.
2. — Soil Pipes. ' 5. — Foul-Air Tubes beneath the floor.
6, 7. — Vessels for Excreta.
Allusion has been made above to small hospitals for contagious
diseases as being usually simple and cheap. Within the last year, how-
ever, it has been suggested that more elaborate arrangements may be
necessary in the case of those small-pox hospitals which are to be
located in large cities with comparatively thickly settled suburbs. In the
report presented by the Royal Commission of Great Britain appointed to
inquire respecting small-pox and fever hospitals, the conclusion is arrived
at, expressed, however, with some doubt and hesitation, that small-pox
hospitals may diffuse infection around them through the atmosphere
independent of any conveyance of the contagion by persons or things
going from the hospital, or of the transportation of patients to it. This
conclusion is based mainly on the investigation made by Mr. Power as
to the diffusion of small-pox from Fulham Hospital, and as the result
the commission state that in the present state of our knowledge it is
essential that in the construction and management of small-pox hospi-
tals both atmospheric dissemination and personal communication should
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
175
be, with the utmost care, guarded against. To prevent the atmospheric
dissemination the commission recommend that not more than 30 or 40
small-pox patients should be placed together in one locality, and that
separate small-pox buildings should be so constructed as to reduce
within the smallest limits the chance of spreading infection. They say:
" We fully believe that contrivances for this purpose might be devised,
FiGLRE 54.— CROSS SECTION, ST. PETERSBURGH CITY HOSPITAL.
and we again call special attention to the evidence on this point which
has been furnished to us by Dr. Burdon Sanderson."
Turning now to the evidence of Dr. Burdon Sanderson, who is one
of the most distinguished scientific men in England, and whose advice
in such a matter is entitled to the greatest respect, even if it were not
indorsed as it is by the commission, we find that he proposes to so
176 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
construct the small-pox ward that all the air in it which has come in
contact with the patients can be subjected to a high temperature to de-
stroy its dangerous properties. He says : " As the outlets of air are the
sources of danger, and not the inlets, it is preferable that the air should
be drawn out of the hospital, and not driven into it, and, consequently,
we should choose a mode of ventilation accordingly, and that being
adopted, the beds for the patients should be placed as near the outlets
for air as possible ; and further, the outlets themselves should be as
near together as possible. The communication between the outlets
and the source of motion, whatever its nature might be, should be as
direct and ample as possible. Considering all these purposes, it is de-
sirable that each ward should be in the form of a ring, with the cham-
ber from which the air is directly extracted in the centre of the ring,
the annular being the simplest form that can be given to it ; that is to
say, the one that makes it possible to make the opening for extraction
of air communicate more directly than any other with the space in which
each bed is contained. Then for a ward of 12 beds, having a capacity
of about 1,200 cubic feet per bed, the removal of air should be about
120,000 cubic feet per hour, and, consequently, the removal of air per
patient 10,000 cubic feet per hour. * * *
" The beds would be arranged as near as possible to and immediately
below each extracting opening, and would be placed against the inter-
nal wall, and each bed would be placed between two of the septa or
screens which pass to a certain distance out from the internal wall into
the annular space, so that the head of each bed would be included in
the space between each two neighboring septa. The space within the
ring communicates with the annular space which answers the purpose
of the ward, by extracting openings, and also with an extractor, prefer-
ably a fan. An extracting shaft might, of course, be substituted for the
fan ; but I think a fan preferable, on the ground that its action is more
independent of temperature and wind, and, therefore, more constant,
and that it is more economical. The fan would collect the air from the
ward and at once discharge it into a chamber, where it could be sub-
jected to a higher temperature, so as to destroy all organic matter it
might contain."
The windows are not to open. Twenty-four openings for fresh air
are to be made in the external wall, each having two square feet of area.
The movement of air through the outlet openings is intended to be at
the rate of one mile per hour, allowing 10,000 cubic feet of air for each
patient, and to secure this slow movement and thus prevent draughts,
the outlet openings are also to be two feet square. The method of
warming proposed is to carry around hot-water pipes in front of the
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
177
inlet openings. From the fan the air is to pass to a gas furnace, prob-
ably in the roof of the house.
From this description and the accompanying plans, of which copies
are appended, it is evident that while it is theoretically possible to thus
C'-^^c^ GROUND PUVM^^f''^^ ^'^/^f^^
'«r
SCALE OF FEET
Figure 55.
disinfect all the air passing through a small-pox ward, it would be at a
relatively great expense. The circular ward is used in the new City
Hospital at Antwerp, and the same principle is employed in the Octagon
lyS VENTILATION AND HEATING.
Ward of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, at Baltimore ; but in both
these the beds are arranged against the outer wall, having the heads
toward the windows, which is a much more convenient way of arranging
them than in the plan above proposed, both because it allows more
space about each bed and because it does not put the patients facing
the light, which would be extremely unpleasant in the acute stage of
small-pox.
A second objection is that the central shaft is unnecessarily large, as
are also the inlets into it. It is not desirable to reduce the velocity of
the air at the outlets or in foul-air ducts below four or five feet per
second, because at very low velocities a very slight thing will disturb
the currents. The velocity at the outlet has comparatively little to do
with the production of draughts. There seems to be no necessity what-
ever for the use of an aspirating fan in the plan proposed. If the air is
to be heated to a temperature of 250° F. and upward, which is neces-
sary to secure its disinfection, this heat will in itself furnish all the aspir-
ating power required. The use of gas to produce the heat required
for such large quantities of air would also be unnecessarily expensive •
a coal furnace would do the same work at half the cost.
In the plan proposed, in cold weather, a large amount of the incom-
ing fresh air, and the heat employed in warming it, would be wasted,
since it would rise rapidly from the point of entrance, taking almost a
direct line to the point of exit, and passing above the beds, the occu-
pants of which thus get no benefit from the main stream of fresh air,
but must rely on what comes to them from a sort of eddy and from dif-
fusion. It would have been much better to introduce a large part of
the air through a grating beneath and between the beds, in which case
the patients could be kept bathed in a steadily ascending stream of air,
moving at the rate of, say, four inches per second ; and this could be
effected with less than half the amount of air and expenditure of fuel
required in the proposed plan. In this country, however, where pro-
vision must be made for temperatures at least as low as zero F., it is
desirable, on the score of economy, and to secure sufficient warmth, to
arrange the flues so that the foul air shall be taken from points in cyr
near the floor. It should be remembered that in a hospital of this kind,
where special arrangements are to be made to secure a steady, uninter-
rupted stream of air through the ward, the allowance of floor space and
cubic air space per second becomes of secondary importance, so far as
ventilation is concerned, and may be fixed mainly by considerations of
convenience of administration. This ward might be made ten feet less
in diameter and the central shaft reduced to four feet in diameter with
good effect.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
179
These suggestions are made, not for the purpose of fault-finding, but
because everything which comes from such distinguished authority
should be made as perfect as possible.
It seems probable, however, that the neighborhood would be more
certainly and economically protec-
ted by the continuous enforcement
of vaccination than it would be by
any particular form of hospital.
Of all small hospitals in this
country with which I am acquain-
ted, the one in which the heating
and ventilation has been most
thoroughly proved to be satisfac-
tory is the Barnes Hospital, at the
Old Soldiers' Home, near Wash-
ington, the general arrangement of
which is shown in the accompany-
ing illustrations.
This hospital is built of brick,
and consists of a central adminis-
tration building measuring 52 x 55
feet, two pavilion wings each
64x29 feet, and two end towers
each 24x46 feet. The central
building has a basement, three
stories and a mansard roof, the
rest of the structure two stories,
with basement and mansard.
The total amount of cubic space
to be heated is about 310,000 cubic
feet. The basement is occupied
by the heating apparatus, which is
hot water, and consists of two
tubular boilers, each nine feet long
and 42 inches in diameter, with
mains, pipes and coils. The heat-
ing coils are of cast-iron pipe,
three inches in diameter, and are
placed in fresh-air chambers in the basement, as shown in the plan.
At the point of entrance of the supply pipe to each coil is a valve, by
which the flow of hot water may be diminished to any degree, and the
temperature of the coil regulated accordingly.
Figure 56.— BARNES HOSPITAL. PLAN OF
BASEMENT, WITH FRESH-AIR DUCTS
AND HEATING APPARATUS.
l8o VENTILATION AND HEATING.
The fresh-air flues are of terra-cotta pipe, built into the walls and
opening into the space above the heating coils.
The apparatus has maintained a uniform tem.perature of about 70° F.
in the coldest weather, and the temperature can be varied at the differ-
ent registers to suit the feelings of patients near them.
From May to September the doors and windows are usually open,
and, for the most part, the natural ventilation thus secured is sufficient,
but on some hot, close days and nights in this period, when there is no
wind, it becomes desirable to use special means to secure ventilation,
and this is done by either aspiration or the use of the fan, or by a com-
bination of the two.
When the natural ventilation by open windows is insufiicient or
impracticable, fresh air is supplied by a shaft eight feet in diameter and
thirty-eight feet high, placed seventy-four feet west of the building.
This shaft is connected with a brick air duct, 286 feet long, which
passes beneath the basement through its entire length, and gives off
branches leading to the air chambers containing the heating coils.
At the point of junction of the vertical shaft with the fresh-air duct
is located the fan, which is eight feet in diameter and has twenty-four
blades, each twelve inches wide.
The motive power for this fan is furnished by a six-horse power
engine, and the amount of coal required to run it is about 140 pounds
for twenty-four hours. The fan is usually run at sixty revolutions per
minute, giving a velocity in the air duct of from four to six hundred
feet per minute, the cross section of the duct at its throat being forty
feet square. The removal of foul air by aspiration is effected by two
chimneys in the administration building. Each chimney measures four
feet four inches by five feet eight inches, and is ninety-six feet high.
A boiler-iron flue, two feet in diameter, is placed in the centre of each
chimney, extending from the basement to a height of three feet above
the chimney cap ; into these flues pass all the products of combustion
from the hot-water and steam-boiler furnaces, as well as those from the
kitchen range. Each flue has a basket grate at its base, in which a fire
can be built when the furnaces are not acting.
Into the chimney shafts outside these flues empty the foul-air ducts
from the wards. These ducts are three feet three inches wide, one foot
deep and fifty feet long, and are placed above and below the centre of
each ward with which they communicate by accurately closing registers
' placed in the centre of the floor and ceiling. These foul-air boxes are
lined with tin and are cleaned daily.
Each ward contains 12 beds, is 50 x 24 x 15 feet, and has five foul-air
registers along the centre line of the floor and five in the ceiling.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
l8l
Figure 57.— HOSPITAL AT SOLDIERS' HOME, WASHINGTON. D. C.
152 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
Each of the upper registers has a clear area of 1.33 square feet of
opening, and each lower register 1.5 square feet of clear opening. Each
lower ward has sixteen fresh-air inlets, eight being ten inches above the
floor and eight ten inches below the ceiling ; in the upper wards the
upper registers are omitted. Each fresh-air register has a clear area of
one square foot.
The double set of inlets in the lower wards was arranged for experi-
mental purposes to test the value of General Morin's theory that the
warm air should be introduced at the ceiling. It was found that when
this was done there was a difference of 10° in the temperature between
the floor and the ceiling, and that the patients complained of cold feet
and discomfort. It is also evident that when the warm air is introduced
near the ceiling it is impossible to vary the temperature at different beds,
a thing which it is often desirable to accomplish in a hospital.
The mean velocity of the upward current of air in the aspirating
chimneys is about 180 feet per minute. With good fires in the grates at
the base of the flues the highest recorded velocity was 700 feet per
minute.
Each chimney under ordinary circumstances removes from the two
wards connected with it about 36 cubic feet of air per second, or one
and one-half cubic feet per second per man.
This supply can be at any time doubled by the use of the fan. When
fires are used at the base of the chimneys to accelerate the aspiration
the consumption of coal is about 30 pounds of anthracite per hour per
grate.
The following data are taken from a report which was printed for the
use of the trustees of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, in Baltimore, but
which was never published, and is now rare. The observations were
made and reported by Surgeon D. L. Huntington, U. S. Army, to whose
superintendence much of the success of the system was due.
The following are instances of experimental use of the fan :
June 7. External air 75° F.; 5 P. M., temperature of air-suppl}' duct 68° F., 20
lbs, steam ; 120 revolutions of fan per minute.
Velocity of air at throat of duct (40 square feet area) 1,350 feet per minute at the
nearest inlet into ward :
1st story (100 feet from throat) 450 feet per minute.
2d " 118 " " 420 " "
3d " 132 " " 340
At most remote inlet into ward :
1st story (298 feet from throat) 410 feet per minute.
2d " 315 " " 220
3d " 331 " " 139
VENTILATION AND HEATING. 183
On this trial all registers were open, also all doors, windows, and
ventilating outlets, the resistance to the fan being reduced to a
minimum.
Nov. I. Temperature of external air 45° F., of duct 46° F., 20 lbs. steam ; 120
revolutions of fan per minute.
Velocity of air at throat of duct 1,320 feet per minute at the nearest inlet to ward :
1st story (same distance as above) 530 feet per minute.
2d " " " " 360 " "
3d " " " " 269
At most remote inlet into ward :
1st storj' 750 feet per minute.
2d " 500 " "
3d " 29S "
In this experiment all windows and doors were closed, the ventilating
registers and outlets being open.
It will be seen that in the first experiment the pressure of the air as
indicated by the velocity was greatest at the inlets nearest the fan,
while the reverse was the case in the last trial. The direction and force
of the prevailing wind also has a very considerable influence on the
movement of air. through the fan and in the duct. Dr. Huntington
remarks that " a long series of experiments at different seasons of the
year have all yielded harmonious results. Beyond a velocity of from 800
to 900 feet per minute in the main duct, the effective force of the air is
much impaired, and the result usually seen at the inlets nearest the fan
is a lessened current. The general rule in working the fan is to use 15
lbs. of steam and not over 60 revolutions per minute, equal to from 400
to 600 feet per minute in the duct ; this gives all the air needed for the
building, and brings the consumption of fuel to its lowest point. With
this velocity air enters the wards at the rate of from two to four feet per
second."
A specially interesting experiment was made in one of the wards on
the night of Nov. 28, which is thus reported by Dr. W. M. Mew, who
made the air analyses. Ward B (for 12 beds) contained 11 patients ;
the ordinary ventilation was going on.
Ward D had 12 beds ; all occupied. All the outlets had been closed
for 35 minutes before the first experiment, in order to make the air
thoroughly impure, which was accomplished, as is shown by the high
percentage of carbonic acid obtained.
The second experiment was made in the same ward just ten minutes
later, during which time the outlet and inlet flues were open and the
fan making sixty revolutions per minute.
1 84
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
It will be seen from the following table that the use of the fan in this
way for ten minutes made the very impure air of the ward nearly as pure
as the outer air :
Air, whence taken.
Temperature.
Difference.
Relative
Humidity.
Vols, of CO2
Dry bulb.
Wet bulb.
in 10,000.
Outside
49° F.
68° F.
77° F.
8o° F.
45° F.
57° F.
6i° F.
66° F.
4
II
i6
14
73
40
38
3-05
6.35
11.23
3.75
Ward B
Ward i 1st experiment. . . .
D ]2d
At the time of this observation there was very little wind, the barom-
eter was 29.72, the temperature in the aspirating chimneys was 79° F.,
and the average velocity of the upward current in them was 1 20 feet
per minute.
The amount of anthracite coal used for heating the hospital with the
external temperature at 39° F. averaged 1,184 lbs. for 24 hours.
The table on the following page shows the observations made of the
heating and ventilation of this hospitvi! during ihe nrsf week in Decem-
ber, 1877. All velocities are stated in ^eet per minute, and each reported
observation is the mean of three tiia^s-
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
185
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l86 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
While the ventilation and heating of the Barnes Hospital have
proved to be very satisfactory, as is shown not only by continued and
carefully applied tests, but also by the fact that while for the last four
years this hospital has been constantly overcrowded, in the sense that
it has contained from 25 to 40 per cent, more patients than it was
intended for, no evil results have thus far been produced, and the air
in the hospital is, as shown by very recent examination, quite free from
unpleasant odor ; there are, nevertheless, some points in regard to
which its arrangements for ventilation might be improved.
In the first place, there are no means by which the temperature of
the fresh air issuing from any given register can be rapidly changed
without interfering with the amount of air introduced. I say " rapidly
changed," because the change can be effected by varying the amount
of hot water allowed to circulate through the coil, by means of the
valves placed in the supply pipe for each coil ; but it requires nearly an
hour for the coil to cool down to the extent that it is sometimes desir-
able should occur in five minutes. The means by which this rapid
change can be effected will be described presently.
In the second place, the proportions of the air ducts, fan and chim-
neys are not quite such as to secure the best results obtainable with a
given expenditure of force. The amount of air delivered at some reg-
isters is greater than that which comes from others, and the same
is true as regards foul-air exhausts, so that in order to secure sufficient
supply and exhaust at all points we must have more than is necessary
at some points. It is very true that this excess is useful, and that as
regards hospital ventilation, "nothing less than too much is enough."
A third objection is the position of the foul-air registers in the floor
along the centre of the ward. The tendency of patients to spit down
these registers or to throw things into them is very great, and while no
evil results have followed in a hospital which is under military discipline,
and where the foul-air boxes are cleaned every day, it is better to trans-
fer these registers to a point beneath the beds, where they are out of
the way and equally efficacious.
The placing of the kitchen in the third story of the hospital was a
decided success in more ways than one. The odors from cooking are
almost entirely excluded from the building, although sometimes the lift
which passes from the kitchen down to the dining-room acts as a sort
of air-pump, and draws or forces some of the air from the kitchen down
to the second floor.
This principle of placing the kitchen on the upper floor was adopted
in the new New York Hospital, the plans for which, prepared by the
architect, Mr. George B. Post, were adopted in 1875.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
187
Figure 58.— NEW YORK HOSPITAL BUILDINGS.— PLAN OF CELLAR.
A . — Stairs.
B. — Corridor.
C. — Elevator.
D. — Boiler Room.
£. — Boiler.
^. — Engine Room,
G. — Fresh-Air Duct.
//. — Engine.
/. — Fan Blower.
/.— Cold-Air Duct.
A". — Steam Coils.
L. — Ash Vaults.
M.—Coal Vaults.
TV.— Vaults.
O. — Area.
P. — Vegetable Vaults, etc.
Q — Ice House.
l88 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
This hospital is located near the centre of New York City, and is an
illustration of an attempt to make up in height for deficiency in ground
area.
The general arrangement is shown in the accompanying plans, which
are copied from those prepared by the architect to illustrate his descrip-
tion of the building, which is of brick, and contains 163 beds. In the
wards there is one window to each bed, each external pier of the build-
ing being a flue, which is lined with hollow bricks to prevent, as far as
possible, loss of heat by radiation. Through the centre of these flues
run cast-iron pipes, intended to be fitted so as to be air-tight, and
through which fresh air is taken to the building, being forced in by a
fan.
The spaces outside these fresh-air pipes are the foul-air flues. These
terminate above in pipes leading to an exhaust fan, which is located in
the top of the centre building.
The heating is by steam, the coils being arranged at the bottom of
the fresh-air pipes in such a way that by a valve the cool air from the
propelling fan can be sent either through or around the heating coil.
The fresh air is admitted to the wards through slits in the window sills,
forming a jet directed upward on the principle of Tobin's tubes. A
similar arrangement exists in the pavilion of the London Hospital,
erected in 1875-6.
The openings for the exit of foul air from the wards are in part
placed in the walls of the piers and in part beneath the beds.
No effort or cost was spared in the construction of this building to
overcome the difficulties connected with the arrangement of heating
and ventilation of a building of so many stories, all of which through
the staircase halls and elevator shafts are practically in free communi-
cation with each other, and a fair amount of success has been attained.
I do not know of any published observations showing what the actual
operation of the apparatus is, but I have visited the hospital several
times, and have twice tested the currents with the anemometer. These
testings made the average air supply to be about 2,400 cubic feet per
bed per hour — an insufficient amount, if all the beds were full, which,
however, was not the case.
The principle of placing fresh-air pipes inside of the foul-air ducts is
one that cannot be approved of for hospital ventilation, for although the
fresh-air pipes are of iron, and may have been tightly fitted, it is a mere
question of time when some communication will be established between
the inner and outer surfaces of these pipes, either by rusting or by
alternate expansions and contractions, and then the foul air may be
carried back into the wards. The iron pipes are not readily accessible,
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
189
Figure 59.— NEW YORK HOSPITAL BUILDINGS— PLAN OF SECOND, THIRD AND
FOURTH STORIES.
Main Building.
A . — Stairs.
B. — Corridor.
C. — Elevator.
Z».— Hall.
£•.— Closet.
/■.—Ward.
G. — Nurses' Room.
//. — Dining-Room.
/.—Dumb Waiter.
/.—Ventilating Duct.
A'. — Balcony.
West Wing.
a. — Bath Room.
i. — Sink.
c. — Toilet Room.
<£. — Corridor.
East Wing.
e. — Bath Room.
/.—Sink.
^. — Toilet Room.
/t. — Corridor.
Administration Building.
Library and Museum Floor.
ipo VENTILATION AND HEATING.
inclosed as they are in the brick walls, and there is no ready means of
determining their condition. On one occasion, when I visited the hos-
pital, the fumes of burning sulphur, which was being used to disinfect
a room at some little distance, entered the room in which I was. Pre-
cisely how this was effected could not then be ascertained, but it indi-
cated that the system was not working satisfactorily.
The principle of having two fans, one for propulsion and the other
for exhaust, is not peculiar to this hospital ; it was tried for several
years in the hall of the House of Representatives, at Washington, but
the results were not satisfactory, and the plan is not one to be recom-
mended. A single powerful exhaust is the system best calculated to
overcome the peculiar difficulties met with in attempting to secure a
satisfactory distribution of air in a lofty hospital of many stories.
But while the resources of modern engineering are no doubt compe-
tent to secure satisfactory ventilation in a hospital ten stories high, if
necessary, they can only do this at a comparatively great cost, and it is
therefore now generally admitted that it is best to put hospitals
where they can have plenty of room and fresh air, without being com-
pelled to go upward for them.
Another method of arranging the ventilating shaft and foul-air ducts
has been employed in the common wards of the Johns Hopkins Hospi-
tal, Baltimore. These wards are contained in pavilions of one story
and a basement. The basement is devoted entirely to heating and
ventilation purposes, forming practically a large clean-air chamber con-
taining the hot-water coils for heating, and from which the air supply
for these coils can be taken when desired. Usually, however, the supply
will be taken directly from the external air. The accompanying figure
shows the plan of the ward, and the general arrangement of the foul-air
ducts. Each of these wards is practically a separate small hospital,
and it is impossible to pass from one ward to another, or from the cor-
ridor which connects the basements to the wards, without going into
the open air.
Each of the wards has a separate aspirating chimney, located as
shown in the plan, in an octagonal hall or vestibule on the connecting
corridor. Into this chimney empties a foul-air duct, which runs longi-
tudinally beneath the centre of the floor of the ward, and which receives
the air from lateral ducts opening beneath the foot of each bed. The
main foul-air trunk is made of wood, lined with galvanized iron, and
the lateral pipes are of galvanized iron, and cylindrical in shape.
A similar duct is placed above the ceiling, and communicates with
the ward by five openings in the ceiling, in the longitudinal central
axis. Just above where this upper duct enters the chimney, there is
VENTILATION AND HEATING
IQI
Figure 6o.— NEW YORK HOSPITAL BUILDINGS.— DIAGRAM OF VENTILATION AND
HEATING.
A. — Main Fresh-air Shaft from Blower. I
£. — Connection to Steam Coil.
C. — Steam Coil.
D. — Cold-air Passage around Steam Coil.
£. — Valve to regulate Temperature by passing I
any required portion of the air around the |
Steam Coils. I
F. — Hot-air pipes.
G. — Connections to Registers.
H. — Register Box and Opening.
/. — Ventilating Flue containing Hot-air Pipes.
JC, — Main Orifices for Ventilation.
L. — Orifices for Ventilation for occasional use.
M. — Ventilating Pipes.
iV. — Trunk Ventilating Pipes leading to Exhaust
Blower.
O. — Plans of Connnections of Hot-air Pipes.
P. — Sections through Connections of Hot-air
Pipes.
192
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
placed in the shaft a coil to be heated by high-pressure steam when it
is necessary to quicken the aspirating movement.
It will be seen, therefore, that the foul air can be taken either at the
level of the floor beneath the beds or from
the centre of the ceiling ; the first method
will probably be employed in winter and the
second in summer.
The main central aspirating chimney is
devoted to the ventilation of the ward only.
All the service rooms have separate and inde-
pendent exit shafts of galvanized iron passing
up through the roof, and capped with a modi-
fication of the Emerson Ventilator.
Each ward will have a small propelling fan
placed in the basement, the ducts from which
open beneath the heating coils, the object
being to secure a thorough air flush of the
ward two or three times a day, and also to
supplement the aspirating shaft on the very
few days of the year when such aid may be
useful.
Excluding hospitals for the insane, the New
York Hospital is the only building of this
kind in the world in which fans are entirely
relied on for production of ventilation. In
most of the large and costly hospitals of
recent construction in this country, the power
relied on to produce movement of air is an
aspirating chimney or shaft. This may be
either one large shaft connected with the sev-
eral wards, and heated by the smoke-pipe of
the boilers, as is done in the Cincinnati and
the Roosevelt Hospitals, or it may be by a
shaft for each pavilion, which is the more
usual plan. One arrangement of this last
plan has been already shown in the descrip-
tion of the Barnes Hospital. Another ar-
rangement is that adopted in the Cook County
Hospital, at Chicago, in which the pavilions
are three stories high, and the aspirating shaft is placed in the centre
of the pavilion, as shown in the cut. This building is heated by steam
by the usual indirect-radiation method the fresh air being delivered
Figure 6i.— SECOND STOfeV
PLAN OF " ONE " MEDI-
CAL PAVILION OF THE
COOK COUNTY HOSPI-
TAL, IN CHICAGO, ILL.
C. 5.— Clothes Shoot.
/'. — Veranda.
F. A . jr.— Foul-Air Shaft.
/'. /r.— Private Ward.
K ;/'.— Ventilating Shaft.
A", ii. — Nurses' Room.
Z>. Ti. — -Dining-Room.
IV. A'.— Ward Kitchen.
VENTILATION AND HEATING,
193
-■4 '>\
Z.— Lift.
L. K—UU Vent.
H. /".—Heating Pipes.
I/.— Heat.
N. IV. C— Nurses' Water Closet.
n\ C. F.— V\'ater Closet Vent.
— These lines indicate Ventilating Pipes
under Floor.
These lines indicate Ventilating Pipes
in Attic.
5'. — Steam.
P. J'f'.— Private Ward.
P. C— Patients' Clothing.
L. C— Linen Closet.
C. R. — Corridor Roof.
5. //.—Service Hall.
C. //.—Central Hall.
D. D. R. — Dining and Day Roora»
T. A'.— Tea Kitchen.
N. C. — Nurses' Closet.
/F. C— Water Closet.
C. IV. B.— Common Ward for Beci;.
r.— Table.
S. — Sink.
/. /. — Lavatory Lobby.
U. — Urinals.
B — Bath.
Figure 62.— JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL, BAL-
TIMORE, MD.— COMMON WARD,
FIRST STORY PLAN.
194 VEN7MLATION AND HEATING.
by riues and registers in the outer walls. The foul air is supposed ixi
be removed by ducts opening into the ward in the floor between the
beds, and passing thence to the central aspirating shaft. I am not
aware that any scientific observations have been made as to the effects
of this system, but I believe there has been trouble with the heating,
probably owing to too small an amount of heating surface, want of means
of tempering the air, etc.
CHAPTER XII.
FORCED VENTILATION ASPIRATING SHAFTS GAS JETS STEAM HEAT
FOR ASPIRATION — PROF. TROWBRIDGE's F0RMUL,« — APPLI-
CATION IN THE LIBRARY BUILDING OF COLUM-
BIA COLLEGE VENTILATING FANS
MIXING VALVES.
In ordinary dwellings, and for almost all buildings where but few
persons are gathered in each room, it is unnecessary to provide special
apparatus for forcing or increasing the movement of the air. During
warm weather, open windows and doors afford, in most cases, sufficient
change of air, and in cold weather the expansion of the air by the
action of the heating apparatus and the increase of temperature due to
the bodily warmth of the tenants, to lights, etc., furnish sufficient motive
power if the flues and registers are of proper size and rightly placed.
But in this country and climate there are a certain number of days in
the spring and fall when it is too warm to permit of the use of heating
apparatus and when there is no wind. In halls of assembly of all kinds,
and especially in theatres, in hospitals, in certain manufactories where
noxious or offensive gases or dusts are produced, and in mines, tunnels,
etc., it is often very desirable, and sometimes absolutely necessary to
provide power sufficient for the movement of the requisite quantity of
air, which power shall be independent of the heating apparatus. Ven-
tilation thus produced or assisted is by some writers termed artificial,
as opposed to what they call natural, ventilation, but a better term for
it is forced ventilation.
The power necessary to effect this forced ventilation may be derived
from the expansion of air by heat specially applied for that purpose in
the outlet flue or chimney, or from fans or blowers driven by machin-
ery, or from jets of steam or a falling stream of water. It is also theo-
retically possible to produce the required movement of air by cold as
well as by heat ; all that is essential being that there shall be a differ-
ence in temperature between the space to be ventilated and the outer
air, and sufficient channels of communication between the two.
I might also include wind as a possible motive power, but enough has
been said on this point in speaking of cowls, or so-called ventilators.
196 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
The great objection to it is that the power is irregular and fails just
when it is most needed.
Forced ventilation by heat will usually be effected by what is com-
monly called an aspirating or ventilating chimney, which is a shaft or
fiue so constructed that the air in it can be heated without necessarily
heating the room or rooms from which it is desired to withdraw the air,
so that no discomfort need be caused by its use in warm weather. This
heat may be applied by means of an open grate placed in the shaft, as
is done in the aspirating tower for the House of Commons, and in
mines, or by means of a stove, heating a sheet-metal pipe passing up
the chimney, or by gas jets, or by hot-water boilers, or by the circula-
tion of hot water or steam in coils of pipes or radiators suitably arranged
in the chimney.
The open grate is a wasteful and troublesome mode of applying heat
for this purpose, and would only be employed in very exceptional cir-
cumstances.
The use of gas jets would also be very expensive in this country if the
amount of air to be moved was large. The necessary fixtures for the
gas heating of a flue can, however, often be introduced in old buildings
where any other sort of apparatus would be practically out of the ques-
tion, as they take up very little space, and for the ventilation of a water
closet, or similar purposes, this method gives fair results at small cost.
But while the use of gas combustion as a means of forcing ventilation is,
for economical reasons, not to be recommended, if this is to be the sole
purpose for which the gas is consumed, it should not be forgotten that
the burning of gas for illuminating purposes gives rise to heat which can
often be made use of advantageously for purposes of ventilation. This
is especially the case in theatres and other large assembly halls which
are used at night, in which a very considerable amount of aspirating
power may be obtained by suitable connection of tubes and flues with
the means of illumination.
The heating of the aspirating chimney by means of a central metal
pipe is a method very commonly employed to utilize the waste heat
from the flues of steam boilers, etc., and gives very excellent results, as
may be seen by referring to those obtained in the Barnes Hospital which
are given in the preceding chapter. In private houses the kitchen
chimney is sometimes used in this way as a ventilating shaft for the
whole or a part of the house, the pipe from the stove or range being
carried up through the centre of the chimney flue.
The application of steam heat for the purpose of accelerating the
movement of air in ventilating flues is often a very convenient and sat-
isfactory method where this source of power is available.
VENTILATION AND HEATING. I97
Professor W. P. Trowbridge, of Columbia College, published in 1882,
in the School of Mines Quarterly, a very excellent paper on the " Deter-
mination of heating surface required in ventilating flues," with special
reference to the formulae used in calculating this for coils of steam
pipe, and subsequently gave a brief article on the same subject in the
Sanitary Engineer, which is so clear and concise that I quote it in full :
" The employment of steam pipes at the bases of ventilating flues
seems to me to be worthy of more extended application than has here-
tofore been accorded to this method of promoting activity of circulation
of air for the purposes of ventilation. It is only applicable, of course,
for buildings heated by Fteam ; but of buildings thus heated, a few only,
such as hospitals, asylums, theatres, and other public buildings, are of
sufficient magnitude, or are occupied by such numbers as to warrant the
use of fans or blowers.
" Ordinary architectural structures must have appliances for ventila-
tion which demand the least possible attention ; or, perhaps, no atten-
tion whatever, except the opening or closing of registers. And yet it is
well known that when under these circumstances spontaneous or natu-
ral ventilation is depended on, there are occasions and circumstances
when partial or complete stagnation of air is inevitable. In buildings
heated by steam the remedy is simple and effective. Steam, or even hot-
water pipes properly arranged at the base of any vertical flue will fur-
nish the necessary heat to produce a draught. The simple question
involved is the area of heating surface demanded for a given vertical
flue, and for a given quantity of air to be discharged per hour.
'•'■ In a paper first published in the School of Mines Quarterly (the
abstract results of which were printed afterward in the Sanitary Engi-
neer^, I discussed the question and deduced a simple formula for the
heating surface. I now venture to refer to that formula, and show how
it may be used with the least amount of arithmetical calculations.
" The formula is as follows :
WTa
" In this formula (S) represents the number of square feet in the
exterior surface of the coil or cluster of steam pipes at the base of the
flue ; (Ta) is the absolute temperature of the external air — that is, the
common or thermometric temperature + 459.4° (or t° + 459.4°).
" (W) represents the weight of air in pounds which is discharged in
one second.
" (H) represents the height of the flue, and (T^) is the absolute tem-
perature of the steam in the coil (/. e., t^ + 449.4°).
rgS VENTILATION AND HEATING.
"The constant 1,500 is derived from certain constants which were
employed in deducing the formula, one of which was the force of grav-
ity, another the specific heat of air, another the rate of transfer of heat
to air by coils, from Mr. C. B. Richards' experiments, and another the
ratio between the theoretical velocity and the actual velocity in the flue,
as influenced by friction. For ordinary and the most favorable circum-
stances the actual velocity in the flue is best if it be established at about
five feet per second, and it is for this actual velocity that the formula in
its simplified form as above is adopted.
" Another formula, well known, and which is needed, is that for the
weight of air discharged per second — to wit :
W = A X Dc X V.
" That is, the weight discharged is found by multiplying the cross
section of the flue (A) by the velocity (V) and the density (D^) of the
air in the flue.
" By the calculations in my original paper, I found that the density in
the flue which will result from the proportions given by this formula,
will be 0.0719 pounds per cubic foot. Hence the area of flue for a
given discharge, W, will be :
WWW
A =
D, V 0.0719 X 5 .3595
or, A = 3 W approximately.
" That is, the cross section of the flue in square feet should be three
times the weight of air discharged per second.
" An example will show the method of using these formulas for all
ordinary cases.
" Suppose the air of a room 3o'x4o' and 15 feet from floor to ceiling
is to be renewed four times every hour.
"The cubic contents are 3o'x4o'x 15' = 18,000 cubic feet. At the
ordinary temperature and pressure, this air will weigh about ^wo o^ ^
pound per cubic foot, and the weight of air discharged per hour will be
4 X 18000 X .08 == 5,760 pounds, or 1.6 pounds per second.
" The required area or cross section will be A = 3. x 1.6 = 4.8 square
feet. If, now, we suppose the steam in the coil to be low-pressure
steam, for instance five pounds above the atmosphere, we shall have for
its temperature, Fahr. 228°, and if we assume the exterior temperature
of the air to be 60°, we shall have conditions which will apply to spring
or autumn weather, and the same arrangements then determined will
VENTILATION AND HEATING. I99
give better results in winter or cooler weather ; with these assumptions
we have :
g^ 1500 X 1-6 (60 + 4594)
H (228° + 459.4 — 60 + 459.4)
or, ^ _ 1500 X 1.6 (60 + 459.4) _ 4-9 ,.
H (228° — 60°) H ^ ^
If the flue is fifty feet high, we shall have :
O lt;00 X 4.0 .. r .
S == —^ ^ ^ ^ 30 X 4.9 = 147 square feet.
" Hence, the conditions of ventilation assumed will require an aggre-
gate area of ventilating flue of 4^^ square feet in cross section, and 147
square feet of heating surface in the coil or cluster of pipes at the base.
" If more than one flue is employed, which would probably be desir-
able, in order to have a better distribution of the inflowing air (two
flues for instance), then each would have an area of 2^^ square feet,
and each would be heated at the base by pipes having 73^ square feet
of surface.
*' It may be thought that this amount of surface is excessive for the
degree of ventilation assumed.
" The reply to this objection is, that if any one expects to obtain full
and sufficient ventilation without expending an appropriate amount of
money, both for fixtures and for fuel, such a one is mistaken.
"It might as well be expected to get water from a well without means
for drawing or pumping it. The size of the bucket or pump, and the
power applied, will determine the exact amount of water obtained per
hour, and the cost of obtaining it.
" The sooner this law is universally recognized for ventilation, the
sooner will ventilation arrangements be generally successful.
" It should be further remarked as of great importance in arranging
steam pipes for heating air in its passage to flues, that the pipes should
not block up the flues, but should be placed in an enlargement or cham-
ber, so that the aggregate area through and among the pipes shall be
equal to the area of the flue, or even ten per cent, greater. Moreover,
the pipes or heaters should be so arranged that no air will pass without
coming in contact with the heated surfaces. A baffled passage, causing
the filaments of air to assume a tortuous course among the pipes, is the
proper one. If the above conditions are fulfilled and properly applied
there seems hardly any limit to which ventilation may be carried in
steam-heated buildings."
200 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
An interesting account of the application of steam coils to produce a
ventilating current is given in a description of the heating and venti-
lation of the library building of Columbia College, New York, contained
in the Sanitary Engineer of June 28, 1883, from which I take, by per-
mission, the following account and illustration :
The ventilation was arranged by the architect, Mr. Haight, in
accordance with the suggestions of Professor Trowbridge.
The system of heating is by indirect radiation from surfaces heated
by low-pressure steam. The radiators are arranged as shown in Fig-
ure 64.
In two of the large lecture rooms steam coils are placed at the base
of the exhaust flues to induce an upward draft. " In each room there
are four fresh-air inlets, each measuring 12 x 20 inches, or equivalent
dimensions, less the obstructions of the register. The steam coils in
these four inlets have a combined heating surface of 720 square feet.
In one room all four hot-air registers are near the ceiling (ten feet
from the floor to the bottom of the register ; the room is fifteen feet
high), but in the other room three of them are near the floor. The lat-
ter have sheet-iron screens in front of them, eight inches larger than
the register, and the same distance from the wall, to protect persons
sitting in front of the register from the direct current. They are turned
back to the wall on the end toward the exhaust flues, to direct the cur-
rent away from the latter."
The outlets in both rooms are at the outside corners, at the floor
level, into large circular flues in the corner turrets. The accompanying
plan and section, Figures 65 and 66, make clear the location and size of
the heating coils and the air passage through and around them.
The full size of the main outlet from the room into each turret is
about 32X 38 inches. This may be reduced as desired by a common
register valve, which, however, is kept locked and under the control of
the janitor. The arrangement of these coils was designed by Professor
Trowbridge. They consist of three stacks of vertical i-inch pipes,
arranged in quincunx order on bases I'x 22", and about five feet high.
The rows perpendicular to the register are separated by sheets of tin,
designed to serve as secondary radiating surfaces, thus largely increas-
ing the efficiency of the coils. Horizontal sheets also are fitted over
the pipes at intervals of one foot. The pipes fill the lower back part of
the passage into the flue, but a considerable unoccupied portion remains
above and in front of them, as shown by the plan and section perpen-
dicular to the register. The floor between the coils and register is tiled ;
the register is fastened only by a few screws, so that it may be easily
removed to clean out the dust in front of and among the coils.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
201
Figure 63.-PLAN OF LECTURE ROOM, SHOWING VENTILATING SYSTEM.
202 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
The total heating surface of the three stacks of pipe in each corner
outlet is 650 square feet. The steam supplied to these pipes is not
from the low-pressure system (the maximum pressure of which is ten
pounds), but has a maximum pressure of fifty pounds.
The smaller circle in the turret (Figure 65) indicates the size of the flue
up to this (the first) story, when it is increased to the size indicated by
the larger circle. Above the larger outlet at the bottom is a smaller one
directly above (ten feet above the floor), into the same large flue,
designed as an auxiliary outlet for a natural circulation. By these
means it is calculated to change the air in the rooms every fifteen
minutes.
Extensive use of steam coils in aspirating flues is also made in the
Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. In this case a certain part of
the efficiency of some of the steam coils is lost, owing to the fact that
they are placed high in the shafts above the entrance into the shafts of
the upper air ducts, which are the ones which will do most of the work
in warm weather. This loss might have been avoided by bringing these
flues down to the base of the aspirating chimney, at which point the
accelerating coils might then have been placed, with the result of
obtaining a longer column of heated and rarified air, and a correspond-
ing increase of power. To do this, however, would have increased the
cost of construction to such an extent that it was thought better to
accept the slightly increased cost of running the present apparatus for
the few days during which it will be required.
The application to forced ventilation of direct mechanical power
through some form of fan or blower is especially useful in theatres and
assembly halls, where large numbers of people are to be gathered for a
comparatively short time ; in tunnels and mines, in hospitals, and for the
removal of dusts and vapors in connection with certain processes of
manufacture.
As applied to theatres and halls of assembly, the fan is usually em-
ployed for the forcing of air into the room on what is called the plenum
system, and instances of its application in this way will be found in the
descriptions of the hall of the House of Representatives in Washington,
and of the Vienna, Frankfort and New York Opera Houses given in
preceding chapters.
As applied to hospital ventilation, the great utility of the fan lies in
the power which it gives to rapidly flush out the wards morning and
evening with large quantities of air. The effects thus produced are
shown in the description of the Barnes Hospital. In some of the larger
Insane Asylums of this country the propelling fan is used as a constant
source of power, as for example in the New York Asylum at Utica,
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
203
Figure 64— SECTION THROUGH COIL BOX IN CELLAR.
2C4 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
where two fans are employed for this purpose. Each of these fans is
twelve feet in diameter, having a cross-sectional area at the point of
delivery of a little over forty square feet. They are run day and night,
and can furnish air at the rate of loo cubic feet per minute for each
occupant.
The application of the fan or blower as an aspirator is chiefly useful
to remove dusts and gases produced in a workroom, by drawing them off
through hoods or funnels placed close to the machines or vessels in
which these are produced, so that they are not allowed to escape and
contaminate the general air supply of the room. In this way many
trades which would otherwise be disagreeable or dangerous to health,
may be so conducted as to be harmless, and the applications of this
method are constantly increasing.
When the engineer is called on to devise a plan of ventilation for a
building already constructed, in which it is impossible to construct an
aspirating chimney of sufficient size to do the work, and especially
where steam power is already available, the use of an aspirating fan
placed in the ceiling or attic, or in the upper half of a window, etc., will
often be an excellent substitute. In making such an application of the
fan care should be taken to provide sufficient and properly distributed
fresh-air inlets, and this caution seems necessary because I have myself
seen several such aspirating fans set up without the slightest attempt
being made to provide a fresh-air supply.
It does not come within the scope of this work to discuss the relative
merits of various forms of fans and blowers.
The form with which I have had most experience is that of a rotary
fan of comparatively large size and low speed, such as is described and
illustrated in a valuable paper on this subject contributed to the Insti-
tution of Civil Engineers by Mr. Robert Briggs, and contained in their
proceedings for 1869-70, to which paper I would refer those who wish
to investigate this subject in detail. Such fans can move large quanti-
ties of air, but at very low pressures only, usually not exceeding that of
one or two inches of water. The proper proportioning of the ducts on
each side of such a fan is quite as important as the proportions of the
fan itself.
The following table (page 204), from Mr. Briggs' paper above referred
to, will be found convenient for such calculations :
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
fiGURE 65— PLAN OF COIL AND EXHAUST SHAFT IN CORNER TURRET;
Figure 66.-SECTION THROUGH ai.
2o6
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
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VENTILATION AND HEATING. 207
Casual allusion has been made in preceding chapters to the desirabil-
ity of providing, in connection with systems of air heating by indirect
radiation, means by which it shall be possible to quickly control and
vary within certain limits the temperature in a given room without
interfering with the fresh-air supply.
In the majority of cases this can be best effected by providing switch
valves in connection with the fresh-air ducts and radiators, so arranged
that by turning or pulling a handle placed in the room to be warmed, an
inmate of that room can compel the fresh incoming air to either pass
wholly through the box or case containing the radiators, or wholly out-
side of it, or partly through and partly around it, so as to produce by
mixture any temperature desired.
Many different ways of arranging such a switch valve can readily be
devised. The following are illustrations of various forms, which will be
found suggestive and which are for the most part self explanatory :
Figure 67 shows a simple and cheap form of such a valve, proposed
by Messrs. Gillis & Geoghegan, of New York City.
Figure 68 shows a more satisfactory, but more expensive pattern,
proposed by Mr. C. W. Newton.
Figure 69 shows the switch-valve arrangement employed in the Johns
Hopkins Hospital, in Baltimore, in connection with the hot-water coils
placed beneath the wards.
Figure 70 is a section of the form of radiator and switch valve recom-
mended for hospital use by Dr. Norton Folsom, of Boston.
The " switch " or " mixing valve " shown in Figure 7 1 was designed by
Mr. A. Mercer, of New York, for the Bridgeport Hospital.
The casings of the radiators are metal, with a by-pass at a. The
valve consists essentially of the damper a, rod and crank b, lever c, and
pull d, with the set or thumb screw c. The rod at d' may be marked to
degrees or fractional parts of the opening, and in other respects the
sketch shows for itself.
Figure 72 illustrates another form of "switch valve," in which all the
movable parts are in the register.
It was designed by Mr. William J. Baldwin, of New York, for the
architect of the Moses Taylor Hospital, about to be erected at Scranton,
Pa.
The hospital is to be on the pavilion plan, the wards being a single
story. The air from a blowing-fan will enter the basements under the
wards, where it is to be warmed to about 60 degrees, by being passed
through a large coil, which utilizes the exhaust steam from the engine
which drives the fan. This converts the basements into a plenum, from
which the air can be passed to supplementary steam coils on its wav- to
208
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
Figure 67.— SWITCH VALVE FOR HEATING COILS.
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
20p
5i ?^^^^yy^s^-^^^^^w^\^^^^^^^^^^^
Figure 68— NEWTON'S SWITCH VALVE FOR STEAM-HEATING COILS
2X0
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
Figure oq.— riEATING COILS AND SWITCH VALVES.— JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL.
VENTILATION AND HEATIJ*':!.
2.11
xT/^
c?2e
yi/ihabi^ CU^ikl
^I£EIlK^fS^^//^/^fi//
Figure 70.— SWITCH VALVE RECOMMENDED BY DR. N. FOLSOM.
212 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
the wards, and be made warmer, or it may be passed direct into the
wards, or any mixture of the air at the two temperatures may be passed
in, but by no means can the air supply be reduced. It is a circular
register to all outward appearance, and is connected with a sheet-iron
tube, which goes through the floor. This tube is divided its whole
length by a septum, so as to form two semi-circular tubes. One of
Figure 71.— DETAIL OF MIXING VALVE.
these halves is connected to the supplementary-coil chamber, and has a
stopper at the bottom, while the other half is open. The register,
instead of having valves in the ordinary way, has a solid semi-circular
disk, which can be revolved under the fretwork by a key introduced
into the slot in the middle, as shown. This semi-circular disk may be
turned so as to close one or other of the semi-circular pipes, or it may
VENTILATION AND HEATING.
213
be made to cover one-half of each, so that one-quarter of the fretwork
is delivering air at 60 degrees, while another quarter is delivering. air at
120 degrees, or any other proportions of the two currents may be
obtained by shifting the position of the semi-circular disk without reduc-
ing the volume.
Figure 72.-PLAN AND SECTION OF MIXING REGISTER.
A modification of this register for side-wall flues has also been
designed by the same person.
I consider it to be very desirable that some form of valve calculated
to effect the purpose for which the above are suggested should be used
much more extensively than is at present the case, and it is in this
214 VENTILATION AND HEATING.
direction that the most immediate and important improvement of ven-
tilation of dweUing-houses in this cHmate can be effected.
Nor should the application of this method be confined to steam and
hot-water heating, seeing that it is quite as important, to say the least, in
furnace-heated houses. At present, in the most costly dwellings heated
by indirect radiation, the only way to promptly diminish the heat when
it becomes oppressive is to close the register, and shut out the fresh air
as well. It may be well, however, to warn the architect or heating engi-
neer that to obtain good results from this device it is necessary that the
occupants of the room should know how to use it, and should be willing
to do so, and that to secure this willingness, it is desirable to obtain
their co-operation. Such valves were provided for the radiators supply-
ing the private parlors in a large club house in New York, and the
louvres or dampers were removed from the registers to prevent persons
who did not understand the apparatus from shutting off the air. The
result was that some of the members insisted on having the louvres re-
placed in order that they might be able to turn them as they had been
accustomed to do. A little educational work would not have been
wasted in this instance.
Finally, it should be remembered and impressed on the managers of
public institutions, that every system of heating and ventilating appar-
atus requires constant care as to its cleanliness, efficiency, and adjust-
ment to the demands of the season and the hour, to produce the best
results, and that the most wasteful of all expenditure is to provide an
elaborate and costly apparatus, and then intrust it to the care of an
ignorant or careless engineer, on the ground that he is somebody's
''nephew," or is "an active politician."
INDEX.
Air, adhesion to surfaces of, 25, 89.
" expansion of, by heat, 30.
" filtration of, 55.
" moisture of, 59.
" testing of, 21.
" weight of, 29.
Air-supply, amount of, 38.
" "for schools, 162.
Anderson on hot-water heating, 53.
Archimedean screw ventilators, 100.
Baldwin, W. J., switch valve, 213.
Baltimore Academy of Music, 149.
Barker's patent, 96.
Barnes Hospital, 179.
Bridgeport High School, 167.
Briggs, R., on fans, 204.
" " moisture, 60.
" " stoves, 84.
Carbonic acid, 18, 19.
" "in schools, 164.
Chimney, formula for draught in, 32.
" size of, 35, 36.
" smoky, 36.
Chimney caps, 90.
Church, Dr. Hall's, ventilation of, 108.
Cook County Hospital, 192.
Cost of ventilation, 14.
Cowles, Dr. E., on moisture, 59.
Cowls, 90.
Criterion Theatre, 143.
Cubic space, 42.
Dairies, ventilation of, 74.
Dickerson, E. N., on house ventilation,
68.
Diffusion of gases, ig.
Dwellings, small, 83.
Emerson ventilator, 92.
Fans in ventilation, 108, 123, 131, 136,
184, 190, 202.
Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, 107.
Fire-places, 46, 76.
Flues, 31, 34, 56, 97.
Folsom, N., switch valve, 211.
Foul-air flues, 97.
Frankfort Opera House, 133.
Fresh-air inlets, loi.
Furnaces, 47, 81.
Gas jets for ventilation, 196.
Gillis & Geoghegan, switch valve, 208.
Good ventilation, definition of, 17.
Halls of Assembly, 104.
Heat, 28.
Heating, 44.
" specifications for, 157.
Hellyer on cowls, 94.
Hospitals, 172.
Hot-water heating, 51.
House of Representatives, ventilation of,
120.
Houses of Parliament, ventilation of, 11 1.
Jeffreys on sub-earth ventilation, 72.
Johns Hopkins Hospital, 190.
Kew, cowl-testing at, 93.
Lincoln, Dr. D. F., on ventilation by
stoves, 87.
MacDonald ventilator, 95.
M'Kinnell ventilator, 95.
Madison Square Theatre, 142.
Metropolitan Opera House, 133.
Mixing valves, 207.
Moisture, regulation of, 59.
Moses Taylor Hospital, 207.
Newton, C. W., switch valve, 209.
New York Hospital, 186.
Opera Houses, 130.
Owen's apparatus for air testing, 22.
Percy, Dr., on ventilation of Houses of
Parliament, iii.
Perfect ventilation, definition of, 16.
Pettenkofer, Prof., on air analysis, 22.
Philbrick, E. S., on furnaces, 47.
Planat, on foul-air flues, 97.
Putnam, J. P., on fire-places, 79.
Radiation, 45.
Registers, position of, 55.
2l6
INDEX.
Reid, Dr. D. B., on ventilation of
George's Hall, 151.
Ruttan system, 75.
St. George's Hall, 151.
St. Petersburgh Hospital, 173.
Schedules for ventilation plans, 55.
Schools, 159.
Sheringham valve, loi.
Small-pox hospitals, 174.
Steam heating, 49.
Stoves, 84, 86.
Sub-earth ventilation, 72.
Syphon ventilation, 100.
Tenement houses,
Theatres, 130.
Thermal units, 29.
Tobin's tubes, 102.
82.
St. I Trowbridge, Prof. W. P., on forced ven-
tilation, 197.
Union League Club, 152.
Upward versus downward ventilation,
122.
Valves for radiators, 207.
Ventilation, cost of, 14.
" downward, 122.
" forced, 195.
Vienna Opera House, 130.
Wilkinson's patent sub-earth venti-
lation, 74.
Window ventilation, 82.
Wyld, George, on sizes of flues, S3.
Wyman, Dr. Morrill, on cowls, 91, 93.
'Phe Engineering and ^uilding Record.
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A STANDARD PRACTICAL WORK,
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Being a description of Steam-Heating Apparatus for Warming and Venti-
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By WILLIAM J. BALDWIN, M. E.,
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SUBJECTS OF CHAPTERS:
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Radiation— Heating Surfaces of Boilers— Boilers for Heating— Forms of
Boilers— On Boiler Setting— Proportion of Heating Surfaces of Boilers to
Surfaces of Buildings — Relations of Grates and Chimneys to Boilers-
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2. The size of Main-Pipes and Returns. Set Them.
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4. The Class of Boiler to use. 10. Air- Valves, and Where to Apply
5. How to Set a Boiler. Them.
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STEAM AND HOT-WATER HEATING AND FITTING.
THE SEVENTEENTH VOLUME
OP
^HE j^NGlNEERING AND 3^'^^^^^; f^ECORD
Contains a vast amount of matter that is of permanent and practical value,
among which we mention the following articles as being of special interest
to those engaged in the business of Steam or Hot- Water Heating :
Questions Submitted by Practical Men with Answers and Solutions
TO Problems, viz.:
Noise About Boilers Due to Improper Connections.— Controlling the Tem.pera-
ture in Hot- Water Apparatus Automatically. — Noise Caused in Mains of Steam-
Heating Apparatus by Improperly Arranged Relief Pipe. — How to Proportion
Radiating Surfaces.— Filtering Steam. — Can a High-Pressure Steam Apparatus
be Run More Economically than a Low-Pressure One?— Steam and Hot-Water
Heating Plant for Cities.— Amount of Coal Required to Heat Water from 40 to
200. — Cause of Corrosion in Hot- Water Return Pipe.— Over-Head Steam Heat-
ing.— Steam-Heating for Buildings in 1819 in Connecticut. — Water-Back z't'rsus
Coal. — Cause of Water-Back Explosion. — Size of Chimney-Flue for Boiler. —
Heating Surface Required to Heat Water in Tank. — Use of Anemometers. — Press-
ure Does Not Assist Hot-Water Circulation.— Use of Kerosene Oil in vSteam-
Boilers.— Hot-Water Boilers and Flow-Pipes in House of Notre Dame, Toronto
(illustrated).— Cause of Water-Back Explosion.— Defective Circulation in Steam-
Heating Apparatus.- Station J of the New York Steam Co's Distributing Plant
for Supplying Steam Throughout Manhattan Island (series of articles fully
illustrated).— Ratio of Height of Chimney to the Rate of Combustion.— Notes on
Warming Railroad Cars bv Steam, Paper by William J. Baldwin, M. E.— Steam-
Heating in Washington University, Paper by Charles E. Jones, M. E.— Domestic
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Table of Contents.
Chapter I.— MAIN PIPES— Chapter IV. — PIPE-LAYING AND
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PIPE-LAYING-
^ . rp r „ T3 1, TT^i Chapter VII.— SERVICE-PIPE S
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OR,
QUESTIONS, ANSWERS, AND DESCRIPTIONS FROM
THE SANITARY ENGINEER.
With 142 Illustrations.
PRESS COMMENTS.
" This volume contains replies to a very
great variety of questions, all accom-
panied by cuts, some of them showingthe
errors which have been committed in work
actually done, and others showing how it
should be done. In the columns of the
periodical this important advice was scat-
tered through many numbers, and hence
difficult of access. * * * in this
book it is brought compactly together,
classified as far as practicable, and so
placed within easy reach of every man or
woman who has occasion to build a house,
or who cares to know something of what
the plumbing should be in selecting a
house for rent. Few people ever think of
such things in selecting houses, and the
result is an unfailing crop of diphtherias,
etc., etc. A cursory glance through this
volume will satisfy any thinking reader
that it is valuable for any body to have
conveniently at hand for reference." —
Chicago Times.
" The book has a highly practical inter-
est for house-builders and house-keepers,
and for all persons interested in sanitary
engineering." — Cincinnati Commercial
Gazette.
" This work is invaluable to all persons
engaged in the business of plumbing, and
should be in the hands of every plumber
in the country." — Austiti Dispatch.
Its careful perusal would be a profitable
exercise for school committees, theatre
proprietors, architects, doctors, people
about to build dwellings, and owners of
houses already built. — Springfield Repub-
lican.
" This work is one that should be in
the hands of every architect, plumber,
builder, house-owner, or person who con-
templates building." — Ottawa Daily Citi-
zen.
" Of great service and interest to
plumbers, builders, architects, engineers,
and others." — Boston Herald.
Large 8vo, Cloth, $2.00.
THE ENGINEERING & BUILDING RECORD,
No. 277 Tearl Street,
Obtainable at London Olifice, 92 and 93 Fleet Street.
New York.
NOW READY! PRICE, $3.00. POSTAGE PAID.
Steam-Heating Problems;
OR,
Questions, Answers, and Descriptions
RELATING TO
Steam-Heating and Steam-Fitting,
FROM
THE SANITARY ENGINEER.
IVltk One Hundred and Nine Illustrations.
PREFACE.
The Sanitary Engineer, while devoted to Engineering, Architecture, Con-
struction, and Sanitation, has always made a special feature of its departments of Steam
and Hot- Water Heating, in which a great variety of questions have been answered and
descriptions of the work in various buildings have been given. The favor
with which a recent publication from this office, entitled "Plumbing and House-
Drainage Problems, "has been received suggested the publication of " Steam-Heating
Problems," which, though dealing with another branch of industry, is similar in
character. It consists of a selection from the pages of the The Sanitary Engineer
of questions and answers, besides comments on various problems met with in the design-
ing and construction of steam-heatmg apparatus, and descriptions of steam-heating
work in notable buildings.
It is hoped that this book will prove useful to those who design, construct, and
have the charge of steam-heating apparatus.
CONTENTS:
BOILERS.
On blowing off and filling boilers.
Where a test-gauge should be applied to a boiler.
Domes on boilers- whether tiiey are necessary or
not.
Expansion of water in boilers.
Cast vs. wrought iron for nozzles and magazines
of house-heat'ng boilers.
Pipe-connections to boilers.
Passing boiler-pipes through walls ; how to pre-
vent breakage by settlement.
Suffocation of workmen in boilers.
Heating-boilers. (A pioblem.)
A detachable boil( r-Iug.
Isolating-valve for steam-man of boilers.
On the effect of oil in boilers.
Iron rivets and steel boiler-plates.
Proportions for rivets for boiler-plates.
Is there any danger in using water continuously
in boilers?
Accident with connected boilers.
A supposed case of charrina wood by steam-pipes.
Domestic boilers warmed by steam.
VALUE OF HEATING-SURFACES.
Computing the amount of radiator-surface for
wanning: buildings by hot water.
Calculating the radiating-surface for heating
buildings— the saving of double-glazed win-
dows.
Amount of heating-surface required in hot-water
apparatus boilers and in steam-apparatus
boilers.
Calculating the amount of radiating-surface for a
given room.
How much heating-surface will a steam-pipe of
given size supply ?
Coiis 71s. radiators and size of boiler to heat a
given building.
Calculating the amount of heating-surface.
Computing the cost of steam for warming.
RADIATORS AND HFATERS.
A woman's method of regulating a radiator (cov-
ering it with a cosey).
Improper position of radiator-valves.
Hot-water radiator for private houses.
Remedying a'r-binding of box-coils.
How to use a stove as a hot-water heater.
" Plane " vs. "Plain " as a term as applied to out-
side surface of radiators.
Relative value of pipe on cast-iron heating sur-
face
Relative value of pipe on steam-coils.
STEAM-HEATING PROBLEMS.
Warming churches (plan of placing a coil in each
pewi.
Warming churches.
PIPE AND FITTING.
Steam-heating work — good and indifferent.
Piping adjacent buildings: pumps vs. steam-
traps.
True diameters and weights of standard pipes.
Expansion of pipes of various metals.
Expansion of steam-pipes.
Advantages claimed for overhead piping.
Position of valves on steam-riser connection.
Cause of noise in steam-pipes.
One-pipe system of steam-heating.
How to heat several adjacent buildings with a
single apparatus.
Patents on Mills' system of steam-heating.
Air-binding in return steam-pipes.
Air-binding in return steam-pipes, and methods
to overcome it.
VENTILATION.
Size of registers to heat certain rooms.
Determining the size of hot-air fiues.
Window ventilation.
Removing vapor from dye-house.
Ventilation of Cunard steamer "Umbria."
Calculating sizes of flues and registers.
On methods of removing air from between ceiling
and roof of a church.
STEAM.
Economy of using exhaust steam for heat-
ing.
Heat of steam for different conditions.
Superheating steam by the use of coils.
Effect of using a small pipe for exhaust steam-
heating.
Explosion of a steam-table.
CUTTING NIPPLES AND BENDING
PIPES.
Cutting large nipples— large in diameter ami
short in length.
Cutting crooked threads.
Cutting a close nipple out of a coupling after a
thread is cut.
Bending pipe.
Cutting large nipples.
Cutting various sizes of thread with a solid die.
RAISING WATER AUTOMATICALLY.
Contrivance for raising water in high buildings.
Criticism of the foregoing and description of
another device for a similar purpose.
MOISTURE ON WALLS, ETC.
Cause and prevention of moisture on walls.
Effect of moisture on sensible temperature.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Heating water in large tanks.
Heating water for large institutions and high city
buildings.
Questions relating to water-tanks.
Faulty elevator-pump connections.
On heating several buildings from one source.
Coal-tar coating lor water-pipe.
Filters for feeding house- boiltrs. Other means
of clarifying water.
Testing gas-pipes for leaks and making pipe-
joints.
Will boiling drinking-water purify it?
Differential rams for testing fittings and valves.
Percentage of ashes in coal.
Automatic pump-governor.
Cast-iron safe for steam-radiators.
Methods of graduating radiator service according
to the weather.
Preventing fall of spray from steam-exhaust
pipes.
Exhaust-condenser for preventing fall of spray
from steam-exhaust pipes.
Steam-heating apparatus and plenum (ventila-
tion), system in Kalamazoo Insane Asylum.
Heating and ventilation of a prison.
Amount of heat due to condensation of water.
Expansion-joints.
Resetting of house-heating boilers--a possible
saving of fuel.
How to find the water-line of boilers and position
of try-cocks.
Low-pressure hot-water system for heating
buildings in England (comments by T/ie
Sanitary Engineer).
Steam-heating apparatus in Manhattan Com-
pany's and Merchants' Bank Building, New
York.
Boilers in Manhattan Company's and Merchants'
Bank Building, with extracts from specifica-
tions.
Steam-heating apparatus in Mutual Life Insur-
ance Building on Broadway.
The setting of boilers in Tribune Building, New
York.
Warming and ventilation of West Presbyterian
Church, New York City.
Principles of heating-apparatus, Fine Arts Exhi-
bition Building, Copenhagen.
Warming and ventilation of Opera-Hou'e at
Ogdensburg, N. Y.
Systems of heating houses in Germany and
Austria.
Steam-pipes under New York streets — difference
between two systems adopted.
Some details of steam and ventilating apparatus
used on the continent of Europe.
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS.
Applying traps to gravity steam-apparatus.
Expansion of brass and iron pipe.
Connecting steam and return risers at their tops.
Power used in running hydraulic elevators.
On melting snow in the streets by steam.
Action of ashe" street fillings on iron pipes.
Arrangement of steam-coils for heating oil-stills.
Converting a steam-apparatus into a hot-water
apparatus and back again.
Condensation per foot of steam-main when laid
under ground.
Oil in boilers from exhaust steam, and methods
of prevention.
Address,
Book Department,
THE ENGINEERING AND BUILDING RECORD,
No. 277 Pearl Street, New York.
Obtainable at London Office, 92 and 93 Fleet Street, for 15J.
Hot- Water Heating and Fitting;
OR,
Warming Buildings by Hot-Water.
A DESCRIPTION OF
Modern Hot- Water Heating Apparatus — Tlie Methods of their
Constrtiction and the Principles involved.
With Over Two Hundred Illustrations, Diagrams and Tables.
By WILLIAM J. BALDWIN, M. Atn. Soc. C. E.,
Member American Society Mechanical Engineers,
Author of "Steam-Heating for Buildings," etc., etc.
Graphical methods are used to illustrate many of the important principles that are
to be remembered by the Hot- Water Engineer.
The volume is 8vo., of 385 pages, besides the index ; handsomely bound
in cloth, and will be sent postpaid on receipt of $4.00.
Among the questions treated are the following :
Laws of Hot- Water Circulation.
Flow of Water in the Pipes of an Apparatus.
Graphical Illustration of the Expansion of Water.
Graphical Illustration of the Theoretical Velocity of Water in Flow-
Pipes.
Efflux of Water Through Apertures.
Passage of Water Through Short Parallel Pipes.
Passage of Water Through Long Pipes.
Friction of Water in Long Pipes.
Quantity of Water that will Pass through Pipes under Different Press-
ures.
Diminution of the Flow of Water by Friction in Long Pipes.
Loss of Pressure by Friction of Elbows and Fittings.
How the Friction of Elbows and Fittings maybe Reduced to a Minimum.
Flow of Water through the Mains of an Apparatus, Considered under
its Various Practical Conditions.
How to Find the Total Head Required when the Quantity of Water to
be Passed and the Size and Length of the Pipes are Known.
How to Find the Quantity of Water in U. S. Gallons, that will Pass
through a Pipe when the Total Head and Length and the Diameter
of the Pipe is Knowm.
To Find the Diameter of the Pipes for a Given Passage of Water.
How to Find the Direct Radiating Surface required for Buildings.
How Heat is Lost from the Rooms of a Building.
Simple Formula for Finding the Radiating Surfaces for Buildings.
Experiments by Different Authorities on Radiating Surfaces.
To Find the Amount of Water that should Pass through a Radiator for
a Certain Duty.
How to Determine the Size of Inlet and Outlet Pipes for Hot-Water
Radiators,
iagrams Giving Graphical Methods for Finding the Diameters and
Lengths of Flow and Return Pipes for Hot-Water Apparatus.
Proportioning Coils and Radiators of an Apparatus for Direct Radiation.
Description of Different Systems of Piping in Use.
Proportioning an Apparatus for Indirect Heating.
Illustrations of Boilers.
Hot-Water Heating in the State, War, and Navy Department Building.
Hot- Water Heating in Private Residences.
Boilers Used for Hot- Water Heating.
Direct Radiators Used for Hot-Water Heating.
Indirect Radiators Used for Hot-Water Heating.
The Effect of Air-Traps in Plot-Water Pipes.
Expansion Tanks — and How they should be Prepared.
Danger of Closed Expansion Tanks.
The Various Valves Used for Hot- Water Heating.
Air- Vents Used for Hot-Water Radiators.
Automatic Regulators Used in Hot-Water Heating.
Special Fittings for Hot-Water Heating.
How to Conduct Tests of Hot- Water Radiators.
Method of Connecting Thermometers with Hot-Water Pipes and
Radiators.
Tables of Contents of the Pipes of an Apparatus.
Table of Co-efficients of the Expansion of Water from Various Sources,
With an Ample Table of Contents from which the above Items
were Selected ; also an Alphabetically Arranged Index, the Whole
Containing a Large Amount of Useful Information of Great Value
to the Engineer, Architect, Mechanic and Householder. No Archi-
tect, Engineer, Steam-Fitter or Plumber throughout the United
States should be without a copy of this book. It is written in the
simple style of Mr. Baldwin's former book, " Steam Heating for
Buildings," and is within the ready comprehension of all.
Address, Book Department.
THE ENGINEERING & BUILDING RECORD,
277 Pearl Street, New York.
Obtainable at the London Office, 92 and 93 Fleet Street, for 20^-.
To Architects and Building Committees.
F you are charged with the construction of a large
Building of any kind, a Public Institution, a Bridge,
a Water-Works, Sewerage, Gas or Electric-light-
ing system, Pavements, or require any work done,
we suggest that you consider the desirability of ad-
vertising for proposals for the work and material
in THE ENGINEERING AND BUILDING
RECORD, which makes a speciaUty of publishing
information that is valuable to contractors, a class
of business men among whom it circulates in every
part of the United States and Canada, and who
look to its columns regularly for news that sug-
gests to them possible business.
If any cause induces the restriction of compe-
tition to home parties entirely, you will no doubt
follow the practice of some municipalities which
advertise such matters in local papers only. If,
on the other hand, it is your desire to obtain the
best possible results by reaching parties in every
part of the United States and Canada whose
special business it is to do any form of contracting
work, and who are familiar with most modern
methods, you will follow the course first suggested
above. While the original outlay to do so is a
mere trifle, the experience of others shows that
the return in suggestions, advice, first-class work-
manship, etc. , as a result of large facilities and
special adaptability— not to speak of possible ad-
vantages in prices obtained — will prove a hand-
some investment. The various departments of
the United States Government, Municipal Author-
ities, Water-Works, Building Committees, and
others intrusted with Public Work, thus use our
columns each week.
The rate is co cents per line (about 8 words to
the line).
THE ENGINEERING & BUILDING RECORD,
Prior to 1887, The Sanitary Engineer.
DEVOTED TO ENGlNfERING, ARCMITECTunE, CONSTRUCTION AND SANITATION.
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING A PBOMINFNT FEATURE.
PUBLISHED SATURDAYS AT NO. 277 PEARL STREET, NEW YORK.
$4 per year. lo cents per copy. Sold all newsdealers.
Boynton's New Gas-Tight (Self-Clearing) Furnace
The most powerful, durable, economical
and absolutely Self-Clearing Gas-Tight
Furnace ever put on the inarket.
The Radiator is cast in one solid piece,
and so constructed as to h& positively self
cleai'ing, thus dispensing ivith cleanitzg,
a feature necessary in all other Furnaces.
A large saving of fuel is guaranteed
without diminishing the power, as the
concentration to the centre flue of the
Radiator of the products of combustion
necessitates the passage of the same
through the eight flues of the body, thus
utilizing in a practical manner the entire
radiating surface, a feature not demon-
strated in any other Furnace.
The body of this Furnace is also cast in
one solid piece. The Ash-pit is large and
convenient for the removal of ashes.
BOYNTON FURNACE COMPANY,
N. A. BOYNTON, President. t, o -ki ^t
C. B. BOYNTON, Sec. and Treas. 94 BeEKMAN StREET, NeW YoRK,
INVENTORS AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF
Boyntojis Fumiaces, Ranges, Baltimore Heatei^s, etc.
With 18S3-S4 Improvements.
FORTY YEARS' EXPERIENCE IN THIS LINE OF BUSINESS.
The H. B. Smith Company,
Manufacturers of the Celebrated
Gold's Indirect "Pin" Radiators.
The extended use of these Radiators in Hospitals, Asylums and prominent buildings generally
throughout the country, together with numerous testimonials from Steam-Heating Engineers using
them, demonstrate their superiority over all others. We manufacture them in various styles and pat-
terns to meet particular requirements. Also,
Gold's Patent Sectional Boilers, Mills' Safety Sectional Boilers,
Reed's Improved Cast Iron Radiators, Whittier's Direct Radiators,
Breckenridge's Patent Automatic Air-Valves, etc.
Office and Warerooms, 137 Centre Street, New York.
Send for Circulars. _^ Foundry, WESTFIELD, MASS.
THE TUTTLE & BAILEY MANUF'G CO.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Wartn-A ir Registers, Ventilators, Ornamental Screens, etc.
No. 83 BEEKMAN STREET,
NEW YORK.
THE UNIVERSAL VALVE,
THE MOST PERFECT VALVE
E VER DE VISED FOR FL USHING HOPPERS and WA SH-O UT CLOSE TS.
Possessing the following advantages over any other valve yet invented, viz. :
It is simple and durable, having no parts
that are affected by grit or corrosion, and no
^j/ /jtl \^P sensitive parts, such as springs, small air
_,jjru, --^^^ vents, etc. , to get out of repair.
• - <fi! ii'iirr? ''^•ipir^
.L_„irij. /inMif-r-M It catt be adjitsled to gi\e a. certain amount
of water at each operation, insuring an abso-
lute prevention of waste.
It can be attached so as to work by every
known method, such as by pull or auto-
matically, by seat or door, giving a single or
double wash, as desired.
// cati be applied to tanks of any size or depth.
Catalogues, with full descriptions, kindly furnished on application to
DALTON & INGERSOLL,
17 and 19 Union Street,
BOSTON, MASS.
LE BOSQUET'S PATENT LOW-PRESSURE
Steam
Heating Apparatus.
FOUR SIZES FOR MASONRY.
FIVE SIZES PORTABLE.
The marked success which our Boiler has
achieved, in all parts of the country and under
all circumstances, warrants the assertion that
for thoroughness of construction, economy
and efficiency of operation, it is not equaled
by any apparatus in this country. The em-
phatic and hearty indorsement which it has
received from users is very conclusive evidence
of this fact.
The principle upon which our apparatus is
constructed is sound, and is the only one that
ought to be applied to a Steam Apparatus
for private use. Our pamphlet, with names
of users furnished upon request.
LE BOSQUET BROTHERS,
MANUFACTURERS OF
LeBosquefs Pat. Steam-Headng Apparatus,
HAVERHILL, MASS.
75 Union Street, Boston, Mass.
GOLDS STEAM COMPOUND COIL HEATER,
STEAM HE A TING SIMPLIFIED.
A — Warm air outlet ; B — Fresh air inlet.
MANUFACTURED COMPLETE. WITH CASING READY FOR ERECTION.
Adapted for either Natural or Forced Ventilation. High or Low Pressu-e Steam.
This coil will do the work of ordinary indirect radiators or box coils in less than one-half the space.
It is lighter, and, at the same time, stronger and more durable than any other. It is inclosed in casing
ready to set up, thus saving the expense of casing. The circulation is perfect, the steam making but
two turns before it enters the bottom pipe. Its numerous advantages make it the cheapest and best
heater on tne market. Warranted to t;ive from lo to 20 per cent, more heat per square foot of heating
surface than any other heater in the market.
EDWARD E. GOLD & CO.,
Inventors, Manufacturers, and Constructors of Stea^n- Heating Apparatus.
MANUFACTORY AND OFFICE :
14 & 16 Vandewater St., bet. Pearl and Frankfort Sts., N.Y.
E;^*'Send for Descriptive Catalogue.
steam H eating aitd Ventilation.
LOW AND HIGH PRESSURE.
THIRTY YEARS' EXPERIENCE.
Many hundred examples of our work may be seen in New York City and vicinity,
including the Stock Exchange, Arnold, Constable & Co.'s Building, and Drexel
Building, Broad and Wall Streets ; St. Patrick's Cathedral, Fiftieth Street and
Fifth Avenue; "Chelsea" Apartment, Twenty-third Street, between Seventh and
Eighth Avenues ; J. J. Astor and Wm. B. Astor Buildings, Broadway and Prince
Street. ' Also stores, public buildings and private houses in Albany, Troy, Washington
and Memphis, Tenn.
GILLIS & GEOGHEGAN,
ii6 and ii8 Wooster Street, above Spring Street,
NEW YORK.
LEAF VENTILATORS AND CHIMNEY CAPS.
For ventilating public and private buildings, soil-pipes, water-
closets and railroad cars. Sure Cure for Smoky Chimneys. For
Sale by Renter & Mallory, Baltimore, Md.; M. M. Murphy & Co.,
Cleveland, Ohio; James B. Scott & Co., Pittsburg, Pa.; Detroit
Lead Pipe and Sheet-Lead Works, Detroit, Mich.; A. Molls, 87
Royal St., New Orleans, La.; Pierce, Butler & Pierce, Syracuse,
N. Y. Manufactured and for sale by
E. VAN NOORDEN & CO.,
387 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Mass.
Manufacturers also of
Metallic Ventilating Skylights, Galvanized Iron Cornices and
Window Caps, Iron Framing for Roofs and Sides, Fire Escapes,
etc. Agents for the Garry Patent Iron Roofing and Metallic
Shingles. Write for circulars. Estimates made from drawings.
p H. COSTELLO & CO.,
Successors to M. H. LEONARD,
manufacturers of
lV7n. White s Fttrnace and Ra^ige,
With all the modern improvements. Also the improved double sand-jointed furnace, requiring no nuts
or bolts above the fire, consequently preventing the sections becoming crooked on account of e.xpansion,
thereby avoiding the escape of gas or smoke. Repair pieces always on hand. Particular attention paid
to defective flues. Chimney tops and ventilators of every description. All kinds of tin, copper and
sheet-iron work. We are the only manufacturers of the new Non-Destructible Ash Barrel.
No. 203 TREMONT STREET. BOSTON,
/Iotkl Pelham Building, Corner Bovlston Strebt.
npHE undersigned manufacture Fine Plumbings
Materials, such as are required and used in
work where quaUty and not price is the considera-
tion. Among the specialties manufactured and con-
trolled by them may be mentioned The *' Royal "
Porcelain Baths, The "Brighton" and " Hell-
YER " Water-Closets, The " Model " Slop-Sinks,
The " Tucker " Grease-Traps, The "Doherty"
Self-Closing Cocks, and The "Fuller" Faucets.
They have handsome Show-rooms in New York,
Boston, and Chicago, where these appliances may
be seen fitted up with water connected. A visit to
these rooms will prove suggestive and instructive to
those who contemplate building, or remodeling
their plumbing.
THE MEYER-SNIFFEN CO. (Limited),
48 Cliff Street, New York.
I Pemberton Square, Boston.
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Billings, John Shaw, 1838-lt^l3.
The principles of ventilation and
heating and their practical appLication
/ by John S. Billings. 2d ed., with
corrections, November, 1886. New York :
The Sanitary Engineer, 1889, cl884.
xi, [13]-216 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
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期刊：\[序号\]作者.题名\[J\].刊名，年，卷(期)：页码.
例：\[1\]何龄修.读顾城《南明史》\[J\].中国史研究，1998(3)：167-173.
报纸：\[序号\]作者.题名\[N\].报名，出版年-月-日(版次).
例：\[1\]谢希德.创造学习的新思路\[N\].人民日报，1998-12-25(10).
电子文献：\[序号\]主要责任者.电子文献题\[文献类型标识/载体类型标识\].、(发表或更新日期)\[引用日期\].电子文献的出处或可获得地址.
例：\[1\]王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展 \[EB/OL\].(1998-08-16). http： //www. cajed. edu. cn/pub/wml. tex/980810 -2. html.
9.注释用于对文内某一特定内容作必要的解释或补充说明，置于该页地脚，序号用数字加圆圈的上角标标注，如①、②…
福州党校学报编辑部
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++\*+nn+合·Or | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 次贷危机中债券保险的风险与启示
黄 蔚1 吴韧强?(1、武汉大学流动站暨中国华融资产管理公司博士后工作站 2、武汉大学流动站暨中国人民保险集团公司博士后工作站 北京 100045)
中图分类号：F837 文献标识码：A
内容摘要：本文分析了债券保险的含义、相关理论内涵以及美国债券保险业在次贷危机中所受的冲击，并在此基础上，得出对中国保险业发展的启示。
关键词：债券保险 次贷危机
券保险又称为金融担保保险，是债指专业保险公司为债券发行人或承销商提供信用担保，是债券发行人或承销商提高信用等级的金融工具。债券保险的标的为信用风险，被保险人为债券发行人或承销商，权利人为债券投资人。当保险合同约定的事故发生致使权利人遭受损失，只有在被保险人不能补偿损失时，才由保险人代其向权利人进行赔偿。
债券保险有如下基本特征：以信用风险为承保对象，债券保险承保的是信用风险，补偿因信用风险而给权利人造成的经济损失，而非承保物质风险；以证券市场为服务对象，主权信用等级、债券市场规模、利率机制是债券保险机制能否建立并起到应有作用的三大约束因素；对权利人及时付款，在信用事件发生时，债券保险商可及时履行符合保险合同约定的支付贵任，满足债券保险权利人的要求；实行专业化经营，由于债券保险参与金融衍生商品运作，风险控制难度较大，因此，债券保险往往作为专类产品事项专业经营。
债券保险的相关理论
(一)信息不对称理论
该理论认为，债券保险的价值在于金融中介机构对投资者有限理性和债券市场
哲字 工云 字
信息不对称的反映。投资者缺乏对发行人进行尽职分析的动机，而债券保险则扮演了甄选债券产品、提供信用评价的角色。由于规模和专业知识的影响，由保险人进行信用分析将使市场更有效。
(二)信号理论
该理论认为，债券保险带来直接和间接两方面的利益。直接利益降低了违约风险，而间接利益则来源于保险人承保的意愿。如果保险人基于较完全信息所报出的保险费率低于市场估计的债券风险溢价，则发行人便可从债券保险中获得净收益。因此，债券保险补偿了投资者的不确定性风险，而这种购买保险所传递的信号价值转化为发行者的净收益，同时不确定性的减少提高了市场的总体效率。
(三)市场分割理论
该理论解释了债券保险需求的产生。在美国，由于州及地方政府市政债券利息所得税法的限制，很多投资者和债券基金经常被限制只能持有单一地区的债券，这妨碍了通过不同地区债券组合多样化来管理风险的战略需要。而保险商开展债券保险业务不受地区的限制，因此，买卖有保险的债券实质上可使投资者间接享受到由保险商承保不同地区债券而多样化分散风险的好处。
债券保险对于债券市场的作用
有利于债券发行主体实现信用增级，从而降低融资成本。许多市政债券发行主体都选择在债券发行时购买保险，以使其债券可自动上升至债券保险公司自身的评
级水平，为其节省融资成本。
降低违约损失风险，确保投资安全。对投资者而言，债券保险为债券的发行提供担保，降低了违约损失风险，确保了投资者资金的安全性。
扩大了资本市场总量，增强了市场流动性。债券保险公司的出现，提高了融资者发行债券的积极性，提高了债券信用水平，减小了投资风险，进而吸引了大量投资者参与债券市场投资，扩大了市场总量，促进了市场流动性。
节约监管部门的监管成本，提高了监管效率。债券保险公司在给债券发行主体进行担保时，将主动调查该债券发行主体的财务状况，以减少可能违约风险：监管当局只要通过评级机构和债券保险公司数据，便可较好掌握市场中相当部分债券的质量，从而有助于节省信息采集成本。
美国债券保险的实践及次贷危机的影响
(一)美国债券保险的实践
20世纪80年代之前，债券保险业务一直处于缓慢发展状态。直至1983年， 华盛顿公共能源债券违约事件中，由于部分债券是由金融担保保险公司(FGIC)提供了担保，持有人获得了保险公司的全额利息赔付，才促使债券保险开始在美国蓬勃发展(张力美，2006)迄今，美国是实行债券保险最为发达的国家，拥有十多家债券保险公司，并组成了美国金融担保保险协会，在债券市场的各个环节提供保险服务，成为债券市场的一支重要力量(韩立岩等，2005)
目前，美国市政债券发行市场上债券保险有两种主要方式：发行者从投标价格中选择合适的保险商，买了债券保险后再要求承销商进行竞争性投标；在决定是否买保险之前，发行人要求承销商分别以含保险和不含保险两种形式分别进行承销投标。
从美国债券保险的运行情况来看，债券保险的效果和需求有时会有很大不同。有大量证据表明，对发行者来说可从债券保险中受益，但是保险的效果往往会随着市场形势的变化而不同，有时不同等级债券的到期收益的变化会减少甚至消除保险的净收益。普遍认为债券保险能降低债务成本，但随着市场形势的变化，对发行者以及对社会整体的收益则有很大不同。
(二)美国次贷危机对债券保险市场的影响
1.给投资人带来了巨大损失。近几年，债券保险机构快速扩大了为资产抵押证券提供担保的业务，特别是为债务抵押证券提供担保。债券保险机构信用的降低，使这些债券价值大幅缩水，带给投资人的损失比次贷产品给投资人带来的损失更大。此外，现有债券的价值下降，一方面导致次贷产品的违约率进一步增加；另一方面促使投资人大量抛售低等级的债券，给处于次贷危机中的债券市场带来更大压力，而持有这些债券的相关金融机构将出现更大的资产损失。在美国，银行持有大量市政债券，债券保险机构信用等级下降导致部分银行出现亏损。同时，银行与担保机构进行了对冲交易。若资金状况恶化，担保机构可能无法履行其对银行合同义务，银行将不得不减计资产，造成损失进一步扩大。这些损失与银行资产规模相比数额有限，但如果将可转换债券、浮动利率等证券价值纳入资产负债表中，银行将面临资金平衡和流动性方面的较大压力。
2.增加了市政债券市场流标现象。债券保险机构的业绩大幅下滑，导致其资本充足率大幅下降，进而影响了其信用等级，由债券保险机构承保的各类债券的信用等级也会随之下降。在美国，市政债券所占比重高达60%，债券保险机构信用等级的下降对市政债券的影响极为不利。由于投资者担心债券保险机构的信用等级被调低，加上债券保险机构自身的资金压力，使市政债券的发行受到严重制约，增加了市政债券市场流标现象，使得不少市政当局难以摆脱预算紧张的情况。
3.次贷危机对债券保险公司的影响。次贷危机对债券保险机构的影响，主要来自两个方面：一是承保债券的违约损失；；二是投资于次贷相关资产的投资损失。在市场繁荣的时候，各债券保险机构忽视风险，一味追求保费收入并扩大业务范围；而目前整个市场环境恶化导致违约的风险不断加大，债券保险机构承担了巨大的违约担保损失以及与次贷有关的债券衍生品的投资损失。
债券保险对我国保险业的启示
(一)客观评价债券保险的作用
虽然美国的债券保险公司在次贷危机
中损失惨重，并使整个债券市场和其他金融机构受到牵连，但债券保险公司在整个债券市场中所起的积极作用是毋庸质疑的。基于债券保险公司与整个债券市场的相互作用机制分析，可以看出，债券保险公司制度仍然是一个较为先进的做法。尤其是在大力发展债券市场已经成为我国金融市场进一步发展所面临的迫切任务的情况下，我国保险业更应重视债券保险制度，积极研究我国债券保险工作实施方案与步骤
(二)抓住时机试行债券保险
近年来，我国企业债券发行规模快速增长，但已发行的企业债券更多的是担保债券，并选择银行担保来提升信用等级，致使债券偿还风险转嫁到银行，加大了银行业系统风险：为防范企业债券担保风险，保障银行资产安全，银监会于2007年10月发布了《关于有效防范企业债担保风险的意见》，要求各银行自停止对以项目债为主的企业债进行担保。在银行退出债券担保市场后，无论是从发行人角度还是从投资者角度，都呼唤市场成立专门为资本市场提供信用、提升服务的金融担保机构。而债券保险机制则不失为一种科学、先进的解决方案。
(三)争取国家政策扶持
由于我国现阶段的经济目标为保增长、促发展，信用保险已被我国政府视为一项重要的经济手段。特别是出口信用保险，为走出去方面承担了应有责任，充分发挥了信用保险的关键作用，在提供信息、协调出口关系、提供保障中作用显著。而债券保险则是信用保险在资本市场的创新型运用，对于企业融资将起到重要作用(李守军，1995)在以“保增长、促发展”为既定经济目标的形势下，债券保险的作用更应当受到重视。我国保险业应争取积极的政策支持，为企业融资(特别是中小企业债券融资)提供债券保险服务时得到相应的税收优惠与保费补贴(杨萍，2006)。
(四)联合评级机构发展债券保险市场
自前，我国债券市场还没有权威性的信用评级机构，这给投资者带来了很大的信息搜寻成本，不利于债券保险业务的快速发展。权威性评级机构的存在对于债券保险公司而言，既是信息参考对象，也是外部约束对象。我国具有一定实力的保险
领军企业可联合国内的一家或多家评级机构，根据业务发展需要制定相关的权威评级指标，促进债券保险这一全新的信用保险模式在债券融资市场顺利发展。权威性的信用评级机构应该更多地从非政府的企业或机构中发展和建立起来，通过市场的压力，使其对所承担的义务负责。
(五)注重对债券保险公司监管的规范性与科学性研究
美国次贷危机对债券保险的冲击表明仅靠企业的自律是不够的。债券保险公司并非普通的保险公司，主要承担着信用风险的保险，需要针对性更强的监管。监管当局不能只注重企业的资本金是否充足，更有责任提示企业风险的防范、限制其保险对象的范围。当前，美国一些州正在考虑修改债券保险的监管规则，包括：重新定义债券保险公司的业务范围；提高债券保险公司的资本充足性要求；加强对债券保险公司信用评级的监管；建议将债券保险公司交由联邦监管；建立类似存款保险制度那样的债券保险担保制度等。因此，中国政府也应着手对债券保险公司监管的规范性与科学性研究，美国拟修改的监管规则对中国将来监管规则的制定具有参考价值。
(六)建立更为灵活和严密的监管体系
随着保险承保能力的扩大和运营环境日益复杂，风险管理对保险公司的意义变得越来越重大。美国债券保险市场受到次贷危机全面冲击，反映了在资本市场各金融机构之间密切相关的联系，同时也反映出在金融创新活动频繁的态势下，有效监管是一件非常困难的事情，为此，开展债券保险业务，监管机构不仅要尽可能地完善当前已有的监管体系，还应该使得这一体系反应更加灵活、更为严密。应不时跟踪和分析债券市场出现的问题，及时采取相应的调整措施加以解决。只有这样，才能有效防范系统风险，债券保险市场才能得以健康发展。 商
参考文献：
1.韩立岩，年晖等.市政债券的风险识别与控制策略.管理世界，2005(3)
2.李守军.我国应建立政策性的企业债券保险制度.保险研究，1995(2)
3.张力美.美国市政债券发行研究.统计与决策，2006(11) | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 音乐模因与英语语音习得
仲洁
(南京财经大学外语系，江苏 南京210046)
摘 要：本文结合实证调查，论述音乐模因在英语(非母语)语音习得中起到一定的积极作用。
关键词：语言起源；音乐模因；语音习得
中图分类号： H319.1 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1008--6722 (2007) 01一0045一03
近年来，文化传播领域出现了一股研究模因(meme)的热潮。模因一词是牛津大学的动物学家里查德·道金(Richard Dawkins) 于 1976年在其所著的《自私的基因》(The Selfish Gene) 一书中首先提出的。道金(1976)在该书中探讨了基因如何自我复制并相互竞争从而促成了生物的进化，并在此基础上提出了人类文化传递和复制的因子——模因。因此，模因也被称为“文化基因”。此后，模因论(memetics) 便引起了生物学、临床医学、神学、心理学、教育学以及语言学各界的广泛关注并如火如荼地发展起来。2003年，何自然教授与何雪林老师在《现代外语》第二期上发表了题为《模因论与社会语用》的论文，介绍了模因论的由来及其流派，并重点讨论了语言中的仿制现象，引起了国内外语界的关注。文中提到模因定义形成的两个阶段：前期模因被看作是文化遗传单位或者模仿单位，模因在生活中表现为曲调旋律，想法思潮，时髦用语，时尚服饰，搭屋建房，器具制造等模式。而后期，模因是存在于大脑中的信息单位，是一个复制因子。模因在现实世界里的表现型是词语、音乐、图像、服饰格调，甚至于手势或脸部表情。(何自然2003：202)在本文中笔者试图借助模因论视角阐述音乐对于英语语音习得的影响。
一、音乐模因与语言起源
语言的起源一直是语言学争论的焦点。根据比利时学者Mario Vaneechoutte 从模因学角度提出的观点，语言起源于下述三者的结合：(1)人类在动物进化期对不断增强的大脑表征能力的自然选择。(2)在全新世人类进化过程中人们对歌唱能力的自然选择。(3)在过去10万年中，模因选择机制重新使用上述两种能力创造了语言。英国心理学讲师布莱克摩尔认为人类从根本上有别于其他动物正是因为人类全面彻底地掌握了一般性模仿方式。(夏家驷2003)
将语言起源归结为人类歌唱能力的说法可以追溯到十七世纪的卢梭和十九世纪的洪堡特等学者。(姚小平1995)之后这一观点却一直被人们忽视。八十年代中期以前，由于当时的神经学发现，绝大多数学者认为语言技能由人的左半脑掌管、而音乐则完全属于右半脑。长期以来语言和音乐一度被人们认为是相互完全独立的两个体系。然而，神经学和行为研究领域的最新发现却表明音乐和语言是紧密联系在一起
的，二者共用左右半脑的某些区域。语言的句法处理和音乐的和声处理运用的甚至是相同的神经资源，并且话语和音乐的某些方面是通过重叠的工作记忆系统进行处理的。(Patel2003)
音乐及歌唱能力在人类进化过程中起了极其重要的作用，为人类语言的产生和发展奠定了基础。Vaneechoutte (1998)提出人类语言的习得依赖于音乐习得机制(MAD)、然后经由模因进化过程形成语言习得机制(LAD)。音乐能力(尤其是最初的呼喊歌唱能力)为语言的形成提供了生理基础，某些器官、呼吸神经及相关肌肉得到了锻炼，喉部灵活性得到了提高，为以后在语言发音中有意识地控制和操纵某些发音器官进行了必要的准备。这一阶段的歌唱产生和诠释能力是至关重要的，这种自然选择的预适应使语言成为可能，并经由模因的方式进化。没有歌唱带来的神经控制能力，话语将根本无法存在。(Vaneechoutte 1998)
道金将 meme 解释为文化遗传的信息单位。Vaneechoutte(1998)认为模因的发展与歌唱阐释能力(语意能力)是共同进化的。信号必须由大脑转化成信息才能被细胞进行化学处理。一声警示的呼叫必须通过语意能力进行联系或记录、在被神经系统识别后才能在思维表征上出现“危险的境况”这一反应。而警示呼喊本身已经成为一种象征符号。这些象征性的声音就是模因。这些模因发展和重组了人类的大脑。这种重组和发展是按照非基因化的可遗传图版进行的。换高之，生理基因提供了一般的能力，如：脑部灵活性，喉部敏捷性，语调辨识和发音能力，而音乐模因与大脑发育交互作用，影响并重布了组成大脑的神经连接。(ibid)
因此，音乐和歌唱是语言预适应，是自然选择的结果。基因的进化为人类提供了音乐歌唱的能力，而模因化的音乐歌唱学习能力为人类语言学习机制奠定了基础。
二、音乐模因与语音习得
基于“歌唱是语言预适应”这一理论，孩童的语言习得是通过先天的乐调认知能力来进行的。如果语言句法处理和音乐和声处理所运用的神经资源的确有部分重叠的话，那么早期的音乐练习或接触不但会影响用于音乐处理的认知技能，还能影响语言技能。
收稿日期：2007-1-5
作者简介：仲洁(1977一)，女，南京人，南京财经大学外语系讲师，英语语言文学硕士，
人类的口语不仅仅是与思维形象相联系的符号，它还要求进一步的编码。语言的语意更取决于驾驭及处理符号的过程(如语调等附加成分)。那么孩童在口语习得中是如何辨别词语的呢?在口语中判定和辨别一个词的始末位置非常重要，这直接影响着话语认知。学习话音识别的最初阶段需要说话人的语速放慢，并且将词与词的间隔拉开。婴孩是通过聆听话语中的节奏和乐调的重音及音调之所在来辨别词语的始末位置的。(Vaneechoutte 1998)婴儿早在出生之前就通过母体子宫这个滤音器学会将听到的话语当作一种音乐来对待了。更有研究发现新生儿能够辨别多音节重读词的节奏，可见他们对词的节奏已经相当敏感了。( Sansavini et al 1997) 此外，母亲在哄孩子时往往扩展语调边缘。哄孩子的话语与正常成人的话语相比有更夸张的韵律，强化的节奏感和拉长的拍子。正是母语特有的韵律规则以及独特的音调使得出生不久的婴儿就能辨别母语和外语。
音乐模因与可复制的观察及视听等行为是紧密相连的。人们通过话语的语调和断句来表达，语调线索帮助理解和判别词语是怎样组合在句子里的。音乐习得机制(MAD)经由模因进化过程形成语言习得机制(LAD)的过程中，只有当有意识地控制和操纵乐调的能力形成一种模式后、语音语调认知才有可能形成。换言之，英语(母语)习得是以乐调为基础形成语音语调认知的。因此，英语语言运用的能力不仅来自于语言学习活动，同时还来自于与音乐相关的能力。
乔姆斯基曾提出过这样的例子，以英语为母语的孩子能自然地将陈述句“The man is here."通过颠倒名词和动词变成问句“Is the man here?”对于更复杂的句子“The man who is tall is here.”也不会把第一个 is 放在句子的前面，而把句子说成是“Is the man who tall is here?”(Chomsky， 1957) 对于这样的现象.大多数语言学家提出了复杂的理论去加以解释，从乔姆斯基的数理逻辑学到 X-Bar 理论等等。然而， Van-eechoutte 却认为答案很简单，仅仅是因为孩子能够听出这两个 is 中哪个是主动词。(Vaneechoutte & Skoyles 1998) 孩子们能根据两个 is 在语调上的不同听出哪个 is 是跟着 the man的。无论句式怎样，其主动词的音调应是一致的。一旦掌握了这一点，孩子们就能加以概括推广并运用到其他类似的可子中去。这种语音语调辨识能力似乎就根源于我们与身俱来的乐感。孩童从一开始就将语言当作音乐来体验。这样、模因本体复制出了模因的发展体。音乐既是语言发展的起源又是语言系统习得的源头。
三、音乐模因与外语语音习得
绝大多数的英语(非母语)学习者都超过了最初的孩童语言启蒙期，其中成人学习者已经远远超过了语言学习的关键期。科学研究显示，孩子们在掌握周围所用的口语之前是能够辨别出他们从未听过的外语语音组的，而这种能力直到十个月大时才消失。这是由于特定的母语种类只要求有限的音韵组，这种能力便渐渐地废用性退化了。( Aslin et al. 1981)医学上早就有使用音乐疗法来治疗话语功能紊乱的先例。音乐能促进语言技能的发展，还能帮助工作记忆跨度。那么音乐模因在英语(非母语)语音习得中能起到积极的作用吗?笔者做了如下实证调查。
(一)调查设计与实施。调查目的：本次调查旨在了解音乐智能与中国大学生英语语音习得成绩的相关性，从而揭示音乐模因与英语(非母语)语音习得之间的关系。
调查对象：南京财经大学2003级本科英语专业一年级新生 103名。该受试群来自4个平行自然班级，他们的年龄介于17到20岁之间。
调查方法及过程：本次调查分为两大项。第一项采用问卷形式了解调查对象在音乐方面的综合智能，包括兴趣，能力及模仿力等方面。问卷由笔者根据多元智能理论改编而成，共包含29条题项，具体描述了音乐智能在生活和学习中的表现。问卷采用李克特式量表。各题项后有五个备选题支，要求受试者选出最符合自己实际情况的选项。这五个不同的答案分别被赋予5分到1分不等的分值。调查第二项借用该年级学生第一学期期末统考的形式进行。在学生全年级统一的期末考试后分别收集受试的英语听力，外教口语以及语音语调实践三门课程的成绩、从而从听力语音，口语语音及语调听辨产出等方面综合衡量受试的英语语音习得情况。
(二)数据收集和结果分析。问卷调查的结果数据经整理后输入电脑并使用 spss (11.0) 以及 SAS (9.0) 软件进行了分析。在求出受试量表总分(即音乐智能总值)的同时对问卷进行了信度分析。结果显示问卷信度较高，总信度 Al pha=0.9244。
在学期结束后，笔者分别收集了受试的英语听力，外教口语以及语音语调实践三门课程的成绩并以受试问卷量表总值为自变量分析了受试的音乐智能与英语听力、口语及语音语调成绩之间的相关性。结果显示、(1)音乐智能总值越高，英语听力成绩越好。(2)音乐智能总值越高，外教口语成绩越好。(3)音乐智能总值越高，语音语调成绩越好。其中音乐智能与语音语调成绩的相关性最突出。这三组分析的p值都小于0.05，具有统计显著性。(如下图)
表1音音乐智能总值与英语听力成绩Analysis of Variance
| | Source | DF | Squares | Square | F Value |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pr>F | Model | | 197.40913 | 197.40913 | 6.32 |
| 0.0135 | Model | | 197.40913 | 197.40913 | 6.32 |
| 0.0135 | Error | 100 | 3121.96342 | 31.21963 | |
表2音乐智能总值与外教口语成绩 Analysis of Variance
Mean
| Source DF Pr>F Model 0.0428 ErTOr 100 Corrected Total 101 | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Source DF Pr>F Model 0.0428 ErTOr 100 Corrected Total 101 | | Squares | Square | F Value |
| Source DF Pr>F Model 0.0428 ErTOr 100 Corrected Total 101 | | 99.56557 | 99.56557 | 4.21 |
| Source DF Pr>F Model 0.0428 ErTOr 100 Corrected Total 101 | | 99.56557 | 99.56557 | 4.21 |
| Source DF Pr>F Model 0.0428 ErTOr 100 Corrected Total 101 | | 2365.84619 | 23.65846 | |
| Source DF Pr>F Model 0.0428 ErTOr 100 Corrected Total 101 | | 2465.41176 | | |
表3音乐智能总值与语音语调成绩 Analysis of Variance Sum of Mean
四、结语
音乐模因与语言的起源及语言的习得都有着非常重要的关系。无论英语是母语还是外语，音乐模因在英语语音习得中都扮演了重要角色。因此，可通过欣赏乐曲等方法来培养乐感和语感，运用学唱英语歌曲等方法来识别和强化英语语流中的重音、节奏、失爆、连读、略读等语音现象，从而更好地提高学生的英语听力和口语技能。虽然在英语课堂上使用英语歌曲的做法已屡见不鲜，但以往的做法大多是为了调节课堂气氛。如何有针对性地利用音乐模因去纠正学生已有的语音输出缺陷以及提高听力语音输人理解能力还有待进一步的研究。
参考文献：
\[1\] Aslin， R. N.， et al. 1981. Discrimination of voice onset
time by human infants： new findings and implications for
the effects of early experience. Child Development 52：1135-1145.
\[2\] Blackmore， S. 1999. The Meme Machine \[M\]. Oxford：
Oxford University Press
\[3\] Chomsky. N. 1957. Syntactic Structures \[M\]. Mouton：The Hague
\[4\] Dawkins， R. 1976/1989. The Selfish Gene \[M\]. Oxford：Oxford University Press
\[5\] Patel， A. D. 2003. Language， music， syutax and the brain
http： //www.nature.com/natureneuroscience
\[6\] Sansavini， A.. J. Bertoncini， & G. Giovanelli. 1997.
Newborns discriminate the rhythm of multisyllabic stressed
words. Developmental Psychology 33： 3-11.
7\] Vaneechoutte， M. & Skoyles， J. R. 1998. The Memetic
Origin of Language： Modern Humans as Musical Primates
http： //www.cpm.mmu.ac.uk/jom-emit/1998/vo12/vaneechoutte-m&skoyles.jr.html.
\[8\]何自然、何雪林，2003，模因论与社会语用\[J，《现代外语》第二期
\[9\]夏家驷、时汶，2003，模因论与人文社会科学-——生物基因理论在语言上的应用\[\]，《科技进步与对策》9月号(下半月)
\[10\]姚小平，1995，《洪堡特—人文研究和语言研究》\[M\]，北京：外语教学与研究出版社
Memetic Musicality And English Phonetic Acquisition
Zhong Jie
(Foreign Language Department， Nanjing University of Finance and Economics， Nanjing， Jiang Su 210046)
Abstract： The article， combined with empirical study， discusses memetic musicality plays a certain role in the phonetic acquisition of learners.
(上接第38页)
汉、汉英互译训练。汉语对学生英语学习的影响是不可避免的。关键在于教师应当如何做到扬其长、避其短，使汉语为学生的英语学习服务。在教学任务重，时间有限的情况下，结合所学内容，让学生进行适当的双语互译训练，实为一种简便有效的方法；它既能帮助学生提高双语的比较能力，又
能帮助学生提高运用英语进行写作的能力。
参考文献：
\[1\]刘宓庆，汉英对比研究与翻译.南昌：江西教育出版社，1991
\[2\]傅似逸。英语写作应试强化教程，厦门：厦门大学出版社，1992
The influence ofthe Thinking Difference between Chinese and English on College English Writing
Xie Yu
(Basis Teaching Department， Sanya Aviation and Tourism College)
Abstract： This article discusses the influence of the thinking difference between Chinese and English on the college students and explores some countermeasures to avoid it.
Key words： thinking difference between Chinese and English； English writing | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 浅论民间法
陈 昊
(山东大学法学院，山东济南250100)
\[摘 要\]本文对民问法这一法律现象从其概念、渊源、特征及发展趋向性进行了分析论证。认为民间法是在社会生活中，独立于闲家法之外的，在民间经过长期历史发展而逐渐形成的，得到人们普遍认可和遵守的，调整特定范围内的社会生活关系，具有一定的强制力，并以此维持的一种社会调整规范。民间法具有习惯性、地域性、私法性、文化性四方面的特征。在我国的法制建设中应当重视民问法与国家法之问所存在的互动关系。
\[关键词\]民问法；国家法：法制建设
\[中图分类号\]D920.0 \[文献标识码\]A\[文章编号\]1008-6153(2008)02一0143一02
\[作者简介\]陈昊(1973一)，男，山东冠县人，山东大学法学硕士研究生，研究方向为法理学。
民间法这一概念的提出是相对于国家法而言，在中国最初应当是见于苏力教授的《法治及其本上资源》，民间法这一概念英文对应于 folk law， 民间法的研究是法学特别是法理学研究的一项重要课题，对于我国的法制建设也具有着重要的现实意义，尤其是在当前我国立法活动空前活跃，出于历史发展等原因而大量移植西方法律的情况下，其现实意义愈加显得重要和突出。
一、民间法的概念
从传统的马克思主义法学的观点来看，氏间法并不是严格意义上的法律，民间法的制定主体并不是国家，也没有经过国家的认可，也不是依靠国家的强制力来保证实施。然而，我们在现实生活中，事实上却无法真正做到对于民间法的存在和力量视而不见，民间法与国家法的互动关系和其自成体系的所有特征，都迫使我们决不能简单的认为民间法仅仅是一种习惯而不具有法的特性。所以在总体上米讲，使用“民间法”这一称谓依然不失其准确性和特色性，在研究民间法律的属性方面这一称谓应该说还是能够较明确清晰的表现出其最本质方面的特性。
尽管传统的马克思主义法学并不认为民间法属于法的范畴，但我们不能不注意到，民间法是在现实生活中确定性存在的一种规范。民间法不仅有白身的历史、自身的渊源、自身的规范性、白身的保证实施力量，并月具有法律所应当具有的引导、评价、规范和强制功能，在民间的实际生活中起到与国家法相同或相类似的调节作用，民间法和国家法-样具有权威性和强制性。
在某些情况下发生的一些案件，不是依国家法律的硬性规定而是依据民间法来解决，民间法同样甚至是更加有效的对于社会关系进行了调整。民间法在这·调整过程中所发挥出的作用和功能，比国家法更接近于彻底解决纠纷这我国现行法律制度所追求的一种日标。对于如此强大的一种调整力量，我们当然要将其纳人法这一范畴之内，并且事实求是的对民间法这-现象进行分析和研究，“通过我们的努力来沟通国家制定法和民间法，从而打破这种文化隔阻”，“逐步形成一种有利于沟通、理解的公共知识，进而寻求妥协和合作”：
梁治平先生对于民间法曾有过精辟的见解。他提出，所谓民间法是“这样的一种知识传统，它生于民间，出于习惯及由乡民长期生活、劳作、交往和利益冲突中显现，因而具有白发性和丰富的地方色彩”它们可以是家族的，也可以是民族的；可能是形诸文字的，也可能是口耳相传；它们或是人为创造，或是自然生成，相沿成习；或者有明确的
规则，或者更多地表现为富有弹性的规范；其实施可能抽特定的一些人负责，也可能依靠公众舆论和某种微妙的心理机制。”21
苏力教授也曾经提出，做为民间法的本十资源，包括“活生生的流动着的，在生活中实际影响他们行为的一些观念。”以及“当代人的社会实践中已经形成或正在形成的一种非正式制度。”\[3\]
根据民间法的内涵和外延，笔者认为民间法可以定义为：民间法是在长期的社会生活中，独立于国家法(包括成文法和习惯法)之外的，在民间经过长期历史发展而逐渐形成的，得到人们普遍认可和遵守的，调整特定范围内的社会生活关系，具有有一定的强制力，并以此强制力予以维持的一种社会调整规范。
二、民间法的渊源
法的渊源···般是指法的表现形式。民间法的渊源表现为在人们长期的社会生活中所形成的、习惯性的、确定性的、得到普遍认可的各种行为规范。
从中国的历史发展情况来看，中国古代在成文法出现之后，习惯法并没有被国家法所完全代替。与之相反，习惯法后来分为两支。，一支经过国家的认可，发展为国家法；一支在民间继续存在，并发展为民间法。在中国的主流民族——汉族中，由其是从汉朝莲仲舒的《春秋决狱》之后，春秋大义不仅是国家法律，也成为当时民间法的重要渊源，并一直影响至今。可以说，民间法与国家法共同来源于原始的社会规范，其区别在于外在的一些表现形式。
在中国法制历史的实际情况来看，国家法与民间法始终并存。中国传统国家法的特点是重刑法、重压制，而且设立乡里制度。对于一般性民间纠纷，甚至是一部分刑事案件，乡里族长均有权处置，而只有那些影响较大的案件才会诉至衙门。古代统治者对于一些严重的道德行为同样以刑罚的方法进行制裁和调整，而对于一些较普通的民间活动和小型民事纠纷，因“薄物细故"而交于民间自行处理，而民间解决这些民间纠纷的资源则是以礼为基础的套道德标准和规则。治家与治国的关系在中国古代看来道理是一样的，所以在中国古代，国家法与民间法的关系更多的是相辅相成，可以说民间法在中国古代与国家法起构成了中国法制的历史。
三、民间法的特征
民间法在总体上讲具有四方面的特征，这四方面的特征分别是习惯性、地域性、私法性、文化性。
1、民间法的习惯性
民间法的表现形式为普遍认可的各种习俗，--些重要习俗通常可以上升为民间法，并成为人们处理礼会关系的准则。这些民间法通常是不成文的，表现出习惯性的特征。尽管部分地区存在或者曾经存在过成文的乡俗民约和家规家谱，但依然不能改变民间法的不成文性这一特征。尽管梁治平先生曾说过，民间法有“形诸文字”的，也有“11耳相传”的，但总体上讲，民间法更多的是“口耳机传”的，与国家法的成文法比较而言，民间法的习惯性依然不失为其特点之一。
2、民间法的地域性
民间法与国家法的实施范围不同，国家法通常通行全国，而民间法则存在明显的地域性。“十里不同俗，百里不同风”，民间法通常只适用于某个共同生活在一起的乡民社会范围之内，一旦超出这个范围，则不再具有强制力。中国自古就有“人乡随俗”的说法，这说明民间法不但有着自身的适用范围，并且对于规则不同的民间法发生冲突时，通常的解决方法是以适用属地民间法为准，当然，民间法的适用界限并不完全明确，除了地域性适用原则外，属人原则也同样十分重要
中国传统民间社会通常都是熟人社会，形成机对封闭的生活空间，正是基于这一特点，每个人才都会爱惜自身的名誉和品行，因为只有名誉和品行好的人在这一生活空问才能得到别人的认同和接受。而正是基于以上这一特征，民间法才具有了明显的地域性特点。
3，民间法的私法性
民间法具有明显的私法性质.表现出私法性、民间法自始至终都具有私法性的特征。从中国历史上看，由于中国古代国家法的特点是重用法、重行政，与之相对应的民回法就明显具有着重私人利益保护的特点.
在中国古代，国家法所专注的对象主要是刑事犯菲.但这并不代表着中国古代不存在民事关系和民事纠纷，更不代表着大量的民事关系和民事纠纷无法可依。事实上，在中国乡民社会生态系统内部的大量民事关系的确立和民事纠纷的解决，是依靠自身所特有的习惯性规范所进行。而当乡民的行为一旦”出礼而人刑"，或其行为的后果触及了公法领域，则改由国家法来进行调整：以上这些状索决定了民间法主要是调整乡民间的民事行为，这也就使民间法表现出明显的私法性的特征。
4.民间法的文化性
“所谓文化.就是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、习俗和--个人生活在某一集体内所必具有的能力以及区别于其他集体的特征等在内的整体”4民间法本身就具有着·个国家和民族的文化性，这也就使民间法直接具有「文化性的特点。民间法的文化性是与国家法的政治性相对应的概念，由于民间法是在长期的社会生活中沉积而来的，所以受社会文化传统的影响极深：比如，在中国民间，依然有很多地方以举行婚礼做为男女双方婿姻成就的标准：再如，在定婚后，如果男女双方没有成婚，而是山其中一疗提出解除婚约，也就是退婚.那么通常涉及到彩礼的返还问题、根据现行国家法，在退还男方定婚时么时给女方的彩礼问题上，规定的是“酌情返还”，面不考虑退赠是由哪一方提出或退婚原因等问题.但是在民间，其做法则不是如此，根据笔者在鲁西等地的实地调查发现，对于退婚所产生的彩礼退还问题，并没有依据家法所规定的一律“酌情返还”去处理，而是主要考虑到是由哪 方提出了退娇，并结合退婚原因进行衡量。以上这种退婚规则，在现
实生活中通常是取代了国家法的相应规定的，之所以形成这样一条民间法规范，则是与中国传统的文化背景密不可
所以·般来说，民间法的一些特征直接取决于其所赖以形成的文化背景的特征，从而使民间法表现出明能的文化性的特点
四、民间法与国家法的互动
民间法国家法之间既有相互促进的一面，更有着相军冲突的一面，在悠久的中国历史上，古代统治者出于“家国一体”的理念，使国家法与民间法之间更多的是相辅相成，共同构建了中国封建社会关系的调整体系。但从清朝末年大清修稚开始，中国的法律制度开始了自身的转型，由封娃法制向现代法制开始转变。伴随着自上世纪九十年代的大规模立法的开始，从西方移植的大量法律制度开始讯速覆盖我国社会生活的方方面面，使我国的法制逐步向现代法制文明的方向迈进。传统法律文化中的家法族规、村规民约及地方习惯等民间性法律制度受到严重冲击和摒究，中国传统社会的宗法伦理秩序结构开始逐渐解体。但使我们不得不引起关注的是，这些中国民间所固有的法律体系和制度并没有因此而消失，反而随着我国法制建设的进程表现出强大的生命力，与国家法之间产生了实实在在的冲突和排挤，所以说倒家法与民间法之间的冲突不单单是理想与现实之间的冲突，更是观念与利益选择之间的冲突。应该说现行国家法所追求的理念是现代的法制秩序，而民间法则体现出了道德和现实利益的传统均衡，这一冲突必然让我们在法律移植的过程之中，注意到我国现实社会的复杂性和传统性，对国家法与民间法进行必要的整合。这样才能即有助于树立国家法的权威，又有助丁民间秩序的现实调整.
五、民间法的发展与前景
影响民间法发展与前景的主要因素是国家法的发展和现状、民问法存在着向国家法的转化性，同时，民间法在可以预见的将来，依然有着强大的存活空间。贝要存在着民间法所依附的熟人社会，就会需要这种民间法的调整秩序..另外民问法自身也存在发展性，甚至存在丁发达的现代生活空间面非简单的偏远民问：这一现象可以说明，民问法的调整相对国家法面言，在某些方面依然有着自身的优越性，依然有着自身的生存空间，只要存在着民间法所依赖这种社会基础.那么民间法必然会继续存在和发
民间法的发展的景依其发展规律应该是这样的种方向：民间法的一部分以适当形式转化为国家法，一部分会受国家法的影响面调整或消失，一部分依然继续存在发挥着自身的社会调整作用，同时伴随着社会现实的变化和发展而不同程度的出现新的民间法适用空间甚全新的调整规范，所以在社会变迁的过程之中，国家应适当允许和保持对民间法的相容性，认识到法的现象的多元性，注重国家法与民间法的互动关系。
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\[1\]3\]苏力.法制及其本土资源\[M\].北京：中国政法大学出版社，1994.65，71.14.
\[2装污平.清代习惯法、社会和国家\[M\].北京：中
国大学出版社，1996.
\[4\]严景耀.中国的犯罪问题与社会变迁的关点，Mj.
吴桢译.北京大学出版社，1896.3.
{责任编辑：滕元良】 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **谈正确认识和处理高中历史课堂动态生成问题**
**陈芬芳**
(宿州学院附属实验中学 安徽·宿州 _234000)_
**\[摘要】高中历史课堂上经常出现的“节外生枝”现象，应该正确看待这类动态生成问题，营造平等民主的课堂氛围，引导学生充分参与课堂，发挥学生的主体作用。结合具体案例分析，凭借教师特有的课堂驾驭能力，解决课堂生成的问题，绽放课堂的精彩!**
**【关键词】历史课堂动态生成 平等民主**
**【中图分类号\]G633.51 \[文献标识码】A\[文章编号】1009-8534(2011)03-0134-02**
**传统的课堂，教师是知识的占有者和传授者，学生是知识的容器，教学活动是单向的、封闭的。表现为：教师讲，学生听；教师问，学生答。传统观念的教师不能容忍学生在课堂上“节外生枝”，总是用自己的话语权压制学生。针对这种现象，笔者做了一些相关探究，想就正确认识和处理课堂动态生成问题谈谈自己的看法。**
**一、正确看待课堂上的“节外生枝”**
**“节外生枝”是指课堂上的一些突发性事件，出现突发性事件往往令教师措手不及，但突发性事件的出现又带有其必然因素。学生们不是千人一面的静止群体，他们是一个个鲜活的生命体，是一个个外在动态与内在心态相结合的复杂群体，他们的思想、方法、语言都有其鲜明的个性差异，由此产生的各种情况是教师在教学前无法完全预设的。所以不能静止地审视课堂教学、按部就班地实施教学流程，要正确认识和对待课堂上的“节外生枝”。**
**案例1：在讲述鸦片战争的影响时，结合到了香港问题，提出“同学们如何看待香港成为英国殖民地后的日益繁荣?”一男生突然说了一句；“要是我们这里割给英国就好了!”此言一出，立即引起不少同学的附和和起哄，教室里立即热闹了起来。**
**传统的教学观念认为这是一种“节外生枝”，是令人讨厌的随意插话，观点不正面造成了极其恶劣的影响，导致课堂秩序的混乱。基于这种认识，传统的教师处理这种情况时态度也比较粗暴，批评是常见的，在教师的强压之下让教室重归平静。当然，“节外生枝”也不可能成为动态生成的教学资源。**
**师生都参与到教学活动中来，在创新潜能开发的理想性和创造性活动的现实性之间保持一种必要的张力，为学生主体创造一个自我否定和超越的空间，实现知识的增殖和学生潜能的掌控的过程。生成，是课程改革追求的目标。随着教学改革的推进，生成性课堂教学逐渐被大多数教师接受和认可。**
**有了这样的认识，我们面对这种“节外生枝”还可以有另外一种更好的态度，通过平和的对待、引导，使其成为课堂的动态生成资源，教学效果更好。**
**接案例1：当学生说出“要是我们这里割给英国就好了”这个言论时，我没有立刻责怪他，从学生的哄笑中我能感觉到他们意识到这个说法有不妥之处，但又说不清到底问题出在哪里。基于这种情况，我组织了同学展开讨论，果然，当我把问题抛给他们，激烈的讨论、争辩马上展开了。尽管因此原定的教学计划未能完成，但同学们的思维能力却得到了提升，而且对于英国侵略者的本质有了更清醒的认识，树立了正确的历史观。**
**在新课程理念下，充分并及时利用课堂的生成性资源，是使历史课堂得到升华的有效途径。学生在学习过程中随机生成的问题是学生主体意识的体现，新课程改革十分强调突出学生的主体地位，让学生充分参与到课堂中来，必然会遭遇这种互动带来的挑战。突发性事件是一种使课堂教学变得异常复杂的生成性资源，比较难以处理，教师不应回避，而要巧妙应对、因势利导。**
**二、营造平等民主的和谐课堂**
**心理学家认为，在自由、民主的环境中，人的智力和非智力因素处于最活跃的状态。在历史新课程教学**
**米\[收稿日期\]2011-2-3**
**\[作者简介\]陈芬芳(1978.5-)，女，安徽淮北人，现为宿州学院附属实验中学历史教师。**
**中，教师要善于创造一种民主、自由、合作、向上的宽松教学氛围，营造一种教也愉快、学也愉快的多维互动的教学情境，使教学过程真正成为教学一体的师生共同参与的过程，激活学生的思维，及时点燃学生创新的火花，孵化有效的课堂生成。课堂上师生之间这种平等、理解、互相尊重的融洽关系，能使学生体验到民主、尊重、信任、亲情与关爱，同时得到激励、鼓舞、感化和指导。**
**案例2：在我讲到抗日战争结束后联系中日关系时，学生情绪高涨，他们非常渴望了解关于今天的中日交往，尤其是钓鱼岛问题、日本的右翼势力等等，这些问题超出了教材的范围，他们甚至是七嘴八舌地提出各种感兴趣的问题，从他们的眼神中我看到了对于社会问题的深层次思考和求知的渴望，我尽自己所知给同学讲解，有些开放性的问题我们当时就进行对话。学生的很多想法都很有价值，真正做到了“教学相长”。在这样的过程中，学生的主体性得到解放，教师和学生都会不断地有新的思想和知识生成，从而使教学过程本身具有了生成新因素的能力。**
**面对学生在课堂中迸发的思想火花，对能够提高学生能力或深化教学目标的问题，教师应该及时理清学生的思想脉络，适当调整教学，看准学生存在的问题和疑惑，有针对性的给予引导，发挥学生的主体作用，以实现教学目标的动态生成。让学生敢于思考，敢于表达，民主的和谐的课堂会迸发出更美的思维之花。**
**三、发挥教育机智，绽放教师魅力**
**历史课堂的生成教学不是随意的、纯粹自发的课堂行为，需要教师有意识地创设学生自主支配的时间与空间，鼓励学生质疑发难，有机整合课堂上各种不同的信息，引发学生对历史动态生成教学的实践探索行为的一系列变化。原则上学生随机生成的所有问题教师都应该予以解决，但是我们的课堂是集体的活动，同时课堂时间是有限的，因此教师不能毫无原则地选择捕捉所有的问题，必须慎重做出选择。课堂上即时生成的信息，有的属于正面信息，有促进作用；有的属于负面信息，有阻碍作用；有的属于无关信息，有干扰作用。对这些不同的信息，教师要根据实际情况进行灵活选择，以整合或放弃预设目标，运用教育机智生成新的教学方案，使教学更富有灵性，从而彰显智慧。**
**所谓教育机智，是指教师关于敏锐地察觉学生身上的细微变化，面对新的意外情况，快速作出反应，果断决策，及时采取灵活而有效的教育措施的能力，正如苏霍姆斯基所说的：“我熟悉几十种专业的工作人员，但我深信不疑，没有比教师更有求知精**
神，不满足现状，更充满创造思维的人。教师工作的创造性特点，在于他们的活动并无固定不变的范式、程式和方法可以套用。”由于教师工作的这一特点，教师必须根据不同的教育对象和教育条件，灵活地采取不同的教学方法和手段，才能取得最佳的教学效果。具体做法总结如下：
**首先，学会倾听。新课程改革强调一种互动的狮生关系，即“学生倾听教师”转位“教师倾听学生”。教师要“俯下身子”去倾听学生的讨论。通过倾听学生，了解学生的疑惑，从而决定需要如何引导学生的思维动向。同时，通过倾听，教师要对自己何时参与、如何参与做出决策，以推动教学互动发展。**
**其次，要形成良好的课堂对话机制。真正的对话不单是课堂上师生间简单的言语对话。真正意义上的对话是言语、情感乃至灵魂的双向交流。他包括师生对话、生生对话、生本对话。**
**再次，教师要合理引导，拓展利用。对于课堂中生成的事件和问题，教师要迅速准确地判断其性质和价值：该事件与课堂教学内容是否有联系?是否有利于促进学生的发展，是否具有课程与教学价值?引发该事件的原因是什么?是教师的原因还是由学生导致?通过重组生成性资源，分析出新的教学目标。师生互动形成新的教学过程，通过生成新的、又具有连续性的兴奋点和教学步骤，提升生成性资源利用的有效度和质量，使课堂充满智慧的灵动和生长的气息。新课程倡导“交互主体”，师生双方都是主体，但这并不抹杀教师作为特殊主体所肩负的引领作用，毕竞教师还是“平等中的首席”。**
**总之，关注人是新课程的核心理念，关注每一个学生，关注学生的情绪生活和情感体验，关注学生在课堂中的参与活动，通过积极引导学生在课堂上的“节外生枝”，我们的历史教学在新理念的指引下，遵循客观的教育规律和学生的心理成长规律，不断改进教学方法和手段，必会招来历史教学的整个春天，使学生乐学、善学历史，培养出有人文精神的合格公民!**
**参考文献：**
**\[1\]中华人民共和国教育部.普通高中历史课程标准(实验)\[M\].人民教育出版社.**
**\[2\]邵绍定.历史课堂“节外生枝”后教师该怎么办\[J\].中学历史教学参考，2006，(10).**
**\[3\]教育部基础教育司.走进新课程-——与课程实施者对话\[M\].**
**\[4\]赵亚夫.历史课堂的有效教学\[M\].北京师范大学出版社.** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 全国杂技音乐研讨会在西安召开
2007年11月23日，由中国杂技家协会、陕西省文联主办，中国杂协杂技音乐专业委员会、陕西省杂技家协会、陕西省杂技团承办的全国杂技音乐研讨会在西安召开。来自北京.辽宁、黑龙江、广东、江苏、浙江等全国13个省市15个单位的40余位代表参加了会议。中国文联副主席、中国杂协主席夏菊花，中国杂协副主席、中国杂协杂技音乐专业委员会主任戴武琦，中国杂协分党组成员、秘书长邵学敏，陕西省文联副主席、秘书长黄道峻等领导出席了研讨会。黄道峻致欢迎词，邵学敏致开幕词。陕西省杂协主席、中国杂协杂技音乐专业委员会副主任行军主持了本次会议。
夏菊花主席指出，音乐在杂技艺术中至关重要。好的音乐在杂技表演过程中对表达情绪、体现个性、烘托气氛、塑造形象有着积极的促进的作用。一些优秀的杂技节目、主题晚会，其创作的音乐和杂技的技巧有机地结合.节目内涵得以升华.对节目、晚会的成功起到了举足轻重的作用。但是，杂技音乐人才外流，创作人员匮乏：对杂技音乐的重要性认识不够，造成音乐与杂技“两张皮”：滥用他人音乐作品，随意进行音乐带剪接等现存的问题应该引起足够的重视。
与会者认为，音乐是杂技的灵魂，缺乏优秀音乐的杂技表演其魅力必然会大打折扣。随着观众鉴赏杂技艺术水准的提高，对杂技音乐也就提出了更高的要求。创作具有地方特色和民族特色的杂技音乐是今后杂技音乐创作的发展趋势和获得成功的有力保障。如浙江曲艺杂技总团的杂技《苏堤春晓》运用了江南的评弹音乐，内蒙古杂技团的杂技《五人踢碗》吸收了蒙古长调和祝酒歌的旋律，成为杂技与音乐较好融合的范例。越来越多的杂技团意识到音乐在杂技艺术中的重要地位，为杂技音乐创作而不惜重金。广州杂技团邀请著名作曲家徐沛东为其大型杂技剧《西游记》进行音乐创作而获得成功，一举夺得文化部颁发的文华大奖。
邵学敏作会议总结。他指出，要将杂技音乐创作纳入
杂技整体创作中来，根据节目来设计音乐情绪和高潮，根据特定环节来安排音乐情绪，使音乐与杂技有机地结合；要提高杂技音乐创作者的综合素质，只有对杂技的本体特征有一个深刻的认识，对节目编导的创意有全面理解，对技巧动作安排所要展示的内涵有深入了解，才能创作出优秀的杂技音乐作品；要认真学习《著作权法》，做到懂法、守法。不滥用他人音乐作品成果，同时，要对自己创作的杂技音乐作品寻求相关法律的保护要用海纳百川的胸襟吸引音乐专业人士参与杂技音乐的创作，汲取他们音乐创作的新思路、新手法，为我所用。
本次研讨会突出了小规模、专题性的特点，使研讨更具体、更透彻。虽然会议只有短短的一天，但安排得非常紧凑，大家各抒己见，畅所欲言，研讨气氛热烈。与会代表感到收获很大，深受启发，达到了预期的目的，会议取得了圆满成功。《西安晚报》、《华商报》等新闻媒体对会议进行了报道。咖
(摄影
郭云鹏) | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **总计信息)，其接受度要高很多，日前部分部门法学者开始采用实证研究，也多是采用这类简单的办法。相比而言，部分研究涉及计量结果报告，基本上超出了法律人的接受度。即便是描述性统计的部分，对于一些部门法研究者来讲，仍然有一定难度，主要是变量过多、纬度过多。综合而言，描述性统计可能是日前法律人能够接受的极限，但同时还需要注意变量不能过多。**
**就宏观数据的定量研究而言，上述判断基本同样适用。例如，运用宏观数据所做的计量研究，其接受度在可见的将来恐怕都成问题。因此，像一部分经济学家开拓的法律和经济、法律和金融的实证研究，尽管国内很多人一直在讨论，但笔者估计，即便有法律人参与讨论、甚至批判，真正能够懂得这类实证研究方法的人也不多，今后采用这类实证研究方法的作品接受度可能也成问题。能够被接受的宏观数据的定量研究，估计也会更多的限于描述性统计、同时纬度不能过多。**
ww弘w侯 猛\* 山式饥觉弘些
**中国法学自恢复重建以来，一个重要的变化是跨学科法律研究的兴起，并越来越强调实证的研究方法。这类研究也被称为社科法学。2001年，苏力曾乐观估计在政法法学、诠释法学和社科法学三分的中国法学基本格局中，诠释法学和社科法学更可能在未来中国法学中起主导作用。而且，社科法学“会在中国占有相当重要的一席之地，甚至有可能比欧美国家的类似学科状况更为重要一些”十多年已经过去，当代中国的社科法学，是否如他所预言的那样发展乐观?**
**一、不同的学科制度环境**
**至少就目前的状况来看，也许还不那么乐观。虽然社会科学对美国法学和法律界的影响很大，但中国短期内还很难学习和模仿。两国学科制度的环境差异巨大，中国必须在现有的制度环境下寻求突破，小能建设自己的知识传统。这种制度环境的差异主要表现在，不同的学科格局和师资状况。**
**从学科格局来看，美国法学可以划分为判例法学和社科法学。其中，判例法学与中国的诠释法学功能相当，本质上都是以文本为中心来解释法律问题。而且，判例法学与社科法学在知识谱系上同源。社科法学的先驱，例如，霍姆斯、布兰代斯和卡多佐，同时也是美国联邦最高法院大法官。当代最有影响力的法律经济学者—波斯纳，至今仍担任美国联邦上诉法院法官，他们不仅有所著述，而且在判决中也常常运用社会科学的分析。而在美国各大法学院的《法律评论》中，已经较少见到纯粹的判例法学论文，而是更强调社会科学方法的运用，或注重对判例的社会情境的考察。**
**美国的判例法学和社科法学，都是在英美法系的知识传统下逐渐发展而来的。相比之下，中国法学的基本格局有很大不同：中国法学先后受到苏联法、大陆法系和英美法系的影响，从而奠定当代中国的政法法学、诠释法学和社科法学的三分格局。由于这三个学派在知识谱系上的根本差异，学派之间的知**
**\* 作者单位：对外经济贸易大学法学院。本文得到对外经济贸易大学“杰出青年学者培育计划”项目资助，，**
**①** **苏力：《也许正在发生——中国当代法学发展的一个概览》，《比较法研究》2011年第3期。**
**识偏见和对立可能更为严重。特别是，中国法学恢复重建不过30年，诠释法学刚刚主导法学的话语权，特别看重法学的自主性和法律解释学方法的根本性。对社会科学的态度，最多不过是将其纳人到法律解释学的知识体系之中。社会科学特别是社会学，只能成为法律解释方法中并不重要的一种，而且较少适用。上述情形表明，社科法学要在法学基本格局中占据重要的一席之地，必须应对来自诠释法学的挑战。**
**从师资来看，作为主要的法学研究者的美国法学院教师，本科都是非法学专业，对包括社会科学在内的跨学科法律研究的包容度和接受度更高。而且，法学之外专业毕业的博士在法学院任教的人数，已经呈现日益增长的趋势。目前在全美排名前13的一流法学院中，有1/3教员、排名前 14到26的法学院有1/5教员，具有法学以外的博士学位.②相比之下，已经设立100年的法律科学博士(S.J.D或J. S.D)，在一流法学院中任教的人数屈指可数，并未在美国本土的法学研究中发挥重要作用。@此外，法学院的不少教师，不仅可以同时讲授部门法和跨学科法律课程，还可以在讲授部门法的课程中，灵活运用特别是法律经济学在内的社会科学知识。**
**相比之下，中国法学院的大部分中青年教师，是法学本科毕业并获得法学博士学位的，知识结构相对单一、而法学以外专业毕业的博士，在法学院任教的人数非常少。即使是能在法学院开设跨学科法律课程的教师，很多也只是在获得法学博士以后，再去做法学以外专业的博士后研究。总体上来看，在中国法学师资的整体知识结构中，占据垄断地位的是逻辑上自恰的法学知识体系。这很容易形成排斥社会科学知识的巨大惯性。**
**尽管社科法学的发展并不乐观，但这并不是说，十多年来社科法学的进展缓慢。如果与1980 年代和1990年代相比，社科法学的研究规模和研究领域都有很大变化。1980年代，当法律经济学开始全面渗透到美国的法学教育时，中国才开始介绍法律经济学的概念。1980年代后期到整个1990年代，社科法学研究开始起步，但研究者人数很少。这些研究者，后来大多回到诠释法学的研究正统，因而有些研究实际上后继无人。但2000年代以来，社科法学者的人数明显增多，而且产出的质量更高。**
**社科法学者人数的增多，得益于1990年代末期开始的，法科学生大规模扩招的国家教育政策。法科学生数量的激增，使得学校对师资需求的数量变大。根据教育部公布的官方数据，1998年，全国普通高校法学专任教师是 10702 人，而到了2009年，这一数字是56909④当然，与诠释法学者相比，社科法学者在整个法学师资中的比例非常小。但由于法学师资的总基数变大，这仍然能够让社科法学者的数量翻数倍。在这样的大背景下，那些原本有社会科学研究偏好的博士生在毕业时，能够有更多机会在法学院找到稳定教职。而找到教职，正是一个学者得以继续从事社科法学研究的前提。因而，这就会让社科法学者有更多的可能与诠释法学者进行“PK”(对决)。**
**二、多边跨界对话的格局**
**尽管社科法学者人数不占优势，也常常感受到身处法学院的边缘，但跨学科法律研究和法律实证研究却特别受到学术界和学术期刊的欢迎。不仅美国呈现这样的趋势，特别是一流法学院投资支持这样的研究，⑤中国现在也不例外。尽管很多诠释法学者，也注意到这一趋势，但他们体系化的知识结构已**
**②** **See Hersch， Joni and Viscusi， W. Kip， Law and Economic as a Pillar of Legal Education， Review of Law & Economics，Vol.8，No，2，2012，pp.487-510.**
**③** **See Hupper，Gail J.，The Academic Doctorate in Law： A Vehicle for Legal Transplants?，Journal of Legal Education， Vol. 58，No.3，2008，** **pp.413-454.**
④ **参见教育部网站，http：//www. moe. edu. cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s6200/list. html。这里的"法学”，应该还包括社会学、政治学。但这两个专业学生的招生规模和幅度，远较法学专业小，因此可以推断其师资增长幅度不及法学，2013年1月10日访问。**
**⑤** **See Rubin， Edward L. ，Should Law Schools Support Faculty Research? Journal of Contemporary Legal Isues， Vol. 17，2008，pp. 139-170.**
**经形成，并不会轻易转向，也不容易转向。而且，“欢迎”并不仅仅是一种姿态，中国的学术刊物和读者喜欢这样的研究，这让社科法学的论文更容易发表。也意味着，社科法学者会有更大的学术发展空间。**
**中国社科法学的变化，不仅体现在知识增量，还体现在法学与其他学科知识交流的制度化。- _一方_ 面，法学院的社科学者有了更多的机会，与非法学院的同行进行双边跨界对话，而不仅仅限于比较私人化的读书小组或小圈子。例如，出法学者和经济学者组成的制度经济学或法律经济学年会已经召开数届，初具规模。另一方面，当代中国的社科学者，而不仅仅是西方社科学者，已经对法学者产生比较明显的学术影响。例如，社会学者费孝通对苏力的影响。在更年轻一代中，经济学者张维迎对邓峰和艾佳慧的影响，人类学者朱晓阳的研究对法学者的启发，都比较直接。但这种学术影响更多是单向的。社会学、经济学以及人类学对法学的影响，似乎要比法学对他们的影响更直接。这多少有些“社会学帝国主义”或“经济学帝国主义”的意味。但也说明，这些学科要比法学更有学术规范，更有知识传统。因此，“法学帝国主义”还远未形成。**
**最值得一提的是，多边跨界对话的社科法学格局的逐渐建立。除了上述双边跨界对话以外，在中国的法学院，法律经济学者、法律社会学者、法律人类学者，尽管学科和价值取向不同，却可以多边跨界对话。这种多边跨界对话，是以研讨会和席明纳(Seminar)的形式持续进行的，新一代青年学者已经成为主力。相比之下，在美国学术界，形成气候的只有双边跨界对话，例如，法学的法律经济学者与经济学的法律经济学者之间的双边跨界对话。而法律经济学者和法律社会学者、法律人类学者之间的多边跨界对话，不仅很少，而且有时甚至势不两立，⑥**
**这样一种多边跨界对话的格局，恰恰可以成为中国社科法学的比较优势。在美国，法律经济学一枝独大，在研究实力上远远超过其他社科法学分支，儿乎形成知认垄断的格局。但在中国，法律经济学和其他社科法学都在发展初期，甚至在法学界，苏力所引领的法律社会学研究，在风头上还盖过了法律经济学。这种势力均衡的局面，反而能够让多边跨界对话成为可能。**
**多边跨界对话成为可能的另一现实基础，是“中国问题”的特殊性。没有哪一套西方理论能够有效解释，作为发展模式的“例外”的中国转型过程。因此，中国所有的法律经济学者、法律社会学者和法律人类学者，必须直面现实，必须在实践中检验理论和方法的有效性，中国转型过程出现的新问题，让各种社科法学理论和方法有了更多的解释机会、学术竞争与合作机会。**
**也正是在中国转型和知识竞争的大背景下，作为同人刊物的《法律和社会科学》得以创办。刊物的连续出版以及年会的举办，是中国社科法学在学科制度上逐渐走向成熟的标志。从美国的情况来看，最知名的跨学科法律杂志——《法律经济学杂志》(Journal of Law and Economics)，特别是在科斯担任编辑19年期间，对法律经济学的推动巨大。中国社科法学的发展，需要像《法律和社会科学》这样的学术交流平台：**
**三、实证不足的研究现状**
**社科法学这样一种多边跨界对话的格局，显然做的还不够好。尽管集合法律经济学、法律社会学和法律人类学等多学科的社科法学者，开始形成学术共同体意义上的“无形学院”，但“无形学院的有形化”工作还远未展开。社科法学内部似乎还是各白为战，还没有形成基本共识。在我看来，实证才是社科法学得以立足的根本，实证研究才是社科法学寻求更大突破的基本方向。**
**实证研究，也是社科法学相较于诠释法学的比较优势。中国的社科法学研究，虽然以经验见长，但常常是以批判法律的姿态出现的。然而，如果只是批评法治的问题，而缺少对现实中因果关系的考察，那么，中国的社科法学很可能就会像美国的批判法学，从一度成为学术热潮而最终走向式微。也正是由**
**See Richard A. Posner， The Sociology of the Suciology nf law： A View from Economics， European Journal of Law and Economies， Vol.2，** **No.4，1995， pp. 265-284.**
**于中国的社科法学尚未建立实证研究的传统，这也让有些诠释法学者将社科法学理解为，这是区别于法律理论之外的另一套形而上学的理论，从而对其进行“理论的批判”。②这种见解加深了诠释法学对社科法学的偏见。**
**但现有的社科法学者，在实证研究上的确做的还很不够。在法学院，大部分社科法学者没有经过社会科学的专业训练，还很难有运用实证方法上的自觉。例如，田野调查的时间比较短，而且不可持续。即使是经过较长时段的调查，不少社科法学者仍是按照“先见”去裁剪经验，而不是从经验中发现新问题。这使得他们的研究，虽然看起来有社会科学的味道，但不接“地气”，或者只是堆砌了一堆经验的碎片，而没有加以问题化和必要的理论化。**
**如果以实证标准衡量苏力的研究，可以认为最好的实证研究，就是他在2000年出版的《送法下乡——-中国基层司法制度研究》。但从这以后，苏力实际上已经很少做田野调查意义上的实证研究。他的替代方案是，以超常的想象力来弥补实证经验的不足。这种想象力通过修辞、文字的张力和感染力，来打动和说服读者。在这个意义上，似乎可以说，苏力的社科法学研究，不论是法律社会学还是法律经济学，也是，或者其实都是“法律与文学”。苏力深深影响了下一代的社科法学者。他更强调问题的重要性，因为，选择什么样的方法，取决于研究什么样的问题。这也让下一代原本就缺乏社会科学专业训练的社科法学者，不太重视实证方法的学习和运用，或执着于文字修辞，或对各种方法都只是浅尝辄止。苏力的研究远远超出了法理学的边界，对部门法学例如刑法学，甚至对法学之外的学科，例如文学都产生了广泛影响。这也为一些后学所模仿，然而学风稍显急躁，研究四面出击。他们对部门法的影响相当有限，并且也反衬出这些社科法学者部门法知识的不足。**
**实证研究的一个基本趋势是定量化。目前在部门法特别是刑事法领域，出现了一些定量研究，有的还较成规模。不过，在一些学校，虽然也形成了一定规模的法律实证研究团队，但采取以做课题为中心的工作模式。他们对量化方法的运用比较简单甚至不适当，因而做出来的研究解释力和说服力并不足。就目前的状况来说，法学者要想做出好的定量研究，可能还是得采取与经济学者、社会学者合作的方式。而且，这样还可以发挥出法学者长于逻辑分析和对事实敏感的比较优势。**
**但实证研究并不等于定量研究，基于调查基础上的定性研究同样不能轻视。甚至对于法学者而言，做个案研究可能更容易凸显出其比较优势。对法律个案进行社会科学研究，不仅需要对法律文本的理解，更需要对个案背后的因果关系、将个案放在具体的和整体的社会情境加以考察。这集中体现为延伸个案的研究方法。8延伸个案方法所隐含的意义在于，它是针对诠释法学所坚持的一套“事实”格式化或“个案”格式化方式而发的。因此，这样的个案研究能够通过实证调查，来挑战既定的、普适的和宏大理论。而且，如果能够在个案基础上提炼出一种微观的或中层理论，对中国社会中的法律问题会更有解释力和说服力。**
**四、建设实证的社科法学传统**
**虽然社科法学已经与政法法学、诠释法学形成了中国法学的基本格局，但还没有形成自己的知识传统。如果与经济学中的“芝加哥学派”相比，作为法学中的一个学派的社科法学，显然还需要做很多建设工作。**
**“芝加哥学派”之所以影响深远，其必要条件就在于，首先存在一个独立安静的学术环境——芝加哥大学。芝加哥位于美国中部以农业为主的伊利诺伊州，而且芝加哥大学位于芝加哥郊区，并得到美国大亨洛克菲勒的有力资助。其次，在聚集了一批学者之后，即使同属一个学派，但内部平等开放、批评辩论之风相当盛行。这与国内一个学院或学科，常常出现的“导师崇拜”现象，从而缺少平等自由讨论的**
**参见张翔：《祛魅与自足：政治理论对宪法解释的影响及其限度》，《政法论坛》2007年第4期。**
**See Michae Burawoy，The Extended Case Method， Sociological Theory，Vol.16，No.1，1998，pp.4-33.**
**风气根本不同。9更重要的是，芝加哥学派有自己的理论硬核，从而独树一帜。这包括：强调个人主义市场经济、推崇新古典经济学理论、将经济学适用于日常生活各方面，重视经验研究和假设验证，芝加哥学派的知识贡献涵盖人力资本理论、歧视经济学、道德风险、委托-代理问题、合同理论和科斯定理。@芝加哥学派的影响不仅及于经济学，也包括管理学、法学以及社会学。**
**“芝加哥学派”这样一一种以经济学为主的多学科知识传统，与中国社科法学以法学为主的多学科格局是有可比性的。在中国法学界，年轻一代的社科法学者，很多毕业于北京大学，或虽不是北京大学毕业，但明显受到苏力的学术影响。共同或相似的学术经历，有助于大家形成基本的学术共识。但要建设中国的社科法学学派，还需要在以下几个方面加以努力：**
**坚持实证调查的传统。这就是要讨论具体问题，而不是抽象概念，注重后果的分析，而不只是逻辑的演绎。实证调查是社科法学立足的根本，既要做定量研究，也要做定性研究特别是个案研究，从而发挥各自的比较优势。例如，前者强调样本的代表性和总体趋势，后者则强调个案的丰富性和深刻程度。不论哪一种研究，都应该直面现实，要对社会生活实际有解释力。而为了达到这一要求，不论学者选择哪一种研究，都需要培养对问题的好奇心和敏感力。**
**发扬自由主义的学风。这种学风，注重对各种知识的普遍接受，对所有社会法律问题的普遍研究。在文化多元和思想多元的背景下，开展平等的学术对话和批评。对一切结论都保持适度的怀疑，在经验事实的基础上挑战权威。与自由主义学风相联系，就是要建立知识境争的格局。社科法学者强调市场和竞争的重要性，这不仅是指经济市场，还指的是思想市场，@甚至思想市场更为重要，因为思想的开放有助于经济市场的持续繁荣。而且允许不同思想火花的碰撞，也有助于形成良性的学术竞争市场0社科法学的多边格局，需要这些跨学科法律研究，例如，法律经济学与法律社会学进行内部竞争，通过内部竞争让社科法学更有活力和解释力。**
**举办社科法学研讨班。由于目前社科法学的主力大部分是法学背景，因而有必要通过举办研讨班来改善其知识结构。举办研讨班以提升学科水平的做法，并非没有先例可循。以社会学为例，1980年代初，曾由费孝通牵头延请国内外师资，在南开大学办社会学专业班。目前社会学界很多知名学者，均出自该班。自1990 年代后期，费孝通又在北京大学牵头举办数期“社会文化人类学高级研讨班”，一时规模空前。他还强调“补课”对于学科建设重要性，并亲历亲为，撰写长篇读书笔记，重温经典。B法学研讨班也曾举办过不少，不过这种跨学科法律研究的研讨班国达还不曾举办。反倒是芝加哥大学法学院先行一步。在2012年，专门针对中国学者开设了法律经济学暑期学校，而且今后还将继续举办。**
**建立学术合作的机制。以实证为基础的社科法学研究，不仅需要个人独立完成，也需要合作。这需要发扬“魁阁”精神，开展实质性的学术讨论和合作生产。所谓“魁阁”，是指抗战时期费孝通在云南魁阁所组建的一个学术群体。这个群体最初以“社区研究”为中心开展调查，既注重独立思考，又强调相互批评和合作。这一群体站在了当时社会学的前沿，并生产出一系列研究作品。而如今，基于不同学者知识的有限性，跨学科法律研究的学术合作已经成为一种必要。这不仅包括与部门法学者的合作，也包括与其他社会科学者的合作。在美国，经验的法律研究的合作模式已经形成趋势。而在中国，法学**
**参见周雪光：《组织社会学十讲》，清华大学出版社2003年版，第278-281页.**
**See Johan Van Overlveldt， The Chicago School， How the Uiniversity of Chicago Assemhled the Thinkers Who Hevolutionized Economics** **and Business， Agate B2，2007，p.5.**
**See R. H. Coase， The Market for Goods and the Market for Ideas， The American Economic Review ，Vol.64，No.2，1974，pp.384-391.**
**See Stephen M. Stigler， Compelition and the Research Universities， Ameriean Academy of Arts & Sciences， Vol. 122，No，4，1993，pp.157-177.**
**费孝通：《补课札记---重温派克社会学》，载费孝通：《师承·补课·治学》，三联书店2002年版，第206-237页：**
**谢泳：《魁阁——中国现代学术集团的雏形》，《北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》1998年第1期。**
**See Ginsburg， Tom，Miles， Thomas J.，Empiricism and the Rising Incidence of Coauthorship in Law，University of Illinois Law Review，** **Vol.2011，No.5，pp. 101-141.**
**者与社会学者、经济学者的合作也开始出现。**
**实现多学科方法的最优组合。美国的发展经验表明，在社科法学中，只有法律经济学全面进入到法学教育和法学研究，从而成为显学。相比之下，法律社会学、法律人类学等其他社科法学则身处法学院的边缘，而且与法律经济学互不来往。但中国的情况有很大不同。转型中国中出现的新情况、新问题，仅有法律经济学去解释还不够，更需要法律经济学与其他法律社会科学合作，解释才更有说服力，从而才能丰富和修正既有的法律理论。从这个意义上来说，中国社科法学的未来，必须实现法律经济学与其他法律社会科学在知识和方法上的最优整合。**
**一、法律实证研究的现状**
**法学界整体上对法律实证研究及更大范围的社科法学仍然保持着一种“敬而远之”的礼貌的冷淡，只讨论其方法论上的新颖，或者借用其中的某些概念进行包装，而并不太关注所分析的具体问题展示出来的理论意义。**
**当然，这对于法律实证研究而言也未必就是坏事，毕竟真正有价值的研究并不是靠支持者的多少来体现的。而且，从性质上来说，法律实证研究或社科法学也不像诠释法学那样，能够作为“常规科学”对法律人的职业训练发挥基础性作用。因此，只要中国的政法实践对法律人所提出的需求更多还是同诠释法学相关，社科法学就很大程度上仍然是少数学者的“自娱自乐”与“孤芳自赏”。但这并不会阻碍其中涌现出出色的研究，因为追求新鲜问题与答案的愉悦才是这类研究的最主要动力。**
**但是，承认这种现状的存在及其合理性，并不意味着对这种研究进路有兴趣、有追求的学者要消极的等待市场需求的扩大，期待那时自然而来的关注和资源。虽然供给并不能够直接创造需求，但市场也是需要培育的，学术产品的生产者需要以更多的努力来向学术市场的消费者推广法律实证研究这一品牌，证明该产品并非只是少数人把玩的奢侈品，而是能够更大范围推广的畅销品。因此，当下的法律实证研究应当尝试在延续现有风格和传统的基础上寻求新疆域的开拓，从而在回应更多新需求中发展自身。处于边缘的位置，也意味着有机会更灵活的开疆拓土，去探索新的领域、获取新的资源。**
**对于法律实证研究而言，何处是“故乡”，何处又是“新疆”，这是一个见仁见智的问题。就笔者的观察而言，现有的法律实证研究总体上侧重于以司法研究为中心，包括对司法运作程序以及作为程序参与者的法院、法官、律师、人民陪审员等的研究。而在继续保持这一特色的同时，从现实社会生活中开掘学术富矿，值得注意的是近年来政府所提出的社会管理这一主题，从实证进路对此展开研究，能够以更为深人的理论回应政法实践所提出的要求，从而更凸显法律实证研究的价值。**
**二、作为法学研究对象的社会管理**
**\*作者单位：南开大学法学院。本文受南开大学985工程三期法学学科建设项目资助。** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 追思钱老的科学创新精神
一代科学大师仙逝西去，留给后人无尽的思念和无限的遐想。
钱学森的精神遗产是少有的丰厚。我以为，其中最重要的就是钱老自己践行和大力倡导的科学创新精神。钱老是天才式人物，著名科学家冯·卡门曾坦言：“钱学森的天资是极为罕见的。”尽管如此，钱老的成就主要还是依赖后天的勤奋和拼搏贏来的。
科学创新精神不必迷信学界权威。在美国读书时，，一次学术研讨会上，钱老与一位老专家爆发了激烈争吵。事后有人告诉钱学森：这位老专家正是大名鼎鼎的力学权威冯·米赛斯。又问道：如果你知道他是谁，还敢和他辩论吗?钱学森回答：怎么不敢?在学术问题面前人人平等。还有一事更能说明问题：
一
一次钱学森写了一篇论文交给导师冯·卡门，后者不同意前者观点，两人越争越烈，气得冯·卡门最后大发雷霆，将钱学森的文章扔到地上，拂袖而去。第二天清晨，钱家门铃骤然响起，打开一看，竟是冯·卡门紫涨着脸，急切地表示：我想了一夜，终于搞明白是我错了。说罢，冯·卡门给钱学森深深地鞠了一躬。这是多么了不起的一躬、多么伟大的一躬!(见《文摘报》2009年11月22日)钱老的青年时代经历，使我们明白了为何他回国后一再提倡和鼓励学生和研究生要敢于向权威挑战，“想别人没有想到的东西，说别人没有说过的话”。钱老在最后一次系统讲话中，还这样说：“加州理工学院给这些学者、教授们，也给年轻的学生、研究生们提供了充分的学术权力和民主氛围。不同的学说，不同的学术观点都可以充分发表。学生们也可以充分发表自己的不同学术见解，可以向权威们挑战。”(见《人民日报》2009年11月5日)看来，科学创新精神没有充分的学术民主氛围也是不行的。
科学创新的能力要具备逻辑思维能力和形象思维能力。钱老说过：“搞科学的人同样需要有灵感，而我的灵感，许多就是从艺术中悟出来的。”钱老的意思很明确，大凡从事科研工作的专家学者，只有同时具备了逻辑思维能力和形象思维能力，才能有大出息、大作为。这就启示我们：要成为学问大家，定要有广博的知识，学会和掌握多种研究方法、多种话语体系，不断构建适合自身发展的知识结构，通过多个领域发表创造性见识来展示自身才华。纵观中外古今大师的成长史，经验证明他们绝大多数都在两个和两个以上不同学科领域取得过突出和重要贡献。非凡的创新能力，创造了非凡的学术成就。正如钱老提出的：“科学上的创新光靠严密的逻辑思维不行，创新思维往往开始于形象思维，从大跨度的联想中得到启迪，然后再用严密的逻辑加以验证。”这真是讲得太好了!
主
编：尹韵公
副主编：张满丽刘瑞生
特约副主编：何伟吴信训
技术编辑：
韩智冬
新闻与传播研究
第十六卷第第6期2009年12月
主管：中国社会科学院 电子投稿信箱： [email protected]
主办：中国社会科学院
新闻与传播研究所
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国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **“不能胜寸心，安能胜苍穹”来源于清代诗人龚自珍的诗句，习近平总书记曾在十八届中央纪委六次全会上引用，意在提醒广大党员和领导干部，净化内心、志向高远，才能百毒不侵、力量无穷。**
**如果说士大夫强调“胜寸心”是从封建伦理道德出发，是为了修心悟道、正心诚意、安心认命；那么我们共产党人讲“胜寸心”，则是从马克思主义党性原则出发，是要坚定党性修养、端正价值观念、塑造完备人格。唯此，才能抵御种种不良思潮和错误价值观念的入侵，才不会在错综复杂的意识形态斗争中被围猎俘获，才能发挥好理想信念和道德情操的引领作用，为改造客观世界、履行职责使命提供源源不断的能动力。**
**胜寸心，要做到坚守不懈。人心复杂易变，正如“心有猛虎，细嗅蔷薇”，善良与丑恶、正直与奸诈、勇敢与懦弱的交锋随时都可能发生。我们讲“胜寸心”，就是要战胜心中的种种邪念、掌控自己的精神世界、把握人生的前行方向。在这场战役中，最重要的莫过“坚守”二字。坚守初心。党的十九大报告指出，“中国共产党人的初心和使命，就是为中国人民谋幸福，为中华民族谋复兴”。作为一名共产党员，我们无论身处哪种困境、面对何种坎坷，都不能忘记自己为什么出发、要到哪里去、要做什么样的党员，都不能冷却这颗赤诚之心。坚守本职。就是要把工作当事业、把本职当平台，坚持不懈、拼搏不息的精神令人钦佩、使人深思，值得好好学习。坚守家庭。习总书记指出，“无论时代如何变化，无论经济社会如何发展，对一个社会来说，家庭的生活依托、社会功能和文明作用都不可替代”。我们修身养心、立德正行，离不开对家庭的付出、经营与坚守。也唯有此，才能使家庭稳固、家风端**
**正、家人幸福，个人也会受益终生。**
**胜寸心，要能够控制欲望。一个人如果深陷欲海、贪婪无度，就会失去生命中的灵性与智慧，丧失专注力、自制力和决断力，以至于马失前蹄、铸成大错。控制欲望，才能抵御诱惑。党员领导干部身处重要岗位、具备特殊政治身份，是敌对势力重点腐蚀和拉拢的对象。面对纸醉金迷、酒色财气的诱惑，只有控制自己的欲望，才能时刻保持头脑上的清醒、思想上的警觉、行为上的端正，才不会被庸俗的价值观念腐蚀、被错误的思想言论动摇。控制欲望，才能集中精力。“两个一百年’奋斗目标和中国梦的实现，离不开坚持不懈的投入和全倾全力的付出，这就要求我们控制和减少欲望，避免时间和精力的浪费。正如钢钎，万钧之力汇于一点，才能凿开铁壁，人生也只有专心事业、心无旁骛，方能使命达成。控制欲望，才能与时俱进。欲望过多过滥、充斥人心，就必然急功近利、盲目急躁，丧失学习积累的耐心、挤压成长进步的空间、降低把握机遇的概率。因此，在人生的道路上，我们一定要学会给欲望做减法、给才学做加法，多控制减少一些负面欲望，多充实积累一些真才实学，做到涓流成海、与日俱进。**
**胜寸心，要学会从容镇定。党员领导干部肩负改革发展重担，身负人民群众重托，必须要冷静沉稳、从容不迫，才能不惧风险挑战、不畏挫折失败、不怯误解非议。冷静面对困难挑战。当前，国际形势波谲云诡、改革发展任务艰巨繁重，这些都要求广大领导干部始终保持镇定理智的心态，坚持冷静客观的思考，才能在各种重大斗争考验面前“不畏浮云遮望眼，乱云飞渡仍从容”。从容面对挫折失败。在践行职责使命的道路上，难免顺境与逆境交织、成功与失败交错。要成就伟大事业，就必须能从容面对失败、总结经验教训，以“功成不必在我、功成必定有我”的境界和担当，重整旗鼓、重拾行囊、重新出发。坦然面对误解非议。我们的改革要寻找团结奋斗的最大公约数，我们的工作要找到人民群众的最大利益点，但在具体落实中难免会遭受误解、非议甚至恶意中伤。对此，我们要心怀坦然，相信“流丸止于瓯史，流言止于知者”，只要秉公执政、为国为民、不怀私利，自然就站得正、立得直，即使有流言蜚语，也会被事实驳斥、被公论压倒、被人民唾弃。**
**【作者：辽宁省凌海市人武部副部长】** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 新农村建设活动的项目化研究
丰景春，郑立梅，耿 秀
(河海大学商学院，江苏南京 210098)
摘 要：在社会主义新农村建设中，项目管理适用于具有项目特征的活动。通过分析新农村建设活动的类型以及活动、作业、项目、项目化、项目化管理之间的联系与区别，探讨了亲农村建设活动项目化过程，包括新农村建设活动的收集、新农村建设项目的识别、甄选、实施、评估，提出了新农村建设应对可以项目化的活动实施项目化管理的理念。
关键词：新农村建设；项目管理；项目化过程
中图分类号：F303.1 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1671-4970(2009)04-0054-03
建设社会主义新农村是我国现代化进程中的重大历史任务。长期以来，农业、农村、农民(简称“三农”)一直是决定我国全面建设小康社会进程和现代化进程的关键问题，也是关系党和国家工作全局的根本问题。加强农村基础设施建设，改善社会主义新农村建设的物质条件，是建设社会主义新农村，实现新农村现代化建设远景目标的重要保障。目前对于具有项目特征的新农村基础设施建设活动，依然按照重复性活动(作业)的组织实施方式进行管理，该管理方式对具有项目特征的活动不能进行科学系统的管理，不利于有效地实现活动的目标。如果将新农村建设中具有独特的、不重复的活动转化为项目，并按照项目进行管理，可以大大提高活动实施的效率和效益。本文分析了活动、作业、项目、项目化之间的异同，提出新农村建设活动项目化的理念，对新农村建设活动中具有项目特征的活动项目化，并将该建设活动作为项目进行管理。
一、新农村建设的内容
党的十六届五中全会指出：社会主义新农村建设应“按照生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主的要求扎实稳步地加以推进”。新农村建设内容包括经济建设、政治建设、文化建设和社会建设。
1.经济建设
发展经济、增加收人是社会主义新农村建设的首要任务和重要的物质基础。经济建设的主要措施有：一是引进优良农作物品种、加强农业设施建设、
吸收高科技农业技术人才，从根本上提高农业生产能力；二是加快发展农业机械化进程，加强农业标准化工作，在手段和方法上保证农业生产水平；三是推进农村金融体制改革，发展农村多种形式的联合与合作，提高农民进人市场的组织化程度，以提高农业生产效益。
2.政治建设
组织部门作为党委的重要职能部门，在推进社会主义新农村建设中肩负着重要职责。因此，大力加强农村基层组织建设，为建设社会主义新农村提供强有力的组织保证。在新农村建设的政治建设中，应科学设置基层组织结构，强化党员的教育培训，加强民主管理等，建立依法建制、以制治村、民主管理、民主监督的工作格局。
3.文化建设
精神文明建设是促进物质文明建设的有力保证。因此，社会主义新农村建设应重视农村文化设施建设，丰富农民精神文化生活，提高农民素质，加强村级自治组织建设，引导农民主动有序地参与乡村建设事业。目前，新农村建设的文化建设中将中小学校舍建设、远程教育网络建设、电化教育设施投人、农村图书馆建设作为农村建设投资的重点。
4.社会建设
社会建设包括两个方面：一是建设村镇、改善环境，包括住房改造、垃圾处理、道路桥梁整治、林业生态建设、人畜饮水改造、农村中小学校舍建设、水利水电设施、广播、通讯、电信、农网改造等基础设施建
收稿日期：2009-06-18
基金项目：江苏省高校哲学社会科学基金(07SJDX630006)；江苏省重点学科工程管理与项目管理：项目管理与项目评价
作者简介：丰景春(1963一)，男，浙江金华人，教授，博士，从事项目管理研究。
设；二是扩大公益、促进和谐，办好义务教育，使适龄儿童都能入学并受到基本教育，实施新型农村合作医疗，使农民享受基本的公共卫生服务，加强农村养老和贫困户的社会保障，统筹城乡就业。
二、新农村建设活动项目化的内涵
1.作业与项目
活动可以分为作业和项目。作业是指连续不断、周而复始的活动，其运行按照既定的规章制度，属于重复性的活动，组织的日常生产管理活动属于作业\[2-3\]。项目是指临时性、一次性的活动，它是一种复杂的、非常规的活动，即指在一定的约束条件(资源、时间、质量、投资等)下，具有特定明确目标(质量目标、进度目标、费用目标、安全目标等)的一项一次性活动。项目具有如下特征：
(1)一次性活动
项目是一项不可重复的活动，而日常工作是一项具有可重复性的活动。一次性是项目区别其他活动的基本特征，这意味着每一个项目都有其特殊性，不存在两个完全相同的项目。在实际工作中，一次性活动包括两个方面的含义：一是独一无二的活动；二是具有部分独特性的活动，相对而言，第一类活动的数量较少，而第二类活动的数量较多，即大多数活动具有部分独特性，为此，需要借助相应的方法对第二类活动进行识别。
(2)资源约束性
组织利用有限的资源(人力资源、物力资源、财力资源、时间资源等)，在一定的环境、理念、价值观、文化背景条件下，在规定的时间内完成任务。资源约束性是项目的重要特征之一。如果活动不受资源约束，即使具备项目其他特征的活动也不属于项目，例如埃及的金字塔、中国的万里长城等。
(3)目标的明确性
目标是项目最重要的特征。项目作为一类特别设立的活动，有其明确的目标，项目目标包括功能性目标和控制性目标，其中，功能性目标取决于项目的性能和功能，由于不同项目之间的功能相差较大，因此，项目的功能性目标也存在较大的区别。相对于项目功能性目标，项目的控制性目标则基本相同，一般包括质量、进度、费用、安全等目标。
(4)特定的业主(委托人)
新农村建设项目都有特定的业主(委托人)。特定的业主(委托人)既是项目结果的需求者，也是项目资金的提供者和项目的组织者。特定的业主(委托人)可以是自然人、法人、其他组织，或由两个以上的自然人、法人、其他组织构成的联合体。
作业与项目之间在许多方面存在差异，两者之
表1 作业与项目的区别
| 特征 | 作业 | 项目 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 可重复性 | 重复性 | 一次性 |
| 时限性 | 无特定时间周期 | 具有特定的生命周期 |
| 资源需求性 | 稳定、均衡的资源 | 多变、不均衡的资源 |
| 资源需求性 | 需求 | 需求 |
| 组织特性 | 稳定、刚性的组织 | 临时性、柔性的组织 |
| 追求的效果性 | 效率性 | 效果性 |
| 宗旨性 | 以完成任务、指标为 | 以完成任务、目的为 |
| 宗旨性 | 宗旨 | 宗旨 |
| 服务对象 | 无特定的业主 | 有特定的业主 |
| 服务对象 | (委托人) | (委托人) |
| 日标性 | 无特定目标 | 有特定目标(功能性目 标和控制性目标) |
| 估价特性 | 一次性估价，批量 | 多次性估价，单件性 |
| 估价特性 | 定价 | 定价 |
2.项目化内涵
项目管理具有“目标明确”“面向客户”等优点，但也存在自身的不足。对于具有重复性的活动(作业)，标准化和规范化的管理方法可以大幅度地提高组织的生产效率和管理效益，但是对于具有项目特征的活动，仅靠标准化和规范化的管理已经难以满足其管理要求，只有采用项目组织实施方式进行管理4，才能实现高效的管理，并有利于实现项目目标。
在新农村经济建设、政治建设、文化建设和社会建设等活动中，对于具有明显项目特征又属于传统意义上项目的新农村建设活动，应当按照项目的形式加以组织实施，而对于那些不属于传统意义上项目，但具有明显项目特征的新农村建设活动，则首先需要对这些活动进行识别和筛选，形成项目，即项目化，从而为实现项目管理。
3.活动、作业、项目、项目化以及管理方式之间的关系
根据不同的组织实施方式，管理分为运营管理和项目管理两类\[5\]。相对于运营管理而言，项目管理具有柔性更强、针对性更明显、目的性更明确、效率与效果更具优势等特点。活动、作业、项目、项目化及管理方式之间的关系如图1所示。
图1 活动、作业、项目、项目化及管理方式之间的关系
三、新农村建设活动项目化过程
1.新农村建设活动的汇集
根据新农村建设发展战略和建设目标，按照自上而下和自下而上相结合的方式，提出新农村建设活动，通过汇集，形成新农村建设活动的集合。①基于自上而下方式提出的新农村建设活动。从宏观环境、微观环境和资源状况进行分析，根据区域资源和战略统筹目标，结合地区现实情况确定新农村建设的主要任务，采用自上而下的方式，即从中央到基层农村组织的方式，提出新农村建设活动。②基于自下而上方式提出的新农村建设活动。新农村建设除了符合国家发展战略和建设目标外，还需要满足群众的生产、生活、文明建设，因此，应当坚持以“三农”问题为中心，满足“三农”的需要，以农业、农村、农民的需求确定新农村建设任务和活动。为此，从“三农”的实际情况出发，深入了解“三农”需求，按需求确定新农村建设任务，并由此提出新农村建设活动。
结合基于自上而下方式提的出新农村建设活动和基于自下而上方式提出的新农村建设活动，并通过筛选、梳理，形成新农村建设活动的集合库，为下一步新农村建设项目的识别奠定基础。
2.新农村建设项目的识别
在项目化过程中，需要科学地辨析新农村建设活动的特征，对具有项目特征的作业进行项目化。具备项目化的新农村建设活动必须具有明确界定的目标体系，执行要通过一系列相互关联的活动，需运用各种资源，有具体、明确的生命周期，有自己独特性和一次性，有一定的不确定性。根据上述可以项目化的新农村建设作业的特征和新农村建设的内容，可以将新农村建设活动分为3类：①具有明显项自特征并属于传统意义项目的活动，即项目。该类活动包括住房改造、道路桥梁整治、人畜饮水改造、农村中小学校舍建设、农村图书馆建设、电信农网改造、水利水电设施建设等基础设施类建设活动。该类活动需要采用项目管理模式以明确其目标并提高运作效率。②属于日常性的重复性活动，即作业。该类活动具有稳定的组织和资源需求，并且改变的过程是渐进的，更依靠管理者的经验，这些活动更适用于进行标准化按照运营管理方式进行，包括广播、通讯、林业生态建设、农业标准化工作、引进农作物新品种、吸收农业技术人才、对党员进行培训等。③具有一定项目特征但不属于传统意义项目的活动。对于这类新农村建设活动，需要通过识别和甄选，将该类活动分为作业和项目。对于属于作业的活动，采用经营管理方式，对于项目，则采用项目管理方
式。该类活动包括农村金融体制改革、引入农村市场机制、重新构建基层组织架构、改进医疗保障措施、实施农民再就业管理办法等。
通过新农村建设项目的识别，形成新农村建设项目基本库。
3.新农村建设项目的甄选
在新农村建设项目的甄选中，需要根据项目的特征、重要性、需要等，对新农村建设项目基本库中的项目进行甄选，形成新农村建设项目实施库。项日甄选需要考虑项目的契合度、项目的发展潜力、项目的长效运行环境等因素。为此，利用关联性的分析确定优先级，即根据项目的契合度、发展潜力、长效运行环境等关联因素，利用数据序列曲线几何形态的相似程度契合度、发展潜力、长效运行环境与项目之间的相对性进行排序分析，若几何形状越接近，则关联度就越大，反之则小。根据契合度、发展潜力、长效运行环境与项目之间关联度的大小，对新农村建设项目进行排序，并依据资源约束条件，从新农村建设项目基本库中选择拟实施的项目。
4.新农村建设项目的实施
新农村建设项目的实施是项目化过程中关键的阶段，它是指按照社会主义新农村建设的规划、实施计划和进度安排，对新农村建设项目进行设计、施工，将蓝图变为工程实体的活动。新农村建设项目的实施应当遵循相应的基本规律，即应当按照新农村项目建设程序规定的顺序、阶段、各阶段的内容、各阶段目标等实施组织新农村建设项目的实施。新农村建设项目的实施应包括新农村建设项目的申报(项目建议书)、可行性研究、审批(立项)、项目准备、设计、招投标(采购)、施工、验收、运行管理、项目后评价等内容。新农村建设项目的全生命周期为确保新农村建设项目管理工作有章可循，实现规范化、制度化、科学化管理等奠定基础。
5.新农村建设项目的评估
在新农村建设项目前期、建设期、运行期等不同时期，应当根据需要，并结合项目的实际情况，运用项目评价理论与方法，分别开展新农村建设项目的前期评估、中期评估和后评估工作。新农村建设项目的前期评估有利于实现新农村建设项目决策的科学化和民主化，提高决策水平，避免或减少决策失误；新农村建设项目的中期评估对实施过程进行跟踪，即发现问题，提出改进措施，将问题消灭在萌芽之中；新农村建设项目的后期评估有利于总结项目建设、运行和管理的经验，吸取教训，探寻新农村建设项目化管理的一般范式，将其提炼升华形成理论并，从而为新农村建设项目化管理提供指导。 (下转第74页)
一要求的便是前述“一般的统治”意义上的法的现象，其逐步实践进而全面实现的过程与人类社会消灭阶级、实现人的全面解放是同一个过程。
五、结 语
国家是人类社会的组织形式，法学(法律)的内在规定要求任何国家的法学(法律)都应当对世界本身进行充分、真实的描述，世界本身运转的规律是法学(法律)的实质合法性渊源，在以上思考的基础上，我们进而得出以人的自由发展为基础的法的现象的历史类型的内涵，这是一个从上层建筑角度对社会和法律的发展进行倒叙的过程。实际上，规律并不是在法的现象的第三种历史类型出现时才产生作用，如同法律始终在政治的监护下一样，社会发展也始终处于规律的监护之下。不同的是，在受到规律的约束之前，人类处于一种自发而不自觉的状态；在受到规律的约束之后，人类就必须正确认识、理解并按照规律行事，进入一种自觉的状态。马克思主义
十 -H++++
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四、结 语
社会主义新农村建设是我国实现现代化建设远景目标的一项长期历史任务，是我国经济社会发展新阶段所出现的新课题，不同区域、不同乡村、不同人群有着不尽相同的实际情况，因而，应当在新农村建设推进中注重因地制宜，应当充分尊重农民的意愿，新农村建设的规划、基础设施的改造、村居环境的改善等，都应当从农民的生产生活需要出发，充分重视“三农”问题。实现新农村建设是全面而伟大的目标，重在整体推进，协调发展。
新农村建设活动项目化是现代项目管理理论在新农村建设中的大胆创新，打破了传统运营管理方式的界限，对于明确新农村建设目标、提高新农村建设效率和效益、进一步加快新农村发展具有重要的
法哲学和马克思主义政治经济学作为基础理论工具，可以帮助我们完成从自发到自觉状态的转变。在社会生活中，这种自觉状态具体表现为：以社会总资本的可持续运行以及在此前提下的个体利益的实现为的出发点和归宿，在此经济基础之上，产生与之相适应的法学(法律)，这就是以人的自由发展为基础的法的现象的历史类型。
参考文献：
\[1\]邓正来.中国法学向何处去：构建“中国法律理想图景”时代的论纲\[M\].北京：商务印书馆，2006.
\[2\] 刘旺洪.现代化范式与中国法学的“理想图景”\[J\].北方法学，2009(1)：114-123.
\[3\]中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局.马克思恩格斯全集：第十八卷\[M\].北京：人民出版社，1964：309.
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推动作用。今后，需要对新农村建设项目管理体制、管理模式、管理流程、管理制度等相关问题进行深人研究，建立相应的理论和方法体系，提出具有操作性的成果，从而建立新农村建设项目管理体系。
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\[1\]刘延明，方崇.新农村建设进程中水利高职人才培养模式的探讨\[J\].河海大学学报：哲学社会科学版，2008，10(S2)：59-60
\[2\]周雪梅，刘冉.企业的项目化管理初探\[J\].经济论坛，2006(3)：81-83.
\[3\]丰景春，李娟，耿秀.江苏省新农村建设基础设施项目管理与维护研究\[J\].水利经济，2009，27(6)：55-59.
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\[5\]刘伟，刘国宁.项目管理\[M\].北京：中国言实出版社，2006. | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 作为经济分析史链条中的新古典经济学价值论
刘汉全
摘要：：新古典经济学价值论是新古典经济学的理论基础，而新古典经济学仍是当今世界的主流经济学。对这种主流经济学之理论基础的批判，我们不能以“近视”的眼光和情绪化的态度：一方面，不能因其具有较强的理论解释力，而否认其内在的逻辑缺陷；另一方面，也不能因其数理的、抽象的表达方式，低估其在经济分析史中的历史贡献。新古典经济学价值理论的实质，乃是经济分析史链条中的重要--环。
关键词：新古典经济学；价值理论；方法论： 市场秩序
中图分类号：F091 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1003-854X(2009)10-0028-06
一、新古典经济学家为建立一个完善的价值理论作出了艰苦努力，他们的理论成果对当代经济学研究产生了巨大影响；但价值理论必须建立在社会关系而非单个个人的基础之上
现在有一种流行的观点认为，新古典经济学是作为古典经济学的反对派出现的，所谓“边际革命”说的就是这个意思。从表面看来，新古典经济学的内容和表述形式与古典经济学的确差异很大，但是，就两个经济学流派的理论基础--价值理论的实质而言，它们又具有惊人的学术连续性，即：市场“表面上的经济无序以什么方式产生一个有序的系统，以及所有受自身利益驱动的似乎各自独立地作出的决策，如何能变为协调，并且导致某种能合理地称为次序的东西。”对这个问题的研究，在亚当·斯密那里被概括为“看不见的手”理论，在新山典经济学家眼中就是“一般均衡理论”。虽然新古典经济学价值理论与古典经济学价值理论一样，都直指经济学的核心问题，但是，对这个核心问题的论证，却让几代新古典经济学家付出了艰苦努力，直到今天仍然是理论经济学的一个经典难题。
十九世纪中期，占典经济学的基础理论价值理论日益失去人们的信任，尽管穆勒曾宣称
价值理论的主要部分已经完成，但是，在深受古典经济学影响的国家和经济学家中间，要诞生出新的经济学价值理论显得困难重重。与古典经济学把价值建立在劳动的基础上相反，新的价值理论试图用效用(格地说是“边际效用”)作为价值产生的原因。戈森虽然没有明确作出边际效用决定价值的结论，但实际Ⅰ完整地提出了边际效用理论的雏形，后人尊称他为新古典经济学价值理论的开创者之一，是恰如其分的。 “门格尔不赞同公认的观点，他竭尽所能地进行必要的详尽分析，以使自已相信他正在建立一个绝对稳固的基础。”②这个绝对稳固的基础，就是“讨论了体现这个新学派特征的新概念，即主观价值以及个人感觉。”@杰文斯利用导数来表述边际效用概念，并推理论证了两种商品之间交换的均衡价格是怎样决定的。瓦尔拉斯在其《纯粹经济学要义》一书中认为，商品价值起源于商品的稀少性，所谓“稀少性——即满足了的最后欲望的强度——是消费量的一个下降函数。”第一个使用边际效用概念，并论述商品价值起因的是维塞尔，他还提出边际效用定律是价格的一般定律。庞巴维克指出： “决定物品价值的不是它的最大效用，也不是它的平均效用，而是它的最小效用......因此，决定价值量的规律，可以用下面的公式来表达：
一
一件物品的价值是由它的边际效用量米决定的。”维克塞尔认为： “现代对于价值理
论的研究，已经导致一个原理的建立——或不如说导致一个已被人知道的和应用的原理的普遍化和建立一—这个原理叫做边际原理。它的应用远远超过货品交换的实际领域而扩及于生产、分配和资本的领域。换句话说，这个原理已支配着国民经济学的每一个部分。”@马歇尔用边际效用规律论证需求规律，加上生产费用论论证供给，供求相等时的价格就是均衡价格，因而，效用仍然是决定价值(价格)的重要因素之一。边际效用论的反对者指出，边际效用难以衡量。新古典经济学家对此作出了积极的回应，他们用序数效用论代替基数效用论，无差异曲线成为新的分析工具。希克斯说：“价格曲线和无差异曲线的切点，用无差异曲线的用语来说，表示边际效用与价格之间的比例。这样我们便可将边际效用理论用无差异曲线的用语加以移译。”在一般均衡理论中，均衡价格的存在性是非常重要的，从瓦尔拉斯到现代经济学家都试图解决这个问题。在瓦尔拉斯时代，由于掌握的工具不够，没有充分解决这个问题。二十世纪五十年代以来，阿罗、德布鲁和萨缪尔森等人，在均衡存在性的证明方面作出了努力，他们也主要以这方面的学术贡献而获得诺贝尔经济学奖。近年来，有些经济学家运用博弈论的原理，论证市场渗与者的策略互动导致竞争性价格的形成。回顾近代理论经济学发展历程，可以毫不夸张地说，新古典经济学价值理论代表着近代以来经济思想史的一根主线，而那些在新古典经济学价值理论中作出了重要贡献的经济学家们，也必然在经济思想史中占有一席之地而名垂青史。
新古典经济学价值理论对现代经济学的最大影响，莫过于为经济学争取到与物理等自然科学学科几乎平等的学科地位。今天的经济学被誉为社会科学皇冠上的明珠，它在社会科学领域中处于强势地位。自从设立诺贝尔经济学奖以后，经济学更是与物理、化学等“硬学科”比肩而立。然而，与今天经济学显赫地位形成鲜明对照的是，一百多年前经济学家们还在为是否存在一门独立的经济学学科而论战，实现经济学学科地位根本改变的主导力量，就是建立和完善新古典经济学价值理论的经济学家们。他们一方面与历史学派论战，另一方面致力手本学科建设。门格尔曾生动地描述了“历史学帝国主义”咄咄逼人的态势，他说：：“历史学家像外国征服者一样一步一步踏人了我们的科学领域，给我们强加他们的语言，他们的习惯，他们的学术用语，以及他们
的方法，在与他们的特殊方法不一致的每一个研究领域不可容忍地与我们发生争斗。”@在与历史学派和社会学的论战中，逐渐明确了经济学作为一门独立学科的研究对象、研究方法。同时，经济学学科建设要得到学术界的普遍认可，一般说来，至少要具备以下三个条件：比较统-的理论范畴、严密的逻辑推理和精确的计量验证。这些条件是从近代自然科学发展过程中总结出来的，事实上对自然科学和社会科学都具有普遍指导意义。按这三个标准衡量古典经济学，不难看出古典经济学的理论范畴正在形成，但并未统一；古典经济学家一般采用文字形式写作，逻辑的严密性是很欠缺的；至于精确的计量检验，古典经济学家还似乎闻所未闻。尽管我们这些经济学的后辈在阅读古典经济学著作时，经常惊叹于它们的卓越见解，但是，当时的经济学还不是门独立的学科，却也是不争的事实，因为它还不具备门独立学科所必需的条件。与此相反，在新古典经济学价值理论建立和完善的过程中，边际效用、偏好、需求、供给和均衡等范畴被精确地定义，边际效用决定价值初步得到严格论证，并逐渐被经济学同行所认同，对新古典经济理论的计量检验也开始出现。所有这些都足以证明，经济学作为一门独立的学科正在逐渐建立，而这个学科建立的过程，是与创立和完善新古典经济学价值理论密不可分的。
尽管新古典经济学家为价值理论作出了不懈的努力，尽管新古典经济学价值理论在确立独立的经济学学科地位过程中功不可没，但是，新古典经济学价值理论的一个主要逻辑缺陷，就是它建立在原子主义而不是社会关系的基础之上。产生这种逻辑缺陷的主要原因，就是新古典经济学家误解了价值理论。经济学价值理论是经济学的基础理论，研究基础理论，必须从最简单的经济事实出发，必须运用假设一逻辑推理的办法，这些得到了所有新古典经济学家的普遍认可。经济学主要研究市场经济现象，而市场经济现象的最简单、最普遍存在的经济现象就是市场交换，所以，新古典经济学家研究市场交换，乃至把交换作为价值理论的核心，也确实抓住了问题的要害。从这里进一步抽象，分析两个人之间的商品交换，自然成为价值理论分析的起点。新古典经济学家运用微积分或不动点定理，证明了两人之间商品交换的均衡可以实现，其前提就是两人之闻是独立的，人与人之间是完全等同的，其依据是经济原子主义方法论。事实上，就是在最简单
的交换中，甲交换者为了使产品卖出去，他不是考虑自己的因素，而是考虑乙交换者，这里已经包含了社会因素的种子。所谓“社会”的概念，并不像经济原子主义者认为的那样，是交易者数量的简单相加，因为无数个同样个人的简单相加，并不能构成“社会”；“社会”本质上不是一个数量概念，它是一个有着共同利益、一定组织形式的理论范畴。从经济原子主义的角度可以对交易关系建立“稳定、均衡”的数理模型，但这种模型却从根本上脱离了“市场交换关系”是一种社会关系的本质，因而遭到了有识之士的批评。从本质意义上讲，新古典经济学价值理论研究了市场交换现象，但真正的市场交易却在它们的视野之外。
关于“价值是一种社会关系”的论述，是马克思经济学的一个基本观点。学术界往往被“劳动价值论”一词所蒙蔽而产生误解。其实，在马克思经济学中，“劳动价值论”中的“劳动”至少包含两重含义：劳动是人类的劳动，有劳动就会产生社会关系；“劳动决定价值”的“劳动”是一种社会劳动，这种社会劳动一方面是理论抽象，另一方面是商品经济高度发展的产物，货币等社会符号逐渐演变成为衡量社会劳动的工具。“一般均衡理论”受经济原子主义哲学观的限制，瓦尔拉斯的“一般均衡理论”本来已经具有科学价值理论的含义，但仍与价值是一种社会关系的结论擦肩而过。其实，在新古典经济学家中，也有持“价值是一种社会关系”这种见解的，罗宾斯就是一位。他明确提出：“不错，价格可以表示交换某种商品而必须支付的货币数量，但其意义却是这一货币数量与其他货币数量之间的关系。价格制度表示的估价完全不是树立，而是某种次序排列。完全没有必要认为相对价格尺度衡量的是货币数量以外的任何其他数量。价值是一一种关系，不是-种测度。”份
二、新古典经济学价值理论的实质是价格理论，它虽然具有较强解释力和逻辑严密的特征，但价格理论并不代表经济学理论基础的全部，价格也仅仅只是市场调节的一种手段
在西方经济学传统中，价值不外是“自然的”价格。基于这一认识，将市场交换形成的均衡比率或均衡价格认定为价值，在这种意义上近代的各种均衡价格理论才被西方经济学家毫不犹
豫地看成是价值理论@。在新古典经济学家早期著作中，并没有形成完整的价格理论。戈森认为要以完全相等的比例达到享受总量的最优化，门格尔以较为粗略的形式得出关于价格的一般原理。“我们若假定双方的经济能力及其他情况都相同，双方力求获得最大经济利益的努力将相互抵消，因而价格将决定于离开两极限相等距离之处。”@但在杰文斯及以后的经济学家中，价值理论比较清楚地被认定为价格理论。杰文斯在指出古典经济学家没有严格使用价值一词后，认为“应用正确时，价值一辞所表示的，只是某物得以某比率与某他物相交换的情况。”@瓦尔拉斯得出平衡价格确定定律的必要与充分条件是，每种交易商品的有效需求与有效供给须各相等。庞巴维克从一对孤立的买者和卖者出发来考虑价格的决定问题，他又扩展到许多买者和卖者间的双边竞争，形成“边际对偶”概念，价格决定于边际对偶的主观估价所设定的界限内。
新古典经济学家在论证价值(或者说价格)理论时，非常注重论证的逻辑严密性。本来供求影响价格是市场经济条件下的普遍经济现象，但如何论证这种经济现象，却不是一件简单的事情。“边际革命”时期的经济学家用边际效用概念论证市场价格的稳定或均衡，帕累托用基数效用论、希克斯用无差异曲线论证了市场一般均衡的形成，德布鲁用角点定理证明一般均衡的存在。他们力求从简单的假设出发，通过严密的数理推导，证明市场是稳定的，即出现了令所有交易者满意的稳定的均衡价格(体系)。
市场在不受阻碍的条件下会形成稳定的均衡价格，具有较强的理论意义和解释力。市场作为许多交易者的共同参与，它是稳定的吗?如果它动荡不安、难以把握，就会让参与者望而都步，所以，市场是否稳定、趋于均衡的问题，既是一个理论问题，也是一个现实问题。新古典经济学家把这个重大问题建立在科学论证的基础之上，其意义是深远的。均衡价格的形成还对具体经济现象具有很强的解释力。从直观上看，市场价格是市场经济中非常普遍的经济现象，价格的变动是实现资源配置的重要手段，价格是市场运行的晴雨表。在凯恩斯主义经济学出现之前，经济学家普遍认为市场价格的变动是实现市场稳定的唯一手段。即使到现在，人们对价格的认识比较理性，也认为“价格在组织经济活动方面起三个作用：第一，传递情报；第二，提供一种刺激，促使人们采用最节省成本的生产方法，把可得到的
资源用于最有价值的日的；第一，决定谁可以得到多少产品 即收入的分配。”吸
二十世纪经济学基础理论的突破，就是从否定“价值理论是价格理论”这一命题开始的。所谓“价值理论是价格理论”，就是指把价格理论当作经济学基础理论的全部，价格成为市场调节的唯一于段。这种建立在严密论证的基础之上，并代表新古典经济学家普遍共识的理论命题，受到了二Ⅰ世纪经济学理论的有力冲击。凯恩斯在其《通论》中论及古典经济学的假设前提时曾指出：“如果劳动的供给函数不把实际工资作为它的唯一的自变量，那末，古典学派的论点就会完全崩溃，从而使实际的就业量不能得以确定。”这就是说，新古典经济学中被凯恩斯规定为“古典经济学”的就业理论，劳动者的价格(工资)是调节劳动供给的唯自变量。但是凯恩斯接着论证道：“他们似乎没有理解到，除非劳动的供给仅仅是实际工资的函数，他们的劳动供给曲线会随着每--次价格的变动而改变。这样，他们的方法与其非常特殊假设条件是分不开的，从而不能被用来处理更加一般的情况。”领凯恩斯从新古典经济学的假设出发，得出新古典经济学的市场均衡是很多的，因而，他提出单一的价格调节难以实现充分就业条件下的经济均衡，必须通过财政政策增加投资量，使总投资量等于充分就业条件下的储蓄，从而解决市场危机和经济萧条问题。新古典经济学假设企业要素价格等于要素成本，企业处于均衡状态，这种非常简单而漂亮的企业理论受到西蒙等人的批判。西蒙提出企业是按“有限理性”进行决策的，科斯认为新古典理论的一个关键结果是说明价格系统协调资源用途的能力，但是企业资源有一部分故意脱离价格机制，因为企业用行政办法配置资源的效率更高，所以科斯认为法律制度、交易费用等概念完善了市场经济活动，凯恩斯、西蒙、科斯等人的理论表述和逻辑结论不尽一致，但因他们批判的矛头直指“价值理论就是价格理论”，因而他们在经济思想史上均属于里程碑式的大师级人物。
经济学家对“价值理论就是价格理论”这一命题的每一次真实超越，标志着人类对市场经济活动有了更为深刻的理解。新占典经济学之所以得出均衡价格是稳定的，是因为在确定供求函数时，只考虑了价格是影响供求的唯一因素，而假设其他因素不变。如果说经济学基础理论是研究市场中的人的活动，那么，市场交易的结果价格是市场调节的唯一手段，并不能包括市场中
的人的活动的全部，比如：企业以广告形式而非价格手段影响消费者的选择，企业之间的种种协议影响资源配置而不改变价格，等等。所以，研究市场经济活动中新的带有普适意义的经济现象，将会提出影响人的经济活动的新因素，再用一定的数学工具推理表达出来，这样的原创性研究成果可以被主流经济学承认，并推动理论经济学问前发展。
三、新古典经济学价值理论追求价值理论的统一性，但一个统一、简洁的价值理论深深地打上了十九世纪思想家的思维烙印，更多地具有理论“乌托邦”色彩
如果从批判的角度看待古典经济学价值论，新古典经济学家认为它至少有两大不足：一是认为古典经济学的价值论是二元的，这种观点在亚当·斯密那儿表现得最明显，一方面劳动决定价值，另一方面效用决定价值，对于力求把价值理论提升到科学的层面，二元的价值论让新古典经济学家难以满意；二是古典经济学价值理论对某些经济现象缺乏解释力，比如：水与钻石交换的难题，就困扰了古典经济学家，并直接导致古典经济学的破产。鉴于这些考虑，新古典经济学价值理论非常注意理论的统一性，试图用统一的价值理论解释各种经济现象。戈森虽然还没有使用“价值”一词，而是用规律代替，他说：；“我相信，我成功而且大体揭示了这种力量作用的规律。像哥白尼的发现能够确定天体在无限时间中运行的轨道一样，我自信通过我的发现也能为人类准确无误地指明，他们为以最完善的方式实现自己的生活目的所必须遵循的道路。”这种规律在戈森看来，是一种最普遍的规律，对人类经济行为具有谱遍指导意义。门格尔“为的不只是要在统一的观点之下，确定一个可以统括一切价格现象(从而利息、工资、地租等)的价格理论；而且还为的是要对于那些从未被人充分理解的其他许多经济现象，加以扼要的阐明。”尘门J格尔认为价值理论可以而且成为解释经济现象的统一基础，杰文斯认为经济学的“全部问题是最大限与最小限的问题。”@总之，新古典经济学家们坚信，他们所建立的价值理论，既是统一的，又对社会经济现象具有很强的解释力，为理论经济学提供了牢固的科学的理论基础。
建立统-的新古典经济学价值理论的尝试，深受十九世纪自然科学思维方式的影响。直到十
九世纪中叶，影响人类思维方式的基本模式是牛顿自然哲学观。牛顿完成了科学史上第一次理论大综合，他运用数学工具对天体及地面的物体运动作了整体考察，建立起在天休和地面普遍适用的法则；牛顿力学在宏观领域建立起统-的因果关系链，使物理学建立起关于物休的完整因果概念；牛顿力学为近代科学和机械论哲学提供了完整的范畴体系，他对质量、力、空间、时间、运动等概念都-第一一作了严格的定义和说明。在牛顿对经典力学作出概括的同时，哲学家们把机械论从自然科学应用到哲学、社会科学领域。霍布斯认为：世界的一切事物都受机械运动原理的支配，都可以用机械运动原理解释，机械论的应用范围扩大到人类思维和社会生活领域。英国哲学家斯宾塞吸收进化论思想提出“力的一元论”，他说：“所有科学上的终极观念，如空间、时间、物质、运动、力等等都是力的经验的派生物。力是一切终点的终点，是不可知的东西”。
门
在社会学方面，他把生物学的规律搬到社会学中，创造了“社会有机论”，还把生物进化的规律应用于人类社会，鼓吹生存竞争，适者生存，他把力学上的均衡规律搬用到切自然现象和社会现象上，认为均衡是自然的正常状态，而运动发展是暂时的状态，他认为运动的源泉是外部力量的作用。他说：“对立的力普遍共同存在，所以节奏也普遍存在。每一种力分解成为不同的力，最后也必须建立平衡。”\*此外，黑格尔哲学也是十九世纪的一种哲学思潮，该哲学的核心概念就是“世界是由绝对理念决定的”，所以，新古典经济学家的代表性人物马歇尔说：“关于发展的连续之概念，对一切近代经济思想的派别都是共同的，不论对这些派别所发生的主要影响是生物学的影响-
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赫伯特·斯班塞的著作所代表的；还是历史和哲学的影响----黑格尔的《历史哲学讲演录》和欧洲大陆及其他地方新近发生的伦理历史研究所代表的。这两种影响左有本书所表明的观点之实质，比其他任何影响为大”我们知道，只要建立符合逻辑规律、能够接
受经验检验的理论，就是科学的经济学理论，而不必使经济学理论具有统的理论基础。这种理论基础要么无法建立，要么在理论批判者的追间下，不具备科学的基本要求。我们之所以说一个统一的价值理论是十九世纪的思维方式，是因为进入二十世纪以后，这种统…的理论体系遭到了理论界的猛烈抨击，任何科学不再追求统一的理论体系。牛顿的经典力学并不是一个完美无缺、
无所不包的体系，它有特定的适用范围。牛顿力学所反映的是机械运动的规律，牛顿只是对这种最简单最低级的运动形式实现了理论综合；牛顿力学仅是宏观低速领域的知识体系；牛顿的形果关系链是建立在机械决定论的基础上的，它只反映事物之间的机械因果关系。斯宾塞把自然规律简单搬到人类社会，把力学的规律夸大为自然界和社会的普遍规律。二十世纪哲学的一个普遍共识就是反对体系哲学，抛弃一个无所不包的黑格尔哲学，取而代之的是分析哲学和对心灵、意识问题的哲学研究。今天，不管是自然科学还是人文社会科学，一个普遍的共认是，科学研究的程序应包括：“问题--猜想- 证伪—-—新的问题”，这个模式反映了人类科学活动中理论与经验的相工作用：理论在经验的检验中不断改变自己的形态，又反映了科学认识中真理的发展过程，它撇开了切外部社会因索对科学的作用，是科学发展的某种理想化模式。
新古典经济学家为了建立统一的价值理论，必须对其理论体系作某种程度的处理，甚至某种程度的歪曲处理以适应其统一性，我们先以消费与生产之间的关系为例。新古典经济学家发现消费的数量与边际效用之间有“递减”的关系，从这里发现了系统解释经济学命题的“内核”，因而认为消费与生产之间的关系是，消费是第一位的，生产是第二位的，笼统地说消费是第…一位的，消费比生产重要，这种论渊显得比较武断。当然，国内有的学者以马克思《资本论》为依据，认为生产比消费更重要，这也没有包含更多的真理。生产和消费是连续不断的经济循环中的一个个环节，在不同的研究分析中各有侧重。新占典经济学家在其体系中，生产理论需要从消费理论推导出来，为此，不得不提出一级财货、二级财货的概念，为了建立生产与消费的对应关系，又不得不提出经济财货、非经济财货的概念，提出新的概念本来是理论创新的重要标志，但是，由于生产、消费的关系处理得不当，新古典经济学家的生产理论被罗宾斯等人认为是繁琐的。不仅如此，生产理论还被认为是一个“黑匣子”，除了生产者对不同生产要素作最优选择之外，没有提出更多的理论解释力。新古典经济学家的错误就在丁把消费理论与生产理论等同起来，以体现整个理论体系的完整统一。我们再以货币理论问题为例，在瑞典学派和凯恩斯理论出现之前，一般认为新古典经济学没有独立的货币理论，无非是当货币的供给等于货币的需求时形
成货币的均衡价格(即利率)，货币与普通商品并无两样，货币被认为是“经济的面纱”。但现代货币理论已经突破了新古典经济学的这一局限，货币与普通商品相比，一个很大的不同就是流动性强、富有投机性，货币交易与投资者的心理预期关系极大。现代货币理论已经成为一个独立的经济学分支，甚至在货币理论内部分歧较多，更不是一个统一的经济学体系所能容纳得了的。值得注意的是，当凯恩斯在新凸典经济学统一的经济理论中撕开一个缺口后，为建立新的货币理论提供了个良好开端，但是在萨缪尔森等人的经济学教科书里，货币理论义被纳人了均衡分析体系中，所以，罗宾逊大人批评萨缪尔森等人误解了凯恩斯经济学的创新之所在，这种中肯的批评不无道理。
总之，新古典经济学家为了与古典经济学及历史学派抗争，试图提出一套完整的理论体系，其学术意义是积极的。然而，就其体系而禧，新古典经济学价值论只构成经济分析历史的一个环节，并不能说后来者只能在这个体系下添砖加瓦，而不能打破该体系本身。创立并维护经济学理论体系，本身就是十九世纪思想家的做法。正如新古典经济学的那些创始人反对古典经济学体系一样，新古典经济学的体系也并不具备永恒的价值，只是当代的理论创新与当年新古典经济学家的划时代贡献不同的是，不再是以一个理论体系代替另一个理论体系，取而代之的是一个又·个遵照学术规范的经济学命题分析，以推动经济学实现实实在在的进步，那种动不动就想构筑经济学新体系的企图，要么是对经济学发展演变到今天的历史的无知，要么是·件吃力不讨好的蛮干，其结果都是一样的，对经济学的进步没有多少建设性作用。
注释：
①\[瑞典\]卡尔·高一·4勒：《1983年诺贝尔经济学奖颁奖辞》，王宏昌、林少宫编译，中国社会科学出版社1997年版，第196页。
②③「奥\]哈耶克：《国民经济学原理导言》，刘絜
敖译，上海世纪出版集团、上海人民出版社2001年版，第7、7页。
④③\[法\]莱昂·瓦尔拉斯：《纯粹经济学要义》，蔡受百译，商务印书馆1989年版，第21、94页。
⑤\[奥\]庞巴维克：《资木实证论》，陈端译，商务印书馆1983年版，第167页。
⑥
\_
瑞典\]K·维克塞尔：《国民经济学讲义》，刘絜敖译，上海译文出版社1983年版，第19页。
⑦\[英\]希克斯：《价值与资沐》，薛蕃康译，商务印书馆1982年版，第14页。
⑧①9\[奥\]门格尔：《德国国民经济学的历史主义谬误序言》，转引自党国英、刘惠《纪念一百年前的经济学方法论战》，《政治经济学的范围与方法》，华厦出版社：2001年版，第3、4页。
⑨\[英\]莱昂内尔·罗宾斯：《经济科学的性质和意义》，朱澳译，商务印书馆2001年版，第50页。
①①胡寄窗：《-八七0年以来的西方经济学说》，经济科学出版社1988年版，第 42、33-36页。
①D\[奥\]卡尔·门格尔：《国民经济学原理》，刘絜敖译，上海世纪出版集团、上海人民出版社2001年版，第157-158页，
②2\[美\]斯坦利·杰文斯：《政治经济学理论》，郭大力译，商务印书馆1997年版，第76、5页，
1\[美\]米尔顿-弗里德曼、罗斯·弗里德曼：《白由选择》，胡骑、席学媛、安强译，商务印书馆1999年版、第19页。
100\[英\]约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯：《就业利息和货币通论》，高鸿业译，商务印书馆2004年版，第13、13页。
08\[德\]赫尔曼·海因里希·戈森：《人类交换规律与人类行为准则的发展》，陈秀山译，商务印书馆2000年版，第2页。
四+守昌、车铭洲：《现代西方科学哲学概论》，商务印书馆1983年版， 第41-44页。
22英\]马歇尔：《经济学原理》(上卷)，朱志泰译，商务印书馆 1983年版，第14页。
作者简介：刘汉全，男，1969年生，湖北武穴人，经济学博士，湖北经济学院经济系讲师，湖北武汉，430205。
(责任编辑
陈孝兵) | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 从小学语文“双减”问题看语言思维品质的提升
**卢衍黄**
**(龙岩学院附属小学，福建 龙岩 364012)**
**【摘 要】小学是一个人成长的重要阶段，也是最长的基础教育学段小学生良好的语文学习习惯还未形成，“双减”前后的明显差异造成了学生学业水平的差距，提高语文课堂教学效率迫在眉睫。从“双减”之前的“双增”探究分析后者的根源和弊端；从“减负提质”看之前的语文课堂教学必须清楚提高教学质量的内涵在语言文字实践中立德树人通过提升语言思维品质提高课堂效率达成义务教育语文课程教学目标。**
**【关键词】“双减”；语言思维；教学质量；立德树人**
【中图分类号】G623.2 【文献标识码】A DOI： 10.3969/j. issn.1005-1058.2022.10.016
**自2021年7月“双减”工作开始部署至今已一年有余在“减负提质”的同时也出现了“未减保质”“减负减质“减负保质”的不同现象质量成为落实政策的关键。教育部等部门早年下发教基(2018)26号文件《教育部等九部门关于印发中小学生减负措施的通知》，但是收效甚微，问题在于大家最关注的质量问题没有解决，减负提质是重中之重， “双减”之后小学语文教学“显山露水”问题突出急需对策。**
**一、问题剖析**
**(一)“双减”之后的现象**
**传统考试思想固化，难于改变。自从一、二年级学生没有书面家庭作业没有纸笔考试，多数家长还是希望学校笔试。教师也缺乏从一、二年级的无纸化测评到三年级笔测试的衔接经验，平时还是倾向纸笔练习。其实单一的纸笔测试已经造成了学生在口头表达方面水平相当低，有的无法即兴发言有的说不清楚，能说会道的学生也往往是在参加各种学校活动锻炼形成的，而不是在语文学习活动中完成的。在当下测评观念照旧其他年级考试模式不变的情况下，出现了减负减质的怪现象。语文教师不能不深入探究其中的根源坚持只有提高课堂教学质量，“双减”才能落地生根。**
**(二)“双减”之前“双增”的根源**
**经过调查发现小学生参加校外语文辅导主要是完成书面作业和写字培训。小学生家庭作业内容主要是基础知识抄写、阅读解答、写作练习都是书面作业。反映出小学生在课堂很少动笔练习除了读多是教师的讲授多媒体的展示学习感官活动单一。课堂写字局限于时间，蜻蜓点水，甚至没有。没有“监管”的课外作业书写就是“自由体”姿势不规范，形成不良习惯。传统测评为纸笔模式，动笔自然转嫁到课外辅导。只动口、用眼、用耳的课堂教师无法精准掌握学生的学习信息，调整教学不及时不准确，导致作业布置如撒网式面广量多部分学生、家长也误认为作业、辅导是提高成绩的唯一途径，形成恶性循环。课堂教学具体问题：首先教学重难点没有彻底解决，能力训练不足忽视过程与方法，中下程度的学生学习情况更糟糕，根源是学生语言思维水平不能适应学习要求。其次表现在课堂板块教学思维脱节，课与课之间的语言思维联系不紧未能形成以课文为单位的语言思维以单元、册为单位的语言思维更为鲜见，以语文要素为中心的语言思维还未形成。再次课堂教学过度依赖多媒体，语言思维、表达经常被影像资料带过形象思维有余，语言思维不足。测评的量**
**【基金项目】教育部人文社会科学研究规划重点基金项目“儿童哲学中国化20年的探索与贡献研究(1997—2017)”(项目编号：19YJA88005)。**
**【作者简介】卢衍黄本科福建省特级教师龙岩学院附属小学副校长研究方向：小学语文教学。**
**过大，内容过难，教师、家长无限度要求学生，甚至模仿中学教学以及中考、高考题型。测评的模式导致课堂教学应试化，如阅读质量监测细分为检索、理解、运用、评鉴、创新质疑，导致课堂教学对号入座。当然问题的核心是缺少语言思维的“半截子课堂”没有课外辅导，没有超量的作业学生无法应付测试。**
**二、语文课堂提质的内涵**
**“双减”的目的显然不仅仅是保质，而是提质，提高教育教学质量、学生全面发展的质量。语文课程是一门学习语言文字运用的综合性、实践性课程。语文学科的核心素养之一是思维能力。语言是思维的工具这是大众及学界的习惯看法，但是追溯人类发展史没有语言(文字)并不等于没有思维。外语教学领域不时出现英语思维、日语思维等概念显然不同的语言有其独特的思维形态。个民族的语言特点与其相应的思维模式是完全照应的语言与思维是相互影响、不可分割的语言与思维是“同质而异名'的关系。可以说，语言是一个民族最深刻的文化基因，”“汉语句式向左拓展属于句首开放( left-branching) 的句式。但人们在开口讲话之前实际上已经对一个句子的长度有了一个心理预期不可能在说的过程中不断添加修饰语。再加上汉语句式的“意合法’没有英语那样的“形合法'的手段句式太长则容易导致句意混乱。因此汉语句子只可以“言有尽而意无穷，不可能做到无限拓展。”汉语的这些句法特点及相应的表达方式往往诱导了汉语的悟性思维。小学低年级学生在学习语文过程中，图式思维、形象思维占比大到中、高年级抽象思维逐渐发展汉语语言思维(语言思维)自然有存在的时空小学语文教学重在语言思维。课堂教学如果能够提高学生语言思维品质就能改变“半截子课堂”的弊端，提高课堂教学质量。**
**三、提高课堂教学语言思维品质**
**(一)在语言实践中立德树人，提高语言思维品质**
**立德树人是教育方针是所有学科教育教学的指南但是语文学科有其独特的育人作用。**
**1.以儿童哲学视域立德树人**
**语文教学强化思政教育，以前被删除的英雄人物课文回归，比如今年六年级下册的《董存瑞舍身炸碉堡》。但是课堂教学越来越多说教，有的语文**
**课变成道德课。其实语文的人文性特点决定了课堂教学语言思维实践顺理成章利用英雄人物思想教育理所当然，因为英雄人物语言充分表达了高尚思想。就从源于西方的儿童哲学教育理论分析，“儿童哲学教育其根本目的在于教会儿童认识世界和独立思考，是儿童语言思维角度形成的前提。”21英雄人物是人类、国家、民族追求独立、自由的过程中必然出现的合乎道理或事理。符合社会发展规律的就是合乎理性的，也就是必然会出现的、是现实存在的。儿童世界的英雄人物观在教师的正确引导下可以更加健康和理性，对其世界观、人生观影响巨大。儿童思维可以形成自己的体系，体现教学主体地位，而不是依赖教师的说教。马修·李普曼是儿童哲学的主要提出者和倡导者，他认为教育目的就是帮助学生学会思维，旨在让儿童通过语言、做事等具体方式体验哲学，从而增益其推理能力和思考能力。沃丁伯格认为，致力于研究人生与世界本源问题的哲学探索应该始于儿童而非延迟到高中甚至大学时期，探究与创造本就是儿童的天性。沃丁伯格曾阐明了在语文课堂中开展哲学教育的必要性与可能性3。语文的人文属性注定在育人方面发挥重要作用，语文学科的社会主义核心价值观的启蒙教育也是儿童哲学教育。儿童哲学视域与义务教育语文课程理念不无联系必然促进语文教学发挥学生语言思维的能动性，以提升语言思维品质。儿童哲学在较大程度上是一种对话教学法这种方法将批判与民主的方式融入教学中教导学生以哲学为媒介进行思考：通过讨论所有与人类经验相关联的问题，培养学生的创造性、批判性、协作和关怀思维。这种对话教学激发儿童的兴趣，引领学生追求意义与真理，使之认识事物的思维从具体化到抽象化，从个体化到一般化从自发走向自觉\[4\]。教师认识儿童哲学，认清儿童哲学思维能力，才能减少说教通过讨论、思辨吸纳革命精神、人文思想，立德树人，提高语言思维品质。**
2.从语文学科特点立德树人
**语言文字是人类最重要的交际工具和信息载体是人类文化的重要组成部分。语文课程对继承和弘扬中华民族优秀文化传统和革命传统增强民族文化认同感，增强民族凝聚力和创造力，具有不可替代的优势。对此《义务教育语文课程标准(2022年版)》分别在前言的课程性质、课程理念，**
**课程目标与内容作了不同层次的论述及要求。语文的人文性往往被狭隘地理解为思想内容的说教，其实语言文字本身就具备人文性的特征，从甲骨文到草书，从乐府到唐诗宋词无不散发着人文的光辉自古以来文以载道。统编教材以人文主题、语文要素双线组织突显育人要素在语文要素指导实践中也彰显语言的育人内涵。汉语传承中华民族优秀文化、先进思想形成了独特的“语码。“民族精神个性决定着民族语言的特点民族语言又强烈影响着民族精神这就在洪堡特那里形成了民族语言和民族精神的同一。我们可以从不同的民族语言中看到其民族精神的内在影响。”SJ唐诗宋词以凝练的语言，简约的形式生动的韵律，承载社会思想、民族情感，其体裁更细腻地表达人们的思想感情阅读的过程便是人文思想熏陶的过程。汉字独具的书法特色也是独一无二的，同样具备育人的功效。书法教育不仅包括书写技能还具有文化熏陶、价值引导、审美感染等育人功能。**
**(二)提升语言思维品质提高课堂效率**
**小学六年是学生语言思维的启蒙、发展阶段也是打下语言思维良好习惯的基础对语文品质的影响很大。语言思维好比是语言符号的运行系统，在人的大脑中始终处于自主的运行状态，使语符的音、形、义三者之间，以及语符及语符之间产生关联组成字、词语、语段和语篇因此大脑生成语符并由此生成词语、语句、语段和语篇的过程好像是一个“会思”“会想”的过程，在这个“思”“想”过程中语言形成了独特的运行特性即语言思维特性。思维发展心理学给我们揭示了儿童青少年从具体形象思维到抽象逻辑思维发展的一般规律语文学科的体系建构自然也必须符合这一规律。语文学科几乎涵盖了人类思维所有的思维形态- 形象思维和抽象思维、发散思维和辐合思维，等等。从不同学科思维到语文思维再到语言思维，逐步实现语文学科为本、学科特点为核心的思维体系即语言思维。语文教学重在语言文字运用，语言文字运用就是对知识的选择和重组。选择和重组需要一定的思维操作这种思维便是语言思维。但多数学生语言思维并不丰富词不达意比比皆是接触的媒体语言所谓的创新没有规范可言小学生的语言思维品质亟待提升只有语文课堂教学才能解决。同时语言思维是课文阅读、群文阅读、整本书阅读的桥梁不同层次的阅读又促进语言思维品质的提升。**
**1.语言思维的完整性**
**“双减”学生没有校外辅导，作业减少，课堂学习只完成了一部分如果还是原来的教学模式，那么“半截子课堂”的问题将更加严重。学生课堂语言实践环节不完整语言思维过程不完整严重影响语言建构，课堂教学质量自然滑坡，对一般学生的负面影响巨大。语文课堂要追求学习活动的完整课文学习、单元学习、册学习、学段学习的完整，特别是语言思维的完整促进语言思维螺旋式循环发展提高语言思维品质。例如六年级语文教学，下册第二单元的语文要素之一是学习写作品梗概。虽然在本单元第一篇课文出现梗概，但是学生只能表面上认识学习写作品梗概的途径单一、机会少，何况其他课文没有编排梗概。教师以为对学生不是难点但从实现看就是优秀学生也不容易写好。例如学校展示读书小报推荐一本书的梗概部分往往名不符实。要把一本厚厚的书编写成只有一两页的梗概对成人来说，也并非易事。因此单元教学要围绕这一要素，逐层推进系统学习培养学生语言思维的完整性。首先，通过对比从形式上认识梗概；其次阅读梗概，理解内容的完整；最后，讨论梗概感悟人物特点。把握本单元梗概三要素：形式简洁、内容完整、表现人物特点 “半截子”课堂往往停留在形式简洁、内容完整却忽视梗概表现人物特点这一重要内容学生的语言思维“有皮无肉”“骨肉分离”，既缺乏广度又没有深度 “《藤野先生》，中学语文课往往把藤野先生当作“主角’表现师生情谊突出如何“写人。其实鲁迅写此文的本意除了忆念师生情谊'更重要的是记述自己在日本留学时人格思想的形成过程。”6\]这也是教学不到位、语言思维不完整的表现。课堂语言思维训练的完整对提高语言思维品质影响很大。语言思维品质差根本不知道阅读怎么思考，习作的问题在哪儿。**
**2.语言思维的独特性**
**语言思维品质通过学生个体表现教师不能代替家长无法包办。学生在与老师对话中训练，在与作者、编者对话中提升，课文是语言思维训练的重要载体要指导学生从经典作品中学习经典思维提高语言思维品质。六年级第一单元语文要素是分清内容的主次体会作者是如何详写主要部分的；习作时注意抓住重点，写出特点。从表达的角度看前两篇课文类似习作例文，需要引导学生感怀语言大师的匠心提升语言思维品质。 《北京的**
**春节》恰好是学生过完元宵上第一节语文课的内容虽然愉快的春节、热闹的情景就在昨天可要他们说说自己的春节，自己家或者家乡的春节，还是不那么容易。要么语无伦次，要么抓不住重点，说不出特点。阅读课文也只能说出腊八、腊月二十三、除夕、正月初一、元宵等明显的时间，其他的说不清道不明。要深入阅读，掌握语文要素还是有难度的。需要引导学生进入文本，明白作者、编者意图提高阅读语言思维质量。首先学生读懂一天民俗的重点、特点。春节开始即腊八，作者只写腊八粥和腊八蒜腊八粥是用各种米，各种豆与各种干果熬成的。 “这不是粥，而是小型的农业展览会。通过强调食材的多样写出特点。写腊八蒜却相反只是单一的蒜，但是描写的内容不少与腊八粥一样篇幅。多样的食材好写单一的食材怎么写?作者做了示范，写出制作方法、色和味双美。学生对于重点选择特点描写略有感悟。课文内容也展示了重点与特点的关系，有特点的才能成为重点特点就是与其他事物的区别，不但是粥与蒜的名称不同，而且是食材数量、形、色、味、制作的不同。学生学习抓住事物特点才能在后面的阅读理解到位，在单元习作时有方法抓住特点用方法写出特点。其次，读懂这几天的重点、特点。写除夕以“除夕真热闹”总起，但内容只有短短的四行半，比腊八部分写得还短。 “初一的光景与除夕截然不同”直接告知读者，抓住春节最重要的前后两天对比写出不同的特点。元宵节与初一比也是不同的，虽然热闹，但与除夕的热闹也不一样 “除夕是热闹的可是没有月光；元宵节呢恰好是明月当空。大年初一是体面的……可是它还不够美；元宵节……..”春节最重要的三天都截然不同这就是特点，通过对比写出特点。而多数学生的原有水平是认为这几天都热闹整个春节都很热闹，无法分辨、分析每天的不同。本文起到很好范例的作用。不仅如此文本还通过腊月二十三的“彩排”来衬托春节的重头-除夕。通过衬托写出特点在详写的内容中进一步分清主次。因此课文的主次是有层次的如果学生能够读出感悟到详写内容的主次就能感悟到语言大师的匠心，不會醍醐灌顶语言思维无疑提高一个层次，满足求知欲望。教学必须引导学生沿着作者的思路，引导学生一步一个脚印学习抓住特点写出重点否则学生只能平面学习对课文内容、春节只有“热闹”的印象，习作自然单薄。再**
**次读出心中的春节。课文开头“照北京的老规矩，春节差不多在腊月的初旬就开始了”，第五自然段“腊月二十三过小年，差不多就是过春节的“彩排”与读者一样期待最热闹的时刻，真正的春节到来。 “春节眨眼就到了啊。”可还是没到除夕，因为除夕是最热闹的，孩子们最喜欢的。最后，读出民族的春节。冰心、沈从文等名家都写过春节，语言大师热衷这个全民族最重要的节日，重要的是其中的习俗：贺年、团圆整个社会的和谐幸福。单元的语言思维训练在于第二课《腊八粥》沈从文可以从腊八粥一样事物来表现地方春节风俗，可以详写等腊八粥，略写喝腊八粥来表现家庭春节的特点。不但打开学生语言思路而且提高了语言思维水平。一“鲁迅的句子常有这种语义的反复、犹疑或转折所表达的意思是复杂甚至矛盾的，需要仔细琢磨品味。让学生接触和感受富于张力的“鲁迅式语言'可以知道文学语言的规范与变异知道何谓文学性表达。”作品之所以成为经典，在于作家的语言思维深度，体现语言思维独特性，形成良好的语言思维品质。学生学习语文在语言建构的同时提高语言思维品质才能体现语文的工具性和人文性有利于终身学习。**
**3.语言思维的敏感性**
**学生学习、抄写生字仿佛与语言思维相距甚远如果只是单纯的看、写字形、字体，便是机械学习、机械作业，纵写百遍也难于如愿。每个语文园地都有写字练习“书写提示”六年级下册第一单元是“观察下面的字再照着写一写试着提高自己的写字速度”。观察即发现书写规律找到方法要语言思维。抄写从模仿到自写，即对临、背临、意临，要语言思维。笔画要连笔就要有轻重，笔画牵丝变化握笔的手指要敏感头脑迅速准确判断、协调手指及相关部位轻重缓急，要非常敏感。即要求手到、身到、心到，有字义的浮现，有句义的渲染还有篇章的情感，书写也具有语言思维的特性。但是敏感度与时间成反比抄写的时间越长学生心思、动作越迟钝，效率越低。如果学生感觉疲劳，神经迟钝就是进入机械练习状态、无效学习阶段。写字课堂对学生动作、思维有如此高的要求其他内容的学习必然要求语言思维的敏感。孔子“不愤不启不啡不发举一隅不以三隅反则不复也。也从另一方面强调学习的敏感，语言思维的敏感。提醒课堂教学时间、内容安排要科学，真正以学生为主**
**体以学生清醒的语言思维为前提。语文强调语感除了对课文、语言的感悟课堂教学也要求感悟的速度，即在有限的时间理解感悟，而不是若干时间后这才有效率可言。课堂效率要提高，语言思维品质要提升，语言思维的敏感性非常重要敏感性确保学生身心合一反应迅速师生对话高效。**
**自然，课堂教学质量体现在每位学生的学业上但是正如世界上没有两片相同的叶子，学生的学习素质都不一样语言思维方式不同，“教学不必一刀切有些较高的要求(比如语感)，不能作为对全体学生基本的要求有部分学生有兴趣去鉴赏与模仿，那也很好”8。语言思维作为语文核心素养之一，语言思维是学生个体语文素养的关键是语文课堂效率的重要指标，也是立德树人的根基。只听他人说教没有思维即没有主见，再好的表现也是昙花一现；没有语言思维，课文的人文感悟是肤浅的是不能落地生根的。尊重学生即尊重学生的语言思维因势利导因材施教，才能提高语文课堂效率。**
**四、提高教师的语言思维品质**
**课堂教学质量的提高关键在教师在于教师专业素养与教师发展空间。教学要求线上线下融合，多学科融合。且不说专任教师是否足够，就是一位教师担任数门课程也应付不完再说广大教师的水平也没有能力一切课程化。并且大学也基本没有培养这种类型的老师入职的教师往往只会教一门课程。因此不少语文教师的思维缺乏创新，既难于发现有价值的问题，也解决不了教学根本问题。提问只是促进学生找答案，而不是为了师生展开讨论语言思维品质不高，直接影响语文课堂语言思维品质。如果教师都不能全面发展学生怎么可能达到?如果教师的语言思维品质低下怎么可能提升学生的语言思维品质，“双减”提质必然困难重重。历次学科教学改革有经验，也有教训，但是课堂教学质量始终是个难题。在“双减”背景下对提高课堂教学质量更为迫切和“双减”的动因一脉相承。与学生全面发展相适应的教师是全科教师教师的视野、思维的深度都将不一样。 “小学全科教师在西方国家很早就开始实行。欧美等国对于小学教师的能力素质培养十分重视要求也较高，很多国家对全科教师采取综合式的培养方案最大限度地向全科化和标准化靠拢。美国、日本、英国、芬兰、澳大利亚和加拿大等国对小学全科教师的培养**
十分努力，也取得了比较突出的成绩。”9经过半个世纪不断发展的芬兰小学教育形成科学的全科教师培养、管理体系终成世界教育强国。
**在“双减”的重要时期，培养全科教师难以一蹴而就结合国情如果能够从培养文科教师、理科教师入手也不會是最好的应对措施。现在热衷“幼小衔接”幼儿园课程也没有像小学如此细分，专业教师包班保育员协助学生的语言课程系统化、生活化。小学第一学段课程设置与幼儿园不接轨衔接只能表面，难以深入。小学语文早有大语文观念，但是没有大语文课程。母语思维在课堂、在生活，在课内外提高学生语言思维品质需要在丰富的生活场景、学习情景中进行。文科教师能够从语文历史、地理、道德与法制等方面充实学生语言思维内容实施语言思维策略提高语言思维品质发挥语文人文性、工具性的作用。正如瑞典女作家塞尔玛·拉格洛夫创作的童话《尼尔斯骑鹅旅行记》，作者用新颖、灵活的手法，幽默而生动的笔调为孩子们描绘了瑞典一幅幅气象万千的美丽图画并通过引人入胜的故事情节，对瑞典的地理和地貌、动物、植物、文化古迹、内地居民和偏僻少数民族地区的人民的生活和风俗习惯，进行了真实的记录融文艺性、知识性、科学性于一体。单纯的中文教师与文科教师、与全科教师教学肯定不一样，谁能够指导学生与原著更好对话答案不言而喻。**
**从语文学科的人文性和工具性出发立德树人与语言思维互相融合，也相互促进这是提高课堂教学质量的一个明确方向。如果忽视立德树人必然影响语言思维品质反之亦然。▲**
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zh | N/A | N/A | **新时代网络人士统战工作面临的问题与对策探究**
**王梦琪**
(中共南通市通州区委党校，江苏南通226300)
**摘 要：新时代网络人士统战工作是统一战线的新课题、新的着力点。如何把网络人士纳入统战工作视野，更好地适应新时代统战工作面临的新问题、新挑战，是摆在我们面前的一项重要而紧迫的时代任务。统战部门要更新理念，掌握网络人士统战工作主动权；完善机制，树好网络统战正面引导“风向标”；优化平台，扩大网络人士吸引凝聚“朋友圈”；革新方式，激发网络人士优势作用“动力源”；汇聚英才，建设多元复合网络人士“生力军”。**
**关键词：网络人士；统战工作；问题；对策**
**中图分类号：D613 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1671-1262(2021)02-0043-05**
互联网技术日新月异的发展创造了人类生活工作的新领域，并以前所未有的形式改变着人们的思维习惯和行为方式。网络是把双刃剑，在给人们提供巨大便利的同时，也在网络安全、舆论引导、社会风险等方面提出新挑战。中央统战部部长尤权在网络人士统战工作会议上强调，要“把做好网络人士统战工作作为新时代统一战线一项重要任务”I。如何把网络人士纳人统战工作视野，更好地适应新时代统战工作面临的新问题、新挑战，是摆在我们面前的一项重要而紧迫的时代任务。
**一、网络人士的概念与特征**
(一)概念
**新时代网络人士统战工作的对象是网络人士。网络人士泛指在互联网上有影响力的人，其中绝大部分是党外人士。从当前情况来看，主要集中在以下人群：一是信息订阅、内容分发、门户网站、网络技术等互联网平台的从业人员；二是人气高的明星、网络“大V”、网络作家、网络主播、网络社群组织负责人等网络名人；；三是包括网络意见人士在内的广大内容**
制造者、与网络密切相关的其他从业者。这些以信息技术为基础，以互联网为平台，从事经营管理、生产传播、技术研发等活动，具有舆论传播能力、内容生产能力、社会动员能力的人员，称之为网络人士。
(二)特征
1.影响大，互动交流频繁
中国网民数量庞大，随着手机上网的全方位深人普及，微博、微信、抖音、快手等新媒体方兴未艾，自媒体时代已经到来。第47次《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》显示，截至2020年12月，我国网民规模为 9.89亿，互联网普及率达70.4%。网民中使用手机上网的比例为99.7%；20-29岁、30-39岁、40-49岁网民占比分别为17.8%、20.5%和 18.8%，高于其他年龄段群体。\[2网络统战的对象大部分是中青年人，他们思维活跃，积极参与网络行为，其中知名度高的代表人士更是网络时代的急先锋，善于利用新媒体在各自领域传播内容、表达观点，影响巨大，成为网络舆论的引导者。加之，网络的实时性、互动性，使网络人士之间的沟通交流更为便捷频繁，无论何时何
作者简介：王梦琪，女，中共南通市通州区委党校组织科副科长，助理讲师，主要从事政治学、社会学研究。
地，只要连接上网，就能接收和发布信息。以政治渗与为例，网络拓宽了参政议政的途径，网络人士可以进行网络问政、网络监督、网络反腐等，从而影响着我们的社会政治生活。
2.个性强，价值取向多元
**包容开放的网络，使多元思想思潮可以在这里进行交流交锋。网络人士个性强、自我意识强，经常在网络上针砭时弊，通过自己的分析推理，表达自己的见解。他们追求自由，不愿被管束，代表着不同的利益群体，从而思想观念和价值取向具有多元性。从当前情况来看，绝大多数网络人士接受过良好教育，有较强的社会责任感和爱国意识，认同主流意识形态。其中，有些人具有多元教育背景，喜欢传播一些多元的积极的观念见解，但是也有一些人在多元文化冲击下被完全西化，经常发表偏激言论，不断煽动仇视情绪，冲击主流价值观，造成不良社会影响。**
3.分散广，身份复杂隐蔽
**来源广泛的网络人士分散在各行各业，各个阶层人士都涵盖其中，既有受过高等教育的知识分子、白领精英等，也有普通的农民、工人和其他社会经济地位较低的群体。网络人士尤其是网络意见人十、网络名人，他们身份复杂，政治立场和思想观点也相对复杂，有一部分人发布的内容甚至夹杂着西方的意识形态渗透。因此，网络人士既有正面作用，也存在着负面作用。虽然网络后台是实名的，但现实生活中的网络交流往往是匿名的，以网名昵称的形式进行，网民们一般无法得知对方的真实身份。网络的相对隐蔽性，使网络人士更易获得平等的地位，更愿意表达真实的想法，但也容易将网络变成不良情绪的宣泄场，有些网络人士会因此随意发表不负责任的言论，有意无意地助推网络谣言。**
**二、新时代网络人士统战工作面临的问题挑战**
(一)网络统战重视不够，工作简单化被动化
当前，各级统战部门对网络人士的影响力认识不足，对网络统战的重要性重视不够，新时代网络人士统战工作往往呈现出简单化和被动化的趋势。 _一_ 方面，网络统战简单采取官方说教和行政管控的方式，比如单纯依靠政府官网这一传统渠道或者官方微博、微信、头条号、抖音号等政务新媒体，不重视利用网络人士这条渠道。这些官方网络平台或账户因
**官方的说教语言风格导致较窄的受众范围，同时为了保证权威性、正确性，往往不能第一时间发表内容，这一“空窗期”很大程度上被有影响力的网络人士所占领，官方网络统战话语权和统战内容被不断稀释。再比如面对网络舆情，常常简单依靠监管部门进行言论封杀，其中可能存在“误伤”情况，全面封杀的举措也容易造成逆反情绪。另一方面，网络统战工作存在消极应对的情况，统战干部主动把握和运用网络进行深层次的统战工作明显不够。他们要么是急于应对各种网络舆情突发情况，要么是常规性地发布政策文件，成为新闻传声筒，而不是运用网络主动同网络人士进行平等温和对话，团结引导网络代表性人士，最大程度彰显网络人士的优势作用。**
(二)工作机制尚不健全，平台建设有待完善
新时代网络人士统战的工作机制尚不健全，主要表现在以下三个方面：一是完善的组织领导机制尚未建成，存在职责界限不明确的情况，有的放任不管，有的管理僵化；二是沟通联系机制尚不成熟，仅靠统战部门的一己之力，缺乏多部门的协调沟通、联动配合，统战部门与网络人士的定期交流沟通制度还未建成；三是法规保障机制有所欠缺，尚未形成指导网络统战的法规制度，法律宣传、法律监管存在不足。同时，网络统战的平台建设有待完善，对网络人士的吸引力明显不够，对网络人士的组织归属力相对缺乏。具体而言，一方面，官网、官微、官博、官方抖音账户等软件平台的建设存在不足。比如平台的内容和形式比较枯燥单一，互动较少，回复不及时，等等。另一方面，网络人士联谊会的作用发挥不够。目前，很多地方成立了网络人士联谊会，但其组织属性比较松散，规范引领作用不明显。
(三)建立联系难度较大，队伍建设相对匮乏
从外部来看，网络具备虚拟性、隐蔽性，现实生活中的网络交流往往是以网名昵称的匿名形式进行的。目前，统战部门与公安、网信等管理部门没有做到信息资源共享，难以掌握网络人士的具体信息，主动联系网络人士非常困难，把他们精准组织起来更是难上加难。此外，互联网世界日新月异，统战部门信息更新速度远远不够。以这两年数量激增的网络视频用户为例，数据表明，截至2020年12月，我国网络视频(含短视频)用户规模达9.27亿，较2020年
3月增长7633万，占网民整体的93.7%。其中，短视频用户规模为8.73亿，较2020年3月增长1.00亿，占网民整体的88.3%。从内部来看，网络人士统战工作的人力资源仍然有限，队伍建设相对匮乏。目前，很多网络统战干部都是一人身兼数职，缺乏一支专门系统的工作队伍。网络统战工作中既懂统战又懂网络的复合型人才十分欠缺，实际掌握和运用网络的能力严重不足。主要表现在大部分人精通统战理论和实践知识，但是缺乏网络技术、心理学、传播学等相关知识，与新时代网络人士处不来、处不好，常常在两个“频道”甚至是对立面上，不利于工作的开展。
**三、新时代推进网络人士统战工作的对策建议**
**在大有作为的新时代下，网络人士统战工作必须与时俱进、顺势而为，把握网络传播规律，适应网络人士的特征和需求，将网络这一“最大变量”转化为网络统战的强大“正能量”。**
(一)更新理念，掌握网络人士统战工作“主动权”
习近平总书记曾说过：“互联网是当前宣传思想工作的主阵地。这个阵地我们不去占领，人家就会去占领；这部分人我们不去团结，人家就会去拉拢。”\[4\]各级统战部门要更新理念，树立“大网络、大统战”的思维，了解网络人士的特征和影响力，领会网络统战的重要性和必要性，掌握网络人士统战工作的“主动权”，主动占领网络阵地，争取网络话语权。
一方面，要主动积极作为。增强运用新媒体新技术的能力，通过微博、微信、网络直播等新媒体开展丰富多样的统战活动，利用大数据、云计算等互联网新技术为统战办公提供各项支撑，推动统战工作智慧化、科学化；建议有社会影响力、有专业学术背景的统战干部开设个人微博、抖音等自媒体，积极参与网络热点话题，进行有关内容的科普，使真理越辩越明，从而引导社会舆论、弘扬主旋律。
另一方面，要主动沟通互动。网络人士是我们的挚友和诤友，需要我们主动真诚、平等包容地进行沟通交流，不断在互动互信中增强其政治认同。一是注意个性，平等交流。要改变传统居高临下式的官方说教话语体系，学会用轻松活泼、幽默生动的网络语言方式来传递信息、表达观点。二是真诚沟通，循循善诱。对网络人士的正面言行积极点赞，对网络人士的意见建议耐心听取，及时进行回复，防止简单粗暴、
态度强硬。三是坚持原则，表明立场。在大是大非问题上，坚决对违背政治底线的言论说不，通过科学阐述、对比分析、亲历讲述等方式进行交锋，做到交朋友与讲原则的统一。
**(二)完善机制，树好网络统战正面引导“风向标”**
做好新时代网络人士统战工作必须要有完善的机制作为保障支撑，营造良好有序的网络统战环境，树好网络统战正面引导“风向标”。
一是明责履责，各尽其责，完善组织领导机制。网络人士涉及多个部门，必须要加强组织领导，构建“大网络、大统战”的工作格局。建立由党委领导，统战部门牵头、相关部门配合的网络统战工作机制，充分发挥各自的职能作用，保证高效有序运转。要明确各单位的职责，不重复、不漏项，重点突出统战部门的网络人士团结联谊、公安部门的网络违法行为打击、宣传部门的网络舆情监督引导职责，做到既相互合作又各有侧重。
二是互联互通，定期交流，完善沟通联系机制。统战部门要加强与公安、宣传、网信等相关部门的互联互通，建立专项沟通机制，形成网络人士统战工作的整体合力。定期举办网络人士工作联席会议，组织网络人士参加相关部门的听证会和新闻发布会，及时通报有关情况，广泛征集意见建议，从而避免信息不畅，引导正确发声。推动沟通联系日常化，线上线下融合，及时掌握网络人士的思想动态和利益诉求，积极进行教育引导，帮助解决他们的实际困难，保障合法权益。
**三是加强立法，规范环境，完善法规保障机制。习近平总书记曾强调：“互联网不是法外之地。利用网络鼓吹推翻国家政权，煽动宗教极端主义，宣扬民族分裂思想，教唆暴力恐怖活动，等等，这样的行为要坚决制止和打击，决不能任其大行其道。”为此，要严格网络执法，杜绝网络世界的执法不严、违法不究的现象，将部分网民的侥幸心理扼杀于摇篮之中；要加强网络权利体系建设，切实保护网民的信息安全权、隐私权、知情权、财产权等各方面的网络权利；要探索符合网络统战特点的规章制度，明确细则，指导各地统战部门的实际工作。**
**(三)优化平台，扩大网络人士吸引凝聚“朋友圈”**
新时代网络人士统战工作要用足用好线上线下
各大平台载体，增强网络阵地的吸引力、凝聚力，使之成为网络统战工作的有力抓手。
一方面，传统出精品，新兴出特色，优化统战线上平台。线上平台集文字、图像、声音、影像等为一体，综合立体式的传播方式能够增强吸引力和体悟感。作为传统主阵地的统战官方网站需要做出精品，才能提高网络人士的关注度和参与度。因此，要以主题突出、内容丰富、形式多样为目标，做到主页设计精美、互动渠道畅通、文风生动形象、契合当地实际，更具可读性和吸引力。官微、官博、官方抖音账户等新平台要做出特色，才能在庞大的自媒体群体中抢占先机，具有话语权。因此，要以生活化、通俗化、大众化为目标，贴合当前“碎片阅读”的趋势，采用网络人士喜闻乐见的微视频、微课堂、微动画等形式，形成贴近百姓、独具一格的网络统战语言风格，拉近与广大网络人士之间的距离，不断增强网络统战平台的吸引力凝聚力。
另一方面，画好同心圆，营造家文化，优化网络人士联谊会。比如，2013年浙江省温州市龙湾区委统战部成立龙湾区网络界人士联谊会，率全国之先就网络界人士这一新兴社会阶层统战工作作出有益探索。2018年浙江省网络界人士联谊会成立大会在杭州召开，这是一个网络界人士自愿参加的具有统战性、联谊性、服务性的社会组织，具有典型引领作用，其经验做法值得学习借鉴。各地网络人士联谊会要结合本地实际情况，积极联系、服务、引导广大网络人士，使其紧密团结在党和政府周围，形成网上网下最大同心圆。要积极组织开展各类活动，加强网络人士之间的交流互动，使网络人士联谊会成为一个有情怀、有温度、有担当的组织，成为广大网络人士之家。
(四)革新方式，激发网络人士优势作用“动力源”
**做好新时代网络人士统战工作必须要革新方式，树立问题导向和需求导向，在团结引导网络人士上谋新招，在彰显网络人士优势作用上辟新途，从而真正融人其中、做实工作、助力发展。**
一是坚持正向引导，估好隐性教育。网络人士极富个性、热爱自由，要懂得与他们的相处之道。比如，他们不喜欢严肃的开会，偏向于轻松的沙龙；不喜欢进行说教讲授，偏向于开展探讨交流；不喜欢层级分
**明，偏向于平等开放。所以，统战部门在进行政治引导时要注重采取参观、调研、培训、座谈等多样化的方式，打好“看”\*听”说”悟”等组合拳，在润物细无声中进行正向引导，打牢共同思想政治基础，将网络人士团结在党和政府的周围。**
二是凝聚多方智慧，支持建言资政。统战部门要主动牵线搭桥，当好网络人士愿望呼声的“反馈员”，鼓励网络人士围绕社会热点、难点问题积极建言献策，定期形成一批决策参考的成果，助力经济社会高质量发展。比如，“十四五”规划编制工作中，首次通过互联网向全社会征求意见和建议，广大网络人士参与度很高，提出了许多建设性的意见和建议，达到了集思广益、凝心聚力的效果。
三是用好舆论引导，放大积极影响。激发网络人士的优势作用，最重要的就是用好他们的舆论影响力，发挥一根头发带动一把头发的作用。统战部门要支持网络人士生产和传播积极向上的内容，通过各种渠道讲好中国故事，及时转发权威信息，抵制网络谣言，还原事实真相，借助其网络发声的正面舆论引导作用，共同营造天朗气清、生态良好的互联网空间。
(五)汇聚英才，建设多元复合网络人士“生力军”
新时代网络人士统战工作是一项综合性极强的工作，需要做到底数清、汇英才，建设多元复合网络人士“生力军”。
一是摸清底数，掌握信息，加快建成专业动态的网络人士数据库。统战部门要与公安局、网信办等部门加强信息资源的共享，做到底数清，尽可能多地掌握网络人士的类型分布、文化背景、关注领域、影响对象等信息情况，运用技术手段对他们的粉丝量、发帖量、转载量、回复量等进行大数据分析，筛选出重点统战对象。在此基础上，加快建成以网络名人、网络意见活跃人士、新媒体从业代表人士为主的专业动态的网络人士数据库，并且定期更新，从而在发生重大舆情时能及时联系，正确引导舆情走向。
二是划分类型，区别对待，加强多元背景网络代表人士队伍建设。这是一项深度识别和加工的工作，比如对忠诚信仰者、理性批评者可进行一般性的引导，对激烈评判者要重点关注、主动引导，对敌对干扰者要重点监控、依法处置。统一战线人才荟萃，资源丰富，可以探索成立网络代表人士智囊团，建立多
元化学科背景的网络代表人士队伍。对这部分网络代表人士队伍的培养建设尤其需要注重政治把握能力和参政议政能力的提高，激发他们坚持中国共产党领导的内在动力，为他们提供表达意见建议的广阔平台。
三是引进培训，评价激励，建设高素质复合型网络统战工作队伍。加大引进，大力选拔在统战、网络、心理学、传播学等方面的复合型人才，建立网络统战精英团队；定期培训，分级分类进行有针对性培育，新进人才注重最新统战理论学习，兼职人才注重网络技术和新媒体运用能力的学习，让广大统战干部更好地适应实际工作中的新情况；合理评价，建立有效的考核评价机制，做到各司其职，人尽其才，让优秀的高素质干部脱颖而出；适当激励，打通职业晋升渠道，激发网络统战工作人才的发展潜力，避免人才
**参考文献：**
\[1\]中央统战部、中央网信办召开网络人士统战工作会议尤权 **出席并讲话\[N\].人民日报，2019-11-29(04).**
\[2\]中共中央网络安全和信息化委员会办公室中华人民共和国 **国家互联网信息办公室.第47次《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》\[EB/OL\].(2021-02-03).**
**http：//www.cac.gov.cn/2021-02/03/c** \_ **1613923423079314.htm.**
**\[3\]习近平.习近平谈治国理政：第2卷\[M\].北京：外文出版社，2017：325.**
\[4\]习近平：在网络安全和信息化工作座谈会上的讲话\[N\].人民 **日报，2016-04-26(02).**
Resear ch on Problems and Strategies of United Front Work Towards Inter net Per sonages in New Era
**Wang Mengqi**
**(Party School of Tongzhou District Party Committee of the CPC in Nantong， Jiangsu Nantong 226300)**
**Abstract： The United Front Work towards Internet personages is a new topic and focus in the new era. It is a vital and urgent task of the times to bring Internet personages into the scope of the United Front Work and better adapt to the new problems and challenges. The United Front departments should adopt following strategies to cope with the problems： firstly， to take the initiative of the United Front Work of the Internet personages by updating the con-cept； secondly， to set up a good direction by advancing the mechanism； thirdly， to expand the circle of friends of Internet personages by optimizing the platforms； finally to innovate the mode to stimulate the advantages of Internet personages as role model thus gathering more talents and building new force of multiple Internet personages.**
**Keywords： Internet personages； United Front Work； problems； strategies** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 论孔子“述而不作”的误读与历史语境
徐兆寿
(西北师范大学 旅游学院，兰州 730070)
提 要： “述而不作”一直被历代学者认为是孔子乃至整个儒家思想的一个核心内容，但也一直存在误读。这种误读主要是对孔子所处的历史语境的陌生甚至误解，但它对中国文化造成的消积影响却是巨大的。要真正解读孔子“述而不作”的思想，就必须切入到他所在的历史语境，同时，从跨文化的角度来理解这种类宗教的形而上的表述。
关键词： 孔子；述而不作；道；创新
中图分类号： I109.2 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 1003-3637(2008)03-0245-04
“述而不作”见于《论语·述而》：“子曰：述而不作，信而好古，窃比于我老彭。”历代以来，这一论述构成了中国儒家文化传统一个非常重要的矛盾心理。表面上看，它强调了孔子对传统“礼”道”的继承性思想，但究其实质，却构成了一对矛盾，即“述”与“作”的矛盾。在二千多年的历史上，对它的阐释已经形成中国传统文化一个非常重要的阐释学现象。从汉儒到宋儒，再到清末民初的儒家与新文化运动，最后到今天各派学人的复杂解释，可以说，对它的论述几乎成为一个民族有无创新和在创新面前持何种态度的有力见证。
近两年来，“国学”热促使一大批国学家纷纷开始重新解读儒家思想。，“述而不作”既有历史的深层原因，有其历史局限性，又是一种对道的形而上的表述，此为生长点。我们必须超越朱熹以来乃至今天一些国学家的种种解释，打破保守的文化心理，梳理中国传统文化中的消极因素，使孔子思想具有文化再生的创新能力。
一、历史上儒家对“述而不作"的两种不同解释
在历史上，对“述而不作”的解释大致有两种，一种是强调“述"而否定“作”的解释，它占有绝大多数，另一种是强调“作”的精神，这种声音极其微小。
历史上最早对它进行解释的自然是孔子的门人，这就是《论语·述而》篇中的记述：“子曰：述而不作，信而好古，窃比于我老彭。”孔子当时究竟怎么说，今天已经不得而知，我们只能从其学生书面的记述中来了解、彻悟孔子对历史、道、学术的态度。但是，历来人们往往忽视了这一点。孔子还讲过：“吾道以一贯之。”为了体现这一思想，孔子的学生在整理孔子的思想形成《论语》时，便尽力地体现此主张，将孔子定型为一个编辑。汉儒多采取孔子门徒的说法，再对“述而不作”进行经典论述的便是宋时的朱熹，且其思想影响甚巨。朱烹注：“述，传旧而已。作，则创始也。故作非圣人不能，而述则贤者可及。窃比，尊之之辞。我，亲之之辞。老彭，商贤大夫。见大戴礼，盖信古而传述者也。孔子删诗、书，定礼、乐，赞周易，修春秋，皆传先王之旧，而未尝有所作也。故其自言如此，盖不惟不敢当作者之圣，
而亦不敢显然自附于古之贤人。盖其德愈盛而心愈下，不自知其辞之谦也。”朱熹在作解释时，似乎找到了那个前提条件：“然当是时作者略备，夫子盖集群圣之大成而折衷之，其事虽述，而功则倍于作矣。”意思是，孔子之前的“圣人”已经把道理精义全讲了出来，剩下的就只是综合整理。
朱熹的这种解释一直延续到了近现代乃至当代的儒家。梁启超在《国故学讨论集》中先说：“先辈每教不可轩言著述，因为未成熟的见解公布出来，会自误误人…”可见，他是倾向于“述”的观念。虽然他对“述”与“作”的关系也产生了矛盾，如他在同一篇文章中又赞赏青年学子的“斐然有述作之誉”，并得出结论：“所以我很奖励青年好著书的习惯。至于所著的书，拿不拿给人看，什么时候才认成功，这不是你的自由吗?"④但是，对这种矛盾的最后态度仍然落到了“述”上。
20世纪90年代台湾的学者南怀瑾的《论语别裁》在大陆风行，斯人之解读“述而不作”可以说代表了当代儒家学者的一种认识。南说：“我们研究孔子思想，知道孔子自己很谦虚，他说我述而不作。什么叫述?就是承先启后，继往开来，保留传统的文化，就所知道的，把他继续起来，流传下来，好比现在说的，散播种籽，没自己的创作，不加意见。孔子的删诗书、定礼乐、系易辞、著春秋等六经文化的整理，只是承续前人，并没有加以创作。”这种观点认为孔子仅仅是一个编辑，而不是作者。
在历史上，与这些观点相对的儒家学者寥寥，最早的应该算是孟子。孟子作过这样的阐述：“孔子作《春秋》，《春秋》是述，亦言作者，散文通称。如周公作常棣，召公述之，亦曰作常棣矣。”孟子说的“《春秋》是述，亦言作者”，其实已经告诉人们，孔子所谓的“述”与“作”是有矛盾的，也是存在疑问的，同时他还告诉人们，此“述”也是“作”。用今人的意思，即《春秋》就是孔子“编著”的，在编辑之中有创造，而且是创造性地编辑，创造是主体。在后世，对孟子的这种解释有互应的是司马迁在《史记》中对孔子的描述，他虽然没有明确指出孔子“述而不作”中“作”的精神是主导性的，但他用好几次“序”“书”，且
道：“故书传、礼记自孔氏。”意思再明白不过。
就两种观点来比较，前者力量之大，继承者甚众，而后者多无人相应。但是，前者不仅存在对历史语境的忽视，而且对后世文化产生了巨大的消积作用，必须有所清理。当然，后者虽是积极的，但因缺乏足够的说服力，所以历来儒家不为重视。
二、“述而不作”对中国文化的消极影响
对孔子“述而不作”进行的种种阐释已经构成中国儒家文化甚至整个中国传统文化一个非常重要的文化现象，它们不仅从内在上反应了中国儒家文化的发展及没落，而且在本质上反映了“述而不作”乃儒家文化甚至整个中国传统文化的基本思维模式。两千多年来，中国的文化能始终保持在一种“述”的静态发展，却少有“作”的勃兴。魏晋时期的复古、唐时的古文运动、宋明时期的理学乃至当代的新懦学，表面上看都是一次又一次的文化复兴，但究其实质，无不体现了这种“述”而不“作”的精神。不论从整个世界历史文化发展的脉络去比较，还是从文化本身需要积极发展的内在要求去判断，这种“述而不作”的精神显然是中国文化的一个疾瘤，也是中国文化不能获得真正发展的内在原因。
首先，它导致“我注六经”与“六经注我"的矛盾文化。自汉兴起到魏晋盛行的“我注六经”和“六经注我”本是一次蔚为壮观的文化复兴运动，但被“述而不作”的圣人之教束缚了。无论是“我注六经”，还是“六经注我”都跳不出“六经”的范畴。所谓“六经注我”只不过是一种“述”的态势下的调整而已。这种先从文学、哲学和史学兴起的文化现象后来便成为整个中国历史的一种矛盾的发展心理。历代王朝的更迭、胡汉民族的融合，应该说可以产生新的文化和制度，但传统的力量仍然是最强大的，“述”的文化心理仍然是占主导地位的，致使整个中国二千多年的历史始终是儒家的天下。
其次，它成为历代王朝进行“托古改制”的基本思维模式。实际上，它反映了儒家文化一个非常重要的内容，即礼。对传统的尊重，是礼的主要内容之一。“述而不作”也便是对礼的一种理性描述。在中国历史上，无论是改革者，还是保守派，要消灭自己的对手惯用的方法就是礼，即只“述”，反对“作”。其实，此述也便是作，因为坚持传统就消灭了敌人。
再次，在跨文化研究中，它还构成了一种跨文化现象，由此，它成为一种消极的文化心理。有学者曾指出，在人类轴心时期产生的几个伟大的圣人都是“述而不作”的典范，他们分别是孔子、苏格拉底、耶稣、释迦牟尼。伊斯兰教的始传者穆罕默德也一样。他们只是转述先祖的文化或神的旨意，自己却从不发挥。他们的经典并非由他们自己创作，皆出其门徒记载，属于圣人“言行录”与“故事集”，且文体都很相似，为“对话体”。在人类轴心时期和各民族的轴心时期，这些“述而不作”的圣人之“述”发挥着非常重要的作用，在今天看来，他们不仅成为远古文化的集大成者，而且事实上构成每个民族后来文化的原创者。他们是承前启后者。但是，这种精神在今天每每遭到误解。编辑家和保守派常常会用传统的力量来压制革新者，而他
们拿出的最有力的武器便是圣人的“述而不作”。圣人遗留下来的这种矛盾的心理成了历史发展的阻力。
最后，它导致学术上的“述而不作”，使学术没落甚至腐败。从汉至宋明再到清代民国年，儒家学者所作的“我注六经”，虽然事实是“六经注我”，但这种注释仍然没有跳出圣人之言论，所以历代学术都不能阐发新思想。哲学的僵死、科学的不兴乃至文学的没落都与这种“述”而不“作”的思想有关。更为重要的是，它成为中国学术的一种病态的内在文化肌理。从近代开始到“五四”时期进行的文化革命应该是“作”的精神，然后，可悲的是，中国学人在放弃了中国的文化传统后，又“述”起了西方的文化传统，把中国的圣人换成了西方的圣人。换汤不换药。从哲学、历史、经济学到数学、物理、化学等整个科学领域，中国学人都以西方学说为经典，动辄以西方经典为例。虽然尊重传统是应该的，但是完全的“述而不作”则是今之学人的一大通病。作家余杰批评今之学术只是资料的堆积，而学人自我恰恰缺席，便是一端。近年来，不少学人都感叹中国学术看上去繁荣盛大，但原创性的学术寥寥无几，国家领导人和一些学术权威也感叹中国的大学和科研机构为何培养不出大师。所谓大师，便是有原创性学术成果的学者，是真正能体现“作”的精神的学人。实际上，问题不仅出在体制上，而且还出在“述而不作”的病态文化心理上。在目前的学术语境下，这种思想犹如癌症一样，阻碍着中国学术的发展，同时，也由于这种心理，很多学人对学术有一种轻视的态度，让弟子代笔，抄袭现象严重，由此而产生了诸多的学术腐败。
三、“述而不作"的历史语境之一：官学刚失，私学方兴之时
对“述而不作”存在种种误读的原因其实很简单，就是对孔子所处的时代和历史语境缺乏足够的了解，如果了解了这一点，此问题也便迎刃而解。
《史记》云：“孔子之时，周室微而礼乐废，诗书缺。”诗书散落于民间，学术也从官方下移到民间。在此之前的商朝和西周是“学在官府”，即所有专门知识均藏于王室，由巫、史、祝、卜等专门文化官员掌管，秘不示众，实行文化垄断，但从孔子之时，那种“礼乐征伐自天子出”的时代一去不返，大夫、庶士、家臣等社会的边缘阶层崛起，成为社会的中心，政出大夫、陪臣执掌国命、士人奔走天下，甚至平民也可以成为社会的中坚力量(如墨家)。孔子感叹道：“天子失官，学在四夷”(《左传·昭公十七年》)，庄子也说：“道术将为天下裂。”(《庄子·天下》)“官失而师儒传之”(汪中：《述学·周官征文》)，这便是私学之开始，这大概也是儒家兴盛的原因之一。
孔子的思想主要以仁为核心，但以礼为形式，而礼的核心内容又是继承传统。在仁与礼之间，其实也就是作与述的关系。仁的思想是从孔子开始创建并发挥的，体现了孔子积极创新的精神，也就是“作”的精神。礼是继承，孔子说，“吾从周”，“克己复礼”，但这种恢复也不是单纯的恢复，而是恢复圣人之礼，这就有了取舍，实际上就有了作的意思。这些圣人是按照孔子自己的圣人标准来定制的，而不是别人的圣人。因此，尽
管孔子在形式上采取“编”“序传”、“复礼”、“从周”等一系列“述”的思维模式，但在实质上是以创新为重。，一个重大的疑问就产生了，为什么孔子不强调创新的精神，即作呢?
原因就在于孔子所处的历史语境，即官学刚失，私学方兴之时。在周朝时期，“作”和“述”是有严格等级区分的。《礼·中庸》云：“非天子不议礼，不制度，不考文。议礼、制度、考文，皆作者之事，然必天子乃得为之。”“虽有其位，苟无其德，不敢作礼乐焉；虽有其德，苟无其位，亦不敢作礼乐焉。”由此可见，孔子修《春秋》，自言述而不作就是这个原因。不是孔子不“作”，而是孔子没有称“作”的地位；不是孔子的“述”不是“作”，而是因礼制，只能把“作”称为“述”。这就是述而不作最原始的含义。若强调私学，则有悖于孔子强调的礼的概念，与乱臣无异，更何况，古之立言者，皆为天子，并非圣人。天子不一定是圣人，但有立言的权利，而圣人不一定是天子，也就不一定有立言的权利。所以，朱熹所言差矣。但是，在历史语境发生变化后，述与作便构成了一对外与内的矛盾，而这种矛盾直接影响了中国儒家文化的生长。
此外，就古人来说，“述”与“作”尤其是“作”，与我们今人的理解是有差异的，且语境是不同的。从字面意思来看，述，今指讲述。朱熹注：“述，传旧而已。”南怀瑾解释说，循也，传承也，意思是古意。古今学人对此多无分歧，但在对“作”的解释上，就不同了。
《说文解字》注曰：“作，起也。从人，从乍。”《增韵》曰：“乍，初也。”《广雅·释诂》云：“作，始也。”那么“作”就有指事物的兴起之义，含有创造之义。朱熹亦注：“作，则创始也。”今人理解多为“创作”的意思。其实，这种理解有点狭隘，是就字面意思而讲的，作的意义远比这些解释要广泛得多。古人讲“天地生而万物作”，此“作”并非“创作”的。古文中“作”的意思很广泛，创作和制作都是其中之一种。即使今人理解的“创作”也有好几种意思。通常我们讲的创作是指写作，也就是老子是创作者，因为他写就《道德经》(后人也怀疑这是否真为老子所作，这种怀疑的逻辑大概也与圣人述而不作这样一种观念有关)。但在文艺学上，还有好几种创作。
除文字外，第一种创作便是口述。口头文学是最初的文学形式，神话、民间故事都是这样的文学样式。这是不是“述”呢?其实，我们都知道，每一个讲述者都是进行了再创作的。真正的原始叙述者(原创者)只有一个，其他的讲述者则都是再创作了，所以后来的“述”者便不可能是单纯的“述”者了。这在文艺学上是一个基本的概念，但口头叙述的特点使每-一个叙述者都成为原创者。孔子讲述历史，本身就是一种再创作，更何况他不仅在讲述中有取舍(取礼)，有好恶，而且还亲自编了历史。在“礼乐废，诗书缺”的情况下，孔子的编辑便不是单纯的编辑，而是编撰了。这便是另一重“作”的意思。
第二种是问答与辩论中的“作”。其实，一个人只要讲述，他便在“作”。没有“述而不作”的。这在文艺哲学上是一个再浅显不过的道理了，你要给别人讲述，就要用自己的语词，用
自己的理解，用自己的好恶来进行，而这里面参与了自己的人生体验。这种讲述早已改变了被讲述的内容，成了讲述者自己的内容了。你只要“述”，就在影响别人，也就是在“作”。“作”不只是以文字进行，同样也以口头进行。人们一般都讲孔子、佛陀和耶稣都是“述而不作”之圣人，还说苏格拉底也是述而不作者。从现代文艺学和哲学的角度来看，它无疑是掩耳盗铃。孔子、佛陀、耶稣和苏格拉底都是在私人写作开始时的一种“作为”，以对话和学生、信徒来记录圣人之言的形式而“作”的。
此外，从接受美学来看，每一个读者或接受者，在他面对文学、哲学时，都是一种再创作，不可能是单纯的“述”。
所以，无论从述者或是作者或是接受者，“述而不作”是不存在的。除孟子、司马迁外，汉儒、宋儒、清儒乃至今儒，口头上强调“述而不作”，但实际上个个都是著作等身，是事实上的作者。
四、述而不作"的历史语境之二：类宗教时代
在今越来越多的理解中，孔子“述而不作”存在一种外在的“述”与内在的“作”的矛盾。当然，在一些学者那里，认为孔子的“述”与后面的“信而好古”中的“信”是一致的，即这种述是一种内在本质的述，没有本质的创新。如南怀瑾认为：“他有个态度，信而好古，不是迷信，是真信，加以考证过的真信。”●但即使是朱熹这样的儒家，也认为孔子的这种述要远远大于作，也就是说，这种述在内在上已经远远超于表面了，已经发生了变化，这就是质的变化。似乎是无论谁解释都会陷人矛盾之中。
实际上，从前面的论述已经看出，自孔子开始，“述而不作”就存在于这样一种矛盾之中。孟子、朱熹、梁启超都看出了这种矛盾，那么，如何理解这种矛盾呢?这就要谈到孔子一直谈的“道”，即要从更高的理性上来解决这种矛盾。
孔子说：“吾道以一贯之”，“朝闻道，夕死可矣”，“人能弘道，非道弘人”，“道不同，不相为谋"等。在孔子看来，当时之世是一个大道隐、礼崩乐坏的时代，他之所以克己复礼，宣扬仁的思想，其最终的目的是要恢复“道”，但是，“道”是难以讲出的，是“上士”和智慧者才可以体验到的，“中士”和“下士”不可以听到的，所以，尽管孔子常常提到道，但很少给自己的学生阐述道。孔子对道是尊重的，敬畏的，在他看来，道是先天给定的，是不变的，但是由人来弘扬的。从已然给定的道来看，圣人只能是述，不可能有作，这就是“述而不作”的本质原因。
这一矛盾的思想，在轴心时期的其他圣人身上也同样存在。如苏格拉底一生都在集市上、酒馆里用疑问的形式来教导自己的弟子，他没有办过学校，也没有留下任何著作，他甚至从不正面论述什么问题，但人们公认他为最伟大的哲学家。在苏格拉底的身上，“述”与“作”的矛盾是最突出的。当别人问他为什么时，他只是说，神让我如是说。他在临死前仍然面带笑容，拒绝狱卒给他提供的逃跑的机会，他说，神让我死。苏格拉底从未表示自己超过神的知识，也未创造过任何知识。在他看来，知识有两种，即流行的知识与神圣永恒的知识，流行的知识
是人们运用和思想的知识，而神圣永恒的知识是神的知识。在永恒的知识面前，他表示了自己的无知。在这里，苏格拉底的神与孔子的道是相同的。
同样，在耶稣传道的过程中，耶稣所口“述”的是上帝的意旨，他自己并没有过多的甚至从未发挥。不是轴心时期的穆罕默德也一样。
在释伽时期，印度教就已经有了，释伽是古印度宗教的集大成者，但他自己也从未著书立说。他四处讲法，教導弟子，所讲授的是永恒的知识。他发明了“禅定”，意思是，只有在禅定的时候你才能看见永恒的知识，而我们平时的所见所闻只不过是流行的知识而已。这与苏格拉底是一致的。、
即使在老子与庄子那里，也存在相同的道理。老子曰：“道可道，非常道。”庄子在文章中常常写到别人问道，他的回答是：不知道。道是不可讲出的，但道又的确存在。庄子把这道也称为“真宰”。他说，这个世界在表面看上去是无人主宰的，但是，却又如此有秩序，仿佛有真宰，这秩序便是真宰的表现之一。他反过来又说，但真宰又在哪里呢?他无法回答这个问题，便说，也许到一万年之后会有一个更聪明的人会解释。
庄子的这个预言其实正是无数科学家在回答的问题。牛顿后半生的矛盾是很多人不解的一个难点，即他陷人神学的思索中。地球最初是怎么动起来的?也就是世界在最初的运动是怎么回事?如果无休止地问下去，最后只能到宗教那里寻找答案，如果你不觉得这是问题，认为世界最初就是运动的，那么，也就认定世界本来有它自己的样子，这便是“道”。科学只是找到了道的运动的一些轨迹，但并未创造什么。所以，爱因斯坦发现了相对论，但又说，世界的本质是不可知的。到了当代最伟大的物理学家霍金先生时，他在《时间简史》中说，在未来地球乃至宇宙会爆炸，谁来拯救这个世界呢?他绝望地说，也许是上帝。
霍金的思想与老庄以及孔子都有相同的地方，那就是类宗教。如果再逐一去看，我们就很自然地发现，述而不作的现象更多地存在于有“天启”意识的宗教那里。中轴时期的圣人们几乎都是。在天启宗教那里，神是生命的创造者，一切知识与道德也是其创造的，人类只是按神的方式生活的生命。所以，述而不作既是非常自然的，又是非常神圣的。
孔子所处的时代是一个神人思想交替的时代，也是一个巫术盛行的时代，属于类宗教时代，孔子的述而不作也应该是一种类宗教思想。实际上，孔子本人就是一位祭祀的官员，他有敬天地鬼神的思想，从某种程度上与苏格拉底有相同之处。在这种思想下，孔子便认为三皇五帝时期并非洪荒时期，而是文明时代。正因为如此，他才愿意接受“述”的使命，而否定自己“作”的精神。假如我们从这个角度去理解，述而不作就不存在矛盾了。
但中国的文化在形而上甚至宗教的层面上讨论得较少，尤其对孔子所处的历史语境认识不清楚，从而造成中国人对述而不作的理解上常常有差异的地方。如果从形而上的道的角度
国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库
来看，圣人只能述，没有作，圣人只是来弘道的，而非创造道的，但如果从流行的知识来看，圣人对道的理解是原创性的，是神圣的永恒的知识，而圣人也是真正创造道的人。中国儒家学者之所以不敢超越孔子也无法超越孔子的原因也就在这里，他们把孔子理解为原创者，为道的化身。孔子在形而上的层面上与道相混了。但这与孔子本人的意思大相径庭。
五、结告语
面对西方高度物质文明下的“精神危机”“道德沉沦”等问题，恩想界部分学者主张深入挖掘中国儒学的深层内涵与未来意义。孔子的一生是实实在在的“作”的一生，是实践的一生。在礼崩乐坏之时，孔子冒天下之大不提倡礼，周游六国，实现自己的抱负。他的大半生都是在积极的实践中度过的，即使到了晚年，也以修史和修经来实现自己对文化的创新。他的这一精神不仅成为后世儒家积极进取的主要精神资源，而且成为中国文化中最积极的因素。相比佛道文化来说，儒更能代表俗世中知识分子的形象。
无论是中国的执政者，还是学人，都迫切希望当代中国有一种积极的“作”的精神来激活学术、思想和社会的发展，而不是简单的“述”。
注
释：
①论语\[M\].北京：燕山出版社，2005：42.
②朱熹.四书集注\[M\].长沙：岳麓书社，1985：120.
③④徐鲁.“述而不作”与“斐然有述作”\[J\].中国图书评论.1998年，(11)：59.
⑤⑥南怀瑾.论语别裁M\].上海：复旦大学出版社，2003.
⑦王琦.普乎?恶乎?—-论孔子人性论所蕴涵的两极趋向\[J·湖南师范大学社会科学学报，2007，(3)：122.
参考文献：
\[1\]论语\[M\].北京：燕山出版社，2005.
\[2\]朱熹.四书集注\[M\].长沙：岳麓书社，1985.
\[3\]钱穆.中国文化史导论\[M\].北京：商务印书馆，1994修订版.
\[4\]吴定初，孔子“述而不作”新论\[J\].天府新论，1996，(1)：45-
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\[5\]刘智明.孔子的“述而不作”思想\[J\].衡阳师专学报(社会科学版)，1997，(2)：52-56.
\[6\]曹建英.浅论述而不作与述而有作的辩证统一\[j\].中国地方志，2006，(5)：21-22.
\[7\]刘畅.思想力问题与述而不作传统\[J\].人文杂志，2002，(5)：38-43.
\[8\]高瑞春.从"述而不作”看孔子的写作观\[J\].曲靖师范学院学报，2003，(1)：79-81.
\[9\]王毅.“述而不作”之于孔子—-个阐释学角度的解读\[J\].孔子研究，2000，(5)：15-23.
\[10\]徐扬尚.“述而不作”：中西文化对话中的“错位性误读”\[J\].盐城师专学报(人文社会科学版)，1997，(1)：19-22.
作者简介：徐兆寿(1968-)，男，甘肃武威人，作家，西北师大旅游学院讲师，主要研究方向为中国传统文化、当代文学。
责任编辑：王旭东；校对：清泉 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **发展是第一要务的基础上，以科学发展观统领高校后勤改革的全局，走高校后勤内涵发展的道路，建立新型后勤服务、保障沐系，创建和谐后勤：在实现高校后勤更快、更好地发展的同时，惟动高校的和谐、可持续发展。**
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**三、与特色专业建设相结合，为以产养学注入新内涵**
**产学合作是职业高校成长的基木规律，促进就业则是产学合作的核心。就全国职业高校后勤工作而言，长期以来，教育系统没有专门从事学校后勤工作科学研究的机构和学术团体，高校后勤工作的科学研究甚少，绝人多数强调**
**的是其服务功能，而忽略了其自身科研队伍建设问题。根据教育部16号文件中 “把工学结合作为高等职业教育人才培养模式改革的重要切人点，带动专业调整与建设，引导课程设置、教学内容和教学方法改革。人才培养模式改革的重点是教学过程的实践性、开放性和职业性，实验、实训、实习是三个关键环节”的指导思想，结合高校专业特点，本着“实践第一”原则，高职院校后勤在做好常规工作，服务教育、教学及科研的同时，可从本校专业特点着手，为学生仓造真实的职业技能实训环境，推动产学合作教育向纵深发展，即为学生提供实习实践机会(如家政专业与后勤家政服务公司的联合，食品专业与后勤饮食服务的依托等)，将学生所学专业知识转化为显性技能，同时，在具体实践中以市场为导向进行比较，还可以为特色专业课程设置与教材内容改革提出合理化建议。**
**“产学合作”是一条高职院校学生有效就业和高质量就业的新途径，他贯穿于后勤服务教育、教学、科研及特色专业建设工作的全过程，不仅为学生实习实训创设了真实的职业环境，使学生所学的专业理论知识得以运用并巩固，学尘综合素质与能力得到验证和锻炼，学生的职业能力与职业道德获得全面促进；同时社会化的后勤与高校办学特色相融合，以后勤具体工作为载体，还会提高后勤工作人员的科研能力与专业领域技术开发能力，全方位提升和壮大白己：在后勤服务社会化的同时，增加发展的资本和潜力，提升核心竞争力，实现自身价值，为“以产养学”奠定基础，实现校、企、学生三方共赢。**
**总之，确定后勤社会化改革的目标，以市场机制为主导，实行高校后勤品牌发展战略，打造、提升后勤核心竞争力，是后勤服务社会化改革为方向；整合、优化后勤资源，营造新型高校后勤保障体系，打造高校后勤的管理、服务特色，是实现高校后勤跨越式发展的有效途径。**
**董德成**
**(齐齐哈尔职业学院，黑龙江工齐齐哈尔 161005)**
**\[中图分类号\]G717\[文献标识码\]A\[文章编号\]1009-2234(2010)06-0169-01**
**寝室是大学生集学生学习、生活、休息、娱乐和人际交往丁一体的综合性场所，是学生在校期间从事学习、生活的重要空间，公寓文化对学生的思想观念、行为习惯的养成、人格塑造和个性发展等都有极为重要的影响。公寓文化包括物质文化、管理文化、精神文化等方面，其中物质文化是公寓文化的基础。管理文化是指公寓管理规范化、科学化的关键，是文化的特征；精神文化是公寓成员的思想观念、价**
**值取向和道德水准，它主导着公寓的物质文化、管理文化.是公寓文化的核心因此，公寓文化建设对实现高校培养日标，有着极其重要的作用。作为学生思想政治教育工作者，我们应充分利用学生宿舍这个思想政治教育阵地，从以下凡方而加强学生公寓文化建设：**
**一、改善环境**
**强化走廊文化、门厅文化等方面的环境建设工作，使学生在赏心悦目的环境中身心得到陶冶，视野得到拓展，起到了怡情励志、启迪智慧的作用：我们根据机电工程系学生公寓特点和专业特色，在走廊、洗漱间、生间等场所悬挂名言警句文化板；在寝室内张贴品牌寝室公约；在寝室、走廊公共区窗台摆放化草，进行寝室绿化，逐步达到“三季有花，四季常青”……使公寓文化集人文性，知识性、观赏性于一体，文化品位有了较人的提高.**
**二、健全制度**
**制度是学生公寓管理思想的具体体现，是搞好大学生公寓的根本保证。建立科学规范的公寓制度文化.对约束学生的行为，影响学生的个体感觉、认识、情绪、道德意识以及样体的价值取向和行为取向都具有积极的作用。我们通过宜传强化、严格管理典型引导等行之有效的方式，建立、完善学生迟寝登记制度、禁止带人“小食品“等制度，加强日常管理和服务，约束学生的行为，培养学生良好的日常生活习惯。**
**三、建设公寓文化**
**(一)积极开展品牌寝室创建.组织开展“学生公寓文明1程”系列活动，如“争创品牌公寓”、“争创品牌寝室”、“寝室文化评比”“学习型寝室巾报”、“示范品牌寝室”“优秀党员寝室"等各项活动，推动公寓文明和文化建设、**
**(.)积极开展公寓文化活动。创新活动形式，丰富内容，提高品味，把各种活动有机整合起来，并赋子鲜明的主题，实现公寓文化活动的系统化、主题化、品牌化、以满足不网专业、年级和不同兴趣爱好的学生需求。**
**(三)建设文化活动场所，公寓楼内设有自律会办公室、学习活动室，公寓区和楼内设置宣传栏、信息栏，为校园文化活动、党团建设活动向学生公寓延伸提供保证。**
**(四)抓好宿舍环境卫生。1.通过日常教育，不断强化“一屋不扫何以扫天下，尘不除何以静心灵”的修身哲理，培养主人翁意识和集体责任感；2.不断规范“宿舍上生值日制度"和“卫生检查评比制度”，充分发挥宿舍管理队伍的管理和监督作用，实行定期检查和不定期抽查，实施奖励机制，充分调动学生讲卫生、树新风的积极性；**
**(五)实施宿舍“四进"1程，发挥学生白我管理能力。**
**1.班主任定期进入宿舍，拉近与学生的距离。班主任应以加深对学生思想，行为和日常生活的了解为主，以卫生和安全检查为辅.定期深入学生宿舍。通过与学生近距离接触，深人了解学生的性格特征，掌握学生的思想行为特点，和学生建立感情，有针对性地对学生实施教育管理、2.学生党团组织进宿舍，充分发挥引领和监督作用。把学生党员、人党积极分子作为党建工作新的载休，即充分发挥学生党员干部的模范带头作用，实施学生党贝宿舍挂牌制和党员床铺标位制，使学生党员干部为做好学生宿舍文化建设起到楷模示范、和规范引导的积极作用：同时学生党员和干部也会因**
**为成了众人注目的“焦点”而更加注重自己在宿舍的日常表现、这样有利于党员严于律己，不断提高自身综合素质。以党员和人党积极分子为“点”带动整个面，充分发挥党员在学生自我管理体系中的作用，优化公寓的德育环境。3.制度建设进宿合，加大日常管理力度。为了加强日常养成教育，必须强化宿舍作息制度、用电安全制度、文明公约制度等各项制度的建设，引导学生养成遵规守纪、热爱宿舍的良好习惯，4.四位一体检查进宿舍，推进品牌寝室创建活动。进一步开好每周的自律会，搞好舍务十事、舍务教师、班主任联合检查，使其做到文明宿舍典型化，卫生管理精细化。**
**总之，为进一步加大宿舍文化建设力度，我们始终用绕育人宗旨，将严格管理与思想政治教育相结合，充分发挥宿舍文化建设的育人功能，通过一系列教育管理活动，引导学生培养高尚的道德情操，端正积极向上的人生态度，建立和谐的人际关系，从而提高学生主人翁意识和集体责任感，为学校的人才培养和大学生的成长营造健康、和谐的环境。**
当前基层央行节能减排工作中存在的难点及对策
**王建龙，李丽娜**
**(中国人民银行龙江县支行，黑龙江龙江161100)**
**\[中图分类号\]F830.31\[文献标识码\]A\[文章编号\]1009-2234(2010)06-0170一01**
**节能减排是我国经济和礼会发展的 ·项长远战略方针，也是当前一项极为紧迫的任务。近年来，基层人民银行积极贯彻落实中央节能减排政策、努力创建“节约型机关”，打造绿色央行，取得了良好的成效。但由于各种主、客观原因，节能减排管理工作尚在初步探索阶段，基层央行的节能减排.1作仍面临诸多困难，影响节能减排工作有效开展。**
**一、存在的工作难点**
**(一)组织体系不健全，管理难到位**
**·是缺乏自上而卜统的节能减排组织体系。人民银行地市中心支行以上成立了由主要负责人牵头的节能减排工作领导小组，节能减排工作由后勤服务部门负责，但县支行人员少，节能减排小组人员都身兼数职，并没有专职的数据统计人员，二是缺乏有效的节能减排监测体系，音前人民银行的业务基本上都已实现电了化管理，由于节能减排工作是近年来的一项新上作，其口常管理，计量和统计等基础工作尚处于手工操作状态，没有建立起电子化管理监测网络，严重影响了能耗统计数据的计量和传输。三是节能减排考核体系仍需完善门前人民银行系统节能减排工作考核制度规定，对节能减排工作采取年度集中考核和日常抽查相结合两种方式，而在实际工作中，日常考核由中支采取白查方式进行，上级行没有对下级行进行日常抽查，集中考核** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **高等职业教育专业内涵及质量建设问题研究**
**——乌鲁木齐职业大学专业建设的思路及路径**
_杨_ 军
**(乌鲁木齐职业大学，新疆乌鲁木齐830002)**
**摘 要：高等职业院校专业建设是学校战略发展规划体系建设的重要内容，是体现高职办学方针的重要载体，是高职院校实现人才培养、科学研究、社会服务和文化传承功能的基础。因此在我国经济发展的新时期，高职专业建设的内涵是专业群、中高职衔接专业体系、四年制高职专业和专业质量评价体系建设。新一轮高职专业建设要突破理念、组织、学制等障碍，使专业真正能以行业企业的需求和学生职业生涯发展的需求为导向，提升专业的人才培养质量。**
**关键词：高职；；专业体系；内涵；思考**
**中图分类号： G710 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1674-8689 (2014)01-0001-04**
**高等职业院校的专业建设是学校办学理念、办学思想和办学实力的综合体现，是师资队伍建设、校内体制机制建设、社会服务能力建设、人事分配制度建设和教学运行管理体系建设综合成效的体现，是高职院校整体改革发展的基石。因此，在我国产业结构调整的今天，高等职业院校要在基丁科学的市场调研的基础上，做好专业建设与发展规划，形成更加完善的专业建设的校企合作常态机制，构建服务于区域人才培养、技术研究、社会服务和文化引领的专业体系，这也是当前高等职业院校新一轮专业建设的指导思想。乌鲁木齐职业大学自2006年起就注重专业建设工作，以申报国家示范性高职院校和国家骨干高职院校建设为契机，实施五年一个周期的专业建设工作。日前，学校确定新一轮专业建设的指导思想是固化和完善专业的校企合作机制，深化“一种模式”建设，构建服务丁产业群、现代职业教育体系的专业群建设。**
**一、高等职业教育专业群建设的内涵**
**《教育部财政部关于支持高等职业学校提升专业服务产业发展能力的通知》(教职成\[2011\]11号)中指出：“迫切需要大力加强高等职业学校的专业建设，深化教育教学改革，整体提高人才培养质量和办学水平，促进高等职业教育更好地为国家经济**
**发展方式转变服务，为现代产业体系建设提供充足的高端技能型专门人才支撑，为促进就业、改善民生、建设人力资源强国做出新的贡献。”作为服务于地方经济发展和技能技术型高素质人才培养的高职院校，其专业建设必须与当地的主导产业集群有效对接，专业的设置必须紧密结合地方产业格局和支柱产业分布，与区域内的主导和优势产业相适应，这种结合要带有一定前瞻性，甚至要引领区域经济和产业的发展。高等职业院校在新一轮专业建设中，要对区域产业发展及趋势进行深入细致的研究，摒弃过去高职专业设置的滞后性，以提升专业服务产业能力为目标，建设服务于区域产业集群的专业群，对学校已有专业及其未来发展专业基于系统结构进行重新调整、组合、提升。这种专业群的建设可以依据产业链建设，也可以依据产业簇群建设。专业群的建设从宏观层面看应包括专业结构与布局的优化调整、品牌专业建设、公共实训基地建设及区域职业教育集团建设等方面。从微观层面看应包括专业群平台课程、专业群主干课程、专业群技能方向课程和专业群素质拓展课程等方面。**
**乌鲁木齐职业大学正在启动专业群的建设，其总的要求是：一要基于乌鲁木齐市的发展定位，围绕乌**
**收稿日期：2014-03-02**
**作者简介：杨** **军(1964-)、男，新疆巴里坤人，乌鲁木齐职业大学党委副书记、校长，副教授，副研究员，研究方向：知识经济与区域创新体系建设、创新文化与人力资源开发：**
**·：**
鲁木齐市建设国际商贸中心、服务业中心、科教文化中心的国际化都市发展定位，重点建设服务于金融、物流、咨询、会展、文化艺术等知识技术密集型产业的专业群体系。 要依托新疆第一产业(现代服务业)职教集团和乌鲁木齐职教集团两个平台，加强校企合作的运行机制建设，积极推进学校“四个中心、八个基地、九个创新服务平台”建设，使之成为专业群外延发展的基础。一要大力推进专业群提升产业集群服务能力的建设，加强校企合作体制下的专业群建设、技术创新与服务的运行机制建设，制定有利厂专业群服务能力提升的学校内部管理制度，使专业群建设在良好的内外部环境条件下持续发展。四要大力实施职业教育质量建设工程，深化职业教育课程改革，积极构基于学分制和综合绩点的教育教学管理体系，建立健全“模块化”和“菜单化”的课程体系、增加实习实训课课时并提高其水平，给予学生更多白主选择专业和课程的权利。
**二、中高职衔接的现代职业教育体系建设**
2013年新疆维吾尔白治区加快推进了中高职衔接的专业体系建设，但中高职衔接的人才培养体系的建设还存在着诸多问题及矛盾，具体表现在：是中、高职学校在职业教育理念上还存着差距及发展的不平衡，专业和课程开发建设上还没有形成共识、 二是课程内容的重复设置，目前，各中职学校和高职学校各白构建自己的专业课程体系，确定各自的课程教学内容，两校之间缺少有效的沟通，导致-些专业课程在中高职阶段出现内容重复的现象。二一是中、高职学校在课程教学内容设置上缺乏弹性与灵活性，不能快速适应企业技术及管理创新的需求，缺少有针对性的实训教学项目。四是文化索质课缺乏针对性。中职毕业生绝过系统的专业技能训练，实践能力强，但文化基础薄弱，进入高职阶段后普遍感到文化课的学习存在很大困难。而高职文化课的比重远远大于专业课的比重， _，一_ 专业课又趋于理论化面缺乏实际操作性，对中职学生的文化素质和专业能力偏低的现实还不能适应，还没有建立起对中职学生培养的文化基础课程体系。五是专业技能培养上没有形成层次内涵上的差异。高职应该是在中职的基础上，进行知识结构的扩展、职业素质的提高和专业技能的提升，但实际情况却并非如此，相当一部分高职学校在实践技能培养方面未能明显体现高技能的特征，甚至有不少高职学校在这方面还不如中职，出现中高职技能训练东“倒挂”现象。
**乌鲁木齐职业大学在新一轮专业建设中，要以构建现代职业教育体系和开展中高职衔接的专业建设为重点，建设一批引领自治区中、高职衔接的范性专业。乌鲁木齐职业大学中、高职衔接专业建设的路径是：破除组织、机构的障碍，以高职院校为主体，组成中高职教育衔接两校的骨干教师、企业兼职教师参与的专业建设团队，依据职业人才成长规律和学生不同时期身心发育的特点，系统设计不同培养层次间相互衔接的人才培养目标：中职教育阶段以培养技能型人才为目标，侧重于对职业和专业的认识和了解，通过开展各类形象而具体的实践教学活动，使中职学生在实践教学活动中学习专业基础知识，增强对专业学习的兴趣；中职后期和高职初期，以培养高技能应用型人才为主要目标，学习侧重于熟练技能的掌握和综合应用，通过工作过程和行动导向的教学安排和组织来获得操作性经验，同时培养学生的社会能力和社会责任感；高职教育阶段要以培养高端技术型人才和提升学生职业素养为目标，适当的加大文化素质课的学习，在熟练掌握技能的前提下，学会综合各方面技能来进行创意表达和设计策划，从而实现从“经验性到策略性的跨越”。姜大源教授指出：“在任何一种教育体系中，课程始终处于核心地位。职业教育发展与改革特别是教育教学改革，最终必然要归结到课程的发展与改革”。中高职衔接的核心是课程衔接，是文化素质课、专业核心课、专业技能方向课和专业索质拓展课的衔接，而其中课程体系和课程标准的衔接是当前中高职衔接人才培养方案建设的重点和难点，也是乌鲁木齐职业大学在未米一年中高职衔接专业建设中需突破解决的关键问题。**
**三、跨产业复合型四年制高职专业建立**
**当前，国家加快经济发展方式转变和产业转型升级步伐，我国高等职业教育作为高等教育一种类型的特征、地位和作用正在得以确认，我国职业教育改革发展的重点，正在从以规模发展为重点转向现代职业教育体系和内涵建设。职业教育的专业设置，必须体现“以就业为导向”的职业教育办学方针，加快发展与技术进步和生产方式变革以及社会公共服务相适应、产教深度融合的现代职业教育，培养数以亿计的工程师、高级技工和高素质职业人才、为广大青年人打开通向成功成才的大门，提高中国制造和中国装备的市场竞争力，促进经济提质增效升级，满足人民群众生产生活多样化的需求，让职业教育为国家和社会源源不断地创造人才红**
**利，是新阶段打造“升级版”职业教育的现实要求。**
**过去十年，我国高等职业教育经历了一个较长时间的规范、探索发展期。2002年到2005年，国务院和相关部委连续二次召开全国职业教育大会，推进了职业教育发展，使高等职业教育的办学规模得到了快速的提升。2004年国家教育部等七部门联合召开全国职业教育工作会议，提出将高等职业教育定位在高等教育的基础层面和职业教育的高端领域。其后，通过五年一轮的高职高专人才培养工作水平评估，全国高职院校的办学条件明显改善，促进了高职教育理念、办学定位和发展思路的确立，强化了高职院校的“职业性”办学特色。在这十年的规范发展中，我国高等职业教育一直将培养目标定位为生产、建设、服务、管理一线需要的高素质技能型专门人才，并确立了“以服务为宗旨，以就业为导向，走产学研结合发展道路”的办学方针，大力推行工学结合、校企合作的人才培养模式改革，尤其是通过实施国家示范高职院校建设，辐射带动了高职教育改革不断深化。通过人才培养模式改革和办学体制机制创新，我国职业教育体系与产业体系相适应、专业结构与产业结构相互对接的步伐不断加快，一些地方还着力推进优质资源扩张与整合，建设了一批具有鲜明特色的职业教育园区和职业教育集团，旨在加强职业教育与行业企业直接对接，使职业教育体系的外部适应性不断显现。**
**乌鲁木齐职业大学作为国家第二批建设的骨十高职院校，在专业建设中要重点贯彻“以服务为宗旨，以就业为导向”的高职办学方针，开展广泛细致的市场调研和区域产业技术技能型人才能力内涵的分析，以企业需求为导向，以服务企业产品升级、管理创新、跨产业集群为日标，摒弃固有的“学制”束缚，建设·批服务于跨产业复合型人才培养和新技术新管理人才培养的四年制高职专业，以适应产业发展转型升级需要，提升学校服务地方经济和培养高素质技能技术型人才的能力。建设四年制高职专业，要本着服务区域经济发展和提高学生就业质量这个人才培养目标。首先，进行详细的市场调研，确定哪些行业哪些岗位目前培养的专业人才其能力难以满足企业的需要，需要更高层次的技术技能型人才；其次，进行区域高校相同相近专业人才培养状况的调研，确定学校专业设置和人才培养的方向；再次，在上述调研的基础上，确定四年制不同时期的培养目标，设置职业教育特色明显的**
**课程体系，并在此基础上建立校企合作的“双师结构”教学团队、校企一体化实训教学培养方案和校企共同参与的人才培养质量评价方案；最后，实施校企共同育人的教育教学运行机制，保障四年制高职专业建设的特色。**
**四、以质量评价为核心的专业动态管理机制建设**
高等职业院校专业建设关系到学校的战略发展，必须建立以第二方或受益方为主体、质量评价为基础的专业建设动态调整机制。首先是专业结构的动态管理。专业结构是否合理应作为衡量高职院校人才培养质量的主要指标，这不仅影响到学校的生存与发展，更决定着区域经济产业结构对技术技能型人才结构的合理需求。依据区域产业结构的发展，科学做出不同类型不同层次技能技术型人才需求的预测，在此基础上进行专业结构的调整。调整的主要措施有：改变各类专业之间的比例和布局，新增专业和撤销专业并举，建立专业群增加专业技能方向等。强化专业内涵建设的动态管理，依托行业企业，主动适应地方经济建设的发展需要，以行业(产业)发展对人才的需求为依据，以强化学生职业能力培养为目标，探索和确定高端技能技术型专门人才的培养规格，深化人才培养模式改革和教学模式改革，改革专业课程结构，重组专业课程内容，优化专业教学方案，提高专业课程教学质量，培养适应行业需要的高端技能型专门人才。
高等职业院校专业动态管理机制建设，最为关键是要建立第三方质量评价机制或用人单位企业主导的学校层面和专业层面的质量评价机制，对就业率低、就业质量不高，企业需求不旺、满意度差的专业坚决给予撤销或调整，使专业动态管理完全建立在社会需求和评价的基础上，学校自行进行的专业结构调整是否合理，专业的内涵建设是否得剑提升，专业结构是否得到优化，这些不能完全依靠主管部门和学校自身进行考核评价，要真正依靠社会或者第三方来进行评价和诊断，以促使学校在不断的专业动态管理中，提升专业建设的质量和人才培养的质量。乌鲁木齐职业大学白2011年就委托麦可思数据有限公司对学校社会需求与培养质量进行年度评定，此项工作已经开展一年学校今后的工作思路是制定专业层面的社会需求与培养质量评定的标准指标，委托受益的第一方进行年度质量评定，以改进专业建设的质量。
**高等职业教育专业建设是一个系统性的工程，其问既要循序渐进，又要改革创新。因此，需要对**
**职业教育专业设置的原则，专业建设的流程和专业建设评价的质量标准进行系统化的实证性研究，在研究、实施的过程中，加以不断的完善。高等职业院校要依据职业教育的办学特点和规律，选择适当的方法和合适的时机进行专业设置与调整，加大专业的内涵建设，使学校在持续的专业建设中，形成一批特色明显、具有示范作用的高水平精品专业、品牌专业、示范专业、特色专业、重点专业，提高高等职业院校的办学水平和办学效益，使高等职业**
**学校的专业建设更好地适应本地区经济结构与产业结构的调整，以及就业市场的需求。**
**参考文献：**
**\[1\]孙上，严注高职专业结构优化的困境与对策\[J\]滁州学院学报，2013(3).**
**\[2\]姜大源.当代世界职业教育发展趋势研究|M北京：电子工业出版社，2012.**
**\[3\]汪长明.德国职业教育体制机制建设探析\[\]职教通讯，2011(23).**
**\[4\] 刘星.深化专业建设内涵促进示范院校持续发展J\].当代教育理论与实践，2013.**
**(责任编辑：高旻)**
**Research on Construction of Specialty Connotation and Quality of Higher Vocational Education--Thought on Specialty Construction Route of Urumqi Vocational University**
**YANG Jun**
**(Urumqi Vocational University， Crumqi， 830002 China)**
**Abstract： The specialty construction of voeational colleges and universities is the important content of the construction of school's stralegic development planning system， which is a carrier to reflect the guideline of higher vocational cducation and the base to serve the functions of talent cultivation， scientific research， social service and cultural inheritance. The connotation of specialty construction of higher vocational education is the construction of specialty clusters， linking-up of the secondary vocational educalion with higher vocational educalion， four-year-systcm specialties of higher vocational ed-ucation and quality assessment system. The paper argues that the new round of specialty construction for higher vocational education will have to hreak through the harriers of ideology， organizing methods and length of schooling and emphasize enterprises’demand and students’desired career demand to foster qualified personnel needed by enterprises..**
**Key words： higher vocational education； specialty system： connotation； thought** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **历史想象与童话表达**
——童喜喜《影之翼》印象
余 _雷_
**余 雷 中国作协会员，昆明学院教授。著有儿童文学作品《一桌月光》《老师是个笨精灵》《小小赶马人》，儿童文学理论专著《儿童散文探论》《让童年回到童年》等。曾获冰心散文奖、冰心儿童图书奖、冰心新作奖等。**
**童话作品中描述的事件往往是生活中没有发生也不可能发生的，童话作品中塑造的人物通常在日常生活中不存在也不可能存在。但童话并不因此将读者带人完全虚幻无意义的假想空间，而是创建了·个能实现人们愿望的美好世界。这是因为童话世界并非完全由作家的想象所构建，而是依托丁现实世界的价值观念和生活经验而存在。童话因而有了自己特殊的功能，能用儿童能够和愿意接受的方式，有意识地帮助儿童完成社会化的成长转变，提升他们的审美水平和认识社会的能力，这使得在童话中表现重大历史事件便成为了一种可能。童喜喜的新作《影之翼》就是一本用童话的方式表现南京大屠杀的作品。作家在这部作品中较好地处理了历史真实与艺术虚构的辩证关系，在童话故事中赋予了人物时代精神与历史价值。《影**
**之翼》是一个奇异的故事，一群在南京大屠杀中遇难的孩子成了无家可归的影子。影子们饱受着仇恨的痛苦煎熬，他们试图用收集人类记忆的方式报复人类，但故事最终如所有的童话故事一样，复仇行动被爱与宽容消解了，影子们获得了新生。这个关于影子的故事第一次让儿童读者直面南京大屠杀的残酷，也让小读者在感动和温暖中懂得了如何面对灾难和仇恨。《影之翼》的成功在题材的选择和把握，情节冲突的构思，叙述技巧的运用上为童话表现重大历史事件作出了有益的探索，提供了许多可供借鉴的经验。**
**首先，作品对历史真实与艺术虚构的辩证关系有清晰的认识。童话是一种纯粹虚构的作品，其创作方式与纪实作品完全不同。依据历史真实创作童话其实是让童话作家戴着镣铐舞蹈，不能违背历史真实的想象是对**
**作家创作力的极大挑战。童喜喜在创作前查阅了大量的历史资料，前后写出了二十多个小说提纲。作家面对的最大挑战不是来自对史料的把握，而是如何看待这一段历史，如何恰当地表现这段历史。童喜喜在后记中提到创作时的思索，“对丁一段历史，难的不是如何再现，面是用怎样的角度让人从过去收获什么。对于这个题材，难的不是让读者恨，而是怎样让过去成为今天孩子生命的一部分。对于此次写作，难的不是让读者哭，而是怎样让人翻开之后不舍得放下”。正因为在创作之初有这样清醒的思考，作家没有铺陈历史事实，而是营造了一个奇幻的影子世界，让一群在南京大屠杀中遇难孩子的灵魂栖息其中。这些影子不是影响历史的历史人物原型，也不是历史事件的重要参与者，但他们代表着南京大屠杀中被残酷杀害的无辜的生命，代表着在历史教科书里被抽象为一个冰冷数据的“三十万”。作家将历史的真实与影子复仇的虚幻故事交织在一起，没有战争的残酷画面，没有屠杀的血腥场景，但死难者无处安葬的愤怒与悲痛，无法安宁的精神与灵魂，同样让读者对南京大屠杀这一历史事件产生强烈的震撼。影子们最终在善良与爱的感化下放弃了复仇，引领读者完成了一次对仇恨的思考。《影之翼》因此具有了真正的历史美学品格，完成了对人类历史理性思考的感性表达。**
**其次，历史事件的表现必须遵循童话创作的美学观。美国心理学家贝特尔海姆认为童话描述的是使本我的欲望得到恰当的满足成为可能的一种自我整合。童话表现历史事件与教科书有较大区别，童话中的人物和事件不能完全按照历史事件发生的时空顺序来活动，而是按照故事的逻辑去行动。因此，《影之翼》中没有出现具体的历史人物和历史细节，而是虚构.了一个由死难者的魂灵组成**
**的影子世界。影子们将自己的影子堡垒建立在几十年后的城市中央；影子们一直停留在他们失去生命的年龄；影子们收集人们的记忆，希望用时间炉将收集到的记忆转换为复仇的力量；影子们也希望找到让他们灵魂安宁的啪嗒花……影子这个意象在作品中有·定的隐喻性，影子象征着历史，历史就沉淀在我们的日常生活中，而我们却往往对其视而不见。一个民族忘记自己的历史就意味着背叛自己的过去，《影之翼》中的影子们愤怒丁人们已经忘记了他们的存在，这愤怒也是对人们遗忘历史的谴责。影子们对于时间炉和啪嗒花的选择代表的是人们对南京大屠杀事件的两种不同态度，或是复仇，或是宽恕。作品选取了后者，以一种更富有时代精神的历史观来看待这个事件。作家对这个观念的表达克服了历史故事中常见的浅显和直白，作品中没有一个现成的结论，所有的结论都是故事人物对战争和大屠杀思考的结果，作家认真记录着他们思考的流向，将这些思考放置在一个个故事冲突中，于是，《影之翼》的事件和人物没有淹没在历史事件的具体过程中，他们在一个宏大的叙事背景下：向读者讲述着一个个令他们在微笑中流出泪水的故事。那些具有喜剧效果的细节让孩子们笑着翻开，不舍得放下。《影之翼》对历史事件的表达超越了历史题材作品严肃叙事的常规方式，童话元素和史实的有机结合拓展了童话创作的题材，体现出作家更为成熟的童话叙事风格。**
**“记住过去的痛苦，是为了珍惜今天的所有，创造明天的幸福!”《影之翼》用童话的方式表达着作家的历史想象，带领读者重新审视和思考那些渐行渐远的历史碎片，从那些碎片中获取走向未来的勇气和力量。** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 中国宗教饮食传统的形成与文化价值
姚伟钧
(华中师范大学历史文化学院，湖北武汉430079)
摘 要：中国宗教饮食文化传统主要包括佛教、道教和伊斯兰教，它是民间信仰和宗教仪式在中国人民社会生活中形成的惯制。通过对中国宗教饮食文化的形成过程及其文化价值进行研究，从而得出饮食不仅促使了宗教信仰的发展，反过来，宗教的发展也为人们信仰习俗的形成产生过重大影响。
关键词：饮食文化；宗教；饮食传统
中图分类号： Ts 971 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009-4717(2007)02-0001-06
所谓宗教饮食文化传统，是民间信仰和宗教仪式在中国人民饮食生活中形成的惯制。中国先民的宗教活动实际上是从人们的饮食活动中发展起来的。早期的宗教仪式主要是祭祀，祭祀总是同人类的某种祈求心理分不开的，而这种祈求又是以奉献食物的形式反映出来。饮食不仅促进了宗教信仰的发展，反过来，宗教的发展也为人们信仰上的饮食传统之形成产生过重大影响，这对丰富中国饮食文化无疑具有重要价值。
佛教信仰饮食习俗
在中华文化漫长的发展历程中，吸纳过多种来源于异国他邦的宗教。在它们当中，尤以来源于南亚次大陆的佛教对于中华文化的影响最为深远。
佛教不仅包含着深刻的哲理思辨、人生理想、伦理道德、艺术形式，就连人们日常生活中一天也离不开的饮食，也留下了佛教信仰的深深印迹。事实上，在世界各民族的历史上，成熟宗教的出现，无不给予该民族的社会生活以极为巨大的影响。
经过一千多年的发展，由佛教信仰而产生的食俗，已成为一种独特的文化现象，它所制作的素菜、素食、素席都闻名于世。这些素撰以用料与烹制考究，做工精细，菜肴的色、香、味、形独特和别具风味，深受民众的喜爱和赞赏。所以有人形容佛教饮食已成为中国饮食文化园地中，一朵常开不凋的素洁小花。
1.1 佛教吃素的起源
谈到佛教寺院中的饮食生活，人们都会联想到素菜。素菜是中国传统饮食文化中的一大流派，悠久的历史使它很早就成为中国菜的一个重要组成部分，特殊的用料、精湛的技艺，使这一流派绚丽多姿；清鲜的风味、丰富的营养，使它在中国菜系中独树一帜。
然而，素菜的起源本与佛教没有直接的联系。中国素菜的发展历史说明，早在东汉初年佛教传人中国之前，素菜就已出现，并得到了一定程度的发展。不过，随着佛教的传人，素菜开始在寺院中流行起来，并不断有所改进，促进了素菜制作日趋精湛和食素的普及。
早期佛教传入时，其戒律中并没有不许吃肉这一条。僧徒托钵化缘，沿门求食，遇肉吃肉，遇素吃素，只要吃的是“三净肉，”即不自己杀生，不叫他人杀生和未亲眼看见杀生的肉都可以吃。正如赵朴初先生在《佛教常识答问》中所说：“比丘(指受过具足戒之僧男)戒律中并没有不许吃肉的规定。”1\]
到了魏晋南北朝时，佛教盛行，这时，中国汉族僧人主要是信奉大乘佛教，而大乘佛教经典中有反对食肉、反对饮酒、反对吃五辛(葱、薤、韭、蒜、兴蘘)的条文。他们认为“酒为放逸之门”，“肉是断大慈之
收稿日期：2007-04-10
作者简介：姚伟钧(1953-)，男，湖北武汉人，华中师范大学历史文化学院教授，博士生导师，从事中国社会生活史与文献学研究。
国家哲学 学学7 数库
维普资讯 http：//www.cqvip.com
种”，饮酒吃肉将带来种种罪过，背逆佛家“五戒”。这一时期译出的《楞枷》《楞严》《涅槃经.四相品》等经文，都提倡“不结恶果，先种善因”，“戒杀放生”“素食清净”等思想，这与中国儒家的“仁”“孝”等思想颇为契合，因而深得统治者推崇。特别是南朝梁武帝萧衍，以帝王之尊，崇奉佛教，素食终生，为天下倡。所以，赵朴初先生说：“从历史来看，汉族佛教吃素的风习，是由梁武帝的提倡而普遍起来的。”1\]
据记载，梁普通二年(521年)，梁武帝萧衍在宫里受戒，自太子以下跟着受戒的达48，000余人。他还下了《断酒肉文》诏，认为断禁肉腥是佛家必须遵从的善良行为。为守杀生戒起见，他规定祭祀用的牲牢都改用面制，甚至禁止当时的丝织品上出现鸟兽纹样，以避免裁剪时“破了它们的身体”。在梁武帝的倡导下，南朝的僧徒和香客大增，这使寺院有必要制作出素餐系列，以便自给自足。从此，断酒禁肉，终生吃素，成为佛门子弟的严格戒律。
需要指出的是，在中国的蒙、藏地区，由于蔬菜种植不易，不吃肉就难以生活，所以这些地区的佛教徒一般都吃肉，这是属于特殊环境下的“开戒”。
1.2佛寺素菜的特点
吃素经过梁武帝提倡以后，素菜在佛寺中得到了迅速的发展，其制作也日益精美。据《梁书·贺琛传》载，当时建业寺中的一个僧厨，对素娱特别精通，掌握了“变一瓜为数十种，食一菜为数十味”的技艺。由于佛寺中不断出现这种技艺高超的厨，这就给佛寺素食的发展，起到了推波助澜的作用。此后，佛寺素菜经过历代僧厨的不断改进和提高，不仅素菜品种增多，技艺逐步完善，而且还形成了佛寺素菜清香飘拂的独特风味，成为素菜中的一个主流。它的主要特点为：
第一、清鲜淡雅，擅烹蔬。佛寺素菜制作的主要原料有三菇六耳、瓜果鲜蔬、菌类花卉、豆类制品等。这些四季蔬果清幽、淡雅、素净，给人以新鲜、脆嫩、清爽的感觉；软糯的面筋豆皮之类，给人以爽口、软滑的感受；香味醇厚的草类，给人以鲜嫩馨香的口味。加以芝麻香油、笋油、蕈油调味，无不独具风味。
例如，在清代苏州附近山地的松林深处，清明节前后产“松花糖蕈，”经佛寺僧厨烹制后，清香甜嫩，入口即化，是苏州佛寺索菜中特有的珍品佳肴。由于苏州佛寺的索菜口味鲜美，声誉日隆。据《清稗类钞·高宗在寒山寺素餐》条记载，乾隆皇帝也慕名而来，微服私访，特地到寒山寺去品尝僧厨所烹治的素菜，且食后大加赞赏。
再如常州天宁寺的素菜也是远近闻名，《清稗类钞.高宗谓蔬食可口》条说：“高宗南巡，至常州，尝幸天宁寺，进午膳。主僧以素肴进，食而廿之，乃笑语主僧曰：蔬食殊可口，胜鹿脯、熊掌万万’’
第二、工艺考究，以素托荤。佛寺素菜使用的原料虽然比较平常，但工艺考究的制作，能使素菜丰富多彩。山珍海味中的参、翅、窝、肚、é、筋、i、峰等，都可用素料来仿制，如发菜、藕粉制成的素海参软糯而形真；豆油皮制成的素鸡肥嫩而鲜美，食时“鸡丝”可见；玉兰笋制成的素鱼翅，翅筋玉白难辨真伪；冬瓜或白萝卜制成的燕窝莹洁逼真。
为了使佛寺素菜更充分地表现“肉类”的外形，一些僧厨还在烹饪工艺上不断推陈出新，如清代安徽安庆迎江寺僧厨，发明了一种捆扎法，即将豆腐皮或千张，用细麻布包裹捆扎，蒸热冷却后，使表面呈现毛孔状，用来仿制鸡鸭猪羊等荤菜。他们还创制了一些模具，用以仿制象形菜，如做蛋，就把淀粉熟浆中加人少许绿色素和碱，倒人两只小酒杯中，用胡萝卜或栗子粉做蛋黄，将两杯合起即成。做烧大肠则以竹棍为心，用面筋浆子裹绕，油炸后，用八角、酱油卤煮，抽出竹棍即成。如加放糯米、冬菇、玉兰片，还可做出素腐乳糟大肠，更具大肠的味道。
这些以素托荤的象形菜，极大地丰富了素菜的内容，拓宽了素菜制作的新领域，使素菜不仅清香飘拂，而且千姿百态，可见佛寺索菜的制作工艺和僧厨技艺已达到了炉火纯青的境地。
第三、历史悠久，影响至今。佛寺素菜经历了一个由单一到多样，由纯索到仿荤，由寺内到寺外的发展过程。许多名菜，至今仍在烹坛上占有重要位置，为人们所喜食，如桂花鲜栗羹、罗汉斋、鼎湖上素、半月沉江、糟烩鞭笋、桑莲献瑞、糖醋素鲤、笋炒鳝丝、金钱素里脊、清炒素虾仁、三鲜素海参、松子肥鹅、口蘑鱼圆汤等，以下对儿款著名素菜的制法略作介绍：
桂花鲜栗羹：此羹以鲜栗子肉为主料，配以干藕粉、桂花等煮烧而成。特点是羹汁浓稠，栗肉脆嫩，国家哲学社会科学学 刊数据库National Social Sciences Database
桂花芳香，清甜适口。此羹创始于杭州灵隐寺的僧厨，相传唐玄宗时，灵隐寺的香火僧德明正在烧栗子粥，时正值中秋，桂花飘落粥中，众僧食之，都说味道好，后来又加入西湖藕粉作羹，流传至今，名闻遐迩。
罗汉斋：罗汉斋初时制作较简单，是将选用的原料合煮一锅而食，后来因佛事活动日益隆重，如法师讲经、沙弥受戒、居士拜佛等，常由法师、沙弥、居士出钱设斋供众，罗汉斋的制作也逐渐丰盛讲究，并根据出钱多少，分为千僧斋、上堂斋、吉祥斋或如意斋。此菜流传至市肆素餐馆后，又得到进一步改进和提高，并有上斋、中斋、下斋之分，主要根据所用原料和汤料的质量高低划分。由于各地物产不同，原料选择不尽一致，但所用原料一般不少于十余种。制作方法也同中有异，但均具有咸鲜、清香、淡雅的特色。
鼎湖上素：义称鼎湖罗汉斋，用二菇、六耳等原料经蒸、焯、炒、煨而成。相传位于广州西门惠爱路的西园酒家，过去敬奉佛寺名菜罗汉斋。一次，肇庆鼎湖山庆云寺庆云大师来广州六榕寺，到西园酒家吃罗汉斋，这里的罗汉斋虽也由竹笋、发菜、冬菇、草菇、蘑菇、榆耳、桂花耳、银耳、黄耳、湘莲子、佛手果、炸面筋、银针、菜心等主料烹制而成，但质、味欠佳，庆云大师遂提出了与上述用料相似，但烹制有所变更的方法。试制后为西园厨师采纳，定名为鼎湖上素，其特点是色彩典雅、层次分明、鲜嫩滑爽、清香适口。
半月沉江：此菜源于福建厦门南普陀寺，已有60余年的历史。它以面筋为主料，配以香菇、冬笋等煮、蒸而成。因该菜有半片香菇沉于碗底，犹如半月。1962年郭沫若在该寺品尝了此菜后题诗云：“半月沉江底，千峰人眼窝”。点出了该寺的“半月沉江”的菜名，使此菜更加闻名中外。此菜的特点是汤清味鲜，清脆芳香。
桑莲献瑞：此菜源于福建泉州开元寺，相传该寺内有古桑一棵，唐初建寺时曾开过莲花，故名桑莲。该寺香积厨以莲子、豆腐为主料，配以香菇、荸荠、冬笋等，经炒、蒸、炸而成，烹制出的菜肴俨如出水莲花，其特点是豆腐细润，馅料香脆，尤以莲子更香，余味无穷。
糖醋素鲤：此菜源于四川成都宝光寺，早在本世纪初年就享有盛名。一些富商巨贾不惜花数倍于荤菜的价格，专程到宝光寺品尝此菜。这道菜是以土豆为主料，配以牛尾笋、玉兰片、豆腐皮等，经酿、炸而成。其特点是“鱼”形逼真，体内结构完整，“鱼皮”酥脆，“鱼肉”香嫩，“鱼骨”“鱼鳍”又不会刺破喉咙，酸甜适口，堪称素菜荤做、素质荤形的工艺名菜。
糟烩鞭笋：此菜源于宋代杭州孤山广元寺，距今已有千年历史。相传苏东坡出任杭州刺史时，将他的“食笋经”传授给寺内的僧人，僧人据此改进而成，经历代相传至今，现为浙江著名的素菜。此菜以嫩鞭笋肉为主料，配以香糟，再煸、烩而成。其特点是糟香浓郁，笋肉鲜嫩。
佛寺素菜品种繁多，难以尽述其详，以上简介数种，由此可知其特定的饮食文化内涵和命名之雅致。
1.3 佛寺僧人的饮食习俗
在佛教戒律中，和素食一起奉行的还有一种“过午不食”的规定，即午后不吃食物。只有病号可以过午以后加一餐，称为“药食”。但中国汉族僧人从古时起就有耕种的习惯，由于劳动，消耗体力较大，晚上不吃不行，所以在多数寺庙中开了过午不食的戒，不过名称仍为“药食”。
佛寺僧人用膳一般都在斋堂进行，吃饭时以击磬或击钟来召集僧徒。钟声响后，从方丈到小沙弥，齐集斋堂用膳。佛寺饮食为分食制，吃同样的饭菜，每人一份。只有病号或特别事务者可以另开小灶。每天早斋和午斋前，都要依照《二时临斋仪》的规定念供，以所食供养诸佛菩萨，为施主回报，为众生发愿，然后方可进食。唐人顾少连《少林寺厨库记》生动地记述了少林寺的斋食情形，其中说：“每至花钟大鸣，旭日三舍，缁徒总集，就食于堂。莫不咏叹表诚，肃容膜拜，先推尊像，次及有情。泊蒲牢之吼余，海潮之音毕，五盐七菜，重秬香杭，来自中厨，列于广榭，咸造物艺。”
佛寺僧人一般早餐食粥，时间是晨光初露，以能看见掌中之纹时为准。午餐大多食饭，时间为正午之前。晚餐即“药食”大多为粥。本来“药食”要取回自己房内吃，但由于大家都吃，所以也在斋堂就餐。
佛寺中负责管理斋饭的职务为典座饭头、菜头。斋堂中供护侍菩萨像，传为“洪山大至，”元代以后多供奉“紧那罗王”像。
一年之中，围绕着纪念释迦牟尼和菩萨的佛教节日名目繁多，饮食活动也多种多样，其中，对后世影
古代将阴历十二月称之为腊月，在腊月里，人们祭祀的诸神有八种，因此称为“腊八”，汉代以来行祭的日子就逐渐固定在腊月初八这一天了。另外，根据佛教的传说，佛祖释迦牟尼出家修道，苦行六年，每日仅食一麻一米，后因饥饿劳累昏倒在地。一位牧女给他喂了用泉水熬成的乳糜状的粥后，恢复了元气，终于在腊月初八这天夜里，悟道成佛。后来，佛教僧侣们为了不忘佛祖成道以前所受的苦难，便仿效牧女的做法，熬粥供佛。所以腊八粥就流行起来了，腊八也成了佛教的节日，称为“佛成道日”。
吃腊八粥之俗，始于宋代，至今已有一千多年了。宋人孟元老《东京梦华录》记载：十二月“初八日，街巷中有僧尼三五人作队念佛，以银、铜、沙罗或好盆器，坐一金铜或木佛像，浸以香水，杨枝洒俗，排门教化。诸大寺作浴佛会，并送七宝五味粥与门徒，谓之‘腊八粥'。都人是日，各家亦以果子杂料煮粥而食也。”2这“七宝五味粥”的说法，大概是取法于佛教中的“七菩提分”和“五善”、“五菩提”之类，实际是以枣、杏仁、核桃仁、莲子、花生和米豆等物煮成稀粥而成。
开始，吃腊八粥之俗仅流传于佛教徒中，各地佛寺在腊八熬粥除了自己食用外，还以此馈送四方善男信女，所以腊八粥又称为“佛粥”“福寿粥”。后来，此俗流传渐广，民间争相效法，特别是到清代，吃腊八粥之风更盛。在宫廷中，每逢腊八，皇帝都要向文武百官、侍从宫女赐腊八粥，并向各大寺院发米、果，以供僧侣食用。在民间，更是家家户户熬煮食用，以致腊八粥的花样也越来越多了。
综上所述，可以看到，佛教寺院中的饮食生活，在发展中国传统饮食文化方面，也有着卓越的贡献。
2
道教信仰饮食习俗
佛教是外来的，而道教却是中国土生土长的。史学界和道教界一般都认为道教形成于东汉顺帝(126-144年)时期，至今已有一千八百多年的历史。但若追溯到战国时齐、燕沿海一带宣扬神仙方术，《史记·封禅书》所谓“形解销化，依于鬼神之事”的方仙道与西汉时托黄帝而言神仙之术、托老子而言修道养寿的黄老道，贝这种以神仙信仰为特征的宗教在中国流传已有两千多年的历史了。
道教是在生存意识基础上建立起来的，对生命的尊重是道教思想的根本。《太平经》说：“夫寿命，天下之重宝也。”人的生命为什么可贵?道教认为，人是宇宙的精华，体现着天地的神统。“夫人者，乃天地之神统也。灭者，名为断绝天地神统，有可伤败于天地之体，其为害甚深。”生命一旦消失，就再也不会出现，所以要特别珍重。道教的这些思想既体现着传统的重视现实生存的精神，又深深地带有汉晋之间人口剧减的烙印。
道教既以追求长生为主要宗旨，因此，它在饮食上有自己的一套信仰，其主要表现为：
第一，食辟谷。
道教主张少食，进而达到辟谷的境地。所谓辟谷，亦称断谷、绝谷、休粮、却粒等。谷是谷物蔬菜的简称，辟谷即不进食物。
辟谷之术，由来已久。据说辟谷术源于赤松子，赤松子是神农时的雨师，传说中的仙人。《史记·留侯世家》记载汉初名臣张良“欲从赤松子游，乃学辟谷，导引轻身。”后经吕后劝阻，张良不得已，才进食。长沙马王堆汉墓发现的《却谷食气》是我国现存最早的辟谷文献。
汉代行辟谷之术的道人较多，据传有着较好的效果，《淮南子·人间训》云：“单豹倍世离俗，岩居而谷饮，不衣丝麻，不食五谷，行年七十、犹有童子之颜色。”也有人以食枣来辟谷，《后汉书·方术传》载：“郝孟节能含枣核，不食可至五年十年。”枣子是一种温补的药物，专门吃枣子是可以维持生命的。还有人以食药来辟谷，曹丕《典论》记载汉末郡俭“能辟谷，饵茯苓。”郡俭到处传授其术。以致“茯苓价暴贵数倍。”曹植在《辩道论》云：“余尝试都俭，绝谷百日，躬与之寝处，行步起居自若也。”
晋代盛行辟谷，其方法也多种多样，正如葛洪《抱朴子·内篇·杂应》云：“近有一百许法、或服守中石药数十丸，便辟四五十日不饥，练松柏及术，亦可以守中，但不及大药，久不过十年以还。或辟一百二百日，或须日日服之，乃不饥者，或先作美食极饱，乃服药以养所食之物，令不消化，可辟三年。欲还食谷，当以葵子猪膏下之，则所作美食皆下，不坏如故也。”余数见断谷人三年二年者多，皆身轻色好，堪风寒暑湿，大都无肥者耳。”\[3\]266
南朝梁名医陶弘景，“善辟谷导引之事，年逾八十而有壮容。”4\]陶弘景在其《养性延命录》中收有《断谷秘方》一卷。
道教要回避谷物是因为道教认为，人体中有三虫，亦名三尸。《中山玉匮经服气消三虫诀·说三尸》中认为，三尸常居人脾，是欲望产生的根源，是毒害人体的邪魔。三尸在人体中是靠谷气生存的，如果人不食五谷，断其谷气，那么，三尸在人体中就不能生存了，人体内也就消灭了邪魔，所以，要益寿长生，便必须辟谷。
辟谷者虽不食五谷，却也不是完全食气，而是以其他食物代替了谷物，这些食物主要有大枣、茯苓、巨胜(芝麻)、蜂蜜、石芝、木芝、草芝、肉芝、菌芝等，即服饵。要使身体健康，就得注重营养，这样，就不能使饮食单调，只吃某一类食物，排斥谷物蔬菜，饮食单一，这只能起到摧残人体的作用，所以，辟谷术不值得提倡。
第二，“少食荤腥多食气”。
道教主张人体应保持清新洁净，认为人禀天地之气而生，气存人存，而谷物，荤腥等都会破坏“气”的清新洁净。所以，陶弘景《养性延命录》云：“少食荤腥多食气。”
道教把食物分为三、六、九等，认为最能败清净之气的是荤腥及“五辛”，所以尤忌食肉鱼荤腥与葱、蒜、韭等辛辣刺激的食物，如道教文献《上洞丹经诀·修内丹法秘诀》主张“不可多食生菜鲜肥之物，令人气强，难以禁闭。”此外，《胎息秘要歌诀·饮食杂忌》亦云：“禽兽爪头支，此等血肉食，皆能致命危，荤茹既败气，饥饱也如斯，生硬冷须慎，酸咸辛不宜。”那么，什么样的食物最理想呢?这就是“餐朝霞之抗灌，吸玄黄之醇精，饮则玉醴金浆，食则翠芝朱英。”\[3\]46道教认为只有这种饮食，才能延年益寿。
道教信仰食俗在中国古代对一般平民百姓生活影响并不大，如果按照道教的说法，穷苦百姓最有成仙的机会，他们本来就是在半饥半饱、与荤腥无缘的状态中生活，然而，直到他们饿死也与神仙无缘。相信辟谷成仙之说的，多是一些既富且贵的统治者，如汉武帝就曾接受方士之说，饮露餐玉，到处寻求仙药，也不免一死。曹魏正始年间的何晏，官至吏部尚书，为求长生而服五石散，又称寒食散，以炼钟乳石、阳起石、灵磁石、空青石、殊砂等为之。但五石散并没有使何晏长寿，不到五十岁便被诛杀。
唐代时，道教大盛，唐朝诸帝多食丹药，至死而执迷不悟，如唐太宗之死便有服丹药的因素。
古代道教的信仰饮食习俗，既有一定的科学内容，如主张节食、淡味、素食，反对暴食、厚味、荤食等，但也有许多迷信和无知的糟粕，这些精华与糟粕在道教追求长生的目的下得到了统一，并对后世产生了较大的影响，明清时，许多道教信徒就是遵循这种饮食规则。
汉唐是中国道教的兴起和成熟时期，这一时期道教也相应形成了自己独具特色的饮食习俗。这种饮食习俗是为了让教徒们从最简单、最平常的饮食行为中体悟教义，所以道人及其信徒的饮食也就成了道教思想在饮食生活上的表现形式，虽然这种饮食习俗带有浓郁的宗教特色，但它对丰富中国传统饮食文化也做出了一定的贡献。
3 伊斯兰教信仰饮食习俗
伊斯兰教在中国旧称回教、回回教、清真教、天方教。公元七世纪，由阿拉伯人穆罕默德创立，盛行于中东地区。七世纪中传人中国，在回族、维吾尔、哈萨克、乌孜别克等十多个民族中流传。他们认为：“真主原有独尊，谓之清真。”这样，清真教就成了伊斯兰教在中国的译称，因而人们习惯将教徒们制作出来的、具有回教风味的菜也称之为清真菜。
3.1 清真菜的饮食禁忌
清真菜的主要特点是饮食禁忌较多。伊斯兰教认为，猪、狗、驴、骡为“不洁之物，”不得食用，尤其禁食猪肉，并不能言及和接近之。伊斯兰教还禁食自死的动物、血液，以及未诵安拉之名而宰杀的动物。此外，无鳞鱼和凶狠食肉、性情暴躁的动物也不能吃。
据《天方典礼择要解》中说，回族禁食的有：“暴目者、锯牙者、环喙者、钩爪者、吃生肉者、杀生鸟者、同类相食者、贪者、吝者、性贼者、污浊者、秽食者、乱群者、异形者、妖者、似人者、善变化者”等。伊斯兰
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教还规定，即使是可食的畜禽，也必须经过阿匐或者懂得宰杀规矩的人宰杀，宰杀时，还要口诵安拉之名，方能食用。同西亚、北非阿拉伯伊斯兰教国家的菜肴相比，中国清真菜的风味迥异，但在饮食禁忌上则是完全相同的。
伊斯兰教在饮食方面还有一些附加规定，首先是可食之物在食用时也不能过分和没有节制。《古兰经》中说：“你们应当吃，应当喝，但不要过分，真主确是不喜欢过分者的。”另外，禁食之物在迫不得已的情况下食之无过，《古兰经》又说：“他只禁戒你们吃自死物、血液、猪肉，以及诵非真主而率的动物；凡为势所迫，非出自愿，且不过分的人(虽吃禁物)，毫无罪过。”
此外，伊斯兰教还认为饮酒是一种“秽行”，“饮酒是恶魔行为”，饮酒使人乱性，故应远离，因此，教民都不得饮酒。
3.2 清真菜的风味特色
清真菜选料严谨，工艺精细，食品洁净，菜式多样，其用料主要取材于牛、羊两大类，特别是烹制羊肉菜肴极为擅长。早在清代乾隆年间就已经有清真全羊席。全羊席即以羊肉、羊头、羊尾、羊蹄、羊舌、羊脑、羊眼、羊耳、羊脊髓和羊内脏为原料，可以做出品味各异的菜肴一百余种，体现了厨师高超的烹饪技艺，是清真菜中的最高级的代表。全羊席在清代同治、光绪年间极为盛行。《清稗类钞·饮食类》中说：“清江庖人善治羊，如设盛筵，可以羊之全体为之。蒸之、烹之、炮之、炒之、爆之、灼之、熏之、炸之。汤也、羹也、膏也、甜也、局也、辣也、椒盐也。所盛之器，或以碗、或以盘、或以碟，无往而不见为羊也。多至七、八十品，品各异味，号称一百有八品者，张大之辞也。中有纯以鸡鸭为之者。即非回教中人，亦优为之，谓之曰全羊席。同、光间有之。”
后来，由于烹制全羊席过于糜费，遂逐渐演化为全羊大菜。全羊大菜包括八道菜：独脊髓(羊脊髓)、炸蹦肚仁(羊肚仁)、单爆腰(羊腰子)、烹千里风(羊耳朵)、炸羊脑(羊脑子)、白扒蹄须(羊蹄)、红扒羊舌(羊舌)、独羊眼(羊眼)。全羊大菜规模虽然小些，但基本包含全羊席的精华，都是清真菜中的名菜。
清真菜的口味偏重减鲜，汁浓味厚，肥而不腻，嫩而不膻。但由于各地的物产和饮食习俗不同，清真菜在中国又可分为三个地域流派。其一是西北地区的清真菜，他们善于运用当地的特产，如牛羊肉、牛羊奶及哈密瓜、葡萄干等原料制作菜肴，保留了较多的阿拉伯人饮食特色，风格古朴；其二是京、津、华北地区的清真菜，取料广博，除牛羊肉外，海味、河鲜、禽蛋、果蔬具备，讲究火候，精于刀工，色香味形并重；其三是西南地区的清真菜，善于使用家禽和菌类植物，菜肴清鲜，注重保持原汁原味。
3.3 节日饮食习俗
信仰伊斯兰教的民族，一年中有两个隆重的节日：
.第一是开斋节，又称“肉孜节，”时间为伊斯兰教历十月一日。在这之前的一个月内，穆斯林们实行斋戒，称为“把斋”。在“斋月”期间，每天日出前吃好封斋饭，从日出到日落，严格禁食任何东西。老弱病幼者可不守斋，但也要尽量节制饮食。期满29天，寻看新月(月牙)出现时即行开斋，次日为开斋节。如不见新月，则继续斋戒一天，开斋节顺延。开斋节这一天，穆斯林们头戴小白帽，身穿节日服装来到清真寺会礼，互致节日问候，各家都要炸“油香，““油倮”“微子”等，互相赠送5\]。开斋节，又谓之小年，一般要欢庆三日。
第二是古尔邦节，又称“献生节”，意为宰牲、献祭之意。时间为回历十二月十日，此节犹如汉人之春节。节前要把家中打扫干净，过节这一天不吃早点，要赶在太阳未升之前去清真寺听阿匐念《古兰经》，互致节日问候。然后再回家宰羊煮肉，欢庆节日。
伊斯兰教的节日宴会也很有特色，大体可分为燕菜席、鱼翅席、鸭果席、便果席和便席五类。这些宴席具有繁简兼收，雅俗共赏，高中低档咸备，色香味形并美的特点。据胡朴安《中华全国风俗志》载：“回回宴会，总以杀牲畜为敬，驼、牛、马均为上品，羊或数百只。各色瓜果、冰糖、塔儿糖、油香，以及烧煮各肉、大饼、小点、傅饪、蒸饭之属，贮以锡铜木盘，纷纭前列，听便取食。乐器杂奏，歌舞喧哗，群回拍手，以应其节，总以极醉为度，有通宵达旦，醉而醒，醒而复醉者，所陈食品或散给于人，或宴罢携之而去，则主人大喜，以为尽欢。”\[6\]充分显示了回族饮食的丰富多彩和回民性格的豁达。 (下转第17页)
学社会科学学7 数据库
Analysis of Yangzhou Literati Dish in Qing Dynasty on
Reading 《Notes of Yangzhou Pleasure-boat》
PEI Yong-zhen
(Yangzhou Life and Technology School， Yangzhou 225009， Jiangsu， China)
Abstract： Yangzhou is the hometown of Haiyang cuisine， where since ancient time many renowned person-alities have assembled. The literati have been singing highly of Yangzhou cuisine. They transplanted culture into catering which brings great fame to Yangzhou cuisine and therefore makes those famous dishes widespread.
Key words： dietetic culture；《Notes of Yangzhou Pleasure-boat》；Huaiyang Cuisine；literati dish
(上接第6页)
参考文献：
\[1\]赵朴初.佛教常识答问\[M\].南京：江苏古籍出版社，1988：105.
\[2\]孟元老.东京梦华录\[M\].北京：中国商业出版社，1982：69.
\[3\]葛洪.抱朴子内篇\[M\].北京：中华书局，1985.
\[4\]姚思廉.梁书\[M\].北京：中华书局，1983：742.
\[5\]马静.北京牛街清真饮食文化析\[C\]/李士靖.中华食苑(第1集).北京：经济科学出版社，1994：343.
\[6\]胡朴安.中华全国民俗志(下册)\[M\].石家庄：河北人民出版社，1986：499.
A Study on the Dietetic Custom Formation and Cultural Value in Chinese Religion
YAO Wei-jun
(History and Culture Institute， Huazhong Normal University， Wuhan 430079， Hubei， China)
Abstractt：：The traditional Chinese religious dietetic culture is composed of Buddhism， Taoism and Is-lamism. It refers to daily Chinese conventions that have taken shape from the civilian belief and religious rites. Research into the forming process of Chinese religious dietetic culture and its cultural value shows that diet has promoted the development of religious belief， and conversely， the development of religion has had a great impact on the formation of civilian custom.
Key words： Dietetic culture； Religion； Dietetic Custom | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 提问是课堂教学的重要环节。提问是否有效直接关系到课堂教学的质量。西方学者德加默曾这样强调：“提问得好即教得好。”在教学中，有的课堂提问能“一右激起千层浪”，有的课堂提问却只能"吹皱一池春水”，还有
“救场”，那样只会适得其反。
江苏如东县拼茶小学(26400)王亚梅
在学生回答问题时，教师也应该耐心地倾听学生的回答。有时候，教师迫不及待地打断学生的阐述，武
的提问竟是“泥牛人海”，毫无反应。由此看来，好的课常提问能增进师生间的交流，激发学生学习的兴趣，启迪学生进行思维，锻炼学生的表达能力，从而实现教学的有效性。那么，怎样才能使课堂提问更有效呢?
一、提问时应立足整体，引导探究
在我们的课堂提问中，有一些提问是无效的：“满堂问”式的提问，零碎不系统，学生答了却不能“瞻前顾后”，融会贯通；“对不对”式的提问，貌似热闹非凡，实则流于形式，缺少思维过程；“自问自答”式的提问，学生来不及思考，也留不下任何印象……所以，教师的课堂提问应把握整体，引导探究，以启发学生的思维。
把握整体，即根据一堂课的教学目标设计一个提纲挈领的“根问题”，就如同计算机系统中的“根目录”一样。这个“根问题”能对教学过程起主导与支撑作用，是整堂课提问的大框架，亦即突破全篇的关键“一点”它是深层次课堂活动的引爆点、牵引剂和黏合剂，它应当带有探究性，能引导学生的积极参与，推动学生进行独立的或集体的探究活动。
引导探究，即是把“根问题”分解成条理清晰的“子问题”，就像建立“子目录”一样。子问题的提出要有序列性，即应当是递进式的，前后衔接。它们由浅入深，由易到难，由简到繁的，并最终指向课堂教学难点的解决。同时，“子问题”又应当具有提示性，对学生答问要能起指导或引导作用，给学生指出回答的方向或思考的路径，以启发学生积极地参与思考，进行探究活动。
二、提问后应予以思考，耐心听答
在课堂教学中，常常会碰到“冷场”的现象，究其原因，一方面可能是问题设计不合理，学生一时难以明白老师所提问题的用意；另一方面，则可能是学生正处于思维过程中，正在考虑如何组织语言表达。如果属于后者，留给学生足够的思维时间是十分必要的，因为足够的时间可以让学生的准备更充分，从而更完整、清晰地表达自己的观点；足够的时间也有利于更多的学生组织好语言，尤其是后进生，更需要充裕的时间来思考和准备。教师切不可为了表面的气氛活跃而迫不及待地
断地认为“绕了斗天还没到点子上”，就另请他人回答；还有的时候，教师在学生回答时插话，干扰了学生原有的思维，使学生不知1所措。如此种种，非但不能让学生享受到学习的成就感，反而让学生油然生出一种挫败感来，认为自己完全想错了，对自己的能力表示怀疑，从而对学习失去信心。其实，在教学过程中的提问，主要不是去发现“知道正确答案的学生”，而是帮助学生学会思考和表达自己的看法，学会如何“处理”面对的问题，去培养“会思考问题的学生”。这一点不仅应当成为所有教师的共识，还应当使学生通过我们的教学行为逐渐认识到，暴露错误、尝试错误就是学习中必然的过程。这样的课堂听答对学生良好思维习惯的形成至关重要，也是课堂提问有效性的一个重要体现。
三、提问的最高境界：引导质疑
著名教育家陶行知先生说：“发明干千万，起点是一问……智者问得巧，愚者问得笨。”他认为，教学的成败，应不在于教师讲了多少知识，而在于学生问了多少“为什么”；不在于学生在课堂上接受了多少知识，而在于学生质疑、评判了多少。促进学生思考问题，提出更多更好的有价值的问题，才是我们对教育的理解和追求。
教师提问的最高境界应该是激发学生自主地发问。提出一个问题，远比解决一个问题更重要。因为一个学生如能在阅读课文时不断提出疑问，说明他一直在积极思维，对课文的理解在不断加深。那么如何引导学生质疑呢?关键在于养成质疑的习惯，在集体授课制中，学生开始可能不太习惯提问题，不会提问题，甚至觉得无疑可问。这时候，可以先让学生通过预习课文的方式，试着提出一两个问题，然后在课上听讲时比较，这个问题是不是提在了“点”上，对其他同学有没有启发。久而久之，就有较多学生敢于质疑，甚至能提出有相当深度的问题了。这样的过程，能使学生变“要我学”为“我要学”，养成良好的思维习惯。质疑问难习惯的形成，对于课堂上探究性、合作性学习活动的开展大有裨益，也提高了学生思维的活跃性和能动性。因而，教师应在课堂提问中尽量巧妙地创造条件和机会让学生质疑，真正将学生带入语文的世界中去。 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **新时代“奋斗幸福观”的价值遵循**
江婷石磊
**【摘要】新时代，我们要有为幸福而奋斗，在奋斗中谋幸福的“奋斗幸福观"。“奋斗幸福观”的基本内涵包括为谁奋斗、谁去奋斗以及如何奋斗，这不仅源于习近平总书记的个人奋斗史，也与中国共产党的革命奋斗史一脉相承。新时代弘扬“奋斗幸福观”对于推动青年的自由全面发展、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，具有重要的理论意义和实践意义。**
**【关键词】奋斗幸福观初心使命当代青年全面发展【中图分类号】G412【文献标识码】A**
国共产党人的初心和使命，就是为中国人民谋幸中福，为中华民族谋复兴。这个初心和使命是激励中国共产党人不断前进的根本动力。使命呼唤担当，使命引领未来，，奋斗创造幸福。习近平总书记曾在多个场合强调，“幸福都是奋斗出来的”“奋斗本身就是一种幸福”“新时代是奋斗者的时代”“中国人民自古就明白，世界上没有坐享其成的好事，要幸福就要奋斗”。习近平总书记提倡的“奋斗幸福观”不仅是共产党员的基本素养，也是全体国民的共同信念，为我们指明了践行初心使命的行动方向。
“奋斗幸福观”的丰富内涵
**第一，“人民对美好生活的向往，就是我们的奋斗目标"，回答了为谁奋斗的问题。“奋斗幸福观”的核心在于它的本质是为了实现人民的幸福，其主要包含了两个重要的方面，一个是奋斗，另一个是幸福。对于奋斗，**
**习近平总书记在陕西延安市延川县梁家河村的七年插队生活，是一段特殊的个人成长经历，加深了他对奋斗的理解。对于幸福，习近平总书记在梁家河村做知青时逐渐体悟，幸福生活是靠广大人民群众共同奋斗出来的，因此在他以后的工作生涯中一刻也不忘其工作的出发点和落脚点都是“以人民为中心”。从习近平总书记的成长经历、执政实践和重要讲话中可以发现，作为党员干部，要将自己的奋斗与人民的利益联系起来，，切实做到“人民对美好生活的向往，就是我们的奋斗目标"。因此，为人民谋福利，为人民而奋斗，是中国共产党一直以来的价值追求。**
**第二，“人民共同享有人生出彩的机会"，回答了谁去奋斗的问题，即奋斗主体的问题。在2021年的新年贺词中，习近平主席指出，“平凡铸就伟大，英雄来自人民。每个人都了不起”!2013年3月17日，习近平总书记在十二届全国人大一次会议闭幕会上讲话指出， “生活在我们伟大祖国和伟大时代的中国人民，共同享有人**
**生出彩的机会”。每个中国人都有梦想，在努力实现个人梦想的过程中与国家同进步，共同分享社会发展的成果。历史和实践反复证明，人民群众是社会发展进步的最终决定力量，在生产生活中展现出丰富的智慧。青年是祖国的希望、民族的未来，是国家事业发展的重要力量。我们距离实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的目标越近，全体人民越要坚持不懈，当代青年越要发扬“奋斗幸福观"。总之，奋斗的主体是全体人民，所有人特别是青年人，应通过努力奋斗让自己的人生出彩。正如习近平总书记2021年4月在清华大学考察时指出， “当代中国青年是与新时代同向同行、共同前进的一代，生逢盛世，肩负重任”。**
**第三，“人世间的一切幸福都需要靠辛勤的劳动来创造”“幸福是奋斗出来的"，回答了如何奋斗的问题。幸福不会从天而降，想要获得幸福，必须靠自身的不懈努力与奋斗。马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中指出：“劳动是自由的生命表现。”劳动过程是使人自身发展、、完美化的过程，是获得幸福的过程。习近平总书记也曾指出，“劳动是推动人类社会进步的根本力量"。因此，只有通过辛勤劳动、诚实劳动、仓创造性劳动，才能获得幸福。中国特色社会主义进入新时代，想要获得幸福，不仅需要不断奋斗，还需要实干和苦干。面对新的机遇与挑战，只有不断提升自身的能力与素质，才有可能克服困难、获得成功，实现自己的人生理想。**
“奋斗幸福观”的思想来源
**第一，“奋斗幸福观”源于习近平总书记的个人奋斗史。1969年，习近平同志插队来到了延安延川县梁家河村。从1969年到1975年，七年的知青岁月生动诠释了“奋斗是艰辛的，艰难困苦、玉汝于成，没有艰辛就不是真正的奋斗”。在梁家河村艰苦环境的磨练下，这个北京来的青年，逐渐成长为乡亲们眼里的“好后生”。在赵家河，习近平同志不仅负责政策宣讲、大队领导班子整顿和生产队干部配备等行政工作，还和群众一起参加生产劳动，与农民一起修梯田、打土坝、植树造林……担任村干部，他身体力行，带领乡亲们改变村庄的面貌。可以说，梁**
**家河村的七年知青岁月，不仅是习近平同志个人成长的七年，也是他为改变梁家河村的落后面貌、为当地农民的幸福生活而不懈努力奋斗的七年。在贫瘠的陕北土地上，七年的知青岁月印证出一个道理，有奋斗才有未来，奋斗是人生永恒的追求。**
**第二，“奋斗幸福观”源于中国共产党的革命奋斗史。中国共产党诞生于困难重重的旧中国，从其诞生的第一天起，就致力于实现中华民族的独立和中国人民的解放，共产主义远大理想指引着每一名共产党员不懈奋斗。经过多年的艰苦奋斗，中国共产党领导人民建立了新中国，中华民族迎来了从站起来、、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃，并且正在为实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦而不懈努力。中国共产党在长期领导人民奋斗的实践中，逐渐形成了独具特色的革命奋斗史。鸦片战争之后，帝国主义列强对中国不断掠夺，使得中国变得积贫积弱，人民生活在水深火热之中。从鸦片战争到五四运动，中国的各个阶级都为挽救中国，作出了一系列努力，但都以失败而告终。历史证明，只有中国共产党领导的无产阶级才能救中国。新中国成立后，中国共产党领导中国人民进行经济建设，人民群众生活水平日渐改善。改革开放以后， _r_ 中国经济持续多年保持高速增长，取得举世瞩目的发展成就。今天，中国已经成为世界第二大经济体、第一大工业国、第一大货物贸易国、第一大外汇储备国。正是因为我们党带领人民努力奋斗，才创造了世所罕见的经济快速发展奇迹和社会长期稳定奇迹。**
“奋斗幸福观”的时代意蕴
**思想启迪：“奋斗幸福观”推动人的自由全面发展。个人的自由全面发展是社会整体向前发展的基础，当个人通过自身奋斗实现了自由全面发展，整个社会便会更加和谐稳定。“奋斗幸福观”告诉人们想要拥有幸福，就要不断地完善自己。马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中指出， “人类的特性恰恰就是自由的自觉的活动”。社会是由人组成的，个人通过自由自觉的活动，并在社会实践以及与他人交往的过程中，完成了人的社会性，实现了人的类特性，最终实现自身的自由全面发展。**
**“奋斗幸福观”将个人对社会和他人的贡献作为幸福与否的评价标准之一，可以促进人们形成向上的、积极的人生观和价值观。新时代，我们享受着国家发展、科技进步带来的各种福利，时刻感受着国家、社会和他人对我们的关心和照顾。因此，每个人在实现个人价值的同时，应当学会奉献，实现人生价值与社会价值的统一。“奋斗幸福观”使人们在奋斗中获得幸福，同时提倡大家要享受奋斗的过程，注重身心健康。在当前快速发展的社会中，如果一味要求奋斗、努力，而不注重个人的身心健康，也难以获得幸福。所以，一方面要讲明奋斗的重要性，另一方面要考虑如何享受奋斗的过程。在奋斗的过程中，要化压力为动力，适时释放压力。只有这样，才能真正实现人的自由全面发展。**
**实践方案：“奋斗幸福观”构建人们的幸福生活。习近平总书记指出，“人民对美好生活的向往，就是我们的奋斗目标”。这充分体现了党的领袖情系群众、关注民生的为民情怀。“奋斗幸福观”是为人们追求幸福生活规划出的最佳路径，想要获得幸福，需要艰苦的努力、永不懈怠的拼搏和一往无前的奋斗。实践证明，只有通过自己奋斗，才能更接近并且获取幸福，想要获得幸福没有捷径。因而，“奋斗幸福观”揭示出幸福与奋斗之间的联系，表明幸福的真实意义，即当每个人获得幸福之时就将实现全社会的幸福。**
**关于理想社会的描述，中国古代的“大同社会”，古希腊哲学家提出的“理想国”，近代空想共产主义者提出的“乌托邦”等，都是对未来社会的美好设想。这些思想家们所描述的幸福生活，都有一个必要前提和共同基础，那就是必须通过长期不懈的奋斗才能实现。事实上，“奋斗幸福观”是一种实践观，告诉人们要想改变现在的生活，必须通过自身的不懈努力；要想创造美好的生活，必须靠自己的双手。同时，个人的幸福要与社会相联系，不仅要为自己的幸福努力奋斗，还要为人民的幸福努力拼搏，在这个过程中提升自己的幸福感和成就感，进而构建出个人的幸福生活。**
**理论指导：“奋斗幸福观”促进实现中国梦。习近平总书记指出：“实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，就是要实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。”什么是中国梦?**
**中国梦是民族的梦，也是每个中国人的梦。中国梦将个体幸福、人民幸福和国家幸福凝结到一起。当个体获得幸福、人民获得幸福，整个民族的凝聚力便会提高。当所有人团结一致、努力奋斗，便可以战胜一切艰难险阻，创造出无数美好的可能，进而为推动实现中华民族伟大复兴作出新的更大的贡献。**
**“奋斗幸福观”表明：想要拥有幸福，，需要自己奋斗。同样，国家的富强，需要人民万众一心共同奋斗。实践证明，通过人民的共同努力、不断拼搏，中国取得了一个又一个辉煌，综合国力不断增强，科技实力不断提升，人民的物质生活水平、精神生活水平均不断提高。不仅如此，中国用几十年时间走完了发达国家几百年走过的发展历程，中国的成功不仅促进了本国的发展，更是为世界各国的发展提供了中国智慧和中国方案。2020年，面对新冠肺炎疫情的严峻考验，我们如期实现了全面建成小康社会目标，这为我们乘势而上开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程奠定了坚实基础。站在新的历史起点上，我们要牢牢把握我国发展的阶段性特征，牢军把握人民群众对美好生活的向往，继续用奋斗书写美好的明天。 _\[人民泰佳_**
(作者分别为西安科技大学马克思主义学院博士研究生；西安科技大学马克思主义学院教授、博导)
\[注：本文系陕西省社科界重大理论与现实问题研究项目 **日“四为”** 视域下大学治理能力现代化研究”(项目编号：2020ZH210)阶段性成果】
【参考文献】
①习近平：《决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利——在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告》，北京：人民出版社，2017年。
②习近平：《习近平谈治国理政》(第一卷)，北京：外文出版社，2018年。
③习近平：《习近平谈治国理政》(第二卷)，北京：外文出版社，2017年。
④习近平：《习近平谈治国理政》(第三卷)，北京：外文出版社，2020年。
⑤马克思：《1844年经济学哲学手稿》，北京：人民出版社，2002年。
责编/孙垚 美编/王梦雅 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **安徽省怀宁县孙家城遗址 H29发发掘简报**
安徽省文物考古研究所 怀宁县文物局(安徽合肥230061) (安徽怀宁246100)
**摘要：2008年，安徽省文物考古研究所、怀宁县文物局在安徽省怀宁县孙家城遗址发掘了西周早期大型灰坑H29，所出陶器群呈现商文化与本地文化相融合的特征，对于探讨东南地区西周早期殷遗民居址陶器群的面貌具有重要的学术意义。**
**关键词：安徽怀宁县；孙家城遗址：西周早期；般遗民；居址陶器群**
**中图分类号：K871.3 文献识别码：A 文章编号：1001-0327(2015)02-0003-09**
**孙家城遗址位于安徽省怀宁县马庙镇粟岗村孙城和费屋村民组，地处大沙河冲积平原的南侧，北临大沙河与桐城县交界，面积约25万平方米，东、南、西三面环绕新石器时代城墙”。为了解新石器时代城墙的结构、城内布局，寻找与城墙同期的文化堆积，安徽省文物考古研究所、怀宁县文物局于2008年9月下句至11月下旬对该遗址进行了第二次发掘，发现大面积薛家岗文化晚期、张四墩类型时期文化遗存。发掘证实，孙家城遗址是一处以新石器时代遗存为主体的遗址，同时还发现少量西周时期文化遗存，以 H29 最具代表性。H29 出土器物丰富，形制和组合较为特殊，对于认识东南地区西周早期殷遗民居址陶器群的面貌具有重要的学术意义，故先行对其进行简要介绍。**
**一、遗迹**
**本次发掘共分5个发掘区，H29 所在的老屋基发掘区位于孙家城遗址中部偏东。老屋基发掘区共布3个东西相邻的5×5米探方(T16、T17、T18)。**
**H29位于T16东部、东隔梁及T17西部，南、北延伸至探方以外。位于T16内的部分开11于第4层下，打破第 5、7A、7B、8、10A、12、13、14层、G7及生叶，坑口距地表0.60米；在**
**T17内的部分开口于第9层下，打破第10、11、13、15层、H36、H39及生上，坑口距地表0.65米。因四周均为水泥晒稻场，无法扩方，发掘部分平面呈不规则形，东西长7.15米，坑深1.50米，坑壁呈斜弧状，坑底平缓，坑壁和坑底无明显加工痕迹。**
**下面以T17西壁剖面上的H29 剖面为例**
**_图一_ T17 内 H29平、剖面图**
**图二 出土陶器**
**1、2、4、5、7~9.高(H29①：15、H29①：26、H29④：14、H29①：14、H29①：130、H29③：88、H29④：55) 3、6.瓶(H29①：28、**
**H29④：54) 10~15.高(甌)足(H29④：141，H29④：39、H29④：40、H29①：24、H29@：96、H29④：154)**
**对其堆积情况进行说明(图一)。**
**第1层：黄褐色土，土质较硬。厚30~60厘米。包含大量砂粒、红烧土块及少量黑色颗粒。出土遗物有石器、铜器、陶器及陶片。**
**第2层：红色土，土质疏松。厚10~30厘米。含有大量红烧土块且非常密集。出土遗物主要为陶片。**
**第3层：黑色土，土质疏松。厚0~35厘米。出土遗物有石器、陶片。**
**第4层：黑灰色土，土质较硬且有粘性。厚20~80厘米。包含红烧土块、砂粒。出土遗物有石器、铜器、陶器及陶片。**
**第4层下为生土。**
**二、遗物**
**H29 出土遗物以陶器为主，所出陶、铜、石质遗物共计200余件。**
**1.陶器**
**主要器类有高、甌、罐、簋、尊等。**
**鬲数量较多，均为夹砂陶，形制多样。**
**H29①：15，夹砂灰褐陶。尖圆唇，卷沿，口沿下部的绳纹被抹去，高领，颈部饰密集的横向细旋纹，颈部以下饰纵向细绳纹，裆略弧，足尖残。残高15、口径21.5厘米(图二，1；图版一)。**
**H29①：26，夹砂灰陶。圆唇，唇上方有小**
**图版一 陶高(H29①：15) 图版二 陶高(H29①：26)**
**图版四 陶高(H29①：14)**
**图版三 陶區(H29④：14)**
**图版五 陶高(H29①：130) 图版六 陶高足(H29④：39)**
**图三 陶罐**
**1.H29④：1055 _2_ 2.H29④：57 3.H29①：58 4.H29③：90 5.H29①：34 6.H29①：727.H29④：678.H29@：61 9.H29④：63**
**平台，卷沿，束颈，高领，颈部所施绳纹被抹去，颈部以下饰旋断交叉中绳纹，下腹部残。残高12、口径19.5厘米(图二，2；图版二)。**
**H29④：14，夹砂灰褐陶。小方唇，唇上方有小平台，卷沿，高领，颈部所施绳纹被抹去，颈部以下饰纵向略斜细绳纹，平裆，实足根发红，扁锥状，足尖外撇。通高22.5、口径24厘米(图二，4；图版三)。**
**H29①：14，夹砂夹云母，内壁可见大块石英颗粒，红褐陶。方唇略上翻，沿下角较小，颈部留有横向轮制痕迹，颈部以下饰纵向略斜粗绳纹，绳纹压印痕迹较浅，下腹部及裆部残。残高18.5、口径24厘米(图二，5；图版四)。**
**H29①：130，夹砂灰陶。上部残，分裆，实足根外撇，足尖残，腹部饰交错中绳纹，绳纹印痕较浅，实足根素面(图二，7；图版五)。**
**H29③：88，夹细砂灰陶。小圆唇，卷沿，高**
**领，颈部有轮制痕迹，颈部与肩部交界处饰一道戳印点纹的弦纹，肩部靠上的绳纹被抹去，其下饰纵向中绳纹，印痕较深(图二，8)。**
**H29④：55，夹砂黄褐陶。小方唇，唇上部有小平台，高领，颈部所施绳纹被抹去，肩部饰二道平行旋纹，肩腹部饰斜向中绳纹(图二，9)。**
**数量较少，均为夹砂陶，口径较大。**
**H29①：28，夹砂黄褐陶。方唇，卷沿，高领，颈部以下饰较模糊的纵向中绳纹，肩部饰压印纵向按窝内填横向附加堆纹(图二，3)。**
**H29④：54，夹细砂灰陶。圆唇，卷沿，高领，颈部所施绳纹被抹去，颈部以下饰纵向略斜中绳纹，绳纹印痕较深(图二，6)。**
**區(甌)足 数量较多，均为夹砂陶，可分为乳足、锥足、柱足等。**
**H29④：141，夹砂黄褐陶。袋足薄胎，分裆，**
**图四 陶簋、陶尊**
**1~3.簋(H29①：36、H29④：59、H29①：94) 4~6.尊(H29④：75、H29④：73、H29④：74)**
**足尖残，下腹部饰较模糊的斜向中绳纹，足根处抹光(图二，10)。**
**H29④：39，夹细砂灰陶。分裆，裆部饰中绳纹，锥足，足根处发红(图二，11；图版六)。**
**H29④：40，夹粗砂红褐陶，下腹饰粗绳纹，小乳足(图二，12)。**
**H29①：24，夹砂黄褐陶。上粗下细，下腹部饰纵向细绳纹，下收为柱足(图二，13)。**
**H29④：96，夹砂红褐陶。上部残留袋足底部，足根残，素面，外侧饰压印斜向按窝内填纵向附加堆纹(图二，14)。**
**H29④：154，夹砂黄褐陶。下腹部饰散乱交叉中绳纹，扁锥足，足根素面，下部残(图二，15)。**
**罐 数量较多，多为泥质陶，形制多样。**
**H29④：105，泥质红陶。厚方唇，折沿外侈，肩部饰数周瓦楞纹，腹部饰斜向粗绳纹，下腹及底部残。残高22、口径15厘米(图三，1；图五，2；图版七)。**
**H29④：57，泥质灰陶。方唇，折沿外侈，折肩，肩部和上腹部饰交错中绳纹，下腹部残。残高18、口径15厘米(图三，2；图五，5；图版八)。**
**H29①：58，泥质红陶。折沿外侈，广肩，饰**
**旋断纵向中绳纹，下腹饰交叉中绳纹(图三，3)。**
**H29③：90，夹砂黄褐陶。小方唇，卷沿外侈，颈部至肩部饰数道横向细旋纹，肩部以下饰斜向中绳纹(图三，4)。**
**H29①：34，泥质灰陶，厚胎。方唇，宽折沿外侈，口沿外侧中部饰一道弦纹，肩部饰旋断斜向细绳纹，内壁颈部以下饰麻点(图三，5)。**
**H29①：72，泥质灰陶。小方唇，唇面上方有小平台，宽折沿外侈，折肩，腹部下收，外壁压印小方格纹(图三，6)。**
**H29④：67，泥质黄褐陶，灰胎。小方唇，宽卷沿外修明显，高领，肩部略凸起，饰旋断交叉中绳纹(图三，7)。**
**H29④：61，泥质灰陶。小圆唇，唇面上方有小平台，束颈，高领，颈部饰一道旋纹，肩部饰较模糊的略斜纵向中绳纹(图三，8)。**
**H29④：63，泥质灰陶。敛口，口缘上翻，高领，颈部与肩部交界处饰一道旋纹(图三，9)。**
**簋均为泥质陶，可分为厚胎的侈口厚唇簋和薄胎的敞口薄唇簋。**
**H29①：36，灰陶，厚胎。厚唇，折沿，鼓腹，上腹部饰一行小三角划纹内填纵向细绳纹，下**
5 6 7
**图五 陶器纹饰拓片(示意)**
**1、4.簋(H29①：36、H29①：94) 2、5.罐(H29④：105、H29④：57) 3、6.尊(H29④：75、H29④：7 3) 7.高(H29④：36)**
**腹部饰一行大三角划纹内填纵向细绳纹，圈足略外撇，饰两道平行弦纹。通高18、口径26厘米(图四，1；图五，1；图版九)。**
**H29④：59，红陶，厚胎。厚唇，折沿，颈部以下饰较模糊的斜向中绳纹(图四，2；图版一○)。**
**H29①：94，灰黑陶，薄胎，器表磨光。圆唇，唇下方加厚，折沿近平，颈部饰一道旋纹，腹部饰二道旋纹，其下压印一周S形卷云纹(图四，3；图五，4)。**
**尊 均为泥质灰陶，薄胎，器表磨光。**
**H29④：73，圆唇，卷沿，唇下方加厚，颈部和上腹部各饰一道窗模纹。残高12、口径23厘米(图四，5；图五，6；图版一一)。**
**H29④：74，圆唇，卷沿，唇下方加厚，颈部饰二道旋纹，上腹部饰二道连珠纹，下腹部饰**
**一道窗板纹，窗标纹中部贴有一泥饼。残高17.5、口径22厘米(图四，6；图版一二)。**
**H29④：75，圆唇，卷沿，唇下方加厚，颈部饰一道弦纹，其下饰窗模纹，上腹部饰两道弦纹内夹一周S形卷云纹，下腹部饰一道弦纹，其下饰一周燕尾纹(图四，4；图五，3)。**
**2.铜器**
**仅发现少量插、镞、刀等。**
**锸1件(H29①：7)，凹口，弧形刃，顶部和刃部截面呈Ⅴ字形(图六，1)。**
**镞1件(H29①：10)，前锋锐利，镞身中部起脊，双翼呈两面坡，截面呈菱形，无后锋，尖锥形缎(图六，2)。**
**刀丁 1件(H29①：2)，直柄，直背，刃部残失，柄及刀尖处折断(图六，3)。**
**图版八 罐(H29④：57)**
**图版七 罐(H29④：105)**
**图版一○) 簋(H29④：59)**
**图版九 簋(H29①：36)**
**_图版一一_ 尊(H29④：73) 图版一二二 尊(H29④：74)**
**图六 铜器**
**1.插(H29①：7) 2.镞(H29①：10) 3.刀(H29①：2)**
**三、结语**
**(一)年代判断**
**孙家城 H29 所出侈口厚唇簋 H29①： 36、H29④：59，红陶绳纹罐 H29④：105，圈足尊H29④：73、H29④：74、H29④：75 和厚胎折肩罐H29①：34为殷墟文化第四期典型形制，但与之共出的部分陶器已出现明显的西周早期特征，如區H29④：14窄折沿、高领、微束颈、微鼓腹、腹部饰斜向细绳纹、平档、高扁锥足外撇的特征以及嬴 H29①：15颈部饰密集横向细旋纹的特征与蕲春毛家咀西周早期居址t5所出陶區Hl9/1：3：1相似，區 H29①：15 和高 H29④：14的裆部制作工艺与安阳刘家庄北地(抗震人楼)西周时期墓葬所出陶品相同，敞口薄唇簋H29①：94 折沿、直腹、腹部压印S形卷云纹的特征与鹿邑太清宫长子口墓所出B型陶簋相似，圈足尊 H29④：75腹部压印的S型卷云纹不见于殷墟文化，却见于北京琉璃河遗址西周早期墓葬所出圈足尊 IM66：4B的上腹部。2009**
**年11月和2011年3月，经北京大学加速器质谱(AMS)测定孙家城 H29 第2层所出木棍碳样的碳十四年代(BP)2845±35年，树轮校正后年代1060BC(68.2%)930BC，H29第4层所出木炭的碳十四年代(BP)2900±30年，树轮校正后年代1130BC(68.2%)1020BC。综合考虑，可将 H29的年代定为西周早期。**
**(二)文化面貌与性质**
**孙家城 H29 陶器群呈现出商文化与本地文化相融合的特征。H29所出侈口厚唇簋、圈足尊、红陶绳纹罐和厚胎折肩罐为般墟文化第四期典型形制，但所出部分陶高、簋、圈足尊又出现了较为明显的西周早期特征，推测应与西周早期迁来此地的殷遗民有关。孙家城 H29陶器群的陶區具有地方化和多样化的特点，与之共出的是殷墟文化第四期典型形制的侈口厚唇簋、圈足尊、红陶绳纹罐和厚胎折肩罐，陶器群组合较为特殊，对探讨东南地区西周早期殷遗民居址陶器群的面貌提供了重要材料。**
**附记：本次发掘领队朔知，参加发掘的主要人员有安徽省文物考古研究所朔知、罗虎，怀宁县文物管理所金晓春、何张俊、潘启和、汪黎明、吕生根，安徽大学考古专业教师王箐及08级研究生和本科生等。参加资料整理的有安徽省文物考古研究所朔知、侯卫东及北京大学考古文博学院博士生张东、李宏飞等。器物修复智建荣，摄影李宏飞，绘图朱录乾。感谢怀宁县马庙镇政府、栗岗村委会及孙家城村民的大力支持!**
**执笔：朔** **知** **李宏飞**
**注释：**
**\[1\]朔知、金晓春：《安徽怀宁发现新石器时代城址》，《中国文物报》2008年2月15日第2版。**
**\[2\]朔知、金晓春、王箐、罗虎：《安徽怀宁孙家城遗址第二次发掘主要收获》，《中国文物报》2009年4月17日第4** 版。
**\[3\]H29 在发掘之初未分层，故将部分原本可能属于下层的遗物统归入了第1层。**
**\[4\]邹衡：《试论殷墟文化分期》，《夏商周考古学论文集》，文物出版社，1980年。**
**\[5\]中国科学院考古研究所湖北发掘队：《湖北折春毛家咀西周木构建筑》，《考古》1962年第1期。**
**\[6\]中国社会科学院考占研究所安阳工作队：《河南安**
**\[7\]河南省文物考古研究所、周口市文化局：《鹿邑太清宮长子口墓》中州古籍出版社，2000年。**
**\[8\]北京市文物研究所：《琉璃河西周燕国墓地》，文物出版社，1995年。**
**A Preliminary Excavation Report on the Ash Pit H29 in Sunjiacheng Site of Huaining County， Anhui Province**
**Anhui Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology**
**(Hefei， Anhui 230061)**
**Huaining Administration of Cultural Heritage(Huaining， Anhui 246100)**
**Abstract： Anhui Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Huaining Administra-tion of Cultural heritage excavated the Ash Pit H29 uncovered in Sunjiacheng Site of Huaining County in 2008. The characteristics of pottery types represented a mixture between the Shang Culture and the indigenous culture. The combination of these cultural attributes at the site indicates the importance of this find in understanding the cultural changes influencing the descendants of Yin Dynasty in southeas-tern China during the period of early Western Zhou.**
**Keywords： Huaining County of Anhui Province， Sunjiacheng Site， early Western Zhou， the des-cendants of Yin Dynasty， potteries of the residential site** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 洛阳唐卢照已墓发掘简报
洛阳市第二文物工作队
2005年1~6月，我队在配合洛南新区永泰街、金城寨街、翠云路工程建设中发掘清理了春秋至唐宋时期墓葬130余座。其中唐卢照已墓(2005LNCM9)，虽遭盗掘，但仍出土墓志等随葬器物(图一)。现将发掘情况简报如下。
墓葬形制
2005LNCM9为单室砖室墓，由墓道、甬道、
图一墓莽位置示意图
墓室组成，墓向180°墓道位于甬道南侧，为长方形斜坡，坡度22°墓道南部大部已遭破坏。口部距地表0.4、残长2、宽1.36、底距地表2.4米。墓道东西两侧有石门砧，其间有石门槛，上有拱形石门，门残碎。砧长0.43、宽0.28、厚0.16，槛长0.99、宽0.18、高0.16米。甬道位于墓道之北，为长方形拱顶砖券。长3.5、宽1.35、高1.88米。甬道壁用单砖一顺一丁砌筑，顶用侧立砖砌成拱形，北端为复券。甬道内出土墓志1合。墓室为砖室，在甬道西侧，平面略呈方形，边略有弧度，顶部已被破坏，推测为穹降顶。壁用砖一顺一丁叠砌，底用砖错缝平铺。墓室边长4.2、残高2.4米。由于墓葬被多次盗扰，墓室内仅散见陶俑、陶片等，还有盗墓工具。棺床位于墓室西侧，砖砌，高于墓室底部0.2米，棺床长4.2、宽2.3米。人骨架散乱(图二)。
随葬器物
随葬器物大多残碎，经修复，有陶器座、陶马残片、陶骆驼、陶俑等。
陶俑 15件。
丁工
北七
图二 LNCM9平、剖面图
1.陶器座 2.3.残陶马 4-19.陶俑 20.墓志
风帽俑 14件。均为褐红陶。头戴风帽，眉骨突出，双目圆睁，眼窝深陷，高鼻，阔嘴，身披翻领大衣，内着圆领长袍，双手拢袖拱于胸前。施白彩。标本 LNCM9： 10， 高 19.6厘米(图三、五：1)。
女侍俑 1件(LNCM9： 19)。长发遮耳，头顶挽成一髻，并垂至前额，面部丰满微笑，眉眼细长，小嘴，身穿曳地长裙，双手伸于胸前。施白彩。高8.5厘米(图四、五：2)。
器座 1件(LNCM9：1)。残。卷沿，底中空。高14.8厘米(图五：4)。
骆驼 1件(LNCM9：4)。腿部残，双峰。残高10.7厘米(图五：3)。
马 2件。残甚，均无法复原。
墓志 1合(2005LNCM9： 20)。青石质，方
形。志盖孟顶，中央阴刻篆书“唐故府君卢君墓志铭”，四刹饰卷草纹。底边长74.5、厚15.5厘米。志石四边饰卷草纹，志文楷书，纵35行，满行 36字，共1194字。边长74.5、厚15.5厘米(图六)。志文如下：
唐故银青光禄大夫金州刺史上柱国卢君墓志铭并序
君讳照已字灵之范阳涿人汉侍中府君植之十六代孙炎黄启其胤绪圣德天齐尚父大其门/闾深仁海浚忠贤踵武台鼎连踪昌之以汉侍中承之以晋司空世炳丕业以至于公故万叶归/其鼎绪六籍咏其家风曾祖旦齐本州大中正赠殷州刺史祖子元随龙山新宁二令/父仁勖唐江都尉临颍丞文学继业游夏扬名才命不齐郡县偕讪古
不云乎明德之後必
有/达人君之昆弟
八人咸能知名当代有若照乘照邻照容泊君并弱冠秀出皆擅词宗翰墨決于/寰瀛文集藏于天阁晋朝二陆未方群秀荀门八龙多惭鸿笔故天下休之以为荣观君仪凤三/年起家举词殚文律藻思清华科对策高第授德州平昌尉时刺史赵崇道长孙宪累以
孝悌词/学闻荐于
朝垂拱初举器标瑚
图三 陶风帽俑(LNCM9：10) 图四 陶女侍俑(LNCM9： 19)
琏才堪栋干科对策高第授太常太祝满岁
选国子主簿长寿/二年举匡过补阙犯颜无隐科对策高第授并州司仓参军事满岁选授雍州司兵参军加朝散/大夫迁太子舍人转起居郎出为豳州司马迁魏州长史神龙
初迁复州刺史以良政闻入/为国子司业，进所撰文集敕书衰美特付秘阁赐物四十段寻迁光禄少卿出为豫州刺史先天中/勃使陈提伽有犯于境左授宣州别驾开元初有司明白制还旧资授房州刺史加银青光
图五 陶 器
1.风帽俑(LNCM9： 10)
2.女侍俑(LNCM9： 19)
3.骆驼(LNCM9： 4)
4.器座(LNCM9：1)
(2为1/2，余为1/4)
禄/大夫授金州刺史七年遇疾罢郡归于洛京病间就闲闭门谢世时圣制平胡诗偃松/诗二章词臣毕和君感音进和上深叹美赐物四十段他日又撰进亡兄照邻照荣等文集又/降使慰赏赐杂彩六十段泊十有一年九月一日寝疾终于康俗里第春秋七十有三君冠族英/华翰林宗匠文章秀发受气于东壁之星桢干森然比劲于南山之竹年始志学博究群书探六/籍之菁华漱百氏之芳润振丽藻而烽烟动色写清辩而笙竽合响则已名闻寰宇价重朝廷为/陆氏之龙鸾连
翔抚翼充谢庭之兰玉齐芳吐秀其门者兴喻虎之谈升其堂者均附骥之远/故弱冠从政青猷允塞三□明扬甲科咸据累登清贯良政备闻若乃薄游下位则丑夷不争琬/之无言载笔中朝则章奏推工含光有裕贰郡则百城繄赖邦国兴谣作牧则千里偃风循良入/奏膺庠序之寄则国胄知习登河海之列则卿寺有光升降委运喜愠无色出入惟时光尘莫碍/献词赋而皇恩屡赐玉帛盈乎筐筐赏声律而天文累降星辰光乎翰简既而位登七命年/及悬车遐想二陳辞荣览
图六墓志拓片(1/7)
止浩然养气心王玄虚紫芝兴歌神期黄老日月无常丰之势夜壑不/留仁贤有同尽之期晨歌奄回悲夫其名也立搦札飞文擅一时之才子其生也贵腰金佩玉继/百代之诸侯有令德闻于宇县有高文悬于日月何必乎台辅然后为贵哉夫人太原王氏后魏/黄门侍郎并州刺史遵业之六代孙唐华阴丞弘安之子宾天系佐魏高门世德盛于衣/冠嫔仪映于中外言容备举起谢蕴之林风训试聿修嗣斑昭之女范沉龙失匣东岱先游灵龟/启期西阶终合粤以十二年四月廿日合附于河南县定鼎原礼也嗣子混漪澄汴等青才懿行/克承家业棘心柴毁永切天经有感栲里之宫惧启滕公之室勒贞石兮泉壤与厚地兮终毕呜呼哀哉为之铭曰圣贤丕系明德继世振家声兮积庆降灵兰玉充庭皆弟兄兮才子济美圣朝秀起/作时英兮甲科三登清贯备升天下荣兮象河高位剖符重寄德政成兮紫芝载歌悬车养和遂/远情兮文藏天阁魂归夜壑伤簪缨兮柔嫔具德邦家内则凤和鸣兮失翼中天同穴下泉闭佳/城兮德实不朽庆流厥後垂令名兮
三
小
结
2005LNCM9 为二人合葬墓，墓主卢照已卒于唐开元十一年(723年)，享年73岁，葬于开元十二年(724年)。此墓为斜坡单室弧方形砖室墓，平面略呈“刀”形，属中型墓葬，与墓主人
身份相当。从残存随葬器物的特征看，与唐安国相王儒人唐氏、崔氏墓(706年)出土的陶俑已有很大不同，而与唐睿宗贵妃豆卢氏墓(740年)出土陶俑形制相近。
关于墓主卢照已，文献无载。志文称“君讳照已，字灵之，范阳涿人，汉侍中府君植之十六代孙”。卢植，《后汉书》《三国志》均有载。志文答，“君之昆弟八人咸能知名当代，有若照乘、照邻、照容泊君并弱冠秀出，皆擅词宗，翰墨狭于寰瀛，文集藏于天阁”卢照邻(635~689年)，字昇之，范阳涿郡人，两唐书有传，为初唐四杰之一。其传与墓志所反映的内容相吻合。范阳涿郡卢氏自东汉卢植后，迄魏晋逐步发展成关东大族，历南北朝、隋唐而不衰。卢照已墓的发现为我们研究卢氏家族世系，了解唐代的官制及唐前期的考试制度等，提供了新资料。
发摄影：蔡梦珂绘图：诸卫红拓片：岳 梅执
掘：司马俊堂朱
磊
江化国
笔：吴业恒 司马俊堂
慕
鹏
\[1\]
洛阳市第二文物工作队《唐安国相王孺人唐氏、崔氏墓发掘简报》，《中原文物》2005年第6期。
12\]
洛阳市文物工作队《唐睿宗贵妃豆卢氏墓发掘简报》，《文物》1995年第8期。
(责任编辑：李缙云) | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **美国对涉华商业秘台的**
**337调查及国内行业的应对做法**
**美国以侵犯商业秘密为案由的“337调查”最近几年呈增长趋势。出丁此类调查和其他知识产权的“337调查”存在··些差异，其对中国涉案企业以及整个行业影响更巨大，已经发生的案例也体现了一些新的特点和争议之处，因此有必要积极应对。行业协会应充分利用其自身的优势，在案件发生之前、进行之中以及之后积极组织协调企业进行应对工作，尽量防范、减少此类调查给中国企业、行业以及出口利益造成的损失。**
**一、问题的提出**
**虽然中国一直饱受美国“337调查”的困扰，但是以侵犯商业秘密为由的“337调查”早期并不多见，从2001年至2011年11年间，美国以侵犯商业秘密为案由对中国提起的“337调查”只有2起：--起是2008年美国阿姆斯耐德公司对中国天瑞集团铸造有限公司的铸钢铁路车轮案；另起是2011年美国 Twin-Star International公司和美国 TS Investment 控股公司对深圳市瑞莱普电气技术有**
**限公司的电子壁炉案。2012年和2013年，又各发生一起：2012年美国化学中间体制造商圣莱科特国际集团(SI Group)对中国江苏张家港华奇化工等多家企业的橡胶增黏剂案；2013年美国范罗士公司和范罗士办公用品(苏州)有限公司对江苏新瑞机械公司的碎纸机案。**
**除以单纯的侵犯商业秘密为由进行的“337调查”之外，还出现以侵犯商业秘密为案由之一的“337调查”，如2012年上半年针对中国深圳市瑞来普电气技术有限公司等三家企业的电子壁炉及其组件、同类产品制作过程手册等“337调查”，不仅涉及侵犯商业密秘的指控，还涉及到著作权、合同欺诈的指控。2013年7月对三·集团控股公司三一重工的“337 调查”，同样再次出现了不仅涉及常见的专利侵权指控，还涉及了侵犯商业秘密的指控。可见，近儿年以侵犯商业秘密为案由甚至作为单独案由的“337调查”呈上升趋势。**
**2013年2月20日，美国发布的“反外国盗取商业秘密策略”的报告中，多次以中国企业或自然人**
**等盗取美国商业秘密举例，并提出要加强美国法律的执行力度，保护其商业秘密，并修改相关国内法律积极应对。报告称，将采取积极行动，打击那些可能被外国公司和外国政府用来获得不公平经济优势的盗窃美国商业秘密的行为。**
**因此，关于商业秘密的“337调查”不可避免的会呈增长的趋势，涉及案件的中国企业如果败诉将会丧失在美国市场销售产品的资格，对我国的企业以及产品出口会产生严重的影响，因此应积极进行应对。由于商业秘密相对于其他的知识产权有些自身的特点，在应对商业秘密的“337调查”和应对其他的“337调查”存在一些差异和特别的要求。**
**二、以侵犯商业秘密为案由的“337调查”的特点**
**“337调查”作为一种十分严厉的贸易保护措施，其特点是时间短、认定条件比较简单、后果严重。以商业秘密为案由的“337 调查”除了具有这些特点之外，还具有其自身的特点，对这些特点的了解和掌握对应对此类调查具有**
**本文系教育部人文科学基金青年项目(项目编号：12YJC82002B)：江苏省教育厅高校哲学社会科学基金项目(项目编号：2013SJB820005)：江苏省2012年度普通高校研究生科研创新计划项目的部分研究成果(项目编号：(CXZZ12** \_ **0775)**
**重要的作用。**
**(一)商业秘密不受保护期限的限制**
**相对于其他知识产权，如专利权或著作权等，商业秘密没有保护期限的限制，从理论上说，企业的商业秘密可以永久的保护下去，一旦中国企业被美国的“337 调查”裁定适用相关的救济措施，如排除令或禁止令，中国的企业可能永远的失去美国的市场，不能再向美国进行产品出口，对国内企业的影响巨大。**
**(二)涉及商业秘密的“337调查”比较新**
**目前为止以侵犯商业秘密为案由的“337调查”发生的相关案例，中国有的处于正在应诉过程中，有的应诉失败。在实践过程中，很多企业首先未能有强烈的防范意识，其次未能意识到应对重要性。涉案企业面对此种调查还未有胜诉的经验可供参考，对于应对程序和应对策略等都处于摸索的状态。实践中，商业秘密的侵权与劳动者的流动是密切相关的，我国被美国启动商业秘密“337调查”的企业，都是由于劳动者从其他企业跳槽来到本企业。目前，我国很多企业在挖掘人才的时候，还没有很强的这方面的法律意识，因此留下了法律风险。以侵犯商业秘密为案由的“337调查”与其他侵犯知识产权为案由的“337调查”在证明方面存在差异，其需要调查机关证明企业的侵权行为对美国国内产业存在潜在的或已经造成了损害。**
**(三)商业秘密的价值在于其保密性**
**商业秘密的价值在于其秘密**
**性。商业秘密是依据权利人采取保密措施而体现其价值的，如果商业秘密被公开，其优势价值就不存在了。以侵犯商业秘密为案由的“337调查”与其他知识产权案由的调查存在一些差异。企业对于商业秘密一般不可能如专利、注册商标等知识产权，可以建立行业的知识产权信息共享平台，搭建对外公开的有关数据库。因此，在应对调查的过程中，企业会担心自己的商业秘密被泄露，出现被告企业不止一家的情况下，企业之间进行联合应诉就会出现一些障碍，影响应对调查的顺利进行。**
**三、国内行业对美国涉华商业秘密“337调查”的主要优势**
**(一)相对于企业，行业协会具有协调组织优势**
**面对实际发生的“337调查”案件，很多企业一般认为事不关己高高挂起，只是自己的同行业或者是上下游企业遭遇，并没有降临到自己身上，缺乏防范的意识，造成实际降临自身头上时，企业管理层缺乏应对和配合专业人员的素质和能力。对此，行业协会可以做到高瞻远瞩，调动本行业会员的相关危机意识，并通过一定的平台和渠道邀请有经验的律师团队给企业的高层管理人员做有关的讲座、培训，首先建立防范的意识，然后更好的指导企业以后生产经营活动中商业秘密的维护，避免触犯美国关税法第337条款的规定。而且行业协会可以通过相应的平台和机制向会员宣传和培训**
**侵犯商业秘密的常见渠道，诱发美国以侵犯商业秘密为案由的“337调查”主要的诱因，从而在平时日常的管理中就可以尽量减少诱因的发生，尽量避免被美国发动以盗取商业秘密为案由的“337调查”。**
**实践中，发生侵犯商业秘密的“337调查”，被告企业如果是多家，也可能出现企业相互之间协助共同应诉。这样企业就可以共享资源、分享资料信息，分工协助，可以减少费用和成本、负担。但是联合应诉中，与其他企业要相互之间进行协商，由于缺乏相应的平台和机制，造成企业相互之间沟通协调可能出现障碍，也可能诱发自己企业商业秘密的泄露。而且由于各个企业的目标以及自身情况存在差异，没有很好的协调组织和相应的相对成熟的处理机制，可能会导致企业相互之间的协调和合作效果不明显。**
**实际应诉过程中般都会涉及高昂的应诉费用，单个的企业应诉资金不足，加上商业秘密盗取为案由的337调查，企业还没有相应的应诉经验，造成企业更大的畏难情绪，应对的积极性更不高。在畏惧、侥幸心理下，有些企业可能会决定不予应诉，或者希望其他企业积极应诉后取得完全胜诉的结果，从而可以搭便车。实践中，这种想法危害很大，企业不应诉，败诉的可能性很大，几乎难以取得对被告有利的裁决。而且对于商业秘密侵犯的认定，不同的企业存在不同的情况，不会因为其他企业被认定不存在商业秘密侵犯或与原告达成一定的和解就自动的惠及其他企业。**
**因此，面对以商业秘密为案山**
**的“337调查”，行业协会可以通过一定的机制督促、扶持企业进行应诉。行业协会的组织协调作用越来越明显，这也是企业无法做到的，政府不方便实施的。行业协会担任重要角色，组织、团结企业和其他各方面力量如了解美国商业秘密法律的律师等，加强有关信息资料的收集，为企业做好有关数据库，协助企业了解和掌握美国的法律规定，防范企业陷入盗取商业秘密的漩涡。**
**(二)相对于政府，行业协会具有代言人机制优势**
**面对日益增多的盗取商业秘密为案由的“337调查”，政府也可以通过宣传，举办培训，给付援助资金，给予应诉企业相应的支持，但是以商业秘密为案由的“337 调查”可能涉及不同的行业，每个行业有自身的一些特点，包括商业秘密的案件的诱发原因，各个行业对于商业秘密保护采取的保密措施也各有差异。如实践中发生的几起以侵犯商业秘密为案由的“337调查”主要诱因之一是人员流动即原告企业的工作人员流动到被告企业，但是每个行业的人员流动有自身的特点，政府在进行宣传和培训时难以有针对性的进行，相应的注意事项就可能显得比较普遍化，不具有特定性。**
**相对于政府，行业协会对本行业的实际情况更为熟悉，对于国际上相关企业以及类似产业更为了解，对企业的相关服务史具有针对性。其可以通过行业之间的交流获取相关的信息，有针对性的给本行业的企业做好预警机制，能够长期的、动态的给企业提供实用的信息，对企业的商业秘密**
**相关问题更为了解，对于本行业或类似行业的人员流动中的商业秘密的保护更有发言权。**
**另外一方面，行业协会还可以通过自身的自律管理，提倡各成员企业公平自由的竞争，通过一些措施限制成员企业相互之间侵犯商业秘密的行为出现，协调本行业成员之间的商业秘密事务，减少这方面的贸易摩擦。例如，中国钢铁工业协会在2002年由宝钢、鞍钢、武钢、首钢等钢铁企业共同签订了(《钢铁企业保护商业秘密守则》，较好地协调了人才流动、技术转让等活动中的商业秘密侵权问题。将可能诱发美国以侵犯商业秘密为案由的“337调查”的原因，从源头予以防让。**
**(三)行业协会的纽带优势**
**对于政府和企业而言，行业协会可以起到桥梁、纽带的作用，行业协会可以将政府部门的一些保护策略传达给成员企业，可以将企业希望政府协助的想法、意愿传达给政府，便于政府和企业之间的沟通和配合。一方面行业协会作为企业的代言人，可以代表企业争取政府的更大支持，另一方面也可以将政府的政策信息及时准确的传达给企业，可以帮助企业了解和掌握本行业的在应对美国以侵犯商业秘密为案由的“337调查”最新发展动态。**
**行业协会还可以与外国行业协会或企业等加强合作交流，可以了解和掌握国外最新的动态和发展趋势，便于企业熟知。因为，国外的进口商协会是建立此类预警机制的可靠基础和天然屏障，特别是有华人参加的进口商协**
**会，其能较早收集到国外的动态和信息，并能洞察贸易壁垒发起的理由缺陷日，，从而抓住要害予以反击， _，_ 常常取得意想不到的效果。**
**行业协会还可以通过行业之间的沟通交流，学习其他国家和地区在应对美国以商业秘密为案由的“337调查”方面的成功经验，从而可以更有效的引导本行业的企业做好预防工作、发生调查中的应对工作以及调查结束后的后续工作，尽量防范以及减少盗取商业秘密的“337调查”给本行业以及相关企业造成的损失。**
**四、国内行业应对美国涉华商业秘密“337调查"的基本做法**
**(一)事前预防的加强**
**行业协会通过相应的平台，可以组织会员进行培训和学习交流，首先形成相关的意识，认识到以商业秘密为案由对我国企业进行“337调查”的形势，意识到应对的重要性和必要性。从思想意识上重视起来，做好相关的法律风险防范，能够了解甚至掌握美国关于商业秘密的制度和规则，督促企业重视前期对法律风险防范的准备工作和投入，提高防范的法律意识。在2008年的天瑞案件中，美国法院确立了一一项规则：美国《《关税法》第337条款的规定对于发生在美国境外的侵犯商业秘密的行为也能适用，在某些情况下，对于发生在中国境内的侵犯商业秘密的行为，美国可以主张管辖权，这增加了我国应对“337调查”的难度。**
**行业协会可以通过宣传和培训等方式增加企业的在此方面的**
**意识和有关情况的了解。行业协会还可以通过搭建一定的平台，督促和扶持企业做好法律风险的防范，培训专业的了解、熟悉美国商业秘密法律制度以及“337 调查”程序和规则的人才或者与相关律师等专业人士建立长期的、快捷的联系方式，在专业人员在指导、安排下对相关程序、注意事项以及记录、文件、资料等做好准备工作、归档安排，为防范以侵犯商业秘密为案由的“337调查”的发生， _一_ 一旦发生以盗取商业秘密为案由的337调查案件，也能够快速做出反应，尽量减少损失以及降低应诉成本。行业协会应加强事先预警机制的建设和完善以及可以通过自律管理，促进企业平时的生产经营活动中注重对商业秘密制度的遵循，防范劳动者流动诱发的商业秘密侵权，尽量避免诱发以侵犯商业秘密为案由的“337调查”的发生。**
**成立有关的应诉风险基金。在日常应对侵犯商业秘密的“337调查”中，单个的企业通常难以承受高额的法律服务费用，而且对美国国内的相关法律制度以及商业秘密法律不是很了解，更谈不上掌握。以前对华的“337调查”很多企业面对这些障碍不得不在严格苛刻的条件下和原告进行和解。如2012年的华奇化工案件截止2013年9月底，已经为此案付出超过1000万美元的应诉成本，而这并不包括商机、声誉损失等其他损失。②行业协会通过对涉及商业秘密的“337 调查”给予相应的扶持，给予适当的资金帮助，或者帮助企业去争取政府有关的扶持和资金资助等缓解高额应诉费**
**用给企业带来的压力，保护企业个体利益的同时维护行业的整体出口利益。**
**(二)事中积极应对**
**针对对华正在发生的以侵犯商业秘密为案由的“337调查”行业协会可以积极协调相关企业，积极进行应对，快速做出应有的反应。目前关于侵犯商业秘密的337调查，中国应诉还没有成功的案例，对于华奇化工的复审结果还在等待之中。但是，这并非代表行业协会就不可以通过对已经发生的以侵犯商业秘密为案由的案件进行分析，总结在应对美国这类“337调查”方面的一些重要的应对注意事项和策略。**
**例如，天瑞案中，天瑞公司曾对美国的管辖权提出异议，认为完全发生在中国境内涉嫌侵犯商业秘密的行为，美国不具有管辖权，从而提出“337条款”不应适用。天瑞公司还抗辩，申请人不符合美国关于“337调查”中规定的国内产业的要求，因此，不应被采取有关措施。华奇化工在面对美国的“337调查”时，通过积极抗辩和应对，赢得了一定的成果。美国国际贸易委员会在终裁中否决了原来的普遍排除令。但是在此案应对中，华奇化工付出巨大的人力、物力、财力，过程非常艰辛。对此，行业协会可以帮助企业解决应对中的一些问题，尽量减少企业应对中的负担。如行业协会可以在企业应诉中起到很好的协调、组织作用，如律师团队的推荐、应对策略的建议等，协助企业做好应对工作。**
**(三)事后总结和突破**
**日本、韩国等国家在应对美国“337调查”方面的经验值得我国**
**借鉴。20世纪80年代，日韩企业也曾是美国337调查的重点。发展至今，居然是日本开始反扑，大规模发起337调查起诉仿冒其产品的美国企业，中国行业协会可组织本行业成员通过与这些国家和地区人员进行相互交流、分享经验，学习新做法，争取在商业秘密337调查中不仅作被动的被告。**
**行业协会还可以通过梳理已经发生过的337调查案例，帮助企业更好的了解美国337调查的主要内容和程序，了解美国337调查中确立的 一些新规则，从而可以积极地推动地方和中央政府部门的应对机制。行业协会可以代表企业积极向有关部门建议，在合适的时机向美国的“337调查”制度，特别是日前盗取商业秘密为案由的“337调查”在管辖权等方面存在的问题，通过 WTO 多边机制寻求相应的救济。**
**近年来“337调查”频繁的针对中国出口企业，其中以侵犯商业秘密为案由的案例不断增多。由于商业秘密具有 些不同手其他知识产权的特点，在应对商业秘密的“337调查“时具有不同的难度。因此，中国企业应该积极应对以商业秘密侵犯为案由的”337调查“。通过行业协会的协调组织，建立相应的信息咨询服务网络和本行业知识产权预警机制，对本行业可能发生的“337调查”及时做出反应，为出口企业提供可靠的经营决策信息来源，行业协会可以利用自己的桥梁优势加强政府部门和企业之间的联系与沟通，更好的应对以侵犯商业秘密为案由的“337调查”，维护企业的合法权益，行业的整体利益。▲** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **Java 虚拟机的自适应动态优化CeSDatabase**
**贺蕴彬**
**(昭通学院信息科学与技术学院，云南昭通657000)**
**摘 要：文章阐述了 Java 虚拟机的概括，分析了 Java 虚拟机的特点，对 Java 虚拟机的体系结构进行了描述。针对 Java 虚拟机的自适应动态优化，文章做了深入分析。最后对 Java 虚拟机的自适应动态优化框架以图示的方式进行了研究。**
**关键词：Java 虚拟机；自适应；动态优化**
**1 Java 虚拟机概述**
**Java 虚拟机(Java virtual machine)作为一种具有抽象意义的计算机系统，可以在具体的计算机上对多种计算机功能进行仿真模拟，以此来实现特定的需求， Java Virtual Machine 具有中央处理器、寄存器以及堆栈等一套完备的硬件体系，也具备成熟的指令系统。为了实现 Java 程序可以在多种平台上不需要修改就可以运行，可以依托 Java virtual machine， 通过 Java 程序生成相应代码来运行即可。**
**2 Java 虚拟机的特点**
**通常，Java 语言与其所运行的平台无关，这是 Java 语言的一个重要特点。其关键在于应用了 ava virtual machine。使用其他高级语言编写的程序，如果需要运行在不同的平台，则要编译为多种不同的目标程序。而借助 ava virlual machine，java 语言不需要重新编辑即可在不同平台上运行。Java virtual machine 执行目标代码时，把目标代码解读为特定平台上的机器指令来遵循。**
**3 Java 虚拟机的体系结构**
**Java virtual machine 可以通过不同厂商来实现，则因厂商的不同而造成 Java virtual machine 实现上的不同，但这不影响 Java vir-tual machine 的跨平台特性，这是因为 Java virtual machine 独特的体系结构。**
**Java virtual machine 内部的抽象的体系结构由存储器、指令、数据类型和子系统组成。这些都提供了一种方式，可以对外部行为进行定义。Java virtual machine 的机制有两种，类装载系统用于装载合适的类，运行引擎用来执行已经装载的类的指令。每个 Java vir-tual machine由堆、方法区、程序计数器、Java 栈以及被你的方法栈，同时，搭配了运行引擎和类装载共同构成了 Java virtual machine 的体系结构(如下图所示)。**
**4 Java 虚拟机的自适应动态优化**
**Java virtual machine类似于抽象意义上的堆栈计算机，其作用是装载类文件，然后运行其目标代码，目标代码的操作次数都源于堆栈。现在，常见的处理器都采用寄存器结构，所以， Java virlual machine 要对这些针对堆栈的命令通过即时编辑机或解释机进行解释，解读为寄存器可以执行的指令。在解释和执行的次序上是解释一次执行一次，并不包括解释后的机器指令。如果需要多次执行目标程序，就要多次解释执行。但即时编译机会把首次执行的程序翻译为本地程序，并在内存中缓存代码，后续可以再次调用而实现该方法的复用。**
**Java virtual machine 可以动态自适应去装载，这种动态自适应装载类的模式促进了 Java 的灵活的网络性质。Java virtual machine既能装载本地的类程序，也可以对网络上的类进行装载。Java vir-tual machine 为了安全地管理这些不同装载器装载的类，对其拟定了不同的名字，以此，Java virtual machine 能够依照名字把代码列人不同的类型，然后对不同类型的代码执行不同的操作。**
**作为 lava virtual machine 的重要优化方法的内联，难以实现面向对象的动态编程语言，所以，基于 Java 的程序可以在运行的同时**
**改变不同的调用模式，也可以动态装载不同的 Java 程序以应对不同的需求。**
**面向全局进行分析的内联，因为动态的装载而增加了复杂性。程序的全局关系被其改变，则新加载的类程序就需要被内联。因此， Java virtual machine 要动态的优化之前优化过的程序，或者在执行热点代码的同时，进行这种动态优化。否则，一般的内联优化就不能系统地进行执行。**
**5 Java 虚拟机的自适应的动态优化框架**
**Trace 缓冲区、插桩器和动态优化策略挑选机共同构成了 Java虚拟机的自适应动态优化框架。在即时编译机中，插桩器执行对访问对象的指令开展插桩，来获取 Java 对访问对象的相关信息。程序运行中的对象信息存放在 Trace 缓冲区里。动态优化策略挑选机参展缓冲区里的信息动态选择对 Java 程序的自适应优化策略。**
**上图描述了 Trace 缓冲区的构成。这是 48KB 的缓冲区，其中的每一个单元是12字节。缓冲区的写入是自上而下。缓冲区的顶部和底部分别用不同的名称代表(如图所示)。缓冲区再向下部分不可写。应用程序把数据写人缓冲区，溢出后，就产生错误代码。即时编辑机编译 Java 日标代码，把与平台无关的代码翻译为与平台相关的机器指令。编译器会在编译时识别该模式中的指令，并对应开始插桩，同时手机访问对象的情况。编辑后， Java 程序在运行的过程中把访问对象的信息灌输到缓冲区里，写满缓冲区后，程序提醒，Java virtual machine 获取提醒，然后通知动态优化策略挑选器来执行优化：优化后， Java 程序返回起始点再执行。**
**参考文献**
**\[李锡祚，霍华，胡冠.嵌入式 Java 虚拟机优化研究\[J计算机应用与软件，2009，26(7)：257-259，**
**\[2\]邓洋春.Java 虚拟机关键机制研究与实践\[D\].中南大学，2009.**
**\[3\]吴志军，何加铭，曾兴斌，等.基于嵌入式 Java 虚拟机的垃圾收集优化算法\].计算机工程，2012，38(7)：46-48.**
**\[4\]陈灏，陈榕.支持复合对象的 Java 虚拟机内存管理技术研究\[J\].电脑知识与技术，2011，7(22)：5356--5359.**
**\[5\]赵银亮，朱常鹏，韩博，等.以虚拟机为核心实现动态行为调整的方法\[J西安交通大学学报，2013，47(6)：6-11.** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **广义虚拟经济发展与就业增长的相互关系及其作用机理**
**朱金生，徐宏慧，杨 _超_**
**(武汉理工大学经济学院，湖北武汉430070)**
**摘 要：广义虚拟经济是“生活对象化”的人本经济，它的发展势必影响国民经济的转型和就业变迁。在当前国际竞争已经进入广义虚拟经济主导制胜、国内改革进入稳增长、调结构、促就业、惠民生的新形势下，开展广义虚拟经济发展与就业增长的相互关系及其作用机理研究，有助于人们更好地从战略高度认识到广义虚拟经济发展对于国计民生的必要性和紧迫性，有利于进一步拓展和深化对广义虚拟经济的基础理论和基于广义虚拟经济视角开展国计民生问题的实践应用研究。文章在阐述了广义虚拟经济发展与就业增长的关系研究的目的和意义的基础上，着重从广义虚拟经济的需求、供给和要素特征揭示广义虚拟经济发展对就业增长的数量、结构和质量效应，从生产和消费两个层面分析就业增长对广义虚拟经济发展的反作用，图解了二者相互关系的协调机制及其耦合作用机理。**
**关键词：广义虚拟经济；就业；作用机理**
**【中图分类号】F061.3 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1672-867X(2013) 03-0082-07**
**广义虚拟经济是同时满足人的生理需求和心理需求并以满足心理需求为主导，以及只满足人的心理需求的经济的统称。人类社会已经由传统的物本经济时代进入了广义虚拟的人本经济时代。广义虚拟经济作为新经济前进的方向，它的发展影响一国经济的转型和结构调整，进而作用于就业。就业是民生之本，关乎国家政治、经济和社会的各个层面。因此，当前深人研究广义虚拟经济发展的就业效应，揭示二者的相互关系及其作用机理，有助于人们更好的从战略高度认识广义虚拟经济发展对就业增长及国计民生的必要性和紧迫性。**
**回顾相关领域的研究进展可知，广义虚拟经济是在虚拟经济的基础之上提出的。国外与虚拟经济有关的研究可以追溯到英国银行家桑顿在19世纪初出版的《探寻英国纸信用的特征与影响》一书中提出的“虚拟”一词；威·里瑟姆于1840年在其《关于通货问题的通信》一书中针对银行汇票的产生问题阐述了汇票的虚拟性并提出“虚拟资本”的概念；马克思于1867年在《资本论》第25章对资本主义信用和虚拟资本的论述等。国外早期直接系统研究“虚拟经济”的文献不多，且主要**
**局限于描述金融虚拟资本下的虚拟经济。直到20世纪60~70年代后由于互联网的兴起，以网络游戏、电子商务、信息经济等为主要研究对象的虚拟经济开始进入学者们的视野。2113/1997年亚洲金融危机和2007年下半年开始发生在美国并迅速席卷世界主要金融市场的次贷危机，使得以股票、债券和期货等金融工具为主要内容的虚拟经济引起了学界的高度关注。I4H5\]但在虚拟经济的外延上，国外相关研究未见所谓“狭义的虚拟经济”与“广义虚拟经济”之分。**
**我国对虚拟经济的研究，是以成思危、刘骏民、林左鸣、吴秀生等为代表的学者初步构建了虚拟经济研究的基本理论体系。62002年“虚拟经济”一词正式写人“十六大”报告，报告指出要“正确处理虚拟经济与实体经济关系”。与虚拟经济研究相比，广义虚拟经济研究则要滞后得多。最早见诸于刘骏民教授的代表作《从虚拟资本到虚拟经济》7，其中将虚拟经济划分成“广义虚拟经济”和“狭义虚拟经济”两个概念，并认为佗们的区别在于核算方式：广义虚拟经济是观念支撑的价格体系，而狭义虚拟经济是由成本和技术支撑的**
**【收稿日期】2012-12-21**
**【作者简介】朱金生(1964-)，男，武汉理工大学经济学院教授，博士，博士生导师。**
**【基金项目】国家社会科学基金项目“经济周期波动下 FDI 流动的就业转移效应与公共政策研究”(项目编号：11BJY043)、广义虚拟经济研究专项资助项目(项目编号： GX2011-1028(M))阶段成果。**
**价格体系。对广义虚拟经济作出更系统、全面、深人研究的是林左鸣教授，被业界称为广义虚拟经济理论的主要创始人。他与吴秀生合著的《再造魂魄》181和《看不见的心》°是有关广义虚拟经济研究的开山之作。其后，林左鸣教授领导的研究团队对这方面进行了不断探索，形成了一系列具有标志性的成果。十余年来，广义虚拟经济研究在微观经济学领域围绕需求理论(生理和心理需求)、价值理论(劳动价值论和生活价值论、二元价值容介态理论)等取得了一批奠基性的成果；在宏观经济学领域围绕国民收人、财富观(财富属性、财富标志)、经济增长、通货膨胀和经济危机等问题的研究也有了丰硕的收获。初步构建了广义虚拟经济研究的基本理论范式和研究框架，为指导广义虚拟经济在新时代背景下的理论和实践提供科学依据。**
**众所周知，就业是宏观经济学的中心问题之一，更是国计民生之本。但从广义虚拟经济的现有研究进展来看，目前还缺乏针对广义虚拟经济发展与就业增长关系的系统专门研究。本文试图在此方面做点新的初步尝试或补充。**
**一、广义虚拟经济发展与就业增长的关系研究的目的和意义**
**(一)它是丰富和发展我国广义虚拟经济理论的思想元素。广义虚拟经济理论是一门开放的思想体系，从基础理论来看，它包含了哲学、经济学、政治学、社会学、管理学等多个学科的跨界和交叉；从应用范围来看，它包含了上面列举的丰富内容。当前有关广义虚拟经济的基本理论范式和研究框架已构建，接下来应积极拓展对广义虚拟经济的基础理论研究和运用广义虚拟经济视角研究国计民生问题的实践应用研究。就业是宏观经济学的中心问题之一，更是国计民生之本。当前有必要从宏观经济学中的这个举足轻重的变量——“就业”因子人手，站在全球化、新经济、开放视角进一步探讨广义虚拟经济发展与就业增长的关系及其作用机理，这必将成为广义虚拟经济研究的一个新亮点、新领域。**
**(二)它是促进我国广义虚拟经济发展，实现就业和谐和包容性增长的宏观目标的战略需要。广义虚拟经济在本质上是一种基于“生活价值论”的人本经济，这与就业理论和包容性增长理论是殊途同归，其目标都是为了促进人类幸**
**福、社会进步和公平。发展广义虚拟经济是实现就业和谐和包容性增长的一条重要途径。发展广义虚拟经济是中国的一项战略任务，也是一个长期艰巨的过程。因此，从理论上深入研究广义虚拟经济发展的就业效应及其作用机理，有助于人们更好的从战略高度认识到广义虚拟经济发展的必要性和紧迫性。**
**(三)它是转变我国经济结构和增长方式，促进就业数量增长、结构优化和质量提高的现实要求。就业需求是一种派生需求，是由一国的产业结构和经济结构决定的。一直以来我国的经济发展与就业增长未能实现同步共进、协同耦合原因很多，但究其根本还在于我国的增长方式还停留在粗放阶段，产业结构中以第三产业即服务业为核心的广义虚拟经济发展相对滞后，需要大力推进。我国人口众多，就业压力一直很大，在加快经济发展方式转变的过程当中，如果把以基于价值细分的现代服务经济、体验经济、品牌经济、创意经济、知识经济以及文化艺术产业、体育产业、旅游休闲产业、古玩收藏产业、金融证券业等新经济形式体现的广义虚拟经济发展起来，就能够充分发挥其资本有机构成低、人力资本构成高、劳动就业弹性系数高的优势，促进就业的数量增长、结构优化和质量提高的三者有机融合。**
**(四)它是制定我国大力发展广义虚拟经济促进经济转型、稳定经济增长、推动就业和改善民生的政策依据。传统的物本经济发展模式在今天已经面临需求不足、资源约束、不协调和不可持续等问题，背离了人类经济发展的本宗，必须尽快转型。广义虚拟经济是“生活对象化”的人本经济，代表了新经济前进的方向。在当前国际竞争已经进入广义虚拟经济主导制胜、国内改革进入稳增长、调结构、促就业、惠民生的新形势下，深入研究广义虚拟经济发展的就业效应，揭示二者的相互关系及其作用机理，探讨新经济条件下我国发展广义虚拟经济促进就业，实现经济发展和就业增长两者协同耦合的政策取向，这对于在“十二五”时期更好的转变经济、社会结构，落实以人为本、全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观，全面建设小康社会无疑具有重要的战略价值和深远的现实意义。**
**二、广义虚拟经济发展对就业增长的作用**
**广义虚拟经济发展对就业的影响既有总量效**
**应，也有结构效应；既有数量效应还有质量效应；既有正效应也有负效应；既有直接效应也有间接效应。广义虚拟经济发展的就业效应是上述效应的总和。**
**(一)广义虚拟经济发展的就业数量效应。**
**早在19世纪初，以“萨伊定律”为基础的古典经济学认为在市场的资源配置作用下，经济的发展能够保证社会的充分就业。马克思的劳动生产理论认为，劳动力的需求量与产量成正比，与劳动生产率成反比。在遭遇上世纪30年代世界经济危机之时，凯恩斯在其《就业、利息和货币通论》提出资本主义的自由市场机制并不会必然导致经济增长和充分就业，需要政府运用各项宏观调控政策来加强对经济的干预，促进国民收入增长和充分就业。而上世纪60年代发达国家的“滞涨”局面激发了对此问题新的研究。在英国经济学家菲利普斯发现英国失业率和名义工资之间存在负相关关系之后，经济学家们进一步研究了失业和通货膨胀之间的关系，总结出了著名的菲利普斯曲线：经济发展时就业率高，萧条时就业率低。其后的学者对此进行了大量的理论分析和实证研究。1962年美国经济学家阿瑟·奥肯提出的“奥肯定律”将经济发展与就业关系具体量化，近似地描述了失业率和实际 GNP 之间的交替关系。从早期主流的经济学理论来看，其总体观点是从正面上肯定经济发展与就业增长的统一性和一致性关系，但是近些年来，也有越来越多的学者从理论和实证上研究了二者的矛盾性和非一致性关系，特别是很多国家出现的经济高增长和高失业率同时并存的不协调现象，引起了人们的不解和新的思考。**
**影响就业数量变化的因素很多，有经济的、社会的、政治的等。单就经济因素而言，又包括经济发展、结构变化、技术进步、通货膨胀等。这些错综复杂的多种因素对就业的影响正负不同、程度不等，且相互交织、彼此作用，其最后的短期综合就业效应结果确实很难准确判断。但从长期看，经济发展与就业增长的关系总体上仍应是一致的、统一的。首先，尽管经济发展并不必然带来就业的同步增长，然而经济发展是就业增长的前提和基础，没有经济的发展，就业增长就是无源之水、无本之末；其次，从世界经济发展史的视角考察，经济快速发展大都与就业的充分扩张相伴而生。既然世界经济的总体发展趋势是波浪式向前、螺旋式上升的，那么与之相随的必然是就业总量的扩大、就业**
**质量的提高和就业结构的优化。特别是站在广义虚拟经济时代视角，这种新的人本经济增长模式对就业扩张的积极作用和正面效应就更加明显。**
**传统的物本经济时代，驱动经济增长的要素主要是劳动、资本和技术，但随之而来的是经济发展引起的劳动生产率的提高、资本有机构成上升和技术进步所带来的就业挤出和替代效应，这种对就业增长的负面影响在很大程度上会抵消或冲击经济发展带来的就业需求增加的正面效应，从而出现人们经常所议论的“经济高速发展下的就业零增长”或者经济发展与就业增长不同步、不和谐的““怪象”。改变资本和技术对劳动这种替代关系，打破上述怪象的一个较好办法是，要进一步调整我国经济结构、转变经济增长方式。就业需求是一种派生需求，与一国的产业结构和经济结构关系很大。 _一_ 直以来我国的经济发展与就业增长未能实现同步共进、协同耦合的原因很多，但究其根本还在于我国的增长方式还停留在粗放阶段，产业结构中以满足人们心理和精神需求为核心的广义虚拟经济发展相对滞后，需要大力发展。传统的以满足人们物质产品生理需求为主的“物本经济”存在着需求瓶颈和资源供给限制，在产量一定情况下，基于理性经济人和利润最大化的选择，厂商具有使用生产效率较高的现代化机器设备代替人力劳动的利益冲动，无法从根本上摆脱技术进步带来的劳动生产率提高与劳动就业减少的替代关系。而以满足人们心理和精神需求为核心的广义虚拟经济是“人本经济”，遵循价值不守恒原理，虚拟价值具有非边际化特征，114不存在需求约束和产量限制，生产要素以高智力、多知识、富信息的人力资本为主，且其劳动生产率高于一般机器设备，厂商没有必要也不会选择设备资本代替人力资本，从而从根本上摆脱传统的技术进步与劳动就业的恶性循环陷阱，实现二者的良性互动、和谐成长。**
**广义虚拟经济发展对就业增长的作用还可以用劳动市场的供求曲线图作直观的描述，见图1。其中横坐标表示就业的数量，纵坐标表示劳动者的实际工资水平(名义工资扣除物价上涨因素)。D，和S，分别代表初始状态下的劳动力市场需求曲线和供给曲线，E，为初始状态下劳动力市场供求均衡点，初始均衡就业量和均衡实际工资水平分别是L和W。 随着经济的发展，劳动力市场的供求关系会发生变化，劳动力的需求曲线和供给曲线将发生相应的移动，初始的均衡状态及其所对应的工资**
**水平和就业数量也会随之而动。为了有效的说明广义虚拟经济发展的就业增长效应，下面将把整个经济体系划分为纯粹的实体经济和广义虚拟经济两个组成部分，并对这两种经济形态发展的就业效应进行比较。图1中D表示在其他条件既定情况下纯粹实体经济发展带动就业扩张的需求曲线，即随着纯粹实体经济的发展，在其他条件不变的假定下，就业需求增大，劳动力市场上需求曲线由D，向右移动至D。而供给曲线在短期内无法做出相应的调整，均衡点由E，转移到E。在均衡点Ea，就业数量增长了Lo-Loo由于工资由W增长到Wol， 劳动力的市场配置发生作用，经过一段时间**
**图1 广义虚拟经济与传统实体经济发展的就业增长效应比较**
**的调整后，劳动力的供给增加，且由于纯粹实体经济的劳动力市场的特征主要为低人力资本含量的低端劳动力供过于求，表现在几何图形上，劳动力的供给曲线相对于需求曲线会更大幅度的从S，移动到S，均衡点由E转移到E，工资由Wo调整到W，就业人数上升至L。注意这里虽然纯粹实体经济发展带来了就业数量的提高，但是实际工资水平却比初始状态降低了，在现实中，有些可能低到最低工资保障水平，就业质量无疑是下降了。这种以就业质量降低换来的就业数量增长不是我们今天倡导的和谐经济和包容性经济增长所需要的。接下来让我们看看广义虚拟经济发展的就业数量和质量变化。图1中D，表示在其他条件既定情况下广义虚拟经济发展带动就业扩张的需求曲线，这条需求曲线比纯粹实体经济发展带来的需求曲线D， 的位置更高、移动距离更大的原因在于前述的以满足人们心理和精神需求为核心的广义虚拟经济是“人本经济”，不存在需求约束和产量限制，生产要素以高智力、多知识的人力资本为主，且其劳动生产率高于一般机器设备，厂商没有必要也不会选择设**
**备资本代替人力资本。也就是说广义虚拟经济发展对高素质、高人力资本的高端劳动力需求很大。由于需求增加引起的工资上涨经过劳动力的市场配置发生作用，在一段时间的调整后，劳动力的供给增加，但广义虚拟经济的劳动力市场的特征主要为高人力资本含量的高端劳动力供不应求，表现在几何图形上，劳动力的供给曲线相对于需求曲线会更小幅度的逐渐从S，移动到S， 均衡点转移到E，工资上升到W，就业人数上升至L，就业数量增长了Lz-Loo显而易见，广义虚拟经济发展不仅带来了就业数量的巨大增长，而且实际工资水平即就业质量也得到了提高，这才与就业理论和包容性增长理论是殊途同归，是一种真正意义上的基于“生活价值论”的人本经济。**
**(二)广义虚拟经济发展的就业结构效应。**
**根据配第——克拉克定理，随着经济发展、人均国民收入水平的不断提高，三次产业的国民产出和劳动力的比重会不断的变化，具体表现为：首先第一产业的产出和吸纳就业量占绝对比重之首，而后产业中心逐步向第二产业转移；当第二产业产出和吸纳就业量比重上升为第一位之后，产业中心便向第三产业转移，直至第三产业的产出和吸纳就业量比重逐步占据优势地位。也就是说，随着产业结构升级，会引导就业从第一和第二产业流向第三产业，推动第三产业就业结构比重增加。**
**广义虚拟经济的经济活动主要是为了满足人的心理需求的经济活动。人的心理需求范围很广，包括财富、娱乐、健康、文化等，而满足这些心理需求的产品或服务行业大多集中于第三产业和文化产业。因此，按照配第——克拉克定理，随着广义虚拟经济的发展，就业结构将不断得到优化和升级。**
**广义虚拟经济发展所带来的这种就业结构调整形成机制源于人们对满足其生理需求的实体产品和满足其心理和精神需求的虚拟产品之间的需求差异和供给差异。在人类社会发展的早期阶段，由于生产率的低下，整个社会的经济重心主要集中在物质产品的需求和生产上，精神文化产品的需求和生产还没有登上主导地位。然而，在数次科技革命之后，人类社会的生产率得到了极大地提高，物质产品的生产日益丰富，人们的需求正在从满足其生理需求的实体产品为主转向和满足其心理和精神需求的虚拟产品为主。与此同时，整个社会的经济形态也正在从传统的物本经济统治时代转变为广义虚拟经济主导时代。正如林左鸣先生\[10\]所说，广义虚**
**拟经济现象的产生，缘于随社会物质财富的丰富相伴而来的社会进步和文明发展。虽然在物质匮乏的物本经济时代，人们对后者会无暇顾及，但随着社会发展，当人们的生理需求(物质需求)得到基本满足直至极大满足时，心理需求(精神需求)就会浮出水面并逐渐占据重要地位。所谓“饱暖思淫欲”的说法其实只是这一现象的负面反映。而更多的、占主导地位的则无疑是人们各种各样健康的、积极的、高雅的、文明的和合理的非物质性思欲、愿望、企盼和追求。这就使得在以满足人类需求为目的的经济活动中，虚拟价值与实物价值(即使用价值)共存并逐渐占据了主导地位，成为广义虚拟经济不断发展的无尽源泉。**
**正是由于人类社会的发展和进步，人们对物质和精神产品需求的此消彼长的变化，将引起前者收人需求弹性不断下降、边际报酬递减和后者收人需求弹性不断上升以及边际报酬的递增，使得从传统实体产品生产部门释放出来的就业人口不断流向虚拟产品生产的广义虚拟经济部门，为其注入大量劳动力资源，并进一步推动其发展壮大，形成产业结构升级和就业结构优化的良性互动格局。**
**(三)广义虚拟经济发展的就业质量效应。**
**劳动力市场分割理论认为，现实中的劳动力市场结构具有异质性，并不具有完全竞争性质和充分的流动性，因为事实上的劳动力市场通常会被以各种形式划分成相互隔离、自成体系的若干部分。该理论将劳动力市场划分为主要劳动力市场和次级劳动力市场，因而也被称之为““二元劳动力市场理论”。其中，主要劳动力市场具有工资高、工作条件好、就业稳定、安全性好、管理过程规范、升迁机会多等特征，就业质量较好；次级市场所提供的职位则恰好相反：工资低、工作条件较差、就业不稳定、管理制度不规范、没有升迁机会，就业质量较差。主要劳动力市场的工资水平一般高于均衡水平，竞争性不足；次要劳动力市场的工资水平一般接近均衡水平，竞争性强。**
**在广义虚拟经济时代，虚拟价值的创造在经济发展中所占的比重越来越大时，人力资本的投入量显然也会越来越大。在广义虚拟经济的微观层面上，当创造虚拟价值成为企业的重要使命时，人力资本往往比传统的资本更发挥着决定性的关键作用。因此，广义虚拟经济由于其涉及的产业特殊性，对劳动力的素质要求较高，这种要求不同于我**
**们一般所指的劳动力的人力资源概念，即所提供的仅是“无差别劳动”，通过劳动时间来衡量其价值。而广义虚拟经济的要素投入是能够创造虚拟价值的人力资本，提供的是具有一定核心竞争力的“非无差别劳动”，即人类在经济活动中所付出的不能简单地由时间进行通约和衡量的那一种智慧活动。**
**由于劳动力市场分割的存在，随着产业结构升级所释放出来的剩余劳动力想要进入广义虚拟经济产业就业，就必须进行相应的培训和学习，掌握这些行业的相关知识，从而跨越这道门槛，进入劳动条件较好的经济部门。劳动者从传统的物本经济的次级劳动力市场不断流入新兴的广义虚拟经济高级劳动力市场，推动了整体的劳动力质量和收入水平的提高，对整个就业质量乃至社会福利进步有着明显的积极意义。**
**三、就业增长对广义虚拟经济发展的反作用**
**除了应看到广义虚拟经济发展对就业增长的效应外，亦不能忽视就业增长对广义虚拟经济的发展也有反作用。**
**从生产角度来看，劳动力作为广义虚拟经济发展的重要生产要素，能够通过提供智力、创意服务等方式创造价值特别是高附加的虚拟价值，是广义虚拟经济发展的基础和增长的支撑力量。一方面，劳动者在自身利益最大化的指引下，总是从生产效率较低的部门流向较高的部门，收益较低的部门流向较高的部门，这种劳动力的流动会使得劳动力资源得到充分合理的运用，使得广义虚拟经济主导时代的经济结构得到进一步优化；另一方面，在广义虚拟经济主导的知识化、信息化时代，一个人的竞争实力主要来源于其文化素质结构，具有较高文化素质的人力资本对经济的发展有着至关重要的推动作用。较高的人力资本能够创造更高的生活价值，并且提高资源配置效益，从而促进广义虚拟经济发展质量的不断提升。**
**从消费角度来看，就业增长可以增加劳动者的收人，增强消费水平，提高社会购买力。同时通过消费乘数的作用，创造新的生产需要，刺激社会再生产过程，为广义虚拟经济的生产提供不竭动力，并形成良性循环、和谐互动。**
**四、广义虚拟经济发展与就业增长的关联机理**
**综上所述，人类社会已经由传统的物本经济时**
**代进入广义虚拟的人本经济时代，在这个新的时代，人们的需求正在从满足其生理需求的实体产品为主转向和满足其心理和精神需求的虚拟产品为主。由于传统的以满足人们物质产品生理需求为主的“物本经济”存在着需求瓶颈和资源供给限制，而新兴的广义虚拟经济则不然，人们的心理需求和精神需求是没有止境的，头脑智力、信息、人力资本等无形的非物质生产要素是不会枯竭的，是可以不断充分挖掘和积累的，因此这两种经济形态的上述需求特征、供给特征和要素特征，决定了前者收入需求弹性的不断下降、边际报酬递减和后者收人需求弹性的不断上升以及边际报酬的递增，使得从传统实体产品生产部门释放出来的就业人口不断流向虚拟产品生产的广义虚拟经济部门，为其注入了大量的优质的劳动力资源，并进一步推动新兴部门就业数量的扩大和就业结构的优化。同时，由于劳动力市场分割的存在，广义虚拟经济生产部门的高收入和劳动条件诱惑，吸引普通劳动者不断学习、培训，从传统的物本经济的次级劳动力市场不断流入新兴的**
**广义虚拟经济高级劳动力市场，推动了整体的劳动力素质和就业质量的提高。**
**广义虚拟经济发展与就业增长之间的作用是相互的，广义虚拟经济发展作用于就业增长，就业增长又反作用于广义虚拟经济发展。两系统构成反馈环。当它们在数量、结构与质量等方面相互适应时，就可以形成相互促进的正反馈环，使双方协调耦合发展，共同向更高水平演化。但如果不能相互适应时，两者间任何一方的发展都将制约于另外一方，从而形成相互制约的负反馈环，阻碍经济社会大系统向更高层次的协调发展。这种相互关系的协调机制及耦合作用机理可以用图2所示。**
**五、结论**
**1.在当前国际竞争已经进入广义虚拟经济主导制胜、国内改革进入稳增长、调结构、促就业、惠民生的新形势下，开展广义虚拟经济发展与就业增长的相互关系及其作用机理研究，有着重要的理论与现实意义。**
**2.在广义虚拟的人本经济时代，人们的需求正在从满足其生理需求的实体产品为主转向和满足其心理和精神需求的虚拟产品为主。由于新兴的广。义虚拟经济与传统的物本经济的需求、供给、要素、收人和劳动条件的差异，推动了新兴的广义虚拟经济部门就业数量的扩大、就业结构的优化和就业质量的提高。另一方面，我们可以看到劳动者作为广义虚拟经济发展的生产和消费要素，其就业增长反过来会为广义虚拟经济的发展提供新的动力。广义虚拟经济发展与就业增长之间彼此作用、互为因果，两系统构成反馈环。**
**3.应充分发挥广义虚拟经济发展与就业增长**
**参考文献：**
**\[1\]林左鸣.广义虚拟经济——二元价值容介态的经济\[M\].北京：人民出版社，2010.**
**\[2\] H. Rosenbaum and E. Davenport， Teaching and learing** **electronic commerce in a virtual economy， Proceedings of** **the 6th America’s Conference on Information Systems，2000， pp. 1810-1814， Association for Information Sys-Lexis.**
**\[3\](Castronova and Edward. On Virtual Economies， CESifo** **Working Paper Series No. 752， July 2002.**
**\[4 Amit Bhaduri， Kazimierz Laski and Martin Riese， A Model** **of Interaction between the Virtual and the Real Economy.** **Metroeconomica 57： 3 (2006).**
**\[5\] Nelson， John (2010). " The Virtual Property Problem：What Property Rights in Virtual Resources Might Look**
**的正反馈机制及协同耦合作用，大力促进广义虚拟经济的发展。在加快经济发展方式转变的今天，如果大力把以满足人们心理和精神需求的广义虚拟经济发展起来，就能够充分发挥其头脑智力、信息、人力资本等无形的非物质生产要素密集、收入需求弹性和边际报酬高、资本有机构成低、劳动就业弹性系数高的优势，从而更好地促进就业的数量增长、结构优化和质量提高。再通过就业增长对广义虚拟经济发展的作用，实现二者良性互动、协同耦合，最终推动人本经济的包容性增长、就业和谐和民生幸福。**
**Like， How They Might Work， and Why They are a Bad I-dea”. McGeorge Law Review 41：281，285-86.**
6\] **陈昂.广义虚拟经济研究发展综述\[J\].管理学家，2009，(2).**
**\[7\]刘骏民.从虚拟资本到虚拟经济\[M\].济南：山东人民出版社，1998.**
**\[8\]徐林，吴秀生.再造魂魄\[M\].北京：中国经济出版社，2002.**
**\[9\]晓林，秀生.看不见的心\[M\].北京：中国经济出版社，2004.**
**\[10\]林左鸣.广义虚拟经济论要\[J}.上海大学学报(社会科学版)，2011，(9).**
**\[11\]胡延杰，周宁.广义虚拟经济视角下人力资本计量途径研究\[J\].广义虚拟经济研究，2011，(2).**
**Relationship and Mechanism between Generalized Virtual Economic Development and Employment Growth**
**ZHU Jin -sheng，XU Hong-hui，YANG Chao**
**(School of Economics， Wuhan University of Technology， Wuhan 430070， China)**
**Abstract：The generalized virtual economy is a kind of anthropocentric economy based on “the object of life". Its development is bound to affect the national economic transformation and the change of employment. Under the current situation， the generalized virtual econo-my is leading the development of world economy， and our domestic reform is entering a stage whose main objectives are stabilizing the economic growth， adjusting the economic structure， promoting employment， and improving people’s welfare. Therefore， the study of the relationship and mechanism between generalized virtual economic development and employment growth can help us have a better un-derstanding of the necessity of the generalized virtual economic development for the national welfare and the people’s livelihood from a strategic perspective， enrich the basic theory of generalized virtual economy and its practical application research on the issues of na-tional economy and the people’s livelihood. With an emphasis on the important research significance of the relationship between the generalized virtual economic development and employment growth and an analysis of the characteristies of its demand， supply， and pro-duction， this article reveals the quantity， structure and quality effects of the generalized virtual economic development on employment growth，. Then， the reaction of the employment growth to the development of generalized virtual economy is discussed in the perspec-tives of production and consumption. Finally， the paper gives a graphic analysis of their mutual coordination and coupling mechanism.**
**Key words：generalized virtual economy； employment； mechanism**
**(责任编辑** **俞** **茹)** | null | null | null | null | null |
en | hf cc0-1.0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/storytracer/US-PD-Books | Some literary landmarks for pilgrims on wheels
author: Bockett, F. W
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^Sl^'A^jV^OiV.
HARVARD COLLEGE
1
r
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
FOR
PILGRIMS ON WHEELS
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SOME
Literary Landmarks
pilgrims on wheels
F. W. BOCKETT
mTH MAl^r ILLUSTRATIONS Br
J. A. SYMINGTON
i^oittton
;. M. DENT k CO.
PHILADELPHIA : J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO.
nBa q. 0^^. I
HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRAIY
TI*E BEQUEST OF
WALTER rAXON
MARCH 16, 1921
J
PREFACE
y^^ENTLE reader^ for you only these
yTf p^g^s ^^^ written. To the boister-
ous or violenty who seek relief from
the tempestuous scramble for wealth in
tempestuous forms of fiction or news^ they
will be a disappointment indeed. But to
yoUy whose dearest treasures are your well-
thumbed bookSy whose most exciting feats
of f nance are carried out in the dusty
atmosphere of booksellers' back- parlours ^
whose vaultings into the regions of " sport ^'
end in a quiet amble along the roads of this
dear landy to you these pages may arouse
V
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
some pleasant memories of beloved books
read ijt the days that are no more^ and may
prompt you to take them again to your
hearts. To you pilgrims who have dis-
carded staff anS^ sandals for the more
3
comfortable and expeditious rubber -tyred
wheels^ there may be in this little book some
hints that may lead you into delightful
country lanes and across breezy commons
whose beauties you have not yet discovered.
May your pilgrimages in these byways be
as great a source of pleasure to you as they
have been to the writer.
To the many good-natured and courteous
sons and daughters of the soil who have
helped me to discover the objects of my
search^ to the scorchers and motorists who
have left me thus far with a whole skin^ to
the patient and perspiring old friend who
held me up for so many weary hours ere I
vi
PREFACE
could sit in the saddle^ and without whose
strong arm and kindly heart I should never
have become a pilgrim on wheels^ and also
to Messrs. Macmillan and Co. for permis-
sion to reprint the first three papers from
their monthly magazine^ I tender my sincere
thanks. F.fV.B.
June^ 1 90 1.
711
•\
CONTENTS
1. Sandford and Merton
2. Soldier, Grammarian, and Politician
3. The Ghosts of a Surrey Park .
»
4. Among the Poets
5. Jane Austen and Gilbert White
6. Parson Lot .....
7. Some Moderns ....
8. Gentle Folk ....
PAGE
3
. 31
. 62
• 94
. 134
. 167
. 193
• 230
IX
ILLUSTRATIONS
Portrait of Shelley
The Approach to Chobham
Binfield
Wargrave Church
Portrait of Thomas Day
Guildford High Street
Along the Hog*s Back
" The Jolly Farmer's Inn/'
place
Farnham Castle
" The Anchor Inn," Ripley
From Newland's Corner
Shere
Church Street, Godalming
Elstead
Portrait of Jonathan Swift
Entrance to Moor Park
Chobham Common .
B I
To face
Cobbett's
Birth-
Frontispiece
PAGE
23
26
28
45
47
To face
53
59
73
11
81
88
89
90
91
lOI
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Sunninghill, the Ascot Road
Virginia Water, near Blacknest Bridge
The Milton Memorial Window, Horton
Cowley's House ....
Jane Austen's House, Chawton .
" The Grey Friar " Inn, Chawton
The Wakes .....
The Great Yew in Selborne Churchyard
Yately ......
Eversley ......
Kingsley's Grave, Eversley
The High Street, Haslemere
Lord Tennyson's Road, near Aldworth
George Eliot's Cottage, Shottermill
View from Window of Dr. Conan Doyle's
House . . • .
" The Fox and the Pelican," Grayshott
Lamb's Cottage, Edmonton
Lamb's Grave .....
Mackery End .....
The Meadows from Amwell Hill
PAGE
. 103
. 105
. 125
. 128
. 148
. 150
• 157
. 163
. i8i
. 182
. 183
. 204
. 209
. 217
222
. 224
. 243
• 245
• 259
. 269
SOME
LITERARY LANDMARKS
for
PILGRIMS ON WHEELS
I
SANDFORD AND MERTON
CYCLING has found its legitimate place
at last ; it is as the Gentle Art that
it will be with us to the end. Too
long has angling usurped the title for which
it has no justifiable cj^im, except when the
revolting gentle is used as a bait, and then
only in an objective and not a subjective
sense. It has always been a matter of astonish-
ment to thoughtful persons why the blood-
thirsty art of killing fishes- by means of hook
and line should ever have been called gentle.
The fact is that the art of angling has
been able to flourish for so long under false
colours simply because Izaak Walton wrote
3
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
about It in so inimitable a manner. It is not
a gentle art, but a cold-blooded, savage, and
cruel one. As to its moral effect upon those
who practise it, one half-hour spent in listening
to the fairy tales told at any anglers' club would
be sufficient to convince the most sceptical that
anti-angling societies are as necessary as anti-
drink, anti-meat, or any other of the associations
that exercise such beneficent negative influences.
Izaak Walton has indeed much to answer for ;
but probably all his iniquities will be overlooked
because he has preserved for mankind "The
Milkmaid's Song," which will in future become
the special property of the only truly Gentle
Art — that of cycling. What could be more
appropriate than, as lover and lass skim along
the country lanes, for the swain to sing —
Come, live with me and be my love,
And we will all the pleasures prove
That valleys, groves, or hills, or field.
Or woods and steepy mountains yield ?
It will be understood, of course, that the
mountains must not be too " steepy " in char-
acter, but just sufficiently sloping to relieve
the monotony of the plains below.
4
SANDFORD AND MERTON
And here probably the patience of the
policeman, the elderly nervous lady, the nurse-
maid, the cabman, the 'busman, and the un-
fortunate minority who cannot or will not
enjoy the pleasures of pedalling will be
exhausted. " The gentle art indeed ! How
about the Scorcher who slaughters women and
children to make a Cockney's bank-holiday ? "
My dear friends, I can only say that the
Scorcher is a Scorcher and not a cyclist, and
that before long he will be as extinct as the
old bojie- shaker. The times have changed.
When strong athletic young men first found
themselves springing along the ground over
pneumatic tyres the temptation to revel in this
newly-discovered power (I had almost written
sense) was too great to be withstood. To be
held down to a snail's progress of four miles an
hour by steady toe-and-heel tramping, and then
suddenly to be gifted with the power of flying
through the air at the rate of fourteen miles an
hour with no more exertion than that entailed
in walking four — this was intoxication that at
one time promised to send our youth crazy.
But we have altered all that now ; the novelty
has worn ofF, and even vigorous youth is
5
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
inclined to use the new power with discretion.
The Scorcher is seen at rare intervals, but
neither he, nor the poor things who grind
round the racing- tracks, represent the real
cycling world of to-day. That world consists
of the great army of men and women who have
transformed cycling into the Gentle Art that
has brought nature and man together in a way
that not even the arts of poetry and painting
have hitherto succeeded in doing. To women
especially do we owe this change. The woman
who first rode a bicycle little realised what she
was doing for her sex and for the race. By
the way, what a splendid subject for the silly
season ! Who was the first woman to ride a
bicycle ? Think how the maidens and their
male champions would deluge the columns of
the lucky newspaper with long letters setting
forth their claims — miles of exciting manu-
script, free, gratis, and for nothing. Has any
poet ever written stanzas to the eyebrows of
the first cycle-maiden ? Probably not, because
even a poet is capable of foreseeing how
awkward it would be if it should be discovered
that the first lady to ride on a bicycle was a
respectable, middle-aged, married woman.
6
SANDFORD AND MERTON
Yes, women and elderly men have done much
to raise cycling to the Gentle Art. The cycle
is no longer a machine for covering the longest
distance in the shortest space of time. It is a
companion to the solitary, a fnend that is
always exhilarating and never selfish, an aid to
reflection ; it gives inspiration to the poet,
health and strength to the plain man, vigour
to the man of science, and breadth to the philo-
sopher. Imagination fails one in the attempt
to conceive what Carlyle might have been had
he practised vaulting into the saddle over a pair
of sound pneumatics. We should have had no
querulous domestic ravings, no dyspeptic beat-
ings of the air, the starry heavens would not
have been ''a sad sight" had the prophet of
Chelsea (Mr. Morley has told us why we must
not call him the sage) seen them as he pedalled
along the Ripley Road. The adjuncts of
cycling would have taken some of the ob-
jectionable philosophic starch out of Thomas.
It is all very well for a man who has never
tackled the petty details of life to give himself
airs over domestic irritations ; but when he has
once had to repair a tyre on the roadside, and
to clean up a machine after a muddy ride, he
7
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
marvel as Goldsmith's rustics marvelled at the
village schoolmaster —
That one small head could carry all he knew.
In one of these leading articles on the subject
of education the writer had suddenly plumped
down a dark and mysterious allusion to the
experiments of the author of Sandford and
MertoHy which he hinted had led to disastrous
results. Is there any boy now in existence
who has read Sandford and Merton? When
we were boys it used to be our second gift ;
first the Bible, then The History of Sandford
and Merton, It is an awful thing to reflect
upon now, that some of us had a hazy notion
that the two boojcs were by the same writer.
The Bible told us not to do the wicked things
that we were so often inclined to do, and so
did Mr. Barlow, the respected teacher of Harry
and Tommy. Probably the present generation
of youth only know the book by name, and
that knowledge has been gathered through
Mr. Burnand's burlesque version. But, not-
withstanding all the jeers and jibes that have
been levelled at it, and notwithstanding the
blunder of making Harry Sandford such a
10
SANDFORD AND MERTON
terrible little prig, the book contains more
sound advice and common -sense, put in a
simple style intelligible to children, than any
work that has been written since. It is a
remarkable fact that this book, which was at
one time read by almost every English child,
was the only channel through which the ideas
of Jean Jacques Rousseau flowed into the
minds of the English public, and that without
the dear good souls knowing anything about it.
Thomas Day, author of this once famous
history, did a very great deal more than write
the book with which his name is always con-
nected. He was an exceedingly interesting
man, in many ways far in advance of his con-
temporaries, and when I read this allusion to
his disastrous experiments I wrote ofF post-
haste to my friend the Librarian, asking him
what these disastrous experiments were like,
because I knew not of them. The Librarian
has read almost all the good books that ever
were written, and, unlike most omnivorous
readers, he has retained a marvellous portion
of their contents. He is a great admirer of
Thomas Day, and was wroth with the news-
paper man for writing of the author of Sandford
II
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
and Merton in so scoffing a spirit. He con-
cluded his reply to my question by asking me
to send him a sketch of Day's grave, which he
had never had an opportunity of seeing. " You
are only about twenty-eight miles from the
spot," said he, " and could ride over to Wargrave
on your bicycle quite easily." How it enhances
one's affection for the Gentle Art when from
time to time we find it the means of giving
pleasure not only to ourselves but also to a dear
friend !
I soon discovered Wargrave on the one-
inch ordnance map, about a mile and a half
north of Twyford, which, as every one knows,
is within eight miles of Maidenhead. By the
way, when will the public learn to take advan-
tage of the work of the Ordnance Survey ?
Here are these admirably engraved maps, on
the scale of one inch to a mile, to be had at
the ridiculous price of one shilling each ; and
nobody seems to buy them, or even to know of
their existence, excepting the surveyors and the
lawyers. Each of these shilling maps covers
an area of about two hundred and sixteen
square miles, and they are a compact com-
pendium of information for the cyclist. Every
12
SANDFORD AND MERTON
road and by-road, and many of the field-paths,
are all shown with a clearness that is a revela-
tion to those who examine them for the first
time. Not only are the roads easy to trace,
but you can tell at a glance whether they are
first, second, or third-rate metalled roads, or
whether they are un metalled, whether they are
hilly or flat, whether they pass through wood-
land, common, heath, or fields. County and
parish boundaries, churches, chapels, historic
buildings, post-offices, letter-boxes, and, in
sparsely- populated districts, roadside inns are
all distinctly shown by ingenious methods of
draughtsmanship. And now that all this
valuable information has been compiled at an
enormous expense, it is not taken advantage of
as it should be, simply because our foolish old
Government does not know how to sell it and
popularise it. Four of these ordnance maps,
with your place of domicile in the centre, will
give you an endless number of excursions
which without such aid you might never
discover. At the cost of a few pence and a
little skill you can mount them on linen and
carry them folded up in the pocket of your
Norfolk jacket.
13
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Before starting on my run I carefully traced
out the best route, writing down on a piece
of card, as is my custom, the names of the
principal villages and the miles between them.
Every ambler should make a point of doing
this, as it prevents any unnecessary hurry,
enabling you to see at a glance how many
miles you have to travel. Starting from a
village in Surrey I made my way across a
breezy heather -covered common towards the
little village of Chobham. It was a delightful
August morning, the sun's heat being tempered
by fleecy clouds and a cooling breeze. The
road across the common, though rather loose
at ordinary times, was in excellent condition
owing to the rain that had fallen during the
night. Blue and brown butterflies were con-
tinually fluttering across the road and the larks
were vying with one another to fill the upper
air with song. One never seems to lose the
sense of glorious freedom and almost wild
excitement that comes over one during the
first few miles of a morning ride ; each
morning the old familiar thrill is experienced
again, as if for the first time.
Beyond the bridge with the white handrails.
SANDFORD AND MERTON
where half-a-dozen village boys are bathing in
the rivulet, their little brown bodies glistening
in the sunshine as the cool water streams off
them, the common soon disappears, and thick
high hedgerows guard the fields on either side.
Here the robins and water-wagtails show alt
their native impertinence and stand quite Fear-
lessly as the bicycle passes them. Have they
found out by experience that the wheelman
15
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
never interferes with them ? That birds do
acquire such knowledge there can be no doubt.
I have noticed for many years that the sparrows
in Trafalgar Square will allow a grown-up
person to approach them quite closely, and
show no sign of fear ; but they will not allow
a boy to come within twenty yards of them.
A few minutes' ride along the winding lane
brought me into the village street of Chobham,
with the usual number of public-houses and its
somewhat picturesque church. Chobham is in
the enviable position of being five miles from
a railway station, and consequently remains a
quiet, uneventful, old-fashioned place, several
of its houses being now three hundred years
old. Blush, ye jerry-builders of the neighbour-
ing town, who are setting up death-traps as
fast as you can ; in twenty years' time your
work will be in ruins, while these old veterans
will be as firm and sound as they have ever
been.
Turning out of the village street I entered
the pleasant winding lane that leads towards
Bagshot, a lane with fine old trees on either
side, the trunks covered with pretty parasitic
growths. The road was rough, but not at all
i6
SANDFORD AND MERTON
bad riding. In Surrey, even on the smallest
by-roads, one can generally find a smooth track
sufficiently wide for a bicycle, the Haslemere
district of course excepted. May I never be
led into discoursing on the road between Lip-
hook and Haslemere ! The great main roads,
well metalled and kept in excellent condition as
they generally are, offer seductive temptations
to the cyclist ; but, after all, there is no riding
so pleasant as a quiet amble along a winding
lane with trees meeting overhead. One never
knows what surprise nature has in store at the
next turn ; and one gets into close touch with
the birds, squirrels, rabbits and wildflowers in
these peaceful by-ways, where no Scorcher is
ever seen and where the strident voice of the
stout middle-aged lady in knickerbockers is
never heard. It is true, however, that some-
times at a turn of the winding lane mankind
has a surprise in store for us of a rather un-
pleasant character. Sometimes it is in the
shape of a bullet-headed boy driving a dozen
cows or a flock of sheep, who will not make
the slightest attempt to keep his charges on
one side of the road ; sometimes it is a cart
loaded with hay or straw which reaches from
c . 17
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
one side of the road to the other. I once
ducked and went underneath the overhanging
load of one of these huge ships of the road, but
wild horses shall not induce me to repeat the
experiment. Country carters, and even fly-
men, are as a rule courteous, and on narrow
roads will draw into the near side in order not to
drive the poor wheelman into the ditch.
Just past the Gordon Boys' Home I dis-
mounted at the forked roads, as I always do at
this spot, to look backward across the lovely
vale in the direction of Guildford. When the
gentle cyclist comes across a view such as this
— and he should always be on the look-out for
such — he should dismount, fill up his pipe, sit on
the top of a five-barred gate, or lie prone upon
the ground, as he may well do here among
the heather, and digest the prospect. Never
arrange a journey without allowing sufficient
time for meditation and contemplation. If
you want to beat records do it on the racing-
track, which the sporting fraternity has provided
for such pastimes. When you have turned off
into the road leading direct to Bagshot you
have a pleasant series of gentle hills to glide
over of the attractive switchback type.
i8
SANDFORD AND MERTON
Bagshot is a nice clean little town, which
it is always a pleasure to ride into. You can
scent the military there, and the old lady who
gave me some tea on my return in the after-
noon told me, with much pride in tone and
manner, that the Duke of Connaught passed
her door every morning. She even went to
the trouble of stepping out into the road and
swinging her old arms to and fro, to show
me the exact portion of the road along which
His Royal Highness passed. Such loyalty was
touching in one who had to make both ends
meet by providing teas at a shilling a head,
with two new-laid eggs thrown in. Why do
these old ladies in country places always boil
eggs hard ? When I was young and inex-
perienced I ventured to instruct one of these
dames as to how she might always ensure having
soft-boiled eggs, but I regret to say that my
advice was not received in the spirit in which
it was offered. It is the common fate of those
who endeavour to propagate important truths.
From Bagshot it was a glorious run on a
good road through Swinley Forest to Bracknell.
I noticed scores of bicyclists on the main road
running through Bagshot, but in the midst of
19
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
this delightful forest scenery I was the only
one. It was indeed a place of solitude. As I
sat down on the root of a giant oak, to take in
a particularly attractive scene of silver birch,
oak, elm, and pine, all standing knee-deep, as it
were, in green and golden bracken and purple
heather of varying shades, there came rattling
along a most imposing equipage. Two
thoroughbred horses of exceptional stature
pranced in their glittering harness ; a portly
coachman and the most dignified and super-
cilious footman I had ever seen were perched
high up on the box-seat of a sumptuous swing-
ing carriage. And all this was to carry along
a poor, wizen-faced old woman who looked
very unhealthy and very unhappy ! Following
at some distance behind there came a strange
group. A man with a rope about his loins
attaching him to the shafts of a cart j a woman
at his side also harnessed by rope to the cart ;
on the other side, but well in front, tied to the
end of a long rope, was a barefooted little boy,
certainly not more than six years old, doing his
share of tugging at the cart, which was loaded
with wood, the inevitable baby being perched
high up on the top. They came to a stand-
20
SANDFORD AND MERTON
still as {hey reached the brow of the hill, the
man and woman gasping for breath and wiping
the sweat from their feces with their begrimed
hands. The little boy grinned through his
dirt and danced with delight at the end of his
rope. The man and woman soon laughed too,
the man doing a little double-shuffle in the
shafts, as if to convince all interested that he
had some life left in him yet, and the yellow-
haired dirty baby up aloft crowed and clapped
his hands in the joy of his little life. '^ Come
along, Jinnie ; a little more pull, and we'll
'ave 'arf-a-pint at the Cricketers ! " Off they
went, truly a happy femily — at that moment,
at any rate.
I sprang into the saddle, and commenced
ruminating over the social contrasts with which
we are surrounded, and the many schemes for
making every one happy — those political
Morrison's Patent Pills, as Carlyle called them
— but a stiffish incline along a lovely glade
distracted my attention, and in a very short
time I had left the forest behind and was
pedalling cheerfully through Bracknell village.
The roads here are somewhat confusing, and I
was forced to make inquiries. An old white-
21
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
haired man was passing through the street,
carrying a basket of cucumbers, and muttering
to himself, " 'Ere they are, fine cucumbers, as
long as yer arm ! " Perhaps he was afraid to
repeat such a fib in too loud a tone. In answer
to my inquiries he gabbled on for some time,
describing various roads leading to Twyford,
and rejecting them all in turn on the ground of
some fault in them. Some went too far round,
some were too rough, some too hilly, others
had all these defects. I managed to gather,
however, which was the road to B infield, and
on I went.
From Binfield to Twyford the road was
very rough ; it was difficult to find a solid
channel anywhere, and I ploughed through the
sand and shingle with as much resolution as I
could command. I relieved the monotony of
these heavy roads by pausing occasionally to
watch the labourers at work in the fields, or to
examine some of the strange-looking machines
that are rapidly becoming the common features
of the country-side. . "Some day it'll all be
done by machines," said a labourer gloomily,
as he munched his bread and cheese ; " and
then we shall all have to go into the workus ! "
22
SANDFORD AND MERTON
Over a stony railway bridge into Twyford
I steered, not in a violent race-track style, but
with the calm dignity becoming a middle-aged
gentleman entering a strange town on a
bicycle. Having now
travelled nearly thirty
miles and being close
to my destination, I
thought I might
reasonably refresh ; so
hieing me to a humble
hostelry 1 did so with
bread and cheese and
ale. Anything ap-
proaching to heavy
eating or drinking
during a day's ride is ,..„.,-._
a woful mistake ; you -- ""^^"iSi^-^-^'
cannot digest food ■--■'>.
properly and pedal a iimfielS
machine at the same
time. As to drink, if you imbibe at all freely of
alcohol you cannot ride ; and the inverse of
this being equally true is a strong reason for
encouraging young men to take to cycling. If
you are thirsty — and most novices suffer terribly
23
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
from thirst — do not drink. anything, but simply
rinse out your mouth with water, which will
alleviate the thirst far more effectually than
quarts of liquid poured into the stomach.
Half the thirstiness is caused by riding with
the mouth more or less wide open j on a dry
day this means that your tongue, palate, and
throat become coated with dust. All that is
necessary is to wash this dust away, and try to
ride with your mouth shut.
An easy ride of about a mile and a half along
a good road brought me to Wargrave. It is
only travellers who by long journeying have won
the right to membership of the Travellers' Club
who are allowed to indulge in superlatives ; a
mere idler along the roads like myself must be
sparing of his adjectives ; otherwise I should
wax enthusiastic about Wargrave village street.
I wonder whether you can find anywhere else
so many pretty flower-decked houses, so many
smart-looking inns ; has any other village such
a wonderful, well-to-do, easy-going air about it ?
Every house seems to be a quaint little palace of
quiet enjoyment. Surely all the male inhabitants
must wear brown velvet coats and soft felt hats,
and all the women must be beautiful dames of the
24
SANDFORD AND MERTON
Du Maurier type. But where were they all ?
Not a soul was to be seen ! Evidently in this
peaceful village the afternoon nap is an honoured
custom. What shining brass knockers, what
highly -polished windows, what pretty white
casements, and flowers, flowers everywhere.
This must be the place where all the minor
poets live ; which may explain many of the
queer verses that have often caused me to
wonder whether I was very dense or very silly.
Who could live here without soaring above the
commonplace, the common language, and the
common sense ?
As I reflected thus I strolled down a side
street, and caught sight of the church and
churchyard, just the sort of church you would
expect to find in such a village. Two gables
and a square red tower, half-covered with foliage,
confront you as you walk across a field in which
are some fine old trees that must often have
gladdened the eyes of Thomas Day. I searched
diligently in the churchyard for the good man's
tomb, but not a glimpse of it could I find.
There was the bell-ringer's grave, with a stone
cross above it, erected by the vicar and parish-
ioners. He deserved a monument, for he had
25
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
rung the bell for thirty years. What scenes of
joy and sorrow the old man must have wit-
nessed ! But why the half- hearted praise of
the inscription, " Thou hast been faithful in a
few things " ? Did the reverend and the lay
subscribers really mean to imply that the old
fellow was unfaithful in many things ?
Here was a pretty kettle of fish ! A journey
26
SANDFORD AND MERTON
of thirty miles and no tomb to be found !
Perhaps Thomas Day was not buried here at all.
I went into the church a disheartened traveller,
and thought of Seneca's diatribe against those
who are not content to stay at home. "He
that cannot live happily anywhere will live
happily nowhere. What is a man the better for
travelling ? As if his cares could not find him
out wherever he goes. Frequent changing of
places shows an instability of mind, and we
must fix the body before we can fix the soul.
We return neither the better nor the sounder ;
nay, and the very agitation hurts us [there were
no pneumatic tyres in Seneca's day]. We learn
to call towns and places by their names, and to
tell stories of mountains and of rivers ; but had
not our time been better spent in the study of
wisdom and of virtue ? " — and so on. How
Seneca would have chuckled to find a rambling
cyclist in such a plight !
Suddenly I caught sight of the name of
Thomas Day on a tablet fixed against the wall
of the church. Here was the solution of the
mystery ; our old friend was buried inside the
church, and, as I afterwards found out, his bones
were lying beneath the very pew in which I
27
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
was seated. The tablet is a plain, common-
place affair, from which I copied the following
inscription : —
In memory of Thomas Day^ Esq.^ who died
the iSth September^ 1789, aged 41, a/ter having
promoted by the energy of his writings and en-
couraged by the uniformity of his example the un-
remitted exercise of every public and private virtue.
Beyond the rage of time or fortune's power y
Remain^ cold stone^ remain and mark the hour
When all the noblest gifts to hie h Heaven e^er gave
Were centred in a dark untimely grave,
Ohy taught on Reason^ s boldest wings to rise
And catch each glimmering of the opening skies,
Ohy gentle bosom ! Oh, unsullied mind!
Oh, friend to truth, to virtue and mankind.
Thy dear remains we trust to this sad shrine,
Secure to feel no second loss like thine.
So good a man deserved at least a better
epitaph. For Thomas Day was really a good
man, who deserved to live in later times, when
many of his ideas bore fruit and cycling added
a new pleasure to life. He found himself a
young man of some fortune in a world of much
wickedness and suffering. He did not drink
hard and ride hard, like most of his contempor-
28
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
and wore a cricket-cap perched jauntily on his
head ; whereas every one knows that the sexton
of a country graveyard should be old, very old
indeed, with white hair somewhat unkempt, a
face deeply seared by time and the almost daily
witnessing of sorrow ; he should have a melan-
choly air and crack grim jokes ; above all, he
should be unclean and have bits of clay scattered
freely about his clothing. This man had none
of the proper characteristics of his calling.
I observed with particular regret that he was
clean ; he might indeed have passed for a re-
spectable carpenter. Did he know of the grave
of Thomas Day ? " Yes, under the pew, under
the stone on the wall ; 'ewas thrown orf 'is 'orse."
" Yes," I murmured sadly, thinking of Day's
untimely end.
" Thrown orf 'is 'orse," repeated the sexton
in a defiant tone. The man seemed to revel in
the fact ; probably it was the only one he knew
of concerning poor Day. I asked him whether
many people came to see the grave.
"You're about the sixth this year," he
replied.
So the author of The History of Sandford
and Merton is not quite forgotten.
30
II
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, AND
POLITICIAN
WE were sitting in a little room at
the back of the village inn, the
Schoolmaster and I. He did not
tell me that he was a schoolmaster ; but the
expression of habitual worry on his face, the
constant tend of the conversation towards the
vagaries of the Education Department, grotesque
examination-papers, the characteristics of the
genus boy^ and many other similar touches, con-
vinced me that he was a pedagogue. Then,
again, for four mortal weeks he had been sitting
on the banks of the stream that flowed beneath
the window, trying to hook innocent little fishes
that had never done him any harm. This was
just the sort of pastime that a man, whose soul
had been embittered by the brutal stupidity and
3^
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Satanic impishness of a hundred boys, would fly
to. He was manufacturing a mysterious paste
of a variety of messy farinaceous substances, in
which he now and then dropped a few drops of
gin, much to the disgust of the natives who
peeped in at us through the bar-window. With
this toothsome mixture he expected to commit
much slaughter on the following morning.
It was most annoying 5 the rain was pouring
down steadily, to the Schoolmaster's great satis-
ftiction, and he would persist in talking fish. I
knew that nothing but some educational subject
would lead him away from his awful hobby, so,
in sheer desperatioli, I tackled him on the
teaching of foreign languages. He took the
bait and we were soon at it, to use the words
of Uncle Toby and Corporal Trim, "Ding-
dong, horse and foot, helter-skelter, right and
left."
'' Oh, yes," said he testily, " there's to be no
application now ; everything's to be made easy,
and boys and girls are to be taught French
without their knowing it. They're to pick it
up, as children pick up their mother-tongue !
Why, sir, they'd be seventy years of age before
they could read half-a-dozen pages on such a
32
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, ETC.
system. When I was a boy I had to work
hard to acquire knowledge. My first French
book was WilHam Cobbett's French Grammar
— do you know it ? "
" Know it ! I should think I did," I repHed.
"Shall I ever forget the villain's instructions
for learning the genders ! You were to rule
sheets of paper down the centre and then go
through the dictionary, copying out the femi-
nines on one side of your line and the mascu-
lines on the other, and committing them to
memory a page at a time. Do you know any-
thing more likely to prevent a boy learning
French ? "
The Schoolmaster's worn face relaxed in a
smile, but we soon both agreed that Cobbett
was a fine old fellow, and had done much to
set people thinking.
It was this conversation that made me de-
termine to ride over to Farnham the next day,
if the weather would but change. What better
excuse could one find for a ride along the Hog's
Back than an interview with the ghost of old
Cobbett ? And beyond Farnham there was
Moor Park, with recollections of Dean Swift
and Stella. The Schoolmaster approved my
D 33
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
plans, and, rather sheepishly, begged me to
bring him a spray from Cobbett's grave. You
see, in spite of years of suffering from the
brutality of boys, the old fellow had still a soft
place left in his heart.
The morning looked doubtful, to say the
least of it ; the London paper prophesied
thunder-showers with bright intervals. I re-
solved to take my chance of having a fair share
of the latter. When I once asked an old
skipper how he liked sea-faring, he gave me
this answer : " If ever you come across a man
who has been on the seas for three years, and
says he likes it, you may put him down as a
liar." Just so, if ever you come across a cyclist
who says that he rides in all weathers and enjoys
it, don't you believe him. To enjoy cycling
three things are necessary : a good machine, a
good road, and fair weather. If you are on
tour, a day spent in prowling about a country
village or town is infinitely more enjoyable than
driving on laboriously through pelting rain and
slush ; the rest does yoii a great deal of good
and gives zest to the next day's ride. You are
a poor specimen of humanity if you cannot
discover some interesting characters in the
34
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, ETC.
place and pick up scraps of information from
them. I rejoice to find in my wanderings so
many village libraries, and the number appears
to be increasing. Many of them consist of
simply a room with a table and a few chairs in
it, and a shelf or two round the walls j the daily
and illustrated papers lie on the table, and the
shelves contain a few books. The cost of
keeping up such an institution must be very
small, but it is a civilising and refining influence
that should bear excellent fruit. I admire quiet,
unostentatious work of this kind. Your great
man gives a large sum of money to build a big
institution, which is opened with a loud flourish
of trumpets, and immediate glory is showered
upon the gracious founder, every one taking it
for granted that the institution is going to
accomplish great things because it cost a pile of
money. The founders of these simple libraries
received no glory and expected none ; they
have been content to try what can be done to
raise the tone of the village labourer and
mechanic. Such places form a quiet haven for
a man when he has half-an-hour to spare, and
they often give shelter and amusement to the
belated cyclist, who, if he be a true follower of
35
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
the Gentle Art, slips a coin into the contribu-
tion-box, and perhaps, when he returns home,
sends down a few books to add to the shelves.
My nearest way to Farnham would have
been through the scattered hamlet of Send, on
to the famous Ripley Road, but as that would
have meant about five miles of rather rough
riding, I decided to tack in the direction of New
Woking, and get on to a road leading through
shady lanes and across commons into Guildford
from the Stoke side. As I got into the saddle
I caught sight of the Schoolmaster sitting in
his melancholy punt, where he had been casting
his line on the waters since six o'clock that
morning. He waved his hat in farewell, a
most unusual display of high spirits in so unde-
monstrative a character. I concluded that his
three hours' exertions must have resulted in a
bite.
The roads were none the worse for yester-
day's rain, and there was the advantage of
having no dust to contend with. Between
Woking and Guildford there are no hills
worthy the name, only a series of gentle inclines
that even elderly amblers can get over with
ease. There is one nice little slope, running
36
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, ETC,
down into the road that leads to Mayford, where
the trees meet overhead like the arched roof
of a cathedral aisle. I should not like my
enemy, the Scorcher, to know it, but I have
been guilty of coasting down this incline. In
justice to myself, however, I wish to state that
I have never been guilty of such an act when
any man, woman, or other animal has been in
sight.
On the ethics of coasting disputations might
be carried on for years by discourses, letters,
and pamphlets, just as St. Augustin and the
early Fathers discussed Pelagianism and Arian-
ism. The sensation is delightful, and it is a
tempting form of rest for weary legs ; but it
is decidedly dangerous both for the rider and
the pedestrians who may happen to get in his
way. The cockney Harrys and country
yokels who go in for coasting without a brake
to their machines deserve all they get at the
hands of the magistrates, and a great deal
more. No one but a stupid brute would
think that all the men, women, and children
in a district ought to leave the road clear in
order that he may indulge in a selfish form
of amusement. The cyclist, who is also a
37
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
gentleman, realises that the high road is for
others as well as for himself.
On this particular ride, when I turned the
corner of the road where the incline com-
mences, I was suddenly confronted with a
brewer's dray, a drove of bullocks, and a lady
cyclist, all going downwards. Mam'selle, evi-
dently frightened half out of her life at the
cattle, was tacking from one side of the road
to the other in a dangerous fashion. She had
evidently turned the corner at full speed, in-
stead of slowing up, and had suddenly found
herself on an incline within a few yards of the
drove of bullocks and the dray, both of which
were of course travelling at a slow pace. She
was too nervous to dismount on the hill, and,
like one half crazy, was steering the machine
from side to side of the road, to prevent her-
self being precipitated among the bullocks.
The inevitable end came in less than two
minutes ; the front wheel went into the bank,
and over went the young lady. She had
escaped the dray and the drove, but she had
smashed her pretty aluminium lamp, bent a
crank, and given herself an unpleasant shaking.
Bicycling too dangerous for ladies ? Not a bit
38
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, ETC.
of it ! He would be a bold man who should
suggest that horse-riding is too dangerous for
ladies, yet if a horse is not treated with dis-
cretion he brings the rider to grief. A bicycle
is quieter than the quietest horse, and, if used
with care, will harm no one who mounts its
saddle. Unfortunately many ladies when they
ride a bicycle (and, one may add, a horse too)
seem to lose all that part of valour which is
called discretion. They do not seem to realise
any possibiKty of danger, and they go gaily
down hills where the strongest man would not
be ashamed to dismount. We amblers see
them and shudder. What wonder that the
newspapers teem with accidents to our petti-
coated cyclists ? The wonder is that they are
not much more frequent.
Having assisted the young lady as much as
was possible, I continued my way while she
pushed her machine homewards, a sadder if not
a wiser woman. I like this road to Guildford,
because the lanes are so pretty, at times re-
minding one of Devonshire ; there is none of the
monotony of the high road — not that I would
imply that the high road to Guildford is mono-
tonous, far from it — but I am thinking of main
39
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
roads in general. From these particular lanes
you get delightful peeps at fine old mansions
of time-mellowed brick, half covered with ivy
and nestling among huge trees. We English-
men are so accustomed to the sight of these
sylvan giants that we scarcely appreciate their
beauty, and seldom realise what the growth of
a great tree really means. Did you ever, to
amuse your children, plant an acorn in your
garden and watch its yearly growth ? How
slowly, how painfully slowly. Nature seems to
work. You cannot perceive that the tiny stem
is any thicker or higher this year than it was
last. Look upon these old giants, and try to
realise what the growth of their scaly trunks
really means, how many generations of men
have their green boughs waved over. To me,
there is a solemnity, as well as beauty, about
a great tree. It makes me feel how frail a
thing is man, what a small item he is in the
economy of Nature. Greater minds require
an Alpine range to bring this home to them ;
an old oak-tree in a Surrey lane is enough
for me.
It is good to put the machine against the
bank, sit down at the root of one of these
40
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, ETC.
mighty monarchs and listen to the whispering
of the leaves over your head, examine the bark
of the trunk closely, and note the insects run-
ning hither and thither, the pupae containing
life to come. Look up above at the birds in
the branches, the leaves with their flies and
caterpillars ; look down below at the ants and
beetles running among the roots, then you
realise that he is more than a monarch — he is
a veritable kingdom, a world in himself. But
I must not dwell on such things. Nature
requires no new interpreters and guides ; her
story has been told to all who will read. " Read
the great books first," exclaims the philosopher
of Walden pond, "or you may never read them."
If you are a busy man, and have little time for
reading, remember that life is short, and read
nothing else until you have read what Nature's
confidantes have to tell concerning her — Gil-
bert White, Ruskin, Thoreau, and the greatest
of all her interpreters, the man whom Nature
pressed to her heart and into whose ears she
whispered her innermost thoughts, Richard
JeflFeries. Alas ! there was one other, who
might have excelled even JefFeries, but he
lapsed and left Mother Nature for the flesh-
41
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
pots of the modern Babylon. Why did he not
remain true to his first love ?
For Nature never did betray the heart that
loved her.
This pretty series of lanes and roads across
small commons to Guildford is an ideal ride
for the cycHst. The roads are well made.
There are no difficult hills, and the scenery is
full of interest for those who have eyes to see.
It was in crossing Whitemoor Common, not
far from Sutton Place, that I had difficulties
with a mare and a colt. It was a charming
sight to see them playing together, the mother
thumping the earth with her hoofs, the colt,
with its long legs joined together by a narrow
slip that it would be flattery to call a body,
frisking around her ; but when they com-
menced a circus performance around me and
ended by standing point blank across the
narrow road the joke was all on their side.
I slowed up, and, after a few coaxing whistles,
they were good enough to scamper across the
common, leaving the road free. You can deal
with a loose horse straying across the road in the
42
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, ETC.
daytime, but on a dark night it is an awkward
obstacle : you are on the horse and off your
machine before you have realised the situation.
As I have pedalled along the lanes this
summer I have noticed that catapults are very
much in vogue — I never remember seeing so
many before. So sure as you see a boy you
see a catapult ; even the little Italian boy who
was helping his mother to drag along a piano
organ towards Stoke, kept leaving his rope to
dart into the hedge and shoot at a bird with
his primitive weapon — so for had he adopted
English customs. The village boys, when
they are not picking blackberries, are peering
excitedly into hedges and bushes, catapult in
hand. They seldom kill a bird, or I should
not treat the matter lightly, but they keenly
enjoy the pleasures of the chase. Every boy
is a hunter born ; if he can hunt for nothing
else he will dig for worms. It is a striking
piece of evidence to the great truth that the
growth of every man is as the growth of the
human race, we all pass through the various
stages that the human race has passed through.
Here are these nineteenth - century English
boys, fiercely seeking to kill birds with their
43
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
catapults ; they are in the great hunting stage
when our ancestors lived by the chase. Some-
times cases of arrested development occur, and
the boy grows up to manhood still remaining
in the hunting stage ; the result is a poacher,
a man who cannot settle down to the drudgery
of modern industrial life, but will lie in the
wet grass half the night to snare a hare. I
suppose it is necessary to send poachers to
prison, in order that country gentlemen may
preserve their game, but it does seem rather
hard that a man who for the life of him can-
not get out of the catapult stage should spend
a great part of his life in gaol. Magistrates,
before they deal with poachers, should be forced
to read that marvellous chapter in the Vestiges
of the Natural History of Creation^ where this
theory of the development of the animal king-
*dom is so graphically explained.
What was once the village of Stoke is now
a suburb of the town of Guildford, and an ugly
one, of course, as most suburbs are. You ride
up a gentle macadamised ascent until you reach
what is called Chertsey Street, where the
gradient is much steeper and you are in a
region of rough granite setts leading into the
44
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, ETC.
High Street. Some people ride up Chertsey
Street and down the High Street. Why, it is
diiBcult to tell) for it is an uncomfortable jolt
at the best, and the traffic is often thick and
always erratic. I invariably walk down the
High Street, because
I cannot pass the
second - hand book
shop without over-
hauling the stock.
Have you ever experi-
enced that indescrib-
able thrill of delight
at finding a second-
hand bookseller in
some remote country
town, in which you
had not dreamed of
being confronted with ' Q^i,^^^ ^J.^^^ s,^„j,
such a joy ? If not, '
then you have lost at least one of the pleasures
of life. The worst of buying books is, that some
day you may come across a copy at a lower price
than you have given for yours. This was my
unfortunate experience on this particular day.
There stood I, fece to face with two real
45
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
bargains, which I could not take advantage
of because they were already on my shelves,
having been purchased at a much higher price.
Unable to bear the sight, I savagely pushed
the machine down the hill and over the canal
bridge ; and then mounting once more, turned
up the narrow road on the right, called the
Farnham Road.
But it is impossible for any middle-aged
ambler to go very far along this road without
dismounting, for it ascends at a rather acute
angle to the level of the famous Hog's Back.
After many miles of narrow winding lanes,
the billowy hills, that are somewhat suddenly
revealed as one climbs out of Guildford, appear
like mountain ranges ; Nature seems at a bound
to have changed her mood and taken up her
work on a grand scale. My travelled friends,
I pray you not to smile at a simple-minded
Englishman speaking of grandeur in connec-
tion with a Surrey landscape. Before you have
finished the first mile you are ready to admit
the legitimacy of the title Hog's Back, for hoga^
2l hill, it certainly is. When the summit is
reached, however, you are fully rewarded for
your exertions. You are on an excellent
46
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, ETC.
riding-road, which runs for about six miles
along the narrow hill- top on either side of
which are superb views of typical South of
England scenery. Surely there is no cycle
ride to surpass this !
Directly I began to face the exhilarating
hill-top breeze, I congratulated myself on my
good fortune. " Bright intervals," the meteor-
ological officials had announced ; I had
captured one of them, at all events. The
black clouds, that had followed threateningly
in my wake all the morning, had now passed
away, and, riding along in a perfect blaze of
August sunshine, I had the privilege of seeing
the rain, on the other side of the valley, pour-
ing out of ragged -edged clouds upon Hind-
head. Never have I had so glorious ? run.
47
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Down in the plain on the north side, as far as
eye could see, was a beautiful land of green
fields and yellow corn, interspersed with
patches of woodland in their richest summer
garb ; on the south was a lovely valley, thickly
clothed with foliage of every possible tint of
green. I must needs dismount and rest me
on a gate to enjoy this superb scene. Such, I
thought, must have appeared the promised
land to Moses, when he stood on Pisgah.
I wandered to a neighbouring hillock to
focus, as it were, the view on either hand and
feast my eyes upon the distant range of hills.
Who would not be proud of so lovely a land
and prize the privilege of calling it " my
country " ! And to think that with " this
precious stone set in the silver sea " our very
own, we despise the task of making it in reality
"this other Eden, demi - Paradise," of filling
every vale and hill with happy men and
women, and, instead, seek to the ends of the
earth for other soil, in order that a few of us
may pile up money — for what ?
Would you believe it, while I was sitting
on a gate, doing my thinking and half intoxi-
cated with the scene before me, there rushed
48
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, ETC.
by a youth on a bicycle. His back described
the once familiar Scorcher's curve : his nose
almost touched the handle-bar of his machine ;
and he seemed to be taking all available means
of shutting out the lovely landscape through
which he was passing. Had an avenging
angel, or devil, been pursuing him he could
not have pedalled with more pathetic fierceness.
It was a sorry sight indeed for a gentle ambler,
and it would have made me unhappy for some
time, but, as I got into the saddle again, the
breeze increased to something like a gale, and
my attention was turned to the task of keep-
ing the machine upright. The wind sang
wild songs in the spokes of the wheels as I
came in sight of Farnham and its hop-gardens,
and it was a relief to amble along in the
sheltered roads on the lower ground.
Once in the lower road it was easy to see
that one was in a land of hops, and that pick-
ing-time was near. Shabby individuals, chins
unshaven and hair unkempt, trudged along,
each with a mysterious nobbly-looking sack
slung over his shoulder. Whatever else the
sack contains, you may rest assured that it
holds a kettle or a saucepan, or a publican's tin
E 49
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
can, for boiling water at the roadside. These
tramps, however fond they may be of beer,
dearly love a cup of tea, or they would not
carry the means of making it for the number
of miles that they do. I have often been
astonished at their deftness in preparing after-
noon tea, which they seem to take at all hours
of the day. Any one of them, duly washed
and combed, would be a great acquisition at a
picnic. If you have ever tried to prepare and
light a fire on such an occasion you will readily
appreciate the skill of these gentlemen of the
road, who get a bundle of twigs blazing in the
proverbial no time. The tea and the sugar are
kept, each in its separate screw of paper, in the
trousers pocket. Milk is dispensed with as a
rule, but I have occasionally seen them scrap-
ing out a tin of "condensed." These men
always seem to be in a state of anxiety about
the time of day ; if they condescend to speak
to the traveller, they always want to know the
time — they also want another penny to add to
the threepence they have in order to obtain a
night's lodging. You may, however, relieve
yourself from any anxiety on this point, their
knowledge of dry barns, out-houses, and casual
50
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, ETC.
wards being of a most extensive and peculiar
character. We should probably be greatly
astonished if we knew the number of people
who live on the road during the summer
months. On a certain little peninsula formed
by the winding of the river Wey, three of
these gentlemen met every evening at about
six o'clock during last summer, two middle-
aged men and one old man with white hair.
I had frequent opportunities for watching the
spot, and regularly, within five minutes of each
other, they would make their appearance
shortly after the church clock in the distant
village struck six. Sturdy and strong they
looked, and the old man was decidedly fat ;
they were always in excellent spirits, and
cracked jokes together while the saucepan was
boiling for their tea. One of them always
sang the same song, while he examined the
contents of his bag : —
Dearest Mabel, now I'm able
To buy you a happy home,
Since they've raised my screw, love,
I've enough for two, love.
Will you marry ?
Do not tarry —
51
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
He never went beyond this point in the song ;
but whether it was because he remembered no
more, or because the arrangements for the
meal distracted his attention, I could not
succeed in finding out. A notable thing about
the party was that they always had a news-
paper, which one of them, seated comfortably
among the ferns, his back supported against
the trunk of a fir-tree, read aloud to the others
as they sipped their tea from tin cans. And
what do you think was the first item of news
the reader always started with ? It was in-
variably the cricket intelligence. To witness
their excitement over the latest scores from
Lord's or the Oval was an experience not easily
forgotten. How these men picked up a living
I could never discover 5 but they were obviously
quite happy and well fed, notwithstanding
their rags, and they never seemed to be short
of tobacco.
Past the famous hop-gardens into the town
of Farnham I trundled, and turning up a side
road to the left, paid my respects to the inn
where William Cobbett was born — the Jolly
Farmer. It is a commonplace public -house,
and nothing more. What a pity it is that
52
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, ETC.
babies who are to become lamous should not
always be born in picturesque surroundings !
No one could wax enthusiastic over the Jolly
Farmer. By the bye, how few famous men has
the licensed vic-
tualling interest
produced ; or is
it that the sons
of publicans, when
they achieve great- -
ness, take pains to
conceal the occupa-
tion of their sires ?
But the publicans
can really only
claim half of Cob-
bett, for his father
was a l^rmer as
well as an inn- '^y pi'jiS'mjrj ho
keeper.*
While I was riding along the rough central
> Mr. C. Starling of Farnham asiures me that Cobbett w»
not bom at the JoHy Farmer, but at a small farm beLonging lo
hit father outside the town ; that the public-house was really
kept by Cobbett'a grandfather, who sold the beer he himself
brewed.— F. W. B.
S3
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
street of Farnham, my mind filled with
thoughts of pugnacious Cobbett, a strange
thing happened, as the novelist would say. A
very unclean Italian, once an innocent peasant,
now jone of the horrors of civilisation, was
ferociously grinding out one of Moody and
Sankey's hymns. I had never, until that
moment, heard any sacred song played on a
street-organ. The strange thing that happened
was this — the hymn -tune set up a train of
thought which eventually led to a name that I
had not read of, nor heard spoken, for more
years than I care to reckon. It was as if an
impression had long ago been made upon some
of that mysterious tissue ^yhich forms fold
upon fold in the brain, an impression made and
sealed up, only to be unsealed at some future
time by some other impression. The organ
did it. In every land where the English
language is spoken, there are few places where
men meet for public worship, few homes the
walls of which have not echoed to the words.
Rock of Ages, cleft for me,
Let me hide myself in Thee.
I wonder how many of the singers know that
54
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, ETC.
the writer of that hymn, Augustus Toplady,
was running about Farnham town, a little boy
of twelve years, when William Cobbett first
saw light through one of the windows of the
Jolly Farmer. Of all the babies that have ever
been born in Farnham, baby Cobbett and baby
Toplady are the only two who lived to make
any stir in the world. Yes, Toplady not only
wrote sweet and gentle hymns, but he wielded
a doughty metaphysical sword against no less a
giant than John Wesley ; and when theologians
disagree, it is a decided stir that they make.
As to Cobbett, his life was a continual stirring
up of things in general. Did he not write
under the name of Peter Porcupine ? Was he
not accused of raising discontent in the mind of
the agricultural labourer, and inciting him to
acts of violence, and to the destruction of corn,
stacks, machinery, and other property ? Cob-
bett had his faults, and serious faults they were ;
but, as the high-priest of industry and dogged
perseverance, he did much to give backbone to
the young men of his day. He was the great
advocate of the gospel of self-help, the great
physician who recommended hard work for
every physical, mental, and social disease. His
55
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Advice to Toung Men was at one time in the
pocket of every thoughtful young workman ;
and the workmen of to-day have lost much by
turning their backs upon such an excellent
character-forming book.
Cobbett would certainly have been an
enthusiastic cyclist had he lived in our day.
As it was, he had to do his tours on horseback.
He was perhaps the only man of his age, with
the exception of Arthur Young and Thomas
Day, who did what cyclists do now every
summer — travel the roads, from village to village
and town to town, getting into close touch
with nature and man. Cobbett's Rural Rides
should be in every cyclist's library. The book
will suggest many excursions, and it gives a
remarkable insight into the conditions of rural
life at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
In it are described, with an always vigorous and
sometimes picturesque pen, many places that are
familiar to the wheelman who has travelled the
Sussex and Hampshire roads. Cobbett's extra-
ordinary knack of letting off his political steam
at all sorts of odd times and places is shown at
its best in some of his descriptions of scenery,
as in the following characteristic example :
56
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, ETC.
This pretty valley of Chilworth has a run of
water, which comes out of the high hills, and
which occasionally spreads into a pond ; so that
there is in fact a series of ponds connected by
this run of water. This valley, which seems to
have been created by a bountiful Providence as
one of the choicest retreats of man, which seems
formed for a scene of innocence and happiness,
has been by ungrateful man so perverted as to
make it instrumental in effecting two of the most
damnable of purposes ; in carrying into execution
two of the most damnable inventions that ever
sprang from the mind of man, under the influence
of the devil ! namely, the making of gunpowder
and of bank-notes !
Here, in this tranquil spot, where the nightin-
gales are to be heard earlier and later in the year
than in any other part of England, where the first
bursting of the buds is seen in Spring ; where no
rigour of seasons can ever be felt ; where every-
thing seems formed for precluding the very thought
of wickedness ; here has the devil fixed on as one
of the seats or his grand manufactory ; and per-
verse and ungrateful man not only lends him his
aid, but lends it cheerfully. As to the gunpowder,
indeed, we might get over that. In some cases
that may be innocently, and, when it sends the
lead at the hordes that support a tyrant, meri-
57
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
toriously employed. The alders and the willows,
therefore, one can see, without so much regret,
turned into powder by the waters of this valley ;
but the bank-notes ! To think that the springs,
which God has commanded to flow from the sides
of these happy hills, for the comfort and the
delight of man — to think that these springs should
be perverted into means of spreading misery over
a whole nation !
I jolted along the uneven road to the hostelry
where, from experience, I knew I should be
well treated. Be it known to all good cyclists
that there is in the town of Farnham a neat
and clean inn where an excellent bed and
breakfast can be obtained for three shillings.
If this mine host can thrive on such a tariff,
why not all ? Putting up my machine in the
dry coach-house, I partook of a scanty lunch,
on principle, and afterwards proceeded to find
Cobbett's grave.
There is no more pleasant little town in
England for an afternoon stroll in the blazing
sunshine. Not even a Scotsman could find
fault with the cake-shops, and there is always
a plentiful supply of fruit on hand. You stand
in the market-place and look up the picturesque
58
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, ETC.
hill at the old castle above the cedars, and think
what a happy man the Bishop of Winchester
must be to have such lodgment. How the
position of the teachers of the Gospel has
improved during
the past nineteen
hundred years !
From .fishermen
and humble "
handicraftsmen
with no lodgings
to speak of, to
lords hving in
statelyand beau-
tiful palaces .'
On this particu-
lar Augustafter-
noon a fine and
inspiriting touch ,^^^ ,
was given to the /Sr^^n-y Coj/la:
scene by a regi-
ment of Lancers riding up the hill. Farnham
has an unmistakable spice of Aldershot about it ;
the well-dressed, smart-looking men with bronzed
faces and fierce moustachios who gaze at you
sternly, almost witheringly, until you feel quite
59
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
ashamed of your untidy, dusty cycling costume,
are officers of the British Army visiting their
wives and children. In time of war how
anxiously must the morning newspapers be
scanned in many of those comfortable-looking
villas. But you take heart of grace when you
remember that the bicycle has now become a
part of the equipment of the British Army.
In the back streets, through which one passes
to reach the church, there are some good
specimens of timbered houses with red -tiled
gabled roofs. Cobbett^s grave is easy to find.
It is covered with a rectangular monument
enclosed in ugly iron palings ; on either side of
the inscription is a conventional inverted torch,
the only attempt at ornament. As the inscrip-
tion is fast disappearing,^ I thought it would be
well to write it down, and, as the children in
the school-house were singing a merry chorus in
their shrill treble voices, I copied the words :
Beneath this stone lie the remains of William
Cobbctt, son of George and Ann Cobbett. Born
' As a consequence of the publicity given by the press to this
passage, when it first appeared in Macmillan' s Magazine^ the
inscription has been restored.
60
SOLDIER, GRAMMARIAN, ETC.
in the parish of Farnham, 9th March, 1762.
Enlisted into the 54th regiment of foot in 1784,
of which regiment he became sergeant-major in
1785, and obtained his discharge in 1791. In
1794 he became a political writer, in 1832 was
returned to parliament for the borough of Oldham
and represented it till his death, which took place
at Normandy Farm in the adjoining parish of Ash
on the
The date cannot be deciphered, but Cobbett
died on 17th June, 1835. On a wall inside the
church there is a marble tablet erected to his
memory by his colleague in Parliament, one
John Fielden. The tablet is worth seeing
because it contains what surely must be an
admirable likeness, carved in relief; it exactly
corresponds to one's preconceived notions as to
the appearance of the sturdy old Radical.
There was not even a wildflower by the grave,
so I could only gather a few blades of grass for
the Schoolmaster, who, on my return at
eventide, seized them reverently and said, with
a tenderness that I had not given him credit
for, that he would preserve them between the
leaves of his copy of the Advice to Toung
Men.
61
Ill
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
WE were sitting in what had once
been the banqueting -hall of an
Elizabethan manor - house. Al-
though the afternoon sunshine was streaming
through the stained- glass windows, we had
been glad to draw our chairs up to the glowing
logs on the great hearth, for the walls of the
house were so thick that the heat of the sun
could only pierce them on the fiercest of
summer days. How out of place we all looked,
sitting there in our modern tweed garments, in
the presence of the picturesque ladies and
gentlemen who looked down upon us from the
panelled walls ! I, for one, felt like an inter-
loper, as though I had intruded into the land of
ghosts, and had displayed a want of courtesy
in forcing my society upon its shadowy in-
62
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
habitants. How our host had the temerity
to live and move and have his being amid
surroundings so hallowed by time I have never
been able to understand. Had the place been
mine I should not have dared to live nearer
to it than the village inn, and might have
had sufficient effrontery to occasionally wander
through its historic chambers as an unworthy
visitor. The ancient butler seemed to feel his
position acutely as he brought in afternoon
tea; he evidently felt that the mild -looking
cups and saucers were but a feeble substitute
for the wassail-bowl and flagons of sack that
had once graced the huge oaken table. We
had been looking from the upper windows over
the wide prospect of meadow and woodland
sweeping away to the distant downs, and I was
venturing to praise the view and to express my
admiration for certain bits of Surrey scenery.
"Ah," interposed our host, "they're all very
veil, but have you been up to Newland's
Corner ? " On my replying that I had not,
he looked at me reproachfully, much as a
High-Church curate might look at one who
should brazenly confess that he had never been
to early communion. It was sufficient to con-
6z
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
vince me that this particular corner was worth
seeing, and I resolved to redeem my character as
speedily as possible.
Most cyclists lose heavily by slavish adher-
ence to route -maps and guides which keep
them on the great main roads. This is
especially the case with townsmen. When
they go for a day's ride they want to get as far
away from the town as possible, and with this
end in view they select a main road and grind
along it so far as time and strength will permit.
Some of these main arteries are of course very
beautiful — the Portsmouth Road between
Esher and Ripley is a continuous feast of
beauty for all who will ride slowly enough to
appreciate it ; but on the other hand the
great highways are often monotonous lengths
of roads, not to be compared with the byways
and lanes that intersect them. It is in the
shady depths of these narrow winding ways
that the real delight and romance of cycling
commences. You are one of a crowd on the
great highway, stupidly toiling on from place
to place ; in the secret, shady lanes you are a
solitary explorer, face to ftice with Nature in
her prettiest moods, and you realise what a
64
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
thinly-peopled, wild, woodland country Eng-
land is outside her great over -grown towns.
A cyclist once confided to me that he was
beginning to hate the sight of the high
roads, but he was afraid of venturing off them
lest he should lose himself. As if anything
could be more delightful ! Then he was also
afraid that he might find himself in an isolated
spot at lunch-time. This is the awful condi-
tion to which civiUsation has brought some of
us ; we must receive our aliment with all the
regularity of a cramming-room on a French
poultry -farm, or we die. The man who
cannot on occasion enjoy a lunch of bread
and butter, or cheese, or even a hunch of
bread and a mugful of milk, ought never to
ride on a bicycle ; his proper place is in the
arm-chair of a Pullman-car, as near the cook-
ing-galley as possible, or on an ocean-steamer.
Sometimes it is the fear of unrideable roads that
keeps the cyclist on the beaten track. More
often than not there is no ground for such
fears. There is, for instance, a lane on the
Ripley Road, the beginning of which presents
to view a formidable stretch of flints, and
there are those ominous streaks of grass
F 65
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
down the centre which usually betoken an
unrideable path. But* it is all an illusion.
In a couple of hundred yards or so the flints
disappear, and for three miles there is a
charming ride with woodland on either side.
I have never met a bicyclist on this road, al-
though at each end it touches a popular Surrey
highway.
One difficulty in the way of exploring un-
familiar by-ways is that the long ride from,
say, the centre of London into the country
is so exhausting to all but the strongest that
there is little energy left for experimental
flights into unknown regions. It is far better
to take the train out of the town into the
country and then indulge in the delights of
exploration. If the railway companies would
only be a little kinder, cycling would be a
much more enjoyable pastime for the towns-
man than it now is. Some day it will
appear incredible that the railway companies
of to-day saw Cycling increasing in popularity
year after year without making the slightest
effort to take advantage of it as a new
source of revenue. On the contrary, for
years they placed every possible impediment
66
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
in the way of cyclists. The fares were
prohibitive, and those who were willing to
pay them had to coax unwilling booking-
office clerks to supply the necessary tickets.
Old cyclists, and even young ones, can
remember how these tickets had to be dug
out of the innermost recesses of the booking-
office J how they had to be filled up so elab-
orately that the clerks could never issue
them until all other passengers were supplied,
and how it was a common experience for the
cyclist to receive the precious document after
the train had left the platform. Things are
now a little better at the booking - office ;
but, having secured his ticket, the troubles
of the cyclist commence. The porters do
not love him, and he often has to carry his
machine up and down long flights of stairs
in wild endeavours to find the right platform.
The guard receives his humble advances
churlishly, doubts whether there be room for
"the thing" in the van, and eventually shies it
in and proceeds to pelt it with iron trunks
and heavy portmanteaus. The fact that
bicycles occasionally come out of a luggage-
van scathless reflects infinite credit upon the
67
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
manufacturers. There is, however, one ex-
cellent feature about the railway arrange-
ments, and that is the joyous feeling of
optimism they produce in an age when
pessimism is the prevailing note. Having
handed over your spick and span cycle,
replete with all the latest improvements, you
scramble into a carriage and relieve the
monotony of the journey by reflecting that
it is open to any dishonest person to place
a rickety, ramshackle old bone - shaker in
the luggage -van, and at the next station
exchange it for your high-grade Sans Egal.
The guard has no responsibility ; the bicycle is
carried on sufferance at your own risk ; at
any stopping-place any one holding a bicycle
ticket can take his pick of all the machines
in the van. Such thoughts give zest to the
journey, and your heart is filled with an ex-
quisite thrill of confidence in the future of the
human race when you clasp your own handle-
bar once again, and find that all your unholy
doubts have been groundless.
If any Londoner desires to wander through
the beauties of Surrey and Hampshire he will be
wise if he takes train to Woking, which has
68
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
the advantage of being quickly accessible, and
from which excellent roads converge in all
directions. Let him banish all superstitious
forebodings as to the cemetery and the
crematorium, both of which are separated
from Woking by some miles of ipine-fringed
commons. This was my starting-point on
the gray September morning when I set
forth, like a poor sickly town-bird escaped from
its narrow cage, in search of Newland's
Corner. How sweet the country air tasted
after the smoke of London ! The clerk
of the weather sympathised with the poor
jaded cockney, and before I had I pedalled
two miles the gray masses of clouds were
checkered with patches of blue ; a little later
and they seemed to have suddenly been trans-
formed into white fleecy boulders, and high
overhead was a long sweep of mackerel sky
foreboding strong winds.
Just before reaching Mayford School, behind
the red-brick walls of which an earnest attempt
is being made to mould the flotsam and jetsam
of the London streets into honest useful lads, I
turned off to the left along a road bordered
with white posts — very useful adornments on
69
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
dark wintry nights, for the ditches on either
side are deep and wide. With a spurt up the
hill, past a triangular patch of turf in the centre
of the cross roads, I found myself in the
familiar green lanes leading to Stoke and Guild-
ford. These lanes are wondrously rich in
bird-life : and the birds seem to have taken a
fresh lease of their singing-powers, for the trees
are as full of song as they were in the spring-
time. The honeysuckle is in bloom again and
the hedges are still thick with blackberries.
Clang'clang'clang ! It is the bell of the little
Roman Catholic church on the top of the hill
ringing the faithful to prayers ; where the
worshippers come from is a mystery, for there
is not a house in sight. A few yards farther
on a finger-post points to Burpham and
Merrow. Here the road narrows, and there
are some awkward corners. It is well to ring
your bell freely along such lanes, for you never
know who is round the next corner. It may
be a thoughtless wheelman ; it may be a
nervous elderly female ; whoever it is, you
ought to let them know you are coming, for
remember that your machine is almost noise-
less. You will of course be abused for ring-
70
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
ing. The good dame will exclaim : '^ Drat
the man, surely there's enough room for him
to pass ! Does he want all the road to him-
self ! " But you may console yourself with
the knowledge that, if you had not given
warning of your approach, she would have
declared that you were no gentleman to startle
a lady by rushing past her in that way : " Why
doesn't the wretch ring his bell ! " The world
is difficult to please, but it is best to be on the
safe side ; no one can reasonably find fault with
you for making your presence known.
Turning up the lane leading to Burpham I
thought to get a glimpse of Sutton Court, the
beautiful Elizabethan manor-house whose story
has been written by Mr. Frederic Harrison.
Watching the landscape on my left I was
presently rewarded by a sight of the roof and
ruddy gables peeping out from a gap in the
trees. From this road the house is unapproach-
able ; but if you are ever in the neighbourhood
of Sutton Green, three-quarters of a mile to
the left, do not fail to open the white gate
facing the village street, to climb the hill and
bear to the left on reaching the little church at
the summit. About a quarter of a mile along
71
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
the path, facing an avenue of fine old trees, you
will suddenly find on your right hand a sight
such as you rarely see even in England. It is
the colour that first impresses you, the warm
red walls softened by the mellowing hand of
Time. In a moment you have stepped back
over two centuries ; you are in touch with the
age of Shakespeare, Raleigh, and Sidney. If a
gentleman in doublet and hose, with a sword
ant his side or a hawk on his wrist, strolled across
the courtyard you would not be in the least
astonished. But the beauties of Sutton Court
are worthy a poet's flight ; they are beyond the
reach of my poor pedallian muse.
Wreaths of smoke are curling upward from
the fields this morning ; piles of rubbish,
burning on all sides, fill the air with an unmis-
takable autumnal odour. A regiment of cows
line the edges of the fields on either side of the
road. They greet me with bovine indifference,
almost amounting to contempt ; evidently I
am not the party they expected. I pause on
the little bridge crossing the Wey, to look
down upon the pretty banks, green and wooded
to the water's edge ; and a few crumbs of
biscuit bring up a shoal of young roach, who
72
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
fight for the spoil with an eager greediness that
I had hitherto thought peculiar to chickens.
A few minutes' ride beyond the bridge
brought me to the Green Man at the side of
the road leading from Ripley to Guildford. I
crossed the road delicately, for unfortunately
the Scorcher is occasionally to be found there-
73
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
abouts, and I had no wish to find his front
wheel buckled in my frame. Ripley is now
shorn of much of its old glory. In the days of
the old high machine it was a terminus for the
London rider ; it is now only a half-way house.
On Saturday afternoons and on Sundays all the
very latest things in cycledom are to be seen
on this road. Some of the smart young men
smile at my five-year-old crock. The handle-
bars have not the latest curve, the saddle is not
built on the new anatomical principle, the
smooth tyres are quite antediluvian, the spokes
of the wheels have not the latest twist, and the
whole machine is twice as heavy as a machine
should be. A saucy youth once declared that
it must have come out of the Ark. But I
often find these gay folk wheeling their
machines home in two sections, or hammering
at them sadly by the roadside with spanners
and pocket-knives, or making their fingers
sore in mending punctures. As for my own
ancient friend, it has during its five years of
life often toiled over some of the worst roads in
England without mischance, and has only cost
three shillings for repairs. No ! wild horses
shall not induce me to advertise the name of
74
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
the maker ; I only note these facts to show
that accidents, breakages, and punctures are not
the inevitable accompaniments of cycling, and
that it is not necessary to have a new machine
every year.
Having crossed the Guildford road with a
whole skin I found myself in a lane winding
through a charming wood. I caught glimpses
of shady groves, carpeted with vivid green
moss, wherein Titania on moonlight nights
might well hold her fairy court. At the end
of the lane I turned sharply to the right,
passing under a railway arch, on to a thistle-
covered common, across which a good road
leads to the village of Merrow. At the top of
a stiffish incline, I suddenly found myself in
front of the picturesque Horse and Groom inn,
with its three-gabled front and diamond-paned
windows. Opposite to the inn is the village
church, about which I could find nothing more
remarkable than that the borders of the paths
in the churchyard were formed of old tomb-
stones. Two hundred yards beyond the church
I found that the pedals were so hard to push
round that I began to think that the bearings
must have become unduly tightened ; the fact
75
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
being, however, that the ascent was much
steeper than it appeared to the eye. I was
astonished on reaching the open common to find
myself on such high ground, not having noticed
that from the Guildford road I had been con-
tinuously ascending by a series of gentle hills.
I was now almost at the top of Merrow
Down, and looking backward, as I still ascended,
the view opened out more and more at every
fifty yards. There seemed, indeed, to be no
end to its developments. It recalled the old-
fashioned transformation scenes of my child-
hood, wherein, as sheet after sheet of gauze
was raised, fresh and more dazzling beauties
were revealed. The sun was now shining
gloriously, giving the great rolling clouds
magnificent coats of fleecy white and gold.
The combined efforts of electric-light men and
gymnastic skirt- dancers have never produced
any effects equal to these, and yet men and
women will fight and struggle like mad things,
and sit for hours in a " hall " reeking with
unsavoury odours that they may watch these
puny efforts of man instead of turning their
faces to such marvellous effects of light and
shadow as can be seen on these sunny hills.
76
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
At the top of Merrow Down, at the opening
of a grassy lane, some good soul has placed a
comfortable seat well sheltered from the wind,
where one can rest and recover breath and
feast one's eyes on the masses of bracken, now
changing from green to gold and russet. A
hundred yards farther along the road, turning
sharply to the right, I found myself at the
^mous Newland's Corner, and decided at once
that it had not been overrated. You are on
the brow of a down of respectable dimensions,
a Surrey mountain, with a rich rolling wood-
land country stretching away to the distant
77
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
hills. To gaze upon such a sunlit scene is to
feel what love of country really is, although
you cannot define it. In other lands you
admire the scenery ; in your own land you
love it, as though the sense of possession
imparted a peculiar felicity. What a world of
meaning there is in Touchstone's reference to
Audrey — " An ill-favoured thing, sir, but mine
own." It is worth the climb if only to see St.
Martha's Hill with the picturesque pilgrims'
church on the summit, and the old pilgrims'
road winding in and out among the foliage.
Hence came worshippers from as far west as
Cornwall on their way to the shrine of St.
Thomas at Canterbury. It is said that some
of the worthy souls mingled business with
religion, and brought ingots of tin with them
as well as rosaries. Down in the valley below,
thrusting its smoky head through the trees, is
the shaft of the Chilworth gunpowder -mill
which so enraged Cobbett. Unlike most
views that are seen from high ground, the
landscape here does not fade away in the
distance, but rises across the valley, hill upon
hill, in a semicircle, like a stupendous amphi-
theatre. Newland's Corner is a grassy raised
78
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
platform, from the centre of which a Gar-
gantuan orator might address an audience of
giants seated on the surrounding hills. Round
the corner to the left is a clump of shady trees,
a capital place for planting the cycle while you
explore the hill-top. If you walk a few yards
to the north you get a complete change of
view — z, great wooded plain stretching far
away to the Thames valley ; you are on a
veritable Pisgah. This is the place to feast on
blackberries, which being fully exposed to the
sun, are far riper than those in the shaded lanes
below ; moreover, they are too high above the
valley for the village children.
The hill down to Albury is justly labelled
dangerous^ but with care you can make your
way down it in safety. Woe betide the rider,
however, who for an instant loses command of
his machine ; none but the coolest heads should
attempt this long and treacherous slope. All
the way down the views are delightful, and
almost at the foot I discovered a huge hollow
at the roadside under a thick-boughed wide-
spreading yew. It was quite a pleasant
weather - proof room, which would have
delighted Thoreau, who would never have
79
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
troubled to build his house had he been able
to discover such a one as this not made with
hands. Although the wind was blowing hard
the place was wonderfully free from draughts,
a fact doubtless highly appreciated by some
recent lodgers who had left the warm dshes or
a fire behind them. The only fault that a
cyclist could find with it was the rather serious
one that the entrance was too small to admit a
machine. Here I shared my lunch with a fine
old frog, who with a confidence born of grati-
tude allowed me to look for some minutes at
his beautiful eyes. Jeflferies declared that any
wild thing in the woods and fields will come
fearlessly to you if you will only keep perfectly
still ; but you must not so much as wink your
eyelids. Thoreau was remarkably successful in
winning the confidence of birds and squirrels,
while old George Borrow solemnly avowed,
and even put it into print, that he could tame
the wildest of wild Irish horses by whispering
some mysterious jargon into their ears. These
three men were all great lovers of Nature, and
studied her mysterious book at first-hand j they
loved her better than they loved the towns and
congregations of men. Is it possible that some
80
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
as yet undetected law drew them towards her,
and at the same time led her wild children to
trust the love and tenderness of these inter-
preters of the Aelds and woodlands ?
Down 3 shady lane, and across the road
leading to Albury, I found the charming vilbge
of Shere, which surely contains some of the
prettiest cottages in all Surrey. The gardens
were overflowing with the flowers that we have
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
always fondly believed to be the native growth
of old England, but which the learned botanists
now assure us are quite modern importations.
It is too bad to tell us that the wallflower came
from Spain, the toad -flax from across the
Channel, the sweet-pea from Sicily, mignonette
from Egypt, lavender from the shores of the
Mediterranean, that the musk has only been in
England for seventy years, that the nasturtium
came from Peru, the balsam from Asia, and,
worst of all, that London Pride is in no sense
kin to the city of London, but is so named
after a nurseryman, one Mr. London, who was
the first to introduce it. All this confirms me
in the opinion I have always held, that botany
— that is, the botany of the text-book and the
class-room — is the real dismal science, compared
with which political economy is a delirious and
intoxicating pastime. Shere Church and the
White Horse Inn you will find in the sketch-
book of every artist who has wandered about
Surrey, and they are indeed worthy their fame.
In the little village street, leading up to the
churchyard, I was glad to find the barber's shop
adorned with the old-fashioned chirurgeon's
pole and dangling brass soap-dish. The church
82
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
was decorated for harvest-festival with wondrous
trophies of vegetables, flowers, and fruit ; every
pew had its nosegay, and pumpkins and marrows
of huge proportions invaded even the pulpit.
The fact that the village boys had not yielded
to the tempting allurements of the apples and
pears that were lying about as if asking to be
eaten, reflects infinite credit on their power of
self-control. Have the board schools succeeded
in eradicating the love of stolen fruit from the
heart of boyhood ? 'Tis an ancient vice, for
even St. Augustin was sorely troubled, when he
came to write his Confessions^ to find that he
had to relate how he pilfered apples from the
neighbours' gardens on his way home from
school. I had been told to look out for some
curious old stained glass in Shere Church,^
showing the quaint device of one Sir Reginald
Bray. There it was, sure enough, in a little
window beyond the pulpit ; and, craning over
a bank of potatoes and cabbages, I was able to
discover the initials R. B, and a drawing of a
queer-looking instrument called a bray^ used for
braying out hemp, in the days when formers'
wives made their own gowns.
Leaving Shere I turned homeward in the
83
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
direction of Albury, once famous as the
dwelling-place of Martin Tupper. The Pro-
verbial Philosophy has so long since disappeared
even from the bookstalls that it is difficult to
realise that forty years ago no American visitor
thought of leaving England without paying a
pilgrimage to Albury. The book probably
had a larger sale than any other issued in the
first half of the century ; not a drawing-room
table but contained a copy in all the glory of
calf and gilt edges. And now, — lives there a
man under fifty years of age who has read
Martin Tupper ? I pulled up at the cross-
roads before reaching Albury, for I knew that
I must be near the Silent Pool, the birthplace
of so many legends. In the little dingle
/opposite to the finger-post I found a highly
respectable tramp and his family taking after-
noon tea, although it was only half-past two.
It was his spectacles and silk hat that gave the
man such a superior air — that is, for a tramp.
He and his wife and the four small children
were all very dirty, but very happy. Not only
had they a plentiful supply of tea and bread and
butter, but a goodly pile of water-cress ; and it
was edifying to see how mighty particular the
84
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
old gentleman was in securing the proper
quantity of salt from the family salt-cellar
before he put each spray of cress into his
mouth, as if he thoroughly realised the value of
chloride of sodium as a digestive agent. I
asked him if he knew the road to the Silent
Pool, in the hope of having a chat with him ;
but he was so engrossed at the moment in
saving the screw of newspaper containing the
salt from a gust of wind, that he could only
roll his eyes and jerk his battered hat in the
direction of the high hedge at the right-hand
side of the road.
Up a rough path and past a lodge, where
the keeper insisted on my leaving my machine,
I found a remarkable sheet of water almost
entirely surrounded by high banks all one mass
of lovely foliage. It was indeed like a glimpse
of fairyland, and when I went forward to the
innermost part of the pool I felt that the sight
of a water-baby on the scene would not have
surprised me. The water is so perfectly clear
and transparent that at the depth of three or
four feet, and not near the banks only, but in
the centre, you can see every pebble, every
plant at the bottom of the pool, and watch the
85
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
fishes swimming about as if in a lake of liquid
glass. There is something almost uncanny in
this peculiar transparency and stillness ; but I
am assured by my scientific friends that there
is no magic in it, that it is all to be explained
by the formation of the banks and the peculiar
chemical character of the bed of the pool. The
popular explanation is of a very different char-
acter ; it is a story of unrequited love, a leap
from the highest part of the bank, a maiden's
body floating in the moonlight, and transparent
water undisturbed by a ripple ever since.
A very short distance from the Silent Pool
I found the Catholic Apostolic Cathedral,
its cold, modern grandeur forming a striking
contrast to the quiet simplicity of the ancient
village church at Shere. The hard outlines of
the cathedral are somewhat relieved by a thick
growth of ivy, among which I found many
climbing roses. The whole place is a remark-
able monument of religious enthusiasm ; yet
the Irvingites do not appear to increase and
multiply, unless it is that they do not proclaim
their religious opinions from the house-tops.
Has any one ever met a gentleman at dinner, or
in an omnibus, tram-car, or train, who declared
86
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
himself to be a citizen of the New Jerusalem
and a worshipper at Albury Cathedral ? The
village of Albury looks suspiciously like a
model village planned and built by a wealthy
landlord, its ornamental chimney-pots remind-
ing one of Chenies. The smooth road through
the village and on by the side of the river,
overshadowed by the splendid timber of Albury
Park, gives a few miles of ideal riding. As
you approach Chil worth you get a fine view of
St. Martha's Hill and Newland's Corner from
below, and the riding is good right on to
Shalford, the village of latticed windows and
quaint frontages.
At Shalford I turned ofF the Guildford road
and made for Godalming, in the face of a
strong south-westerly breeze. September was
only four days old, and I noted for the first
time the felling leaves, signs of the dying
summer. Through the femiliar streets of
Godalming I hurried on to Elstead, for it had
suddenly dawned upon me that I was not many
miles from Moor Park, which must still be
haunted by the ghosts of dear Dorothy Osborn,
Sir William Temple, Swift, and Stella. From
E^lstead the road wound about through lovely
87
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
woods, and at the top of a steep hill I discovered
a grand view of Hindhead across the vale.
Then came a timber-lined road right on to the
little mill that
stands between
the entrance of
WaverleyAbbey
and Moor Park.
It was to the
old house among
these giant trees
that Sir William
Temple, after so
many years of
patient court-
ship, brought as
his bride the
sweet - natured>
sensible young
CW^h5^ '" ^^"^y *'''"" "^^
(^oio.lrT|in| now know so
well. Owing to
the happy'p reservation of Dorothy's charming
letters, this youngladyofthe seventeenth century
is brought nearer to us than the women of our own
day ; we are not SO familiar with our own sisters'
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
daily thoughts, feelings, and sympathies as we
arc with Dorothy's. Sir William had turned
his back on politics, and he and Dorothy were
an elderly couple leading a quiet life in this
Surrey park, amusing themselves with their
garden and their books, when the inevitable
poor relation made his appearance in the shape
of Jonathan Swift, a raw, awkward Irish youth.
What else could the poor young man do ? His
widowed mother had only an annuity of £20,
and he had no means of adding to it. The
rich relative took him in, and made him private
secretary and keeper of the family accounts,
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
which offices his patron declared that he fulfilled
with diligence and honesty.
One would like to believe that the garden
of this quaint red-tiled house with the gabled
attics, standing by the roadside, was the scene
of Swift's first meeting with little Esther
Johnson. Dorothy Temple was dead, and her
sister-in-law, Lady GifFard, was keeping house
for the widower. Her ladyship had a confi-
dential servant, Mrs. Johnson, whose daughter
Esther, a girl of thirteen, must often have
rambled about these shady walks. Some-
thing about the child attracted the private
secretary j he set himself the task of educating
her, and ended by loving and immortalising her
as Stella, the heroine of one of the saddest,
strangest love-stories that history has to tell.
As I stood on the little white-railed bridge,
looking down at the running stream, I thought
of Swift's cry of agony as he stood by Stella's
deathbed — " For my small remainder of years
I shall be weary of life, having for ever lost
that conversation which could alone make it
tolerable ! " What this meant, coming from
the lips of such a man, we can form but a faint
conception. It was here, at Moor Park, that
90
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
he wrote Tht Battlt of the Books and the daring
Tale of a Tub ; it is good to think that here
also he spent perhaps the happiest hours of
his stormy life, teaching little Esther Johnson,
and moulding
the life that was
destined to form
so great a part
of his own.
These grand
o!d oaks and
elms, whose
shadows fell
upon the men
and women
who live with
us again in our ^ ^^ _^'
beloved books, " -^^"'^
they are indeed f"'""?^ "Moor '^ir{
precious links
binding us to the great dead who are so often
the companions of our firesides. The memories
that linger in these leafy paths and stately avenues
give the one touch needed to satisfy the heart as
Nature satisfies the eyes. I was glad to have seen
the old place while it still looked much the same
91
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
as it must have appeared to the eyes of Dorothy
Osborn and Stella, of Sir William and Swift,
for standing among the trees is a board with
the ominous legend. This eligible freehold land
to be sold or let on lease for building purposes
in plots.
Almost as enjoyable as the day's ride is the
quiet hour in the evening spent in recalling
the scenes one has passed through. As the sun
was setting, I took down the letters of Dorothy
Osborn, and read between the lights, and with
renewed interest, my fevourite passage. How
many of the highly-educated young ladies of
the present day could write to their lovers (if
they ever fall ill love) so sensibly and so
charmingly as this ?
I
?
There are many of so careless and vain a
temper that the least breath of good fortune swells
them with so much pride that if they were not
put in mind sometimes by a sound cross or two
that they are mortal, they would hardly think it
possible ; and though *tis a sign of a servile nature
when fear produces more of reverence in us than
love, yet there is more danger of forgetting oneself
in a prosperous fortune than in the contrary, and
affliction may be the surest (though not the
92
THE GHOSTS OF A SURREY PARK
plcasanteat) guide to heaven. Many people fancj"
a perfect happiness here, but I never heard of any-
body that ever had it more than in fancy, ao that
it will not be strange if you should miss on't.
One may be happy to a good degree, I think, in a
faithful friend, a moderate fortune, and a retired
life ; further than this I know nothing to wish ;
but if there be anything beyond it, I wish it you.
IV
AMONG THE POETS
IF you take your one-inch ordnance map
(sheet No. 269) and, placing one foot
of a pair of compasses on the town of
Staines, describe a half circle of three inches
radius westward, your line will pass through
four places — Bishopsgate, Cooper's Hill,Horton
and Chertsey, all in a good riding country,
and all possessing exceptional literary interest.
I had often cast longing eyes upon this
poets' corner, where the four counties meet,
and thought what a unique run it would
be. At last the opportunity came, and after
an early breakfast I proceeded to examine
my "machine," as all the world has agreed
to call it. Has it ever occurred to you how
exceedingly unfortunate bicycling has been
in its nomenclature ? This marvel of skilful
94
AMONG THE POETS
mechanism, this monument of man's ingenuity,
this instrument that gives you almost birdlike
powers, that responds to your gentlest touch,
that becomes at last your confidential friend,
your fetich — to call it a mere machine, a
bicycle, a bike — it is too bad. All true lovers
of the wheel are, however, agreed on this,
however, they may differ in politics, meta-
physics, and religion, the word " bike " must be
killed outright ; if any man persist in using it
he must be knocked out of wills, excommuni-
cated from churches, boycotted from decent
society, treated as De Quincey would have
treated the murderers who might some day end
in breaking the Sabbath.
The philosophers of the future will write
most learned treatises on the influences of the
bicycle in that reversion to fetichism which is
one of the queer characteristics of the present
day. They will point out how the daily
lubricating of the bearings developed into a
sacred offering accompanied by mystic rites, and
they will draw fancy pictures of men and
maidens decorating their wheels' with flowers
with a view to persuading the tyres not
to indulge in punctures. In spite of this
95
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
danger of "reversion to a primitive type,"
as the scientists put it, who can help admiring
the tender care displayed by the ladies when
they are sending their beloved cycles on a rail-
way journey ? Have you noticed how they
swathe handle-bars, frame, and even spokes with
wonderful bands of linen, for all the world like
the swaddling clothes of a week-old baby? What
has become of all the pet dogs since ladies took
to cycling ? Are they lying undecorated and
unmourned in the Dogs' Home ?
It was a bright, cold September morning,
overhead was a cobalt sky flecked with fleecy
clouds, but low down on the horizon inky rain-
clouds were huddling together in a threatening
manner. It is well not to be unduly alarmed at
such ominous signs, for these rain-laden masses
often have a delightful habit of passing round
along the sky-line without interfering with your
pleasure. At the same time, especially if you are
escorting lady riders, it is always wise to study
weather signs before starting on a lengthy run.
All landladies of country inns are not willing to
lend their spare wardrobe to damp damsels, and
the landlords are generally of so corpulent a
habit that the benighted cyclist cuts a ludicrous
96
1
AMONG THE POETS
figure in his borrowed trousers and vest, more
like Guido Fawkes than St. Valentine.
Out on the common, where the purple
heather was here and there speckled with linger-
ing gorse blooms, old men with bronzed faces
and rheumatic legs were vigorously cutting
peat. It is an operation that requires some
skill, this cutting of rectangular slabs of topsoil,
and a spade of peculiar make is used. The
blade of the spade is shaped like an ace of clubs,
the lower part of the handle is curved and at
the top is a wooden cross-bar. The point of
the blade is thrust into the earth, and then the
peat-cutter, with his breast upon the cross-bar,
pushes the spade forward and raises up slices of
peat with remarkable precision. It is a strange
sight to see these men at work in the middle
distance, each pressing his breast against the
cross-bar of his spade, as if he were paying ofF
old scores on mother earth. One reason for
loving these Surrey commons is that they give
to the weary eyes of the penned- up town-man
such glorious views of what old Addison so
graphically called "the spacious firmament on
high." Most people are capable of realising
something of the beauty of the landscape, but
H 97
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
few give much attention to the marvellous
skyscapes which our much-abused climate gives
to us on almost every day in the year. It is
only when he finds himself transferred to some
clime where the heavens are a blank monoton-
ous expanse of blue for months together that
the average Briton realises the loveliness of the
clouded skies of the old motherland. What
could be more care-evading than to skim along
these well-made roads, with broad stretches of
heather-covered land on either side and the
great blue dome above half veiled by billowy
white and golden clouds.
While I was thinking of these things and
listening to the " pop-pop " of guns in the
distance, proclaiming that partridge-shooting
had really commenced, I suddenly became aware
of a lady cyclist some distance ahead who was
springing off her machine and hopping on to
the saddle again at every few yards, in a some-
what eccentric manner. I soon discovered the
cause of these erratic movements. Some cows
had strayed out of a field on to the roadside.
When the lady approached a cow she sprang off
her machine and walked gingerly by the inno-
cent animal, mounting again when a safe dis-
98
AMONG THE POETS
tance was reached. As there were about a
dozen cows on the road, this, although a tact-
ful, must have been a rather trying performance.
I mention this incident in no scoffing spirit,
but simply to allay the qualms of those good
people who fear that cycling unsexes a woman.
Passing the village hall, the doors of which
always seem to be carefully closed against both
villagers and visitors, I veered to the right and
dismounted at the gate of Chobham churchyard,
in order to take a peep at the church. The
porch is a spacious one, with well-sheltered seats
on either side. It was saddening to see the
untidy appearance of the entrance to what
should be the holiest place in the village. The
stone floor was muddy, and the litter of spent
matches, tobacco-dust and cigarette-ends implied
that the youths of the village use the porch of
the church as a smoking saloon on wet evenings.
And the village hall is closed ! While I was
standing near the altar, the silence was broken
by the creaking of a door, and there entered a
ruddy-faced, stout-built man who I at once
decided was the village carpenter on a repairing
expedition. He mounted the staircase leading
to the gallery under the belfry, and I could see
99
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
him behind a thin red curtain take off his coat
and roll up his shirt-sleeves in a business-like
manner. The next moment I found that he had
come upon a much more serious business than
the mending of a rotten board. He clasped a
bell-rope in his hands, and, after three or four
silent pulls, the bell reached the ringing point
and a long, solemn peal made the old walls
tremble. This was repeated three times, then
the ringer paused before he rang two sharp
peals, and after another pause again three pro-
longed, reverberating solemn peals. There was
something very impressive in the scene, the
silent church, the sunlight streaming through
the latticed windows, the ringer up there in the
gallery delivering his awful message to the
whole village, that some familiar face would
never again be seen in the little high street,
that some neighbour had passed away, and that
in at least one house tears were falling in the
presence of Death. The old custom must
have been more impressive still, when the
"passing-bell" proclaimed that a soul was
passing away, and called upon all within hearing
to pray that it might pass in peace.
Remounting my machine, I rode through
lOO
AMONG THE POETS
the village, over the white-railed bridge, and
along the pretty winding lane that leads to the
hamlet of Burrow-hill. From the sign-post at
the foot of the hill it is a somewhat steep
incline to Chobham common. If you are
young and strong you can ride it with ease,
but if you are well on the way to baldness and
your waistcoats are at all expansive you had
better walk. You need not grieve over this,
because a stroll along this fir and elm- lined
road is worth having ; it gives you an oppor-
tunity of taking in the beauties of the little
lOI
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
rush-lined lake on the right-hand side, and you
will find a plentiful sprinkling of wild flowers
about the gnarled roots of the trees. At the
top of the hill you are rewarded with a view of
breezy Chobham common, with its pine-topped
hills, and its wealth of heather. No one
need pine for sea breezes when they can drink
in such invigorating aerial nectar inland. The
road across the common is decidedly loose in
dry weather, but on this particular morning it
was easy to ride so long as the carters took their
fair share of the ruts at the sides. Towards
the end of this roughish road I found the brick-
makers busy at work, making bricks with the
simple tools that probably differ Kttle from
those used by the Israelites in old Egypt.
This must be a bleak spot for the brickmakers
in wintry weather, but beneath the summer
sun the roof supported on four poles forms an
ideal workshop.
Passing over the railway bridge, I rode down
the hill into Sunningdale to the finger-post by
the church, with its gray finger pointing to
Blacknest. Behind the church, at the head of
the rising ground, lies the village of Sunning-
hill, which holds a secret I have tried in vain
I02
AMONG THE POETS
to &thoin. Somewhere in Sunninghil) lived
George Ellis, whom Sir Walter Scott described
as **one of the most accomplished scholars and
delightful com-
panions whom I
have ever known,"
but I have never
been able to locate
the house. Be-
tween 1801 and
1 8 15, the year
when ElHs died,
the village post-
man carried along
this road some of
the most delight-
ful letters that
Scott ever wrote,
and never a jour-
ney south did Sir
Walter make with- ^unninJh.ii.
out hurrying up ib('|;co' Hj*''
yonder hill with
all possible speed to grasp the hand of the dear
friend whom he loved as a brother. The friend-
ship was first made through the good offices of
103
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Heber at a peculiarly interesting period of Scott's
life, when the Border Minstrelsy was being pre-
pared for publication and the Lay of the Last
Minstrel was in embryo. It was to Sunning-
hill the letter came in which Scott lamented —
" One of our best reciters has turned religious
in his later days, and finds out that old songs are
unlawful. If so, then, as FalstafFsays, is many
an acquaintance of mine damned."
A ride of a mile and a half brought me to
Blacknest. I had looked forward to a feast of
blackberries somewhere along this quiet lane,
but the cottagers' children had forestalled me, and
not a single ripe one seemed to have evaded their
deft little fingers. You have to get up very
early in the morning to secure ripe blackberries,
even in these parts. Entering Windsor Park
by the Blacknest gate, it is a charming three
miles' ride along a good gravel road to Bishops-
gate. I did not foil to dismount on the bridge
that crosses Virginia Water, to admire the
view on either side, and then wheeling the
cycle under some trees on the banks of the
lake I lay down quietly in the grass to watch
for squirrels. They came very soon, as they
always do in these solitudes, and delighted me
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AMONG THE POETS
for some time with their pretty, nervous
skippings. There is nothing more Arcadian
within an easy ride of the Great Wen than the
banks of Vir-
ginia Water,
and, Bank holi-
days excepted,
you can roam
about these
glades of silver
birch, elms, oaks
and limes for
hours,with birds, .
squirreb, and
rabbits for com-
panions.
It was prob- - .— -,
ably in this cor- Vi^girjisi^re.
ner of Windsor ^'^,
Park, it being
the nearest to Sunninghili, that on a certain
summer morning in the year 1802 a happy
party of four, two ladies and two gentle-
men, strolled along, and presently, seating
themselves under one of these old oak trees,
one of the gentlemen drew a manuscript from
105
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
his pocket, and in strong northern accents read
the now world-famous lines : —
The way was long, the wind was cold.
The Minstrel was infirm and old ;
His withered cheek, and tresses grey,
Seem'd to have known a better day ;
The harp, his sole remaining joy,
Was carried by an orphan boy.
The last of all the bards was he.
Who sung of Border chivalry.
The party consisted of Mr. and Mrs. Ellis
and Walter Scott and his wife Charlotte, and
it is almost certain that this was the first time
that the music of the Lay of the Last Minstrel
fell upon human ears. I had almost forgotten
to mention the dog. Camp, Scott's bull-terrier,
had come to Sunninghill with them, and it is
scarcely probable that he had not been allowed
to join in the . morning walk. How the poet
enjoyed these visits to Sunninghill may be
gathered from one of his letters to Ellis : —
" How often do Charlotte and I think of the
little paradise at Sunninghill and its kind
inhabitants ; and how do we regret, like Dives,
the gulf which is placed betwixt us and friends
1 06
AMONG THE POETS
with whom it would give us such pleasure to
spend much of our time. It is one of the vilest
attributes of the best of all possible worlds that
it contrives to split and separate and subdivide
everything like congenial pursuits and habits
for the paltry purpose, one would think, of
diversifying every little spot with a share of
its various productions. I don't know why the
human and vegetable departments should differ
so excessively. Oaks and beeches, and ashes and
elms, not to mention cabbages and turnips, are
usually arrayed en masse \ but where do we
meet a town of antiquaries, a village of poets,
or a hamlet of philosophers ? " George Ellis
lived to see his dear friend Walter Scott reach
the zenith of his powers, and then the inevitable
came. In the month of April, 1 8 15, Scott was
looking forward to another happy holiday at
Sunninghill ; but never again were the two
friends to walk these pleasant glades together.
Two terse sentences in Lockhart close the story
of one of the most perfect friendships in the
history of literature : "Mr. George Ellis died on
the 15th of that month at his seat of Sunninghill.
This threw a cloud over what would otherwise
have been a period of unmixed enjoyment.''
107
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Riding on towards Bishopsgate the view of
forest scenery, the glimpses of weird -looking,
half-decayed trees, the variety of foliage, and
the saucy rabbits that squatted in the road
critically examining me until they were almost
under my wheels, made me vow not to neglect
this delightful run in the future. When you
reach the finger-post pointing to Cumberland
Lodge, it is well to examine your map carefully
and be sure to take the right road for Bishops-
gate, which is but a few minutes' ride in the
direction of Egham. Close by the gate (for it
is a veritable gate of Windsor Park) there is an
opening of greensward, upon which I found a
group of graceful deer browsing. Resting the
cycle against a giant elm I walked among the
great-eyed fawns until I reached the brow of
the hill, from which, between the trees, there
is a far-reaching view of woodland scenery.
Shelley and Mary Godwin must have stood
upon this spot many times, hand in hand,
enjoying a happiness greater than any that
had entered into their lives before. Walking
beneath the shade of these beeches, elms, and
planes, many of the lines of " Alastor " were
moulded. Bishopsgate will always have a
Io8
AMONG THE POETS
peculiar interest for lovers of Shelley, for it
was here that, for the first time in his life, he
found peace and rest. After the awful journey
through France to Switzerland, and back to
England, living a hand-to-mouth existence,
escaping death by drowning only to be half
starved j after the terrible six months of
poverty and bailiff-dodging in London, what a
paradise these two strange beings must have
found in this delightful solitude. All pecuniary
cares had vanished, and, with peace and love in
his home, the great genius began to unfold his
mighty powers. The furnished lodging where
he and Mary liv6d is, I believe, not to be
identified ; it was probably a far less pretentious
dwelling than any of the " eligible properties "
that have since sprung up on the outer side ot
the Grate. But these trees and the greensward
and the wide-spreading vale are to-day as the
two lovers saw them. ' " Alastor " is not to be
fully appreciated until this place is visited and
the events that preceded Shelley's sojourn
here are taken into account. It was a
wondrous young seer who wrote that final
sentence of the preface : " Those who love not
their fellow - beings live unfruitful lives and
109
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
prepare for their old age a miserable grave."
How many successful men, who have devoted
their talents to money-grubbing, will in their
declining years admit the force of this wild
young man's philosophy. As I sat down on
the root of a tree to smoke my morning pipe, I
thought of that vivid description of Alastor's
brief interview with his ideal, when he
. . . saw by the warm light of their own life,
Her glowing limbs beneath the sinuous veil
Of woven wind ; her outspread arms now bare.
Her dark locks floating in the breath of night.
Her beamy bending eyes, her parted lips
Outstretched, and pale, and quivering eagerly.
Yes, this was just the place where one might
write that sort of thing — if one had the mind,
of course. Then there is that graphic stroke
of the pen describing in so few words the dark-
ness of a wood — "the meeting boughs and
implicated leaves wove twilight o'er the poet's
path." Even a stock-jobber in the KaiEr
circus would feel that this was " rather a neat
way of putting the thing." The passage
commencing : " The oak, expanding its im-
measurable arms, embraces the light beech"
IIO
AMONG THE POETS
is unquestionably a description of woodland
scenery to be found within five minutes' walk
of Bishopsgate. As I took a last look round
and mounted my cycle I felt that I should read
" Alastor " that night with fresh interest, with
a keener eye for its beauties, with a sense of
possession such as I had never felt before.
I rode through the Bishop's gate — Shelley
and Mary always spelled it Bishopgate, not-
withstanding the authority of maps — and along
the road past the little inn, until I reached a
common on the farther side of which I dis-
covered a finger-post pointing to Cooper's Hill.
Two minutes' ride down a shady lane and the
famous panorama suddenly appeared before my
eyes. I had some difficulty in avoiding collision
with a low-hung pony-carriage containing an
elderly lady and a nurse. They pulled up
suddenly, and the lady ejaculated, " There, my
dear — there ! " indicating the view of winding
river, meadowland, woods and hills, with a
wave of her hand. It was evidently a grateful
patient trying to give some pleasure to the
nurse who had rendered priceless service. She
eagerly watched the flush of delight on the
nurse's face, and perhaps felt that after all she
III
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
had been able to repay — somewhat. To take
in the whole scene it is necessary to pass
through the wicket-gate on the left, walk a
few yards along the path and ascend a mound.
Thence you have a wondrous semicircle of
scenery that can never pall. Windsor Castle
is at your left hand, the river flows in a
veritable silvery stream at the foot of the hill,
appearing and disappearing among clumps of
luxuriant foliage. The brilliant green meadows
below, stretching down to the river bank,
where the brown and white cows stand nibbling
the short grass, form such a picture of rural
innocence and simplicity that it is difficult to
realise that one is gazing upon the scene of
one of the most important events in English
history. This is none other than the famous
mead where Magna Charta was signed. It
being a favourable spot for horse racing it
was called running mead, from which name
Runnimede was a short step. So say one
school of etymologists, who are opposed with
as much fierceness as so peaceful a science
permits by all the others, who have their own
pet ideas on the subject. Even the identical
place where the veritable document was signed
112
AMONG THE POETS
has been the subject of as keen a warfare as
that carried on by the Big-endians and the
Little-endians, for some say that the deed was
not done on this side of the river, but on the
spot of earth now covered by the little white
cottage peeping out from among the trees on
the opposite bank.
The church with the red-tiled roof and the
gray spire, nestling among the trees to the left
of the Rurinimede cottage, is the parish church
of Wraysbury. On the great hill in the far
distance, to the right of the cottage, is the
town of Harrow — if you have good eyes you
can plainly see the pointed spire of its church.
As I sat on the mound of green-covered earth
taking in the beauty of the scene a sturdy
farm-labourer suddenly bobbed up before me,
having climbed the steep face of the hill. I
ventured to compliment him on the fine view.
Yes, he admitted, it was fine, for you could
see the iron tower being built at Wembley
Park, and if you came up at night you could
see the Big Wheel at Earl's Court, " all lighted
up, like a big star." I tried to stir up his
enthusiasm on the Windsor Castle side of the
view ; but he remained as cool as the pro-
I 113
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
verbial cucumber. You see, it had probably
been before his eyes every day of his life, and
he was no worse than the wealthy citizens
who pass through St. Paul's churdiyard every
day without realising that there is a building
in the centre which should be to them " a joy
for ever." As you walk along the narrow path
you notice that there is a high bank at the
back reaching far above your head. The view
up there would be finer still, but the top of
the bank is so thickly planted with trees that
you cannot peer out between their branches.
I wonder whether the labourer's story was
true — that the owner of this land planted the
trees there purposely to obstruct the view, be-
cause the local authorities would not allow him
to close the footpath along which there had
been a "right of way from time immemorial."
Shelley and Mary Godwin must often have
walked over here — it is not more than a mile
from Bishopsgate — and it is not improbable
that this lovely scene prompted the poet to
plan that excursion to the source of the
Thames, which gave him renewed health and
spirits, and gave to us the beautiful "Lines
written on a summer evening in Lechdale
114
AMONG THE POETS
Churchyard." Do you remember that char-
acteristic scheme ? Once fairly afloat, and
captivated by the glamour of the Thames as
it is in August, Shelley felt that a trip to the
Cotswold Hills would not suffice, they must
have more of this delightful voyaging. He
decided to pursue the journey beyond Lechdale
by a canal which would enable them to reach
the Severn, thence by divers canals and rivers
they were to pass through North Wales on to
Durham and the Lakes ^ the Tweed and the
Forth were to be reached in due course, and
the nose of the boat was not to be turned
homeward until the Falls of the Clyde had
been honoured by the presence of the party.
Was ever such a madcap ! And yet, a few
months later this harum-scarum fellow, haunted
by goblins and ghosts and troubled with the
queerest illusions, was equal to stating a com-
plicated legal abomination in terms of clearness
and precision that few accomplished men of
business could surpass. Such are the strange
pranks that Mother Nature plays with her
darling children of genius. What a comfort
it is, after all, to be commonplace ! We sit
in our highly respectable armchairs and enjoy
"5
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
in peaceful bliss all that Shelley wrought in
pain and tears ; we calmly pronounce judgment
on his tempestuous life, and are duly shocked
at his domestic fiascoes — we who cannot con-
ceive the troublous workings of souls that suffer
that we may be blest.
Shelley is not the only poet connected with
Cooper's Hill. Perhaps on dark wintry nights
the chilly ghost of old Sir John Denham
prowls about here, arguing with the spirit of
the hill as to whether the hill made the fame
of the old courtier or whether he made the
fame of the hill. 'Tis a knotty point, well
fitted for a ghostly argument. No conscien-
tious student of English poetry fails to read
Denham's "Cooper's Hill," for did not both
John Dryden and Pope give it high praise.
Most readers of the poem will feel that poets
must have been kinder to each other in those
days than they are now ; one shudders at the
thought of the critical lashes Sir John would
have writhed under had he been a modern
minor poet. As it is, the poem commands
respect on account of its age ; no one would be
so disrespectful as to throw his critical pebble
at a fine old crusted literary monument that
Il6
AMONG THE POETS
has existed in collections of British poets for
nearly two centuries. As all gentle cyclists
ride with a book in their pocket, be sure you
take your Denham when you go to Cooper's
Hill ; it is probably the only place in the world
where you will be able to read the poem from
beginning to end, not that it is unworthy, but
modern readers are accustomed to much stronger
poetical draughts. They will have little patience
with the old poet's quaint rhapsodies over his
dearly beloved Thames —
O could I flow like thee, and make thy stream
My great example, as it is my theme !
Though deep, yet clear; though gentle, yet not dull ;
Strong without rage, without o'erflowing full.
You feel on reading some of Denham's lines
very much as the boy Oliver Wendell Holmes
felt when he looked out upon the withered old
gentleman tottering down Boston Street —
I know it is a sin
For me to sit and grin
At him here ;
But the old three-cornered hat,
And the breeches, and all that.
Are so queer !
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SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
The London coroners, who are so justly in-
dignant at a prevalent cause of infant mortality
in poor neighbourhoods, may derive some con-
solation from the knowledge that such things
were probably common even in Denham's day,
or he would not have written, still harping on
the Thames —
His genuine and less guilty wealth t' explore,
Search not his bottom, but survey his shore ;
O'er which he kindly spreads his spacious wing,
And hatches plenty for th' ensuing spring.
Nor then destroys it with too fond a stay.
Like mothers which their infants overlay.
Reluctantly I left the hill -brow, for the
panorama of meadow and woodland was at its
best, as such views always are in the bright
intervals of showery weather. It would have
been possible to descend to the river, and ferry
across in the direction of Wraysbury, but, as
the day was yet young and the roads were in
good condition, I decided to ride through
Egham to Staines, and from thence to Wrays-
bury and Horton. It was along this identical
road to Egham that Shelley, according to his
own story, walked with a mysterious visitor
Il8
AMONG THE POETS
from Wales who had come to inform the poet
that his father and his uncle were plotting to
entrap him and lock him up. The incident is
interesting from the fact that Shelley's friend
Peacock always declared that it had never
taken place ; that it was one of many illusions
that Shelley laboured under from time to time.
At Egham you get on to the favourite cycling
road that runs in almost a straight line from
Staines to Yorktown and on to Hampshire.
Having descended Egham hill in safety I
pedalled on to Staines Bridge, pausing there a
few minutes to watch the boats, canoes and
^y^dongolas, with their freights of daintily -clad
/ girls and muscular young men. The inevit-
able stout elderly Frenchman and his wife were
on the bridge studying Baedeker, and doing
battle with a map spread out upon the parapet.
The road from Staines through Wraysbury,
with its paper-mill, on to Horton is good
riding all the way. The meadow land on
either side, plentifully sprinkled with cattle,
gives one an almost continuous series of pretty
pictures — that is, if you are not deluded by the
foolish notion that a flat country must be dull
and uninteresting. Heavy thunderclouds were
119
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
hanging ominously over Drayton, but over-
head the sun was shining down fiercely. The
enjoyment of the ride along the level roads was
considerably discounted by a plague of those
black little flies that are such a torment to the
poor wheelman's eyes. They creep in at the
corner in the most insiduous manner. You feel
a sudden pricking, as of a microscopic stiletto
being driven into your eye ; you try to wipe
the little demon out with your handkerchief,
and only succeed in increasing the pain ; then
you resolve to bear the torture heroically, until
the tears called up by the closed eyelid wash
the unwelcome visitor out. While you are
carrying on this experiment another fiend
coolly crawls into your other eye, and, presto !
you are riding along a country road with both
eyes forcibly closed up, and scalding tears flow-
ing down your cheeks. You scramble off the
machine as swiftly and as gracefully as you can,
and thank your lucky stars that no obstacle,
animate or inanimate, happened to be in the
way at the critical moment. This is one of
the reasons why certain cycHsts appear in
public with their eyes protected by goggles of
a blood-curdling aspect.
120
AMONG THE POETS
On entering the little village of Horton you
will notice at once the flower-decked Five
Bells Inn, nearly opposite to which, at the
corner of a lane, is a board with the legend
"G. Barker, Iron and Brass Foundry."
While you are wondering what on earth an
iron and brass foundry can find to do in this
out-of-the-way spot, you will discover that on
one side of the lane there is a shallow moat,
and behind the moat is a small estate contain-
ing a modern red-brick mansion. This moat
once surrounded an old country house to which
the father of John Milton retired after he had
given up his business in Bread Street. To
this quiet corner of the world came the young
fair-haired student, straight from Cambridge, to
live and study and dream among these orchards,
woods and meadows. For five or six years he
must have been a ^miliar figure on this white
stretch of Buckinghamshire road — that appar-
ently most hopeless of characters, a young man
resolutely determined to become a famous poet.
How the scrivener father must have chafed to
see his son content to wander about this
country-side and pore over books ! Little
could he have imagined the mighty projects
121
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
that were being planned, the self-preparation
that was so systematically being carried on by
the seemingly listless and idle young man.
But John Milton, with a rare steadfastness of
purpose, was quietly laying the foundation of a
monumental work that was never to perish.
With the glorious self-confidence of youth he
wrote to one of his friends — the messenger
must have carried the letter along this very
lane — " You make many inquiries as to what
I am about, what am I thinking of? Why,
with God's help, of immortality ! Forgive
the word, I only whisper it in your ear ! Yes,
I am pluming my wings for flight." But
when these words were penned something
more than a pluming of the wings had already
taken place, for in the quiet serenity of this
village of Horton the young man who dreamed
of immortal fame had already achieved it. If
Paradise Lost had never been written, humanity
would still have treasured with infinite grati-
tude the undying music of "L' Allegro" and "II
Penseroso," and the stately sadness of "Lycidas."
Do many people find time to read these
poems now, I wondered, as I sat on the wooden
seat outside the Five Bells ; or is the news-
122
AMONG THE POETS
paper absorbing all the reading powers of the
average citizen ? Unfortunately we are gener-
ally introduced to Milton by means of Paradise
Lost^ which to the half- trained youthful mind
is anything but entertaining reading. I
thought of the dear good soul who, before I
had completed my twelfth year, handed me
Paradise Lost in the smallest possible print,
impressing upon me the duty of reading it
without any skipping. How many men and
women have in this way had all the compensa-
tions and delights of the truly great writers
shut out of their lives for ever ! He who
would rise step by step into that upper chamber
where the greatest thoughts wedded to the
sweetest music are to be heard, let him com-
mence with the delightful tripping measures
that young John Milton penned in the old
house that once peeped through yonder elms
and poplars.
One good thing about ambling on a cycle
is that it brings you into contact with all sorts
and conditions of men. You are a knight
of the road ; the storms sometimes send you
flying for shelter into a barn or into a roadside
inn, when you have a chance of chatting with
123
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
the farm hands or hob-nobbing with the bailiff
or the farmer himself, picking up the queerest
wrinkles concerning country thoughts and
ways. As I sat on the bench outside the Five
Bells there came through the open window
the sounds of a warm dissertation, delivered by
a sturdy -looking, red -faced, gray -whiskered
farmer. The subject was '' out-o'-works," and
the difficulty in obtaining extra hands at harvest
time. The concluding sentence was given in
quavering, passionate tones : " They ain't no
good for nothin' ; they comes beggin' and a
snivellin' for work, and when you offers it 'em,
they wants tuppence to start with, and when
you're fool enough to give it 'em, you never
sees them no more ! " What a problem for
pulpits and platforms and the '' all-men-are-
equal " people ! I don't wonder at it. I have
tried working on the land, with a spade and
hoe in a small back garden, and it makes your
back ache dreadfully. Depend upon it, tramp-
ing from workhouse to workhouse, making tea
in an old saucepan over a few crackling sticks,
in a roadside dingle, is far more pleasant.
Leaving my cycle at the inn I strolled to
the village church of St. Michael, with its flint
124
AMONG THE POETS
walls and square red-brick tower half covered
with ivy. Passing under the fine old Norman
arch at the end of the porch I found the pretty
little church in the possession of the swifts and
swallows. They darted
from belfry to pew and
from pew to pulpit. One
impudent fellow was even
scuffling among the flowers
on the altar just beneath
the stained-glass window in
which Milton is represented
in the act of writing. I
wonder who placed the
beautifully painted panels
on the altar, whose cunning
hand limned these wise men
from the East adoring the
infant Saviour, and the ^,.r>.i',..T;.-.-.j Vtj,
heavenly-looking saints and
angels on the panels below. It is worth
pedalling many miles to see so worthy a piece
of work adorning a quiet village church. Is
there a rich man who loves Horton for Milton's
sake P It was in this place that Milton, in his
twenty-ninth year, stood a sorrowing son at
125
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
the graveside of that " woman of incomparable
virtue and goodness," his mother. I could
dimly conjure up that pathetic scene as I sat
down in one of the pews and gazed upon the
dark-coloured flat stone with its simple inscrip-
tion : — " Heare lyeth the body of Sara Milton,
the wife of John Milton, who died the 3rd
of April, 1637." The good mother, when
she prayed within these walls, little thought
that a day would come when the sunbeams
would stream down upon her grave through
a window of coloured glasses erected to the
memory of her dear son. Probably, like most
mothers, she was more anxious that her son
should continue to love his mother than that
the world should resound with his name.
The sun was shining brilliantly when I
passed out of the church into the churchyard.
The rose-trees among the graves were in full
bloom, dispelling all sense of sadness from the
place, in spite of the numerous ugly iron crosses
that seem here to have taken the place of the
old-fashioned wooden memorials of the dead.
Is this the result of there being an iron-foundry
in the village ? If so, may all village iron-
foundries be swept away by cyclone$ or
126
AMONG THE POETS
swallowed up in earthquakings ! Horton is one
of those precious links that bring us into closer
touch with the great dead, as no one will fail to
realise who puts his Milton in his wallet and
reads " L' Allegro " and " II Penseroso " among
the meadows, lanes, and orchards that inspired
the writer of the two most melodious lyrics in
the English language. After a turn round the
village green, I steered for Staines, and thence
along an uninteresting and rough road into
Chertsey. For the hundredth time I marvelled
at the toughness of rubber tyres. " Pop-pop-
pop," and even "bang-bang-bang" went the
two wheels, with no light weight on the top of
them, over flints of the most fiendish character,
but no puncture stopped my career. The
Chertsey shop windows seemed to be filled with
prizes that were to be distributed to successful
scullers and punters. What a marvellous
appetite these young aquatic athletes seem to
have for silver-plated cruet-stands, tea-pots,
dressing-cases, and copper kettles ! And the
winners at the Olympian games were content
with a crown of wild olive ! I notice too, in
reading the placards in the riverside towns and
villages, that our young men and even young
127
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
ladies perform prodigies of skill and endurance
and are willing to accept even five shillings as a
reward, I suppose it is because the national
instinct is so decidedly commercial.
Turning
, v.. sharply to the
~'"- right, down a
road opposite to
the Chertsey par-
ish church, I
pedalled along
over the bumpy
surface, picking
my way among
pedestrians, per-
ambulators, lum-
-: ^a=~i_ bering flies and
~~'":-^.^^^^ tradesmen's carts,
^-fi .. peering about
anxiously for the
old house where
Abraham Cowley
spent the last years of his life. I found
it on the right-hand side of the road, an
old-feshioned gabled front with latticed win-
dows and a red-tiled roof. The road here is
(^wUvi
AMONG THE POETS
none too wide, and one can readily understand,
without being a Philistine or a Vandal, that it
was necessary to remove the porch which once
projected ten feet into the street. It is com*-
forting to see how carefully the old house has
been preserved by those who have built the
much larger structure with which it is now
incorporated. There is a tablet, too, on the
wall announcing that it was here that " the last
accents flowed from Cowley's tongue." The
poet was luckier than most bards, to obtain
from Charles II. what in that day must have
been a most eligible little mansion to live in,
and the adjoining lands for income. This was
his reward for being ejected from Trinity
College, Cambridge, by the Puritans and after-
wards performing many services for the king.
Most of us made the acquaintance of Cowley
in our schooldays through his paraphrase of
Horace's story of the Town Mouse and the
Country Mouse, which was a familiar item —
fittingly abridged, of course — in children's books
in the sixties ; it was recited at birthday parties
by perky infant prodigies , and now, if you are
an old boy or an old girl, dig it out of your
bookcase, and you will be surprised to find how
K 129
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
keenly you will enjoy the almost forgotten quaint,
simple, and smoothly flowing lines. Cowley
inherited much of the melodious simplicity
of the Elizabethan poets ; indeed it is a sweet
relief to turn from the murky, obscure, and laby-
rinthine efforts of some of our latter-day minstrels
to this quiet, plain-spoken old poet. It is good
to think that in this old house, with its garden,
and close proximity to the river, Cowley found his
ideal of happiness, for he was a philosopher as
well as a poet, or he would not have written : —
This only grant me, that my means may lie
Too low for envy, for contempt too high.
Some honour I would have.
Not from great deeds, but good alone ;
Th* unknown are better than ill-known ;
Rumour can ope* the grave !
Acquaintance I would have, but when 't d^ends
Not from the number, but the choice of friends.
Books should, not business, entertain the light.
And sleep, as undisturbed as death, the night.
My house a cottage more
Than palace ; and should fitting be
For all my use, no luxury.
My garden painted o*er
130
AMONG THE POETS
With Nature's hand, not Art's, that pleasures yield
Horace might envy in his Sabine field.
Thus would I double my life's fading space.
For he that runs it well twice runs his race.
And in this true delight
These unbought sports and 'happy state,
I would not fear, nor wish, my fate :
But boldly say each night,
To-morrow let my sun his beams display,
Or in clouds hide them ; I have lived to-day.
Like Milton, Cowley expressed his dis-
satisfaction with the educational methods of
his time by putting forth a grand new system
of education. Milton's tract on education is
read by all who dip into his prose writings, but
probably few living men have any knowledge of
Cowley's " Proposition for the Advancement of
Experimental Philosophy." If, however, you
want a quiet hour in the arm-chair, after a day's
ride, read the old poet's quaint description of the
model college and system of education which
he conjured up in his mind's eye. It is strange
that an essay so far in advance of the age in
which it was written, and containing many
sound ideas that have not been realised until
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
the present day, should have been almost for-
gotten. Among his suggestions is one, that
the college should contain '' a gallery to walk
in, adorned with the pictures or statues of all
the inventors of anything useful to human life j
as printing, guns, America (sic), etc., and of
late in anatomy, the circulation of the blood,
the milky veins, and such like discoveries in any
art, with short elogies under the portraitures : as
likewise the figures of all sorts of creatures.
A garden containing all sorts of plants that our
soil will bear, and a second garden, destined
only to the trial of all manner of experiments
concerning plants," and so on. So Cowley was
something more than a mere courtier poet.
I could not leave Chertsey without paying a
visit to the Golden Grove and St. Anne's Hill,
where Cowley, when he took up his residence
in Guildford Street, hoped that he would have
" a merry time " with his friend Dein Sprat.
Turning to the right, over the railway bridge,
a few minutes' ride brought me to the Grove,
with its little inn and the wonderful old oak
tree, with the benches and table up among its
branches, where with the tea-cups laid on a
snowy white cloth, and good homely bread and
132
AMONG THE POETS
butter, you find that being " up a tree " is not
such a bad thing after all. Leaving my bicycle
at the inn I walked up the shady lanes to the
summit, and there watched the clouds and the
sunlight working constantly changing effects
of Hght and shadow over the typical English
landscape spread out beneath my feet and reach-
ing as fer as eye could see.
As I rode home along the Chertsey road,
just catching a glimpse of Anningsley, the
scene of Thomas Day's self-sacrificing experi-
ments, I felt that my ride of about forty miles
had brought me somewhat nearer to a due
appreciation of the men whose haunts I had
visited.
V
JANE AUSTEN AND GILBERT
WHITE
IT had come at last ! For five dreary weeks
the roads had been alternately quagmire
and stiff paste. Every now and then it
had looked as if the paste were about to freeze
into something fit for wheels to spin upon ;
but just as hope ran high down would come a
drizzling gray curtain, and King Slosh again
ruled the road. But on this March morning
patience was to be rewarded and the Clerk of
the Weather forgiven. For full forty hours a
cold north-easter had been lashing the roads
until they were as clean, dry, and polished as the
bones left by a hungry dog. The keen, biting
wind was still swaying the bare tree-tops, it
was true, but the slanting Jacob's ladders of
134
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
sunlight, as they struggled fitfully through the
iron-gray clouds, were a joy indeed after so
many weeks of sunless days.
It is one of the redeeming features of the
much -abused British climate that it teaches
you, by stern lessons in adversity, to enjoy and
thoroughly appreciate a fine day. Think of
the many unfortunate countries where they
have a climate, but no weather ; while here
we have all weather and no climate to speak
of. Is it not something to be grateful for
that nearly half a column of the morning
paper is taken up with harmless observations
and forecasts of a meteorological character ?
Who knows what mischief, stupidity, or grue-
some horrors these half columns would contain
were it not for this merciful interposition of
the weather recorders and prophets.
It is a strangely invigorating sensation that
first few minutes at the pedak after not having
been on the saddle for many weeks. The pos-
sibility of a ride had come about so suddenly
and unexpectedly that there was no time to
arrange for a destination, so I merely ambled
along, without definite aim or purpose, the
roads being in such splendid condition that
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
it mattered little whither one went. Scarcely
realising the fact, I found myself at last spin-
ning down a somewhat steep incline along the
side of an old familiar Surrey common, about
twenty-five miles from Charing Cross. The
cold wind had been biting my larboard ear
rather vigorously, and, not having been awheel
for so long a time, I found myself in need of
a rest. This heather-clad common contained,
I knew, not far from the road, a shallow basin-
like hollow, with a screen bf gorse-bushes on
its eastern side. Yes, there was the gorse,'no
longer a mass of golden beauty as when I
rested here last summer, but a sullen, prickly
monster to be kept at a safe distance from
knickerbockered legs. Although his beauty
had gone his sheltering qualities remained, and
in the hollow at his feet I felt that congenial
warmth which comes immediately one is freed
from the nipping "attentions of a nor'-easter.
Sitting down upon the black wintry heather,
I drew forth the neat little volume of Cowley's
essays, which my dear old friend the Librarian
had sent me by the post of the evening before.
It was a kindly act, only to be compared with
that of the non-smoker who carries matches in
136*
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
case a smoking friend should be matchless.
For the Librarian, although he does not cycle,
sent me this little book because he thought it
would go easily into the pocket of my cycling
jacket. What more pleasant and fitting place
could there be than this for reading the quiet,
gentle phrases of Cowley ? To the westward
two columns of pale blue smoke from the wood
fires of two cottages on the edge of the common
curled upward and did battle with the remorse-
less north-easterly wind. Probably two house-
wives were struggling with smoky fireplaces
to preserve their dinners from ruin. For quite
two minutes the sun burst through quite a wide
gap in the dull gray clouds. It was enough.
Instantly the joyous notes of an upward-soaring
skylark broke the silence of the morning, and
from behind the hedge of the field across the
road there floated the loud song of a blackbird.
I opened the book and found that I had hit
upon Cowley's essay " Of Solitude.-* How
delightfully it read in that pleasant spot ! I
chuckled aloud when I came to that quotation
from Monsieur de Montaigne: "Ambition
itself might teach us to love solitude : there is
nothing does so much hate to have com-
137
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
panions." Dost see the profound truth in this,
my masters, ye of the senate, the platform, the
court-house, the mart, the exchange, and of the
whirlpool called Society? "It is very fantas-
tical and contradictory in human nature, that
men should love themselves above all the rest
of the world, and yet never endure to be with
themselves." "If once we be thoroughly en-
gaged in the love of letters, instead of being
wearied with the length of any day, we shall
only complain of the shortness of our whole
life." What book-lover has not realised this.
On the very next page I came across a remark-
able sentence, marking vividly the extraordinary
change in public opinion respecting the func-
tions and needs of the working classes that has
taken place since the good Cowley's day.
Speaking of the little intervals of accidental
solitude which occur in all conditions of life
he, in a parenthesis, makes this reservation
(" except the very meanest of the people, who
have business enough in the necessary pro-
visions of life "). How many men of Cowley's
standing would in these days look complacently
upon the lot of even "the meanest of the
people " being one of unintermitting toil ?
138
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
But it was at the end of the essay that I found
the pretty thought, expressed in quaint verse,
that led to my finding an objective for my
day's run : —
Hail, old patrician trees, so great and good !
Hail, ye plebeian underwood !
Where the poetic birds rejoice,
And for their quiet nests and plenteous food
Pay with their grateful voice.
I know not how it was, but the lines called
to my mind that gentle lover of nature and
patient observer of bird life, dear old Gilbert
White of Selborne. If the shades of Cowley
and White have met, what boon companions
they must have become. Cowley in the seven-
teenth and White in the eighteenth century
were representatives of that order of men who,
while their fellows are struggling in a wild
scrimmage for wealth, place, and power, are
content to lead a life of gentle quietude in
communion with nature. Both perhaps real-
ised their highest dream of happiness when
strolling within the narrow confines of their
own gardens. There were only thirty miles
of open road between my shelter under the
139
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
gorse bushes and beautiful Sel borne. The
temptation was irresistible, notwithstanding
the icy wind and the threatening layers of
cold -gray cloud. Besides, within a mile of
the Selborne road was Chawton, a village I
had never seen, for I had only learned since
my last visit to Selborne that at Chawton there
is still standing the old house in which Jane
Austen lived for many years, and in which she
wrote nearly all the tales that are so dear to
every book-lover.
I placed Cowley with proper reverence in
an inner pocket and was soon on the road
again, only to find myself the next minute face
to face with a company of cows who had just
left the milking-shed. They viewed me with
fishy near-sighted eyes, and lowered their heads
with a foolish assumption of ferocity ; but it
was all over in a second or two, and off they
scampered on either side of the road. Once
over the pretty white bridge crossing the
streamlet you enter a lane lined with elms, on
the warmest of summer days a cool retreat,
but this morning there is no sign of even a
bud upon their bare branches, and I catch a
glimpse of a shaggy little sparrow, clinging
140
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
bravely to one of the trunks and pecking
tenaciously in the hope of finding a morsel
of food in the nearly frozen bark. It is a
tough pull up the hill and past the making-
houses, and a quarter of a mile farther on, just
where one would least expect to find it, is a
little red gate at the side of the road, bearing
the legend "Museum Entrance." Yes, it is
quite true, in this out-of-the- world spot, on
the edge of BuUwater Common, is a veritable
museum open to any man who chooses to
enter. It is the home of Mr. Selous, the famous
hunter of big game and a naturalist to boot.
Here you shall find such a collection of heads
of lions, buffalo, and tigers as shall haunt you
in your dreams for months ; but the gentle
cyclist will probably find more to interest him
in the collections of birds' nests and eggs and
insects, some of which were captured by the
great hunter when he was a happy schoolboy.
Excellent Mr. Selous, to share his trophies of
the chase, and those milder trophies of field
and hedgerow with his fellow-men. May his
red gate, with its . inviting inscription, open
to many an English boy who shall hereafter
become a student of Jiature's secrets !
141
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Slightly bending leftward, the road skirts
the edge of the common, and round by the
side of the " Royal Oak " inn you enter upon
a long length of ascending road leading to Ash
and Aldershot. At first the road passes through
thick plantations of fir and pine, and when the
end of these is reached the open country, wild
and unpopulated, is seen on either side. On
the left the Hog's Back stands out sharply
against the sky, to the right is a fer-reaching
series of dark-brown kopjes, rising one above
the other, the sky-line bristling with fir-trees.
Here at Eastertide you will hear the continuous
crackling of rifles, and the hillsides are flecked
with regiments of volunteers engaged in mimic
warfare. As you ride along, glancing over
this stretch of undulating land, you may gather
some faint idea of the difficulties of scouting.
How, O civilian critic, would you find out
what is on the other side of the distant row of
hills without being sniped by the enemy ? It
makes one flinch to think of having to creep
across these rolling hillocks, from cover to
cover, with the ofF-chance of being potted at
any moment by a rifleman safely sheltered
behind the distant hill-top.
142
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
It is a hilly road to Ash, with some sharp
down -runs, but at the village church you
can rest for awhile and take in the view of
Aldershot, which lies within easy distance.
Not far from Ash Church, with its many-
gabled roofs, there is a finger-post on the left,
pointing to the town of Farnham. On this
particular morning the first half-mile of the
road is torn up by sewage operations, and the
next half-mile is a river of huge freshly-put-
down flints, with not even the usual four inches
of '' smooth " which honest road-menders leave
for toiling wheelmen. Within sight of Farn-
ham the country becomes much prettier, and
the road is all that the most exacting cyclist
could desire. At this time of year, however,
the hop-gardens present a most desolate appear-
ance ; the bare poles are connected by long lines
of string, from which flutter untidy fragments
left from last autumn's hop-picking.
The eight miles from Farnham to Alton
is delightful running on a good hard road,
smooth as a billiard table, with gentle rises and
descents. Just past the ugly yellow board
directing to Foochow Lodge is a stone marking
the boundary between Surrey and Hampshire.
H3
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
The roofs of Bentley village look pretty in the
distance, but a closer inspection reveals numerous
monstrosities in corrugated iron that make one
sigh for the old red- tiled roofs and the cosy
thatch. The hedges are lined with unsightly
posters proclaiming the sale of the furniture of
a fine old residence overlooking a lovely stretch
of well- timbered country. What turn of
Fortune's wheel has forced the occupiers of this
pleasant home to seek "fresh woods and
pastures new " ? With what a pang of regret
must they have turned to take their farewell
glance at the familiar meadowland stretching
out to the distant hill ; how they will miss the
loquacious purple rooks now busily building
their nests in the bare branches of the giant
elms.
From Bentley, through Froyle and Holy-
bourne, the road is a series of gently rising
and &lling hills, with a steep descent into the
town of Alton, &mous for nothing but its ale,
but of interest to the bookman, because Jane
Austen must, many a time, have walked over
here from Chawton to do her "shopping."
The shops are now of a much more pretentious
character than they could have been in her day.
144
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
The railway has brought London &shions
within easy distance, and the old oil lanterns
have given place to modern incandescent gas-
burners. In an interesting chapter of his
memoir of Jane Austen, Mr. Austen Leigh
gives a list of the social changes that have
come about since the girlhood of his famous
aunt. Even in well-to-do families the cooking
was never left entirely to servants, the lady of
the house would be proud of her achievements
in the kitchen. Families appear to have had
certain specialities upon which they prided
themselves. One house would be famous for
its ham, another for its game-pie, and a third
for its furmity, or tansy pudding. Know, O
ignorant, up-to-date reader, that furmity,
sometimes called frumenty, was a sort of
porridge made of wheat boiled in milk and
flavoured with milk and cinnamon. Tansy
was a much more ambitious dish, composed of
eggs, sugar, wine, and cream, and fried in
butter. Think of that, ye modern dyspeptics,
and marvel at the stomachs of your forefathers.
It was evidently a popular dish a hundred years
before, for you will perhaps remember that old
Pepys, who was no mean trencherman, was
L 145
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
careful to include it in the dinner which he
gave on the 26th of March, 1661, to celebrate
the fourth anniversary of his recovery from
that operation which he vowed to give thanks
for every year, but which he afterwards seems
to have forgotten. " I had a pretty dinner for
them," says he, " viz. a brace of stewed carps,
six roasted chickens, and a jowl of salmon, hot,
for the first course ; a tansy and two neats'
tongues, and cheese, the second." Potatoes
were not nearly so common as they are now,
for when Jane Austen's mother advised the
wife of one of her tenants to plant potatoes,
the good woman replied, " No, no ; they're all
very well for you gentry, but they must be
terribly costl^ to rear."
Mr. Leigh declares that in one of the books
of his childhood, a little girl, the daughter of a
gentleman, was taught by her mother to make
her own bed before leaving her chamber. It
was no uncommon thing when Jane Austen
was a little girl for mistresses to concoct home-
made wines, to distil herbs for domestic
medicines, and even to spin the thread of which
the household linen was woven. Mr. Leigh
says that when he was a youth gentlemen did
146
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
much more for themselves than they do now.
They brushed their own clothes at the end of
the day, they cleaned their own guns, they
turned out after dinner on the evening of a
hunting day, and, lanthorn in hand, visited the
stable to see that the horses had been well cared
for. The little girl, Jane Austen, walking
along the miry Hampshire roads on her iron
pattens would see in almost every cottage a
woman sitting at her spinning-wheel, spinning
flax or wool. But we have altered all that,
and the form -labourer's wife purchases her
petticoats ready-made, at the local bon marchc^
and studies the hideous fashion pictures in the
halfpenny newspaper.
There was nothing to pause for in Alton
town, so on I went, under the railway bridge,
past the road leading to Selborne, and within
a mile and a half found myself at Chawton Post-
office. Just beyond the post-office, opposite to
the " Grey Friar " inn, and at the corner of the
road where it branches off to Winchester, is a
good-sized square red-brick house, the front wall
of which is not more than three feet from the
road, and protected only by a rough, low wooden
fence. Time has taken most of the colour out
H7
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
of the red bricks, but the tiles of the nx>f shone
warmly in the sun which had begun to assert
itself at Alton, and was now completely victori-
ous. Two women came out from the fine old
thatched cottage opposite to see the sight that,
after five sunless weeb, was a gladsome one
indeed. As I stood on the triangular piece of
turf, at the foot of the finger-post at the cross
roads, gazing up at the old weather-worn red-
148
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
brick house Chawton became somewhat excited,
so uneventful a spot of earth is it. The women
at the thatched cottage fetched other women,
the landlord of the " Grey Friar " came to his
door, the postman paused on his round, five
little Hampshire boys left their marbles, and
stood, a wondering row of ruddy faces with
wide-open mouths and mischievous eyes, staring
up at the Cockney lunatic. I have always a
never-foiling remedy for such trying situations.
I produced a pipe and tobacco-pouch, filled up,
lighted, and pufFed swirling clouds of smoke,
which were driven swiftly down the Winchester
road. It was sufficient. The populace retired,
satisfied that a man who smokes a common-
place briar pipe is sane, and not likely to do
anything of a startling character, he is to be
trusted. It is the strange beings who do not
smoke, who wear blue spectacles, who stride
into the village inns, and shriek out for a lunch
of porridge, brown bread, nuts and milk — these
are the visitors concerning whom the villager
always has his doubts ; he likes to follow them
to the end of the village street, and is not quite
comfortable until he has, as it were, seen them
ofF the premises.
149
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
The old house is now divided into tene-
ments, the latticed windows have been replaced
by modern sashes, but the fine old fir-trees on
the other side of the garden wall must have been
familiar friends to Jane Austen, and the whole
aspect of the village cannot have altered much
since she first entered
the old house. From
her window, as she sat
writing, she would see
these same thatched
. cottages, the gently
rising wood-crowned
hill opposite, with its
slopes covered with
brilliant green grass,
Cci? the row of fine old
■^i' Q-j ■^;'_,^^^1■l time-trees fticing the
front door, and the
picturesque "Grey Friar" inn with its swing-
ing sign-board. The present sign-board is a
modern one, evidently painted by a master
hand. It represents a genial gray friar in cloak
and hood, holding in his hand a huge white lily,
with the excellent motto, "Be temperate in
all things." Is Boniface slyly rebuking the
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
sometimes intemperate advocates of a " water
only " policy ?
To this house, in this quiet Hampshire vil-
lage, Jane Austen came when she was thirty-
four years of age, and here she lived a peaceful
and happy domestic life among the members of
her family, writing at odd half-hours when she
could be spared from social and domestic duties
the stories that have won for her a place
among the immortals. It was characteristic
of her that she never posed as an author ; she
never had a separate room of her own to write
in, but always worked at a corner of the table
in the general sitting-room with the other
members of the family around her. If any one
called, or music or games were proposed, her
manuscript was quietly placed under the blot-
ting-pad and she joined in the social circle.
It seems almost incredible that such books as
Pride and Prejudice and Mansfield Park could
have been written under such conditions.
What a lesson to the faddy writers of to-day,
who, so interviewers assure us, require type-
writers, phonographs, and "atmosphere" before
they can produce a line. Pride and Prejudice^
Sense and Sensibility^ and Northanger Abbey were
151
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
written when she was a young woman of one-
or two-and-twenty, but they were not published
until she had revised and partly re- written them
in this house at Chawton. Emma^ Mansfield
Parky and Persuasion were all written here.
How Jane Austen, living her quiet uneventful
life in this place, was able to give such reality
and life to her creations, is one of the mysteries
of genius which men have tried in vain to
solve. As she played at cup-and-ball in yonder
garden to the delight of her tiny nephews and
nieces, or sang her simple songs in the old-
fashioned drawing-room, she could little have
imagined that a hundred years later her books
would be a thousandfold more popular than
they were in her own day, or that Pride and
Prejudice would become an English classic.
Out from the little green doorway so close
to the roadside, one rainy Saturday morning in
the spring of 1817, came a sad group. Jane
Austen, pale and weak from long suffering, was
assisted into a carriage by her loving sister,
whom she described as " my dearest sister, my
tender, watchful, indefatigable nurse." The
carriage was driven slowly round the corner
into the Winchester road, the good Uncle
152
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
H^nry on horseback riding at the side. Save
for a few tender letters to her relatives the
magic pen was never to be used again. Two
months later Jane Austen died within the
shadow of Winchester Cathedral, where she lies
buried near the centre of the north aisle, almost
opposite to the tomb of William of Wykeham.
As I rode back to Chawton Post-office,
whence I had to turn off in order to reach the
road to Selborne, I met an aged woman, totter-
ing under a bundle of sticks, who as a girl may
have seen Jane Austen and received many acts
of kindness at her gentle hands. I was eager
to question her, but she suddenly disappeared
within a cottage, and the chance was gone.
Down the road, which the finger-post pro-
claimed led to Selborne and Petersfield, I
pedalled in high spirits, for the depressing gray
clouds had now disappeared and the sun was
shining brilliantly in a clear blue sky. The
cold wind had dropped, and for the first time
since the preceding autumn I felt the sun's
warm rays. The 'road was in excellent con-
dition, and there was nothing to do but
to pedal on merrily and enjoy the lovely
views of hill and dale on either side. Within
153
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
an hour I caught sight of the familiar gray
square tower of Selborne church, surrounded
by columns of blue smoke from half-a-dozen
chimneys, peeping through the bare branches
of the trees, and then I had to ride cautiously
down the steep hill into the village. The
sparrows were flying in buzzing masses from
field to field, and from behind the hedge on
my right hand there came the pleasant sound
of a tinkling sheep-bell. Behind the village,
like a great brown wall reaching up to the sky,
frowned the Hanger, so familiar to all readers
of Gilbert White. .One spot of bright green
there was near the summit, where the timber
had been thinned out and the sun had broken
through, lighting up a few square yards of
grassland ; it shone like an emerald in a setting
of dark metal.
See Selborne spreads her boldest beauties round
The varied valley, and the mountain ground,
Wildly majestic ! What is all the pride
Of flats, with loads of ornament supplied !
Unpleasing, tasteless, impotent expense,
Compared with Nature's rude magnificence.
I venture to say that few strangers, much as
154
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
their expectations may have been raised before-
hand, are disappointed with Selborne ; it is one
of the few places which realise the anticipation.
The entrance to the village from the Alton
road is charming, especially in the summer-
time, when the trees on either side meet over-
head, and you approach the enchanted land of
which you have read so often by your fireside
on cold wintry nights, over the rippling stream,
with all the glamour of the dear old book un-
dispelled. Quite suddenly you find yourself
standing by the Plestor, in the centre of Gilbert
White's little world.
Almost opposite to the church, but a few
steps farther along the road, is a red - brick
gabled house, with red-tiled roofs and rough-
cast front, a small wooden porch protecting the
entrance door. This is the house wherein
lived and died Gilbert White, and wherein was
written the little book that will never die. The
small square building beyond the house is the
old brew-house, a relic of the days when even
curates brewed their own beer. It must not be
forgotten that this side of the house, facing the
village street, is really the back ; the front of the
house can only be seen by climbing the Hanger.
155
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
In this identical month of March, one
hundred and twenty-two years ago, a post-
chaise came rattling along this road, and drew
up at the entrance-door of " The Wakes," for
by that name the house was then called, as it is
to this day. A journey of the utmost import-
ance had been accomplished, fortunately with
complete success. Out of the post-chaise came
two personages who were never to really die.
One was an elderly gentleman about five feet
three inches in height, with a clerical wig, sur-
mounted by a three-cornered hat. As he
stepped forth and his travelling cloak fell back,
you could see that he wore knee-breeches with
buckles, and buckled shoes. This was none
other than the Rev. Gilbert White. He was
in a state of considerable perturbation as to the
condition of his fellow-traveller with whom he
had journeyed eighty miles in post-chaises.
He carried him into the house in a box under
his arm, for the said fellow-traveller was no
less important a personage than the immortal
Timothy — that Timothy, whose conduct and
habits of life had been under close observation
for thirty years ; Timothy, whose appetite
failed him for six weeks in the winter, but who
156
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
feasted voraciously on sow-thistles, dandelions,
and lettuces all through the summer ; Timothy,
who displayed such dexterity in scraping out
the ground with his forefeet and throwing it
up over his back with his hind ; Timothy,
who showed as much solicitude about rain as a
lady dressed in all her best attire, who shuffled
away on the first sprinklings, running his
head in a corner ; Timothy, who was put
in a tub of water to see whether he would
sink or float, but who afterwards had his
157
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
revenge " amidst the umbrageous forests of the
asparagus beds." Was ever tortoise before or
since the object of such world-wide interest as
Timothy ? He suffered in nowise from his
eighty miles' journey, and lived happily for
fourteen years afterwards in the garden of The
WakeSj surviving his fellow-traveller by twelve
months.
Leaving my bicycle at the "Selborne Arms,'*
I walked past the row of cottages beyond
White's house, and turning sharply to the right,
crossed over the fields to the foot of the Hanger,
described in the first letter to Thomas Pennant
as "a vast hill of chalk, rising three hundred
feet above the village ; and is divided into a
sheep down, the high wood, and a long hanging •
wood called The Hanger, ^^ The ascent would
be a tough task were it not for the curious
zigzag path which turns twenty-eight times
between the base and the summit. Like every
other village in England, Selborne had its
Victorian Jubilee festivities, and with the
surplus of the cash raised at that time the zig-
zag has been repaired ; but it is still a slippery and
exhausting pathway. Up you stagger among
the covert of beeches which Gilbert White
158
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
declared to be "the most lovely of all forest trees,
whether we consider its smooth rind or bark,
its glossy foliage, or graceful pendulous boughs."
The summit having been described in the
book, there is no occasion for any one else to
undertake the task. "The down, or sheep-
walk, is a pleasing park-like spot, of about one
mile by half that space, jutting out on the
verge of the hill-country, where it begins to
break down into the plain, and commanding
a very engaging view, being an assemblage of
hill, dale, woodlands, heath, and water. The
prospect is bounded to the south-east and east
by the vast range of mountains called the Sussex
Downs, by Guild-down near Guildford, and by
the Downs round Dorking, and Ryegate in
Surrey, to the north-east ; which, altogether,
with the country beyond Alton and Farnham,
form a noble and extensive outline."
. There is one view from the summit of the
Hanger which Gilbert White did not consider of
sufficient importance to mention in the above
description, but it is the one view which all
good pilgrims will eagerly seek. In his char-
acter of poet, however. White does call atten-
tion to it —
159
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Now climb the steep, drop now your eye below,
Where round the blooming village orchards grow ;
There, like a picture, lies my lowly seat,
A rural, sheltered, unobserved retreat.
If you walk several hundred yards along the
brow and keep your eyes well open you will
discover a break in the covert through which
you can look straight down into the old
naturalist's garden, and obtain a complete view
of the whole front of the house and the out-
buildings. By comparing it with the woodcut
in my copy of The Natural History and Anti-
quities of Selborne (Professor Rennie's edition of
1832) I find that several alterations have been
made in the house. A wing has been added,
and the turret with the bow windows, and a
second story has been placed on the top of the
addition which White himself built. There is
the path leading to the clump of trees which
once sheltered the summer-house in which
he made so many of his patient and careful
observations of birds and insects. There is the
meadow in which he discovered the viper who
had swallowed her young. I was informed by
a villager, who displayed a keen interest in the
subject, that much of the interior of the house
160
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
is in exactly the same condition as it was in
White's time. He pointed out the windows
of the rooms in which White carried on his
studies and in which he died ; but he after-
wards admitted that there was considerable
diversity of opinion as to their precise identity.
White's sun-dial, he said, was still in the garden,
but when I was on the top of 7^he Hanger I
did not see it.
I did not attempt to descend by the slippery
zigzag path, but, with the help of a native,
discovered a gently sloping path, covered several
inches deep with dead beech leaves, which led
to the foot of the hill. The afternoon was
passing rapidly away, but I could not leave the
village without revisiting the church and the
churchyard. Almost opposite to White's house
is the square open space which in most villages
would be called " the green," but which here
has always been called the " Playstow," or the
''Plestor." White has himself graphically
described it : " In the centre of the village,
and near the church, is a piece of ground
surrounded by houses and vulgarly called
'The Plestor.' In the midst of this spot
stood, in old times, a vast oak with a short,
M l6l
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
squat body, and huge horizontal arms extending
almost to the extremity of the area. This
venerable tree, surrounded with stone steps and
seats above them, was the delight of old and
young, and a place of much resort in summer
evenings, where the former sat in grave debate
while the latter frolicked and danced before
them. Long might it have stood had not the
amazing tempest in 1703 overturned it at once,
to the infinite regret of the inhabitants and the
vicar, who bestowed several pounds in setting
it in its place again, but all his care could not
avail ; the tree sprouted for a time, then
withered and died. This oak I mention to
show to what a bulk planted oaks also may
arrive."
A stone pathway leads across the Plestor to
the churchyard gate, just inside of which is a
famous yew-tree of remarkable proportions.
My friend the villager, who accompanied me,
assured me that he had recently measured the
trunk and found that its girth had increased by
about three feet since White measured if in
1750. Within the church there is a marble
slab which states that White's grave is marked
by '^ the fifth stone from this wall " ; but for
162
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
some unaccountable reason this indicator has
been placed on the wall apposite to that behind
which the grave lies. Why this error has
never been set
right it is impos-
sible to imagine ;
it must havetried
the patience of
many an earnest
pilgrim seeking
in vain to find
the shrine on
that side of
the churchyard
where it is not.
The irregular
pews, " of all
dimensions and
heights, being '~^i>' Qfoi.l^oV
patched up ac- -i§^b..yy,„i
cording to the
fiincy of the owners," no longer exist. They
arc replaced by painfully regular modern
benches ; but I discovered pieces of the old
pews incorporated with two new seats at the
end of the centre aisle.
163
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
These walls must often have resounded to
the voice of White who, in his office of curate,
preached many a sermon here. He seems to
have been a lovable man in himself, as well as
in his book, for it was said by his nephew that
the old naturalist had the peculiarity of attaching
to himself all of every age, but particularly the
young people, who listened in delight to his in-
structive tales. An old woman f n the village, who
was eleven years old when Gilbert White died,
told the late Frank Buckland that she remem-
bered the curate as a quiet old gentleman who
had many old-fashioned sayings and gave away
many presents to his parishioners at Christmas.
From his handwriting, and from the careful
precision of his letters and diary, he was
evidently a somewhat prim old bachelor of tidy
and regular habits. Of this trait in his char-
acter an amusing story is told of his proctor
days at Oriel. On his rounds one evening he
discovered an undergraduate lying on the
ground, sleeping the sleep of intoxication, with
his outer garments removed and neatly folded
up at his side. The Proctor awoke the
bacchante and sent him to his college with
an order to appear the next day for judgment.
164
JANE AUSTEN & GILBERT WHITE
The culprit turned up in a highly contrite
frame of mind. White said to him : " You
deserve an exemplary punishment ; but I
observed one circumstance which shows you
are not wholly degraded. Your clotHes were
folded up by your side, indicating habits of care
and neatness which appear incompatible with
habitual degradation. I shall therefore say no
more."
Coming out from the silent church, I passed
round by the belfry tower to the right,and within
a few paces came upon the six time-worn
unpretentious stones which mark the resting-
places of various members of the White family.
The fifth stone from the wall, rising only
about sixteen inches above the ground, and
differing from the others only in its inscription,
is the gravestone of Gilbert White. Kneeling
down, one is just able to trace the letters —
G. W.
26th June,
1793-
It is best thus. No ostentatious monument
should be raised above the dust of the man
165
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
whose life was one of quiet simplicity and
modest piety. His monument is in the book
that will for ever find a welcome in the hearts
of all who love to
Go forth under the open sky, and list
To Nature's teachings.
VI
PARSON LOT
WE were all in a terrible state of
depression, but none was more
depressed than poor Dummehrlich-
keit. That was the nickname we had given
him years ago — some one had discovered it in
Hans Breitmann — but we generally call him
Dum, because we love him. We were seated
in a semicircle before the fading fire at the end
of the little lecture hall. All the lights had been
turned out save one, for the gas-bill was a serious
item in the balance-sheet of " the institute."
Dum puffed at his briar-root pipe for some
minutes, and then ejaculated, " Look here, you
fellows, I shall chuck it ! "
There was some excuse for Dum's splenetic
utterance. He himself had paid for the posters
167
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
which had announced that he would deliver a
lecture specially addressed to working-men on
the subject of "The Necessity for Moral as
well as Material Progress." The result had
been somewhat disappointing ; only four people
had responded to the invitation. Three of
these turned out to be law-writers, known
in the neighbourhood of Chancery Lane as
"scribes," and they had simply dropped in for
the sake of the fire, while they were waiting
for copy. The fourth was the genuine article
we had catered for — a house-painter. In the
middle of Dum's discourse a prolonged whistle
from the other side of the door, evidently a
preconcerted signal, fetched the " scribes " to
their feet, and they scuttled out without cere-
mony. The house-painter sat it out, with
much sniffing, snorting, and expectorating,
and after Dum's carefully prepared peroration,
asked, " Is any questions allowed ? " On the
speaker giving his assurance that he would be
delighted to answer any questions, the house-
painter arose and treated us for a solid half-
hour to his views on society in general and
particularly upon " gents as go about preachin'
to workin'-men instead o' tellin' of 'em 'ow to
l68
PARSON LOT
keep a wife and four young 'uns on twenty-
eight bob a week." We all thought the man
was an empty-headed, self-conceited, ungrateful
beast, but none of us had the courage to tell
him so. At last he was gone, and the smell of
stale beer and shag tobacco with him, but he
had left his depressing influence behind him.
"Why, Dum, old man," said the Secretary,
"you're surely not going to cave in because
you can't make any impression on a brute-
beast like that. I thought you were simply
splendid to-night — a more convincing discourse
I never listened to."
" What's the good of your listening to it ! "
responded Dum savagely. "I don't want to
convince you. Fancy, a miserable audience of
four — and such a four — after the hours I've
spent in working that thing up. I've had
enough of it — the working-man and the whole
gang of capitaUsts, money-grubbers, greedy
bourgeoisie^ parsons, and dirty party wire-pullers
must all go to the devil their own way. The
Anarchists are, after all, the only people with
any sense ; nothing can save Humanity until
we've had a regular burst -up and can start
fresh."
169
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
"Do you remember Parson Lot's last
letter ? " I inquired of Dum, knowing his
passionate admiration of Kingsley.
" No, I don't," he replied ; " but if Kings-
ley had been here to-night even he would have
had enough of it."
" I'm not so sure about that," said I ; "at
any rate, he had many a licking, but always
came up to the scratch again. One passage in
the last letter he wrote in his character of
Parson Lot has always stuck to me : ' It will
be no bad thing for us if we are beaten some-
times. Success at first is dangerous, and defeat
an excellent medicine for testing people's
honesty — for setting them earnestly to work
to see what they want, and what are the best
methods of attaining it.' "
" Do you know," responded Dum in a more
cheerful tone, "I've often thought that a man
like Kingsley would have a better chance now
than he had in his day. People read his tales,
but I doubt whether any one reads his political
writings. I was looking the other day at some
of his letters in the old Christian Socialist^ and I
don't believe there is any one alive now who can
put certain truths so well as they are put there."
170
PARSON LOT
'' Look here," said I, " let's have a Kings-
ley tonic. We're getting flat, stale, and un-
profitable. Get up early to-morrow morning,
Dummehrlichkeit, and come with me for a
ride to Eversley. The roads are good nearly
all the way, the weather promises to be fine,
and it will do us good to see the old church
and rectory."
"A capital idea!" exclaimed the dis-
appointed lecturer on moral and material pro-
gress. ^
And that's how it was that Dum and
1 found ourselves one gloomy April morn-
ing pedalling along the Knightsbridge-road to
Hammersmith and over bumpy tram-lines to
Turnham Green, and the narrow and rough
road through Brentford.
" ' Oh, to be in England now that April's
there,' " I murmured, as the rain came pelting
down at Isle worth.
"Oh, to be in Venice, out of this con-
founded sou'-wester," grunted Dum, wiping
the rain from his face ; " it's a pity Browning
didn't remember this sort of thing when he
began to chirp about April in England. How
these organ-grinders can leave the Italian
171
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
sunshine for this cold and gloom beats me.
Look at that poor little kiddy in the basket."
It was the usual Italian travelling party at
the side of the road, the piano-organ with the
baby on the shafts, the red-handkerchiefed
woman with the deeply -lined face grinding
the machine, and the grinning Southerner
looking out for stray coppers.
"It's a knotty subject, my dear Dum," I
replied, "involving questions of economical
and imperial policy enough to timi the hair
of Italian statesmen gray ; but they don't appear
to worry."
Mary was a housemaid.
Modest and content,
jingled the piano- organ, and the Southerner
took off his greasy felt hat and politely bowed
us off his pitch, evidently preferring four
shillings a day in rainy England to sixpence
a day in sunny Italy.
Through Hounslow and Bedfont over un-
usually trying macadam, we hopped, skipped,
and almost jumped, until my companion de-
clared it was as good as steeple-chasing. We
were so absorbed in the effort to keep on our
172
PARSON LOT
machines that I quite forgot to point out to
Dum the famous clipped yew-trees in front of
Bedfont Church. It was a relief indeed to
rest on the bridge at Staines and take a peep
at the now deserted river, which a few weeks
later would be crowded with boats, canoes, and
steam-launches. The rain had ceased, and as
we faced Egham Hill the sun could be seen
peering through a thin veil of clouds.
"We shall see Eversley in sunshine after
all," panted Dum, as he struggled to propel
his thirteen stone of flesh up the hill. Then
came the inevitable question : " Hallo ! did
you hear that squeak ? " and he lumbered off
his machine and mopped his forehead.
I never knew Dum suspect his bicycle of
squeaking while on a level surface, or while
gliding down a gentle declivity, but it is a
remarkable fact that such a suspicion always
arises on a steep incline. On these occasions
my old friend invariably goes through a stereo-
typed performance. He dismounts, examines
the centre -bracket with a most serious air,
finds nothing wrong, and then, remarking
that it's hardly worth while remounting before
reaching the top, pushes his machine upwards.
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
''Dum," I exclaimed on one of these occa-
sions, " you're a humbug ! " but the tender
look of reproachfulness which he turned upon
me forbade my ever repeating the charge.
Dum is so honourable and sincere in all things
that I believe he persuades himself that the
bearings really are squeaking.
The tower of HoUoway's College naturally
set Dum's tongue wagging as we pushed our
machines up the hill. What was my opinion
as to the chances of a man on the other side
of " that bourne," who made his pile out of
the sales of patent pills and ointment, and
handed over his leavings for the higher educa-
tion of women ? I thought that there was
insufEcient evidence for the formation of a
reasonable hypothesis, and said so.
" Talking of patent pills," said Dum, " do
you remember the yarn the old knight told
us at the common-room supper about Tom
Hughes and dear old Kingsley."
I had forgotten it.
"Tom Hughes and Kingsley," continued
Dum, " went home to their rooms one night
after a terrible disappointment. A co-operative
society which they had started, and which they
PARSON LOT
hoped was going to solve the social problem,
had suddenly collapsed, and the secretary had
bolted with the ready. Hughes sank into a
chair in an awful state of despondency. Kings-
ley stood on the hearthrug, with his back to
the fire, looking very blue. After a few puffs
from his pipe, Kingsley said, ' Tom, old man,
there's more the matter with the innards of
this old world than your patent pill and mine
can cure.' What ho ! " broke off Dum, " we're
on the level ! "
There was no question of a squeaking bear-
ing as we sprang into our saddles, and a few
minutes later we were spinning down the hill,
on a perfect surface, to the "Wheatsheaf
Hotel " at Virginia Water. The glorious run
down gave us sufficient impetus to climb the
opposite hill, which had appeared to be an
impossible task. Two miles farther along this
delightful road and we were crossing the rail-
way lines at Sunningdale,.another three and a
half and we were over the bridge and passing
under the clock of the Bagshot Institute,
which was pointing to eleven o'clock — twenty-
six and a quarter miles from Hyde Park
Corner.
175
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
" Are you good for the hill, Dum ? " I
called out.
" Right away, my boy," he cried, bending
his back to it. '' I can do anything on a road
like this."
Where was now Dum's despondency of the
preceding night ? It was a goodly sight to see
his shining happy face as he vigorously pounded
up the incline, but before he reached the " Hero
of Inkerman " he heard a squeaking, and was
ofF, like FalstafF struggling out of the buck-
basket.
While the usual formal examination of the
centre-bracket was proceeding, there came up
the hill a countryman seated on the bare broad
back of a great shire-horse. He stopped at our
side, and, with a preliminary "Mornin', gen'-
men," poured forth a story which, in brief, was
as follows : — Two days before his master had
sold the shire -horse at Guildford Market,
handed him the address of the purchaser, and
told him to take the horse there. A mile or
two out of Guildford he had suddenly forgotten
the name of the place to which he was going,
and on searching his pockets for the written
address could not find it. He explained his
176
PARSON LOT
difEcuIty to the first man he met, and told him
he seemed to remember the name of the place
commenced with a C. The man suggested
Cobham, and accordingly the knight of the
shire-horse went there and spent the evening
inquiring whether any one had purchased a
horse at Guildford Market. He lodged that
night and the next, with the horse, in an out-
house, and during the intervening day he made
further inquiries in the places round Cobham
as to purchasers of horses. According to his
account it had suddenly dawned upon him that
morning that the name of the place to which
he had been directed to take the horse was
Crondale, whence he was now proceeding.
Dum looked at the fellow in speechless
amazement for a few seconds and then blurted
out —
" Look here, you know, why didn't you take
the horse back to your guv'nor ? "
" D'ye think oi wants to be called a fool ?
— not I, thankee ! " and with a knowing wink
and an expression of intense self-satisfaction on
his face away he jolted on the back of his steed.
" Good gracious ! " exclaimed Dum ; " it's
one of Shakespere's clowns in the flesh,
N 177
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
That's the sort of raw material poor Kingsley
had to work upon."
When we reached the top of the hill we
saw this strange being repeating his story to a
postman, and farther on we saw him stop an
old woman, evidently repeating it again.
"Why, it's the ancient mariner on horse-
back," I exclaimed ; '^ he's holding us all with
his skinny hand and his glittering eye."
"There's something uncanny about the
fellow," declared Dum ; " I begin to feel like
the wedding-guest —
" I fear thee, ancient mariner !
I fear thy skinny hand !
And thou art long, and lank, and brown.
As is the ribbed sea-sand ! "
We paused at the top of the hill to take in
the pretty orchardof almond-trees just struggling
into bloom. The sight was a gladsome one to
our Cockney eyes, for the spring was tarrying,
and although we were at the end of the first
week in April these were the first almond-trees
we had seen in bloom. After a run down we
panted up the hill to "The Jolly Farmer,"
where we found the ancient mariner telling his
178
PARSON LOT
story to the landlord and slaking his thirst from
a pewter pot.
Taking the right-hand road by the side of
the inn we had an enjoyable up-and-down run
through military Yorktown and Camberley to
Blackwater on the edge of Hartford Flats.
Dum reminded me that this fine stretch of
wild moorland was the scene of Kingsley's run
with the hounds which led to his writing the
hunting song, " Go Hark ! " which for in-
spiriting movement has never been surpassed.
Dum treated me to the words as we rode by
the side of the moor down the Yately road —
" Yon sound's neither sheep-bell nor bark,
They're running — they're running, Go hark !
The sport may be lost by a moment's delay,
So whip up the puppies and scurry away.
Dash down through the cover by dingle and dell.
There's a gate at the bottom — I know it full well ;
And they're running — they're running.
Go hark !
" They're running — they're running. Go hark !
One fence and we're out at the park ;
Sit down in your saddles and race at the brook.
Then smash at the bullfinch ; no time for a
look.
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SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Leave cravens and skirters to dangle behind.
He's away for the moors, in the teeth of the wind.
And they're running — they're running,
Go hark !
" They're running — they're running, Go hark !
Let them run on and run till it's dark !
Well with them are we, and well with them
we'll be.
While there's wind in our horses and daylight
to see :
Then shog along homewards, chat over the fight.
And hear in our dreams the sweet music all night
Of — they're running — they're running,
Go hark ! "
Dum had plenty of breath for reciting the
lines, for all the way to Yately we were on a
gentle incline and the machines were going
" by themselves." We slowed up to look at
the strangely built village church, with its queer
steeple, and the fine old country inn, " The
Dog and Partridge," with its many white-
framed square windows. Another mile, still
on a gentle incline, and we were at the village
of Eversley Cross, the roads at that point
forming a veritable cross. Turning off at the
1 80
PARSON LOT
left we rode on until we came to an old manor
house, and then we caught the first glimpse
of the square tower of Evereley church, with
its four pinnacles rising above the haystacks
and farm buildings. Up a stiff incline and
round to the right, and we dismounted at the
old oaken gateway of the churchyard.
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Hiding our bicycles behind a hedge we
passed through the gateway into the path
lined with Irish yews which Kingsley himself
had planted, the silence of the noonday only
broken by the soft cooing of pigeons in the
neighbouring farmyard. A few steps and there,
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PARSON LOT
on the left hand, was the well-worn grassy path
leading to Charles Kingsley's grave, under the
spreading fir-tree which hangs over the fence
dividing the church-
yard from the rec-
tory garden — "Just
under our great fir-
tree, which I had
always marked out
for you and me," he
wrote to his wife
fifteen years before
he died. The grave
is bordered with a
stone fencing en-
closing the green
turf upon which
some one, to whom < ^
the memory of
Kingsley is dear, had
placed a wreath of
hot - house flowers.
Poor Dum was terribly upset at the sight of
this evidence of tender regard for his hero. Why
had we not brought some flowers - — what
thoughtless brutes we were — we could easily
183
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
have carried them — it was the duty of any one
who venerated Kingsley to bring such a token
as this with them. I soothed him as well as
I could, telling him that we had brought there
something that was dearer to Kingsley than
even a wreath of flowers — two hearts that had
been moved by his noble example. The simply
carved stone at the head of the grave bears the
inscription —
God is Love.
Charles Kingsley.
January 23rd, 1875,
And Fanny his wife.
Amavimus Amamus Amabimus.
By the side of this husband and wife, whose
married life was so many years of idyllic com-
panionship, lies the wife's sister, Charlotte, wife
of Anthony Froude, whose grave was a sacred
spot to Kingsley, to which he went almost
daily to commune with her spirit. To lovers
of Parson Lot the whole churchyard should
have a peculiar attraction. It is a monument
to the man himself, for it was the scene of
one of the most characteristic instances of his
"muscular Christianity." In a letter to his
184
PARSON LOT
wife he wrote : " I and B have been working
with our own hands as hard as the four men
we have got on. We have planted all the
shrubs in the churchyard. We have gravelled
the new path with fine gravel, and edged it
with turf J we have levelled, delved, planned,
and plotted. Altogether I am delighted at the
result, and feel better, thanks to two days' hard
work with pick and spade, than I have done
for a fortnight."
I looked about the churchyard for the sexton
whom I had seen there three years before, but
could not find him. He was then very old
and had rheumatism in every joint ; it was a
difficult task for him to sweep the dead leaves
from the paths. We had talked of Kingsley,
whom he remembered well, and spoke of with
tender affection and admiration. "He was
very good to poor," was the old man's phrase
again and again at the end of each story of the
parson's doings. One remark of the old man's
was too good to be forgotten. I had asked him
whether many people came to see Kingsley's
grave. " No," he replied, as he rested his chin
on the end of his broom-handle ; " not so many
as used to come." Then, after a few moments'
185
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
reflection, he turned his poor old gray, almost
sightless eyes to mine, and added quite seriously,
and with a touch of sadness : " I suppose they've
all been." We learned afterwards, down in the
village, that the poor old sexton was now lying
under the green turf from which for so many
years he had swept the dead leaves, as I had
seen him doing on that sunny summer morning.
Over the brick porch of the church is one
of the now rare Westminster Fire Insurance
tablets, dated 17 17. We passed through the
porch, opened the wire door, so necessary for
keeping out the birds, and entered the church.
There was the font, in which Kingsley, when
he first came to Eversley, found a cracked
kitchen basin for holding the baptismal water.
The pretty little altar is a striking contrast to
the square table covered by a moth - eaten
cloth that did duty in the barbarous days be-
fore Kingsley took up the formidable task of
civilising the poaching and gipsy population of
Eversley. In those days the farmer did not
hesitate to turn his sheep into the churchyard
for pasture, holy communion was celebrated only
three times a year, and when the new parson
proposed monthly communions, the church-
186
PARSON LOT
wardens only consented on his promising him-
self to supply the wine for the extra celebra-
tions.
Apart from the memory of Kingsley and of
those unconventional village sermons that echoed
along these walls the church contains nothing
that is remarkable. At the left-hand side of the
altar is the tomb of '' Dame Marianne Cope,"
with an effigy of the dame lying on the top
with her little terrier dog at her feet. Near the
pulpit is a memorial brass to the glory of God
and the beloved memories of Charles Kingsley
and of Francis Eliza his wife.
''What a lesson to us all," murmured
Dummehrlichkeit, "that one of the greatest
men of this century should have been happy
and contented, year after year, to give the
best that was in him to a small congregation
of rustics in this village church."
I agreed, and reminded Dum that Parson
Lot, although his congregation sometimes con-
sisted of little more than a dozen people, gave
as much time and attention to the preparation
of these discourses as when he was going to
preach in Chester Cathedral or Westminster
Abbey.
187
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
We wandered round to the rectory, the old
house in which were written the tales that
are read and read again wherever the English
language is spoken — Alton Locke^ Yeasty
Hypatia^ Hereward the Wake^ The Water-
Babies^ and Two Years Ago^ besides a long
list of essays and lectures on scientific and
social subjects. The rectory seems to have
had troublous times since it resounded to the
laughter of the happy parson and his wife and
children, and house and garden lack the
trimness and beauty that the loving care of a
devoted husband and a no less devoted wife
bestowed upon them. The house is a two-
storied one of red brick, with a tiled roof, with
two bow windows on each floor, and a glass-
covered porch in the centre — the porch wherein
Ben King the rat-catcher stood at two o'clock
in the morning, trying to wake the parson
to visit a dying man in the village, but being
"taken nervous, didn't make row enough,"
and the parson was not roused until five o'clock,
as described in one of the delightful colloquial
letters which he loved to write to Tom Hughes.
It is almost surrounded by a moat, dry in the
front of the house, but. filled with a stream of
l88
PARSON LOT
water in other parts. When Kingsley first
went to live there the house was damp, and
in a wretched state for want of repairs j in-
deed for two or three years a large portion of
his income was spent in drainage work and
in making the place fit to live in. There is
the window from which in the days of
poverty he looked out at the hounds and
huntsmen passing by, with tears in his eyes,
because not only was he unable to keep a
mount, but at that time he thpught it unwise,
considering the poaching tendencies of his
flock, to take part in the chase.
In front of the house are some fine old trees
with gnarled trunks and erratic spreading
branches. Through the boughs of these hus-
band and wife could see from the window their
children running up the grassy slope on the
other side of the road to the top of the hill,
where stands the little hut which the loving
father built as a play-room for them. In all
the world there could not have been a happier
home than this. Kingsley's love for his wife
and children was as great as his passionate
devotion to the work which he felt that a Power
greater than the love of man had called upon
189
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
him to do. He was never too busy to mend
the children's toys, or to dry their tears in their
tiny troubles. His eldest son has given the
world a glimpse of that happy home enclosed
by the time-beaten walls of the old rectory.
" ' Perfect love casteth out all fear,' was the
motto on which my father based his theory
of bringing up his children ; and this theory
he put in practice from their babyhood till
when he left them as men and women.
From this, and from the interest he took in
all their pursuits, their pleasures, trials, and
even the petty details of their everyday life,
there sprung up a friendship between father
and children that increased in intensity and
depth with yea:rs. . . . Perhaps the brightest
picture of the past that I look back to now
— that we can all look back to — is, not the
eager look of delight with which he used to
hail any of our little successes — ^not any special
case of approval, but it is tlie drawing-room
at Eversley in the evenings when we were all
at home and by ourselves. There he sat, with
one hand in mother's, forgetting his own hard
work and worry in leading our fun and frolic,
with a kindly smile on his lips, and a loving
190
PARSON LOT
light in that bright gray eye which made us
feel that, in the broadest sense of the word, he
was our fether."
At the back of the church we found a low
swinging gate, which we opened, and passed
into a charming sylvan path skirting the end of
the rectory orchard. A few steps brought us
to a wooden bridge crossing a stream which
opened out into a large pond with an island
in its centre. Evidently this was one of the
troublesome watercourses that gave Kingsley
so much anxiety in his attempts to keep the
old house free from damp ; but it was a
pretty spot, and the wooden hand-rails of the
narrow bridge formed inviting seats whereon
Dum and I could take our afternoon rest.
" Poor old Parson Lot," said Dum, puffing
at his pipe, and glancing up at the window of
the room wherein Kingsley died ; " he was a
splendid fighter ; but what a pity he didn't live
in a happier world. He was one of the loving
spirits who would have appreciated social peace.
I often think of that remark of his when he
was Professor of History, ^ Gladly would I
throw up history to think of nothing but
dicky-birds.* It sounds like nonsense, but
191
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
there's a lot in it. There was another striking
thing he said, too, something aboUt throwing
away all pursuits but natural history, so .that
he might die with his mind full of God's facts,
instead of men's lies."
We sat there talking of Kingsley's love for
animals, and his belief in their having a future
state ; of his efforts on behalf of sanitation and
education ; of his common-sense utterances to
working - men, and of his love for Maurice,
until the afternoon grew chilly and Dum
came down from the clouds and began to
clamour for food. Then, after a farewell
look at Kingsley's grave, we mounted our
bicycles and rode into the village. There
was nothing to be had but bread-and-cheese
and beer, but we fared sumptuously on that,
while the landlord told us how as a boy he had
been taught in the Sunday School by Parson
Lot and played cricket with him on holidays.
" He was a good man for Eversley," said he, " a
very good man ; but it's all very different now."
" That may be true," remarked Dum, as
we rode off towards Yately ; " but we haven't
gone back to the state of things that existed
before Parson Lot took his coat off,"
192
VII
SOME MODERNS
Break, break, break.
On thy cold gray stones, O Sea !
And I would that my tongue could utter
The thoughts that arise in me.
O well for the fisherman's boy.
That he shouts with his sister at play !
O well for the sailor lad.
That he sings in his boat on the bay !
And the stately ships go on
To their haven under the hill ;
But O for the touch of a vanish'd hand.
And the sound of a voice that is still !
Break, break, break.
At the foot of thy crags, O Sea !
But the tender grace of a day that is dead
Will never come back to me.
TO all of us the verses were femiliar
as household words ; but when the
Professor read them aloud on that
Sunday afternoon, I do not think there was
o 193
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
one of us who did not discover in them a
deeper beauty and pathos, a loftier note of music
than we had found in them before. His intona-
tion in uttering the words, '' Break, break,
break," was to me a revelation ; it was one of
those " illuminations " that so often flood a
subject with a new light as we Hsten to
one great mind interpreting the work of
another. We try to explain to others our
experience of such a moment, and we miser-
ably fail — " the heart knoweth his own
bitterness ; and a stranger doth not intermeddle
with his joy." To the lover of poetry there
can be no greater infliction than to hear others
read it — as a rule. The worst offenders are the
clergy, who have endless opportunities, under
the most favourable conditions, for thrilling
their congregations by an eflicient rendering of
some of the grandest poetry that has ever been
penned. Men from our great universities have
a peculiar method of reading aloud, which is
deplorably successful in obliterating from poetry
all its beauty. When, therefore, the Professor,
after some appreciative remarks on Tennyson,
opened the book to quote an example, I
trembled for the poet's reputation. It was
194
SOME MODERNS
fortunately in safe keeping. The effect was
magical : the reader's voice, as Elia said of
Mrs. Jordan's, sank into the heart, and we
all remained strangely silent, until the Pro-
fessor, after a long pause, said quietly, " That
is poetry."
The incident sent me to Tennyson again.
I had neglected him for some years ; but
that night, when all in the house had retired
to rest — and that is the time to read poetry
— I took down the volumes and had a de-
Hghtful hour of browsing.
I hope to see my Pilot face to face
When I have crost the bar.
The lines recalled those fateful days when
the world seemed to pause with bated breath
while the old poet's life trembled in the balance.
I recalled the descriptions I had read of the
moonhght streaming over the silent Blackdown
into the death chamber of the house on the side
of that glorious Surrey hill. I had not been
there since Tennyson's death, and an irresistible
desire came over me to see the place once again.
There were other personal memories that made
195
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Blackdown very dear to me. I had climbed
the hill more than once with one in whom a
generous and sympathetic heart is combined
with profound knowledge and a power of ex-
pression that has been rarely equalled. We
had stood side by side on the hill-top, and from
revelling in the lovely scene before us' had
fallen into a discussion on those deep and appal-
ling problems of our civilisation which must
eVer be haunting men who have hearts to feel
and brains to contrive. I would go over the
old familiar ground and dream those days
back again.
When the next holy day came — and what
holy days holidays are to the gentle cyclist — I
was up betimes, for there were at least fifty-two
miles of cycling, over two hours' railway travel-
ling, and as much time as possible to be crowded
in for loafing — all to be done before nightfall.
A contemptible task to any of the gentry who
curl themselves over the handle-bars and ride
against time ; but a full day's work for one who
wants to have "a look around" on the way.
The weather — that subject of undying interest
to cyclists — was decidedly unpromising. A
south-westerly wind was blowing freshly and
196
SOME MODERNS
not an inch of blue sky was to be seen ; but the
man whose holidays are few and far between
must run some risk. Time being precious,
and Kensington, Clapham, Battersea-rise, and
Wandsworth not being particularly interesting,
I took train to Kingston, from whence in a few
minutes I was taking a peep at the river at
Thames Ditton. Then came that glorious
mile and a half of dead-level road, and a splendid
surface to boot, on towards Esher. It is a long
but gentle ascent to the pretty race-course and
the village beyond, which begins to look as if
it were fast becoming a London suburb. Pope
and Thomson both praised the beauties of
Esher, a unique honour for so unpretentious a
place, for Esher displays no egotism regarding
its association with the great Cardinal Wolsey,
nor have I ever heard an Esher man boast of
the fact that the sisters Jane and Anna Maria
Porter lived there for many years. Yet our
grandmothers and grandfathers devoured the
sisters' novels ravenously, quite oblivious of the
fact that they contained no problems and had
no particular purpose beyond encouraging a
love of courage and virtue. Does any one
now read The Scottish Chiefs^ Thaddeus of
197
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
IVarsaw^ The Hungarian Brothers^ and The
Field of Forty Footsteps ? I fear not, for they
have disappeared from the twopenny and
fourpenny boxes of the second - hand book-
sellers, and even from the barrows of the
worthy literary scavengers in the Farringdon-
road.
I pounded away up the hill, past the fine
old " Bear Inn," down the steep slope with a
dash which sent me well up the opposite hill
without undue exertion. It was a case of up
and down again to Fairmile Common, the
level two miles across which was a relief after
those " steepy " hills. I could not resist the
temptation of dismounting at the common to
take in the charming views looking towards
the Thames valley and backward down the
road to Esher. The sky was beginning to
look more promising, and I felt hopeful of see-
ing sunshine yet. On again I pedalled, and at
the end of the common plunged down the hill
into Cobham Street, turned to the right, and,
just catching a passing glimpse of the house
where Matthew Arnold lived for many years,
shot across the bridge and rode as far up the
terrible hill as I could. At the top one is
198
SOME MODERNS
always tempted to keep straight on down the
inviting and pretty road leading to Byfleet, but
the Ripley road turns sharply to the left,
down which you see facing you what looks
like a formidable hill, but which turns out to
be a comparatively easy ascent. No wonder
that this is the most popular cycling road in the
South of England. The surface is in splendid
condition nearly all the year round, the down-
hill runs are just sufficiently steep to be ex-
hilarating without being in the least dangerous
even to a novice, and, more important still, if
you can only shut your eyes to the telegraph
poles and wires, the road is exceedingly
beautiful.
I do not think much of the man who can
pass through Wisley Common without feeling
his pulses stirred. At no time of the year is
it without a certain loveliness, but to see it at
its best you must ride down the Ripley road
when the heather has covered the common
with its annual coat of purple bloom. In the
late summer evenings when the sun is sinking
behind the pine trees, tinting their trunks with
a rosy pink glow, it is a dream of loveliness to
watch the heather bloom changing from purple
199
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
to red and russet-brown. The shades of colour
are changing every moment as the angle of the
sunbeams is deflected, and the colours vary at
every square foot of turf. And the scorcher
rushes unheedingly by, with a great bunch of
kingcups remorselessly torn up by the roots
that are never to gladden the earth again. It
is not only man who cries aloud in the un-
heeding wilderness. Nature herself, with all
her loveliness, appeals in vain. Who can hope
to succeed where she fails ? Cyclists should
enjoy the delights of this perfect road as fre-
quently as they can, while there is yet time,
for I fear the day will soon be here when that
rattling, snorting, and spitting ApoUyon, the
motor car, will make the road impossible for
all but himself. No more shall we be able to
sit down and contemplate the quiet, peaceful
beauty of the lake opposite to the " Hut " ; the
silence of those wooded banks will be gone for
ever, and a stream of clanking and rattling
machinery, like a lengthening arm from the
noisy metropolis, will drag the whirl, the hurry,
and bustle of city life down to this haven of
calmness and peace.
From the " Hut " at Wisley to Ripley the
200
SOME MODERNS
road is almost level save for a sharp run down
into the famous village, which was at one time
the Mecca of the London cyclist. Just at the
entrance to the village, on the right-hand side,
is one of those pleasant cyclists' " coteries "
that are unfortunately so few and far between.
Ripley has been somewhat spoilt by the in-
cursions of armies of Cockneys on Saturdays,
Sundays, and holidays, and even the " Anchor
Inn " has lost much of its old charm. On this
particular morning three motor cars stood be-
fore its ancient frontage giving forth horrible
noises and vapours, their fearfully and wonder-
fully clad owners prying anxiously into laby-
rinths of cogs and pistons.
Another six miles and I was wheeling my
machine down the steep and rough-paved hill
at Guildford, amid quite an imposing array
of traffic. Had sufficient time been at my
disposal I would certainly have paid another
visit to the fine old Grammar School, Abbot's
Hospjce, and the Castle. As my objective was
so far ahead I was obliged to keep to the road.
Turning up Quarry Street, five miles of
excellent road brought me through Shalford
and Broadford to Godalming.
20I
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Whenever you are passing along this road
from Guildford to Godalming, and have the
time to spare, after passing Shalford, look out
for a finger-post on the right hand, pointing to
Compton. A ride of two miles will bring you
to the village church, which is the most inter-
esting in all Surrey. It contains some of the
greatest puzzles that have ever disturbed the
peace of mind of antiquaries, is one of the
old churches that dotted the Pilgrims' Way
through Surrey on the road to Canterbury and
the shrine of St. Thomas, and must be voted
by every one who visits it a delightful old-
world place in which to pass a dreamy half-
hour. To the pilgrim on wheels there is a
shrine at Compton itself, and that is the home
of the great-hearted Watts, the veteran artist
and lover of mankind, who acts the part of a
benign providence in the little village nestling
under the brow of the Hog's Back. In the
new graveyard, a short distance from the
church, there towers up a terra-cotta chapel
designed by the artist and decorated with
beautiful tiles which he and his wife taught
the villagers to make in the long winter even-
ings. I hear that these Compton village terra-
202
SOME MODERNS
cotta tiles have become so famous that there
is now a considerable demand for them, and
what was once a pastime has become a lucra-
tive industry.
In riding through Godalming's clumsily
paved High Street, one suffers so much jolting
that it is difficult to "take in" the picturesque
old timbered houses, with their gabled roofs,
that are pleasant relics of the days when houses
were built to last as long as possible, and not
solely with a view to paying ofF a mortgage.
For a quarter of a mile the road rises somewhat
steeply, then there is an easy run down to
Milford. You are now entering the charming
district in which Hook and Birket Foster did
the greater part of their work. The next two
miles is a steady upward ride through lovely
country to Lee Park, where you have an oppor-
tunity of seeing something of what a million-
aire can do with his money. It is an awkward
descent to Brook Street and needs careful
riding if you set any value on your neck. In
September the finest blackberries are to be
found in these lanes, and in abundance. You
need not be thirsty for an inch of the way.
To-day there is scarcely a bud to be seen on
203
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
the hedges, although the second week of April
is gone. How the blackbirds have heart
enough to sing in these cold spring days is
marvellous j perhaps it is an effort to keep
up their spirits,
' " like the country-
boy's whistling
as he walks
through the
churchyard on
a dark winter's
night.
Now comes
a trial for your
strength and
^>~''^^"^?-^T---- your skill as
" i_r .^ a cychst. The
"T^yTliS'; '"•*^*' through
^ ^-i'^"^**^ Brook Street on
to Grayswood
and Haslemere is decidedly stitFwork, and if you
are wise you will walk up some of the sharp in-
clines and enjoy such scenery as you will find in
few places within so easy a distance of London.
Spinning down the hill leading into Haslemere
High Street, I pulled up to take a peep at
204
SOME MODERNS
the home of the veteran artist, Mr. J. W.
Whymper. It stands on the right-hand side of
the High Street, and is easy to identify. It
is a large square-built house, three stories high,
the window frames and porch painted white,
the walls nearly covered with foliage, and a
fine old bay tree in the front garden. I put up
my machine at the "White Horse," for there
had been heavy rains during the preceding
three days, and I felt pretty sure that the
road to Aldworth, being protected from wind
and sun by high banks, would be almost un-
rideable. By an unexpected stroke of good
fortune the morning had turned out wonder-
fully bright, and there was every prospect of
an exceptionally fine view from the top of
Blackdown.
Turning leftward from mine inn, a few
hundred yards brought me to the familiar old
timber house at the corner of the road leading
to the Educational Museum, of which Hasle-
mere is so justly proud. To thee, O great-
hearted Rayner Storr and thy fellow-members
of the Haslemere Microscope and Natural
History Society, and especially to thee, thou
gifted teacher and princely giver, Jonathan
205
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Hutchinson, I dofF my cap. If all who could
would do what you have done to place know-
ledge within the reach of the people, the world
would be a brighter and a better place. Here
in this Surrey village these gentlemen have
established an educational institution which, as
far as my knowledge goes, is without a counter-
part in the wide world. Here knowledge is to
be obtained as free as the breezes on Hind-
head, and in charming and unique surroundings.
You enter — there is no janitor to say you nay
— and you find one side of a courtyard roofed
in to shelter a series of shelves and compart-
ments containing geological specimens arranged
to illustrate the life-story of this old earth. It
was here that I first had brought home to me
the rather humiliating fact that we humane are
comparatively newcomers on the planet upon
which we strut about so proudly, as if it had
always belonged to us. Compared with the
millions of years represented by each of these
compartments we are so fresh to our environ-
ment that we can have hardly had time to set
our home in order and make things comfortable.
As this hypothesis fits in very significantly
with the hard facts of everyday life, the most
206
SOME MODERNS
casual dropper-in may be induced to think that
there is something in the science of strata,
fossils, and streaky diagrams after all.
At your own sweet will you enter a com-
fortable reading-room, the walls of which are
lined with hundreds of shelves containing over
7000 carefully selected books. "Help your-
selves, my friends," say the founders and
supporters of this quiet haven ; " take down any
books you like ; here is a chair and a shelter
for the cycling pilgrim overtaken by the storm
or weary with the noonday heat." Tired of
reading, you walk across the courtyard into the
museum, which is happily not a museum as
such dry -as -dust institutions are generally
known, but a place where a man may learn
something in the pleasantest and easiest manner.
Lucky indeed are you if you happen to cycle
here on a day when Dr. Jonathan Hutchinson
is giving one of his remarkable lectures. A
tall, kindly-looking, elderly gentleman steps in
from the garden through the open doorway ;
you detect the humour in the dark eyes that
beam smilingly upon you through spectacles.
He advances towards the expectant audience,
rubbing his hands together as if looking
207
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
forward with keen enjoyment to the task
before him. Then comes one of the most
wonderful experiences I know of. In quiet
conversational tones you have a stream of
knowledge poured into you in such a way that
you cannot help receiving it. Under the
magic touch of the man, who has mastered the
great secret of imparting knowledge to others,
no science is dismal, a difficult point is fixed
upon the mind for ever by a stroke of sly
humour that drives the impression home, the
dry facts of science are transformed into vital
realities by a tender reference to human suffer-
ings, human love, and human fears and aspira-
tions. And all this good work is done with no
flourishing of trumpets, no pufF interviews in
the newspapers, but quietly and unostentatiously,
in the simple feith that good will come of it.
In the porch you will notice a number of little
tin cups. They are empty now j but as soon
as the spring flowers begin to brighten the
banks of the Haslemere lanes a specimen of
each one will be carefully gathered, placed in
one of the tin cups and labelled, so that no
child in the village, and no poor Cockney
tripper like myself, need grow up in ignorance
208
SOME MODERNS
of the names and the characteristic properties
of the flowers and herbs that are to be found in
fields, hedgerows, and woodlands. May Fortune
ever be kind to thee, good Dr. Jonathan, and to
thy fellow-workers, and may a bountiful harvest
of souls saved from
the dark abyss of
ignorance grow up
from the seed thou
art sowing.
Leaving the
museum I walked
along the road
until I discovered
the finger-post,
almost hidden by
fir-trees, pointing (P^''^J'-
to Blackdown. It ' '/
is necessary to be ■l^'''"'"'^»'^l..is
very careful at this
point to avoid taking the wrong road. At the
forked roads take the one branching rightwards,
which will shortly bring you into a rough tree-
lined lane known locally as Lord Tennyson's
road, I believe I am correct in stating that the
road was made at the poet's expense, hence the
p 209
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
name being in the possessive. The lane ascends
and runs along the edge of the down, and if
you are wise you will pause at every field-gate
on the way to take in the views of undulating
fields of every shade of green, broken here and
there by clumps of timber, and in the distance
the towering ramparts of the south downs.
Every yard of the lane is beautiful, a fitting
pathway to the home of a great poet. At one
part it is lined on either side with slim silver
birches, the branches and twigs forming a lace-
like network against the blue sky, and the high
banks are decked with a drapery of vivid green
moss. I should have dearly liked to have been
walking along this road on a certain Thursday
morning in the month of August 1880.
According to an old friend of the Tennysons,
on this particular morning, the grave old poet,
who has sometimes been accused of austerity,
might have been seen coming down the road
in his carriage with his little grandson Alfred,
aged two years, on his knee. The child was
wearing his grandfather's great sombrero, and
the poet's massive head was surmounted by the
little boy's tiny straw hat, with its tails of blue
ribbon hanging jauntily behind. I like to
210
SOME MODERNS
think of the great author of In Memoriam in
his character of playmate to his little grandchild.
At the end of the first mile the lane enters
upon the open down, and here, on the left-hand
side, the view has in it something approaching
to grandeur. Continuing along the sandy
road across the down you presently come to a
white gate, the outer bulwark of Aldworth
House. As I understand there is a right-of-
way through this gateway, I walked through
and continued along the road until I arrived at
a lodge where an ominous white board with
the legend "Private" barred my way. The
house is built on the side of the down, and is
almost entirely hidden by trees. From what
can be seen of it there is nothing about it
to impress one. A commonplace millionaire
might have a dozen such houses built at
short notice. The site, however, is one
that even millionaires cannot command every
day.
It is possible, by standing on the high ground
near the house, to obtain almost the identical
view seen from the poet's own windows, and
which he described in the lines addressed to Sir
Edward Hamley —
211
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Our birches yellowing, and from each
The light leaf falling fast,
While squirrels from our fiery beech
Were bearing ofi^ the mast,
You came, and looked and loved the view.
Long-known and loved by me.
Green Sussex fading into blue.
With one gray glimpse of sea.
The stroke of genius in the last two lines can
only be fully appreciated by those who have
stood upon Blackdown on such a morning as
this. The "one gray glimpse of sea" I
shrewdly suspect the poet took on hearsay, for
it is doubtful if he ever saw it with his near-
sighted eyes. With abnormally long sight,
and on exceptionally clear days, I have seen the
sea from this point, but careful scrutiny is
necessary to find it. In the opposite direction
the view is equally fine, and to see it in comfort
and to advantage it is best to make for the
little green hut which you can see to the left
of the lodge. In front of the hut, covered by
a little verandah, you will find a comfortable
seat protected from the wind. Evidently there
was nothing churlish about Tennyson's desire
for seclusion, or he would not have generously
212
SOME MODERNS
placed this seat here for the convenience of
pilgrims to Aldworth.
This hillside of Blackdown should have a
peculiar interest for all lovers of Tennyson, for
it is not too much to say that his residence here
added many years to his life. He was in a bad
state of health when he came here to take
possession of his new home about the year 1870.
The fine air cured him of the troublesome
attacks of hay-fever, and he found a new joy in
life in taking long tramps over these hills and
dales. With his broad-brimmed wide-awake
hat and his short blue cape with velvet collar
he was a familiar figure in the landscape. He
would tramp along with his sons, often chant-
ing a poem that he was composing. Although
he is said to have often run wildly home at the
sight of a tourist in the distance, he Hked to
chat with the country people, especially seeking
out the poor old men, from whom he always
tried to ascertain their thoughts on death and
the future Hfe. His poems form a striking
proof of his being a painstaking observer of
Nature, and we have it on the evidence of his
son that, when walking about the country-side,
if he saw a strange bird or a new flower, he
213
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
would carefully look it up on returning home.
Had he not been so careful and painstaking an
observer, we might have lost such lines as those
in the familiar " Poet's Song : " —
The swallow stopt as he hunted the fly,
The snake slipt under a spray,
The wild hawk stood with the down on his beak,
And stared, with his foot on the prey.
Strolling across the heather I thought of the
extraordinary change in Tennyson's life, from
the old London and Rossetti days to the quiet
serenity of this Surrey mountain. Yet bits of
the old Bohemian camaraderie days clung to
him to the end ; he could thrill the world with
a stanza written between the puffs of smoke
from his pipe and after his evening pint of port
— no precious person he. What inspiration he
must have received from these surroundings.
It is a typical English landscape 5 throughout
this vast panorama, from extreme left to extreme
right, and straight ^ahead as far as eyes can see,
almost every square inch of land is cultivated,
and here and there the bright green fields are
flecked with kine. This is what impresses
your born colonial — no miles of waste veldt,
214
SOME MODERNS
no barren plains, every inch of soil knowing
seed-time and harvest. This was the scene
upon which the old poet gazed during his last
few days on earth, lying upon a sofe in the
south window of his study. As I watch the
shadows of the clouds moving swiftly from
field to field, I wonder what visions those were
that passed before Tennyson's eyes in those
fading hours, and which prompted his lips to
murmur, " I have wonderful thoughts about
God and the Universe, and feel as if looking
into the other world."
If, in walking back to the road, you make
a slight detour to the topmost point you can
look down upon Blackdown Cottage, for some
years the summer home of Mr. Frederic
Harrison. The speck of white, a short distance
from the cottage, was in those days called by
the members of the great writer's family " Kil-
mainham," because there the peaceful solitude
necessary for authorship was always to be had.
There was a local legend that the original owner
of Blackdown Cottage had caused this rough
pavilion to be built because he desired to have a
retired place of shelter wherein he might practise
the key-bugle undisturbed and undisturbing.
215
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Returning to mine inn, I re-mounted and
pedalled past the railway station to the other end
of the village, and on three-quarters of a mile
to Shottermill Church. As I Hke to see these
little village churches decorated for Eastertide,
I stepped out of the sunshine into the shady-
quiet place to find in it a wealth of golden
daffodils and white lilies gleaming from beds
of bright green moss. Near the altar with
its pathetic Calvary carved in dark oak I
came across a belated choir-boy. Acting im-
pulsively, without realising the absurdity of
my inquiry, I asked him whether he knew
the cottage where George Eliot used to live.
I fear to record the boy's reply, because an
almost identical story is told by everybody
who ever made an inquiry anywhere about
George Eliot. This boy however really did
say, " No ; I dunno. Is he the new carrier ? "
From the description given me by a friend
I had little difficulty in finding Brookbank
Cottage, which is lower down the shady
lane, beyond the church, on the right-hand
side, just before you reach the little post-
office and the inn called "The Staff of
Life." It is a pretty little house with
2l6
SOME MODERNS
leaded windows, well sheltered by warm fir-
trees.
In this particular house the great authoress
did not live many months ; but during that
time a considerable portion of MiddUmarch
was written and sent off to Mr, John Black-
wood. " If there is a chance that MiddUmarch
will be good for anything," she writes from
this Brookbank Cottage, "I don't want to
217
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
break down and die without finishing it. And
whatever 'the tow on my distafF' may be, my
strength to unwind it has not been abundant
lately." On the incomparable George Henry
Lewes, Shottermill and its surroundings seem
to have had an excellent effect. He was far
from being a robust man at this time, but
George Eliot writes of him during tHeir stay
here : " George is gloriously well, and study-
ing, writing, walking, eating and sleeping with
equal vigour. He is enjoying the life here
immensely. Our country could hardly be sur-
passed in its particular kind of beauty —
perpetual undulation of heath and copse, and
clear views of hurrying water, with here and
there a grand pine wood, steep wood-clothed
promontories and gleaming pools." For only
seven more brief years were the two great
spirits to enjoy that splendid comradeship which
had sanctified their lives and brought out all
that was greatest and best in them, and then
the man was to be taken and the woman left
to write in the agony of her grief, " Here I
and Sorrow sit."
The neighbourhood of Haslemere has,
during the past ten or twelve years, become
2i8
SOME MODERNS
quite a femous haunt of literary men. Not
only have they congregated in the village, but
they have climbed to the topmost heights of
Hindhead, once the special and jealously guarded
preserve of poor Professor Tyndall, now being
overrun not only by people who are merely
rich, but also by lodging-house keepers and
hotel proprietors. 'Tis but another step —
peace there, O Truepenny ! — to a cable tram
from the village to the head, or perchance
an American-made electric lift. Fortunately
we shall all be gone when Father Time makes
this stride, so let us be thankful as we push our
cycles up steep and unrideable roads, like this
to old Hindhead, that we have still many square
miles of old England free from factories, tram-
cars, " model " dwellings, villas, and undesirable
residences.
The only displeasing thing about Hindhead
is his deceptive behaviour. When you leave
Shottermill you are lured on by a series of easy
gradients and even down-grade relaxations into
the belief that the climb up is a fraud and that
it is an easy-going affair after all. But an
awful awaking is in store for you — that is, if
you happen to turn the beam at anything like
219
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
twelve stone. While I was mopping my brow
halfway up towards Tyndall's house, a sylph-
like young lady glided past me with a scornful
smile on her lips. It is all very well for these
Excelsior young things ; their weight is a
negligible quantity, and provided that their
hearts are sound — that is, physically — and that
their muscles are in fair condition, they might
ride up a slope fifteen per cent steeper than
this ; but for me the time has come when
wheeling pure and simple is frequently a
necessity. On this particular climb the road
is so picturesque that no one need grumble if
he has to walk half the distance. Just before
reaching the top I noticed the familiar dull-
looking gabled house on the right. But what
had become of its glory ? Where was the
famous Gargantuan screen that once shut ofF
all signs of humanity ? A few forlorn-looking
poles swayed ludicrously in the wind, fragments
of fir branches fluttering about their base.
Then I remembered having read in the news-
papers of a certain gale having most uncere-
moniously toppled over this monument of
human irritability. A good gale and a
charitable one ; let us forget as speedily as
220
SOME MODERNS
possible the silly old screen and the rather
pitiful tale it told, and only remember the great
scientist who wrestled with Nature for her
secrets and so successfully interpreted them to
our weaker understanding.
Elderly folk who tramped up the hill in
their younger days, when the. " Huts " was
almost the only sign of human habitation to be
seen here, will be astonished to hear that the
mountain is now of sufficient importance to
have a post-office all to itself, where you can
not only post a letter or despatch a telegram,
but open a savings bank account and obtain
information about government annuities. As
I dismounted at the corner I thought of the
wonderful amount of " copy " that must have
been popped into that open-mouthed letter-box
during the past few years. In the house
opposite to the post - office I believe the
wonderful adventures of Sherlock Holmes were
penned. By stepping just inside the garden
gate you can see the marvellous view down
Nutcombe Bottom which greets Dr. Conan
Doyle when he opens his windows to take a
breath of this intoxicating Surrey air. A wild
ravine of firs and pines and heather seems to
221
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
stretch out right on to the towering downs of
the Sussex coast. What must be the feelings
of unsuccessful novelists toiling in Grub Street
when they come here as day-trippers and gaze
upon this scene of worldly prosperity and
, J ... ^o.^
natural beauty ! The bread-and-cheesc and
beer at the rough bar of the "Huts" must be
stale and flat indeed to them as' they furtively
glance at the cold fowls and ham and the
champagne in the hotel portion that is pre-
served for the vulgar rich,
222
SOME MODERNS
A very short distance down the road at the
side of the " Huts " you will see on your right
hand a white gate with " The Croft " painted
on the side ppst. The brown -roofed house
itself can only just be seen in the distance, but
it is interesting to all who love good books and
their writers as the home that for some years
prolonged the life of poor Grant Allen, the.
man who transformed the scienqe of botany
from its dry-as-dust stage into its proper place
as the most interesting and delightful of all
sciences. He could, from this hi 11- top observa-
tory of his, have taught the world much that it
would have been the better for knowing ; but
the world did not want to learn, it only wanted
to be tickled, and Grant Allen being responsible
for other lives dearer to him than his own, had
to tickle the dull monster, to make him laugh
and shudder alternately, and for this bladder-
buffeting a reward was given which was denied
to Truth.
Pedalling back to the " Huts " and thence
along the road leading to Liphook, I turned
aside at the finger-post pointing to Grayshott,
for I had resolved to take lunch at the model
hostelry under the sign of " The Fox and the
223
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Pelican." Some of the Greathearts who live
at Hindhead and Haslemere have erected this
hostelry at Grayshott village as a place of
refreshment and entertainment for the villagers
and for pilgrims on wheels. The signboard
that swings in
the wind is quite
a work of art,
and when time
has toned down
, the glaring red
bricks the house
will be as pretty
as it is now use-
ful. Here, in a
dean and cheer-
~ ' ' ' ful wainscoted
*"' ""*'(^..^vV room, you can
lunch likeaking
for less than two shillings with a huge glass
tankard of good ale thrown in. And book-shelves
too ! Memories of average frowsy parlours of
roadside inns came across my mind, and their
barbarous iiteraryaliment — the beer-stained daily
paper, the railway time-table. The Shepherd
of Salisbury Plain^ The Dairyman' i Daughter,
224
SOME MODERNS
and a Ready Reckoner. But here, ye gods,
was a veritable feast that almost made me long
to be benighted. The Gospel in Briefs by
Tolstoy ; The Prose Writings of John Milton ;
2l complete set of Carlyle ; Wordsworth's Poems ;
Pope's translation of Homer's Iliad; and Herbert
Spencer's First Principles — these I found among
the neatly-arranged shelves of " The Fox and
the Pelican." What a haven for a rainy after-
noon, what an alleviation for a cracked centre-
bracket !
While I was " pumping up " my back tyre,
preparatory to the ride home, I was entertained
by a native with his views about the people
who had descended upon Hindhead during the
past few years. He was, I found, of a rather
pessimistic cast, but not intolerant of the
presence of these interlopers. "Not a bad
chap," was the verdict he gave in most cases.
When, however, I asked him whether he knew
where Mr. Bernard Shaw lived, I thought
he betrayed more feeling than the question
warranted. "Mr. Bernard Sho-re — 'ee didn't
live nowhere — he only took a furnished 'ouse
in Portsmouth road, ^ee did." Now I wonder
what the versatile St. Bernard had done to this
Q 225
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
man. Had he made him the subject of one of
those awful jokes of his ? had he turned this
poor native inside out, in the ««pleasant style,
at the Grayshott equivalent for the old Coger s
Hall ? Who shall tell !
The spring afternoon was passing away all
too swiftly, and I wanted to have my usual
hour's rest among the heather at the edge of
the Devil's Punchbowl, so Ishurried from " The
Fox and the Pelican "and ft* delightful book-
shelves and good ale to the foo^ath leading to
the old resting-place where one has \ "^agninceni
view of the wild home of the brooiflc^^^^''^ ^
the wonderful lands beyond. Just a^^ sprang
from the machine I had a remarkable expf^^^^^^
of that colour-protection which forms sucK[ ^^
important part in the life of every bird ^^
beast. I detected a very fine lark in the
of running under the shadow of a tuft of gors^'
The illusion was complete ; the shadow of thf
gorse and the colour of the bird were so identical
that had I not known that the bird was then
I could not possibly have distinguished him
from the surrounding colour. The most re-
markable part of the incident was the unmis-
takable evidence given that the bird was fully
226
SOME MODERNS
aware of this colour-protection. I was within
four yards of him, but there he stood with
nothing between him and myself, nothing
behind which he could hide a feather, quite
motionless and fearless, watching me with one
bright little black eye, confident that I could
not distinguish him from the colour of the
ground and the shadow of the gorse. I allowed
him to enjoy his confidence and made a detour
to avoid disturbing him.
Half an hour later I started on that glorious
downward run of some four miles which is the
sweet reward of the cyclist who climbs to the
, top of Hindhead. The circular descent round
the brim of the Punchbowl never loses its
I.'
charm. At your left hand the deep valley, at
'^ your right the rugged down rising up steeply
to the granite cross with its inscription —
^e ^
gQj-s, Post Tenebras Lux,
^f f]j In Luce Spes,
In Obitu Pax,
Post Obitum Salus.
ntica
there
him
The usual knot of trippers were standing
f ^^' open-mouthed before the stone erected to the
imis- memory of the murdered sailor, just as Charles
fuJiy 227
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Dickens pictures Smike listening with greedy-
interest while Nicholas Nickleby reads the
inscription. At times Dickens could not resist
the temptation "to lay it on thick" and
make the reader's flesh creep, and this was one
such occasion. "The grass on which they
stood had been dyed with gore, and the blood
of the murdered man had run down drop by
drop into the hollow which gives the place its
name." How many novelists would dare to
write about " gore " in these psychological days,
when the villain of the piece is only a drawing-
room sneak.
Down, down, down, the cycle runs with no
effort on the part of the rider, and during nearly
the whole of the descent there is an ever-
changing and ever-beautiful panorama passing
before one's eyes. Over Mouse Hill, through
Milford, on to Godalming and Guildford, and
this pilgrimage comes to an end. The cyclist
who rides, not with a view to covering the
greatest distance in the shortest possible time,
but with a view to building up a healthy mind
in a healthy body, and enjoying all that
Nature is so ready to give to all who love
her, has after such a day on wheels as this
228
SOME MODERNS
realised in some measure that thought of
Gray's —
The meanest floweret of the vale.
The simplest note that swells the gale.
The common sun, the air, the skies.
To him are opening paradise.
VIII
GENTLE FOLK
HUMANITY — that is, English-speak-
ing humanity — is divided into two
classes : those who love the gentle
folk and those who do not. Scientists, socio-
logists, metaphysicians, political -economists,
and other unimportant persons may assert that
such a classification is inadequate. Let them go
their way ; who would deprive any one of them
of the enjoyment of believing that his particular
scheme of systematisation is the one and only
correct method of dividing up the forked
radishes ? Certainly no gentle cyclist. There
is a freemasonry among the lovers of the gentle
folk ; you can discover one of them — there is
sure not to be more than one — among the
twelve in an omnibus, the ten in a third-class
railway carriage, the eight in a second-class
230
GENTLE FOLK
carriage, or the six in "a first." For instance,
you are in an omnibus on a winter's evening ;
the twelfth passenger enters, finds the vacant
crevice between two of his fellow- creatures
which is his due by right of his capacity and
willingness to pay his penny. He eases his
body down with more or less energy, according
to temperament, turns to you and remarks, in
true British fashion, " It's cold ! " That is your
opportunity for testing your eleven fellow-
passengers. You reply, " Ah ! sir, just the night
for a clear fire, a clean hearth, and the rigour of
the game." Ten to one your remark will fall
as flat as would a cornet solo at a Monday Pop.
But, on the contrary, if one of the happy
brotherhood be present, how swiftly will you
recognise him in the twinkling eyes and the lips
curved upward in a smile of excellent good-
humour, even if he is not near enough to
whisper tenderly in your ear the words, '' Dear
old Mrs. Battle ! " There is no necessity for
more words. You know the whole character
of the man, and you could complacently stake
your life on the hazard of his having on his
bookshelves at home, side by side with the
Essays of Elia^ The Complete Angler of Izaak
231
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Walton and The Natural History and Antiquities
of Selborne of Gilbert White. If he does not
possess the Letters of Charles Lamb^ depend
upon it he passes a considerable portion of his
leisure time searching booksellers' shops and
catalogues for a copy of that delightful book,
without which no lover of the Gentle Folk can
be said to be really happy.
There is, of course, an immeasurable difFerence
between this freemasonry and the freemasonry
of angles, plummets, grips, secrets, dinners, and
aprons. The latter can be achieved, I under-
stand, by a mere introduction ; it is afterwards
a matter of entrance fees and subscriptions
plus hocus-pocus. But who shall say what is
the entrance fee to the former craft ? As to
introduction, I am not aware that any one has
yet discovered the proper method. My own
experience has been a sad one. How often
have I sent forth my copy of Elia from the ark
wherein it is thumbed with such tender care, only
to find it returning without the olive-branch of
even a sympathetic remark. How often have I
handed it, with fair words of recommendation,
to some one who appeared to possess some
germs of appreciation, only to have it returned
232
GENTLE FOLK
with the words, " Not at all bad," or " Rather
a decent book." One monster threw it care-
lessly upon the table, as if it were a mere
newspaper or a blue - book, and uttered the
abominable sentence, in a breezy, patronising
manner, which made me loathe him, "I've
managed to get through it, old fellow !"
There ought to be some means of morally dis-
infecting a book after it has passed through
such hands. Sometimes these terrible people
ask you, " Why do you like Lamb ? " It is
an awful, a paralysing question. Who dare
attempt to answer it ? It is a merciful thing
that the people who print those worst of all the
books that are no books, albums, content them-
selves with inserting the question, "Who is
your fevourite author ? " Where should we all
be if they followed it up with the cold-blooded
demand, " Give your reasons for selecting him."
Affection does not deal with reasons. You
cannot reason about a man like Charles Lamb.
You can only love him.
I had been trying to analyse my feelings
with regard to Lamb, and trying to recall when
I first made his acquaintance, and just as I
reached the almshouses in the Kingsland-road
^33
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
I remembered. It was that good old dame who
thought it her mission to improve the under-
standing of little boys. She who had given me,
at the young-savage age of twelve years, a copy
of Milton's Paradise Lost^ on which to cut my
intellectual teeth. The attempt to read the first
page made such an impression upon me that I
was unable to take up Milton again until many
years after most readers begin to appreciate
him. The good soul then tried me with the
Essays of Elia^ but the only thing of interest
I could find in the volume was the funny
picture of the author which served as frontis-
piece. After several unsuccessful attempts to
reproduce this portrait in the blank spaces of
the title-page I carefully hid the book away
and devoutly hoped that no one would ever find
it. No one can really appreciate Lamb until
he is thirty, at thirty-five you begin to turn
to him again and again, at forty you are his
slave, with the probability of becoming a
dotard concerning him at fifty.
You will remember that it was a journey
in a coach along this identical Kingsland-road
that led to that dissertation on "The Old
and the New Schoolmaster." Somewhere in
234
GENTLE FOLK
the neighbourhood of Bishopsgate the coach
had stopped to take up the staid-looking
gentleman about the wrong side of thirty,
who so alarmed Elia by asking him whether
he had seen the show of prize cattle that
morning in Smithfield, and who concluded
his formidable series of interrogations at the
turnpike at Kingsland "by advancing some
queries relative to the North Pole Expedi-
tion." Who that has once read it can ever
forget that catalogue of a schoolmaster's
trials, with that vivid flash so characteristic of
Lamb about the schoolmaster being "sick of
perpetual boy." The piece, as he would have
called it, is a fine instance of his remarkable
versatility, starting as it does with a mirth-
provoking account of his own ignorance on a
variety of subjects and concluding with that
masterpiece of tenderness and pathos, the
schoolmaster's description of the relations
between himself and his scholars and the
sacrifices his wife had made in marrying a
pedagogue, and, greater achievements than all,
those subtle strokes of genius that in the three
final sentences lay bare a human tragedy.
At Stoke - Newington I began to wonder
^3S
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
whether the tramway lines and omnibuses
would ever come to an end ; but, alas ! they
were to be my dangerous companions for many
miles to come. I had determined to have a
day following in the footsteps of Charles and
Mary Lamb, and possibly another in hovering
around the haunts of old Izaak Walton. To
lovers of the picturesque I cannot strongly
recommend the ride from London to Edmon-
ton — indeed, it is misleading to write of it as
'* from " London, for London does not appear
to come to an end at any part of the journey.
You are between rows of bricks and mortar the
whole of the way. Your bicycle bumps omin-
ously at every yard, you are continually in danger
of side-slip from tram-lines of a more than usually
diabolical character. It wants a lot of thinking
about your favourite author to make the ride en-
joyable. I found the best thing to do was to try
to picture the road as it was when Lamb died
for the seventh time, for he declared that to
change habitations was to die to them, and that
when he was " evulsed " from Colebrook-row,
Islington, that was his seventh death. Why
did he never write an essay on the diversions of
a removal ? As he did not, we are left entirely
236
GENTLE FOLK
in the dark as to how the household gods, in-
cluding the beloved books and " the bookcase
which has followed me about like a faithful
dog," were removed from Islington to Enfield.
Probably the worldly belongings of the brother
and sister would have been lost in a modern
pantechnicon, even had such a ponderous
vehicle existed in their day j most likely a very
small van answered their requirements, and
Charles, being a respectable retired India
House official, would not allow his sister to
sit on the tail-board nursing the bird-cage,
however much he would have enjoyed the
novel position himself. It may fairly be
presumed that a special hackney-coach was
hired for their personal exodus, no bicycles
being available. Had wheeling been a possi-
bility, the journey would have been rather a
pleasant one.
This road was a familiar one to Lamb, for
he and his sister Mary had often taken holiday
at Enfield, and as he declared that Mary could
walk for twelve miles, and that he himself could
cover twenty, it is probable that on more than
one of these trips they had walked, the dog
Dash that Hood had given them running by
237
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
their side. You will remember that amusing
letter to Mr. Patmore, to whom Dash was
handed over, owing to flagrant disobedience.
" Has he bit any of the children yet ? If he
has, have them shot, and keep him for curiosity,
to see if it is the hydrophobia." Islington
was separated from London by green fields.
From Colebrook-row the brother and sister
would turn rightwards and make for the main
road at Kingsland, or they could have struck
across footpaths to Stoke - Newington and
Stamford Hill. Here there was nothing to
obstruct their view of Hampstead Hill on the
left and the forest of Epping on the right.
Now an unbroken mass of houses extends from
Stamford Hill to Hampstead on one side and to
the borders of the forest on the other. At
Tottenham the maps of the period show a
small cluster of houses and the clump of elms
known as The Seven Sisters. What has
become of St. Loy's Well and The Bishop^s
Well, the waters of which cured a long list
of diseases ? Probably filled in and all outward
signs of them efi^aced by a rare co-operative
eiFort on the part of the suburban doctors
whose descendants appear to flourish here
238
GENTILE FOLK
exceedingly. By the bye, Tottenham should
possess exceptional interest for those boys and
girls who have not risen superior to jam- tarts
and pufF-paste, for an ancient road-book, the
pages now an autumnal brown, assures me that
the founder of the three almshouses in this
parish was one Balthazar Zanches, a Spaniard,
who was confectioner to Philip II. of Spain,
with whom he came over to England, and was
the first to exercise the confectionery art in
this then benighted country — for how could a
country sans tarts and goodies be otherwise
than benighted.
On one of his rambles to Enfield, Lamb
must have seen the present Tottenham Cross
being built, and he probably heaved many a
sigh over the disappearance of the old brick
cross which was such a familiar object to the
Izaak Walton whom he revered, for did he not
write to Wordsworth, " Izaak Walton hallows
any page in which his reverend name appears."
From Tottenham to Duck Lane and on to
Edmonton, Charles and Mary passed between
an almost continuous border of cottages on
either side of the road, but every now and then
they must have obtained pleasant glimpses of
239
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
the river Lea. " The Bell " at Edmonton was
then the roadside inn of Cowper's yohn Gilpin ;
but the gentle cyclist of to-day must be pre-
pared to find in its place a public-house of the
modern type, set in a wilderness of houses the
sight of which would have astonished Dame
Gilpin as much as did the spectacle of her
husband flying down the Enfield road.
The cause of Lamb's flight from Colebrook-
row to Enfield was the difliculty he found in
warding off the incursions of the many people
who persisted in dropping in upon him at all
hours, leaving him little time to devote to his
books and his pen. In an hour when even his
amiability seems to have been exhausted, he
wrote to Bernard Barton, the Quaker banker
and poet, "Whither can I take wing from the
oppression of human faces ? Would I were in
a wilderness of apes, tossing cocoa-nuts about,
grinning and grinned at." One has only to
read Hazlitt's delightful description of an evening
at Lamb's to understand why Elia was seldom
left alone. " No one ever stammered out such
fine, piquant, deep, eloquent things in half a
dozen half-sentences as he does." Ah ! it was all
very well for Hazlitt, Coleridge, Ned Phillips,
240
GENTLE FOLK
Captain Burney, Jem White, Holcroft, George
Dyer, and the rest of them, but of how many
delightful hours of reading have we of this
generation been deprived by their incursions
into the rooms in the Temple and the little
house in Colebrook-row. On second thoughts,
George Dyer's name must have honourable
omission from the foregoing list, inasmuch as
had he not visited Elia that Sunday morning,
and on leaving walked along the garden path
plump into the New River, we should never
have had the Amicus Redivivus essay.
Down to Enfield came the family of two —
the superannuated man, who "had " come home
for ever," and hjs sister Mary. They took a
house at Chase Side, wherein they had often
lodged when coming to Enfield on holidays.
But even there he was "infested with visitors."
"May we be branded for the veriest churl,"
he says, "if we deny our heart to the many
noble-hearted friends that at times exchange
their dwelling for our poor roof ! It is not of
guests that we complain, but of endless, purpose-
less visitants — droppers-in, as they are called.
We sometimes wonder from what sky they
fall. It is the very error of the position of our
R 241
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
lodging ; its horoscopy was ill-calculated, being
just situate in a medium — a plaguy suburban
mid-space — fitted to catch idlers from town or
country." If you want to catch a glimpse of
the undercurrent of seriousness in Lamb, read
the essay in which those sentences occur, and
you will find a passage on the homes of the
poor which, for truthfulness and pathos, has
never been surpassed by any one who has written
on .the subject.
After six years at Enfield they removed to
this then little village of Edmonton. I turned
out of the high road into the street leading to
the church and soon came to the familiar house
set back from the other hou$es on the right-
hand side of the road. In Lamb's day it was
called Bay Cottage, but now the name Lamb's
Cottage appears on the garden gate. A low
brick wall surmounted with iron palings pro-
tects the tiny garden that is overshadowed by
the side walls of the two adjoining houses.
The cottage looks as if it had shyly retired from
the line of frontages, had retreated down this
recess between its neighbours in order to evade
the attentions of those " droppers-in." It con-
sists of three stories, what Lamb would have
242
GENTLE FOLK
called the parlour-floor, the first-floor, and a
floor above with an attic window. I was
delighted to find the place so well cared for.
The narrow garden was ablaze with colour, the
daffodils and hyacinths
struggling for supremacy,
and the scent of the
modest clumps of wall-
flowers filled the air.
It was here that
Lamb spent the last two
years of his life, two
years, it is to be feared, of
almost continuous grief
and anxiety. For nearly
the whole of the time,
his hfe's companion, the
sister whose love for him j__
was only equalled by his , S;-ji
devotion to her, was dead e)d'ns'.)o.\
to him ; and worse than
dead, for the silence of death could not
be so terrible as the awful cries that echoed
through the rooms of this poor house, pro-
claiming aloud the sorrow that had I^Uen
upon it. His letters to Wordsworth and
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Hazlitt at this period give us some idea of the
suffering he was enduring. There were how-
ever bright intervals, such as that which followed
the remarkable incident of Mary's sudden re-
covery of peace of mind on the occasion of the
little domestic ceremony of drinking to the
health of the newly -married Mr. and Mrs.
Moxon. How must the tender-hearted brother
have rejoiced to find his sister writing, " I never
felt so calm and quiet after a similar illness as I
do now. I feel as if all tears were wiped from
my eyes, and all care from my heart." But
grief was not absent for long from Bay Cottage,
and it came with overwhelming force with the
news that Lamb's dearest surviving friend,
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, was no more. "When
I heard of the death of Coleridge, it was without
grief," he wrote. "It seemed to me that he
had long been on the confines of the next world
— that he had a hunger for eternity. I grieved
then that I could not grieve ; but since, I feel
how great a part he was of me. His great and
dear spirit haunts me. I cannot think a thought,
I cannot make a criticism on men or books,
without an ineffectual turning and reference to
him. He was the proof and touchstone of all
244
GENTLE FOLK
my cogitations." Five months later the gentle
Elia had ceased to long for the old familiar faces
and the old tide of life in Fleet Street, and was
lying "in a deep
grave in Edmonton
churchyard, made in
a spot which, about
a fortnight before,
he had pointed out
to his sister on
an afternoon wintry
walk, as the place
where he wished to
be buried."
Only a few hun-
dred yards from the
cottage is Edmonton
Church, surrounded
by what was once the
village churchyard, l&mbo
On the western side (, q-^^/3-
of the tower, not
far from the gravel path, I found the last
resting-place of the best loved and the best
loving of English writers. Notwithstanding
the encroachments of the great city, this is
245
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Still a quiet, peaceful corner where one can
pause for a few minutes and think grate-
fully of the dust that lies below the tangled
grass and weeds. A straggling branch of ivy is
climbing over from an adjoining grave, but
fortunately Charles Lamb has not been for-
gotten. A modest line at the foot of the head-
stone tells the welcome story that it was restored
by "a member of the Christ's Hospital Club,
Christmas, 1897," so that one can read with
ease the inscription —
To THE Memory
OF
CHARLES LAMB
Died 2jth December 1834, aged 59.
Farewell, dear friend, that smile, that harmless
mirth
No more shall gladden our domestic hearth.
That rising tear with pain forbid to flow
Better than words no more assuage our woe.
That hand outstretched from small but well-earned
store
Yield succour to the destitute no more.
246
GENTLE FOLK
Yet art thou not all lost, thro* many an age
With sterling sense and humour shall thy page
Win many an English bosom pleased to see
That old and happier vein revived in thee.
This for our earth, and if with friends we share
Our joys in heaven, we hope to meet thee there.
Also MARY ANN LAMB,
SISTER OF THE ABOVE, *
Born ^rd December 1767, died 20th May 1847.
It may seem strange that one should go
into the country in search of memories of such
a thorough-paced Londoner as Charles Lamb ;
but he was not always in the mood to write :
" Let no native Londoner imagine that health
and rest, innocent occupation, interchange of
converse sweet, and recreative study, can make
the country anything better than odious and
detestable." There were times when "the
sweet security of streets " did not appeal to
him, and when he could say, with something
more than the mere thought of superannuation
in his mind, "I had thought in a green old
age (O green thought !) to have retired to
Bonder's End, emblematic name, how beautiful !
in the Ware Road, there to have made up
247
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
my accounts with heaven and the Company,
toddling about it between it and Cheshunt,
anon stretching, on some fine Izaak Walton
morning, to Hoddesdon or Amwell, careless as
a beggar." Notwithstanding his affection for
the Temple, the " Salutation," and even for the
ham -and -beef shop in the Strand, he always
had a warm corner in his heart for the old
mansions, farmhouses, and lanes of Hertford-
shire, where he spent some of the happiest
hours of his life. Perhaps it was kinship and
love of old friends more than the love of the
country that turned his thoughts again and
again to Widford and Mackery End, but to the
memory of those secluded haunts we owe some
of the most delightful lines he ever penned.
It was useless to journey to Widford, for
not a stone of the old mansion at "Blakes-
moor," where his grandmother, Mrs. Field,
was housekeeper, remains. Even the inscrip-
tion on the stone over the good old woman's
grave in Widford churchyard is no longer to
be traced. We must be content with Lamb's
description of the old house and the impressions
it made upon him when, a tiny boy, he roamed
about its silent rooms, or sat on the hot
248
GENTLE FOLK
window-seat to read Cowley, " with the grass
plot before, and the hum and flappings of that
one solitary wasp that ever haunted it about
me — it is in mine ears now, as oft as summer
returns."
The old farmhouse at Mackery End, how-
ever, still exists, and leaving Edmonton
churchyard I turned my front wheel towards
Enfield, in the hope of being able to follow in
the footsteps of Elia and his cousin Bridget on
that famous excursion they made together " to
beat up the quarters " of some of their " less
known relations in that fine corn country."
Like Lamb himself, I had been talking about
Mackery End all my life — that is, ever since
I began to really live, ever since I made the
acquaintance of Bridget through that tender
and loving description by her cousin. But I
think it was that final passage that set me
longing years ago to see with my own eyes
the place that was so dear to the heart of Elia :
" How Bridget's memory, exalted by the
occasion, warmed into a thousand half-obliter-
ated recollections of things and persons, to my
utter astonishment, and her own, and to the
astoundment of B. F., who sat by, almost the
249
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
only thing that was not a cousin there, — old
effaced images of more than half- forgotten
names and circumstances still crowding back
upon her, as words written in lemon come out
upon exposure to a friendly warmth, — when I
forget all this, then may my country-cousins
forget me, and Bridget no more remember that
in the days of weakling infancy I was her
tender charge — as I have been her care in
foolish manhood since — in those pretty pastoral
walks, long ago, about Mackery End, in
Hertfordshire."
Leaving Winchmore Hill to the left, I
pedalled over bumpy roads that had once
formed part of the old Enfield Park and Chace,
now struggling in vain to show some signs of
their former rural character. This bubbling
over of the seething pot of London brings
about some strange effects. You ride between
barriers of ugly villas, each one the exact
counterpart of its fellow, each tiny front garden
" laid out " to the same pattern, similar shrubs
and flowers in each, all of the "four pots a
shilling " variety. Suddenly you come upon a
piece of unsold land containing a gnarled old
tree, a relic of what was once a veritable
250
GENTLE FOLK
forest. When Evelyn came here "to see a
garden at Enfield towne," he found the Chace
" a very pretty place " ; but that which he most
wondered at was, that in the compass of twenty-
five miles, yet within fourteen of London,
there was not a house, barn, church, or build-
ing, excepting three lodges. At Mr. Secretary
Coventry's lodge he found " three greate ponds
and some few inclosures, the rest a solitarie
desert, yet stor'd with not lesse than 3000
deere. There are pretty retreats for gentle-
men, especially for those who are studious and
lovers of privacy." There are still a few
pretty retreats left for studious gentlemen, but
the poor old Enfield windmill, bereft of its
sails, looked down sadly upon me from among
the new houses that are edging it in, and the
old inn called after the mill has given place to a
public-house with a saloon bar which probably
contains a feshionably-dressed barmaid instead
of the ancient " mine host."
From Enfield to Barnet is a hilly road,
with the compensation that the bricks and
mortar are left behind. There are fine old
elms with their topmost branches blackened
with the nests of rooks, and from the tops of
251
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
the hills stretches of open country are to be
seen. In four days a miraculous change had
come about. March and the first three weeks
of April had been cold, wet, and sunless ; but
now in the last week of April w,e had had four
days of blading sunshine that would not have
disgraced the month of August. Four days
ago not a bud was to be seen on the bare
black branches, and we were shivering in our
greatcoats. On this particular morning the
light greenery of spring was on every stem
and twig, the fruit trees were in full bloom,
the flowering currants were a mass of welcome
colour, and a white patch here and there in
the hedgerows proclaimed that the hawthorn
buds were busily preparing for their annual
festival. In the neighbourhood of Barnet the
young lambs were having a great time of it,
skipping about in the warm sunshine instead of
shivering against their mothers' woolly coats.
For three mornings in succession the Clerk of
the Weather had been forecasting thunder-
storms with all his might, but they had fortu-
nately not turned up, although this morning
thunder had been murmuring faintly in the
distance, notwithstanding the &ct that not a
252
GENTLE FOLK
cloud was to be seen in the unbroken blue sky.
I was thankful to rest for a time in the shade
of the Hadley Woods within sight of Old
Barnet Church, with the black iron beacon-
lamp on its square ivy -covered tower. At
Barnet town the temptation for a deep
draught of soda- and- milk was irresistible 5 I
had not suffered so much from thirst since my
first day's cycling, and the sun which we had
been longing to see through so many weary
weeks was mercilessly scorching my neck and
giving me all the advantages of a Turkish bath.
Outside the town of Barnet, on the way to
St. Albans, you are on a wide white road with
a perfect surface, really metallic, and all you
have to do is to sit comfortably on your saddle
and enjoy a downward spin of three miles to
South Mimms. The country is not particu-
larly interesting, but the road is a glorious
recompense. Beyond the village there is a
stiiF piece of " collar work " ; but when the
summit is reached you have a very fine view of
the town of St. Albans, which from this point
has a certain air of grandeur which it loses
later on the road. The old abbey seems to
brood over the red- roofed town and to be
253
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
gathering it beneath its sheltering wings.
Three miles from South Mimms you run into
the old-fashioned village of London Colney,
nestling on the banks of the little river Colne.
Cycling has given the village a new lease of
life, and the old inn has put on a new coat of
paint to attract the thousands of London wheel-
men who will pass along this famous north
road during the coming summer. Just beyond
the village I came across a roadside inn whose
signboard bore the astonishing announcement,
'^ Dinners, dancing, music " ! O rare and
excellent Boniface, not content, as are so many
of your race, to limit hospitality to the dispens-
ing of tankards of beer and shandy-gafF, but to
invite the jaded London lads and lasses who
wheel to your doors to '' foot it o'er the grass "
to the strains of your — well, it may be a very
discordant piano, sorely tried by much work in
the open air ; but nothing can detract from
the delightful suggestion, "dinners, dancing,
music " in the garden of a roadside inn. This
sort of pleasantry is manufactured in abund-
ance in Germany and Holland, why not in
England ? O for a new band of preaching
friars who should scour the highways and by-
254
GENTLE FOLK
ways teaching the English people how to
amuse themselves with intelligence and decency
and without forfeiting their self-respect !
I have often had to remonstrate with
thoughtless cyclists for taking their dogs with
them on a long run ; but on this day, as I
mounted the hill of St. Albans town, I saw
such a sight as I trust will never sadden my
eyes again. A poor fox-terrier was panting
after a motor-car that was rattling at a terrific
pace down the hill. The poor beast's eyes
were nearly starting from their sockets, his
tongue was dripping with perspiration, he had
evidently been nearly breaking his heart for
many weary miles, and just as he passed me
he seemed to lose his senses, for he stumbled
and rolled upon his side. With great difficulty
the brave old fellow recovered his feet, but he
had injured a leg, and went ambling along after
his cruel owner as fast as he could run, with
only three legs to do the work of four.
At St. Albans I found the welcome luxury
of a large pailful of cool soft rain water, and
never did I m9re enjoy what the west-country
folk call " a swill." After a moderate lunch, a
stroll through the town and the abbey, and a
255
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
refreshing cup of tea, I pedalled out of the
High Street, down the road leading to St.
Peter's Church, and soon found myself on the
pleasant Hertfordshire road leading through
Saundridge to Wheathampstead. The scenery-
is of that peculiarly quiet and peaceful type
characteristic of the county. There is nothing
to make violent appeals to the imagination,
nothing to unduly stir the pulses, but every-
thing to produce a mood of quiet meditation
and reflection. When, however, you see the
sign of " The Red Cow " in the distance it is
well not to be lost in meditation, for the hill
beyond is a decidedly awkward descent, and
you might find yourself all too suddenly at the
bottom calculating the cost of a new machine,
and reflecting upon the uneven character of the
earth's crust. It is better to dismount at the
brow of the hill and pause for a few minutes
to look down upon the village of Wheathamp-
stead below, nestling prettily among the trees.
By the bye, do not suffer the humiliation I
passed through by calling the place "Wheat-
hampstead." The natives app^r to resent it
strongly, and ask you somewhat tartly if you
mean " Wet'emsted." Notwithstanding the
256
GENTLE FOLK
introduction of a railway station the village is,
I should imagine, in almost exactly the same
condition as when Elia and Bridget last
visited it.
Wheathampsteid is easy enough to find, but
when you are there you have yet to discover
Mackery End. The only direction you can
obtain from Elia is that it is '^a farmhouse,
delightfully situated within a gentle walk from
Wheathampstead." Walking down the hill
from " The Red Cow " I had inquired of three
persons without success, but from a fourth I
obtained a clue. This worthy believed it was
not far from "The Cherry Trees," but his
directions as to the site of that hostelry were
so confusing that I had to ^make further
inquiries. The clue was, however, a splendid
one, for all the population seemed to know
" The Cherry Trees," and every one at " The
Cherry Trees" knew Mackery End. Let
the pilgrim go straight through the village to
the railway station, then turn sharply to the
left, by the sign-post. A ride of a mile along a
pretty lane will bring him to "The Cherry
Trees." There turn to the right on to a road
running across what is known locally as " the
s 257
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
heath," and the first lane on the right will lead
you direct to the object of your journey.
"We arrived at the spot of our anxious
curiosity about noon," wrote Elia. "The
sight of the old farmhouse, though every
trace of it was effaced from my recollection,
affected me with a pleasure which I had not
experienced for many a year. For though I
had forgotten it, we had never forgotten being
there together, and we had been talking about
Mackery End all our lives, till memory on my
part became mocked with a phantom of itself,
and I thought I knew the aspect of a place
which, when present, O how unlike it was to
that which I had conjured up so many times
instead of it !» Still the air breathed balmily
about it ; the season was in the ^ heart of
June,' and I could say with the poet —
*' But thou, that didst appear so fair
To fond imagination,
Dost rival in the light of day
Her delicate creation !
" Bridget's was more a waking bliss than mine,
for she easily remembered her old acquaintance
again — some altered features, of course, a little
258
GENTLE FOLK
grudged at. At first, indeed, she was ready to
disbelieve for joy ; but the scene soon recon-
firmed itself in her affections, and she traversed
every outpost of the old mansion : to the
wood-house, the orchard, the place where the
pigeon-house had stood (house and birds were
alilce flown), with a breathless impatience of
recognition which was more pardonable perhaps
than decorous at the age of fifty odd. But
Bridget in some things is behind her years."
259
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
My own first glimpse of Mackery End
was not of the old farmhouse, but of the turret
of the ancient Jacobean mansion on the opposite
side of the road. Then, as I ascended the lane,
the whole of the mansion came into view, and
turning rightward I found myself face to face
with Lamb's farmhouse, a two-storied brick-
built house, with two or three white steps
leading up to a neat porch, the front of the
house nearly covered with ivy. In the pleasant
meadow, half lawn, half orchard, hundreds of
bright yellow daffodils were striving to hold up
their heads above the long grass, and in the
farmyard adjoining a large family of cocks and
hens were picking up their evening meal
among the half- demolished hayricks. At the
back of the house are some fine old out-buildings,
among which Elia and Bridget and brother
John must have played many a game as
children. I sat upon the gate opening into
the meadow and watched the sun casting the
black shadow of the old mansion over the
green grass. Was it that old house, so familiar
to Lamb in his childhood, that had implanted
in his heart that love of old things which was
always a joy to him. What memories must
260
GENTLE FOLK
have been awakened in Lamb's mind when
he revisited this place and looked across those
gently undulating meadows and fields, inter-
spersed with clumps of timber, and in the
distance the modest Hertfordshire hills forming
the sky-line. Was it among these tree-fringed
lanes that Lamb, when a boy, fell in Ibve with
that fair-haired Alice who, it is clear, haunted
his dreams by night and day all through his
life. She appears in his poems and essays as
Anna, and in just such a winding wood-walk
as these about Mackery End he may have
written those lines that tell of the one romance
of his life —
When last I roved these winding wood- walks green,
Green winding walks, and shady pathways sweet,
Oft-times would Anna seek the silent scene.
Shrouding her beauties in the lone retreat.
No more I hear her footsteps in the shade ;
Her image only in these pleasant ways
Meets me self- wandering, where in happier days
I held free converse with the fair-haired maid,
I passed the little cottage which she loved,
The cottage which did once my all contain ;
It spake of days which ne'er must come again.
Spake to my heart, and much my heart was moved.
261
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
" Now fair befall thee, gentle maid ! " said I,
And from the cottage turned me with a sigh.
But Lamb's life was not to be one of married
happiness, but a life of self-sacrifice and brotherly
devotion, the depths of which the world has
not even yet learned to fully appreciate. For
those who will unravel the story, obscured as
it is by the delicate humour, the graceful fancy
and the indescribable charm of Elia^ there is
nothing more truly noble and pathetic in the
records of human love.
I lingered long about the old place, reading
bits of Elia^ until the setting sun and the cool
evening breeze reminded me that I must make
for Hatfield. Back to Wheathampstead I rode
and was soon upon the chain of by-roads
leading across country to the great North
Road. It was a pleasant six miles with a good
surface every inch of the way, and pheasants
gliding about the roads and buzzing over the
hedges, as common as domestic fowls are in
most country lanes.
Reaching Hatfield at dusk, I did not go,
like Mr. Samuel Pepys, "to the inn next my
Lord Salisbury's house," but to an excellent
262
GENTLE FOLK
hostel where the good landlady herself cooked
to perfection the beefsteak with its garnishing
of crisp potatoes which was brave fare for the
pilgrim on wheels. After hunger was com-
pletely satisfied I sauntered out to see how
Hatfield passed its evenings, and found the
usual melancholy state of things : nothing but
dirty ill-ventilated public- house bars for the
people, the regulation knots of lads and young
men loafing and guffawing at the gloomy
street-corners ; as far as I could discover, no
attempt to provide the people with intelligent
means of amusement and education. Perhaps
you have often wondered, as I have, at the
crowd of villagers that always haunts country
railway stations in the evenings and all day on
Sundays. I wonder no longer. On this dark
spring evening, with no books to fall back
upon, I found myself gravitating towards the
railway station. I was astounded to find how
attractive it was compared with the village
streets. The brightness of the signal-lamps,
the feeling that at the other end of these steel
rails was the great city with all its wondrous
life and excitement — one forgot for the moment
its horrors and its appalling problems. I found
263
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
myself keenly interested in the making-up of
goods trains and the rattling hither and thither
of locomotives, and when, at last, a train-load
of passengers steamed in, disgorging its cargo
on to the platform amid a scene of bustle and
excitement, I was as keenly elated as the village
lads. It was a queer experience, and one that
filled me with forebodings.
I returned to mine inn, but the only enter-
tainment it presented was a dozen old halfpenny
newspapers, an A B C Time-table, and a truly
remarkable volume. The Royal Dream Book^
by An Old Dreamer. It was a 32mo bound
respectably in black cloth, with an engraved
frontispiece representing a young lady in evening
dress reclining asleep upon a couch ; above her
head was a cloud enclosing the vision of a
young gentleman with Dundreary whiskers
in the act of placing his arm around the waist
of a rather coy young lady. The work was
arranged alphabetically, and opening the leaves
at random I fell upon the somewhat prosaic
heading " Beans." The author's experience
must have been wide and peculiar. It never
occurred to me that any one could possibly
dream of beans, but evidently they do, for the
264
GENTLE FOLK
author declares that " Under any circumstances
to dream of beans is unfortunate. If you dream
of eating them it foretells sickness. If you
dream of seeing them growing it foretells a
quarrel with those you love best." Surely this
experience of An Old Dreamer must have been
the origin of the phrase, " Give him beans."
After half a dozen pages of this remarkable
work I felt almost afraid to retire to rest. To
think about bed itself was a serious matter, for
I discovered, to my horror, that if I happened
to dream about bed I should be married hastily,
probably before the end of next month. To one
already married such a dream was to be avoided
by every possible means. Fortunately the heat
of the day had tired me out, and I did not
dream of either beans or beds.
The next morning the sun was again
shining in a cloudless sky. The breakfast
table was freely sprinkled with freshly cut
primroses, and the clockmaker on the opposite
side of the way paused in the task of taking
down his shutters to exclaim to the passing
milkman, " Ain't it grand ! " Too bright for
angling, but just the right weather for a run
to Amwell and the Lea in company with old
265
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Izaak Walton. "Among all your quaint
readings," wrote Lamb to Coleridge, " did you
ever light upon Walton's Complete Angler? I
asked you the question once before ; it breathes
the very spirit of innocence, purity, and sim-
plicity of heart ; there are many choice old
verses interspersed in it j it would sweeten a
man's temper at any time to read it ; it would
Christianise every discordant angry passion."
Were the characteristics of a book ever more
truthfully and feHcitously described ? If anglers
obtain half the pleasure from angling that non-
anglers obtain from reading gentle Izaak's
book, then they are fortunate indeed. I had
often thought that I would like to read some
of the chapters on, the very ground that Walton
so dearly loved, so I had placed a little sixpenny
edition in one of the pockets of my jacket.
To read The Complete Angler is to form a
deep affection for its author. His simplicity, his
love of peaceful country sights and sounds and
his fine morality win over all who can read his
pages. Almost all our knowledge of him is
confined to his own writings. His childhood
and youth are a blank to us, and beyond the
fact of his baptism nothing is known of him
266
GENTLE FOLK
until his twentieth year, when he was a hosier
in London. At first he had a shop at the
Royal Exchange, but afterwards he lived on the
north side of Fleet Street, two doors west of
Chancery Lane. Though a tradesman, he was
no money-grubber. Is there not a fine con-
tempt for money- worshippers in that clear-cut
sentence of his : " Be sure that your riches be
justly got, or you spoil all." If he had entirely
devoted himself to the building up of a fortune
we should have had no Complete Angler^ no
gospel of peace and quietness. He loved to
leave his shop and go on a fishing excursion as
often as possible ; and he loved letters, for he
was on friendly terms with Ben Jonson and
Drayton and Dr. Donne. He did not write
this evergreen book until he was an old man,
and that is perhaps one reason for its peculiar
contemplative charm. There is a fragrance of
wise old age in its every page, and at the same
time it breathes with all the vigour and energy
of youth.
I was thinking of good old Izaak as I
pedalled along the side of my lord of Hatfield's
fine estate, and was a good two miles along
the Hertford road when my meditations were
267
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
rudely interrupted by a loud report almost
under my nose, followed by an ominous fizzing
sound and the truly awful bumping that pro-
claims a deflated tyre. I had been doubtful
about that excrescence on my front tyre for
some time past, and now had come one of the
most disastrous " bursts " it has ever been my
fate to see. The tyre was slit up for about six
inches, and there was a hole in the inner tube
that a sixpence would not cover. My puncture
outfit was no good in such a case, but I was
determined not to go back to Hatfield. On I
tramped in the hope of getting a lift to Hertford.
For four weary miles under a blazing sun and,
worse than all, along one of the best of riding
roads, I pushed that machine, before a friendly
brewer took me up in his cart and deposited
me at the door of a cycle repairer, just on the
threshold of the town of Hertford. Fortunately
a new tyre was here obtainable, and in half an
hour's time I was riding through the fine old
county town as happy as the proverbial sand-
boy. Past the drunken-looking effigies of the
two children on the posterns of the Blue-coat
school I bounced down the well-kept road
leading to Ware, revelling in my newly-
268
GENTLE FOLK
purchased resiliency. There being nothing to
detain me in Ware, except to inquire the way
to Amwell, I soon found myself climbing up
that hiil which Venator was so anxious to
reach before sunrise in order to meet " a pack
of otter-dogs of noble Mr. Sadler's."
Another name beside Izaak Walton's is
associated with Amwell, that of John Scott the
269
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
Quaker poet, who was on friendly terms with
Dr. Johnson, is alluded to by Sir Walter in
Redgauntlet^ and who wrote a poem descrip-
tive of the beauties of Amwell, which won
him the title of Scott of Amwell, although he
was born in Grange Walk, Bermondsey, and
died at RatclifF. I do not know what Johnson
thought of the poem of Amwell, but the only
portion of it that I have read contains so much
of the catalogue style of poetry that I have never
yearned for more.
How picturesque
The slender group of airy elm, the clump
Of pollard oak, or ash, with ivy brown
EntwinM ; the walnut's gloomy breadth of boughs,
The orchard's ancient fence of rugged pales.
The haystack's dusky cone, the moss-grown shed,
The clay-built barn ; the elder-shaded cot.
Whose white-washed gable prominent thro* green
Of waving branches shows, perchance inscribed
With some past owner's name, or rudely graced
With rustic dial, that scarcely serves to mark
Time's ceaseless flight ; the wall with mantling
vines
O'erspread, the porch with climbing woodbine
wreath'd,
270
GENTLE FOLK
And under shelt'ring eaves the sunny bench
Where brown hives range, whose busy tenants fill,
With drowsy hum, the little garden gay.
Whence blooming beans, and spicy herbs, and
flowers.
Exhale around a rich perfume !
This is all very well, but you get tired of it in
time ; and having seen Amwell I think it
deserves better poetry.
It is worth climbing the hill to loiter for an
hour in the quiet little churchyard which seems
in danger of slipping down into the New
River below. I wonder whether the new inn
opposite to the churchyard gate occupies the site
of the "honest ale-house" where Huntsman
invited Piscator and Venator to have a cup
of good barley-wine, and sing "Old Rose,"
and "all rejoice together." From a stile
above the graves you can look down upon the
meadows where the otter hunt took place, and
you can imagine the excited Venator's voice
ringing in your ears : " Now, now Ringwood
has him ! now he's gone again, and has bit the
poor dog. Now Sweetlips has her : hold her,
Sweetlips ! now all the dogs have her, some
above and some under water ; but now, now
271
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
she's tired, and past losing : come, bring her
to me, Sweetlips. Look, 'tis a bitch-otter, and
she has lately whelped : let's go to the place
where she was put down, and not far from it
you will find all her young ones, I dare warrant
you, and kill them all too."
The river at the foot of the hill is the New
River, the Lea is on the other side of the
meadows, its course marked by the willows.
Ware can be seen lying in the plain at the
left. In the cottage gardens abutting on the
churchyard the" fruit trees are this morning full
of blossom, and the bees are busily pouring in
and out of the hives. On the other side of the
Lea a timber-crowned hill gives a finish to a
pretty landscape such as John Linnell would
have loved to paint. As I sat down in the
little church to escape the fierce sun, I thought
of that discourse on morality and religion
delivered by old Izaak after the otter hunt,
with the half- apologetic sentences following:
" But of this no more ; for though I love
civility, yet I hate severe censures. I'll to mine
own art ; and I doubt not but at yonder tree
I shall catch a chub." It must have been a
delightful change for the Fleet Street hosier to
272
GENTLE FOLK
leave the cares of business behind and journey,
rod in hand, for days together along the banks
of the Lea as those banks were then. Manners,
as well as the face of the country, have changed
since then, and if there are any hosiers in Fleet
Street with a taste for literature they are not
likely to be found at humble roadside inns
eating dinners of fish that they have caught
themselves, or coaxing milkmaids to sing love
songs. Was Izaak Walton an exceptional
man in his love for beautiful ballads, or was it
a common thing in his time for every one to
seize every possible opportunity for singing ?
From Amwell I rode along a dull un-
interesting road to Hoddesdon, but could not
succeed in discovering " The Thatched House "
where Venator proposed to drink his morning
draught. There are many picturesque corners
still remaining in Hoddesdon, but as I could
not have my "Thatched House," I rode on
sulkily to Broxbourne. The New River and
the old Lea are so inextricably mixed up in
these parts that it is sometimes difficult to tell
from a distance which you are looking at. At
Broxbourne, however, I found the Lea winding
through some cool meadows where Piscator
T 273
SOME LITERARY LANDMARKS
might well have given his disciples some of
those delightful discourses on the fixing of
baits, the habits of chub, roach, and trout, and
the wonders of the watery deeps, or have recited
his favourite poem of Sir Harry Wotton's —
Welcome, pure thoughts ! welcome, ye silent
groves !
These guests, these courts, my soul most dearly
loves !
Now the wing'd people of the sky shall sing
My cheerful anthems to the gladsome spring :
A prayer-book, now, shall be my looking-glass,
In which 1 will adore sweet Virtue's face.
Here dwell no hateful looks, no palace cares.
No broken vows dwell here, nor pale-faced fears ;
Then here FlI sit, and sigh my hot love's folly.
And learn t' affect a holy melancholy :
And if contentment be a stranger — then
I'll ne'er look for it, but in heaven, again.
From Broxbourne I pedalled through
market gardens to Cheshunt, after which,
instead of keeping on the main road, I turned
off through the gateway of Theobald's Park,
where Auceps the falconer had to leave the
conference with the angler and the hunter in
order to visit the house of a friend who was
274
GENTLE FOLK
mewing a hawk for him. Riding through the
fine avenue of elms, I presently came upon a
sight that would have had a somewhat disturb-
ing effect on citizen Izaak Walton. Here in
Theobald's Park, miles from Fleet Street, is old
Temple Bar, set up with all its stones each in
their proper places, but looking much cleaner
and altogether smarter than when it stood by
•the old Cock Tavern. The road through this
pretty park is an exceedingly pleasant route for
reaching Enfield and North London, much to
be preferred to the road through Enfield High-
way to Tottenham Cross, which is a very
different place to-day from the rustic village
that gladdened good Izaak's eyes each time he
came upon an angling expedition. Instead of
leaving the good old man as Venator did, at
Tottenham Cross, I bade him farewell beneath
the shadow of the Temple Bar, but with
Venator's words upon my lips, "I thank you
for your many instructions, which (God
willing) I will not forget."
Printed by Ik. Sc K. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh.
HARVARD COLLEGE
LIBRARY
THE BEQUEST OF
WALTER FAXON
CLASS OP 1871
| someliterarylan00bockgoog | OL6915137M | OL227531W | 299 | 1,901 |
en | hf cc0-1.0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/storytracer/US-PD-Books | Grammar and dictionary of the Yakama language
author: Pandosy, Marie Charles; Shea, John Gilmary, 1824-1892, ed. and tr; Gibbs, George, 1815-1873, tr
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SHEA’S
LIBRARY OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS.
VI.
tak
Pies ΩΝ We,
ΨΧΊ ΤΥ Στὰ
GRAMMAR
Dre VEO NA h Y
YAKAMA LANGUAGE.
BY
ΕΗ Ce PAN DOSY,
- OBLATE OF MARY IMMACULATE.
TRANSLATED BY GEORGE GIBBS AND J. G. SHEA.
NEW YORK:
ΕΝ ΑΓ. Poh ΚΒ.
1862.
\\
τ...
“δ τ ΐ
ὡς
Of 100 copies printed
No. Z/ έ we
pene τ ος
PREFACE.
The bands enumerated by Father Pandosy belong to the Sahaptin
family of Mr. Hale. This family he divides into two branches, the
Sahaptin proper or Nez Percés, and the Walla-Walla, in which latter
he includes all the others. The country occupied by them extends
from the Dalles of the Columbia to the Bitter-Root mountains, lying
on both sides of the Columbia and upon the Kooskooskie and Sal-
mon Forks of Lewis’ and Snake River, between that of the Selish
family on the north, and of the Snakes on the south.
The Pshwanwappam bands, usually called Yakamas, inhabit the
Yakama river, a stream heading in the Cascade Range and emptying
into the Columbia above the junction of the Snake. The word
signifies ‘‘ the Stony Ground,” in allusion to the rocky character of
their country. Roil-roil-pam is the Klikatat country, situated in
the Cascade mountains north of the Columbia and west of the Ya-
kamas. Its meaning is ‘“‘ the Mouse country,” referring to a popular
local legend. The name Walla-Walla is explained by Father Pan-
dosy. The band so called occupy the country south of the Columbia
and about the river of that name. The Tairtla, usually called Taigh,
belong, as stated in the text, to the environs ofthe Des Chutes river
which drains’ the eastern base of the Cascades, south of the Colum-
bia, and the Palus, usually written Paloose, live between the Colum-
bia and the Snake. All these bands are. independent, and in fact,
most of them are divided among several chiefs.
The author of this grammar, Father M. C. Pandosy, was for a
number of years resident among the Yakamas, and became perfectly
acquainted with their language. In the destruction of the mission
by fire, during the Indian war in Oregon and Washington Territory,
the original of the grammar was lost, and the following translation
made some time previously alone remained. A revision of the dic-
vill ; PREFACE.
tionary, much more extensive than the accompanying, was destroyed
at the same time. As the mission was then broken up and but
little chance exists of any equally complete memorial of this language
being prepared hereafter, these have been adopted as a most valuable
contribution to our linguistics.
Grammatical notices of the Sahaptin or Nez Percé language, which
differs from the Walla-Walla perhaps as the Portuguese from the
Spanish, were given by Mr. Hale in his Ethnology of the U. S.
Exploring Expedition, and reviewed by Mr. Gallatin in the Trans-
actions of the American Ethnological Society.
Father Pandosy explains the value of the letters which he em-
ploys, but it is necessary to observe that there is no true 7 in the
language, and the letter when used represents the guttural sound of
ch in the Scottish doch or German ich. G. G.
INDIAN GRAMMAR
OF THE
P’SHWAN-WA-PAM, WALA-WALA, TAIRTLA, ROIL-
ROIL-PAM AND PALUS LANGUAGES.
The grammar which I now present, and which I have written in the
Pshwanwapam language, gives at the same time an account of the Wala-
wala, Tairtla (Indians of the Des-Chutes river and its environs), Roilroil-
pam and Palus, for theirs is a single language divided into so many dialects,
while fundamentally it is the same, and a great majority of the words do not
allow of a separation. Ihave written it in the Pshwanwapam in prefer-
ence to either of the other dialects, because it is more familiar to me, clearer
and easier than the rest.
I take the liberty of making the remark, in passing, that many persons
write the word Walla-Walla with four /’s. I have even seen this orthography
in books, but I find it entirely defective, because it alters the word in falsi-
fying the pronunciation, and thus puts it out of the question to recognize
the meaning. According to this orthography it should, it appears to me,
be pronounced Wal-la-wal-la, and I have heard it thus pronounced, and so
for a long time pronounced it myself, but when by a sufficiently long resid-
ence among the Indians, I was able to stammer their language well enough
to make myself understood, I asked the meaning of this word, and they re-
plied ‘‘ Atwanaki pa waniksha komanak tenmaman,” ‘‘those Indians are
called after the river.”’ Thus the word Atwan, which among the Pshwan-
wapams signifies river, is rendered by the Wala-Walas and the Palus by
wand. Further the Indians of all this neighborhood form the diminutive
by repeating the substantive; changing n into /, giving the voice a different
tone, putting the lips out in speaking and keeping them suspended around
the jaw. In this way we have the word Wana-wana, which by the change
of n into J gives Wala-wala, which should be pronounced very short,
Wala-wala and not Walla-walla.
2
ἡ. Ὁ - ὙΥΑΚΑΜΑ GRAMMAR.
Of the Letters.
I have thought best before entering upon the subject to give a sketch of
the letters which I have used in writing the Pshwanwapam language, that
those who may chance to see this paper may, though distant enough from
the Yakama country, in some sort hear the Indians themselves speak
The Yakama language contains but sixteen letters, a, 6, i, 0, u, w, 6, h, k,
l, m, ἢ, p, 7, 8, t. These letters have the same sounds as in European
languages. Thus a, 6, 7, 0, uw are pronounced absolutely as a Frenchman
would pronounce them, and as with us these vowels are capable of receiving
a certain modification of sound by means of accents. The vowel τ is met
with very rarely, and excepting two or three words in which alone it occurs,
the Indians pronounce it with difficulty. The consonants have the same
sound as in French, and to simplify the orthography are pronounced after
the new mode of spelling introduced into France some years since, conse-
quently instead of saying ka, elle, éme, we spell simply ke, le, me. The
vowel a is always mute in these cases. The letter h is always strongly
aspirated. The 7 is always pronounced strong and guttural, or as it is in
the German language, (a).
Strictly, other consonants might be admitted into the Indian alphabet,
but this does not appear necessary, and it would be contrary to the spirit of
the age which seeks to reduce every thing to its most simple expression. It
would even embarrass the orthography by uselessly overloading it. What
necessity is there in fact for the letter g when we possess the ὦ, for have not
these two precisely the same sound [in French]. The same desire to sim-
plify the spelling as much as possible has made me reject the y and the
orthographic sign called tréma (dialysis). Their retention is in fact useless
since it is admitted as a principle that the letter 7 preceded or followed by
a vowel or between two vowels is always pronounced as if it was a y or an
it. Ihave also struck out the z, which with us has not always the same
sound, since it is sometimes pronounced like gs, and sometimes like ks. As
among the Indians of this neighborhood it would never represent the first
sound, I prefer to use ks instead. It might be said indeed that by giving
as a general rule in the Yakama language that xz is always pronounced like
ks, this letter might figure in their alphabet, but experience has convinced
me that the establishment of a general rule is insufficient to overthrow a
habit of pronunciation acquired in early education and strongly rooted.
Suppose that some one wished to study the Pshwanwapam language—if he
cast his eyes upon the word written ¢k-siks, would he not seize at first glance
the true pronunciation, whereas, on the other hand if he found it written
with an x, izsix, would he not be naturally- led to pronounce it 7g-sigs, a
pronunciation which would be altogether incorrect.
(a) The w is here used apparently as older French missionaries used the Greek characters. As
a consonant it answers to our w, as a vowel to oo. . J.G.S.
YAKAMA GRAMMAR. LT
I employ ch in words which are pronounced like the Chinook tchako, for
I do not see how the ¢ placed before ch can give to it the pronunciation
which is attributed toit. Besides, why invent a novel mode of orthography?
Is not the pronunciation to be represented by fch found elsewhere? The
English language abounds with it and yet not a single word is written thus.
Why then introduce characters which, without presenting anything new,
have the defective advantage or rather the inconvenience of embarrassing
the reader and writer by surplusage. It is much more simple to say that ch
is pronounced always as in English words in which those letters are found.
The same is the case with sh.
Of the Parts of Speech.
Like the dead languages, that of the Pshwanwapam contains but [eight]
parts of speech, viz: the substantive, adjective [pronoun], verb, adverb,
preposition, conjunction and interjection. The article there is wanting, but
the substantives, adjectives and pronouns have the precious advantage of
being declinable. It must be remarked that the substantives as well as the
adjectives and participles have no gender. They vary neither in the mascu-
line nor feminine.
CHAPTER I.
Of the Substantive.
Two numbers are found in the substantives, the singular and plural, or as
there is no article in the Indian language there are terminations or cases
which remove all difficulty as to the sense of the words which we hear,
since this sense is fixed by a terminal sign. These terminations or cases
are six in each number as in Latin. The dative, accusative and ablative
have a double sign, one simple the other compound.
To decline a substantive, it is sufficient to add to the positive the termina-
tion nem to have the nominative. It is however necessary to remark that
the positive is itself a nominative, and that the sign nem is employed only
in certain cases. Custom alone can make its proper use understood. To
form the genitive, the termination nmi is added to the positive. For the
simple dative the termination zow must be added, but if the substantive con-
cludes with the vowelzin the positive, one is retrenched for the sake of
euphony. The compound dative is formed by adding zow to the genitive,
preserving the rule of euphony and thus giving nmmiow. The simple accusa-
tive is made by adding the termination nan to the positive, while for the
compound it must be added to the genitive. The Palus and Wala-walas
form their terminal sign in na instead of nan whether simple or compound.
The vocative is nothing but the positive preceded by the exclamation πα.
12 τ YAKAMA GRAMMAR.
[Nah!] The ablative simple is formed by adding to the positive the ter-
mination ¢, but for the compound it is necessary, as in the other cases, to
add it to the genitive.
The general sign of the plural is ma, which is found in all the cases, so
that to form the plural it is sufficient to add ma to the positive and we have
the nominative. The genitive plural is formed by adding mi to the nomina-
tive of the same number, which gives ma-mi. The dative is formed by ad-
ding the sign miow to the nominative; the accusative by adding man; the
vocative preserves the na of the singular taking the plural termination ma,
and for the ablative the termination miei is added.
Note.—In the plural the accusative only takes the compound termination.
This is formed by adding to the sign of the plural the termination of the
compound accusative, which gives ma-mi-nan.
Examples.
Ist Simple termination, taking for the positive kussi, horse.
SINGULAR.
nom. kussi-nan the horse.
gen. kussi-nmi of the horse.
dat. kussi-ow to the horse.
acc. kussi-nan the horse.
voc. na kussi oh horse !
abl. kussi-ei for the horse.
PLURAL.
nom. kussi-ma the horses.
gen. kussi-ma-mi of the horses.
dat. kussi-ma-miow to the horses.
ace. kussi-ma-man the horses.
voc. na-kussi-ma oh horses!
abl. kussi-ma-miei for the horses.
2d. Compound termination, taking for the positive miawar, chief.
SINGULAR.
nom. miawar-nem the chief.
gen. miawar-nmi of the chief.
dat. miawar-nmi-10w to the chief.
acc. miawar-nmi-nan the chief
voc. na miawar oh chief !
abl. miawar-nmi-el for the chief.
YAKAMA GRAMMAR. 13
- PLURAL.
nom. miawar-ma the chiefs.
gen. miawar-ma-mi of the chiefs.
dat. miawar-ma-miow to the chiefs.
ace. miawar-ma-man the chiefs.
voc. na miawar-ma oh chiefs!
abl. miawar-ma-miei Sor the chiefs.
Sometimes for euphony a syncope is made in the plural, and this syncope
affects all the cases except the nominative and the vocative.
Example.
nom. kussi-ma the horses.
gen. kussi-mi of the horses.
dat. kussi-miow to the horses.
ace. kussi-man the horses.
voc. na kussi-ma oh horses!
abl. kussi-miei for the horses.
By the above example it will be seen that to form the syncope, it is suffi-
cient in the genitive, dative, acusative and ablative, which are the only
cases susceptible of being affected by it; it is sufficient, I say, to retrench
the essentially plural termination ma. After this it is easy to conclude that
the sign mi indicates always a genitive; that of sow a dative; that of an an
accusative, and that of οἱ an ablative. These few directions suffice to decline
all the substantives.
Every substantive is capable of being changed into a verbal adjective.
Exceptions.—A large number of substantives. See hereafter.
CHAPTER II.
Of the Adjective.
Substantives having no gender, as we have said, it follows that the ad-
jectives have none, but they are declinable and possess the same cases as
substantives. Like the latter, adjectives take the signs of simple and of
double agreement, or the compound termination.
Every verbal adjective, whether present or past participle, is double, for
it either affirms or denies: Ist, that the substantive is put in action; 2d, the
presence or existence of the substantive.
14 : YAKAMA GRAMMAR.
Ist. If we desire to affirm that the substantive is put in action, we ad-
jectify it by adding to its positive the termination t/a; for example atawit,
love; adjective affirming action atawit-la, loving. If on the other hand we
deny the action, we add to the positive the termination a/, as atawial, un-
loving. When the positive is terminated by the letter ¢, Ja only is added
instead of tla, as seen in the above example. This letter is also dropped to
form the negative. Sometimes to obtain the negative nal instead of al is
added, principally in those words which terminate in m, for example tan-
amwtwm, prayer; tanamwtwmnal, not praying. In words ending in k or kt,
and in some Wala-wala words ending in sha, the negative verbal adjective
is formed by adding kal to the termination of the positive.
2d. If we wish to affirm that a thing is present or exists, we add to the
positive the termination ni or 7é. Example: timat, [a] writing, t¢mani,
written ; twin, tail, twinié, having a tail. If on the contrary we deny pre-
sence or existence, we add to the positive the sign na/ or nwt. Example:
timanal, unwritten; twinwt, without a tail. But though this is therule, it is
necessary to remark that twinwt is not always used, but the 7 is replaced by
1, aS was mentioned in the beginning, making ¢wilwt. For all other sub-
stantives nwt is used, unless we wish to cast ridicule upon the word, in
which case we should make use of wi.
Adjectives properly so called, as well as those derived from verbs (both
affirmative and negative), and also participles are declined in the same man-
ner as substantives.
Examples.
1. Simple.
SINGULAR.
nom. shir-nem the good.
gen. shir-nmi of the good.
dat. shir-iow to the good.
ace. shir-nan the good.
voc. na-shir oh good!
abl. shir-ei for the good.
PLURAL.
nom. shir-ma the good, §c.
gen. shir-ma-mi
dat. shir-ma-miow
ace. shir-ma-man
voc. na shir-ma
abl. shir-ma-mei
nom.
gen.
dat.
ace.
voc.
aol.
nom.
gen.
dat.
ace.
voc.
abl.
nom.
gen.
dat.
ace.
voc.
abl.
nom.
gen.
dat.
ace.
voc.
abl.
nom.
gen.
dat.
ace.
voc.
abl.
YAKAMA GRAMMAR.
2. Compound.
SINGULAR,
chélwit
chélwit-nmi
chélwit nmiow
chélwit nminan
na chélwit
chélwit nmei
PLURAL.
chelwit-ma
chelwit-mami
chelwit-mamiow
chelwit-maminan
na chelwit-ma
chelwit-mamiei
the bad.
of the bad, Se.
Verbal Adjectives.
Simple.
SINGULAR.
sh-nweitla-nem
sh-nweitla-nmi
sh-nweitla-iow
sh-nweitla-nan
na sh-nweitla
sh-nweitla-iei
PLURAL.
sh-nweitla-ma
sh-nweitla-mami
sh-nweitla-mamiow
sh-nweitla-ma-man
na-shnweitla-ma
sh-nweitla-mamiei
Compound.
SINGULAR.
sh-nweitla-nem
sh-nweitla-nmi
sh-nweitla-nmiow
sh-nweitla-nminan
na sh-nweitla
sh-nweitla-nmiei
the compassionate.
of the, §c.
15
16 ξ YAKAMA GRAMMAR.
PLURAL.
nom. sh-nweitla-ma
gen. sh-nweitla-mami
dat. sh-nweitla-mamiow
ace. sh-nweitla-maminan
VOC. na sh-nweitla-ma
abl. sh-nweitla-mamiei
The syncope which occurs sometimes in substantives is much more general
with verbal adjectives. Thus, instead of saying in the acusative singular
sh-nweitla-nan, sh-nweitla-nminan, we say sh-nweitlan, sh-nweitla-minan. In
the plural by syncope we say in the genitive sh-nweitla-mi; in the dative
sh-nweitla-miow ; in the accusative sh-nweitla-man; in the ablative sh-
nweitla-miet.
CHAPTER II.
Of the Pronoun.
The pronouns are very numerous and are declined, but their mode of de-
clension is peculiar to them.
ὃ 1. OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUN.
1st. Personal pronoun 1st person, or the one who performs the action ex-
pressed by the verb.
SINGULAR.
nom. ink, nes or nesh, sh 1. :
gen. enmi of me.
dat. enmiow to me.
ace. inak me
voc. (wanting)
abl. enmiei for me.
PLURAL.
nom. namak, natés, nanam, aatées, namtk, we.
gen. néémi of us.
dat. néémiow to us.
ace. némanak Us.
abl. néémiel for us.
2d person, that is to say the one spoken to.
YAKAMA GRAMMAR. 17
_ SINGULAR.
nom. imk, nam thou.
gen. émink, més o7 mésh of thee.
dat. émiwk to thee.
ace. imanak thee.
abl. émiei or émikaiéi for thee.
PLURAL.
nom. imak, pam, matés you.
gen. (wanting) of you.
dat. émamiwk to you.
ace. immanak you.
abl. émmiei for you.
In all cases where the personal pronouns terminate in ak among the
Pshwan-wapams, the Wala-walas and Palus drop the é&, thus they say in
the accusative singular of the first person ina, in the nominative plural
nama, in the accusative of the same number namana. It is the same in the
other persons, but it must be noticed that in the accusative plural of the
second person, instead of saying imanak, they express themselves thus
émimanak.
3d person or the one spoken of.
SINGULAR.
Pshwanwapam. Wala-Wala and Palus.
nom. Penk he Penk (some do not pronounce the k.)
gen. pin-mink of him pinmin
dat. pin-miwk to him pinmiow
ace. pin-min him pinminnan
abl. pin-mikaiéi for him pinmiei
PLURAL.
nom. pmak they pma
gen. pé-mink of them pamin
dat. pé-miwk to them pamiwk
ace. pé-minak them pamanak
abl. pé-mikaiei for them pamikaiei
The Indians of the Falls (Tair) instead of the termination ak, have in
their pronouns, and even in their adverbs, that of ο΄. Thus they say, per-
sonal pronoun, Ist person, accusative singular, imei; nominative plural
namei; accusative némanei; pronoun of the 2d person, acc. sing. mane ;
nom. plur. imei; acc. imanei or emimanei; pronoun of 3d person, nom. plur.
p-mei; acc. pamanet.
It will be seen by the above declensions that the personal pronouns are
very numerous among the Indians, particularly in certain cases, as the
ὃ
18 : YAKAMA GRAMMAR.
nominatives, but they cannot be employed indifferently, and the knowledge
of their proper use is difficult to acquire. To aid in arriving the more
easily at this knowledge, I have thought best to give the following table:
1st. Pronoun personal in the nominative case.
SINGULAR.
lst person ink, nes, sh, I,
2d person imk, nam, thou.
3d person penk, i, he.
PLURAL.
lst person namak, natés, nanam, namtk, tésh, we.
2d person pam, imak, matés, amatés, you.
2d person p-mak, pa, pat, they.
When the personal pronoun serves to designate the person who speaks,
the pronoun in the nominative case is used, and is always placed before the
verb if expressed by ink, nés. Example: I sing, ink nés wempsha; I speak,
ink nes nattwnsha. The personal pronoun can be rendered by ink only, but
ink, nés is more elegant and more in the Indian spirit, though it is a pleo-
nasm banished from our European languages. The same pleonasm is found
again in the other persons, as well singular as plural. If instead of ink
nés we use sh only it is put at the end of the word, as nattwnshesh I speak,
wempshesh I sing. Some bands do not aspirate the ὦ in this last case and
say simply nattwnshés, wempshés. In negative phrases nés is commonly used
alone and placed immediately after the negative. Ex.: I know nothing
about it chaw nés ashwkwasha, I will not sing chaw nés wempta. In some
cases, however, when it is wished to give more force to the reply, ink is
used, but preceded by nés as chaw nés ink, it is not 1.
In phrases conveying interrogation or doubt nés alone is used, as mish
nés winata, shall I go, kwak nés mish, perhaps I will go, perhaps not. In
ironical expressions both are used, the verb of the action being placed be-
tween the two. Ex,: wish nes winatarnei ink, shall 1 go? a phrase corres-
ponding to the French, ‘‘ as tu le courage de penser que j’irai (pour toi) ?”
When we wish to give force to an idea ink nés is used and expressed
together, succeeded by the verb, which again is followed by the pronoun
ink: Ink nés nattwnsha-ink, I myself speak.
In the first person plural namak is employed, either alone or accompanied
by natés or natesh, placed together or with several words between the two
at will. Examples; namak natés ania nit, we made the house; namak natés
wempta, we will sing. In negative phrases ¢és and natés are used indiffer-
ently, which are joined to the negative. Example: we do not laugh, chaw
tés tiasha or chaw natés tiasha. If it is wished to give more force namak is
added. Nanam is employed only when two persons are spoken of, whilst
YAKAMA GRAMMAR. 19
namtk expresses always a greatnumber. Example: napinik nanam winata,
we two will go; aw namtk atsha, let us go.
2d. Pronoun personal in the accusative case.
SINGULAR.
lst person inak nés, inak nam, me.
2d person imanak més, imanak nam, thee.
3d person pénik i, konak i, him.
PLURAL.
lst person némanak, us.
2d perssn immanak, you.
3d person | pémanak koémanak, them.
When the personal pronoun is in the accusative case inak can be used
alone in the first person or nés added at will. Ex.: inak inatonosha or inak
nes inatonosha, he chides me.
ᾧ 2. THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUN.
First Person.
SINGULAR.
“nom. enmi, my, mine.
gen. enmi, of my.
dat. enmiow, to my.
ace. enmin, my (in Wala-wala and Palus enmind. )
voc. na enmi, oh my.
abl. enmiei, enmi kaiei, by my.
PLURAL.
nom. enmima, my, mine.
There is no other plural case, for as it is evident that the possessive is
nothing but the personal pronoun, the accusative only changes.
2d person, nom. emink, thy, thine, acc. emin or emian. Thereis no plural.
3d person, is absolutely like the third person of the personal pronoun.
Singular of the First Person Plural.
Wala-Wala and Palus.
nom. néeémi, our, naami.
gen. neémi, of our, naami.
dat. néémiow, to our, naamiow.
acc. néémin, our, naamina,
voc. na néémi, oh our, na naami.
abl. néeémiei, by our, naamiei.
There is no plural.
20 - ΥΑΚΑΜΑ GRAMMAR.
Singular of 2d Person Plural.
nom. mamink, your, mamin.
gen. Ss of your, =
dat. mamiwk, to your, mamiow.
acc. mamin, your, mamina.
voc. na mamink, oh your, na mamin.
abl. mami-kaiéi, by your, . mamiei.
There is no plural.
Singular of 3d Person Plural.
nom. pénink, their, pamin.
gen. 96 of their, es
dat. pémiwk, to their, pamiow.
ace. pémin, their, paminai.
voc. na pémink, oh their. na pamin,
abl. pémikaiei, by their. pamiei.
Sometimes the possessive pronouns, my, thy, are rendered by their cor-
responding personals, me, thee, when friendship or relationship is expressed.
Thus, instead of saying enmi, réi, emink réi, my friend, thy friend, we say
ink rei, im rei, me friend, thee friend, inkoten, in pitz, me son, me nephew,
instead of enmi koten, enmi pitz.
ὃ 3. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN.
SINGULAR,
nom. shin, (some tribes say) shin, who, what which. ἢ
gen. shimin, (9 shinnmi, of whom.
dat. shimiow, (Ὁ shinnmiow, to whom.
ace. shimian (comp. shiminan) shiminan, whom.
voc.
abl. shimiei, shinmiei, by whom.
PLURAL.
nom. shimen. The other cases are not used.
CHAPTER IV.
Of the Verb.
The verbs have only certain tenses, viz: indicative imperfect or past
pluperfect, future, conditional, imperative, infinitive, present and past par-
ticiples, gerund. 9
ἄν νυ
YAKAMA GRAMMAR.
21
CONJUGATION OF THE VERBS TO HAVE AND TO BE.
lst. TO HAVE.
(avoir. )
Indicative Present.
nesh wa or wash nesh,
mesh wa or wash mesh,
penk awa or pinmink awa,
natésh wa or wash natésh,
matesh wa or wash matésh,
1 have.
thou hast.
he has.
we have.
you have.
pa wa or pemink awa,
they have.
In these verbs there is but one mode of expressing the past and the plu-
perfect.
Past and Pluperfect.
nesh wacha,
mesh wacha,
awacha,
natésh wacha,
matésh wacha,
awacha,
i wata
awata,
natesh
wata
matesh i ;
nesh
mesh
Future.
T shall
thou shalt
1 had or have had.
thou hadst, δ.
he had.
we had.
ye had.
they had.
᾿ have.
he shall have.
we shall
ye shall
᾿ have.
p’ awata, they shall have.
The verb to have has no imperative.
Conditional.
neh watarnei GE have
mesh 5 thou shouldst (
awatarnei, he should have.
natésh eee we should
matésh [ἢ ι ᾿ ye should have.
watarnei, they should
2D. TO BE. (Etre.)
Indicative Present.
ink nésh wa, Tam.
imk nam wa, thou art.
penk iwa, he is.
namak natésh, nanam, namtk wa, we are.
imak pam wa, you are.
pmak pa wa, they are.
22 YAKAMA GRAMMAR.
* Past and Pluperfect.
ink nesh wacha, I was, have or had been.
imk nam wacha, thou wast, §c.
penk iwacha, he was.
natesh wacha, nanam, namtk, namak, we were.
matésh wacha, «you were.
p-mak pawacha, they were.
Future.
ink nesh wata, 1 will be.
imk nam wata, thou wilt be.
penk iwata, he will be.
namak natesh, nanam, namtk, wata, we will be.
imak pam wato, you will be.
pa wata, they will be.
Imperative.
awak, be thou.
awatk, be ye, let them be.
Conditional.
ink nésh 1 should be, ὅς.
imk nam + waternei,
penk i
namak natesh, nanam namtk } ae
watarnei,
pmak pa
@ ἃ. Of the Active Verb.
All the tenses of the active verb are formed from the infinitive, which al- ἡ
ways terminates in sha or in ra.
The indicative present preserves the infinitive termination sha or ra, but
the first two persons of the singular and plural nevertheless may take a
particular termination. These are even employed by preference when the
phrase is affirmative or interrogative. In these cases the personal pronouns
which precede the verbs are dropped, or rather are added to the termina-
tion. These pronouns are és or ésh for the first, am for the second person
singular; tesh for the first, and pam for the second person plural. When
the pronouns are placed after the verb, in order to avoid the hiatus which
would occur by approximating the final @ and the initial ¢, a an elision is
made by dropping the final vowel of the infinitive. There are a great num-
ber of other finals, but as these are not common to all the words, I omit
them here, as, in order to indicate them, it would be necessary to make a
particular nomenclature of all these terminations and of the verbs to which
they are adapted. ᾿
The past is formed by changing the termination of the infinitive sha, ra
into na.
ee ee a a |, a ἀμ
=<. οΝνμδιυ σι
YAKAMA GRAMMAR. 23
The pluperfect is formed by adding the monosyllable na to the infinitive
termination sha.
The future is formed by changing the termination of the infinitive into ta.
The conditional is made by substituting for the infinitive termiaation that
of arna or tarnez. The Wala-walas, Roilroilpams and Palus instead of tarnez
use tarna.
The present participle is formed by changing the infinitive termination
sha into éla for the affirmative, and nal for the negative; the past participle
by changing it to 16, nié, ni for the affirmative, and into nwt, nal for the ne-
gative
The gerund is obtained by changing sha into ¢tésh or tés, or into nat, or
still again anat if the last letter of the root is an 7.
The imperfect is only the past preceded by the preposition :rwé later,
scarcely. (Wala-wala arwé.)
The pluperfect is sometimes rendered by the past, but the verb must then
be preceded by the adverb miwi (Wala-wala mim) a long time.
The imperative is formed by changing the sha of the infinitive into the
letter & for the singular and ἐξ for the plural.
CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE VERB.
Infinitive, timasha, to write.
Participles present, timatla, writing, fond of writing.
timanal, not writing. -
Participles past, timani, written.
timanal, unwritten.
Gerund, timatés ae
Ἔ Sor writing.
timanat
Indicative Present.
ink nés timasha, 1 write.
imk nam timasha, thou writest.
penk i timasha, he writes.
namak natés, } : ἶ
: timasha, we write.
nanam, namtk,
imak pam timasha, you write.
pa timasha, they write.
Second form.
timashés, I write or do I write.
timashain, thou writest or dost thou write.
i timasha, he writes or does he write.
timashatés, we write or do we write.
timashapan, you write or do you write.
pa timasha, they write or do they write.
24
Ink nes timana,
imk nam timana,
penk i timana,
namak natés timana,
imak pam timana,
pa timana,
timanés,
timanam,
i timana,
timanatés,
timanapam,
pa timana,
ink nes timashana,
imk nam timashana,
penk i timashana,
namak nates, &c., timashana,
imak pam timashana,
pa timashana,
timashanés,
timashanam,
i timashana,
timashana tés,
timashana pam,
pa timashana,
ink nés timata,
imk nam timata,
penk 1 timata,
namak nates, &c., timata,
imak pam timata,
pa timata,
timatés,
timatam,
itimata,
timatatés,
YAKAMA GRAMMAR.
Second form.
Past.
I have written. &
thou hast written.
he has written.
we have written.
ye have written.
they have written.
Second form.
I have written or have I written.
thou hast written or hast thou written.
he has written or has he written.
we have written or have we written.
ye have written or have ye written.
they have writien or have they written.
Pluperfect,
I had written.
thou hadst written.
he had written.
we had written.
ye had written.
they had written.
Second form.
had I written.
-hadst thou written.
had he written.
had we written.
had ye written.
had they written.
Future.
L shall or will write.
thou shalt or wilt write,
he shall or will write.
we shall or will write.
ye shall or will write.
they shall or will write.
shall I write ?
wilt thou write?
will he write 93
shall we write ?
YAKAMA GRAMMAR, 25)
timatapam, will ye write ?
pa timata, will they write 3
Conditional.
ink nes timatarnei, 1 should or would write.
imk nam timatarnei, thou shouldst or wouldst write.
penk i timatarnei, he should or would write.
namak natés, &c., timatarnei, we should or would write.
imak pam timatarnei, ye should or wauld write.
pa timatarnei, they should or would write.
Second form.
In this there is an irregularity which runs through all the verbs.
timatarneines, should I write.
timatarneinam, shouldst thou write.
i timatarnei, should he write,
timatarneinatés, should we write.
Imperative.
sing. timak or amash timak, write.
plur. timatk or amatésh timatk, write ye.
2 3. The Passive Verb.
The passive verb is only the present or past participle or the gerund,
conjugated with the auxiliaries to have or to be according to the necessity
of the case.
Example.
Indicative present.
Timatla nesh wa, I am writing.
‘¢ mesh wa, thou art writing.
‘awa, he is writing,
εἰ natesh, nanam, namtk wa, we are writing.
«* matesh wa, ye are writing.
‘cpa wa, they are writing,
Timani nesh wa, I am written.
τε nam wa, thou art written.
os > lee he is written,
as natesh, nanam, namtk wa, we are written.
‘66 pam wa, ye are written.
‘6 pa wa, they are written.
It is the same with all the tenses, but it must be remarked that in the
passive there is no infinitive.
J.
26 : YAKAMA GRAMMAR.
¢ IV. Of the Personal Verb.
The personal verb is formed by putting before the active verb expressing
the mode of being which it is intended to express, the dissyllable pina for
the persons of the singular, and pima for those of the plural.
Sometimes
piné, pimé are employed instead, when the verb to which the dissyllable is
joined, commences with a vowel, but pina, pima may be used.
pina tkrersha,
pina tkrertla,
pina tkrernal,
pina tkrerni,
pina tkrertésh
pina tkreranat
ink nesh
imk nam > pima tkrersha,
penk i
namak-natesh, &c.,
imak pam
p-mak-pa
pina tkrershés,
pina tkrersham,
i pina tkrersha,
pima tkrershatés,
pima tkrershapam,
pima tkrershapat,
ink nesh
imk nam
penk i
namak-natesh
imak pam
p-mak pa
Example.
Infinitive.
to love oneself.
Participle present.
loving oneself.
not loving oneself.
Participle past.
to have loved oneself.
Gerund,
of loving oneself.
Indicative Present.
7 love myself.
thow lovest thyself.
he loves himself.
we love ourselves.
pima tkrersha, ye love yourselves.
they love themselves.
Second form.
1 love myself, δ 6.
Past.
pina tkrerna,
pima tkrerna,
YAKAMA GRAMMAR. 27
Second form.
pina tkernés,
pina tkrernam,
i pina tkrerna,
pima tkrernatés,
pima tkernapam,
pima tkrernapat,
It is the same in all the other tenses.
@ V. Of the Reciprocal Verb.
The active verb is also used to form the reciprocal verb, being preceded
by the dissyllable papa. In the third person plural, however, where pa is
found it is dropped, doubtless, for euphony. These verbs have no singular.
Example.
Indicative present.
namak-natés, to love one another.
namtk, nanam
imak pam papatkrersha,
p-mak
Past. -
namak-natés
namtk, nanam }
imak pam papa tkrerna,
p-mak
These two tenses will suffice to aid in conjugating the others, since, as
will be seen, it is enough to place papa between the pronouns and the verb
and to conjugate the latter in the active voice.
ᾷ VI. Of Compound Verbs.
The compound verbs are very numerous, but the following are the cases
of composition.
1. If it is desired to express an action done or said far from the place
where we are, and which in the ideaimplies motion, the compound is formed
by adding msh to the ordinary terminations of the indicative. For the past
the radical na is changed into ma. Ex. timasha, timashamsh ; timana, tima-
ma. For the pluperfect shana is changed into shama; for the future m is
placed before the termination ta; timata, timamta; for the conditional m is
placed before the sign tarnei ; timatarnei, timamtarnei ; for the imperative m
is substituted for or placed before k, as timak, timam; timatk timamtk. In
this case the verb expresses motion from a distance towards the speaker,
whether the person spoken of has himself moved or has caused the move-
98 } YAKAMA GRAMMAR.
ment directly or indirectly. Ex. he has written to me, zt¢emana, he has come
to write ttimama.
2. If an action is to be expressed which require motion from the place
where one is towards a distant one, the syllable ta is used between the root.
and the terminal sign, and the verb is conjugated according to the examples
above given. Ex. he has gone to write, itimatana; he will go to write,
itimatata ; go write timatak.
8. If the compound verb is preceded in French by the verb “ finir,”’ the
verb which expresses the action is rendered by its substantive, which is fol-
lowed by the Indian verb to finish, nakrisha. Example, I cease to write,
timat nakriska, and the verb nakrisha alone is conjugated, as I will stop
writing timat nakrités.
4. If the compound verb is preceded in French by the verb “faire,” this
last is expressed by shapa or by té, which is placed before the root, and the
verb is conjugated in the usual manner as, I will set you to writing (Je te
ferai écrire) in a moment, kliks mesh shapa-timata.
5. If we wish to express disdain, irony, &c., the syllable tra or kra is
placed before the verb which indicates the idea to be conveyed. Example,
he has written badly ctratimana, he has written against his will, &c.
6. To mark the frequent repetition of an act by the same person, a con-
tinuity which excludes all other occupation, the termination simisa is added
to the substantive which conveys the idea to be expressed, and simisa is
conjugated as an active verb. Ex. he does nothing but write, he writes all
the time, ¢timatat simisa; he will do nothing but write, ¢timatat simita.
7. If we desire to express an action, fugitive, momentary, or of short
duration, the monosyllable we is used before the verb, and the latter is con-
jugated according to the usual rule, as I will write for a moment, as we ᾿
timata; he has written ἃ few words awtika iwetimana.
8. To convey a longer duration, a long space of time, tama is placed be-
fore the verb. Ex. I have waited long for you, lekwi mésh tamawaria; I will
wait a long time for you, lekwi més tamawarita. Lekwi and tama are in fact
a pleonasm, for /ekwi itself signifies a long time. It can at pleasure be used
or dropped.
9. If an action is to be expressed which is done during the night, taw is
made use of before the verb; tawtimashés, I write in the night time, ztaw
tumana, he wrote at night.
Examples.
I pina-shapa-taw - tra -ὀ hlik - tama warsha
He himself makes night disagreeably tiresome long wait; he keeps one long
waiting for him at mght. Pina, personal; shapa, make one do; taw, some-
thing happening at night; tama, a thing indicating a length of time; tra, some-
thing disagreeable ; hlik, something tiresome; wet, a thing of short duration.
I pina pitlasha, he washes himself.
YAKAMA GRAMMAR. 29
I shapa winasha, he makes one go.
I taw wempsha, he sings at night.
I tra washasha, he goes disagreeably on horseback (cannot ride. )
I we wempta, he will sing little (he will sing only a moment); hlik nam
nattwanha, you speak tediously, (you are a tiresome talker) ; am, to do a thing
for some one; klakem am anim, make me a saddle.
Syntax.
The syntax in the Indian language is very simple.
Ist. The Government of the Substantive.
The government of the substantive is indicated by the genitive, that is to
say, every substantive governs the genitive. Ex. Peter’s book (the book of
Peter) Pierre-mni timas. The wooden house (the house of wood) elwkasnmi
nit. As will be observed the governed is always placed before the substan-
tive which governs it.
If the governing substantive is itself governed by a verb, the substantive
which it governs takes the compound termination, and is put in the same
case as that which governs it. The compound terminal sign is only the
union of the dative or accusative with the genitive. Hxample, I am going
to the chief’s house, miawarnmiow nitiow nes winasha; Iam going to the
governor’s house, tamanwitlanmiow nitiow winashés; 1 execute my father’s
orders, na totasanminan tamanwitnan nes twanasha.
2d. Agreement of Verbs.
Verbs agree with each other, that is to say, if the principal verb or the
one which expresses the first idea is in the present, all the others will also
be in the present; if in the future, they all take the future sign; if in the
conditional, they will all be in the conditional tense. This is always to be
understood of the verbs which relate to the principal verb. Ex. If I had
gone there and had seen you, I would have engaged you to have accom-
panied me (si j’y etais allé et que je te visse je t’aurai engagé a m’accompa-
gner) paish nés winatarnei ko mes kreinwtarnei, narawtarnei mes _ tuanatiowi-
si je irai et je verrai engagerai te accompagne-
nak.
ment-moi. A literal translation.
3d. Agreement of Prepositions.
When a word is governed by a preposition or joined to one, all the sub-
stantives which refer to it take the preposition in like manner. Ex. He is
in my house, enmipa nitpa wwa (my in house, in he is.) He was hurt in
mounting a skittish horse, wieichwtlaki kwssiki isapneika (ombrageux par
cheval, par il s’est blessé. )
90 : YAKAMA GRAMMAR.
Remark.
In elevated style (for the Indians also have the common style and the
elevated in their oratory), they keep the noun governed by the verb in the
positive, as if indeclinable, and yet put in the accusative the adjectives and
pronouns depending on the substantive governed by the verb. It is by
virtue of this rule that they say: imanak patmaknanitarnei wanicht instead
of patmaknanitarnei eminan wanichtan. In these cases, as will be observed
in the Lord’s Prayer, the possessive pronoun is replaced by the personal.
Ex. nemanak nim tkwatat instead of nim neeminan tkwatatnan, &c.
a αν" νυ ΝΥ πα μα πο
SPECIMENS OF THE YAKAMA LANGUAGE.
Néémi Psht, imk nam Wamsh Roiemich-nik ; shir
Our Father thou thou art high on the side (heaven); well
(nam ’manak*) p’a t-makn&ni tarnéi wanicht ; shir éWwidna-
thou they (indef) should respect the name; well should
witarnei émink miawarwit ; shir nammanak pa twanénitarnéi,
arrive thy chieftainship ; well thee they (ind) should follow
ichinak téchampa, ténma, prwi, (Aamakwsrimmanak*) pa
here earth (on), inhabitants (the), will, thou as thyself they
twanenishamsh roiemipama tenma. Némanak nim
follow ; high of the (heaven) inhabitants (the). Our (us) give us
t-kwatak kWalissim maisr maisr. Némanak laknanim chélwitit:
food always to-morrow to-morrow. Our (us) forget sins :
—U
aatéskwsri namak t-ndrmaman lakndnisha chélwitit anakwnkink
us as we others forget sing have by which
néémiow pa chélwitia. R-t-to Anidnim némanak témni;
us have offended, Strong make our (us) heart ;
t-krawW krial. Némanak eikrénkém chélwit-knik.
(that it fall not.) Us snatch bad from the side (from evil.)
Ekws iwa néémi témna.
So it-is our heart.
* Nim manak. This is produced by the elision of na imanak! Othou! The employment of
the exclamation na is an elegance, and at the same time shows both greater respect and stronger
desire.
+ Amakwsrimmanak, elision between amakwsri and immanak. It is to be noted that kwsri,
as, in the same manner, just as, requires to be preceded by a sign indicating the person who acts
or, at least, is the soul of the action. Ex. Es kwsri ink, (1) as I; amukwsri imk, (thou) as thou;
amakwsri penk, (he) as he; aateskwsri namak, (we) as we; apam kwsri imak, (you) as you;
anakwsri pa, (they) as they.
PEACE SONG COMPOSED BY FATHER PANDOSY.
AiR: MARSEILLAISE.
Amatesh imak klarma tenma
Amatesh néman winandm
Klap-ré palei pam tranana
Apamko némanak nattwn
Wrinania kreshem-witki
Kopam ichi ikwak painta
Aow kwelh aow suiapénan
Chélwitpam alidnemta temna
Larstwei natesh wa Ténin Swiapoin
Epapnatesh papanisha Ténin Swia-
poin.
I.
Allez vous tous (les) Sauvages (les)
Allez, nous, venez, rejoindre
Quoique insensés vous soyez devenus
Lorsque vous nous parole
Avez rejeté entétement par
Eh bien! vous maintenant devien-
drez dociles
C’est assez l’ Américain
Mauvais vous gager le coeur
Un seul nous sommes Sauvages,
Américains
La main nous nous donnons Sau-
vages, Américains.
Il,
Aowpam immanak paniroieitki Eh bien, vous, vous paix par
Inarawshamsh kwir klamtorni Engage blanche téte
Amatesh aweiertidnem Allez done courez vers lui
Temna kto ananénim Coeur vite allez lui porter:
Taiama, Pitrma, Pimrma Ainés (les), oncles (les), paternels,
oncles (maternels)
Tilama, Pwshama, nekama Grand’pere, paternels, maternels,
nos cadets
Aow klarma paanirweitamta Allons tous, venez, faire la paix
Shir pam alidnemta temna Bon vous engagerez coeur
Lars twei tésh wata Ténin Swia- Un seul nous serons Sauvages, Amé-
poin cans
Epap, épap papainta Ténin Swia- La main nous donnerons, Sauvages,
poin. Américains.
ΠῚ.
E, aow nam Colonel Wright, imk-
sa,
Temnan nam pa ishnania:
Amako shirki nattwnki
Oui, eh! bien toi, Colonel Wright,
toi seul,
Coeur le toi a gagné ~
Lorsque toi bonne par parole par
PEACE
Paanirweit nam pa swswnma.
Aow ko natesh nwitkaki éki
Twimpesnan a-tkwei-ika
Kotesh émik-nink simka
Ko imtwalrarniow krepta.
Lars twei natesh wa Ténin Swia-
poin.
Epap natesh papanisha Swiapoin.
Anakopenk nam n’eémiow
Imanak inichatama
N’eémipa kopenk rairwit
Wakrish kwalisim iwata ;
Woptashié tranak nattwn
Aowlak aowlakpeink k-toki
Klarmamiow nam weinatki
Paishtam Swiapomamiow
Lars twei natesh wa Ténin Swiapoin
Epap natesh papanisha Ténin Swia-
poin.
Na reli rasloié chawaldoks!
Emipenk tesh lesetasa,
Néénuci ka nam wata
Papaiwm-mitpama timash
Shirnam némanak naknwimta
Amakwsri nam naknwitha
Klarmaman swiapo6maman
Emik nink tesh klawita
Lars twei natesh wa Ténin Swia-
poin.
Epap natesh papanisha Ténin Swia-
poin.
SONG. 33
La paix tu nous a fait entendre a
nos oreilles.
Eh! bien et nous, yrai par oui par
(par un oui veritable)
Le fusil avons posé a terre,
Et nous de ton coté seulement
Et a ton ennemi tirerons.
Un seul nous sommes Sauvages et
Américains
La main nous nous donnons Sau-
vages, Américains.
Iy.
Celui qui toi ἃ nous
Toi est venu amener
Dans nous ce jour
Vivant toujours sera
Ailée devions parole
Dans le vide vite par
A tous les toi vol par
Paraitras aux Américans
Un seul nous sommes, ὅτ.
O colorié, étoilé drapeau !
Dans toi nous nous plagons (nous
nous mettons sur les rangs).
Pour nous aussi tu seras
Ralliement (de) signe.
Bien, toi, nous viendras garder
De la méme maniére que tu gardes
tous les Américains.
De ton coté nous serons tués.
Un seul nous sommes, &c.
Allons donc yous tous Sauvages, venez vous joindre ἃ nous; quoique par
votre entétement a rejeter nos paroles, yous ayez fait une faute, du moins
en ce moment soyez dociles ἃ notre invitation.
Maintenant Sauvages et Américains nous
vais coeur contre les Américains.
C’est assez avoir un mau-
ne sommes plus qu’un seul, Sauvages et Américains nous nous donnons la
main.
δ
94 ; PEACE SONG.
IT.
Allons done vous tous que la Téte Blance engage, allons donc, courez vers
lui, allez vite lui porter votre coeur, vous tous nos fréres ainés, nos oncles
(paternels, maternels) nos grands péres (paternels, maternels) et vous nos
fréres cadets, venez tous faire la paix, venez donner votre coeur. Sauvages
et Américans nous ne serons plus qu’un seul cour, nous nous donnerons
la main,
III.
Oui, c’est toi et toi seul, Colonel Wright, qui as gagné nos cceurs lorsque
par ta douce parole, que tu as fait entendre a nos oreilles, tu nous a engagé
a la paix; c’est en toute verité que disant oui a ta proposition, nous avons
déposé nos armes a terre pour ne les reprendre et n’en faire usage que sous
tes ordres et contre tes ennemis. Maintenant Sauvages et Américains, nous
ne sommes plus qu’un seul coeur, Sauvages et Américains nous nous don-
nons la main.
΄
IV.
Le jour qui ta conduit au milieu de nous vivra toujours dans notre coeur;
ὃ ma parole prends tes ailes et d’un vol rapide va raisonner aux oreilles de
tous les Américains: maintenant Sauvages et Americains, nous ne sommes
plus quw’un seul ceur, ὅτ.
V.
O drapeau coloré et étoilé (drapeau Américain) nous nous placons sous
ta protection, pour nous aussi tu seras un signe de ralliement; tu étendras
sur nous aussi tes soins bienveillans comme tu les étends sur tous les Amé-
‘ricains, et comme eux nous mourons pour ta défense. Maintenant Sauvages
et Américains nous ne sommes plus qu’un seul ceeur, &c.
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DICTIONARY.
ADD
Abandon, w-ré-sha, ». wre-na,
f. w-ré-ta, imp a-w-renk ὁ. w-re-tar-
nei.
Abdomen, na-w-at.
Abhor, to, shi-wa-sha, shana,
shata, shak, tarnei; shiwet-no-sha,
shana, ta, nak, tarnei.
Able, wap-sor.
Abominable,
mel-la-nenk.
Abortion, n-mw-it; to have an
abortion, n-mw-i-sha, na, ta, k, tar-
che-lw-it-nenk,
nei.
Above, remi. Gen. ché-nik,
acc. and dat. chén; from above, reemi-
pama.
Abstain, to, chaw-a-kw-sha,
shana, akwta, akwk, akwtarnei.
Abundance, lar-wit; in abund-
ance, ma-aw.
Abundant, lar, pa-la-lei.
Abyss, krar.
Accept, ‘0, w-nep-sha, w-né-
pa, w-nép-ta, w-nepk, tarnei.
Accompany, (/0, twa-na-sha,
nana, nata, nak, tarnei.
Accustom, to, one’s self, shir-
tra-na-sha, na, ta, k, tarnei; shir-
w-sha-ik-sha, a, ta, om, tarnei.
Acorn, wo-wa-chi.
Act, an, kwt-kwt.
Act, to, a-kw-sha.
Actually, ma-ké.
Add, to, (give over and above,)
shar-sha, na, ta, kuk, tarnei.
AMU
Adder, pi-w-shé.
Adroit, wap-sor.
Adversary, i-lam-twr.
Affection, a-ta-wit.
Affectionate, a-ta-witla.
Affirm, to, e-a-kw-sha.
After, é-rw-é-sra.
Afternoon, pa-kwk-an-mai-é-
rw-é.
Afterwards, a-na-cha-ré.
Again, a-na-cha-ré.
Age, pwi, an-nw-im.
Agreeable, shir.
Ah! alala, atei.
Alarm, an, ti-tar-shi-tla.
Aliment, t-kwa-tat.
Alone, ksa added to personal pron:
ink-sa, J alone; imzksa, thow alone.
All, klar.
Along, to run, kat-nem-akw-sha,
shana, t, k, tarnei.
Also, kws-ré.
Although, kla-pré, n-chi-ké.
Always, kwa-lis-sim.
Amass, #o, na-ki-wi-sha, wia, ta,
k, tarnei.
Among, pa, at the end of the
word.
Amount. That amounts to nothing,
aw-ti-ka, at-shi-na.
Amputate, to, sar-kle-sha, ka,
ta, kom, tarnei.
Amuse, ἕο, one’s self, an-we-i-
sha, shana, ta, k, tarnei; lep-swis-
AUE
8a, Wia, wita, wik, tarnei; skré-
wisha, wia, wita, ik, tarnei.
Ancestors, n-chi-n-chi-ma.
Ancient, mi-ma.
And, w-i-na.
Anger, li-wa-tit, chi-la-kwit.
Animal, ka-ki-a.
Announce, to, ta-mwn-sha,
shana, ta, nenk, tarnei; ta-lw-ak-sa,
aska, askta, aisk, tarnei.
Annoy, ἴο, a-na-nwi-a-kw-sha,
ia, ta, k, tarnei.
Ant, sklw-ei-sa.
Antlers, i-w-kas.
Anus, skras.
Appetite, a-na-wit.
Applaud, to, e-a-kw-sha.
Apprehensive, wié-chw-tla,
skaw-tla.
Approach, to, wi-na-no-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
Arid, ri-a-o.
Arm, (weapon,) tw-im-pas.
Arm, (limb,) épap.
Armor, (cuvirass) krem-n4a-was.
Arrive, ¢o, wi-a-na-wi-sha, a, ta,
mm, tarnei.
Arrow, ka-i-a-so.
Artery, a-kw-sha-kws.
As, a-na-kws.
Ashamed, pi-na-klw-i-a-=tla; ¢o
be ashamed, pi-na-klw-i-a-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei.
Aspen, ni-ni.
Ass, an, i-a-mash-kwssi.
Assassin, pa-pin-shé, sa-ta-wi.
Attach, to, wa-la-kric-sha, ka,
ta, kom, tarnei; enkast-sha, ka, ta,
kom, tarnei; to become attached to,
pina-wala-kric-sha, pina-en-kast-
sha.
Attachment, = wa-la-kric-ka-
was, enkast-ka-was.
Auditor, am-si-a-rw-a-tla.
88. BEA
Augment, to, lar-tra-na-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei. Mai is sometimes put
before lar. -
Aunt, parar.
Autumn, ti-am.
Avarice, tw-at-sa-ré-wit.
Avaricious, tw-at-sa-ré.
Avow, ta-ma-peisk-sha, a, ta,
om, tarnei.
Avowal, ta-ma-peishkt.
Awake, to, tar-shik-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnel.
Awl, sti.
Axe, kro-is-kan, wat-sok.
B.
Babbler, α, na-twn-tla, es-senw-
i-tla.
Back, the, kop-kop, si-wi.
Bad, ché-lw-it, chaw-ow, mel-la.
Bag, tatash.
Bagatelle, a, pa-twn.
Bait, ta-kwk-twk-tesh.
Bake, to, ta-mak-sha, a, ta, &c.
Ball, ta-nins, i-el-pas, i-la-pat.
Bank of a river, a-lei.
Baptize, to, pe-tla-sha, na, ta,
tk, tarnei.
Baptism, pé-tlat,
Barge, n-chi-wasses, pot.
Bark, psa.
Barrel, ta-mo-lish.
Barrier, kra-lar.
Basket, ta-ta-she.
Bathe, ¢o, wi-na-né-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei.
Be, to, wa, wat-sha, wata, tarnei;
I am, ink-nesh-wa.
Beads, ké-pet.
Beak, nws-no.
Bear, (she) a, tw-i-tash, a-na-wi,
i-a-ka.
BLA
Bear, to, (bring forth), irisha,
iria, irita, irik, tarnei.
Beard, shw-o.
Bearded, shw-o-ié.
Beat, to, ti-wi-sha,
tarnei; to get beat, pina-shapa-ti-
wa-sha.
Beautiful, shir.
Beaver, i-ra, winsh-pwsh.
Because, kwn-kin.
Bed, pé-no-pa-ma.
Bedbug, ti-wa-li.
Bee, wi-twi-nat.
Before, wa-twi, sra; (adv. of
time) wa-twi, Acc. and Dat. wa-twi-
eta. k,
chen.
Beginning, w-it.
Beggar, i-er-ti-tla.
Behind, a-nak, Gen. a-nak-che-
nik, Acc. and Dat. anak-chen.
Believe, prw-i-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Bell,
kwa-lal.
Belly, na-wet, nwt.
Below, mi-ti, ra-lok, Gen. ra-
lok-ché-nik.
Belt, wa-la-kri-ka-was, wa-la-
chw-iks.
Bench, a-y-ka-was.
Benign, |-rat-tem-na.
Besides, a-na-cha-ré.
Bet, to, a-l-o-sha, na, ta, k, tar-
nei.
Better, ma-i-shir,
Beyond, kw-nink,
Bile, ma-resh.
Bind, to, wa-la-krik-sha,
kastk-sha.
Birds, the, ka-ki-a-ma.
Biscuit, sa-plil.
Bite, ‘o, chem-sha, shana, ta, k,
tarnei.
Black, sh-mwk.
wi-na-cha-tla; kwa-lal-
en-~
BRA
Blacken, to, sh-mwk-a-kw-sha,
1a, ta, k, tarnei.
Bladder, e-ws-pa-ma.
Blame, (fo, ne-te-no-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei.
Blanket, wt-pas, sha-tei; white
blanket, p-la-she, pi-et.
Blind, wam-nam-sha, shi-shi-
WS.
Blood, ti-ni-wi-né, é-lwk; to
stain with blood, ti-ni-woin-sha, a,
ta, k, tarnei. Blood stained, ti-ni-
woin-ie.
Blossom, ¢o, wa-pok-sha; na-
ti-sha.
Blow, to, sa-pw-lik-sha, a, ta,
om, tarnei.
Blue, 16-met.
Boat, n-chi-wasses, pot.
Body, wa-o-nok-shes.
Boil, to, (act.) tw-a-sha-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei; (newt.) e-mw-lat-sha,
na, ta, tk, tarnei.
Bole, twk-sai, twk-sai.
Bond, na-kwn, m-na-kwn,
Bone, pip-she.
Bonnet, takmal.
Book, ti-mash.
Booty, w-sha-nikt.
Born, to be, wa-krish-tra-na-sha,
wat-sha, shana, ta.
Bosom, ni.
Boucan, /o, meat, pai-na-te-sha,
shana, ta, k, tarnei.
Bow, tw-impas.
Bowel, large, ark-pash; small,
pi-pi.
Box, 4, wa-kram.
Boy, 2-sw-an, tar-nwt-shwnt.
Bracelet, a-lel.
Branch, Jarge, pa-tish; small,
kra-ta-lil,
Brave, wie-chw-nal;
nal; le-kok-nal.
as-kaw-
BY.
Bread, sa-plil; camash bread, a-
la-is.
Break, to, r-klak-wi-na-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei: to break a horse, wa-
sha-twi-sha, a, ta, k, tarnei.
Breast, ni; the breasts, ne-krot.
Breath, li-a-shw-it.
Breathe, to, i-a-sha; a-ash-na,
ta, nik, tarnei.
Bridle, sa-pat-sam-pa-was.
Brigand, sa-ta-wi, kwa-ali, chi-
‘a-W-ow.
Brilliant, lor.
Bring, to, na-na-shamsh, ma,
mta, m, tarneli.
Broth, tw-a-ert.
Brother, elder, pi-ap, i-a-ia, na-
i-a-ias; younger (named by the elder),
40
srop; (by the sister), patsht; (by
both), ne-ka; kwk-son, in-kaks.
Brother-in-law, mi-ow.
Brown, lam-t-lam-t.
Bud, é-kw-alm, tril-rit.
Build, to, nit-ani-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei.
Burn, to, élw-sha, na, ta, kom,
tarnei.
Burning, é-lw-ila.
Burthen, shap-she.
‘ Business, ta-kwn.
Bustard, ha-kak.
Busy, to be, ta-kwn-i-sha, ta-
kwn-ia, ita, ik, tarnei,
Butter, i-a-pash.
Butterfly, wa-lor-wa-lar.
' Button, par-pa-was.
Button, to, par-kr-p-sha, na, ta,
wm, tarnei.
Buy, ἴο, ta-mi-a-sha, shana, ta-
miata, tamiak, tarnei.
By, ki, pa.
CED
C.
Cabin, nit.
Cache, 2, nit-she.
Cache, jo, sha-pa-l-kw-ik-sha,
shana, ta, k, tarnei.
Calm, pesht.
Calumniator, in-mo-tla.
Calumny, in-mot.
Calvary, Calvaire.
Camp, wa-w-twk-pa-ma; winter
camp, a-no-tash; spring camp, sha-
tesh; to break up the camp, w-sha-
na-sha, na, ta, k, tarnei; from the
plain on the bank of the river, ws-ta-
mik-sha; on the banks up the river,
ws-tw-nik-sha; on the banks of the
river off in the plain, ws-pi-wk-sha.
Candle, la-ker-ri-ta-was.
Canoe, w-as-ses.
Canoe pole, e-i-ash.
Capable, rt-to, wap-sor.
Capsule, sra-o-kas.
Carbine, krat-ka-ti, tw-im-pas.
Carcass, pip-she.
Carnage, n-chi-pi-at-nat; n-chi-
pi-kli-a-wit.
Carp, rwn.
Carry, carry away, to, na-na-sha,
na, ta, k, tarnei; to carry on the
back, shap-sha, a, ta, k, tarnei; any
one on the back, ka-lak-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei.
Cascades, kop.
Cask, ta-mw-litsh.
Cat, pish-pish, pwsh.
Catechise, to, sap-sw-kwa-sha,
na, ta, nem, tarnei.
Catechism, sap-sw-kwat.
Caterpillar, se-i-se-i.
Cease, to, for a moment, tra-w-
567-88, na, ta, k, tarnei; for ever,
w-ser-sa, na, ta, k, tarnei.
Cedar, nan-k.
ee re
σοσ
Cellar, r-nem-ni.
Cemetery, i-aw-a-ta-sha, 1-cha-
cha.
Centre, pa-kwk, pa-chw.
Certain, nw-it-ka, kw-i-am.
Chain, to, wa-la-krik-sha, a, ta,
kom, tarnei.
Chair, a-i-ka-was, a-ik-pa-ma, a-
i-kws.
Chapel, ta-la-pw-sha-pa-ma-nit.
Charcoal, la-pw-ik, la-kro-she.
Charitable, sh-nw-ei-tla.
Chaste, wa-ta-twi-al.
Chat, io, na-twn-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei; es-sé-nw-is-sa, ia, ita, k,
tarnel.
Cheek, té-pesh.
Cherish, (0, a-ta-wi-sha, a, ta,
k, tarnei; a-tem-na-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei; at-ker-sha, na, ta, ker, tar-
nei.
Cherry, té-mesh.
Chief, α, mi-a-war, mi-or.
Child, α, a-sw-an; pl. mi-a-nash-
ma ; little child, pw-a-she.
Childbed, i-ri-te.
Chimney, wi-la-ta-was, é-lwks-
pa-ma. Ξ
Chin, té-nen.
Chisel, raps-raps-tli.
Christian, pé-tla-mi.
Church, tana-mw-twmpamanit.
Cicatrix, pa-i-w-it.
Clean, ki-ak, kw-ir.
Clear, kra ir.
Climb, fo, α mountain, pa-na-ti-
sha, a, ta, k, tarnei; ὦ tree, at-ke-
ni-sha, a, ta, k, tarnei.
Close, to, kra-la-ré-sha, ia, ta,
ik, tarnei.
Cloud, shw-a-tash.
Coal, live, la-kra-wksh.
Coat, tat-pas.
Cock, Le-coq.
COR
Cold, kré-set, ké-pes.
Cold, 4, k-krw-it; ta-no-rat, to
have a cold, k-krwi-sha, a, ta, n, tar-
nei.
Colt, kra-ik-kws-si.
Comb, tw-em-pas.
Combat, pa-ti-wit, pi-at-nat, pi-
kli-a-wit.
Combat, to, pi-at-na-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei; pi-kli-a-wi-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei.
Come, éo, wi-na-shansh, ma, mta,
m, tarnei.
Command, jo, ta-ma-nwi-sha,
a, ta, k, tarnei.
Commencement, w-it.
Compassionate, ‘o, sh-nw-ei-
sha, a, ta, k, tarnei.
Compassionate, adj. sh-nw-ei-
tla.
Conduct, éo, a-nit-shata-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
Confess, to, pi-na-ta-ma-peik-
sha, na, ta, k, tarnei.
Conquer, |-rat a-ni-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnel.
Construct, ¢o, a-ni-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei.
Consult, fo, sap-ni-sha, ia, ta, k,
tarnel.
Contented, kwa-tla-ni.
Contradict, to, ta-na-war-sha,
na, ta, k, tarnei.
Contrition, tem-na-n-mi, nar-
tit.
Converse, ἴο, na-twn-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei; es-se-nw-is-sa, ia, ita,
k, tarneli.
Cook, to, a-ti-sha, a, ta, k, tar-
nei; under the ashes, w-sha-nak-sha,
te, ke. tarnei.
Cooked, a-ti-she.
Copper, ma-ral-n-mi.
Cord, ta-rwr.
CU
Corpse, !|-cha-cha, at-na-ni.
Corrupt, ίο, si-sw-sa, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Cotton, sil.
Cough, k-krwt.
Cough, to, ke-krwi-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnel.
Counsel, tw-im-wt ;
Counsel, to, tw-mi-w-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei; sha-pa-prw-i-sha, ia,
ta, k, tarngi.
Count to, ti-ta-ma- shes na, ©
k, tarnei.
εὐ tet-sham.
Courage, r-to-tem-na.
Courageous, n-chi-tem-na, wi-
é-chw-nal. a
Course, paw-la-wert.
Cover, war-kw-aw-ka-was.
Cover, (0, ka-mai-a-kw-sha, ia,
ta, k, tarnei ; hes ae a,
ta, k, tarnei,
Cow, mws-mw-sin, a-i-et- wie:
Cowardly, wi-é-chw-tla, a-
skaw-tla.
Crab, kas-ti-la.
Creator, a-ni-tla.
Crime, ché-lwi-tit, mella-wit.
Cross, wa-wt-sa-ké, wa-ta-pli-é.
Cross, #0, i-a-ro-ik-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei.
Crow, α, ro-ro.
Crown, wa-la-loks.
Cruel, sa-ta-wi, ché-lw-it, mella.
Crupper, tw-in-pa-ma.
Cultivate, ta-ma-nik-sha, a, ta,
k, tarnei.
Curious, si-ak-tw-i-tla.
Curious, ἴο be, si-ak-tw-i-sha, a,
ta, k, tarnei.
Custom, tra-nat.
Cut, to, sar-klek-sha, ka, ta,
kom, tarnei; to cut wood, sar-kl-cha.
DOG
D.
Dagger, ra-pils-mi.
Dance, to, wa-sha-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Dart, ta-no.
Dart, to, p-ti-a-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Daughter- in- Senn p-nash.
Day, ra-ir.
Deaf, to-lak-met-si-w.
Dear, a-taw.
Death, at-nat, ἘΠῚ. pork.
Decamp, ‘oe, w-sha-na-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
Delirium, ὑπ τοῖς wit.
Delude, to, (in order to take) tam-
klw-et-wi-sha, a, ta, &c.
Demon, che-lw-it-wap-sor, mel-
la-wap-sor.
Descend, ίο, ga ka, ta, k,
tarnei.
Desert, to, wi- na-nin-sha, a, ta,
k, tarnei.
Design, without,
chi-na, kw-la-li.
Desire, ‘o, lwk-lw-krwa-sha, na,
ta¢k, tarnei.
Die, to, at-na-sha, na, t, k, tar-
ei; dying, shi-wet, i-a-noai, at-na-
ta-ta.
Difficult, o-i.
Dig, ¢o, re-nem-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnel.
Dirty, che-mak.
Disband, to, pa-pa-wi-a-pa-sha,
na, ta, nk, tarnei.
Disdain, to, ché-i-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Dish, ti-kai.
Disobey, kré-shem-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei.
Do, akw-sha, anisha.
Dog, kwssi-kwssi.
a-w-ti-ka, a-
EGG
Dollar, ta-la.
- Door, wes-pas.
Drag, one’s self, sa-pro-na-ti-sha,
a, ta, k, tarnei.
Draw, to, kré-up-sha, na, ta, nk,
tarnel.
Dress, to, (a skin) pae-la-me-
rek-sha, a, ta, k, tarnei.
Dress, ‘0, (one’s self) tat-pas-issa,
ia, ita, ik, tarnei.
Dressed, tat-pas-ie.
Drink. to, ché-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei. ;
Drive, to, before one, i-w-sha, na,
ta, k; awi-wk, tarnei.
Drown, 0,
sha, ka, ta, k, tarnei.
Drowsy, (to grow, pé-nw-a-ta-
sha, na, ta, k, tarnei.
Drum, kwi-kwi-las.
Drunkard, pa-lei-tlalom-ki, ta-
war-ki, tor-ki.
Dry, ri-a-o.
Dry, (0, la-ri-a-wi-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei. ©
Duck, rat-rat, wish-twk.
Dull, a-i-a-iash.
Dung, pé-shet.
During, pa, at the end of the
word; a-na-ko.
i-a-0-wel-kla-mei-
KE.
Ear, met-si-w.
Earth, tet-sham.
Easy, tser, chaw-e-tok.
Eat, to, t-kwa-ta-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei; to eat on the road, la-se-la-
si-sa, a, ta, k, tarnei; to eat before
starting, wé-mé-tep-sa, ta, kk,
tarnei; to eat at the camp, trask-sa,
ka, ta, k, tarnei.
Egg. sw-si-lo, ta-mam.
a,
43
EYE
Hight, pa-ra-tw-mat, wi-mé-tat.
Highty, pa-ra-tw-ma-tep-tit.
Elder, (tree), m-ta-pa-shw.
Elder, the elder, wat-wima, ia-ia-
ma; elder brother, pi-ap; elder sister,
pat.
Embark, to, wa-sha-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei. aa
Employ, to, sha-pa-kwt-kw-sha,
ia, ta, k, tarnei.
Empty, ta-ler.
Empty, ίο, ta-ler-a-kw-sha.
Encamp, wa-w-twk-sha, a, ta,
k, tarnei.,
Enclosure, kra-lar.
End (of α thing), la-krit.
Enemy, tw-al-ra.
Engraving, ti-mash.
Enlighten, éo, la-krai-ri-sha, a,
ta, k, tarnei.
Ennui, a-na-nwi-wit.
Enough, aw-kwel.
Enter, to, a-sha, shana, a-shta,
a-shen, tarnei.
Entire, na-men, na-mel.
Envy, pi-na-kai-wa-wit.
Envy, to, pi-na-kai-wa-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
Equal, kwal-re, kws-re, kwks-
sim. '
Esteem, to, a-shir-sha.
Everywhere, kler-pein.
Evil, ché-lw-i-tit, mel-la-wit.
Exchange, ίο, tre-ta-mi-a-sha,
na, ta, k, tarnel.
Excrement, pé-shet.
Expect, to, pa-pa-wa-krict-sha,
(wait. )
Expire, /o, at-na-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Extend, to, aws-nik-sha, a, ta,
k, tarnei.
Bye, a-ches, pl. at-ches.
Eye-brow, sle-mo-pop.
FIF 44.
F.
Fable, wa-tish, wa-ti-tash-nmi-
tamo; to tell fables, wa-ti-sha, a, ta,
k, tarnei.
Face, té-pesh.
Faint, to, with hunger, a-na-we-
ik-sha, ka, ta, k, tarnei; (otherwise),
la-wei-at-na-sha, na, ta, k, tarnei.
Fall, t-kra-w-krit.
Fall, to, t-kra-w-kri-sha, a, ta,
k, tarnei; tré-tam-ché-nwi-sha, a,
ta, k, tarnei; to fall as grain does,
trap-sa-wi-sa, a, ta, k, tarnei.
False, tshesk, tsheskwit, tshent-
la.
Far, very far, w-i-et.
Fast, a, t-kwa-tesh.
Fast, to, chaw-t-kwa-ta-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
Fat, chrao.
Father, p-sheut, p-shut.
Father-in-law, p-shes.
Fault, ché-lw-i-tit.
Fear, wie-chw-it; skaw-it; le-
kok-wit.
Fear, to, wi-é-chw-sha, na, ta,
n-k, tarnei; as-kaw-ssa, na, ta, n-
mk, tarnei; le-kok-sha, na, nmk,
tarnel.
Feather, wap-tas.
Feeble, lk-kap, sha-law.
Feign, to, chesk-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei.
Fell, to, warckl-cha, ka, ta, kom,
tarnei.
Female, a-i-et-wk.
Fence, kra-lar.
Fever, la-rw-ir.
Fever and ague, chw-ei-tla.
Field, ta-ma-ni-che.
Fifteen, pw-tempt (ten) w-i-na
(and) pa-rat (five).
wa-sha ;
FOA
Fifty, pa-rap-tit.
Fight, to, (quarrel), pa-pa-ti-
(in battle), pi-at-na-sha,
na, ta, k, tarnei; pi-kli-a-wi-sha, a,
ta, k, tarnei.
File, α, sa-pat-sam-ka-was.
Fill, to, ke-kwm-a-kw-sha, ia,
ta, k, tarnei.
Find, to, i-er-sha, na, ta, n-k,
tarnel.
Finder, 4, i-er-tla.
Finger, é-pap.
Finish, to, na-kri-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Fire, é-lwks; ¢o set on fire, tansk-
sha, ka, ta, an, tarnei.
First, wa-twi; rw-she, at the end
of the pers. pron.
Fish, t-kwi-na-tit, nw-sor.
Fish, to, (with a net), kwi-kwi-
sha, a, ta, k, tarnei; (with a line),
ner-ti-sha, a, ta, k, tarnei.
Fishing pole, ti-rai.
Fish hook, kri-a-chi.
Five, pa-rat; jive persons, par-
na-o.
Flag, cha-wa-i-lok.
Flame, i-la-wi-a-ta.
Flask, é-nen. ἃ
Flat, ti-kai.
Flea, ash-nam.
Flee, to, wi-na-nin-sha.
Flesh, né-kw-et.
Flour, sa-plil-twt-ni.
Flow, to, wa-na-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Flower, na-tit.
Flower, (¢o, na-ti-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei.
Flute, pi-w-ten.
Fly, mwr-li.
Fly, to, away, wo-i-na-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
Foal, to, ri-sha, a, ta, k, tarnei.
FUL
Follow, to, twa-na-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei.
Foolish, pa-lei; to talk foolishly,
pa-lei-sha.
Foot, w-ra; on foot, wi-na-ni,
w-ra-kilk.
Foof-print, wa-tik-she.
For, ka-0; for me, n-mi-ei; n-
mi-ka-iei; for thee, e-mi-ka-iei; for
him, pen-mi-ka-iei; for us, ne-é-mi-
for you, é-ma-mi-ka-iel ;
for them, pe-mi-ka-iei.
Force, r-t-tw-it, kol-tep-wit.
Forehead, shw-a.
Forget, to, lak-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnel.
Fork, pa-kro-ka-was.
Formerly, mi-wi, mi-mi.
Fornicate, to, wa-ta-twi-sha, a,
ta k, tarnei.
Fornication, wa-ta-tw-it.
Fornicator, wa-ta-twi-tla.
Fortune, ta-nw-et.
Forty, pi-nep-tit.
Fountain, nwm.
Four, pi-nept; speaking of per-
sons, pi-na-po.
Fox, ved, lwt-sa; grey, té-li-pa.
Freeze, to, (gcler), shé-sha-sha,
na, ta, k, tarnei; (glacer), ta-ka-
ok-sha, a, ta, k, tarnei.
Fresh, petl-ro.
Friday, par-na-mi-pa, pa-ra-ti-
pa. ‘
Friend, rai, shisk-twa.
Frighten, to, sha-pa-wi-ei-chw-
sha, sha-pa-skaw-ssa ; to be frighten-
ed at, pi-na-wi-ei-chw-sha.
Frog, a-lw-krat-a-lw-krat.
Froth, pw-shem.
Fruit, ta-ma-nikt.
Full, ke-mim, ke-kwn.
ka-iei ;
45
GRA
G.
Gain, i-she.
Gain, to, i-sha, i-shna, i-shta,
ishtk, tarnei.
Game, ka-kia;
mis-tei-wa-sha.
Game, α, a-nw-aét; skré-wit ;
lep-swit.
Game bag, kla-kam.
Gape, to, ta-or-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnel.
Garden, ta-ma-wit-she.
Gather, to, frwt, te-ma-ni-sha,
ia, ta, k, tarnei.
to hunt game,
Gay, kwa-tla-ni, ti-a-ni.
Gently, tlw-ei.
Gift, ni-she, ni-tw-it.
Girl, pte-wiks ; wnmarred, te-mai.
Girth, na-wat-pa-ma.
Give, to, a-ni-sha, a, ta, k, tar-
nei; ni-tw-i-sha, a, ta, k, tarnei.
Glass, 4, pi-na-kré-nw-ta-was-
mni twk-sai, klas.
Glass, kré-nw-ta-was.
Glove, lw-kwm.
Gnat, wa-wa.
Go, to, wi-na-sha, nana, ta, k,
tarnei; aw-namtk-atsha, let us go;
to go for one, wi-na-no-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei; wiana-wi-no-sha, shana,
ta, ik, tarnei; wa-ses-ki; to go at
large, pi-wt-sha, shana, ta; to go
out, at-sha, a, ta, k, tarnei; to go in
ὦ canoe, wa-ses-ki; w-sha-na-tesha,
shana, ta, ik, tarnei.
Goblet, che-ta-ta-was ; twk-sai-
kwk-sai.
Gold, ta-la.
Good, shir.
Goose, wa-nep-tas.
Gooseberry, ré-nen.
Grace, roe-mi-pa-ma-ni-she.
HAR
Grain, ta-ma-nikt.
Grandfather, ti-la.
Grandmother, katla.
Grant, a-ni-sha, ania, anita,
anik, tarnei.
Grass, was-ko, sek-sek.
Gratis, a-w-ti-ka, at-shi-na.
Gray, la-met, kash-kash, pa-pre.
Grease, i-a-pash.
Great, n-chi.
Greedy, kr-nep-né.
Green, 10-met.
Grind, to, twt-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnel.
Grow, ἴο, ta-war-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnel.
Grumbler, tlik.
Guide, wi-a-twei.
Guide, to, tw-a-na-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei.
_ Gun, ish-ré.
Gummy, ish-rei.
Gun, tw-im-pas.
H.
Ha, a-tei.
Habit, tra-nat, w-sha-i-kwit.
Hail, kw-i-kw-i.
Hail, to, kw-i-kw-i-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnel. |
Hair, lao-lao.
Hand, é-pap.
Handkerchief,tkwei-wei-wish,
tws-mors.
Handle, of a basket, pot, δ.,
waneptas.
Hang, to, chaw-kré-sha, ka, ta,
k, tarnei; to hang one’s self, pina
before the verb.
Happiness, shir-w-it.
Harangue, (0, na-te-no-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
HOR
Hard, klw-ei.
Hare, wi-la-lik.
Hasten, to, ké-to-as-kw-sha, ia,
ta, k, tarnei. |
Hat, (man’s) tak-mal; (woman’s)
sa-ri-li.
Hatch, to, ra-ta-tw-a; ng-ta-ik-
ta, k, tarnei. it
Hate, ἴο, shi-wet-no-sha, ché-i-
sha.
Have, to, a-wa-wat-sha, wata,
wak, tarnei; J have, nesh-wa or
wash-nesh.
Hawk, kria.-
Hay, shw-is.
He, pe-nk; pl. p-mak.
Head, klam-tor, tel-pi.
Headstrong, kre-shem-tla.
Hear, to, met-si-a-rw-a-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
Heart, tem-na.
Heat, é-i-chw.
Heaven, roe-mi-pa-ma-tit-sham.
Heavenly, roe-im-pa-ma.
Heavy, ko.
Hell, mi-ti-chen, en-per.
Hemp, ta-rws.
Hen, le-kok.
Henceforth, chi-né-nink.
Herd, ta-no.
Here, it-chi-na, acc. and dat. it-
chen.
Hide, kla-mei-ik-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei.
High, roemi.
Hill, pwsh-tei.
Hind, iapnit.
His, pen-mink.
Hogshead, ta-mw-litsch.
Hole, t-krw-ait.
Homicide, sa-ta-wi, pa-pinsh.
Horn, en-nen.
Horrible, che-lw-it.
INS
Horse, kwssi; race horse, sha-
pa-la-wer-pa-ma.
Horseman, wa-sha-tla.
House, nit; at the house of, pa at
the end of the word or n-mi-pa.
How, mish-nin, mani.
How much, how many, mélt.
Humid, i-a-kle-pit. ;
Hummingbird, r-mem-sa.
Humpbacked, ma-kar-né.
Hundred, pw-tap-tit.
Hunger, a-na-wit.
Hungry, to be, a-na-wi-sha, a,
ta, k, tarnei.
Hunt, to, w-sa-la-tis-sa, ia, ta,
k, tarnei.
Husband, am.
Hypocrite, chesk-tla.
1.
I, nk, nes, nesh.
Ice, tor, ta-ka-ok.
Idea, prw-i.
If, pa-ish.
Ignorant, pa-lei; to be ignorant,
chaw-a-shw-kwa-sha, na, ta, k, tar-
nei
Imbecile, pa-lei, a-i-a-iash.
Importune, ἴο, a-na-nwi-a-kw-
sha, ia, ta, k, tarnei.
Impossible, taw-na-wa-tesk.
Impure, wa-ta-tw-i-tla.
In, pa at the end of the word.
Inclose, to, kra-la-ré-sha, ia, ta,
ik, tarnei.
Incorrigible, kré-shem-tla.
Indian, ten, na-ti-tait.
Infirm, pa-i-w-ié.
Inhabitant, ten, na-ti-tait.
Insolent, ta-ma-kal.
Instant, sat-i-kws.
JUG
Instruct, (0, sap-sw-kwa-sha,
na, ta, k, tarnei.
Insult, ‘0, w-re-tem-sha, na, ta,
nk, tarnei; wa-w-kr-sha, ka.
Insulting, w-re-tem-tla.
Intelligent, wap-sor.
Interpret, to, ta-ma-sw-ik-sha,
a, ta, k, tarnei.
Interpreter, ta-ma-sw-ik-tla.
Interrogate, to, sap-ni-sha, a,
ta, k, tarnei.
Intestine, απ, ark-pash.
Intimidate, ίο, sha-pa-wi-é-
chw-sha, na, ta, nemk, tarnei.
Intoxicate, to, sha-pa-pa-lei-
sha, na, ta, k, tarnei.
Intrepid, wi-é-chw-nal, as-kaw-
nal.
Tnundate, to, i-a-o-wei-na-sha,
na, ta, k, tarnei.
Inundation, i-a-o-wei-nat.
Invincible, kwa-la-lé.
Invisible,chaw-tei-kré-nw-tash.
Iron, sti, ra-ra-i-wk.
Irritate, to, sha-pa-li-wa-ti-sha,
a, ta, k, tarnei; to become irritated,
is-ser-sa, na, ta, nk, tarnei.
Island, é-ma, ma-wi.
J.
Jaw, em.
Jay, ai-ai.
Jealous, pa-ler-tla.
Joy, kwa-tlat.
Judge, ¢o, na-te-no-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei.
Judgment, na-te-not.
Juggle, fo, lar-pi-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnel.
Juggler, tw-a-ti.
LAU 48
Keep, éo, nak-no-i-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei.
Kernel, tem-la-tem-la.
Kettle, twk-sai.
Key, wa-rel-pa-was.
Kick, to, pa-ta-na-wi-na-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
Kill, to, pi-at-na-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei ; pi-kli-a-wi-sha, datas is,
tarnel.
Kindle, to, e-lwk-sha, shana, ta,
k, tarnei, F
King, mi-a-war; mi-or.
Kiss, por-sa.
Kneel, to, op-te-na-ik-sha, aika,
aikta, ik, tarnei.
Knife, ra-pils-mi, krwt-krwt-li.
Knot, to, wa-la-krik-sha, en-
kast-sha.
Know, ‘to, a-shw-kwa-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei; shw-kwa-ni-sha ;
teksha, shana, ta, om; te-ka-ni-sha,
ia, ta, k, tarnei.
L.
Lace, to, ta-mas-k-sha, ka, ta,
am, tarnei.
Ladder, wa-ti-ka-tla.
Lake, wa-tam.
Lame, kar-ni.
Lamprey, 2-swm, ka-sw-ias.—
Land, to, a-lei-sha, shana, ta,
ak, tarnei.
Language, na-twn, es-sé-aw-it.
Large, n-chi.
Lark, rol-rol.
Last, la-kré-sa-tla, a-nak.
Laugh, ἰο, ti-a-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei; we do not laugh, chaw-tes-ti-
a-sha; to laugh at, sa-pé-lem-sa, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
LIT
Law, ta-ma-nw-it.
Lazy, e-tok-tla.
Lead, to, na-na-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei; to lead a horse, ti-men-ta-ti-
sha, n, ta, k, tarnei.
Leaf, apr-apr.
Lean, kra-io.
Leap, t-lwp.
Leap, to, tlwp-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Learned, wap-sor.
Leather, é-par.
Leave, to, w-ré-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei; wia-nok-sha.
Leech, 1-kop-sha.
Leg, w-ra.
Lend, to, w-emp-shi-sha, a, ta,
k, tarnei.
Lengthen, to, at-shar-to-sha,
shana, ta, newk, tarnei.
Less, ma-i-ka-i-wa, mai-mé-la.
Letter, ti-mash.
Liar, chesk-tla.
Lick, to, mé-lai-mé-lai-nra, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
Lie, to, chesk-sha, na, ta, k, tar-
nei,
Lie, to, down, pi-na-o-ré-sha, na,
ta, nk, tarnei; mam-rw-i-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
Life, wa-krish-wit.
Light, «dj. por.
Light, α, la-ka ir-ri-ta-was, ra-ir.
Light, to, a pipe, wa-lok-sha,
shana, ta, k, tarnei.
Like, kws-ré.
Linen, ta-rws-mi.
Lip, em.
Listen, to, met-si-a-rw-a-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei; a-in-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Little, ik-siks, wap-tai, ik-kes,
i-kat-i-kat.
ΝΣ ΝΣ ΝΣ ee a a μ᾿...
ΜΑΤ
Little, a, ik-kés, mé-la.
Liver, ma-kresh.
Living, wa-krish.
Load, to, shapa-shap-sha, a, ta,
k, tarnei; a load, shap-she.
Loan, w-emp-shit.
Lodge, nit.
Long, kat-nam.
Lose, w-ré-sha, na, ta, k, tarnei.
Louse, (of head,) a-pen; (of
body,) pa-w-lwk.
Love, a-ta-wit.
Love, ίο, at-ker-sha, na, ta, ker,
tarnei; tem-na-sha, nana, ta, nak,
tarnei. Speaking of little children
and animals they say, nem-no-sha;
aimer des yeux, at-shes-wi-sha, wia,
ta, ik, tarnei; to have an affection
for, a-ta-wisha, ata-wia, ita, ik, tar-
nei.
Low, miti; low people, o-lim-ten ;
s-lim-na-ti-ta-it, o-lim-pas-ton.
Lung, shw-shop.
M.
Mad, pa-lei.
Magpie, ai-ai.
Maize, stwrs-wa-kwl.
Man, winsh, ten, na-ti-tait; men,
ten-ma, na-ti-tait-ma, winshma.
Mane, to-ta-nik.
Manner, tra-nat.
Many, lar, lir, r-lak, pa-la-lei.
Mare, ai-et-ws-kws-sé.
Mark, ti-mash.
Mark, ¢o, ti-ma-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Marrow, ta-po.
Master, kw-tli.
Mat, skw-as, ont-ko, klim.
Matches, tw-nis.
MUR
Me, ink, in.
Meadow, (07 the mountains) tak ;
(tn the plains) é-i-par.
Measure, fo, ti-ta-ma-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
Medal, wei-wish.
Medecine, plar;
glery) ta-o-ti-nwk.
Medecineman, tw-a-ti.
Meet, to, ws-ta-mi-a-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei.
Middle, pa-kwk, pa-chw.
Milk, né-krot.
Milk, ¢o, sha-pa-wa-na-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
Mingle, to, ei-tw-a-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei.
Mint, a-shw-ra-shw-ra.
Miserable, chi-a-wo, sh-nw-ei,
i-a-0.
Miss, to, a blow, wop-tai-sha, a,
ta, k, tarnei.
Mist, ti-na-iks, pas-tsat.
Moment, sa-ti-kws.
Month, al-ra-ir.
Moon, al-rair.
Morning, skw-i-pa.
Mother, p-cha.
Mother-in-law, p-nash.
Mould, si-sw.
Mouldy, to grow, si-swn-ra, a,
ta, ἘΞ tarnei.
Mount, @ horse, wa-sha-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnel.
Mountain, pé-tra-nok.
Mouse, la-kas.
Mouth, em; of a river, pa-shin-
ki-ot.
Much, lar, lir, r-lak, pa-la-lei.
Mud, mé-kl-kl; to make a mud
wall, ta-ma-klak-sha, mé-kl-kl-chi.
Muddy, mé-kl-kl-ié.
Mule, i-a-mash-kws-si.
Murder, pi-at-nat, pi-kli-a-wit.
(Indian jug-
NOT
Murderer, pa-pinsh, pi-at-na-
tla, pi-kli-a-wi-tla.
Music, w-em-pash.
Muzzle, nws-no.
My, n-mi, en-mi.
Ν.
Nail, (ongle) a-sa, (clow) wa-kr-
pa-was.
Naked, aw-nam-ke, ro-yam-ro-
yam.
Name, wa-nitsh, wa-ni-kw-it.
Name, to, wa-nik-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei.
Named, to be, pina before the verb.
Wear, tsi-wes, sa. Gen. sa-ke-
nik. Dat. sa-i-a-o. Sa governs the
dative except in sA-en-mi-o, near me.
Neck, ta-nw-et.
Needle, chaw-a-épi.
Negro, sh-mwk-ten.
Neigh, ¢o, i-nem-ra, ma, ta, k,
tarnei.
Nephew, pitr, pimr.
‘Nerve, w-it-sés.
Net, hand net, koi-kw; long net,
t-k-ni.
Never, chaw-mwn.
New, chem-té.
News, ta-mo, ta-lw-askt.
Niece, pitr, pimr, pa-i-a.
Night, t-sat; by night, taw, be-
fore the verb. I write by night, taw-ti-
ma-shés.
Wine, se-meskt.
Ninety, se-mesk-tep-tit.
No, chaw, wé-twn.
Wo, (adj.), chaw-nars, chaw-shin.
Nocturnal, t-sat-pa-ma.
Woon, pa-kwk-an.
Nose, nws-no.
Not at all, chaw-me-nan.
50 ORP
Nothing, chaw-twn ; that amount
to nothing, a-w-ti-ka, at-shi-na.
Now, i-chi-i-kwak, chi-kwk.
Number, ¢o, ti-ta-ma-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
Numerous, lar, lir, pa-la-lei,
ré-lak.
Nurse, to, (suckle), sha-pa-lw-
lwk-sha, ka, ta, lwk, tarnei.
Nut, kw-kwsh.
O.
Oak, sw-nips.
Oar, kro-i-a.
Object, ta-kwn, sho-a-chin.
Obscure, ta-ham.
Obstinate, to de, kre-shem-sha,
na, ta, k, tarnei.
Occupy, kwt-kw-sha, ia, ta, k,
tarnei; ra-nei-sha.
Odor, ti-wat.
Of, n-mi.
Oh, a-tei.
Oil, wo-litsht.
Oil, to, wo-lit-shi-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei.
Old, for things, mi-ma; for males.
rw-sat, rw-sa-nat; for females, tle-
ma-ma; to grow old, rw-sa-twi-ssa,
a, ta, k, tarnei.
One, nars, lars, sra.
Onion, shak.
Open, fo, τ. (as flowers, ) wa-pok-
sha; as an egg, wa-prk-sha; act. a-
sha-relp-sha, a, ta, k, tarnei.
Order, i order to, kwn-kin; or
by the gerundive in tesh; in order to
go to heaven, roemitschen winatesh.
Order, an, ta-ma-nw-it.
Order, ¢o, ta-ma-nwi-sha, a, ta,
k, tarnei,
Orphan, a-na-tat.
PEB
Osier, te-tar-she.
Other, te-ner.
Our, né-emi, na-ami.
Outside of, am-che-nik, acc. and
dat. am-chen.
Oven, ta-ma-ka-was.
Over and above, cha-aw-ka.
Overflow, ίο, i-a-o-wei-na-sha.
Owl, ha-ha-tla, a-mash, mi-ma-
no.
Ox, mws-mus, mws-myws-in.
P.
Paddle, kro-i-a.
Pain, pa-i-w-it.
Paint, to smear one’s self with
paint, pi-na-tra-o-i-sha, na, ta, nak,
tarnel.
Paint, to, tra-wi-a-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei; to paint one’s self, pina be-
fore the verb.
Palisade, em-ma.
Pantaloons, sw-la-tas, ni-atsh.
Papa, té-ta, to-ta.
Paper, ti-mash.
Paradise, roe-mi-pa-ma-tet-
sham.
Park, kra-lar.
Partridge, karno.
Passage of a river, i-a-ro-ikt, i-
a-ro-ik-tesh.
Pasture, to, spa-ta-sa, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Path, i-chet.
Paunch, ark-pash.
Paw, w-ra.
Pay, i-w-sha, i-wsh-na, i-wsh-ta,
i-wshk, tarnei.
Pea, lé-pois.
Pear, chi-cha-i-a, chi-cha.
Pearl, ke-pet.
Pebble, p-shw-a.
PLE
Pectoral, ni-pa-ma.
Peel, to, mi-wk-sha, ka, ta, k,
tarnel.
Pensive, prw-i-tla.
People, ten-ma, na-ti-tait-ma.
Perch, é-lw-kas.
Perhaps, kwa-mish, mish-kwak,
kwak.
Perish, to, at-na-sha, klia-wi-
sha.
Persevere, twa-na-sha-kwa-lis-
sim.
Persist, kre-shem-sha,
Person, sha-kwn, sho-a-shin.
Pervert, che-lw-it-sha-pa-tra-
na-sha, na, ta, k, tarmei.
Pheasant, pti.
Physician, tok-ter, plar-i-tla.
Pickpocket, pa-rw-i-tlam.
Picture, ti-mash.
Pigeon, me-tal-lo.
Pimple, sw-swms.
Pin, ka-pws.
Pine, ta-pash
Pipe, wa-pai, cha-la-met.
Pipe stem, pat-sa-kas.
Pistol, ikat-i-kat-tw-im-pas, kai-
wa-tw-1m-pas.
Pity, to, shnw-ei-sha, eia, eita,
nem, tarnei.
Place, n-ma-kwn.
Plait, (0, wa-pa-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnel.
Plant, fo, ta-ma-nik-sha, a, ta,
k, tarnei.
Plate, ti-kai.
Play, to, a-nw-ei-sha, skré-wi-
sha, lep-swi-sa, a, ta, k, tarnei; with
the hand, pa-li-o-sha, na, ta, k, tar-
nei; with cards, tam-klak-sha, a, ta,
om, tarnei; ¢o the last penny, ta-ma-
klar-sha, na, ta, k, tarnei.
Pledge, a-li-o-she
PUR ~
Pledge, ἴο, a-li-o-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Plough, to, shwa-sha-tet-sham.
Plumage, wap-tas.
Plume, pa-ta-she.
Plunder, to, pa-rw-i-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei.
Pocket, psa-tes-pas, ta-tws; to
put in one’s pocket, psa-ta-sa, na, ta,
k, tarnei.
Pond, wa-tan.
Poor, sh-nwei, i-a-o.
Pot, twk-sai.
Pound, to, twt-sha, na, ta, ak,
tarnei. |
Pour, owt, to, i-ar-ta-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei.
Powder, la-tor-tor, pors-pors.
Powerful, r-t-to, kol-tép.
Praise, shir-shw-it.
Pray, to, ta-na-mw-twm-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei; ta-la-pw-shak-sha, a,
ta, k, tarnei.
Prayer, ta-na-mw-twmt, ta-la-
pw-sha.
Precept, ta-ma-nw- it.
Pregnant, i-ak.
Present, @, ni-she, ni-tw-it.
Preserve, to, nak-no-i-sha, a,
ta, k, tarnei.
Pretty, shir.
Price, prize, i-w-she.
Priest,sh-mwk-tat-pas, le prétre.
Proud, to grow proud, pi-na-
chel-sha, na, ta, k, tarnei.
Provision, a-pi-she.
Purchase, ta-mi-a-she.
Pure, wa-ta-twi-al, kw-ir-tem-
na.
Pursue, tw-a-na-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnel.
REM
Q.
Quarrel, ‘0, pa-pa-w-ré-tem-
sha, na, ta, k, tarnei.
Quick, ke-to, cho.
Quiver, tw-shes.
R.
Rain, tor-tor, sra-wit-it.
Rain, to, tor-tor-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei; sra-wi-ti-sha.
Rainbow, i-la-pa-sra.
Rampart, emma.
Rapid, r-to.
Rarely, pa-lis-ram.
Raspberry, 2-tw-na-tw-na.
Rat, la-kas. ;
Rather, mai-ke-to.
Rattlesnake, war-pw-she.
Rave, io, pa-lei-sha, na, ta, ,
tarnel.
Raw, ra-pil.
Reappear, pa-i-sha, pa-ish-na,
pa-ish-ta, nmk, tarnei.
Rear, anak.
Receive, to, w-nep-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnel.
Recognize, to, shw-kwa-ni-sha.
Red, (rouge), lw-cha, (roux), ma-
resh. :
Reed, wa-pai.
Regard, to, kré-nw-sha, na, ta,
nk, tarnei; a-tok-sha, shana, ta,
am, tarnei.
Reject, to, w-ré-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei.
Rejoin, to, pat-kw-ma-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnel.
Relate, ¢o, ta-mwn-sha, ta-lw-
ak-sa. ;
Relation, pen-min-ten.
Remedy, plar, taw-ti-nwk.
Remember, ‘0, a-tem-na-nar-
ROT
sha, na, ta, k, tarnei; per-sha, na,
ta, mk, tarnei.
Render, to, pie-tor-sha, na, ta,
mk, tarnei.
Repast, a, t-kwa-tat.
Repeat, to, sa-pw-in-sha, ka, ta,
k, tarnei.
Repent, to, nar-ti-sha-tem-na-
pa.
Reprehend, to, ti-a-nep-sha,
pa, ta, k, tarnei,
Respect, to, te-mak-sha, ka, ta,
om, tarnei.
Retire, to, ei-keunk-sha, a, ta,
om, tarnei.
Return, ¢o, é-tor-sha, na, ta,
nmk, tarnei; tor-shamsh, tornma;
tornemta, tornink, tarnei.
Rib, ropt.
Rich, ta-nw-eit-ié.
Riches, ta-nw-eit.
Rifle, krat-kati, tw-im-pas.
Right, t-sw-ei, t-kwik; right
side, nw-it-ké-nik. Acc. and dat.
nw-it-kan.
Ring, @, so-prol-kas.
Ripe, ra-wié, a-ti-sha.
Rise, to, tw-ti-sha, a, ta, k, tar-
nei; trak-shik-sha, a, ta, k, tarnei;
to rise again, wa-krish-wi-sha, a, ta,
k, tarnei.
River, at-wan.
Road, i-chet.
Roast, to, ta-wa-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnel.
Robe (of furs,) she-mor; an In-
dian woman’s robe, tap-ski.
Robust, r-to, kol-tép.
Rock, p-shwa.
Root, met-sei; an eatable root,
a-na-she.
Rose, tam-she-shw-n-mi-na-tit.
Rot, to, si-sw-sa, na, ta, k, tar-
nei.
53
SEE
Route, i-chét.
Rudder, w-shemtk.
Rugged, krar.
Run, éo, wer-ti-sha, a, ta, k, tar-
nei; to run to any one for interest,
wer-ti-o-sha ; to run a race, sha-pa-
la-wer-ti-sha; to run away, wi-na-
nin-sha, a, ta, k, tarnei.
Runner, wer-ti-tla.
Ὁ.
Sack, ta-tash, le sac.
Saddle, kla-kam.
Saddle, ἔο, kla-kam-i-sha, a, ta,
om, tarnei.
Salmon, large, t-kwi-nat, nw-
sor; small, ka-lor, é-sa; white, mé-
tw-la.
Salt, sol.
Salt, adj. so-lié.
Salt, to, so-li-sa, a, ta, k, tarnei.
Same, kws-ré.
Sand, né-nw.
Saturday, p-tar-nins-pa,
lars-pa, sa-sa-pa-lw-i-tio.
Savior, wa-krish-a-ni-tla.
Saw, sar-kl-ka-was.
Saw, ἴο, sar-klek-sha, a, ta, om,
tarnel.
Scabbard, tw-shés.
Scalp, to-ta-nik.
Searcely, ik-siks, wap-tai, mé-
la.
Scold, na-te-no-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Scratch, to, ws-kram-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei; pina-ei-a-sha.
Sea, at-at-shes.
Season, (0, a-i-tw-a-sha, na, ta,
0-i-
k, tarnei.
See, fo, a-kré-nw-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei; a-tok-sha, a, ta, om, tarnei.
SID .
Seek, to, a-wi-sha, a, ta, k, tar-
nei.
Self, kws-re ; né-nik at the end;
himself, pen-ne-nik; ourselves, na-
mak-ne-nik.
Sell, to, ta-mi-a-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei; (neuter), pina before the verb.
Send, to, mé-ta-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei; to send or go for, m-pa-ta-
sha, na, ta, k, tarnei; to send back,
e-to-ra-ta-sha, na, ta, k, tarnei.
Separate, to, wi-a-pa-sha, na,
ta, nk, tarnei.
Set, to, the sun ts setting, a-na-
sha, na, ta; a-nas-kik-sha, a, ta; to
set out, wi-na-sha, na, ta, k, tarnei.
Seven, tws-ras, wi-nept.
Seventy, tws-ras-tep-tit, wi-
nept-it.
Several, lar-ma.
Sew, ‘0, wi-ser-sa, na, ta, Κι, tar-
nei.
Shade, kresh.
Shame, pi-na-klw-i-at.
Sharpen, ¢o, sha-pa-tsam-sha,
amka, ta, aink, tarnei.
She, peuk, pl. pe-mak.
Sheep, wa-o.
Shelter, wa-w-twk-pa-ma, wa-
w-twk-tesh.
Ship, shep.
Shirt, tat-pas, ta-rws-nmi.
Shiver, to, chw-ei-sha, na, ta,
nem, tarnei; i-o0-i-a-shak.
Shoe, |-kram.
Shot, small, ka-kia-pa-ma.
Shoulder, krem-kas.
Shut, to, krap-a-kw-sha, ia, ta,
k, tarnei; to shut a door, w-esp-sa,
a, ta, ak or a-sik, tarnei.
Sick, pa-iw-i-tla.
Sickness, pa-iw; long, ta-ma-
wa-tat.
Side on this side, ché-nik.
SLO
Sign, ti-mat.
Silence! cho-tra-nak! w-sir!
w-sr !
Silver, ta-1la.
Sin, che-lw-it-it, mel-la-wit.
Sin, ¢o, mel-la-wi-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei; che-lwi-ti-sha.
Since, a-na-ko ; since when, mo-
ma. }
Sing, to, w-emp-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnel.
Sister, (e/der,) pat; younger, la-
i-mwt, (named by brother,) at-se; (by
sister) si-pe; familiarly, ni-a.
Sister-in-law, p-nok.
Sit, to, ai-ik-sha, a, ta, aik, tar-
nei.
Six, p-tar-nins, o-i-lars.
Sixteen, pw-tempt-wi-na-p-tar-
nins.
Sixty, p-tar-nins-p-tit, o-i-lars-
p-tit.
Skin, é-par.
Skin, to, shw-a-sha, shana, ta, k,
tarnei.
Skull, at-se-ra-sé-ras, pal-ka.
Skunk, ti-sai.
Slander, to, in-mo-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei.
Slave, a-shw-a-ni-a.
Sleep, pe-no; to go to sleep, pi-
na-sha-pa-pe-no-sha; {0 put to sleep,,
sha-pa-pé-no-sha.
Sleep, ¢o, pe-no-sha, na, ta, nk,
tarnei; mam-rw-i-sha, a, ta, nk;
mam-w-sha, na, ta, nik, tarnei; to
oversleep one’s self in the morning,
taw-kwm-sha, ma, ta, nik, tarnei;
to sleep sound, me-kwet-pé-no-sha.
Sleeper, one who goes to bed
early, pé-no-i-€ ; who rises late, taw-
kwn-tla.
Sleeve, kwa-ta-wi-as.
Sloth, e-tok-wit.
J ‘
ΨΥ αν ον οὐ ον a et ΨΥ ΓΙ ν
:
SPI
Slothful, é-tok-tla.
Slow, ai-a-i-ash.
Smell, to, act. nwk-shi-sha, a,
ta, k, tarnei; newt. ti-wa-sha.
Smoke, la-teil-ke, la-ten-ke.
Smoke, ἕο, ta-wa-ri-sha, a, ta,
k, tarnei; to-ré-sha.
Snail, ras-lo.
Snake, p-w-shé.
Snore, /¢o, tap-nor-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnel.
Snow, pw-i.
Snow, ¢o, pw-i-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnel.
Snowshoe, é-no.
Soap, sa-pa-ir-a-was,
rws.
Soften, tla-war-anisha.
Softly, tlw-ei.
Soil, tet-sham.
Some, some one, nars.
Son, isht.
Son-in-law, p-shés.
Song, wem-pash.
Soon, ké-to.
Soul, ha-shw-it.
Sound, to, (sonner), wa-tik-sha,
a, ta, kom, tarnei.
Soup, la soup, la kamine.
Sa-pa-i-
Sour, plar; to be sour; skrw-lw-
lam-sha, shana, ta, k, tarnei.
Sourness, skrw-lw-tat.
Sow, 70, (plant), ta-ma-nik-sha,
a, ta, om, tarnei.
Spade, wa-po-i-kws-ta-tla, wa-
ta-ta-was, wa-po-i-ka-was.
Speak, ἔο, na-twn-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei; esse-nwi-ssa, a, ta, k, tar-
nel.
Spell, to cast a, wa-tei-i-sha, a,
ta, k, tarnei.
Spider, w-ral-ra-li.
Spirit, wap-sor,
55
STO
Spit, to, ka-klik-sha, shana, ta,
ink, tarnei.
Spite, 7 spite of, kla-pré, n-chi-
ké.
Spittle, ka-kli-as.
Split, ὦ, wa-cher-ni.
Split, to, wa-cher-sha, na, ta,
nak, tarnei.
Spoon, so-ras.
Spot, ché-mak
Spring, wa-wa-rwm, wo-rwm.
Sprinkle, to, i-a-ri-ka-sha-sha,
Nata Κα, turner:
Sprout, ta-war-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei. :
Spur, trap-ta-na-was.
Squirrel, m-sés; ground squirrel,
le-mi-a.
Stag, i-a-mash.
Stallion, ta-1a-ié.
Stammer, to, em-ke-ka-wi-sha,
a, ta, k, tarnei.
Stammerer, em-k-kwa.
Stand, to, τῷ, tw-ti-sha, tra-
chik-sha, ka, ta, k, tarnei.
Star, ras-lo.
Stark, klw-ei.
Stay, to, at, tra-na-sha, w-sha-
ik-sha.
Steal, to, pa-rw-i-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnel.
Steel, sti; α΄ steel to strike fire,
tw-nis.
Steer, to, a canoe, w-shemtk-sha,
a, ta,.k, tarnei.
Stick, tw-kash.
Stilts, wi-na-ta-was.
Stink, /o, i-la-ti-wa-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei.
Stinking, si-sw.
Stirrup, tw-na-kri-ka-was.
Stocking, w-shi-aks.
Stomach, na-wat, nwt.
Stone, p-shw-a.
SWI 56
Story, ta-mo, ta-lw-askt.
Stop, to, act. ei-krunk-sha, sha-
na, ta, om, tarnei; newt. for a mo-
ment, tra-w-ser-sa, na, ta, k, tarnei;
forever, W-ser-sa, na, ta, k, tarnei.
Stove, i-lat-shra-was.
Stranger, té-ner, shi-wa-nish.
Strangle, to, chaw-kre-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnel.
Straw, shw-ist.
Strength, r-t-tw-it, kol-tep-wit.
Strike, to, ti-wi-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei.
ké.
Strong, r-t-to, kol-tep.
Stubborn, kré-shem.
Such, sha-kwn, sho-a-shin.
Suffer, to, pa-i-w-wi-sha, a, ta,
k, tarnei.
Sugar, shw-ker.
Summer, ré-mam, sha-tem.
Sun, an.
Sunrise, an-asha, an-atra.
Sunset, an-asht.
Sup, ¢o, t-kwa-ta-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Supple, tla-war.
Surely, nw-it-ka, kw-i-am.
Swallow, to, ne-krwn-sha, na,
ta, kn, tarnei.
Sweat, lat-tlat.
Sweat, éo, lat-tla-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnel. !
Sweating lodge, ro-i-aksh; to
take a sweat, ro-i-aksha, a, ta, k,
tarnel.
Sweet, tsi.
Swell, to, tet-sha, na, ta, k, tar-
nei ; pw-la-sha, na, ta, k, tarnei.
Swim, to, sh-mw-ei-sha, ka, ta,
k, tarnel.
Striped, tam-kla-ké, tam-a-kla-.
THO
E.
Table, ta-tla-elw-kas.
Tail, tw-in, ras-ros; having a
tail, twin-ié.
Take, to take away, w-nep-sha
a, ta, k, tarnei.
Tallow, i-a-pash.
Tame, to, l-rat-a-nisha.
Taste, to, am-si-la-wi-sha.
Tattoo, to, pina-tra-wi-a-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei; tattooed, tra-wi-a-ni.
Tea, le thé.
Teach, to, sap-sw-kwa-sha, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
Tear, il-pwl.
Tear, to, (pluck away,) tsa-rolk- |
sha, a, ta, om, tarnei.
Ten, pw-tempt.
Tent, nit, sil-haws.
That one, (celui, celle,) ana-
pewk, pl. a-na-kw-mak, a-na-pe-
mak. F
The, nem at the end of the word.
Their, pé-mink.
Then, k-pailk, ana-charé.
There, i-kw-nak, kw-nak.
Therefore, kwn-kin.
They, pé-mak.
Thick, te-nw-pa-ham.
Thief, pa-rw-i-tlam.
Thing, ta-kwn, to-a-shin.
Think, to think one’s self, pi-na-
pri-na-sha, na, ta, k, tarnei
Thirst, ché-tat.
Thirsty, to de, ché-tasha, na,
ta, k, tarnei.
Thirteen, pw-tempt-wi-na-mé-
tat.
Thirty, mé-tap-tit.
This, ichi, iwk.
Thorn, tam-kwi-kwi.
Thou, imk, nam.
TRI
Thought, prwi-prwi, prw-it.
Thousand, pw-tap-pw-tap-tit.
Thread, wis-ra-was, wis-rws.
Three, mé-tat; three persons, mé-
tao.
Throat, em; nekrwash.
Throw, to, w-ré-sha, na, ta,
rink, tarnei.
Thunder, i-nwn-tla.
Thus, kws.
Thy, é-mi-nik.
Ticklish, tess.
Timid, wi-é-chw-tla, skaw-tla,
le-kok-tla.
Tinder, lw-krwm.
Tired, to grow, a-na-nw-wi-a-
kw-sha, ia, ta, k, tarnei, pina-tkoe-
sa-wi-sha.
Tired, tkoei-sa-wié.
Tiresome, a-na-nwi-tla.
Toad, a-lw-krat.
Tobacco, ta-war, tor.
To-day, wi-task, maké.
Together, ko-i-sim,
sim; you and I together, na-pi-nik ;
you and he together, é-mi-ik.
To-morrow, maisr; day after
to-morrow, sra-mairs, mairs-pama-
pa.
Tongue, mé-lé-she.
Tooth, é-tét.
Tortoise, a-la-shik.
Trace, wa-tiksh.
Trap, twk-she; twksh.
Travel, to, wi-a-nin-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei.
Traverse, 4, i-a-ro-ikt, i-a-ro-
ik-tesk.
Tree, pe-tein; large tree, ark-
sha.
Trembling, wi-é-chw-ni.
Trifle, fo, with one, make him lose
a project, ti-palé-isha, shana, ta, k,
lars-pa-
tarnei.
8
57 VIS
Trout, shw-sheins.
True, nw-it-ka, kw-i-am.
Tunic, shé-mor.
Twenty, nep-tit.
Twice, na-pam.
Twist, to, te-ke-ni-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnel.
U.
Ugly, chaw-shir.
Umbrella, tor-tor-pa-ma.
Uncle, pitr, pimr.
Unconquered, wa-sha-nal.
Under, ra-lok, gen. ché-nik, ace.
and dat. chen. From beneath, ra-
lok-pa-ma ; ra-lok-tli-ma.
Understand, ‘0, i-ik-sha, a, ta,
nem, tarnel.
Understockings, w-shi-aks.
Ungrateful, tem-na-nwt.
Unhandy, chaw-wap-sor.
Unrefiecting, chaw-prw-ini.
Up, upright, tw-tié, tw-tik, tra-
chik.
Upon, pa at the end of the word.
Urine, ews.
Useless, a-w-ti-ka, at-shi-na.
4 @
Vain, chel-chel.
Vase, twk-sai.
Vast, n-chi.
Vein, a-kwei-sa-kwsh.
Vermilion, pi-lw-et, sa-pe-in-
ches.
Very, n-nenk at the end of the
word.
Vile, chi-a-w-o.
Violet, lw-cha.
Virgin, te-mai.
Visible, kré-nw-ni.
WES
Vomit, to, chip-shi-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei.
W.
Wadding, ta-kwn-te-tesh.
Wadhook, (ramrod screw,) sko-
la-pa-was.
Waistcoat, wa-krel-pi.
Wait for, to, wa-krict-sha, ka,
ta, kom, tarnei; i-a-rwa-sha, na, ta,
k, tarnei; é-mw-iak-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei; é-mw-iak-sha, a, ta, k, tar-
nei; fo wait a long while, ta-ma-w-a-
ré-sha, shana, ta, k, tarnei.
Walk, to take a, wi-a-nin-sha,
na, ta, k, tarnei.
Want, wei-a-wit.
War, pi-at-nat, pi-kli-a-wit.
Warm, l|a-rw-ir.
Warm, ἴο, one’s self, la-sé-moi-
sa, ia, ta, k, tarnei.
Wash, ito, a-sha-pa-ir-sha, na,
ta, nink, tarnei; the face, she-men-
ta-sha, na, ta, k, tarnei; the hands,
wa-bi-a-sha, na, ta, k, tarnei.
Wasp, wi-twi-nat.
Watcher, kro-lem.
Water, t-tshes, t-shws ; to make
water, e-ws-pi-sha, a, ta, k, tarnei.
Wave, a-mw-i.
We, na-mak, na-ma; we two, na-
man.
Weak, shw-krat-ni, sha-law, 1Κ-
kap.
Wearisomeness,
wit.
Weary, tkoei-sa-wié; to be weary
of, a-na-nw-wi-sha, a, ta, k, tarnei.
Weep, nar-ti-sha, a, ta, k tar-
a-na-nWwi-
nel.
Weeping, nar-ti-é.
West, ws-la-sé-ikt.
58
WOU
Wet, to, i-akl-pi-sha, a, ta, k,
tarnei.
What, twn, mish.
Wheat, a-i-ta-lo.
When, mwn; since when, mo-ma.
Whence, mé-nik.
Where, mam, mé-nan.
Which, a-na-pe-uk.
Whip, wa-ta-na-was.
Whip, to, wa-ta-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
Who ἢ shin? whois there? shin-
iwa-kw-nak.
Whortleberry, wi-w-no, a-tit.
Why, tei, tw-iei, tw-iao.
Wife, a-sham.
Wig, to-ta-nik.
Wind, w-kri, w-li; to be windy,
w-kri-sha, w-li-sha, a, ta, k, tarnei;
to break wind, tit-sha, na, ta, k, tar-
nei.
Window, kré-nw-ta-was.
Winter, anem.
Winter, to, a-nw-é-mi-sha, a, ta,
k, tarnei.
With ὁ rendered by ik or in at the
end of the word. - :
Wolf, large, la-la-wish, ra-lish ;
small, spi-li-é.
Woman, 2-i-et, ti-la-ki.
Wood, e-lw-kas; to cut wood,
sar-kl-cha, ka, ta, kom, tarnei.
Wood, wooden, e-lw-kasn-mi.
Woody, e-lw-kas-ié.
Wool, la-o-la-o.
Word, na-twn, es-sé-nw-it, té-
lat ; one word, sre-té-lat.
Work, kwt-kwt.
Work, to, kwt-kwt-sha, ia, ta, k,
tarnei.
Wormwood, pesh-ro.
Wound with a gun, to, a-tor-na-
sha, na, ta, k, tarnei; with a knife,
p-ti-a-sha, na, ta, k, tarnei; with a
WRI
stick, §c., sap-né-ik-sha, a, ta, ik,
tarnei; wound one’s self is rendered
by pi-na before the verb, pi-na-tor-
na-sha, &e.
Wound, α, a-tor-nat, p-ti-at,
sap-né-ikt, pa-i-wit.
Write, to, ti-ma-sha, na, ta, k,
tarnei.
59
YOU
¥.
Yard, te-tar-she.
Year, pwi, an-w-im, an-w-ikt,
an-w-isht.
Yellow, ma-resh, par.
Yes, é.
Yesterday, kla-wit, wa-tim;
day before yesterday, sra-kla-wit, w-
a-tim-pama.
You, i-mak, pam, mates.
Your, ma-mink.
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| grammardictionar00pan | OL25461627M | OL16835729W | 72 | 1,862 |
zh | N/A | N/A | 基于AHP的生产性服务企业核心能力评价
李 岩1.2，王仕洪3，陈 炯2，朱道立1
(1.复旦大学管理学院，上海200433；2.宝钢集团发展改革部，上海200122；3.宝钢发展有限公司，上海201900)
摘 要：实施多元化战略的生产性服务企业根据企业愿景来评价和培育企业的核心能力，对于企业把有限的资源配置到增值最大化的价值链环节上、运用核心能力开展多元化经营以满足客户多样化的服务需求，具有重要意义。针对生产性服务特点考察企业能力，基于层次分析法提出核心能力评价框架，给出案例验证，实例分析表明，该方法能够为核心能力评价提供更科学、合理、定量化依据。
关键词：生产性服务；核心能力评价；层次分析法；价值链；战略管理
中图分类号：F063.1 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-7348(2009)24-0139-03
0 引言
服务是过程而不是实体，生产性服务是为制造企业提供服务的，这种服务与生产过程耦合紧密，具有多元化、定制化、实时在线的性质。生产性服务企业既要满足制造企业多样化的服务需求，又要把有限的资源配置到增值最大化的价值链环节上，其面临的挑战就是如何评价和培育核心能力，基于核心能力提供多元化服务项目。本文运用经典的层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process， AHP)来评价生产性服务企业的核心能力。
核心能力是能够为企业带来可持续的竞争优势的能力。生产性服务企业核心能力是以实现顾客感知价值为导向，难以为竞争对手模仿，有助于企业实现服务种类多样化，巩固企业竞争优势的能力。
企业能力使得企业能够为顾客提供基本的利益，因此具备价值性。但是只有具备一定程度独特性和连通性的能力，才是企业的核心能力。其独特性可形成某些隔离机制，保护企业免于失去竞争力。有关文献提出，企业能力需要具备3种属性才是独特的：稀缺性(某项能力在竞争中与众不同的程度)、难模仿性(某项能力被竞争者难以模仿的程度)和摊替代性(某项能力难以被其它资源或者能力替代的程度)12.3。
核心能力通常是多个服务项目或者业务板块的协作平台。针对生产性服务企业，笔者提出的连通性具有跨服务项目(某项能力被不同服务项目分享的程度)、跨管理职能(某项能力是一个或者多个管理职能过程要素的程度)
和跨业务板块(某项能力是一个或者多个业务板块要素的程度)的属性。正因为有很强的连通性，核心能力才可以为企业提供服务竞争的新模式。
因此，对生产性服务企业的核心能力进行评价，应该从核心能力的普遍特征人手，结合生产性服务企业能力的特点，合理构建评价框架。
企业能力
为了进行核心能力的评价，需要分析核心能力究竞存在于何种载体之中。分析核心能力的载体，国内学者多称之为核心能力的构成要素分析，但实际上这些能力只是核心能力的表现形式，并非核心能力本身，而可以认为核心能力存在于这些能力之中。国内外学者对于核心能力构成要素的分析相当宽泛，几乎涉及了企业经营的所有环节。
针对生产性服务企业，可从技术能力、管理能力和营销能力3个方面，判断何种能力能够为企业带来持续竞争优势。
1.1 技术能力
(1)与制造企业生产工艺流程的耦合能力。对于制造企业来说，一部分生产性服务原本是制造企业生产工艺流程的组成部分，并由制造企业自身来进行的。由于专业化分工深人、核心能力提炼、内部价值链优化和生产性服务企业的成长，才外包给生产性服务企业。这种类型的生产性服务，包括产品包装、作业协力、深加工、仓储配送辅助作业等。对于这种类型，生产性服务活动与生产工艺活动的衔接组合关系，表明了生产性服务与生产工艺流程的耦
收稿日期：2008-10-30
基金项目：国家自然科学基金资助项目(7043001)；上海市重点学科建设资助项目(B120)
作者简介：李岩(1965-)，男，辽宁盘锦人，复旦大学管理学院博士后，研究方向为生产和服务运作管理；王仕洪(1967-)，男，江西南昌人，硕士，宝钢发展有限公司战略规划部总经理，研究方向为企业战略管理；陈炯(1963-)，男，福建福州人，宝钢集团发展政策部业务主管，研究方向为企业战略管理。
合程度，进而说明了生产性服务企业与制造企业生产工艺流程的耦合能力。
(2)与制造企业工厂布局的耦合能力。对于制造企业来说，·部分生产性服务职能原本不是制造企业生产工艺流程的组成部分，而是维持正常的生产经营所必需的，只是由于专业化分工程度低等原因出制造企业执行.这种类型的生产性服务包括餐饮服务、通勤、厂区清洁绿化等这种类型的生产性服务根据制造企业工厂布局合理布点，反映了布局耦合能力。
(3)研究与开发能力。企业的研究与开发能力是企业成长的源泉和内动力，是企业在市场竞争中取得优势的基木保证。生产性服务企业的研究开发能力，表现为研究制造企业的工艺流程和工厂布局，开发出新的服务项H，满足制造企业增长的服务需求的能力，
1.2 管理能力
(1)战略管理能力。它是指企业在战略层面上的宏观管理能力，包括企业并购、产业运作、跨行业和地区经营等方面的管理能力。
(2)组织管理能力。它涉及到企业的纽织结构、信息传递、企业文化和激励机制等要素，其作用在于通过管理过程的制度化、程式化将企业的技术知识和生产技巧，融入企业的核心能力之中。企业组织效率的高低，决定了企业将技术优势向市场竞争优势转换的效率。
(3)决策能力。在市场竞争日益激烈的今天，强有力的决策能力能使企业准确顶测行业的动态变化，以适应新的市场竞争环境和技术环境。
(4)响应能力。是指企业在恰当的时间内对重要事件、机会和威胁做出有意识的反应，以获得或保持竞争优势的能力。具体表现为，当生产经营内外环境发生变化时，企业能否适时调整经营目标和经营策略，以保持企业的发展势头生产性服务企业面对制造企业的动态生产环境，提供在线服务.更要求对制造企业的服务需求做出及时响应。
(5)业务聚焦能力。与生产性服务多元化的性质有关，业务聚焦能力表明生产性服务企业实施归核化战略的能力，归核化战裤，是指企业在实施多元化经营战略失败或绩效不佳时，清理非主营核心业务，用以加强或重构主营核心业务的战略选择“业务聚焦并不是简单的反多元化，而是对过度多元化的修正和补充，其战略实施的结果仍然是企业的多业务经营状态，是被赋予崭新内涵的企业多元化经营。在业务发展的选择上，业务聚焦并不单纯回归主业，还包含着主业重构的内容，另外，它更不是单纯地要求战略适应环境，而是要求企业发现和把握现有市场尚未结构化的产业。业务聚焦的日标是通过培养和运用企业核心能力，采用组织变革和业务惠组的方式，实现企业和顾客价值的不断提高业务聚焦能力可以用主业营业收人和利润的比重來衡量.
(6)系统集成能力。系统集成概念产生于IT行业。系统集成商为用户提供从方案设计开始，经过产品选优、网络施T、软硬件平台配置、应用软件开发，到售后培训、咨询
和技术支持等一揽子服务，使用户能得到··体化的解决方案.生产性服务企业的系统集成能力就足按照制造企业的需求，合理选择众多的技术、产品和服务，最佳配置各种硬件和软件产品与资源，组合成完整的、能够解决制造企业具体应用需求的方案，使制造服务系统的整体性能最优。其本质是打造一个公共服务的平台，使客户得到的服务最优，并实现内外两种交易成本的降低。
把系统集成理念应用于生产性服务企业管理当中，有助于解决企业资源分散、服务附加值低、职能部门内或部门间合作不紧密、企业规模小及企业间合作不顺利等问题，从整体上提高生产性服务企业的运作效率，使其更具市场竞争力，
1.3 营销能力
(1)市场定位能力。它是企业进行市场细分，选择合适的H标市场，以及进行产品和服务的价值定位的能力，价值定位就是依据满足顾客需要的各种原则，制定出米的最佳价值方案。市场定位能力决定了企业可以为顾客提供的价值。定位能力强的企业能够发掘并满足顾客的需要，并使得自己与竞争对手有效区分开来。
(2)需求管理能力。它是企业通过市场调研和与顾客沟通，及时、准确地发现顾客的需要，了解顾客需求变化趋势，以提供定制化的、灵活的服务的能力。企业把顾客作为企业价值链上的重要环节来管理，建立面向市场的组织管理体制和良好的沟通渠道。通过沟通，企业能了解顾客的真实需求，适时地开展互动营销来引导需求，并通过企业的营销活动影响顾客的需求水平、需求时机和需求构成，不断满足需求以使顾客满意，实现企业目标，
(3)最大化顾客满意度能力。在竞争激烈的市场上，保持老顾客、培养顾客忠诚度对于赢得顾客、占领和扩大市场、提高效益度具有重大意义。而顾客满意是培养顾客忠诚度的关键，顾客是否满意，取决于感受到的利益期望值的差异，感受到的利益是顾客对企业产品和服务满足需要程度的体验和综合评估；期望值是基丁以往的体验、企业和竞争者传达的信息和承诺等形成的。
以上的三大类能力是生产性服务企业核心能力评价的对象，也可以说生产性服务企业的核心能力就是这些能力中的某一种或某几种，具体是哪些能力要因企业而异。
2
评价框架与过程
该方法将一个复杂决策问题分解成若干因素，建立递阶层次结构，并结合主观经验判断，两两比较确定层次中诸因素的相对重要性，以决定诸因素的相对重要性顺序；通过不一致性检验纠正主观经验判晰的偏差。为此，构建生产性服务企业核心能力评价的框架，即递阶层次结构，如图1所示。
运用层次分析法评价生产性服务企业核心能力的过程，如图2所示。
图1 生产性服务企业核心能力评价框架
图3 企业核心能力构成
为进一步分析，按照企业能力的独特性程度和连通性程度计算，制作图4.可见企业的市场定位能力和决策能力位于象限IV，具有强的连通性；而R&D能力位于象限I，具有强的独特性。位于H、1V象限的能力，可以认定为企业核心能力、位于象限II的能力数量多、比重小(本
图2 生产性服务企业核心能力评价过程
3 案例分析
某企业是大型生产性服务企业，企业愿景是成为中国最具价值的现代生产服务集成商。该企业发展中要解决的突出问题之一，就是根据企业愿景评价企业的核心能力，以在此基础上努力培养核心能力。为此，按图1结构设计了各种属性的相对权重并请有关专家填报后，经过一致性检验合格，结果见表1。
表1 核心能力权重
| 企业能力 | 独特性权重 | 连通性权重 | 总权重 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 流程耦合能力 | 0.095 3 | 0.0227 | 0.0590 |
| 布局耦合能力 | 0.095 3 | 0.0227 | 0.0590 |
| R&D能力 | 0.3810 | 0.090 7 | 0.2359 |
| 战略能力 | 0.0317 | 0.049 6 | 0.0406 |
| 组织能力 | 0.063 5 | 0.099 2 | 0.081 3 |
| 决策能力 | 0.1270 | 0.198 3 | 0.1627 |
| 响应能力 | 0.0317 | 0.049 6 | 0.040 6 |
| 聚焦能力 | 0.015 9 | 0.024 8 | 0.020 4 |
| 集成能力 | 0.015 9 | 0.024 8 | 0.0204 |
| 巾场定位能力 | 0.0817 | 0.2386 | 0.1601 |
| 需求管理能力 | 0.040 8 | 0.119 3 | 0.0800 |
| 满意度能力 | 0.020 4 | 0.0597 | 0.0400 |
据此制作图3，可见在所考察的12项能力中，R&D、决策及市场定位能力在企业核心能力构成中占的比例较大。事实上，这3项比重合计达到56%。
例中9项合计比重44%)，显然不能认定为企业的核心能力。象限T中各能力的相对位置指明了提升为核心能力的方向。在本例中，需求管理和组织管理能力增强连通性、流程耦合和布局耦合能力增强独特性，它们可以尽快成长为企业的核心能力。
图4
企业能力独特性和连通性矩阵
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王健，天添祖.论现阶段核心能力理论的研究方向\[J\].科技进步与对策，2005(4)：86. | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 陈世滨
当前，校本教研实践在经历“全能”的推崇和“不能”的质疑的过程中，其“有能而不是全能”有所为而有所不为”的实践效能逐步得到贯彻，在这~进程中，校本教研的自我反思、同伴互助、专业引领三大核心要素在促进教师专业成长中呈现出一些“亚状态”
自我反思的“疲倦态”
一是反思形式的疲惫。
不少
实验地区，校本教研的反思形式基本上是自上而下指定的，“天大有反思，周周有札记，月月有案例.期期有论文”的任务驱动外在而刚性，加之，在实践中人为地刻板划一·，三年如一日，致使反思形式的认问感和鲜活度日益减退。
二是反思内容的疲倦，首先是内容平凡重复。对于教书多年的教师而言，教学生活三点一线，周而复始，习以为常，反思常沦为“反而不思”。其次是内容的越级超限反思是一种对过去、现在和未来的拷问，痛未必快乐。校本教研的反思，本质上触及的是校园文化、教研理念、教学制度、教研机制等深层次问题的方方面面、这对于一名普通教师而完，在很多情况下都力不能及，越级超限的反思易使教师产生沉默、无助
乃至疲惫感。
同伴互助的“亚状态”
同伴互出的“业状态”形象生动地勾画出当前校本教研的整个实践面貌，
一是“拉郎配”组合，其结果是来得快离得更快——所谓的强扭的瓜不甜。
二是默认式组合，类似“介绍婚姻”-—凑合着过，经上级介绍和指派，同学科组是最常见的形式。大家既是同行又是同学科，可谓“抬头不见低头见”，丁是教研巾“磨道式”的穿新鞋走老路现象，屡见不鲜，大多是统一一下进度，说明小
·
·下课时安排，谈谈教学方法，交换--下试卷，然后一拍两散。
三是自由式组合，类似“自由婚姻”---你情我愿。教师白由搭配，大家多有各自不同的学科背景、教学风格、教学实践和人生体验、教研过程中常出现这样的状态：缺乏领头羊，谁也打不「“通关”大伙都是“菜地里的萝卜——--个个是头”，有时也存在各扫学科门前雪的“小农经济\*现象，
专业引领的“隔阂态’
校本教研的专业引领在专家层上表现出\*隔阂态”
一是理论与实践的隔膜，教师在专家专业引领上历经了“震撼视听-一-大多听过-—---大多难行”的过程、理论“中听不中用”无法有效解决日常教学问题。
二是时间与空间的隔离， 专家来校指导，对一线教师进行专业引领在时空上极其有限，普遍存在“远水难解近淘”的问题，偶尔到校讲座大多是“雁过留声，人来留名”“神龙见首不见尾”，难以形成持续不断、辐射深广的教研常态效应。
三是宏观与微观的落差。专家大国际视野大时代背景、历史沿革的宏观描述，常具“排山倒海”之势，，令一线教师在大开眼界、应接不吸之余，不知到底从何着手思考、研究、解决当下自身所面临的教学实践问题，“好歌大际热，篇终接渺茫”的落差感，时常通起。
如何走出教师专业成长的“亚状态”?
1.自我反思学习化
一是树立反思即学习的理念，立足校沐教研，积极构建教师教学反思与专业学习的一-体化理
念，将反思学习化，把学习反思化。。首先，反思是一种随机性学习，“能力只有在某种需要这种能力的活动中才能培育”，教师的日常教学是一场每大随时随地的“现场直播”。这就决定了教师的学习是一种“即时即学，即地即学，即用即学，即教即学，即研即学”而要达到“即学”，就必须通过反思，反思还是-种行动性学习，它要求教师在行动中反思，既对自我的教学行动反思，也对“他我”的教学行动反思；通过行动反思，坚持在做中学，用行动催生白已反思的意念和动力；为了行动反思，为了改进自己的教学行动而反思.
二是探索有效反思的策略，关键是要针对自己的教学行为和过程进行反思。这包括：①能够用批判的视角审视白己在整个教学中表现出的行为，把思考的焦点聚在由外显的、具体的教学行为转向教学行为背后的教育理念和取向上；②能够比较分析各种教育理论的异同，善于权衡各种对立或非对立的观点和主张，选择其中合理的观念来指导教学行为；③能够针对教学中出现的问题，进行多角度、多层面的透彻分析，以获取恰当有效的解决方案；④能够针对问题实际拟定决策，并能根据实践情境的变化，及时调整、重组、改进原有的决策和行为；⑤能够考量教学行为的伦理价值，反思教学的社会意义和个人价值
2.同伴互助有效化
管理大师彼德·圣吉有言：“在现代组织中，学习的基本单位是团体而不是个人。当团体真正在学习的时候，不仅团体整体产生出色的成果，其成员成长的速度也比其他的学习方式要快。“因而，彰显和提升校本教研同伴五助的效力，无疑是加快教师专业
成长的重要力量
一是要有共同的研究意向，古语云：“酒逢知己千杯少，话不投机半句多。”研究伙伴的选择首先要有共同的研究忘趣，共同面临的教学问题，共同的研究需求和渴望
二是要有宽松的研究氛围。彼此之间互相尊重各自的教学自由和教学责任，做到平等交流，相万倾听，万补丁益，坚守“百花齐放，百家争鸣”的教学研讨取向。
三是要有互助的研究机制。其 ，要有领头羊。领头者要具备比较扎实教学实践底子和教育理论的根基。其二、要有研讨订划，包括在什么时间、地点，什么主题，研讨的口标，探讨的内容，背景材料的准备，发起人等等。其一，要有简要的规童。教师研究团队必须拟定所有成员都认同的章程，以形成问伴互助的闭队归属感和协作精神。
四是要建立多学科人员结构，这主要体现“研究共同体”的人员构建上、要打破传统同学科教研那种囿丁单一的学科背景，狭隘的门户观念，有限的研讨视域的“清一色”现状，建立由不同学科领域、不同研究层次，不同学刈背景，不同教龄阶段的异质教研团队
3.专业引领网络化
专业引领网络化是指以网络为依托，以专家和教学骨十为龙头，以平台互动、论坛研讨、博客营建为基本形式，以教师间的瓜动研修为基本方式来引领和催生教师的专业成长。，专业引领网络化以其具有时空的超越性、学习成本的低廉、研修的可持续性互动的有效性等特点，极大地提升丁校本教研整个实践效能，
一是四大显要的研修优势。其一·，打破时空限制。教师可以凭借网络平台在各白所在的教育区
域内及时有效地实现研修沟通和专业对话，“在天之崖，在地之角”的时空隔离被打破，呈现出“天涯共此时”的研修时空融接带。其二，催生平等对话。“自由无限，心既朗现”。教师们在网络的时空中，少了怕说错话让人见笑的拘泥，多了份“畅所欲言，有一说一”的希冀；少了正襟危坐的权威光环，多了份“吾爱吾师，吾更爱真理”的率直。其一，成就交往互动。“水尝无华，相荡乃成涟漪，石本无火，相击而生灵光”网络研修便是这“相荡”与“相击”的思想交往和互动之平台，在网络研修的世界里，你可述、白我教学之所感；可写，白我教学之所见；可思，白我教学之所疑；可悟，自我教学之得；可解，白我教学之惑。其四，放大优质资源。共享集体智慧，凸显公益服务是网络研修的精神本义和优势所在.
二是三位一体的实践方式，其一，平台互动。校本教研的专业引领可通过营建各级网络研修平台，以专家编制的若干课程学习主题为内容，将教师团队化或班级化，通过观看视频课堂，阅读网络文本，编辑班级学习简报，学员互动学习等方式来实现对教师专业的引领中国教育资源服务平台-——CERSP培训平台的网络研修实践，取得了巨大成效，便是校本教研专业引领网络化的典范、其二，论坛研讨。可凭借“网络研修平台"，开设教育论坛，以专家轮流“做庄”，以专业骨干为版主，以来自一线问题为主题，开展定时集体研讨且动。其三，个人博客。在教育论坛研讨的基础上，建立教师个人的教育博客和各地区的区域性博客，并相互链接和打通。今
{作者单位：福建省南安市鹏峰中学 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **陕西加快工业转型升级的战略路径探讨**
**占绍文教授5宋 蕊(西安建筑科技大学管理学院 西安 710055)◆ 中图分类号：F127 文献标识码：A**
**内容摘要：本文基于对陕西工业发展现状及存在问题的深入分析，认为陕西正处于工业化中期向后期加速转变的关键阶段，在国际国内经济环境下，应紧紧围绕国务院印发的《工业转型升级规划(2011-2015年)》，依据陕西实际确定工业转型升级的战略路径，全力推动工业发展。**
**关键词：：工业 转型升级 战略路径**
**陕西工业发展现状及存在的主要问题**
**(一)陕西工业化进程分析**
国际通行的方法，将工业化进程分为三个阶段，即前工业化阶段、工业化实现阶段和后工业化阶段；其中工业化实现阶段分为工业化初期、工业化中期和工业化后期，每个时期又分为前半阶段和后半阶段。选择人均 GDP、三次产业产值比、人均工业增加值占人均GDP比重、人口城镇化率、三次产业就业比等五个指标，采用加权综合评价法，给出了工业化时期各阶段的指数分值。陕西省工业和信息化厅与中国社会科学院等国内几家权威机构进行合作，分析得出：陕西自2010年即进入工业化中期后半阶段；新世纪以来，陕西工业化进程加快，特别是2006年以来，实现了5年跨越一个阶段；2011-2020年， 陕西工业化进程有望再实现每5年一个跨越： 工业快速增长是陕西工业化进程的主要推动力量；在陕西工业化进程中优势产业将进一步发挥作用，工业结构调整潜力巨大等。因此，陕西工业要实现由大到强的历史性转变，就迫切需要从主要依靠要素投入驱动经济增长向主要依靠创新驱动、内生增长转变。
**(二)陕西工业发展的主要成就**
一是工业已成为支撑国民经济持续快
速发展的重要力量。2012年陕西省实现生产总值14451.18亿元，比上年增长了12.9%。其中，第二产业8075.42亿元，增长14.9%。人均生产总值38557元， 约折合6110美元。陕西自2009年人均生产总值突破3000美元后，连续4年每年增加1000 美元，，2012年突破了6000美元达到6110美元，已达到中等发达省份水平，这主要得益于工业经济的发展。
二是整体实力明显增强，国内外地位大幅提升。2012年，陕西省规模以上工业累计完成总产值16855.79亿元，同比增长21.3%；完成工业增加值6641.54亿元，增长16.6%，规模以上工业增加值增速位居全国第一，工业总量在全国排位先后超越天津、山西、上海和内蒙古匹个省市区，由17位跃升到13位，一举进入全国工业中上游省份行列。工业在保持平稳快速发展的同时，发展结构持续优化，工业发展呈现出总体好于全国、轻工业快于重工业、非能源工业好于能源工业的显著特点，充分表明陕西工业结构进一步优化、工业发展多点支撑的局面初步形成。部分战略性新兴产业跻身国内外一流行业。航空航天等高端装备制造业、新材料产业发展迅猛，新能源和新一代信息技术稳健起步、加速发展.尤其是三星电子芯片项目落户西安，进一步完善了陕西新一代信息技术产业链，形成电子信息产业的规模化、高端化和差异化特色，引领和带动新一代信息技术产业集群快速发展。
**三是陕西已建立了门类齐全、独立完整的工业体系。通过多年的发展，陕西工业已初步形成了覆盖能源工业、原材料工业、装备工业、消费品工业、电子信息产业、国防科技工业等多个领域、门类齐全的现代工业体系；新一代信息技术、高端装备、新材料、新能源、生物医药等高新**
**技术领域产业链条较为齐全，工业设计、现代物流、融资租赁等生产性服务业快速发展，初具规模。同时，工业企业技术创新能力不断增强，关键领域技术水平明显提升；自主创新能力也不断增强；一批具有较强竞争力的大企业大集团和产业基地已形成，资源能源消耗强度逐步降低，川可持续发展能力明显增强；军民融合式发展稳步推进，对国家安全的保障能力逐步增强。**
**(三)陕西工业发展面临的主要困难和问题**
**一是工业大而不强的问题仍很突出。主要表现在：无论从研发投入，还是关键核心技术和专利水平来看，陕西省企业的自主创新能力明显不强；尽管有进入世界、国内五百强的大企业，但从企业销售总额和利润率来看，与国内外一流企业相比尚有较大鸿沟，明显表现出陕西省大企业的核心竞争力不强；从目前陕西省产品出口情况来看，由于基本上还是以低附加值、低技术含量产品为主，自主品牌产品出口比重非常小，具有国际影响力的著名品牌还十分缺乏。**
**二是工业发展方式总体较为粗放。能源资源消耗高。陕西工业能源资源消耗强度大，能源消耗占全社会总量的70%以上，单位 GDP能耗和全国一样是世界平均水平的2.2倍，是美国、日本的2.8倍和4.3倍；环境污染大。当前，陕西环境状况总体恶化的趋势尚未得到根本遏制，许多地区主要污染物排放量超过环境容量，部分地区重金属、化学品、持久性有机污染物以及土壤、地下水等污染显现，环境矛盾不断加大，环境约束日趋强化等等。**
**陕西工业发展面临的时代背景与特征**
**(一)国际产业调整和新技术革命正在推进**
**美国未来学家杰里米·里夫金在《第三次工业革命》一书中预言：“新能源+互联网”催生第三次工业革命；英国《经济学家》杂志：制造业数字化引领第三次工业浪潮。世界新一轮科技革命和产业革命正在孕育，围绕科技与产业发展制高点的竞争日趋激烈，标示着第三次工业革命即将来临。尽管在部分新兴产业领域技术路线还有多种选择，但这一“机会窗口期”稍纵即逝，制高点争夺机遇与挑战并存。如不能抓住机遇实现技术突破，将会陷入新一轮的“低端锁定”；如能抓住这一机遇，**
**抓紧培育以科技创新和人力资本为基础的新竞争优势，我国就完全有可能缩小与发达国家的技术差距，并在制造业某些领域与其并驾齐驱，甚至赢得领先地位，实现赶超发展。**
**全球需求结构发生深刻变化，国际市场环境和治理结构更趋复杂。欧美主要发达国家受制于主权债务危机，居民消费信心持续下滑、经济政策陷入两难境地，短期内难现强劲复苏势头，高消费、高负债模式已难以为继。同时，国际市场需求下滑甚至萎靡的风险在加大，使得各种形式的贸易保护主义明显抬头。**
发达国家纷纷提出“再工业化”战略，掀起回归实体经济的热潮，试图实现从“产业空心化”到“再工业化”的回归。新兴国家也加快了对外开放和产业结构调整步伐。发达国家“再工业化”和新兴经济体加速崛起，使得世界产业发展格局出现深度调整。
**(二)国内经济发展环境发生重大变化**
**1.中国工业由高速增长到中高速甚至中速增长的转折点已经到来，使工业发展进入一个历史发展的新阶段。突出表现为五大特征：：一是自主创新、技术升级、赶超一流，也就是转型升级、转变发展方式，已经成为企业历史使命和紧迫要求；一是提升资源使用效率，提高经济发展质量和效益，是企业发展的中心任务；三是节约资源、保护环境，走绿色发展之路，既是企业承担社会责任，也是提高国际竞争力的必然要求；四是继续扩出口，扩内需已成为长期发展战略**
2.中国工业发展进入“新阶段、转折期”的必然结果。一是经济规模庞大、体系健全，超高速支撑条件和边际效益递减，投资驱动规模扩张的发展模式难以为继；二是环境资源约束加强，难以支持超高速发展的需求；三是生产要素成本上升，人口红利减弱，低成本竞争优势减弱；四是国际市场增长放缓，出口竞争优势减弱，工业化贸易保护、新兴经济体崛起；五是从国际经验来看，超高速发展后，必然出现自然回落，由超高速向中速发展；六是扩大内需成为长期战略。
**(三)陕西省国民经济发展的特点及工业发展背景**
**按生产法分析，近年来为陕西省经济快速增长贡献最大的是第二产业，其中八大支柱产业约占全省工业产值(增加值)98%，特别是能源化工工业已成为近年来**
**引领陕西省经济增长的主要因素，而该领域投入和产出均与市场外向度关联度不大。其他传统产业占比呈下降趋势，在原外向度不高的情况下，随着经济总量权重下降，即使在全省有色金属等原材料工业产品进出口增长的情况下，也会导致经济外向度逐年下降。因此，加大投资结构调整，加快转变经济增长方式，促进陕西经济社会全面协调可持续发展迫在眉睫。**
**加快陕西工业转型发展的有效途径和主要措施**
根据2011年12月国务院正式印发的《工业转型升级规划(2011-2015年)》国发\[2011\]47号)，结合陕西实际，加快陕西工业转型发展主要应体现在：
**大力发展以先进制造业为核心的实体经济，协调推进工业化、城镇化和农业现代化进程。陕西省正处于工业化、城镇化和农业现代化快速推进的关键阶段，进一步强化工业强省战略，就是要瞄准全面建设“三强一富一美”西部强省这一宏伟目标，统筹推进关中、陕北、陕南三大区域协调发展，重点打造能源化工、装备制造等优势产业，改造提升冶金有色、纺织、食品等传统产业，培育壮大航空航天、新材料、新能源等战略性新兴产业和现代生产性服务业四大产业集群，形成现代工业产业体系。夯实经济社会增长的坚实基础，以.此带动城镇化和农业现代化进程。**
**充分利用科教优势和产业基础，大力发展具有优势特色的航空航天、高端装备制造等战略性新兴产业。陕西在航空航天等战略性新兴产业领域，在国内具有无可替代的地位，是我国唯一的集飞机设计、制造、试验、试飞和教学为一体的最大的航空工业基地。按照“整机先行、配套协同、军民结合、集聚发展”的推进思路，依托西飞集团、西航集团等企业，重点培育发展大飞机、支线飞机、通用飞机、航空发动机、机载设备和关键零部件、飞机维修与改装、航空地面设备、飞行保障系统等制造业，延伸产业链，建设国际先进水平的航空产业基地。**
加快促进能源化工、矿产资源加工等行业绿色低碳、清洁安全发展，提高可持续发展能力。加快将资源优势转化为经济优势，是陕西经济发展的重要支撑。要推动资源的深度转化。特别是促进煤化工、煤气化工、煤油化工的突破发展，为形成新的增长点打好基础；要结合淘汰落后产能、
节能减排，积极发展循环经济，延伸产业链，进一步提高精细化、高附加值产品的比重。同时发展优势产业要把生态环境的保护放在突出位置。
**加快技术改造提升步伐，提高“两化”融合和军民融合发展水平。在把握好“稳增长”的同时，要把着力点更加集中在优化结构和转型升级上，通过推进企业技术改造，进一步加强对传统产业改造的力度，最大限度地提升发展空间。要围绕品种质量、节能降耗、清洁生产、安全生产、两化融合、军民结合、装备改善等方向，加快改造提升传统产业的步伐。同时，注重把技术改造同结构调整、兼并重组、行业整合等有机结合起来。：**
**进一步加快促进产业集聚发展，积极打造高水平工业园区和特色产业基地。促进产业集聚，培育产业集群，是优化产业布局，调整经济结构的重要抓手，也是增强城镇实力、活力和竞争力，统筹区域和城乡协调发展的必然选择。要充分抓住关中-天水经济区、陕甘宁革命老区、陕晋豫黄河金三角承接产业转移示范区等相继上升到国家战略层面的有利时机，按照“合理布局、特色鲜明、用地集约、生态环保“的原则，积极引导和推动相关产业向工业园区集中，着力加强以产业链为纽带的产业集群建设，积极推动国家级和省级新型工业化示范基地建设，打造高水平的先进制造业基地。**
**加快促进生产性服务业发展，提升对工业转型升级服务支撑能力。大力发展信息服务、电子商务、现代物流、工业设计、融资租赁等生产性服务业；充分利用陕西制造业、区位、人才和政策环境等方面的基础和优势，实现产业链从制造环节向研发设计、营销服务等高端环节延伸，增强制造业价值创造能力和国际竞争能力；要大力推进制造业服务化。支持大型企业积极开展总集成总承包服务，引导制造企业围绕产品功能拓展，发展故障诊断、远程咨询、专业维修、在线商店、位置服务等新型服务形态，发展社会化专业服务，提高专业服务在产品价值中的比重。 商**
**参考文献：**
**1.陈佳贵，黄群慧，钟宏武.中国地区工业化进程的综合评价和特征分析\[经济研究，2006(6)**
**2.《工业转型升级规划(2011-2015年)》(国发\[2011\]47号)**
**136商业时代(原名《商业经济研究》)2013年14期** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 非英语专业学生英语学业自我概念与CET4成绩的关系研究
**均存在显著的正相关关系。男女生在英语整体学业自我概念及 CET4 成绩方面没有显著差异。**
**关键词：非英语专业学生 英语学业自我概念 CET4 成**
**绩**
**中图分类号：F061.3；G642.0 文献标识码：A**
**文章编号：1004-4914(2022)07-183-03**
**引言**
**随着“以人为本”教育理念的发展，学生个体因素逐渐成为近年外语教学研究领域备受关注的话题。教师不仅要关注生理、认知个体因素对学生英语学习的影响，情感因素对英语学习的作用也不容忽视。CET4 是我国非英语专业学生英语水平的衡量标准之一。因此，本文将要探讨非英语专业学生英语学业自我概念与其 CET4 成绩之间的关系。**
**一、英语学业自我概念维度划分**
**国外心理学家 William. James 在1890年出版的《心理学原理》中第一次提出“自我概念”理论，将“自我”的概念细分为“主体我”和“客体我”两部分，由此开创了系统的自我概念理论。在既有研究的基础上，心理学家 Shavelson (1976)提出了多维度层次性自我概念的结构模型。此后Marsh、Byrne 和Shavelson(1988)在 Shavelson 模型的基础上进行了修正，形成了现在广泛认可的 Marsh/Shavelson 模型。Shavelson(1976)等将自我概念分为上、中、下三个层次，最上层的一般自我概念由学业自我概念和非学业自我概念两个子维度组成。英语学业自我概念与语文、数学学业自我概念等在同一层次上，都属于学业自我概念。英语学业自我概念下又可按照不同的语言技能分为听、说、读、写等多个子维度，这一点在 Lau (1999)等人的研究中也得到了部分证实。**
**国内学者王初明提出，英语学业自我概念指一个人对自己整体英语水平和英语学习能力的自我感知和评价，它是通过个人英语学习的体验以及这种体验的理解和判断而形成(王初明，2004)。他在 Lau 的验证性因素分析的分类原则基础上，将英语学业自我概念进一步细化为语法、听力、语音、口语、阅读等学业自我概念，并指出上述英语学业自我概念各子维度与英语整体学业自我概念密切相关(王初明，2004)。马冬梅调查了学习英语的大学生，提出英语学业自我概念不仅包括阅读、听力、口语、写作、语法五个子维度，还应包括词汇学业自我概念(马冬梅，2008)。**
**基于有关英语学业自我概念已有的研究成果，结合研究对象实际情况，本文调查的英语学业自我概念主要包括以下各子维度：英语听力学业自我概念、英语阅读学业自我概念、英语写作学业自我概念、英语语法学业自我概念以及英语词汇学业自我概念。**
**二、研究设计**
**(一)研究问题**
**1.非英语专业学生的英语整体学业自我概念及各子维度与其 CET4 成绩之间是否存在相关性?如果是，相关性如何?**
**2.非英语专业男女生在英语整体学业自我概念及 CET4**
**成绩方面是否存在差异?如果是，差异如何?**
**(二)研究对象**
**本研究选取黑龙江省某大学非英语专业本科二年级245名学生为调查对象。发放电子问卷245份，回收226份，有效率为 92%。研究对象年龄在19~21岁之间，并且使用相同的大学公共英语教材。他们已接受了一年大学英语学习，对自己的英语学习情况已具备一定的感知与评价。因此，本研究选取的样本具备较好的代表性。**
**(三)研究工具**
**本研究使用的英语学业自我概念调查问卷是参照李小溪(2017)修改的 Marsh (1990)等设计的英语学业自我描述问卷整理而成，共包括两个部分。第一部分是学生自我情况描述，包括性别、年级、专业和 CET4 总分。第二部分是问卷具体调查项目，共包含6个维度，即英语整体学业自我概念、听力学业自我概念、阅读学业自我概念、写作学业自我概念、语法学业自我概念和词汇学业自我概念，每个维度下6题，整套问卷共43 题。由于 CET4 题型中不包含口语测试，因此问卷主体部分不包含对非英语专业学生英语口语自我概念的测试。研究者对该问卷的信度和效度进行了分析，其Cronbach a 系数达到了0.959，说明问卷信度较高，并进行了验证性因子分析，得出问卷效度较高，因而本研究直接采用了该问卷。**
**(四)研究方法**
**本研究采用问卷调查法调查非英语专业本科二年级学生的英语学业自我概念，收集研究对象2021年春季 CET4 总分，运用 SPSS26.0 对收集的有效数据进行统计分析，包括描述性统计、相关分析和独立样本t检验。**
**三、数据分析**
**研究者首先运用描述性统计对英语学业自我概念的现状进行分析。其次，运用相关分析对英语整体学业自我概念及各子维度与 CET4 总分的相关性进行分析，并用独立样本t检验分析高低概念组学生在 CET4 总分上的差异。最后，运用独立样本t检验分析非英语专业学生在英语整体学业自我概念和CET4 总分方面是否存在显著性差异。**
**(一)英语学业自我概念现状分析**
**注：EASC=英语整体学业自我概念 LASC=听力学业自我概念**
**RASC=阅读学业自我概念 WASC=写作学业自我概念**
**GASC=语法学业自我概念 VASC=词汇学业自我概念CET4 Score=CET4 总分**
**表1显示，学生英语整体学业自我概念及各维度得分平均值均在中点分3分以上，表明受试学生的英语学业自我概念总体处于中等偏上水平，即非英语专业大学生对自身英语学习的感知与评价展现出了较为积极的态度。其中，就英语学业自我概念各子维度而言，学生的阅读学业自我概念水平均值最高(M=3.726)，其次是词汇(M=3.721)、语法(M=3.630)、写作(M=3.603)和听力(M=3.220)学业自我概念，这说明大部分学生对自己的阅读水平具有信心，且对阅读的关注度较高。而听力学业自我概念得分与其他各维度相比处于最低水平**
**(M=3.220)，且标准差最大(SD=0.946)，表明大多数学生对自身的听力水平持消极态度，且听力水平差异较大。**
**表1 英语学业自我概念现状分析表**
| | **Mean** | **SD** | **N** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **EASC** | **3.555** | **946** | **226** |
| **LASC** | **3.220** | **.929** | **226** |
| **RASC** | **3.726** | **.713** | **226** |
| **WASC** | **3.603** | **.616** | **226** |
| **GASC** | **3.630** | **.620** | **226** |
| **VASC** | **3.721** | **.642** | **226** |
| **CET4 Score** | **455.434** | **70.715** | **226** |
**表2英语学业自我概念与 CET4 总分之间的相关性**
| | **EASC** | **LASC** | **RASC** | **SASC** | **GSC** | **VASC** | **CET4 Score** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **FASC** | **1** | | | | | | |
| **LASC** | **817\*\*** | **1** | | | | | |
| **RASC** | **.652\*\*** | **576\*=** | **1** | | | | |
| **WASC** | **.543\*\*** | **574=** | **603\*\*** | **1** | | | |
| **GASC** | **.688\*\*** | **.585=** | **.716\*\*** | **.622\*\*** | **1** | | |
| **VASC** | **.563\*\*** | **.529\*\*** | **660\*k** | **585\*\*** | **.680\*k** | **1** | |
| **CET4 Score** | **.282\*\*** | **717\*** | **.559\*\*** | **.463\*\*** | **.560\*\*** | **.438\*\*** | **1** |
| **\*\* Correlation is sienificant at. the 0.01 level (2-tailedi.** | | | | | | | |
**(二)英语学业自我概念与 CET4总分之间的相关分析**
**1.各子维度学业自我概念与整体学业自我概念的关系。皮尔逊r相关分析结果显示，所有被试各子维度学业自我概念与英语整体学业自我概念之间均存在显著的正相关关系(r听力-整体=0.817，p<0.05；r阅读-整体=0.652，p<0.05；r写作-整体=0.543，p<0.05；r语法-整体=0.688，p<0.05；r词汇-整体=0.563， p<0.05)。在各子维度中，非英语专业大学生听力学业自我概念与英语整体学业自我概念之间存在显著的高度正相关关系(r听力-整体=0.817，p<0.05)，说明非英语专业大学生对自身英语水平的总体认知与其听力能力的自我感知有着最高的一致性，即学习者的听力水平会对其判断自身英语水平产生很大的影响。其次，语法、阅读学业自我概念与英语整体学业自我概念之间存在显著的中度相关关系(r语法-整体=0.688，p<0.05； r 阅读一整体=0.652，p<0.05)，这说明学生对自身语法水平和阅读能力的感知也会影响他们对自身英语水平的综合判断。**
**2.各子维度学业自我概念之间的关系。皮尔逊r相关分析结果显示，在各子维度学业自我概念之间，英语语法学业自我概念与英语阅读学业自我概念之间存在显著的高度正相关关系(r语法-阅读=0.716，p<0.05)，英语语法学业自我概念与英语词汇、写作学业自我概念之间也存在显著的中度相关关系(r语法-词汇=0.680，p<0.05；r语法-写作=0.622，p<0.05)，这再一次说明语法在英语学习过程中的重要性。如果学生不能很好地掌握语法知识，那么学生便不能进行有效的、系统的输入与输出活动。**
**3.英语整体学业自我概念 CET4 总分的关系。皮尔逊r相关分析结果显示，英语整体自我概念与 CET4 总分之间存在显著的高度正相关关系(r整体CEI4总分=0.782，p<0.05)，这说明英语整体自我概念比较全面地反映了学生对自身英语学习水平的感知与评价，因此学生的英语整体自我概念水平与其 CET4总分具有一致的变化趋向。**
**4.各子维度学业自我概念与 CET4 总分的关系。皮尔逊r**
**相关分析结果显示，各子维度学业自我概念与 CET4 总分之间均存在显著的正相关关系(r听力 -CEP4总分 =0.717，p<0.05； r 阅 读 -CEP4总分=0.559，p<0.05；r 写作-CET4总分=0.463，p<0.05Ⅰ 语法 -CET4总分=0.560，p<0.05；r词汇 -CET4总分=0.438，p<0.05)。在具体自我概念中，非英语专业大学生听力学业自我概念与 CET4总分之间存在显著的高度正相关关系(r听力-CET4总分=0.717， p<0.05)。其次，语法学业自我概念与 CET4 总分之间存在显著的中度正相关关系(r语法 -CEI总分=0.560)。**
**(三)英语学业自我概念高低组对 CET4 总分的影响**
**为进一步研究英语学业自我概念对 CET4 总分的影响，笔者把英语学业自我概念根据总分进行降序排列，然后各取两端27%的人作为高概念组和低概念组，对两组进行独立样本t检验，结果如下：**
**独立样本t检验显示，高概念组和低概念组的 CET4 成绩具有显著差异(t=16.084，df=77.276，P=0.000<0.05)：英语自我概念得分高的学生，其 CET4总分显著高于英语自我概念得分低的学生(MD=73.888)。**
**(四)性别对非英语专业学生英语学业自我概念的影响**
**独立样本t检验结果显示，非英语专业男女生的英语学业自我概念水平无显著差异(t=-0.151，df=224，p>0.05)。**
**(五)性别对非英语专业学生 CET4 总分的影响**
**独立样本t检验结果显示，非英语专业男女生的 CET4 总分无显著差异(t=-1.284，df=224，p>0.05)。**
**表3 CET4 总分的英语自我概念高低组差异**
**(自我概念高低分组下非英语专业大学生的 CET4总分差异)**
| | **高概念组** | | **低概念组** | | **MD** | **t(77.276)** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | **(n=61)** | | **(n62)** | | **MD** | **t(77.276)** |
| **CET4** | **M** | **SD** | **M** | **SD** | | |
| **总分** | **541.082** | **33.504** | **467.194** | **12.944** | **73.888** | **16.084\*** |
| **\*p<0.05** | | | | | | |
**表4 非英语专业大学生英语学业自我概念的性别差异**
| **英语学业自我概念** | **男生** | | **女生** | | **MD** | **t(224)** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **英语学业自我概念** | **(n71)** | | **(n=155)** | | **MD** | **t(224)** |
| **英语学业自我概念** | **M** | **SD** | **M** | **SD** | **\-.485** | **\-.151** |
| **英语学业自我概念** | **127.986** | **23.185** | **128.471** | **22.042** | **\-.485** | **\-.151** |
| **\*p>0.05** | | | | | | |
**\*p>0.05**
**表5非英语专业学生 CET4 总分的性别差异**
| **CET4 总分** | **男生** | | **女生** | | **MD** | **t(224)** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **CET4 总分** | **(F71)** | | **(n=155)** | | **MD** | **t(224)** |
| **CET4 总分** | **M** | **SD** | **M** | **SD** | **\-12.995** | **\-1.284** |
| **CET4 总分** | **446.521** | **72.696** | **459.516** | **69.645** | **\-12.995** | **\-1.284** |
| **\*p>0.05** | | | | | | |
**\*p>0.05**
**四、结果讨论**
**第一，非英语专业本科二年级学生总体上具有良好的英语学业自我概念。但各子维度学业自我概念中，听力学业自我概念较低，阅读和写作学业自我概念水平较高，其主要原因在于本研究的受试对象多是来自黑龙江省的学生，而黑龙江省高考英语试题中无听力部分。在应试教育的影响下，英语听力训练一直处于被忽视的地位，黑龙江省学生几乎都未接受过系统的听力训练，而英语阅读、写作能力的训练一直是高中英语教学的重点。因此，学生的英语听力水平较差，英语听力学**
**业自我概念总体较低，而在阅读、写作方面展现积极的态度与水平。**
**第二，英语整体学业自我概念与各子维度之间均存在显著的正相关关系。对于非英语专业学生而言，英语听力、语法、阅读学业自我概念水平与其整体学业自我概念的相关性较高，这一结果主要与 CET4 题型和分值结构有关。由于听力和阅读在 CET4 总分中比重最高，分别占比 35%，且语法与第三部分翻译与写作以及阅读题等密切相关，因此非英语专业学生对听力、语法和阅读的关注度更高。**
**第三，在各子维度学业自我概念之间，英语语法学业自我概念与阅读、词汇和写作学业自我概念的相关性较高，影响较大，其主要原因是学生语法知识的掌握与其听、说、读、写匹项基本技能的发展密切相关。牢固地掌握语法知识可帮助学生在听力、阅读理解中较快地理清句子结构，把握语言材料的重点，保证口语和书面写作的通顺连贯。**
**第四，英语整体学业自我概念及各子维度均与 CET4 总分存在显著的正相关关系。这是因为英语学业自我概念高的学生对自身英语学习持有积极态度，具备更强的信心和动机，更愿意投人更多的时间和精力于英语学习，因此展现出更高的学习水平。反之，自我概念低的学生往往对英语学习存在消极情绪，如信心不足、动机不强、感到焦虑、难以获得自我价值感等，因此其英语成绩相对较低。在各子维度中，听力、语法和阅读自我概念与学生 CET4 总分存在显著的正相关关系，主要原因在于在 CET4 中，听力与阅读部分分值在 CET4 总分中所占比重最高，而语法是学生听、说、读、写的基础，也是英语学习过程的重点，他们对这三方面的感知和评价必然对 CET4 总分产生影响。**
**第五，对于非英语专业学生而言，男女生在英语整体学业自我概念和 CET4 成绩上没有显著性差异。因为本研究的受试对象大多来自同一省份，其学习环境、接受的教育资源差异较小，且在教育公平理念下，男女生教育机会均等。因此，性别差异对非英语专业学生的英语自我概念和学习水平影响较小。**
**五、教学启示**
**非英语专业大学生的英语学业自我概念对其 CET4 成绩具有重大作用。因此，在今后的大学英语教学中，教师应注意以下几个方面：**
**首先，教师应引导学生积极归因，帮助学生形成全面积极的英语学业自我概念。学生的自我归因是影响学生英语学业自我概念形成的重要因素之一。一方面，教师应对学生在英语学习方面展现出来的闪光点进行积极鼓励，使学生通过英语**
**学习获得满足感，激发其学习动机和兴趣；另一方面，教师应引导学生将成败归因于努力，尽量降低学生的焦虑感与挫败感，使其对英语学习始终保持积极正确的学习态度。**
**其次，教师应当有意识地培养学生良好的听力习惯，帮助学生掌握听力技能，提升学生在听力学习中的成就感，从而增强学生对听力学习的自信心和学习动机。除此以外，教师应有针对性地改进教学方法，使学生能够灵活运用语法知识，且进一步培养学生的自学能力。教师除了运用好课内教学资源，还可根据学生水平为其选择不同的阅读材料，并对学生进行阅读策略的指导，引导学生有目的地进行阅读训练，提升学生的阅读水平。**
**最后，由于学生对自身学习情况的感知与评价更多地依赖于教师的评价与反馈，因此教师应采用多元评价的方式对学生进行及时全面的反馈。教师在教学过程也应及时对学生的学习情况进行评价，对学生进行正面教育为主，鼓励学生积极地进行英语学习。除此之外，教师应指导学生掌握评价标准，使学生能积极准确地进行自评与互评，并在准确评价自身英语学习的同时获得英语学习成就感，积极地投人英语学习中，从而提升英语水平。**
**\[基金项目：佳木斯大学教育教学改革研究项目(项目编号：2021JY1-39，2021JY2-77)。1**
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**(作者单位：1.佳木斯大学外国语学院** **黑龙江佳木斯** **154007；2.菲律宾莱西姆大学八打雁校区** **菲律宾八打雁** **4200)**
**\[作者简介：文艳(1997一)，女，四川宜宾人，硕士研究生，研究方向：英语教学；通讯作者：崔羽杭(1979一)，女，黑龙江佳木斯人，教授，硕士生导师，主要研究方向：外语教育理论与实践。1**
**(责编：若佳)**
**(上接第182页)技学院校级科研基金项目资助：新疆科技学院校级教学改革研究项目“《会计信息系统》课程教学模式改革与实践”(项目编号：JGYB-21-07)\]**
**参考文献：**
**\[1\]赵男男，杜素音.“互联网+”视角下《会计管理信息系统》课程教学模式改革探析\[\].教育现代化，2018，5(27)：65-66+91.**
**\[2\]席志武，邢祥.“传播研究方法”课程的教改路径探析行.青年记者，2021(22)：89-90.**
**\[3\]朱德江，费岭峰.变革与寻衡：“学导课堂”教改实践的区域探索\[\].基础教育课程，2020(12)：5-11.**
**\[4\]罗杰·D·维曼等.金兼斌，译.大众媒介研究导论.\[M\].北京：清华大学出版社，2019：6**
**\[5\]琼恩.基顿.传播研究方法\[M\].上海：复旦大学出版社，2009：3.**
**\[6\]郑晓蕙，张春雷，杨珍珍，等.“融通乡土生活”的教育思想——宋林飞38年教改实践回望及教育思想诠释与溯源\[\].生物学教学，2020，45(06)：8-15.**
**\[7\] OECD (2020)， Back to the Future of** **Education：** **Four** **OECD** **Scenarios** **for**
**Schooling，** **Educational** **Research** **anc** **Innovation， OECD Publishing，** **Paris，https：//doi.org/10.1787/178ef527-en**
**\[8\]王铁媛.会计信息系统课程教学模式改革研究——基于情境认知的实验教学法\[\].财会通讯，2012(22)：127-128.**
**(作者单位：新疆科技学院会计学院** **新疆库尔勒** **841000)**
**\[作者简介：余洋，硕士研究生，新疆科技学院会计学院专任教师，研究方向：碳会计、公司财务与会计；李万克，通讯作者，硕士研究生，新疆科技学院会计学院专任教师，研究方向：碳会计、公司财务与会计。\]**
**(责编：贾伟)** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **〔关键词〕英语教学；听课效率；参与面；注意力**
**{中图分类号\] G633.41 \[文献标识码\]A**
**\[文章编号\]1004-0463(2010)02(A)-0049--01**
**课堂教学是提高教学质量的主渠道，也是学生获取知识和提高素质的主阵地。那么，在课堂教学中教师如何调控学生的听课状态，使学生有最大收获，是英语教师一直追求的目标，也是广大教育工作者长期探索、研究的重要课题。为了让学生的听课效果达到最佳，笔者认为可用以下几种方法。**
**一、扩大课堂教学中学生的参与面**
**现代教学中，学生既是教学活动的对象也是主体。学生主体性的发展，是通过学生的参与实现的。因此，英语教学中应注重学生参与。这有助于活跃学生的思维、展现学生的个性、发展学生的心智、拓展学生的视野，促进其语言实际运用能力的提高。英语教学活动通常是以班级授课的方式进行，教师面对的不是学生个体，而是学生群体。在这种教学形式下，要使学生都参与到教学活动中来，接受良好的英语语言教育，教师的教学理念、教学目标和教学设计要面向全体学生。另外，由于学生个体的差异性，教师要突出学生主体，尊重个体差异。教师应多注意学生的情感，对性格内向、情感焦虑的学生，教师应多引导，让其树立自信心，积极参与。**
**二、巧妙建立课堂教学模式**
**课堂教学是由各个环节组成的，教师应根据不同的教学内容在课堂上设计不同的语言环境。对英语课的设计应从学生的兴趣着手。灵活多变的新课导入，充满乐趣的单词教学，身临其境的对话学习，再加上课后的拓展训练以及适当的作业，会让学生对学习英语产生浓厚的兴趣。**
**就课堂导入而言，导入的语句应简单明了，导入语要点出问题的关键。富有艺术性的开端，可以使学生自然地进入学习新知识的情境，并能激发他们的学习兴趣和求知欲望，让他们乐学、爱学。因此，教师要巧设开头，先声夺人，用最短的时间让学生进入最佳的学习状态。导入新课的方法多种多样，没有固定的模式，常用的方式有歌曲式导入、提问式导入、悬念式导入、复习式导入等。多样化的导入能将抽象、枯燥、呆板的语言文字变得直观、形象、明了、清晰，使语言的功能在动态的画面中得到充分的体现，使学生对语言的感知、理解更为深刻。这是提高学生课堂听课效率的重要环节。**
**三、让科学提问吸引学生的注意力**
**课堂提问是启发式教学的重要手段，提问要有技巧性和艺术性，提问时要把握时机。只有科学合理的提问才能促进学生听课效率的提高。这些方法有：授课前提问时，对学生预习情况进行检查，这样可以**
**把学生从课间休息的兴奋状态迁移到认真听讲上来；授课中途提问时，要面向全体，尽量让更多的学生参与到问题的讨论中来，可用比赛的形式竞争表演，这样有易于防止学生分心和开小差；授课结束前提问能及时巩固学生当天所学的知识。**
**四、用有趣的例句吸引学生的注意力**
**持续不变的同一种信号刺激会使人感到厌倦和疲劳，而间断、变化的信号能使人保持兴奋。在英语课堂教学中，教师应根据不同的教学内容，选择不同的教学方式。要讲中有问、问中有讲、思中有议，使学生在不断变化的信息刺激中保持适于学习的亢奋状态。例如，教师在讲解某些动物时，可以用简笔画在黑板上画出一些动物，把学生的注意力集中到黑板上，当学生对老师的板书很感兴趣时，就会避免听而不闻、视而不见现象的出现。又如，如果教师带一个实物到教室来，学生就会十分注意它，猜想老师带着它干什么，就会一直关注老师的动作。这样，无形中就把学生的注意力吸引过来了。**
**五、让分角色扮演和看图说话吸引学生的注意力**
**学习英语不能死记硬背，最终目的是要达到运**
**用，即交际的目的。如何实现这一目标呢?教师每节课都可以有意组织学生进行一些小表演，比如 _学了At the Doctor's一课_ 后，让学生表演 go to seea doctor”，一个扮演病人，一个扮演医生。通过表演，学生不仅对所学内容有了更深刻的印象，而且使学到的知识达到了运用的目的，锻炼了学生的思维能力和语言表达能力。再如，对学生已学过的课文，在理解课文的基础上，可利用挂图或自己绘制一些简笔画让学生看图后简单复述所学内容。这样就会促使学生记住课文内容，能提高他们的语言表达能力，而且还会使课堂气氛轻松活泼。**
**张玉**
**(临洮县中铺学区 跳730500)**
**20102(A) 49** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 论企业职业压力管理机制的建构
李爱玲
(郑州航空工业管理学院法律系，郑州450015)
\[摘要\]企业有效地开展职业压力管理工作，可帮助员工正确地应对、适应和缓解压力，进而有益于企业进步和发展。
\[关键词\]职业压力；职业压力管理；机制
\[中图分类号\]F270 7 \[文献标识码\]A 文章编号\]1003-4919(2009)08-0094-03
联合国2007年的一份报告中称职业压力已经成为”21世纪的流感"。美国联邦政府的国家职业安全健康机构的一项研究表明，美国超过半数的劳动力将职业压力看做他们生活中的一个主要问题，职业压力以及其所导致的疾病缺勤、体力衰竭、精神健康问题，每年耗费美国企业界3000多亿美元。目前在中国，虽然还没有专业机构对因职业压力为企业带来的损失进行统计，但也有专业公司调查发现，有超过20%的员工声称”职业压力很大或极大”。业内人士初步估计，中国每年因职业压力给企业带来的损失，至少在上亿元人民币。而青岛啤酒厂老总彭作义、爱立信中国总裁杨迈、大中电器总经理胡凯、均瑶集团总裁王均瑶等社会精英的英年早逝，更是让我们痛心疾首。冰冻三尺非一日之寒，长期的职业压力和过度的疲劳酿成了一幕幕这样的惨剧。关注职业压力，切实做好企业压力管理工作，帮助员工正确应对、适应和缓解压力，身心愉快地投入工作，进而促进企业进步和发展，是企业管理者必须面对的现实问题。
一、职业压力与企业压力管理
(一)职业压力的概念和特征
美国国家职业安全与健康研究院认为，职业压力是当职业要求和工作者的承受力、资源以及需要不能匹配时产生的身体和精神上的有害的反应。作为与职业、职务密切关联的压力，它与一般的压力有一些质的差别。
1.职业压力是一个动态的过程。在整个压力动态过程中，个体的主观评价始终起着决定性的作用。这是因为外界的刺激只能作为潜在的压力源存在，只有当个体把这种潜在的压力源评价为一个压力事件时，才能成为一个真正的压力源；同时，许多影响压力反应的中介因素也正是通过影响个体对潜在压力源的主观知觉评价过程而发生影响作用的。
2.职业压力具有积累效应。长期处于压力之中，员工会偏离正常的状态或导致个体行为异常，并主要表现为生理状
态不佳、工作绩效低下和其他行为变化。
3.职业压力具有多元性。由于员工在企业所从事的工作以及职位(相应的责任)不同，所面临的压力源及程度亦有所不同。譬如发电厂，同样为生产一线岗位，检修人员和运行人员职业压力是不尽相同的，而不同岗位层次之间的压力来源差别就更大。另外，员工还可因职位、学历(职称)、年龄、男女性别等差别形成不同群体划分，不同群体之间压力源及其程度的差别还是比较明显的。正确认清职业压力的多元性，将职业压力戈分成若干个元素，对缓解或消除职业压力大有裨益。
(二)企业职业压力管理及其构成
企业职业压力管理是以管理为目的，并有组织有计戈地对职工的压力产生行为进行有效地预防和干预，以防止压力达到破坏性水平的一种开放的、多元的管理方式。企业职业压力管理的目的并不是彻底消除员工的职业压力，而是通过构建积极的工作环境和实施职工福利，帮助员工学会一套有效应对压力的方法，使员工保持一种积极乐观向上的心态，从而起到缓解、调节和分散员工职业压力作用。
企业职业压力管理可分成三部分：(1)针对造成问题的外部压力源本身去处理，即减少或消除不适当的管理和环境因素；(2)处理压力所造成的反应，即对情绪、行为及生理等方面症状的缓解和疏导；(3)改变个体自身的弱点，即改变不合理的信念、行为模式和生活方式等。
二、企业职业压力管理的发展与我国企业职业压力管理的现状
压力研究起源于20世纪30年代美国的医学领域。随后，在社会需求的推动下，从医学领域迅速扩展到社会学、心理学、管理学等学科研究领域。20世纪 80年代以后，职业压力管理有了更为系统和科学的方法，并得到了企业的认可，有不少企业实施了职业压力管理方案。在美国，职业压
\[收稿日期j2009-06-20
\[作者简介\]李爱玲(1969一)，女，郑州航空工业管理学院法律系讲师，研究方向：促进企业发展的法律制度研究。
力协会 (Am erican In stitu te of Stres s)专门对压力给企业、社会带来的一系列问题进行研究，同时为企业提供指导。我国的香港和台湾等地的职业安全健康局也经常发布职业压力管理的研究报告和指导方案，推动企业职业压力管理工作的开展。
我国国内企业职业压力管理尚处于萌芽状态。除通用电气、BM、思科、三星等一些在华跨国公司较早开始关注职业压力与心理方面的问题，邀请培训师在企业开展员工心理援助外，更多本土公司还没有认识到过度职业压力给企业带来的诸多问题和开展压力管理的巨大作用，企业职业压力管理的意识还处在萌芽时期，在企业的人力资源管理体系中还没有职业压力管理的一席之地。
在我国，由于人口众多导致的竞争激烈、社会保障不完善带来的失业恐惧感以及复杂的人际关系等因素的影响，使我国的企业员工面临着比西方国家企业员工更大的工作压力。而企业对员工的不合理使用、企业人力资源管理制度的不完善，外部心理咨询机构的不配套，使得我国企业员工处理压力的可利用资源更加贫乏，多数中国企业的员工应对压力能力水平令人担忧。”EAP与中国职业心理健康论坛"透露了一组令人忧虑的数字：目前近60%的国内组织员工压力较大，出现职业枯竭的员工接近10%。员工的心理、生理健康会直接削弱企业的竞争力，重视并做好我国企业压力管理工作迫在眉睫，且任重道远。
三、建构企业职业压力管理机制的设想
(一)充分认识做好企业职业压力管理的重要性
科学合理的压力管理，对保持员工身心健康，化解企业潜在风险，提高整个企业的绩效意义重大：(1)过度、持续的压力会导致员工严重的身心疾病，而压力管理能预防压力对员工造成的这种毁灭性损害，有效地维护、保持了企业的人力资源；(2)员工压力管理有利于减轻员工过重的心理压力，保持适度的、最佳的压力，从而使员工提高工作效率，进而提高整个组织的绩效、增加企业利润；(3)企业关注员工的压力问题，能充分体现以人为本的理念，有利于构建良好的企业文化，增强员工对企业的忠诚度。
(二)调查、分析员工体会到的压力源和类型
企业在实施员工压力管理活动时，首先要弄清楚导致员工压力的起因即压力源，这是从企业层面上拟定有针对性的解决方案，并实施各种压力减轻计划的前提。实践中，员工可体会到的压力源通常包括工作压力源、社会压力源和生活压力源。
工作压力是最大的压力源。引起工作压力的因素主要有：(1)工作特性，如工作量超载、工作条件恶劣、时间压力等；(2)员工在企业中的角色，如角色冲突、角色模糊、个人职责、无法参与决策等；(3)职业生涯发展，如企业变革、裁员、缺乏工作安全感、抱负受挫等使许多员工不得不重新考虑自己的职业发展等。企业里的每位员工都是社会的一员，
都会感受到诸如社会地位、经济实力、生活条件、财务问题、住房问题等社会压力。这些共同构成了社会压力源。生活中的每一件事情都可能会成为生活压力源。美国著名精神病学家赫姆斯(He山es)列出了43种生活危机事件，其中对压力影响程度比较大的有：离婚、分居、家庭成员死亡、生病、结婚、解雇和退休等。
(三)减轻员工工作压力的应对机制
对于职业压力的成因，人们现在争论的焦点在于：压力存在的原因是出于工作者个性还是工作环境。我们在实践中比较多地依赖于个人的个性特征。但科学证据显示有些工作环境对所有人都会产生不良的压力，比如工作者不能参与决策、组织中沟通不畅、没有平衡家庭和工作的政策、没有来自同事和上级的支持角色、没有成长机会等。相对于个人特征而言，对环境的管理将有利于个人个性的改善和企业效率提高。所以，美国国家职业安全与健康研究院建议：企业通过管理工作环境来管理职业压力，并以重新设计工作环境作为主要的减压策略4\]。
1.建立正式的组织沟通机制，实现无缝沟通。沟通是释放压力的良好渠道，它提供了一种释放压力的情绪表达方式。有效的沟通渠道可使员工及时了解公司的状况及外部环境的变化，从而及时做出调整，变被动为主动，减轻压力。
2实施宽容式管理。任何员工都不是完美无缺的。特别是个性强的员工可能因为性格原因而发生行为失误，如果对这种失误强加指责，他们会自然产生心理压力。对员工实施宽容式管理，就应该允许他们适当的犯错误，犯了错误就能在个人的发展道路上不再犯同样的错误。爱立信移动通信有限公司本着这样的原则：工人一旦进入公司，我们就会紧急发展他，即便他犯了错误，我们会先追究经理的责任，如果他不胜任，我们也会为他们提供培训或进行岗位调换，直至胜任为止。”实践证明，容忍犯错误的态度给予了这些员工最大的宽容，避免情绪沮丧带来的有害压力，从而增进了员工对企业的信赖和忠诚感，有助于其创造性潜力的发挥。
3.强化人力资源管理，做到人尽其用。当员工身处力所不能及的工作环境中时，他们通常会感到很大的压力。所以，确保员工的能力符合工作对能力的要求是人力资源管理的基本出发点。(1)任何减轻员工压力的尝试都必须以员工的甄选为起点。在甄选过程中，一方面要通过对工作客观的预先介绍，减少员工对工作认识的盲目性，从而减轻压力；另一方面，要注意识别人力资源的特点，选拔与工作要求相符合的人力资源，力求避免上岗后因无法胜任工作而产生巨大心理压力现象。。(2)在人力资源配置中，应力求人与事的最佳配置，并清楚地定义在该岗位上员工的角色、职责、任务。必要时，可以对工作进行再设计，或增强工作的挑战性以增加员工参与决策及赢得社会支持的机会，或减轻工作的负担，从而减轻员工的压力。(3)帮助员工进行职业规划，并适时对员工进行培训。在职业规划中，管理者可以帮助员工改变认知，适当调整期望值，建立现实客观的 SMART式的
发展目标，即建立适合自己的(S- specific)、可衡量的(M-m ea surable)、可实现的(A - achievabl)、实际的(R-ralis tic)、基于时间的(T- tim e- ba sed)目标体系。同时，可以对员工进行工作技能、时间管理和人际沟通方面的培训，以有效提高工作效率，从而缓解其在时间和人际关系方面的压力。
4.完善福利制度，营造温馨的工作环境。完善的福利能有效减少知识型员工的工作外源压力，企业应主要从薪酬、住房、医疗、社会保险、员工家庭生活等方面提供保障。而通过营造赏心悦目的工作空间则有利于达到员工与工作环境相适应，提高其安全感和舒适感。同时，制定一些人性化的管理措施，创造开放、公平的沟通环境，营造一种真诚和谐的企业氛围也必不可少。
(四)消除员工个人生活压力的应对机制
对于来自员工个人生活的压力会产生两方面的问题。首先，这样的压力管理者难以直接控制；其次，压力源会涉及伦理方面的问题。如果管理者认为介入员工的个人生活符合伦理标准，而且员工也能够接受，可以考虑采用员工咨询、时间管理方案或身体活动方案这样几种方式来消除生活压力。员工会经常需要向别人倾诉一下他们自己的问题，企业就可以通过其管理者、内部个人顾问或外部专业人士为员工提供咨询，缓解员工压力。对于那些个人生活缺乏计划性的员工，企业可以采取为员工施加压力的"时间管理方案”，帮助员工权衡各种事情的优先顺序，运用 PDCA循环的方法管理自己，管理工作，进而成功缓解压力。由企业发起的”身体活动方案”，主要指企业雇用一些健康专家向员工提供锻炼方面的建议，教授身心放松的技术，期望员工通过身体活动的练习使自己保持轻松的状态。
(五)企业压力管理的特殊计划
1.职业压力管理方案。职业压力管理方案包括压力评估、组织改变、宣传推广、教育培训和压力咨询等几项内容，是企业为增进其员工的身心健康和绩效而对内部职业进行预防和干预的系列措施，是企业职业压力的管理体系和方法
的总和4。D一套成熟的职业压力管理方案应以企业为核心但又更注重企业中个体的个体性，对于缓解损工职业压力，提高工作效率，长期内为企业的发展提供不竭的动力，促进企业的长期发展有重要的意义。
2.保健计划。主旨是帮助员工通过保持生理和心理健康进行压力管理。内容是教给员工减轻压力的方法。实施该计划的理由是员工自己的生活归根到底还是要由员工自己控制，员工的自我管理、自我调适是最有效的化解压力的方法。
3.员工帮助计划。又称员工心理援助项目、全员心理管理技术，是企业为员工设置的一套系统的、长期的福利与支持项目，主要通过专业人员对组织的诊断、建议和对员工及其直系亲属提供专业指导、培训和咨询，使员工在纷繁复杂的个人问题中得到解脱，管理和减轻员工的压力，维护其心理健康。如今，EAP已经发展成一种综合性的服务，其内容包括压力管理、职业心理健康、裁员心理危机、灾难性事件、职业生涯发展、健康生活方式、法律纠纷、理财问题、饮食习惯、减肥等各个方面，全面帮助员工解决个人问题。
企业压力管理直接关系到员工的身心健康、事业成败和生活幸福，企业进行全面而有效的压力管理有助于减轻员工的压力和心理负担，拉近企业与员工之间的距离，增强企业的凝聚力，促进企业的良性发展。
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On the Establishm en t of the Managem en t M echan ism for O ccupa t ion a l Stresses
LiAi-ling
(Law Departm ent of Zhengzhou Istitue of Aeronautical ndustry M an agem en t， Zhengzhou 450015，China)
Abstract： Enterprises can he b their employe rs face， be adapted to and cope with the o ccupa to nal stres ses with the a sse cia ed m anage-men t m ech an ism and then mp nve the ente mprise s them se lves A ccoring b he theories of occupation al stress， the hes is ana lyzes the pre sent state of the occupa tional stresses management in China and brin gs fo ward sme ideas to establish the managen ent mechanism for various occupational stre sses mo ting from different stre ss source s
Key words occupa tional stress occupato nal stress managem ent mechanism | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 中央银行票据可持续性研究
陈建奇 张 原
(浙江大学经济学院，浙江杭州市310027)
摘 要：本文分析了当前我国央行票据现状，给出了中央银行票据可持续性问题的一个分析框架，接着讨论了央行票据的动态路径，提出了央行票据可持续性的判断法则，在此基础上，结合中国当前的经济形势对我国央行票据可持续性问题进行实证分析。研究发现当前我国央行票据仍处于可持续水平，央行票据的货币冲销政策仍可持续，但从长远来看，我国应加快汇率制度改革，改变央行票据货币冲销的被动局面。
关键词：央行票据；货币冲销；可持续性
中图分类号：F830.31 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1002-7246(2007103-0001-07
一、引 言
近年来我国外汇储备急剧上升，中央银行在现行外汇体制下被动投放基础货币，市场上出现了过多流动性，对此，中央银行采取货币冲销政策(Sterilized Intervertion)，即央行通过发行央行票据对冲外汇占款。但货币冲销的结果是中央银行票据规模和余额的迅速上升，大规模的央行票据提高了市场流动性从而促进公开市场操作的有效实施，但同时也带来了高额的发行成本，央行票据能否可持续的问题成为人们争论的热点。
本文接下来将首先对当前我国央行票据情况进行分析，接着给出中央银行票据可持续性的一个分析框架，研究在不同条件下央行票据的动态特性，并且提出一个充分条件用以判断央行票据的可持续性问题，最后结合中国当前的经济形势，运用模型得出的判别法则对我国中央银行票据可持续问题进行综合检验。
收稿日期：2007-01-08
作者简介：陈建奇(1976-)、男，浙江大学经济学院博士研究生。张
原(1981-)，女，浙江大学经济学院博士研究生。
二、我国央行票据现状分析
(一)央行票据发行情况
2003年以来，我国“双顺差”局面没有改变，外汇储备持续增长，货币冲销压力不断增大。虽然我国目前实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度，但从实际执行结果看，基本上可看作是与美元挂钩的固定汇率制度。在这种制度下，政府必须随时准备干预市场以维持汇率稳定，因而，外汇储备增长的直接结果是基础货币的过度投放，外汇储备占央行总资产比例从2003年的48.1%上升到2006年3月的61.3%④。为了回笼因对冲外汇储备增长而投放的过多基础货币，中国人民银行不断增加央行票据发行量，2003年央行共发行63期央行票据，发行总量为7226.8亿元，年末余额为3376.8亿元；2004年增加了发行频率和发行总量，全年共发行105期央行票据，发行总量15072 亿元，年末央行票据余额为9742亿元；就2005 年来看，央行票据发行规模和频率不断上升的趋势没有改变，央行票据共发行124 期，发行总量达到27462亿元②。
央行票据在短短两年多的时间里从无到有，从少到多，市场规模及其所占比重不仅不可忽略而且举足轻重。从同期的市场债券发行情况看，从2002年9月央行票据开始发行至2006年5月份，央行票据发行总量达到了66710.7亿元，占同期市场债券发行总额的60.6%，发行期数为321，占同期债券总发行期数的37.85%(表1)。如果把央行票据同改革开放以来市场上发行的所有债券相比，从表1可以看出，央行票据发行总额占市场上所有债券发行总量的39.6%，处于第一位的水平，超过了国债发行总量的2个百分点左右。
表1 1980年-2006年5月央行票据和其他市场债券发行情况
| 类别 | 发行期数(只) | | 发行期数比重(%) | | 发行总额(亿元) | | 发行总额比重(%) | | 市场余额(亿元) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 类别 | 同期 | 所有 | 同期 | 所有 | 同期 | 所有 | 同期 | 所有 | 总值 | 比重(%) |
| 国债 | 74 | 247 | 8.73 | 19.46 | 20897.90 | 61948.43 | 18.72 | 37.04 | 43195.20 | 45.51 |
| 企业债 | 102 | 230 | 12.03 | 18.12 | 1839.00 | 2850.32 | 1.65 | 1.70 | 2482.88 | 2.62 |
| 金融债 | 161 | 280 | 18.99 | 22.06 | 18432.52 | 32937.13 | 16.51 | 19.69 | 20205.73 | 21.29 |
| 央行票据 | 321 | 321 | 37.85 | 25.30 | 67660.70 | 66710.70 | 60.60 | 39.88 | 26830.00 | 28.27 |
| 短期融资券 | 175 | 176 | 20.64 | 13.87 | 2659.40 | 2667.40 | 2.38 | 1.59 | 2201.77 | 2.32 |
| 证券化资产 | 15 | 15 | 1.77 | 1.18 | 155.24 | 155.24 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0 | 0 |
| 合计 | 848 | 1269 | 100 | 100 | 111644.76 | 167269.22 | 100 | 100 | 94915.58 | 100 |
注：(1)由于央行票据只从2002年9月才开始出现，所以央行票据的统计时点仅仅是2002年至今，因而这里把统计时点分为“同期”和"所有”，“同期”是指2002年9月至2006年5月31日，而“所有”则表示改革开放以来的所有情况，这里没有将1993年至1995年中国人民银行发行的带有央行票据性质的融资券计算在央行票据内；国债等其他债
数据来源于《中国人民银行统计季报》和 Wind 金融资讯数据库。
数据来源于《中国人民银行统计季报》和 Wind 资讯数据库。
券的计算都包括改革开放以来的所有发行数量。(2)数据来源于《中国人民银行统计季报》各期、《中国金融年鉴》各期和 Wind 资源数据库。
(二)值得关注的问题
我国央行票据规模巨大，潜在问题不能低估。据测算，2004年1~10月发行的央行票据的利息支付在210亿元左右，如果扣除相对应的外汇储备运作收益，那么央行因发行央行票据的净损失约为150亿元(曾秋根，2005)。一方面，中国人民银行必须在短期内不断进行到期央行票据的还本付息，而且还要兼顾短期内大量央行票据发行和兑付所引起的市场利率波动，保持货币市场和债券市场稳定；另一方面，国际市场对人民币升值的预期仍然非常强烈，在金融经济一体化形势下，一旦人民币升值显现出可能的迹象，在短时间内将有数额庞大的境外“热钱”涌入，所以今后一个时期对冲外汇占款的压力可能更甚于以前年度(武剑，2005)。央行票据货币冲销政策能否可持续成为评价我国央行货币政策稳定性的一个重要方面。
三、央行票据可持续性问题的理论分析框架
(一)央行票据可持续性基本分析框架
假设M为一段连续的时间内中央银行因外汇储备增长而被动投放的过多的基础货币量，B为央行票据余额。由于央行票据发行的直接原因是为了回收因外汇储备增长而被动投放的基础货币，减少市场上过多的流动性，因而有
即央行票据的变化量等于市场上被动投放的基础货币量(以下将这种基础货币称为扩张性基础货币)，根据(1)式可以得出央行票据与 GDP 之比的变化率
这里 b =B/GDP 表示央行票据余额与 GDP 的比例。由(2)可以看出央行票据与GDP之比的变化率等于央行票据增长率与GDP增长率之差。假设市场上扩张性基础货币与 GDP之比为m，即m=M/GDP，GDP增长率为g，根据(1)和(2)式可以进一步得出以下关系式
从而可以得出 db/dt =m-gb，这是一个一阶线性微分方程，根据一阶线性微分方程的性质(Fuente，2000)知道它存在唯一的定常状态b=m/g，并且该方程的通解形式是
①
)
余永定(2000)曾经用类似分析框架研究了财政政策稳定性。
其中C为常数。这里如果将2005年作为基期，即t=0，假定中央银行发行央行票据收缩的基础货币刚好等于2005年外汇储备增加额，那么根据测算得到扩张性基础货币与 GDP 比率m =0.09，由2005年底央行票据余额和 GDP 水平可以求得初始央行票据余额与 GDP之比g=9.9%@，另外根据国家统计局公布的数据知道2005 年我国 GDP 增长率为g=9.9%，按照这些条件可以得到C =0.84。由此可得微分方程(4)的解是
图1央行票据余额与 GDP 之比的动态路径图
根据动态方程(5)可以得到央行票据余额与 GDP 之比的动态路径如图1所示的曲线Ⅰ。从图中可以发现，虽然央行票据余额与 GDP 之比随着时间不断上升，但是最终将逐渐收敛于0.9的水平，因而不会出现不可持续的情况，当然这是由初始央行票据余额与 GDP 之比b=0.06得出的情况，所有的后续值都小于0.9。同样的，如果初始央行票据余额与 GDP 之比大于0.9，那么将得到C>0，从而相应的动态路径将表现为图1的曲线Ⅱ，但是这并不影响央行票据的可持续性，因为曲线Ⅱ将最终收敛于0.9的水平，而不会发生发散的情况。由此可见，对于方程(4)的动态方程，决定其稳定性的是经济增长率，如果经济增长率小于或者等于0，那么央行票据余额与 GDP 之比将趋向无穷大，从而不可持续。
(二)纳人利息变量的扩展分析框架
上面讨论的框架没有考虑央行票据利息支付的情况，下面将央行票据利息支付纳人分析框架，我国央行票据的利息支付由央行通过货币发行收入来解决，从而央行票据发
①
数据来源于 wind 资讯数据库、中国人民银行网站数据和中国统计局网站数据库。
行不仅要收缩因外汇储备增长而引致的扩张性基础货币M，还应包括因央行票据利息支付而导致的基础货币扩张，假定央行票据发行利率为i，则
从而有
式(7)也是一阶线性微分方程，根据一阶线性微分方程的性质知道它存在唯一的定常状态b= m/(g-i)，并且该方程的通解形式是
其中C，为常数。从方程(8)可以看出影响央行票据稳定性的重要因素除了经济增长率外，还多了央行票据的发行利率因素，如果经济增长率与发行利率之差小于或者等于零，那么央行票据余额与 GDP 之比都将趋向无穷大，从而央行票据将不可持续，利率的上升将增加央行票据付息成本，从而加速了央行票据的不可持续性。特别地当g-i>0时，此时动态系统(8)是稳定的，央行票据可持续，但是利率的增加将减缓央行票据动态路径的收敛速度，同时也将促使稳态水平m/(g-i)向上移动。
(三)综合分析框架
在以上的分析过程中，假定了物价水平不变，从而没有对名义变量与实际变量进行区分，现在将物价变化因素纳人分析框架中。假设名义变量 b，g，m对应的实际变量分别为b'.g'，m'，假定物价指数为P，那么实际央行票据余额与 GDP之比b=(B/P)/(GDP/P)，实际经济增长率g'=\[d(GDP/P)/dt\]/(GDP/P)，扩张性基础货币与 GDP 之比对应的实际变量值为m’=(M/P)/(GDP/P)，则结合(7)式可以得到
dB/dt\_d\[(B/P)/(GDP/P)\]/dt d(B/GDP)/dt dB/dt d(GDP)/dt
b'
(B/P)/(GDP/P)
B/GDP
B
GDP三M+i一\_d(GDP)/dt一
M/GDP
d(GDP)/dt
+五二(M/P)/(GDP/P)
一GDP
B/GDP
GDP
(B/P)/(GDP/P)(d(GDP/P)/dt)P+(GDP/P)(dP/dt)(M/P)/(GDP/P)\_d(GDP/P)/dt \_(GDP/P)P
(B/P)/(GDP/P)
(GDP/P)
这里m为通货膨胀率，而i仍然表示名义利率，进一步地假设实际利率为i，那么根据通货膨胀率与名义利率的关系有i=i +T，将该式代入式(9)可以得到
根据微分方程性质可以求得方程(10)的通解为
这里C，为常数。由此可见，加入物价因素的动态方程(11)与未考虑物价因素的动
态方程(8)在形式上是一样的，由式(11)可以看出，初始的央行票据余额与 GDP 之比并不影响动态系统的稳定性，实际经济增长率与央行票据实际发行利率是决定央行票据能否可持续的两个关键因素，可以得到以下的央行票据可持续性判别原则：
命题一：当实际经济增长率大于央行票据实际发行利率时，央行票据具有可持续性；相反的，当实际经济增长率小于或者等于央行票据实际发行利率时，央行票据不可持续。
(四)央行票据可持续性与动态效率
由于央行票据和国债同属于国家信用，因而央行票据利率也是无风险利率，规模巨大的央行票据有助于市场利率的形成，央行票据利率将成为市场基准利率，从这个意义上说，命题一可以表述为当实际经济增长率大于实际市场利率时，央行票据具有可持续性；相反的，当实际经济增长率小于或者等于实际市场利率时，央行票据不可持续。 Phelps(1961)将利率等于经济增长率的状况称为黄金律水平( Golden Rule)， Diamond(1965)最早注意到资本存量偏离黄金律水平的动态效率问题，并通过确定性两期代际交叠模型证明了当经济增长率超过利率即资本的边际产量时，竞争经济可能会出现过度积累的均衡，这样的经济被称为动态无效的经济，反之称为动态有效经济。于是得到：
命题二：当经济处于动态无效时，央行票据可以持续；当经济处于动态有效时，央行票据不可持续。
四、我国央行票据可持续性实证分析
本节将首先对命题一的相关变量作实证分析，进而对我国当前央行票据可持续性作出一个初步的估计。由于模型中采用的央行票据发行利率是一个总体的概念，没有明确指明利率对应票据的具体期限或者年限，因而这里将采用央行票据各期限品种实际发行利率及其平均值来进行综合判断。因为央行票据主要集中在3个月期、半年期和1年期这些短期品种，所以对发行利率进行分析时分别给出了三种形式的发行利率和各自的平均值。央行票据的短期品种采用的发行方式多数是贴现形式，因而这里用央行票据收益率来表示发行利率。另外这里给出的变量数据的时间跨度为2003-——2005年，其主要原因是：虽然2002年人民银行为增加公开市场业务操作工具，将公开市场业务未到期的正回购品种转换为中央银行票据(戴根有，2003)，但是直到2003年中央银行才正式发行央行票据，因此这里将起始时间定为2003年。具体的分析结果见表2。
表2 央行票据发行利率与 GDP增长率的比较
| 年度 | 通货膨胀率(%) | 央行票据名义发行利率 | | | 央行票据实际发行利率(扣除通货膨胀因素) | | | GDP增曾长率(%) | 实际GDP增长率(%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 年度 | 通货膨胀率(%) | 3个月期(%) | 半年期(%) | 1年 期(%) | 3个月期(%) | 半年期(%) | 1年期(%) | GDP增曾长率(%) | 实际GDP增长率(%) |
| 2003 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 9.5 | 8.3 |
| 2004 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.2 | \-1.4 | \-1.4 | \-0.7 | 9.5 | 5.6 |
| 2005 | \-2.0 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 9.9 | 11.9 |
| 平均值 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 9.6 | 8.6 |
注：资料来源于2005年《中国统计年鉴》、中经专网数据库、Wind 资讯数据库和中国统计局网站数据。央行票据发行利率由到期收益率来表示，具体采用\[(票面值-发行价格)/发行价格\]\*(12/期限月数)计算发行利率，比如三个月期央行票据发行利率用\[(票面值-发行价格)/发行价格\]\*(12/3)，即\[(票面值-发行价格)/发行价格\]\*4计算而得。
从表2可以看出 GDP增长率都大于同期的央行票据各期限品种的实际发行利率， GDP 增长率平均值大于央行票据各期实际发行利率平均值，即使不扣除通货膨胀因素， GDP 增长率也都大于同期的央行票据各期限品种的名义发行利率，GDP增长率平均值也大于央行票据各期名义发行利率平均值，按照命题一知道当前央行票据余额与 GDP之比的动态路径是稳定的，从而当前我国央行票据是可持续的。
五、结论分析与政策建议
从前面分析框架的模型建立和推导过程中，我们发现经济增长率和央行票据发行利率构成了影响央行票据这种货币冲销政策可持续性的关键因素，央行票据发行利率的上升意味着央行票据更高的发行成本，从而将加速央行票据的不可持续性，相反的，经济增长率的提高则有助于提高央行票据动态系统的稳定性，进而促进央行票据的可持续性。同时结合中国当前的相关经济变量指标研究发现当前我国中央银行票据是可持续的。这主要归因于近几年来我国经济处于平稳快速发展的态势，保持了较高的经济增长率；以及较低的中央银行票据发行利率。
需要指出的是，从长远来看，我国经济发展速度可能无法一直保持现在的快速发展水平，经济增长率可能出现下降的现象；另一方面，如果现行汇率制度没有改变，人民币升值预期没有消除，那么央行票据余额将不断增加，从而可能促使央行票据发行利率的上升，因而将可能出现经济增长率与央行票据发行利率之差小于零的情况，进而造成央行票据的不可持续。因此，我国应抓住当前央行票据处于可持续的机会，积极推行汇率制度改革，改变央行货币冲销政策的被动局面。
参考文献
(1)戴根有：“中央银行票据：提高政策倾向有效性”，《金融时报》2003年5月14日。
(2)武剑：“货币冲销的理论分析与政策选择”，《管理世界》2005年第8期。
(3)余永定：“财政稳定问题研究的一个理论框架”《世界经济》2000年第5期。
(4)曾秋根：“央行票据对冲外汇占款的成本、经济后果分析”，《财经研究》2005年第5期。
(责任编辑：杨骏)(校对：GH) | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 弘扬马克思主义流通理论加快建设现代流通体系
——构建新发展格局提升产业链供应链的视角
**文启湘**
(西安交通大学经济与金融学院陕西西安710061)
【摘要】建设现代流通体系对于构建新发展格局、推动经济高质量发展具有重要意义。基于此，本文首先论述了马克思主义流通理论，其主要包括：流通独立环节论、流通过程论、流通生产论、流通费用论、流通效率论、流通产业论，流通体系论。同时依据习近平总书记主持召开的中央财经委员会第八次会议精神，从构建新发展格局提升产业链供应链的视角，阐明了加快建设现代流通体系的主要路径和对策。
【关键词】商贸流通；流通产业；流通体系；流通效率；全球竞争力；马克思主义流通理论
【中图分类号】F713 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1672-2949(2021)01-0060-03
【文章著录格式】文启湘.弘扬马克思主义流通理论，加快建设现代流通体系-——构建新发展格局提升产业链供应链的视角\[J\].时代经贸，2021(1)：060-062
**DOI：10.19463/j.cnki.sdjm.2021.01.015**
**建设现代流通体系对于构建以国内大循环为主体，国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，具有十分重要的理论意义和现实意义。因此，本文就“弘扬马克思主义流通理论，加快现代流通体系建设”这一课题提出一些认识，以供讨论。**
**一、弘扬马克思主义流通理论**
**马克思主义流通理论是建设现代流通体系的重要指导思想，因此必须学习、研究、弘扬马克思主义流通理论。马克思主义流通理论集中表现在《资本论》第二卷及第三卷之中，习近平新时代中国特色社会主义经济思想丰富和发展了马克思主义流通理论。马克思主义流通理论的主要内容如下：**
**第一，流通独立环节论。马克思主义经济学指明：社会再生产过程是由生产、分配、流通(交换)、消费四大环节有机组成的统一体，流通是社会再生产过程的一个独立环节。流通作为连接生产与消费纽带，既能促进生产，又能引导消费，同时还能调节分配的数量和结构，因此流通是社会化大生产和社会经济大循环不可缺**
**少的重要环节。一般说来，流通包括商品流通、货币流通和资本流通，本文主要是指商品流通，其包括工业流通、粮食流通、农副产品流通、国内流通和国外流通等。实际上，流通是商流(价值形态变化)、物流(实物形态变化)、信息流和货币流的集合。在现代市场经济中，流通已成为拉动经济发展的火车头，其是反映一个国或地区经济发展繁荣状况的晴雨表。**
**第二，流通过程论。流通是个一过程，流通过程指商品从生产到消费的转移过程，它是商品所有者全部相互关系的总和。流通过程实际上包括流通形式、流通环节、流通渠道和流通时间。流通形式是指通过买卖活动实现交换的表现形式，其内容有组织形式、流转方向与路线、交易方式、结算形式等；流通环节包括采购、销售、运输、储存；流通渠道是指流通的通道，其本质上反映的是社会经济过程；流通时间，指商品从生产向消费转移过程所经历的时间，可分为售卖时间和购买时间，，二者存在矛盾，因而缩短流通时间具有重要意义。**
**第三，流通生产论。商品的运输配送和储存保管是生产活动在流通领域的继续，属于生产劳动，是社会劳**
作者简介：文启湘(1936-)，西安交通大学经济与金融学院教授、博导，从教治学60余年，兼中国商业经济学会顾问、全国高校贸易经济研究会顾问、中国消费经济学会学术委员会副主任等。
**动的一部分，因此具有生产性，可以追加商品价值，保护商品安全(使用价值)。而且流通过程是社会再生产总过程的一个组成部分，流通的顺畅和不断循环能促进和引导生产发展。**
**第四，流通费用论。流通经济活动是有耗费的。它必定需要社会资源和人力的耗费，这将形成流通费用。马克思在《资本论》第二卷第六章中就流通费用问题做了集中地论述，流通费用分为两类：纯粹流通费用和生产性流通费用。由于流通费用均需要补偿，流通费用的产生和变化会引起商品成本加大和价格变化。因此，务求节约流通费用，降低流通成本。**
**第五，流通效率论。商贸流通占用一定的时间和空间，耗费一定的社会资源与人力，其存在效率高低的问题。流通效率是提高国民经济总体运行效率的重要方面，流通效率低下会延缓流通速度、加大流通费用，因此必须不断提高流通效率，加快流通速度，这有利于推进流通经济高质量发展，并不断地扩大社会再生产。**
**第六，流通产业论。流通产业以商贸业为核心，包括物流业、信息业、生活服务业、金融业等多种产业形态，这些经济活动相互联系、相互融合，因此流通产业是一种复合型产业。在现代社会，流通产业既是国民经济的先导产业，有着引领、导向作用，又是国民经济的战略产业，有安全保障及推进传统产业改造提升的作用。**
**第七，流通体系论。流通是一个庞大的系统，它既包含流通基础设施体系、商品流通体系，又包含为商品流通活动服务的物流配送体系、保障供应体系、社会信用体系、流通管理体系。因而，流通体系涉及宏观、中观、微观三个层面。随着信息技术的兴起，流通体系既包含点、线、面的空间布局，同时还有虚拟的网络结构。**
**二、加快建设现代流通体系**
**建设现代流通体系既是构建新发展格局的客观需要，又是推进经济高质量发展的内在要求。2012年国务院发布的《关于深化流通体制改革加快流通产业发展的意见》，提出到2020年要“基本建立起统一开放、竞争有序、安全高效、城乡一体的现代流通体系”。习近平总书记也强调，构建新发展格局必须把建设现代流通体系作为一项重要战略任务。这是因为，国内循环和国际**
**循环、国民经济运行中的全产业供应链都离不开高效的现代流通体系。现代流通体系既是国内循环的重要组成部分，也是国际循环的重要影响因素，其是提升产业链和供应链现代化水平与高效运行的重要纽带。在马克思主义流通理论和习近平新时代中国特色社会主义经济思想指导下，加快建设现代流通体系的路径与对策如下：**
**第一，坚持问题导向，加强组织领导。当前我国流通业总体上缺乏顶层设计，城乡发展不均衡，网络布局不合理，信息化、标准化、国际化程度不高，效率低、成本高状况严重，应急物流缺乏，集约化程度较低，缺少在国际上有影响力的商贸、物流企业和产业链、供应链企业。因此务必立足国民经济全局，对加强对流通体系的组织领导和政策扶持。对此要进行总体规划、合理布局，推进商流、物流、信息流、资金流在全国范围内完善与发展。中央财经委员会第八次会议从大流通的角度对建设现代流通体系提出了统筹推进的要求和部署，这有待各部门和各地方认真研究并加以落实。**
**第二，统筹推进现代流通体系的硬件和软件建设。统筹硬件和软件建设，是构建现代流通体系的迫切需要，也是完善和加强全产业链和全供应链的重要物质技术基础。对此必须发展流通新技术、新业态、新模式。在硬件建设方面，要加强交通设施、物流枢纽、配送中心、冷链基地、储备库、公共信息平台、技术装配和运作场所等基础设施建设；在软件建设方面，不仅要注重技术研发、产业链和供应链优化以及新技术的推广，而且要加强人才培养、业态创新，以推进流通软实力得到不断进步和提升。**
**第三，加快建设现代综合运输体系。现代综合运输体系不但有利于打破时空阻隔、强化区域协作，还有利于实现产供销运的高效衔接，从而能够保障产业链、供应链实现稳定高效运行。但现阶段，我国在综合运输方面发展不充分、不平衡，因此加快建设现代综合运输体系，既是建设现代流通体系的重要内容，又是国民经济循环畅通的迫切要求。为此，要优化综合运输通道布局，形成统一开放的交通运输市场。首先要提升各类运输方式的组合效率，加强高铁货运和国际航空货运能力，其次要加强立体交通网络建设，形成内外联通、安全高效的物流网络。**
**第四，大力提高流通效率。流通效率是流通产业实现经济效益与社会效益的决定性因素。流通效率主要表现在流通资源整合力、流程优化率、流通业态和流通技术的创新力。因此，要充分运用现代信息技术、现代物流、现代供应链来改造和提升传统流通业。首先，要调整和优化流通产业结构、城乡结构与地区结构，以提高流通资源的整合力。其次，要精简流通环节，缩短流通时间，优化商品流程。最后，要调整和优化流通业态，实现流通技术创新。**
**第五，塑造市场化、信息化、法治化、国际化的营商环境。商品与生产要素的自由流动以及价格的形成都与市场紧密相关，因此需按市场经济规律塑造良好的营商环境。现阶段，随着信息技术特别是互联网技术的发展，其要求流通业本身必须走信息化之路，对此运用网络技术改造传统流通业和推进产业链与供应链发展十分必要。同时，鉴于目前存在法律、法规不完善等问题，流通体系务必加强法制建设，严格依法运行。并且，面对经济全球化，我国已经融入国际经济体系，具有大国担当，务必加快推进流通体系的国际化进程，实现国内流通和国外流通结合，内贸与外贸互动。**
**第六，着力提升流通业的全球竞争力。面对经济全球化，我国现代流通体系必须着力提升全球竞争力。首先要培育具有全球竞争力的现代流通企业(含物流企业)，对此要加强现代流通企业数字化、智能化和跨界融合进程，构建新型产业链，引领生产发展，提高生产与流通效率，并努力形成国际贸易中心、物流枢纽和供应链创新中心。同时，要建设流通新业态主导的跨境电商平台和供应链体系，畅通国内外供需渠道，推动国内国际双循环相互促进。要优化进出口贸易结构和贸易机制，推进我国从贸易大国向贸易强国的转变。另外，还要认真做好流通业在“一带一路”建设中的空间布局，培育新型市场和物流枢纽，发挥中国流通业在国际经济中的桥梁作用和引领作用。**
**第七，加快建设金融供给保障体系。流通是商流、物流、信息流、货币流的集合，在现代市场经济社会，金融是国民经济和现代流通体系的血脉，其是提升现代流通效率的关键要素。因此，务必加快金融供给保障体系建设。首先，要加强支付结算等金融基础设施建设，优化非现金支付框架。其次，要完善普惠金融基础设施**
**服务，加快数据管理服务普及。最后，要深化金融供给结构改革，加大金融产品创新供给，满足多元市场主体的多样化金融服务需求。**
**第八，加快建立应急流通体系。鉴于新冠病毒疫情仍在全球蔓延，我国相关部门必须加快建立储备充足、反应迅速、抗冲击能力强的应急流通体系，特别是供应链服务体系。对此要完善应急供应的智慧分级响应机制和联防联控机制。要运用大数据和可视技术手段，加快建设应急物流和供应链协同调度平台，以确保应急资源适时采取和可用可控。**
**参考文献：**
1.文启湘主编：社会主义商业经济学(修订本)\[M\].西安：陕 **西人民教育出版社，1994**
**2.新华社统筹推进现代流通体系建设，为构建新发展格局提供** 有力支撑(9.9)\[N\].经济日报，2020-9-10
3.丁俊发：加快建设高效的现代流通体系\[N\].经济日报，2020-9-30
4.人民日报评论员.加快构建新发展格局\[N\].人民日报，2020- **11一3** | null | null | null | null | null |
en | hf cc0-1.0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/storytracer/US-PD-Books | The parent's assistant, or, Stories for children
author: Edgeworth, Maria, 1767-1849
CHILDREN'S BOOK
COLLECTION
LIBRARY OF THE
t£ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
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TROISTTISPIECE.
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f.23.
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT,
SIMPLE SUSAN,
BEING THE SECOND VOLUME
OF
THE PARENT'S ASSISTANT,
OR
STORIES FOR CHILDREN.
BY MARIA EDGEWORTH,
AUTHOR OF PRACTICAL EDUCATION, AND LETTERS
!0£. L1TERARV LADIES.
THE THIRD EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS.
LONDON:
v, t.v ST. PAUL'S caur.cH- .
BY C, UOODTAL!., IV P ATE RX OS'J E?.- RO "• -
l800.
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
" MAMMA," faid Rofamond, after a
long (Hence, "do you know, what I
have been thinking of all this time ?"
" No, my dear. — What ?"
" Why, mamma, about my coufin
Bell's birth-day ; do you know what day
it is?"
" No, I don't remember."
" Dear mother! don't you remember
it's the 22,d of December ; and her birth-
day is the day after to-morrow? — Don't
you recollect now ? But you never re-
member about birth-days, mamma :
that was juft what I was thinking of,
that you never remember my filler
Laura's birth-day, or — or — or mine,
mamma?"
" What do you mean, my dear ?
I remember your birth-day perfectly
.."
A 2
4 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
" .Indeed ! but 'you never keep it
though."
" What do you mean by keeping
your birth-day ?"
" Oh, mamma, you know very well
—as. Bell's birth-day is kept. — In the
firft place there is a great dinner/'
" And can Bell eat more upon her
birth-day than upon any other day ?"
" No ; nor I mould not mind about
the dinner, except the mince pies. But
Bell has a great many nice things; I
don't mean nice eatable things, but
nice new playthings given to her always
on her birth-day ; and every body
drinks her health, and (he's fo happy."
" But ftay, Rofamond, how you
jumble things together ! Is it every-
body's drinking her health, that makes
her fo happy; or the new playthings,
or the nice mince pies ? I can ealily
believe, that me is happy whilft (he is
eating a mince pie, or whilft Jhe is
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. 5
playing; but how does every body's
drinking her health at dinner make her
happy ?"
Rofamond paufed, and then faid (lie
did not know. " But," added fhex
" the nice new play things mother!"
" But why the nice new playthings ?
Do you like them only becaufe they are
new?"
tc Not only — /do not like playthings
only becaufe they are new, but Bell does
I believe — for that puts me in mind —
Do you know, mother, (he had a great
drawerfull of oidplzy things that (he never
ufed, and me faid that they were good
for nothing, becaufe they were old; but
I thought many of them were good for
a great deal more than the new ones.—
Now you (hall be judge, mamma; I'll
tell you all that was in the drawer."
" Nay, Rofamond, thank you, not
juft now ; I have not time to iifien to
you."
A I
6 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
" Well then, mamma, the day after
to-morrow I can (hew you the drawer :
I want you to be judge very much, be-
caufe I am fure I was in the right. —
And, mother," added Rofamond., flop-
ping her as (he was going out of the
room, " will you — not now, but when
you've time — will you tell me why you
never keep my birth-day — why you
never make any difference between that
day and any other day ?"
" And will you, Rofamond — not no\vy
but when you have time to think about
it — tell me why I (hould make any dif-
ference between your birth-day and any
other day ?"
Rofamond thought — but (he could
not find out any reafcn : befides, (lie
fuddenly recolleded, that me had not
time to think any longer, for there was
a certain work bafket to be finifhed,
which (he was making for her coufm
Bell, as a prefent upon her birth-day.
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. 7
The work was at a (land for want of
fome filigree paper, and as her mother
was going out fhe afked her to take her
with her, that (lie might buy Come. Her
lifter Laura went with them.
" Sifter," faid Rofamond, as they
were walking along, " what have you
done with your half-guinea ?"
" I have it in my pocket."
" Dear ! you will keep it for ever in
your pocket: you know my god -mother*
when ihe gave it to you, faid you would
keep it longer than I (hotild keep mine?
and I know what fhe thought by her
look at the time. I heard her fay fom<2-
thing to my mother."
" Yes," faid Laura, failing, " fhe
whifpered fo loud, that I could not help
hearing her too : (lie faid I was a lit tic,
mifer."
" But did not you hear her fay that
I was very generous? and fhe'll ice that
ihe was not mi flake n. I hope fhe'll be
A 4
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
by when I give my ba/ket to Bell — won't
it be beautiful? — there is to be a wreath
of myrtle, you know, round the handle,
and a froft ground, and then the medal-
lions »
" Stay,'* interrupted her fifter ; for
Rofamond, anticipating the glories of
her work-bafket, talked and walked fo
faft, that (lie had pafTed, without per-
ceiving it, the (hop where the filigree
paper was to be bought. They turned
back. Now it happened, that the (hop
was the corner houfe of a ftreet, and
one' of the windows looked out into a
narrow lane : a coach full of ladies flop-
ped at the door jufl before they went
in, fo that no one had time immedi-
ately to think of Rofamond and her
• filigree paper, and fhe went to the win-
dow, where (lie faw that her (ifler Laura
was looking eafneftly at fomething that
was paffing in the lane.
Oppofite to the window, at the door
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. 9
of a poor looking houfe, there was fit-
ting a little girl weaving lace. Her bob-
bins moved as quick as lightning, and
ihe never once looked up from her
work.
" Is not (he very induflrious ?" faid
Laura i " and very honefl too," added
fhe in a minute afterwards; for jufl then,
a baker with a bafket of rolls on his
head parTed, and by accident one of the
rolls fell clofe to the little girl: fhe took
it up eagerly, looked at it as if (he was
very hungry, then put afide her work,
and ran after the baker to return it to
him.
Whilft (he was gone, a footman in a
livery laced with filver, who belonged
to the coach that flood at the mop door;'
as he was lounging with one of his com-
panions, chanced to fpy the weaving
pillow, which fhe had left upon a flone
before the door. To divert himfelf (for
idle people do mifchief often to divert
10 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
themfeives) he took up the pillow, and
entangled all the bobbins. The little
girl came back out of breath to her
work y but what was her furprize and
forrow to find it fpoiled : (he twilled
and untwifted, placed and replaced the
bobbins, while the footman flood laugh-
ing at her diflrefs. She got up gently,
and was retiring into the houfe, when
the filver-laced footman flopped her,
faying infolently— " Sit flill, child."
" I mud go to my mother, fir," laid
the child ; " befides, you have fpoiled all
my lace — I can't flay."
"Can't you," faid the brutal footman,
(hatching her weaving pillow again," I'll
teach you to complain of me." And he
broke off, one after another, all the
bobbins, put them into his pocket, rolled
her weaving pillow down the dirty lane,
then jumped up behind his miflrefs's
coach, and was out of fight in an in-
flant. 4
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. II
" Poor girl'" exclaimed Rofamond,
no longer able to reftrain her indigna-
tion at this injuilice : " Poor little
girl!"
At this inflant her mother faid to
Rofamond — " Come now, my dear, if
you want this filigree paper, buy it."
" Yes, madam," faid Rofamond; and
the idea of what her godmother and her
coufln Bell would think of her genero-
iity ruQied again upon her imagination.
All her feelings of pity were immediately
fupprefled. Satisfied with beftowing
another exclamation upon the " Poor
little girl," (he went to fpend her half-
guinea upon her filigree bafket. In the
mean time, (lie that was called the
" little mifer" beckoned to the poor
girl, and opening the window faidr
pointing to the cufhion, " Is it quite
fpoiled ?"
" Quite ! quite fpoiled ! and I can't,
nor mother neither, buy another j and
12 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT,
I can't do any thing elfe for my bread."
— A few, 'but very few, tears fell as fhe
faid this.
" How much would another coft ?
faid Laura.
" Oh, a great— great deal."
" More than that ?" faid Laura,
holding up her half- guinea.
"Oh, no."
" Then you can buy another with
that," faid Laura, dropping the half-
guinea into her hand, and me (hut the
window before the child could find
words to thank her; but not before fhe
faw a look of joy and gratitude, which
gave Laura more pleafure probably than
all the praife, which could have been be-
ilowed upon her generofity.
Late on the morning of her coufm's
birth-day, Roiamond finiihed her work-
bafket. The carriage was at the door —
Laura came running to call her; her
father's voice was heard at the fame in-
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. 13
ftant ; fo (he was obliged to go down
with her bafket but half wrapped up in
filver paper, a circumftance at which (he
was a good deal difconcerted ; for the
pleafure of furprifing Bell would be ut-
terly loft, if one bit of the filigree fhould
peep out before the proper time. As
the carriage went on, Rofamond pulled
the paper to one fide and to the other,
and by each of the four corners. .
" It will never do, my dear," faid
her father, who had been watching her
operations j " I aoi afraid you will never
make a fheet of paper coyer a box, which
is twice as large as itfelf."
" It is not a box, father," faid
Rofamond, a little peevimly ; " it's a
bafket."
" Let us look at this bafket," faid
he, taking it out of her unwilling hands;
for (he knew of what frail materials
it was made, and (he dreaded its com-
_ing to pieces under her father's exami-
nation. 3
14 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
He took hold of the handle rather
roughly, and ftarting off the coach feat,
Ihe cried —
" Oh, fir! father! fir! you will fpoil
it indeed !" faid fhe with increafed
vehemence, when, after drawing afide
the veil of filver paper, (he faw him grafp
the myrtle-wreathed handle.
<c Indeed, fir, you will fpoil the poor
handle."
" But what is the ufe of the poor
handle," faid her father, " if we are
not to take hold of it? And pray,"
continued he, turning the bafket round
with his finger and thumb, rather in a
difrefpeftful manner — " pray is this the
thing you have been about all this week ?
1 have feen you all this week dabbling
with pafte and rags ; I could not con-
ceive what you were about — Is this the
thing ?"
« Yes, fir— You think then that I
have wafted my time, becaufe the baiket
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. I ;
is of no ufe: but then it is for a prefcnt
for my coufm Bell."
" Your coufm Bell will be very much
obliged to you for a prefent that is of
no ufe , you had better have given. her
the purple jar." *
" Oh, father! I thought you had
forgotten that — it was two years ago;
I'm not fo filly now. But Bell will like
the bafket I know, though it is of no ufe."
" Then you think Bell is fillter now,
than you were two years ago. — Well,
perhaps that is true ; but how comes
it, Rofamond, now that you are fo
wife, that you are fond of fuch a filly
perfon ?"
" /, father?" faid Rofamond, hefi-
t at ing ; " I don't think I am very fond
of her."
" I did not fay very fond."
" Well, but I don't think I am at
all fond of her."
* Se« Eariv I-efifons, pub'.i hrd Vy J. Johnfnn.
l6 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
" But you have fpent a whole week
in making this thing for her."
" Yes, and all my half-guinea
befides."
" Yet you think her filly, and you
are not fond of her at all ; and you fay
you know this thing will be of no ufe
to her."
" But it is her birth-day, fir ; and I
am fure (he will expect fomething, and
every body elfe will give her fomething."
" Then your reafon for giving is
becaufe me experts you to give her
fomething. And will you, or can you,
or mould you always give, merely be-
caufe others expect, or becaufe fome-
body elfe gives ?"
" Always ! — no, not always."
" Oh, only on birth-days."
Rofamond, laughing, u Now you are
•making a joke of me, papa, I fee; but
I thought you liked that people fhould
be generous — my godmother faid that
fce did."
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. IJ
" So do I, full as well as your god-
mother ; but we have not yet quite fet-
tled what it is to be generous."
" Why, is it not generous to make
prefents?" faid Rofamond.
*• That is a queftion, which it would
take up a great deal of time to anfwer.
But, for inflance, to make a prefent of
a thing, that you know can be of no
ufe, to a perfon you neither love nor
etleem, becaufe it is her birth-day, and
becaule every body gives her fomething,
and becaule (he expects fomething, and
becaufe your godmother fays (lie likes
that people ihould be generous, feems
to me, my dear Rofamond, to be,
fmce I muft fay it, rather more like folly
than generofitv."
Rofamond looked down upon the
balket, and was filent.
" Then I am a fool! am I?" faid
(lie, looking up at lad.
" Becaufe you have made one mif-
VOL. II. B
l8 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
take ? — No. If yon have fenfe enough
to fee your own miftakes, and can af-
terwards avoid them, you will never be
a fool."
Here the carnage flopped, and Ro-
famond recollected, that the baiket was
uncovered.
Now we mud obferve, that Rofa-
rnond's father had hot been too fevere
upon Bell, when he called her a filly girl.
From her infancy (he had been humour-
ed ; and at eight years old flie had the
misfortune to be a fpciied child : (he
was idle, fretful, and fclfifh, fo that no-
thing could make her happy. On her
birth-day (lie expecled, however, to be
perfectly happy. Every body in the
houfe tried to pleafe her, and they fuc-
ceeded fo well, that between breakfaft
and dinner fne had only fix fits of cry-
ing. The caufe of five of thefe fits no
one could difcover; but the laft, and
mod lamentable, was occasioned bv a
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. 19
difappointment about a worked muflm
frock, and accordingly at drcffing-time
her maid brought it to her, exclaim-
ing— " See here mifs ! what your
mamma has fent you on your birth-
day— Here's a frock fit for a queen
— if it had but lace round the
cuffs."
" And why has not it lace round the
cuffs ? mamma faid it mould."
" Yes, but miftrefs was difappoint-
cd about the lace ; it is not come
home.''
" Not come home, indeed ! and
did'nt they know it was my birth-day ?
But then I fay I won't wear it without
the lace — I can't wear it without the-
lace— and I won't."
The lace, however, could not be
had; and Bell at length fubmittcd to
let the frock be put on. " Come, Mifs
Bell, dry your eyes," faid the maid who
educated her ; " dry your eyes, and I'll
r> 2
20 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
tellyou fomething, that will pleafe you.""
" What, then?'* faid the child, pout-
ing and fobbing.
" Why but you muft not tell,
that I told you.'*
« No— but if I am afked ?"
" Why, if you are afked, you muft
tell the truth to be fure. — So I'll hold
my tongue, mifs."
" Nay, tell me though, and I'll never
tell — if I am afked."
" Well, then," faid the maid, " your
coufin Rofamond is come, and has
brought you the moft bfaut?'fulleft thing
you ever faw in your life; but you are
not to know any thing about it till
after dinner, becaufe (lie wants to fur-
prife you ; and miftrefs has put it into
her wardrobe till after dinner."
" Till after dinner!" repeated Bell,
impatiently ; " I can't wait till then, I
mud fee it this minute."
The maid refufed her feveral times,
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. 21
till Bell burft into another fit of crying,
and the maid, fearing that her miftrefs
weuld be angry with her, if Bell's eyes
were red at dinner-time, contented to
fhew her the bafket.
How pretty ! — But let me have it
in my own hands," faid Bell, as the
maid held the bafket up out of her
reach.
" Oh no, you muft not touch it ;
for if you fhould fpoil it, what would
become of me ?"
" Become of you indeed!" exclaimed
the fpoiled child, who never confidered
any thing but her own immediate gra-
tification— " Become of you^ indeed !
what fignifies that — I fhan't fpoil it;
and I will have it in my own hands. —
If you don't hold it down for me
directly, I'll tell that you (hewed it to
me."
" Then you won't fnatch it?"
" No, no, I won't indeed," faid Bell;
* 3
22, THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
but £he had learned from her maid a
total difregard of truth. — She fnatched
the bafket the moment it was within
her reach ; a fbruggie enfued, in which
the handle and lid were torn off, and
one of the medallions crufhed inwards,
before the little fury returned to her
fenfes. Calmed at this fight, the next
queilion was, how (he fhould conceal
the mifchief, which (he had done. After
many attempts, the handle and lid were
replaced, the bafket was put exactly in
the fame fpot in which it had ftood
before, and the maid charged the
child, " to look as if nothing icas the
We hope that both children and
parents will here paufc for a moment
to : —The habits of tyranny,
fsg and falsehood, which chil-
dren, acquire from living with bad
il-rvant*, are fcaicely ever conquered
ia the Vv'hoie courfe of their future
lives.
THE BIRTK-DAY PRESENT. 23
After (hutting up the bafket they
left the room, and in the adjoining paf-
fage they found a poor girl waiting with
a fmall parcel in her hand.
" What's your buimeis r" faid the
maid.
" I have brought home the lace,
madam, that was befpoke for the young
lady."
" Oh, you have, have you, at lad ?"
laid Bell ; " and pray why did'nt you
bring it fooner ?"
The girl was going toanfwer, but the
maid interrupted her, laying — " C
come, none of your excuies ; you are a-
little idle good for nothing tiling, to
difappoint Mils Beil upon her b:rth-
day. — But now you have brought it,
let us look at it ?" The li
pave the lace without reply, and the
maid defired her to go about her bufi-
nefs, and not to exped to be j
for that ker miftrefs could nof I
24 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
body, becaufe me was in a room full of
company.
" May I call again, madam, this af-
ternoon r" faid the child, timidly.
" Lord blefs my flars !" replied
the maid, " what makes people fo
poor, I wonders I I wifh miflrefs
would buy her lace at the warehoufe,
as I told her, and not of thefe folks. —
Call again ! yes, to be fure — I believe
you'd call, call, call twenty times for
two-pence."
However ungracioufly the permif-
fion to call again was granted, it was
received with gratitude : the little girl
departed with a chearful countenance :
and Bell teized her maid till fhe got
her to few the long wifhed for lace upon
her cuffs.
Unfortunate Bell ! — All dinner-time
palTed, and people were fo hungry, fo
buly, or fo ilupid, that not an eye ob-
ferved her favourite piece of finery. Till
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. 25
at length me was no longer able to con-
ceal her impatience, and turning to
Laura, who fat next to her, me faid —
" You have no lace upon your cuffs -9
look how beautiful mine is ! — Is not it ?
Don't you wifh your mamma could af-
ford to give you fome like it ? — But you
can't get any if (he would, for this was
made on purpofe for me on my birth-
day, and nobody can get a bit more any
where, if they would give the world for
it,"
" But cannot the perfon who made
it," faid Laura, " make any more like
it?"
" No, no, no !" cried Bell ; for Hie
had already learned, either from her
maid or her mother, the mean pride,
which values things not for being really
pretty or uieful, but for being fuch as
nobody elfe can procure.
" Nobody can get any like it, I fay,"
repeated Bell ; " Nobody in all London
2,6 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
can make it. but one perfon, and that
perfon will never make a bit for any
body but me, I am fure — mamma won't
let her, if I aik her not."
" Very well," faid Laura, coolly, " I
do not want any of it; you need not be
fo violent : I affure you that I don't
want any of it."
" Yes, but you do though," faid
Bell, more angrily.
"No, indeed," laid Laura, frniling.
" You do in the bottom of your
heart ; but you fay you don't to plague
me, I know," cried Bell, fwelling with
difappointed vanity. — " It is pretty for
all that, and it cod a great deal of
money too, and nobody (hail have any
like it, if they cried their eyes out."
Laura received this fentence in lilence
— Rofamond fmiled. And at her fniiie
the ill-fuppreffed rage of the ipoiled
child burfl forth into the feventh and
louden: fit of crying, which had bee a
heard upon her birth -day.
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. 27
"What's the matter, my pet?1' cried
her mother; " Come to me, and tell me
what's the matter."
Bell ran roaring to her mother ; but
no otherwife explained the caufe of her
forrow than by tearing the fine lace,
with frantic gefhires, from her cuffs,
and throwing the fragments into her
mother's lap.
" Oh ! the lace, child ! — are you
mad ?" faid her mother, catching hold
of both her hands. " Your beautiful
lace, my dear love — do you know how
much it coft ?"
" I don't care how much it coft — it
is not beautiful, and I'll have none of
it," replied Bell, fobbing — " for it is
not beautiful."
" But it is beautiful," retorted her
mother ; " I chofe the pattern myfelf.
Who has put it into your head, child,
todiflike it ? — Was it Nancy ?"
" No, not Nancy, but them, mam*
28 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
ma," faid Bell, pointing to Laura and
Rofamond.
" Oh fie ! don't point" faid her
mother, putting down her ftubborn
finger ; " nor fay them, like Nancy ; I
am fure you mifunderflood. — Mifs
Laura, I am fure, did not mean any
fuch thing."
" No, madam; and I did not fay
any fuch thing, that I recollect," faid
Laura, gently,
" Oh no, indeed!" cried Rjfamond,
warmly rifmg in her fifter's defence.
But no defence or explanation was to be
heard, for every body had now gathered
round Bell, to dry her tears, and to com-
fort her for the mifchief fhe had done to
her own cuffs.
They fucceeded fo well, that in about
a quarter of an hour the young lady's
eyes, and the reddened arches over her
eyebrows came to their natural colour;
and the bufmefs being thus happily
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. 29
bullied up, the mother, as a reward to her
daughter for her good humour, begged
that Rofamond would now be fo good
as to produce her " charming prefent."
Rofamond, followed by all the com-
pany, amongft whom, to her great joy,
was her godmother, proceeded to the
dreffing-room.
" Now I am fure," thought flic,
" Bell will be furprifed, and my godmo-
ther will fee me was right about my ge-
nerofity."
The doors of the wardrobe were open-
ed with due ceremony, and the filigree
bafket appeared in all its glory.
" Well, this is a charming prefent
indeed !" faid the godmother, who was
one of the company ; " J/j/ Rofamond
knows how to make prefents." And as
flie fpoke (lie took hold of the bafket,
to lift it down to the admiring audience.
Scarcely had (he touched it when, lo !
the myrtle wreath, the medallions, all
30 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
dropped — the bafket fell to the ground,
and only the handle remained in her hand.
All eyes were fixed upon the wreck.
Exclamations of forrow were heard in
various tones; and " Who can have
done this ?" was all that Rofamond
could fay. Bell flood in fullen filence,
which (he obftinately preferved in the
micifl of the enquiries, which were made
about the difafter. At length the fer-
vants were fummoned, and amongft
them Nancy, Mifs Bell's maid and go-
Ternefs : me affected much furprile,
when (lie faw what had befallen the
balket, and declared that (lie knew no-
thing of the matter, but that ihe had
feen her mi (Ire Is in the morning put
it quite fafe into the wardrobe ; and
that, for her part, Hie had never touched
it, or thought of touching it, in her
born days — " Nor Mifs Bell neither,
ma'am, I can anfwer for her; for me
never knew of its being there, becaufe
THE BIRTH-DAY PfcESENT. 3!
1 never fo much as mentioned it to her,
that there was fuch a thing in the houfe>
becaufe I knew Mifs Rofamond wanted
to furprife her with the fecret — fo I
never mentioned a fentence of it — Did
I, Mifs Bell?"
Bell, putting on the deceitful look
which her maid had taught her, an-
Iwered boldly, Nv ; but (lie had hold
of Rofamond's hand, and at the inftant
me uttered this falfehood ihe iqueezed
it terribly.
" Why do you fqueeze my hand fo r"
faid Rofamond, in a low voice ; " What
are you afraid of r"
" Afraid of!" cried Bell, turning
angrily ; " I'm not afraid of any thing —
I've nothing to be afraid about."
" Nay, I did not fay you had,"
whifpered Rofamond ; " But only if
you did by accident — You know what I
mean — I fliould not be angry if you did
—Only fay fo."
32 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
« I fay I did not !" cried Bell, fu-
rioufly; "Mamma! — Mamma!—- Nancy !
my coufni Rofamond won't believe me !
that's very hard — It's very rude ! and I
won't bear it — I won't."
" Don't be angry, love — don't ;" faid
the maid.
" Nobody fufpecls you, darling;"
faid her mother. " But (lie has too
much fenfibility. Don't cry, love,
nobody fufpected you."
" But you know," continued me,
turning to the maid, " fomebody muft
have done this, and I muft know how
it was done ; Mils Rofamond's charm-
ing preient muft not be fpoiled in this
way, in my houfe, without my taking
proper notice of it. 1 aflure you I
am very angry about it, Rofamond."
Rofamond did not rejoice in her
anger, and had nearly made a fad mil-
take, by fpeaking loud her thoughts —
" I was very foolijh " (lie began
and (lopped. 3
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. 33
" Ma'am," cried the maid, fuddenJy,
" I'll venture to fay I know who did
it."
" Who •?" faid every one eagerly.
" Who?" faid Bell, trembling.
" Why, Mifs, don't you recoiled
that little girl with the lace, that we
faw peeping about in the paflage : I'm
fure me muft have done it, for here
me was by herfelf half an hour or more*
and not another creature has been in
miftrefs's dreffing-room, to my certain
knowledge, lince morning. Thofe fort
of people have fo much curiofity, I'm
fure fhe muft have been meddling with
it;" added the maid.
" Oh yes, that's the thing," faid
the miftrefs, decidedly. " Well,
Mifs Rofamond, for your comfort, (lie
(hall never come into my houfe again."
" Oh, that would not comfort me
at all," faid Rofamond ; " befides, we
are not fure that me did it ; and
VOL. II. C
34 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT,
if " A (ingle knock at the door
was heard at this inftant : it was the lit-
tle girl, who £ame to be paid for her
lace.
" Call her in,1' faid the lady of the
houie 3 " let us fee her diredly."
The maid, who was afraid that the
girl's -innocence would appear if fhe were
produced, hefitated ; but upon her mif-
trefs's repeating her commands, (he was
forced to obey.
The child came in with a look of
fimplicity ; but when (lie favv the room
full of company (he was a little abafhed.
Rofamond and Laura looked at her, and
at one another with furprife ; for it was
the fame little girl whom they had feen
weaving lace.
" Is not it die?" whifpered Rofa-
mond to her filler.
" Yes it is; but hufh," faid Laura,
" (lie does not know us. — Don't fay a
I, let us bear what (he will "fay."
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. 35
Laura got behind the reft of the com-
pany as fhe fpoke, fo that the little girl
could not fee her.
"Vaftlywell!" faid Bell's mother;
cc I am waiting to fee how long you will
have the afTurance to fland there with
that innocent look. Did you ever fee
that bafket before ?"
" Yes; ma'am," faid thagirJ.
" Yes, ma'am" cried the maid, " and
what .elfe do you know about-it ? — You
had better confefs it at once, and Mif-
trefs perhaps will fay no more about it."
" Yes, do confefs it;" added Bell,
earneftly.
-" Confefs what, madam ?" faid the
little girl ; " I never touched the bafket,
madam."
" You never touched it ; but you con-
fefs," interrupted Bell's mother, " thtf
you did fee it before — And pray how
came you to fee it ? you mud have
opened my wardrobe."
C 2
j6 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
" No indeed,- ma'am," faid the little,
girl ; " but I was waiting in the paffage,
ma'am, and this door was partly open ;
and looking at the maid, you know, I
eould not help feeing it."
" Why, how could you fee it through
the doors of my wardrobe ?" rejoined
the lady.
The maid, frightened, pulled the lit-
tle girl by the ileeve.
" Anfwer me," faid the lady, " where
did you fee this bafket ?"
Another flronger pull.
" I faw it, madam, in her hands,"
looking at the maid ; " and "
" Well, and what became of it after-
wards ?"
« Ma'am," hefitating, " Mifs pulled,
and by accident 1 believe, 1 law,
ma'am Mils, you know what I
faw."
: T do not know — I do not know :
and if I did you had no bufinefs there
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. 37
— and mamma won't believe 'you, I ara
fure."
But every body elfe did, and their
eyes were fixed upon Bell in a manner
which made her feel rather afhamed.
" What do you all look at me fo
for ?— Why do you all look fo ?— And
am I to be fhamed upon my birth-
day ?" cried me, burfting into a roar of
paffion; "and all for this nafty thing !"
added me, pufhing away the remains
of the bafket, and looking angrily at
Rofamond.
« Bell ! Bell ! Oh fie ! fie ! now I
am afhamed of you — that's quite rude
to your coufin," faid her mother, who
was more ihocked at her daughter's
want of politenefs than at her falfehood.
" Take her away, Nancy, till (he has
clone crying;" added (he to the maid,
who accordingly carried off her pupil.
Rofamond, during this fcene, efpe-
cially at the moment when her prefent
c 3
38 THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT.
was pufhed away with fuch difdain, had
^been making reflections upon the nature
of true generofity. A fmile from her
father, who flood by, a filent fpe&ator
of the cataftrophe of the filigree bafket,
gave rife to thefe refiedlions ; nor were
they entirely diffipated by the condo-
lence of the reft of the company, nor
even by the praifes of her god-mother,
who to condole her faid — "Well, my
d~ar Rofamond, I admire your generous
fpirit. You know I prophecied that
your half- guinea would be gone the
loonefl — Did I not, Laura ?" faid flie,
appealing in a farcaftic tone to where
fne thought Laura was. — " Where is
Laura ? I don't fee her."
Laura came forward.
" You are too prudent to throw away
your money like your filler; your half-
guinea, I'll anfwer for it, is fnug in your
pocket — Is it not ?"
i; No, madam ;" anfwered me in a
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. 3,9.
low voice. But low as the voice was,
the poor little lace-girl heard it; and
now, for the firft time, fixing her eyes
upon Laura, recollected her benefac-
trefs,
" Oh, that's the young lady!" {he
exclaimed, in a tone of joyful gratitude
— " The good ! — good young lady,
who gave me the half-guinea, and
would not flay to be thanked for it —
but I will thank her now."
" The half-guinea, Laura t" fald her
godmother " What is all this ?"
" I'll tell you, madam, if you pleafe,"
faid the little girL
It was not in expectation of being
praifed for it, that Laura had been ge-
nerous, and therefore every body was
really touched with the hiflory of the
weaving-pillow ; and whilft they praifed,
felt a certain degree of refpecl:, which
is not always felt by thofe who pour
forth eulogiums. Rcfpect is not an im-
c 4
40 TkE BIRTH-DAY PRESENf.
proper word, even applied to a child of
Laura's age ; for let the age or fituation
of the perfon be what it may, they com-
"mand refpe«£t who deferve it.
" Ah, madam !" faid Rofamond to
her godmother, " now you fee — you fee
flie is not a little mifer: I'm fure that's
better than wafting half-a-guinea upon
a filigree bafket — Is it not, ma'am ?"
faid in e, with an eagernefs which fiiewed
that fhe had forgotten all her own mis-
fortunes in fympathy with her fitter. —
" This is being really generous father, is
it not r"
" Yes, Rofamond," faid her father,
and he kiifed her — " this is being- really
generous. It is not only by giving away
money that, we can (hew generofity, it
is by giving up to others any thing that
v/v like ourfelves: and therefore," added
hr, fiiiiling, 66 it is really generous oi
-you to give your (ifter the thing you like
others."
THE BIRTH-DAY PRESENT. 41
" The thing I like the beft of all
others, father/' faid Rofamond, half
pleafed, half vexed -, " what is that I
wonder ? — You don't mean praife, do
you, fir ?"
" Nay, you muft decide that, Rofa-
mond."
" Why, fir," faid me, ingenuouily,
" perhaps it was ONCE thethingl liked
beft i but the pleafure I have juft felt,
makes me like fomething elfe better."
SIMPLE
SIMPLE SUSAN.
CHAPTER I.
e < Waked, as her cuftom was, before the day,
" To do the obfervance due to fprightly May."
DRYDEN.
IN a retired hamlet on the borders of
Wales, between Ofweftry and Shrewf-
bury, it is ftill the cuflom to celebrate
the firft of May.— The children of the
village, who look forward to this rural
feftival with joyful eagernefs, ufually
meet on the laft day of April to make
up their nofegays for the morning, and
to choofe their queen. — Their cuftomary
place of meeting is at a hawthorn, which
{lands in a little green nook, open on
one fide to a (hady lane, and feparated
44 SIMPLE SUSAN,
on the other fide by a thick fweet-briar
and hawthorn hedge from the garden
of an attorney.
This attorney began the world with
— nothing — but he contrived to fcrape
together a good deal of money, every
body knew how. — He built a new houfe
at the entrance of the village, and had
a large well-fenced garden ; yet, not-
withftanding his fences, he never felt
himfelf fecure ; fuch were his litigious
habits, and his fufpicious temper, that
he was conflantly at variance with his
fimple and peaceable neighbours. — Some
pig, or dog, or goat, or goofe, was for ever
trefpaffing : — his complaints and his ex-
tortions wearied and alarmed the whole
hamlet. — The paths in his fields were
at length unfrequented, — his fliles were
blocked up with ftones or fluffed with
brambles and briars, fo that not a gofling
could creep under, or a giant get over
them — and fo careful were even the vil-
SIMPLE SUSAN, 45
lage children of giving offence to this ir-
ritable man of the law, that they would
not venture to fly a kite near his fields,
left it fhould entangle in his trees, or fall
upon his meadow.
Mr. Cafe, for this was the name of
our attorney, had a fon and a daughter,
to whofe education he had not time to
attend, as his whole foul was intent
upon accumulating tor them a fortune.
— For feveral years he fuffered his chil-
dren to run wild in the village, but fud-
denly, upon his being appointed to a
confiderable agency, he began to think
of making his children a little genteel.
He fent his fon to learn Latin ; he hired a
maid to wait upon his daughter Barbara,
and he ftrictly forbade her thencefor-
ward to keep company with any of the
poor children, who had hitherto been
her playfellows : — they were not forry
for this prohibition, becaufe me had
been their tyrant rather than their com-
2
46 SIMPLE StfSAN.
panion ; fhe was vexed to obferve, that
her abfence was not regretted, and me
was mortified to perceive, that fhe could
not humble them by any difplay of airs
and finery.
There was one poor girl amongft her
former afTociates, to whom (he had a
peculiar diflike — Sufan Price — a fweet-
tempered, modeft, fprightly, mduflrious
Jafs, who was the pride and delight of
the village. — Her father rented a fmall
farm, and, unfortunately for him, he
lived near — attorney Cafe. — Barbara
ufed often to lit at her window watch-
ing Sufan at work — fometimes fhe faw
her in the neat garden raking the beds
or weeding the borders; fometimes fhe
was kneeling; at her bee-hive with frefli
o
flowers for her bees ; — fometimes fhe was
in the poultry-yard fcattering corn from
her -fieve amongft the eager chickens ;
and in the evening fhe was often feated
in a little honey-fuckle arbour, with a
SIMPLE SUSAN. 47
dean, light, three-legged, deal table be-
fore her, upon which fhe put her plain-
work. — Sufan had been taught to work
neatly by her good mother, who was
very fond of her, and to whom fhe was
moft gratefully attached. — Mrs. Price
was an intelligent, active, domeflic wo-
man, but her health was not robuft;
fhe earned money, however, by tak-
ing in plainwork, and me was famous
for baking excellent bread and breakfaft
cakes. She was refpected in the village for
her conduct as a wife and as a mother,
and all were eager to (hew her atten-
tion.— At her door the firft branch of
hawthorn was always placed on May-
morning, and her Sufan was ufually
Queen of the May.
It was now time to choofe the Queen.
— The fetting fun (hone full upon the
pink blofibms of the hawthorn, when
the merry group affembled upon their
little .green. — Barbara was now walking in
4& SIMPLE SUSAN,
fallen ftate in her father's garden ; flie
heard the bufy voices in the lane, and
Ihe concealed herfelf behind the high
hedge, that (he might Men to their
converfation.
" Where's Sufan ?"— were the firft
unwelcome words which me overheard.
" Aye, where's Sufan," repeated
Philip, flopping (hort in the middle of
a new tune, that he was playing on his
pipe, — " I wifh Sufan would come ! I
want her to fing me this fame tune over
again, I have not it yet."
" And I wifh Sufan would come,
I'm fare," cried a little girl, whofe lap
was full of primrofes — " Sufan will give
me fome thread to tie up my nofegays,
and fhe'll fhew me where the frefh vio-
lets grow, and fhe has promifed to give
me a great bunch of her double cow-
flips to wear to-morrow. — I wilh /lie
would come."
" Nothing can be done without
SIMPLE SUSAN. 49
. " Sufan !— She always fhews us where
44 the niceft flowers are to be found in
" the lanes and meadows," faid they.
" — She mufl make up the garlands —
" and flie (hail be Queen of the May !"
exclaimed a multitude of little voices.
" But {he does not come !" laid
Philip. •
Rofe, who was her particular friend,
now came forward, to allure the impa-
.tient affembly, " that (he would anfwer
for it Sufan would come as foon as fhe
pofTibly could, and that (lie probably
.was detained by bufmefs at home." —
The little electors thought, thai: all bu-
iinefs ihould give way to theirs, and
Rofe was difpatched to fummon her
friend immediately.
" Ttll;her to make hafte," cried
•Philip—" Attorney Cafe dined at the
Abbey to-day— hickily. for us ; if he
<:oi)ies home, and. finds us here, may
be he'll drive us away, for he lays this
VOL, 11. D
$O SIMPLE SUSAN.
bit of ground belongs to his garden,
though that is not true, I'm fure, for
Farmer Price knows, and fays, it was
always open to the road. The attorney
wants to get our play-ground, fo he
does — I wifli he and his daughter Bab,
or Mifs Barbara, as me muft now be
called, were a hundred miles off, out of
our way, I know. — No later than yef-
terday (he threw down my nine-pins in
one of her ill humours, as (lie was walk-
ing by with her gown all trailing in the
duft."
" Yes," cried Mary, the little prim-
f'ofe-girl, " her gown is always trailing,
me does not hold it up nicely, like Su-
fan ; and with all her fine clothes Ihe
never looks half fo neat. — Mamma
fays ("he wifhes I may be like Sufan,
when I grow up to be a great girl, and
fo do I. — I mould not like to look
conceited as Barbara does, if 1 was ever
fo rich/'
SIMPLE SUSAN. $1
" Rich or poor," faid Philip, " it
does not become a girl to look con-
ceited, much lefs bold, as Barbara did
the other day, when fhe was (landing
at her father's door, without a hat upon
her head, flaring at the ilrange gentle-
man who flopped hereabout to let his
horfe drink. — I know what he thought
o
of Bab by his looks, and of Sulan
too — for Sufa'n was in her garden,
bending down a branch of the labur-
num-tree, looking at its yellow flowers,
which were jufl come out ; and when
the gentleman afked her how many
miles it was from Shrewfbury, (he an-
•fwered him fo modefl ! — not bafhful,
like as if (he had never feen nobody be-
fore— but jufl right — and then (lie
pulled on her draw hat, which was
fallen back with her looking up at the
laburnum, and (he went her ways home,
and the gentleman fays to me, after (lie
52 SIMPLE SUSAN.
was gone, ' Pray, who is that neat mo-
deft girl ?'
" But I wifh Sufan would come,"
cried Philip, interrupting himielf.
Sufan was all this time, as her friend
Rofe rightly gueifed, bufy at home. —
She was detained by her father's returning
later than ufual — his fupper was ready
for him nearly an hour before he came
home, and Sufan fwept up the allies
twice, and twice put on wood to make
a chearful blaze for him ; but at lafi,
when he did come in, lie took no no-
tice of the blaze or of Suian, and when
his wife afkeci him how he did, he
made no ' anfwer, but flood with his
back to the fire, looking very gloomy.
— Sufan put his fupper upon the table,
and fet his own chair for him, but he
puuitd aAay the chair and turned from
.able, faying- •
" I lhail eat nothing, child ? why
SIMPLE SUSAN. 53
have you fuch a fire, to road me at this
time of the year ?"
" You laid yefterday, father, I thought,
that you liked a little chearful wood
fire in the evening, and there was a
great (bower of hail ; your coat is quite
wet, we mud dry it."
" Take it then, child," faid he, pul-
ling it off—" I (hall loon have no coat
to dry — and take my hat too," faid he,
throwing it upon the ground.
Sufan hung up his hat, put his coat
over the back of a chair to dry, and
then flood anxioufly looking at her
mother, who was not well ; (lie had
this day fatigued herfeif with baking,
and now alarmed by her hu (band's
moody behaviour, (he fat down pale
and trembling;. — He threw hirnfelf into
o
a chair, folded his arms, and fixed his
eyes upon the fire — Sufan was the firfl
who ventured to break filence. Happy
the father who has fuch a daughter as
r> i
^4 SIMPLE SUSAN.
Suian ! — her unaltered fweetnefs of tenv
per, and her playful affectionate cardies,
at lafl fomewhat diffipated her father's
melancholy ; — he could not be prevailed
upon to eat any of the fupper, which
had been prepared for him ; however,
with a faint fmile, he told Sufan, that
he thought he could eat one of her
Guinea hen's eggs. — She thanked him,
and with that nimble alacrity, which
marks the defire to pleale, Hie ran to
her neat chicken yard — but, alas I her
Guinea hen was not there ! — it had
ilrayed into the attorney's garden — (he
faw it through the paling, and timidly
opening the little gate, fne afked Mils
Barbara, who was walking flowly by, to
let her come in and take her Guinea
hen. — Barbara, who was at this inftant
reflecting, with no agreeable feelings,
upon the converlation of the village
children, to which (he had recently
iiitened, darted when (he heard Sufan's
SIMPLE SUSAN. 55
voice, and with a proud, ill-humoured
look and voice refilled her requeft. —
" Shut the gate," laid (he, " you have
no bufmeis ia our garden, and as for
your hen I fhall keep it, it is always
flying in here, and plaguing us, and my
father fays it is a trefpaffer, and he told
me I might catch it, and keep it the next
time it got in, and it is iff now." Then
Barbara called to her maid Betty, and
bid her catch the rnifchievous hen.
" Oh my Guinea hen ! my pretty-
Guinea hen," cried Sufan, as they
hunted the frightened, (creaming crea-
ture from corner to corner.
" Here we have got it !" faid Betty,
holding it fail by the legs.
" Now pay damages, Queen Sufan,
or good bye to your pretty Guinea hen! "
faid Barbara, in an infulting tone.
" Damages ! what damages ?" faid
Sufan, " tell me what I muft pay."
" A milling," faid Barbara.
56 SIMPLE SUSAX.
" Oh if fixpence would do : ' laid
Sufan, " I have but fixpence of my
own in the world, and here it is."
" It won't do," faid Barbara, turning
her back.
" Nay, but .hear me," cried Sufan,
" let me at leaft come in to look for it's
eggs. I only want one for my lather's
flipper; you (hall have all the reft."
" What's your father or his fupper
to us; is he fo nice that he can eat none
but Guinea hen's eggs?" laid Barbara;
u if you want your hen and your eggs,
pay for them and you'll have them."
" I have but fixpence, and you fay
that won't do," laid Sufan with a figh,
as me looked at her favourite, which
,was in the maid's grafping hands, ftrug-
gling and (creaming in vain.
Sufan retired difconfolate. — At the
door of her father's cottage (he faw her
friend Rofe, who was juft come to
fummon her to the hawthorn bufli.
SIMPLE SUSAN. 57
" They are all at the hawthorn, and
I'm corne fcr you, we can do nothing
without you, dear Suian," cried Rofe,
running to meet her, the moment me
law her; " you are chofen Queen of
the May — come, make hafte ; but
what's the matter why do you look fo
fad ?"
" Ah !" faid Suian, " don't wait for
me, I can't come to you; but," added
ihe, pointing to the tuft of double
cowflips in the garden, " gather thole
for poor little Mary, I promifed them
to her; and tell her the violets are under
the hedge juft oppoiite the turnftile,
on the right as we go to church. Good
bye, never mind me — I can't come —
I can't itay, for my father wants me."
" But don't turn away your face, I
won't keep you a moment, only tell
me what's the matter," faicl her friend,
following her into the cottage.
" Oh, nothing, not much," faid Su-
58 SIMPLE SUSAN.
fan y " only that I wanted the egg in a
great hurry for father, it would not have
vexed me— to be fure I ihould have
clipped my Guinea hen's wings, and
then ihe could not have flown over
the hedge — but let us think no more
about it now," added (he, twinkling
away a tear.
When Role, however, learnt that her
friend's Guinea hen was detained pri-
iomer by the attorney's daughter, Ihe
exclaimed with all the honeft warmth
of indignation, and inflantly ran back
to tell the (lory to her companions.
" Barbara ! aye ! like father, like
daughter," cried Farmer Price, darting
from the thoughtful attitude in which
he had been fixed, and drawing his
chair cloler to his wife.
" You fee fomething is amifs with
me, wife— I'll tell you what it is." As
he lowered his voice, Sufan, who was
not fure that he wifhed fhe (hould hea»
5
SIMPLE SUSAN. 59
what he was going to fay, retired from
behind his chair. — " Sufan don't go;
lit you down here, my tweet Sufan,"
laid he, making room for her upon his
chair; " I believe I was a little crofs
when I came in firft to-night, but I
had ibmcthing to vex me, as you fhall
hear."
" About a. fortnight ago, you know,
wife," continued hey " there was a bal-
loting in our town for the militia, now
at that time I wanted but ten days of
forty years of age, and the attorney told
me, I was a fool for not calling myielf
plump forty; but the truth is the truth.,.
and it is what I think fitted to be
fpoken at all times, come what will of
it — fo I was drawn for a militia- man.,
but when I thought how loth you and I
would be to part, I was main glad to
hear that I could get off by paying
eight or nine guineas for a fubftitute*
60 SIMPLE SUSAN.
only I had nor the nine guineas, for you
know we had bad luck with our fheep
this year, and they died away one after
another; but that was no excuie, fo I
went to Attorney Cafe, and with a
power of difficulty I got him to lend
me the money, for which, to be fure, I
gave him fomething, and left my leafe
of our farm with him, as he infifted
upon it, by way of fecurity for the
loan. Attorney Cafe is too many for
me; he has found what he calls a flaw
in my leafe, and the leafe he tells me
is not worth a farthing, and that he
can turn us all out of our farm to-
morrow if he pleafes ; and fure enough
he will pleafe, for I have thwarted
him this day, and he (wears he'll be
revenged of me ; indeed he has begun
with me badly enough already. — I'm
not come to the woril part of my ftory
SIMPLE SUSAN. 6l
Here Farmer Price made a dead flop,
and his wife and Sufan looked up in
his face breathlets with anxiety.
" It muft come out," faid he with a
fhort iigh ; " I muft leave you in three
days, wife."
" Muft you !" laid his wife, in a faint
refigned voice, " Sufan, love, open the
window."
Sufan ran to open the window, and
then returned to fupport her mother's
head.
When me came a little to herfelf, fhe
fat up, begged that her hufband would
go on, and that nothing might be con-
cealed from her.
Her hufband had no \vifh indeed to
conceal any thing from a wife he loved
fo well, but flout as he was, and Pieady
to his maxim, that the truth was the
thing the fitteft to be fpoken a
times, his voice faultered, and it was
with iome difficulty, that he brought
J °
62, SIMPLE SUSAN.
himself to fpeak the whole truth at tins
'moment.
The fad: was this : Cafe met Farmer
Price as he was coming home, wh tilling,
from a new ploughed field ; the Attor-
ney had juft dined at the Abbey — the
Ab'^ey was the family teat of an opulent
Baronet in the neighbourhood, to whom
Mr. Cafe had been agent.; the Baronet
died fuddenly, and his eftate and title
devolved to a younger brother, who was
now juft arrived in the country, and to
whom Mr. Cafe was eager to pay his
court, in hopes of obtaining his favour.
Of the agency he flattered hirnfdf that
he was pretty fecure, and he thought
that he might affume the tone of com-
mand towards the tenants, efpccially
towards one who was tome guineas in
his debt, and in whole leaie there was a
flaw.
Accofting the Farmer in a haughty
-manner, the Attorney began with, n So,
SIMPLE SUSAN. 63
Farmer Price, a word with you, if you
pleafe, walk on here, man, betide my
horfe, and yo:,i*ll hear me. — You have
changed your opinion, I hop. —.t
that bit of land, that corner at the end
of my garden/'
" As how, Mr. Caie ?" faid the Far-
mer.
" As how, man — why you faid tome-
thing about its not belonging to me,
when you heard me talk of encloiing it
the other day."
" So I did," faid Price, " and ib I
do."
Provoked and aftonifhed at the firm
tone, in which thefe words were pro-
nounced, the Attorney was upon the
point of fwearing, that he would have
his revenge; but as ins paffions were ha-
bitually attentive to the letter of tl.e
law, he refrained from any haily ex-
prcfiion, which might, he was aware, in
64 SIMPLE SUSAN.
a court of juflice, be hereafter brought
againft him.
" My good friend, Mr. Price," faid
he, in a foft voice, and pale with fup-
prelTed rage — he forced a fmile — " I'm
under the neceffity of calling in the
.money I lent you fome time ago, and
you will pleafe to take notice, that it
.mud be paid to-morrow morning. I
wifh you a good evening. You have
the money ready for me, I dare fay."
" No," faid the Farmer, c; not a
guinea of it ; but John Simfon, who
was my fubtlitute, has not left our vil-
lage yet, I'll get the money back from
.him, and go myfeif, if fo be it mufi. be
fo, into the militia — ib 1 will."
The Attorney did not ex peel fuch a
determination, and he rcprefented in a
friendly hypocritical tone to Price,
that he had no wifli to drive him 10
• an extremity, -that it would be the
lici-ht of folly in him to run his head
SIMPLE SUSAN. 6^
againjl a wall for no purpofe. You
don't mean to take the corner into your
own garden, do you Price r" laid he.
" I," faid the Farmer, " God for-
bid ! it's none of mine, I never take
what does not belong to me."
" True, right, very proper, of courfe,"
laid Mr. Cafe ; " but then you have no
interest in life in the land in queftion :"
" None."
" Then why fo ftiff about it, Price?
all 1 want of you is to fay "
" To fay that black is white, which I
won't do, Mr. Cafe ; the ground is a
thing not worth talkingof,but it's neither
your's nor mine ; in my memory, fmce
the new lane was made, it has alv.
been open to the parifl), and no man
mall enclofe it with my good will.—
Truth is truth, and mud be fpoken ;
juftice is juftice, and fhould be d<
Mr. Attorney/'
VOL.1I. E
66 SIMPLE SUSAN.
" And law is law, Mr. Farmer, and (hall
have its courfe, to your cod,'' cried the
Attorney, exafperated by the dauntlefs
fpirit of this village Hamden.
Here they parted. — The glow of en-
thufiam, the pride of virtue, which
made our hero brave, could not render
him infenfible. As he drew nearer
home many melancholy thoughts prefied
upon his heart, he paiied the door of his
own cottage with refolute fteps, how-
ever, and went through the village in
iearch of the man who had ensasred to
o o
be his fubftitute. He found him, told
him how the matter flood, and luckily
the man, who had not yet {pent the
money, was willing to return it, as there
were many others had been drawn for
the militia, who, he obferved, would
be glad to give him the fame price, or
more, for his iervices.
The moment Price got the money he
haftcned to Mr. Cafe's houfe, walked
SIMPLE SUSAN. 67
ilraight forward into his room, and lav-
ing the money down upon his defk,
" There, Mr. Attorney, are your nine
guineas, count them, now I have done
with you.
" Not yet," laid the Attorney, jing-
ling the money triumphantly in his
hand ; we'll give you a taile of the law,
my good Sir, or Pm miftaken. — You
forgot the flaw in your leafe, which 1
have fafe in this defk."
" Ah, my leafe/' faid the Farmer,
who had almoft forgot to aik for it till
he was thus put in mind of it by the
Attorney's imprudent threat.
" Give me my leafe, Mr. Cafe; I've
paid my money, you have no right to
keep the kafj any longer, whether \
a bad one or a good one."
" Pardon me," laid the Attorney,
locking his dcfk, and putting the
into his pocket, " pofieffion, my honeih
friend," cried he, firiktng his hand upon
E 2
68 SIMPLE SUSAN.
the deik, " poffeffion is nine points of
the law. Good night to you. I cannot
in confcience return a leafe to a tenant
in which I know there is a capital flaw ;.
it is my duty to fhew it to my em-
ployer, or, in other words, to your new
landlord, whofe agent I have good rea-
fons to expect I (hall be. You will live
to repent your obftinacy, Mr. Price.
Your fervant, Sir."
Price retired melancholy, but not in-
timidated.
Many a man returns home with a-
gloomy countenance, who has not quite
io much caufe for vexation.
When Sufan heard her father's ftory,
flie quite forgot her Guinea hen, and
her whole foui was intent upon her poor
mother, who, notwithftanding her ut-
moft exertion, could not fupport her-
ielf under this fudden ftroke of mis-
fortune.—In the middle of the night
Suian was called up ; her mother's fever
SIMPLE SUSAN. 69
"ran high for lome hours, but towards
morning it abated, and (he fell into a
foft fleep with Suian's hand locked faft
in her's.
Sufan fat motionlefs, and breathed
fcftly, left flic fhould difturb her. The
rufh-light, which flood beilde the bed,
was now burnt low, the long (hadow
of the tall wicker chair flitted, faded,
appeared and vanifhed, as the flams
rofe and funk in the focket. Sufan was
afraid, that the difagreeable fmell might
waken her mother, and gently difcn-
gaging her hand, fhe went on tiptoe to
extinguilh the candle — all was filent, the
grey light of the morning was now
fpreading over every object ; the dm
rofe flowly, and Sufan flood at the lat-
tice window, looking through the linall
leaded crofs-barred panes at the fplen-
did fpectacle. A few birds began to
chirp, but as Sufan was lifteninr.
them her mother darted in her lice]),
-O SIMPLE SUSAN.
and fpoke unintelligibly.— Sufan hung
up a white apron before the window to
keep out the light, and juft then (he
heard the found of mulic at a diftance
in the village. As it approached nearer,
(he knew that it was Philip playing
upon his pipe and tabor; (he diilin-
c,u i(hed the merry voices of her com-
panions " caroling in honour of the
May," and foon (he faw them com-
ing towards her father's cottage, with
branches and garlands in their hands.
She opened quick, but gently, the latch
of the door, and ran out to meet them.
" Here Hie is !— Here's Sufan !" they
exclaimed joyfully, " Here's the Queen
of the May." " And here's her crown 1"
cried Role, prefiing forward ; but Su-
fan put her finger upon her lips, and
pointed to her mother's window — Phi-
lip's pipe flopped inftantly.
" Thank you," faid Sufan, " my
mother is ill, I can't leave her you
SIMPLE SUSAN. 7!
know." Then gently putting afide
the crown, her companions bid her lay
who fhould wear it for her.
" Will you, dear Rofe ?" faid (he,
placing the garland upon her friend's
head — " It's a charming May morning,"
added (he, with a imile , " good bye.
We (han't hear your voices or the pipe
when you have turned the corner into
the village, fo you need only (lop till
then, Philip."
" I ftali (top for all day," faid Phi-
lip, " I've no mind to play any more.'*
" Good bye, poor Sufan; it is a pity
you can't come with us," faid all the
children, and little Mary ran after Su-
i-m to the cottage door.
" I forgot to thank you," faid (lie,
" for the double cow (lips ; look how
pretty they are, and fmell how fweet
the violets are in my boiom, and kils
me quick, for I ihall be left behind.1'
E 4
SIMPLE SUSAS".
Sufan kiffed the little breathlefs girl,"
.and returned foftly to the fide of her
mother's bed.
" How grateful that child is to me
:i cowflip only ! How can I be
grateful enough to fuch a mother as
this r" faid Sufan to herfelf, as (he bent
over her fleeping mother's pale counte-
nance.
Her mother's unfinifhed knitting lay
upon a table near the bed, and Sufan
lat down in her wicker arm chair, and
went on with the row, in the middle of
which her hand flopped the preceding
evening.
She taught me to knit, (lie taught
me every thing that I know," thought
Sufan, " and beft of all, (he taught me
to love her, to with to be like, her."
Her mother, when (he awakened, felt
much refreflied by her tranquil fleep,
and obferving that it was a delightful
SIMPLE SUSAN. 73
morning, faid that (he had been dream-
ing (lie heard mufic, but that the drum
frightened her, becaufe (lie thought it
was the (ignal for her hufband to be
carried away by a whole regiment of
ibldiers, who had pointed their bayo-
nets at him. But that was but a dream,
Suian ; I wakened, and knew it was a
dream, and I then fell afleep, and have
ilept {bundly ever fmce."
How painful it is to waken to the
remembrance of misfortune. — Gradually
as this poor woman collected her feat-
tered thoughts, (he recalled the circum-
ilances of the preceding evening; (he
was too certain, that (he had heard from
her hufbancTs own lips the words, /
muft leave you in thrte days, and (he
wilhed that (he could fleep again, and
think it all a dream.
" But he'll want, he'll want a hun-
dred things," faid (he, darting up; " I
muft get his linen ready for him. I'm
74 SIMPLE SUSAN.
afraid it's very late, Sufan, why did
you let me lie fo long ?"
" Every thing fhall be ready, dear
mother, only don't hurry yourielf," faid
Suian.
And indeed her mother was ill able
to bear any hurry, or to do any work
this day.
Suian's afFeclionate, dexterous, fen-
fible activity was never more wanted,
or more effectual. She underftood fo
readily, (lie obeyed fo exaclly, and when
fhe was left to her own difcretion,
judged fo prudently, that her mother
had little trouble and no anxiety in
directing her; fhe laid that Sufan never
did too little, or too much.
Sufan was mending her father's linen,
when Rofe tapped foftly at the win-
dow, and beckoned to her to come out ;
flie went out.
" How does your mother do, in the
firft place ?" laid Rofe.
SIMPLE SUSAN. 7*
" Better, thank you.'*
" That's well, and I have a little bit
of good news for you befides — here,'*
laid Che, pulling out a glove, in which
there was money, " we'll get the Gui-
nea hen back again — we have all agreed
about it. This is the money that has
been given to us in the village this
May morning ; at every door they gave
filver — fee how generous they have been,
twelve millings I aifure you. Now we
are a match for Mifs Barbara. You
won't like to leave home — I'll go to
Barbara, and you fhall fee your Guinea
hen in ten minutes."
Rofe hurried away, pleated with her
commiffion, and eager to accomplifli
her bufmefs.
Mils Barbara's maid Betty was the
rirft perfon that was vilible at the At-
torney's houfe.
Rofe in fitted upon feeing Mifs Bar-
bara herfelf, and ihe was (hewn into a
3
76 -SIMPLE SUSAN.
parlour to the young lady, who was
reading a dirty novel, which (he put
under a heap of law papers as they en-
tered.
" Dear, how you Jiartled me ! is k
only you ?" faid (lie to her maid, but
as loon as fhe faw Rofe behind the
maid (he put on a fcornful air.
" Could not ye fay I was not at
home, Betty. — Well, my good girl,
what brings you here ? fomething to
borrow or beg, I fuppofe."
May every ambaiiador — every am-
baflador in as good a caufe, anfwer with
as much dignity and moderation as
Rofe replied to Barbara upon the pre-
fent occafion.
She affured her, that the perfon
from whom me came did not fend her
cither to beg or borrow, that (lie was
able to pay the full value of that for
which me came to afk ; and producing
her well- filled purfe, " I believe that this
SIMPLE SVSAN. 77
is a very good (hilling," faid (he, " if
you don't like it I will change it ; and
now you will be ib good as to give me
Sufan's Guinea hen ; it is in her name I
aik for it."
" No matter in whofe name you afk
for it," replied Barbara, " you will not
have it — take up your (hilling, if you
pleafe. — I would have taken a (hilling
yederday, if it had been paid at the
time properly ; but I told Sufan, that if
it was not paid then, I (hould keep the
hen, and fo I (hall I promife her.— You
may go back, and tell her fo."
The Attorney's daughter had, whilft
Rofe opened her negociation, meafured
the depth of her purfe with a keen eye,
and her penetration difcovered that it
contained at lead ten (hillings ; with
proper management (lie had fome hopes
that the Guinea hen might be made to
bring in at lead half the money.
78 SIMPLE SUSAN,
Rofe, who was of a warm temper,
not quite fo fit a match as flie had
thought herfelf for the wily Barbara,
incautioufly exclaimed, " Whatever it
cofts us, we are determined to have Su-
fan's favourite hen ; fo if one (hilling
won't do, take two, and if two won't
do, why take three."
The (hillings founded provokingly
upon the table, as fhe threw them down
one after another, and Barbara coolly
replied, " Three won't do."
" Have you no confcience, Mifs Bar-
bara ? then take four."
Barbara (hook her head. A fifth (hil-
ling was inftantly proffered — but Bab,
who now law plainly that (lie had the
game in her own hands, preferred a
cold cruel filence.
Rofe went on rapidly, bidding (hil-
ling after (hilling, till (he had com-
pletely emptied her purie.
SIMPLE SUSAtt. 79
The twelve millings were fpread upon
the table — Barbara's avarice was moved,
(he confented for this ranfom to liberate
her prifoner.
Rofe pufhed the money towards her,
but juft then recollecting that (he was
aft ing for others more than for herfelf,
and doubting whether me had full powers
to conclude fuch an extravagant bar-
gain, (lie gathered up the public trea-
fure, and with newly-recovered pru-
dence obferved, that flie muft go back
to confult her friends.
Her generous little friends were
amazed at Barbara's meannefs, but with
one accord declared, that they were mod
willing, for their parts, to give up every
farthing of the money. They all went
to Suian in a body, and told her fo.
" There's our purfe," laid they, " do
what you pleafe with it."
They would not wait for one word
of thanks, but ran away, leaving only
So SIMPLE SUSAN.
Rofe with her to fettle the treaty for
the Guinea hen.
There is a certain manner of accepting
a favour, which (hews true gene roll ty of
mind. Many know how to give, but
few know how to accept a gift properly.
Sufan was touched, but not aflonifli-
cd, by the kindnefs of her young
friends, and flie received the purfe with
as much fimplicity as flie would have
given it.
" Well," faid Rofe, " fhall I go back
for the Guinea hen r"
" The Guinea hen !" faid Sufan,
darting from a reverie into which (he
had fallen as flie contemplated the
purfe, " Certainly I do long to fee my
pretty Guinea hen once more, but I was
not thinking of her jufl then — I was
thinking of my father.'*
Now Sufan had heard her mother-
often in the courfe of this day wifh that
flie had but money enough in the world
SIMPLE SUSAN. 8l
to pay John Simfon for going to ferve
in the militia inftead of her hufband.
" This to be fure will go but a little
way," thought Sufan, " but dill it may
be of fome ufe to my father/' She
told her mind to Rofe, and concluded
by faying decidedly, that " if the mo-
ney was given to her to difpofe of as
ilie pleafed, ihe would give it to her
father/'
" It is all yours, my dear good Su-
fan," cried Rofe, with a look of warm
approbation; " this is fo like you ! —
But I'm forry that Mifs Bab muft keep
your Guinea hen. I would not be her
for all the Guinea hens, or guineas
either, in the whole world. Why, 'I'll
anlwer for it the Guinea hen won't
make her happy, and you'll be happy
even without— becaufe you are good. —
Let me come and help you to-morrow,"
continued me, looking at Sufan's work.
" If you have any more mending work
VOL. II. F
82 SIMPLE SUSAN,
to do — I iKver liked work till I worked
i you — J won't forget my thimble or
iciiTars," added (he, laughing, —
" though I ufed to forget them when
I was a giddy girl. I allure you I am
a great hand at my needle now — try
me."
Sufan afTured her friend that fhe did
not doubt the powers of her needle,
and that fhe would mod willingly accept
of her fervices, but that, unluckily, fhe
had finilhed all the needle-work that
was immediately wanted.
" But do you know," (aid fhe, " I
ihall have a great deal of bufinefs to-
morrow—but I won't tell you what it
is that I have to do, for I am afraid I
ihall not fucceed; but if 1 do fucceed,
I'll come and tell you diredly, becaufe
ou will be fo. glad of it."
Sufan, who had always been attentive
to what her mother taught her, and
who had often affifted her when (he was
SIMPLE SUSAN. 83
baking bread and cakes for the family
at the Abbey, had now formed the
courageous, but not prefumptuous idea,
that fhe could herfelf undertake to bake
a batch of bread. — One of the fervants
from the Abbey had been fent all
round the village in the morning, in
fearch of bread, and had not been able
to procure any that was tolerable. Mrs.
Price's laft baking failed for want of
good barm, fhe was not now ftrong
enough to attempt another herfelf; and
when the 'brewer's boy came with eager-
nefs to tell her that he had fome fine
frem yeaft for her, (he thanked him,
but fighed, and faid it would be of no
ufe to her, (he was too ill for the work.
Sufan modeftly requefled permiflion fcd
.try her hand, and her mother would
not refufe her *. Accordingly (he went
-.to work with much prudent care, and
* This circumflance is founded on faft.
F ^
84 SIMPLE SUSAN.
when her bread the next morning came
out of the oven it was excellent — at
lead her mother faid fo, and (lie was a
good judge. It was fent to the Abbey,
and as the family there had not tailed
any good bread iince their arrival in
the country, they alfo were earned and
warm in its praiie. Enquiries were
made from the houfe-keeper, and they
heard, with fome furprife, that this
excellent bread was made by a young
girl of twelve years old. The houfe-
keeper, who had known Sufan from a
child, was pleafed to have an oppor-
tunity of fpeaking in her favor.
" She is the moll induftrious little
creature, Ma'am, in the world," faid
(lie to her miftrefs, " little I can't fo
well call her now, fince (he's grown tall
and flender to look at ; and glad I am
ihe is grown up likely to look at, for
handfomc is that handfome does — and
(he thinks no more of her being hand-
SIMPLE SUSAN. 8 $
fbme than I do myieif — yet (lie has as
proper a refpect for herfelf, Ma'am, as
you have; and I always fee her neat, and
with her mother, Ma'am, or fit people,
as a girl fhould be ; as for her mother,
fhe doats upon her, as well (lie may,
for I ihould myfclf if I had half fuch
a daughter; and then (lie has two little
brothers, and (lie's as good to them,,
and my boy Philip fays, taught 'em to
read more than the fchool-miftrefs, all
with tendernefs and good-nature; but I
beg your pardon, Ma'am, I cannot flop
myieif when I once begin to talk of
Sufan." •
" You have really faid enough to
excite my curioiity," faid her mill
t; pray fend for her immediately, we
can fee her before we go out to walk."
The benevolent houfekeeper dif-
patched her boy Philip for Sulan.
Sufan was never in fuch an untidy (late,
that (lie could not obey fuch a fummons
36 SIMPLE StfSAN.
without a long preparation. She had,
it is true, been very bufy, but orderly
people can be bufy and neat at the fame
time. She put on her ufual draw hat,
and accompanied Rofe's mother, who
was going with a bafket of cleared
muflin to the Abbey.
The modeft fimplicity of Sufan's ap-
pearance, and the artlefs good fenfe and
propriety of the anfwers me gave to all
the queftions that were aiked her, pleafed
the ladies at the Abbey,, who were good
judges of character and manners.
Sir Arthur Somers had two fitters,
fenfible, benevolent women -, they were
not of that race of fine ladies who are
miferable the moment they come to
the country ; nor yet were they of that
buttling fort, who quack and direct all
their poor neighbours, for the mere love
ot managing, or the want of fomething
to do. They were judicioufly gene-
rous, and vvhilft they wifhed to diffufe
SIMPLE StJSAS. Sj
happinefs, they were not peremptory in
requiring that people fhould be happy
precifely their own way. With thefe dif-
pofitions, and with a well-informed
brother, who, though he never wiflied
to direct, was always willing to affift in
their efforts to do good, there were rea-
fonable hopes, that thefe ladies would be
a blefling to the poor villagers amongft
whom they were now fettled.
As foon as Mifs Somers had fpoken
to Sufan, fhe inquired for her brother ;
but Sir Arthur was in his ftudy, and a
gentleman was with him on buiinefs.
Sufan was defirous of returning to
her mother^ and the ladies therefore
would not detain her. Mifs Somers
told her with a fmile, when (he took
leave, that (he would call upon her in
the evening at fix o'clock.
It was impoflible that fuch a grand
event as Sufan's vifit to the Abbey could
long remain unknown to Barbara Cafe
F 4
88 SIMPLE SUSAN.
and her gofliping maid. They watched
eagerly for the moment of. her return,
that they might faiisfy their curioiity.
" There (he is, I declare, juft come
into her garden," cried Bab, " 111 run
in and get it ail out of her, in a mi-
nute."
Bab could defcend, without fhame,
whenever it fuited her purpofes, from
the height of infolent pride to the loweft
^nearmefs of fawning familiarity.
Suian was gathering fome marygolds
and fome parfley for her mother's broth.
" So, Sufan," faid Bab, who came
clofe up to her before (he perceived it,
k' how goes the world with you to-
day."
c My mother is rather better, to-day,
ihe fays, Ma'am — thank you,'* replied
Suian, coldly but civilly.
Maani) dear, how polite we
MI of a fudden !" cried Bab,
at her maid, — « One may fee
SIMPLE SUSAN. £9
you've been in good company this morn-
ing— Hey, Sufan — come let's hear about
it ?" — "Didyoufeethe ladies themfelves,
or was it only the houfekeeper fent for
you ?" faid the maid.
" What room did you go into r"
continued Babj " Did you fee Mi&
Somers, or Sir Arthur ?"
" Mifs Somers."
" La ! me faw Mifs Somers ! Betty,
I mufl hear about it. Can't you flop
gathering thole things for a minute,
and chat a bit with us, Sufan ?"
" I can't flay indeed, Mifs Barbara,
for my mother's broth is jufl wanted,
and I'm in a hurry." Sufan ran home.
" Lord, her head is full of broth
now," faid Bab to her maid, " and flie
has not a word for herfelf, though me
has been abroad. My papa may well
call her Simple Sufan — for fimple (he
is, and fimple (lie will be all the world
over; for my part I think (he's little
<>O SIMPLE SUSAN.
better than a downright fimpleton ; but
however, fimple or not, I'll get what I
want out of her ; (he'll be able to fpeak
may be when (lie has fettled the grand
matter of the broth. I'll (lep in and aik
to fee her mother, that will put her ia
a good humour in a trice."
Barbara followed Sufan into the cot-
tage, and found her occupied with the
grand affair of the broth.
" Is it ready," feid Bab, peeping into
the pot that was over the fire, " dear,
how favory it fmells ! I'll wait till you
go in with it to your mother, for I muft
aik her how (he does myfelf."
" Will you pleafe to fit down then,
Mifs," faid Simple Sufan, with a fmile,.
for at this inftant (he forgot the Guinea
hen. ic I have but juft put the parfley
into the broth, but it will foon be
ready."
During this interval Bab employed
herfclf much to her own fatisfaction, in
SIMPLE SUSAN. 9!
crofs-queftioning Sufan. She was rather
provoked indeed that fhe could not learn
exactly how each of the ladies was dreft,
and what there was to be for dinner at
the Abbey ; and fhe was curious beyond
meafure to find out what Mifs Somers
meant, by faying that (he would call at
Mr. Price's cottage at fix o'clock in the
evening. — " What do you think fhe
could mean ?"
" I thought fhe meant what (he faid,"
replied Sufan, " that (he would come
here at fix o'clock."
" Aye, that's as plain as a pike itaff/
faid Barbara, " but what elfe did (he
mean, think you ? People you know
don't always mean exactly, downright,
neither more nor* lefs than they fay."
" Not always," faid Sufan, with an
arch fmile, which convinced Barbara that
fhe was not quite a fimpleton.
" Xot alicays," repeated Barbara co-
louring,— " Oh then I fuppofe you
SIMPLE SUSAN.
have fome guefs at what Mifs Somersr
meant."
" No," faid Sulan, " I was not think-
ing about Mifs Somers, when I faid
not always."
" How nice that broth does look,"
refumed Barbara, after a paufe.
Sufan had now poured the broth into
a baton, and as me ftrewed over it the
bright orange marygolds it looked very
tempting ; (he tafted it, and added now
a little fait, and now a little more, till
(he thought it was juft to her mother's
tafte.
4i Oh, / mull tafte it," faid Bab,
taking the baton up greedily.
" Won't you take a fpoon," faid Su-
fan, trembling at the Marge mouthfuls
which Barbara fucked up with a terrible
noife.
" Take a fpoon, indeed!" exclaim-
ed Barbara, fetting down the bafon in
high anger.— « The next time I tafte
SIMPLE SUSAN. 93.
your broth you fhall affront me, if you
dare ! The next time I fet my foot in
this houfe, you mall be as faucy to me
as you pleafe." And fhe flounced
out of the houfe repeating, " Take a
fpoon, pig, was what you meant to
fay."
Sufan flood in amazement at the be-
ginning of this fpeech, but the con-
cluding words explained to her the myf-
tcry.
Some years before this time, when
Sufan was a very little girl, and could
fcarcely fpeak plain, as fhe was eating
a bafon of bread and milk for her {"up-
per at the cottage door, a great pig
came up, and put his nofe into the
bafon. Sufan was willing, that the pig
fhould have fome fhare of the bread
and milk, but as fhe eat with a fpoon,
and he with his large mouth, fhe pre-
fently difcovered, that he was likely to
have more than his (hare, and ia a
94 SIMPLE SUSAN.
flmple tone of expofluktion (he faid to
him, " Take a poon, pig."* The fay-
ing became proverbial in the village ;
Sufan's little companions repeated it,
and applied it upon many occadons,
•whenever any one claimed more than his
(hare of any thing good- Barbara, who
was then not Mifs Barbara, but plain
Bab, and who played with all the poor
children in the neighbourhood, was often
reproved in her unjuft methods of di-
vifion by Sufan's proverb. Sufan, as
fhe grew up, forgot the child iih faying,
but the remembrance of it rankled in
Barbara's mind, and it was to this that
fhe fufpe&ed Sufan had alluded, when
fhe recommended a fpoon to her whilft
ihe was fwallowing the bafon of broth.
" La, Mifs," faid Barbara's maid,
when (he found her miftrefs in a paf-
fion upon her return from Sufan's, " I
only wondered you did her the honour
* This is a true anecdote.
SIMPLE SUSAN. 9-
to let your foot within her doors. What
need have you to trouble her for news
about the Abbey folks, when your own
papa has been there all morning, and is
juft come in, and can tell you every
thing."
Barbara did not know, that her father
meant to go to the Abbey that morning,
for Attorney Cafe was myfterious even
to his own family about his morning
rides. He never chofe to be aiked
where he was going, or where he had
been, and this made his fervants more
than commonly inquifitive to trace him.
Barbara, againft whofe apparent child-
ifhnefs, and real cunning, he was not
fufficiently «pon his guard, had often
the art of drawing him into converfa-
tiou about his vifits — She ran into her
father's parlour, but me knew, the mo-
ment me faw his face, that it was no
time to afk queflions j his pen was acrofs
his mouth, and his brown wig pufhed
5
96 SIMPLE SUSAN.
oblique upon his contracted forehead —
the wig was always pufhed crooked when-
ever he was in a brown, or rather a
black ftudy. Barbara, who did not,
like Sufan, bear with her father's tefty
humour from affection and gentlenefs
of difpofition, but who always humoured
him from artifice, tried all her fkill to
fathom his thoughts, and when fhe
found that it would not do, fhe went
to tell her maid fo, and to complain
that her father was fo crofs, there was no
bearing him.
It is true that Attorney Cafe was not
in the happieft mood poffible, for he
was by no means fatisfied with his
morning's work at the Abbey. Sir Ar-
thur Somers, the new man, did not fuit
him, and he began to be rather appre-
henfive, that he ftiould not fuit Sir Ar-
thur.—He had found reafons for his
doubts.
SIMPLE SUSAN. 97
Sir Arthur Somers was an excellent
lawyer, and a perfect ly honeft man. —
This Teemed to our Attorney a contra-
diction in terms ; — in the courfe of his
practice the cafe had not occurred, and
he had no precedents ready to direct his
proceedings.
Sir Arthur Somers was a man of wit
and eloquence, yet of plain dealing and
humanity. The Attorney could not
perfuade himfelf to believe that the be-
nevolence was any thing but enlightened
cunning, and the plain dealing he one
minute dreaded as the mafter-piece of
art, and the next defpifed as the cha-
racteriftic of folly. In fhort, he had
not yet decided, whether he was an ho-
neft man or a knave. — He had fettled
accounts with him for his late agency,
he had talked about fundry matters ct
bufmeis, he conflantly perceived that
he could not impofe upon Sir Arthur ;
but that he could know all the mazes cf
VOL. II. G
g3 SIMPLE SUSAN.
the law, and yet prefer the ftraight road,
was incomprehensible.
Mr. Cafe paid him fome compliments
on his great legal abilities, his high re-
putation at the bar.
" I have left the bar," replied Sir
Arthur, coolly.
The Attorney looked in unfeigned
aftoniihment, when a man was actually
making 3000!. per annum at the bar,
that he fhould leave it.
" I am come," faid he, " to enjoy
the kind of domeftic life which I prefer
to all others — in the country, amongft
people whofe happinefs I hope to in-
creafe."
At this fpeech the Attorney changed
his ground, flattering himfelf that he
fhould find his man averfe to bufinefs,
and ignorant of country affairs. He
talked of the value of land and of new
kafes.
SIMPLE SUSAN.
Sir Arthur wifhed to enlarge his do-
main, to make a ride round it. — A map
of the domain was upon the table, Far-
mer Price's garden came exactly acrpfs
the new road for the ride. Sir Arthur
looked difappolnted, and the keen At-
torney feized the moment to inform
him that " Price's whole land was at
his difpoial."
" At my difpoial ! how ib ?" cried
Sir Arthur eagerly ; it will not be out
of leafe I believe thefe ten years. I'll
look into the rent-roll again, perhaps I
am miftaken."
" You are miftaken, my good Sir,
and you are not miftaken," laid Mi%
Cafe, with a flirewd fmile ; " the land
will not be out of leafe thefe ten years
in one fenfe, and in another it is out ot
Icafeat this time being. To come V)
the point at once, the leafe is ab or;
null and void. I have detected a capital
flaw in the body of it ; I pledge my
G 2
100 SIMPLE SUSAN.
credit upon it, Sir, it can't ftand a
fingle term in law or equity."
The Attorney obferved, that at thefc
words Sir Arthur's eye was fixed with
a look of earned attention. " Now I
have him," faid the cunning tempter
to himfelf.
" Neither in law nor equity ?" repeat-
ed Sir Arthur, with appacent incredu-
lity— « Are you fure of that, Mr.
Cafe ?'
" Sure ! As I told you before, Sir,
I'd pledge my whole credit upon the
thing — I'd flake my exiftence."
" That's fomething" faid Sir Arthur,
as if he was pondering upon the matter.
The attorney went on with all the
eagernefs of a keen man, who fees a
chance at one flroke of winning a rich
friend, and of raining a poor enemy ; —
he explained with legal volubility, and
technical amplification, the nature of the
miftakc in Mr. Price's leafe. " It was,
SIMPLE SUSAN. IOI
Sir," faid he, " a Jeafe for the life of Peter
Price, Sufanna his wife, and to the fur-
vivor or furvivors of them, or for the
full rime and term of twenty years, to
be computed from the firft day of May
then next enfuing. — Now, Sir, this you
lee is a leafe in reverfion, which the
late Sir Benjamin Somers had not, by
his fettlement, a right to make. This is
a curious miftake you fee, Sir Arthur,
and in filling up thole printed leafes
there's always a good chance of feme
flaw; I find it perpetually, but I never
found a better than this in -the whole
courfe of my practice."
Sir Arthur flood in filence-
" My dear Sir," faid the attorney,
taking him by the button, " you have
no fcruple of (lining in this bufmefs."
c; A little," faid Sir Arthur.
" Why then that can be done away
in a moment ; your name (hall not ap-
pear in it at all; you have nothing to do
102, SIMPLE SUSAN.
but to make over the leafe to me — I
make all fafe to you with my bond. —
Now being in pofFeflicn, I come forward in
my own proper perfon. Shall 1 proceed?"
" No — you have faid enough," re-
plied Sir Arthur.
" The cafe indeed lies in a nutmell,"
laid the attorney, who had by this
time worked himfelf up to fuch a pitch
of profeffional enthufiafm, that, intent
upon his vifion of a lawfuit, he totally
forgot to obferve the impreflion his
words made upon Sir Arthur.
" There's only one thing we have
forgotten all this time," faid Sir Ar-
thur.
" What can that be, Sir r"
*' That we mall ruin this poor man."
Cafe was thunder-ftruck at thefe
words, or rather by the look which ac-
companied them. He recollected, that
he had laid himfelf open, before he was
fure of Sir Arthur's real character. He
SIMPLE SUSAN. IOJ
ibftened, and laid he mould have had
certainly more confederation in the cafe
of any but a litigious pig-headed fel-
low, as he knew Price to be.
" If he be litigious," laid Sir Ar-
thur, " I (hall certainly be glad to get
him fairly out of the parifh as foon as
poilible. When you go home, you will
be fo good, Sir, as to fend me his leafe,
that I may fatisfy myfelf, before we ftir
in this butinefs."
The attorney, brightening up, pre-
pared to take leave, but he could not
perfuade himfelf to take his departure,
without making one pufh at Sir Arthur
about the agency.
" I will not trouble you, Sir Arthur,
with this leafe of Price's," laid he ; " I'll
leave it with your agent. — Whom (hall
I apply to ?"
" To myfelf, Sir, if you pleafe,'* re-
plied Sir Arthur.
The courtiers of Lewis the XlVth
104 SIMPLE SUSAN.
could not have looked more aftounded
than our attorney, when they received
from their monarch a iimilar anfwer. It
was this unexpected reply of Sir Ar-
thur's which had deranged the temper of
Mr. Cafe, which had caufed his wig to
itand fo crooked upon his forehead, and
which rendered him impenetrably filent
to his inquifitive daughter Barbara. —
After walking up and down his room,
converfing with himfelf for fome time,
he concluded, that the agency mud be
given to fomebody, when Sir Arthur
ihould go to attend his duty in Parlia-
ment ; that the agency, even for the winter
feafon, was not a thing to be neglected,
and that, if he managed well, he might
yet fecure it for himfelf. — He had often
found, that Imall timely prefents worked
iderfully upon his own mind, and
he judged of others by himfelf. The
tenants had been in the reluctant but
confhnt practice of making him continual
SIMPLE SUSAN. 105
petty offerings, and he refolved to try
the fame courfe with Sir Arthur, whole
refolution to be his own agent he
thought argued a clofe, faving, ava-
ricious difpoiition.
He had heard the houfekeeper at the
Abbey inquiring, as he palled through
the fervants, whether there was any
iamb to be gotten? She faid that Sir Ar-
thur was remarkably fond of lamb, and
that ilie wiilied fhe could get a quarter
for him.
Immediately he fallied into his
kitchen, as loon as the idea ftruck him,
and afked a fhepherd, who was waiting
there, whether he knew of a nice fat
lamb to be had any where in the
neighbourhood.
"•I know of one," cried Baibara;
" Sufan Price has a pet lamb, that's
us fat as fat can be."
The attorney eagerly caught at thefe
word?, and fpeetfily devifcd a fcheme
106 SIMPLE SUSAN.
for obtaining Sufan's lamb for no-
thing.
It would be fomething flrange if an
attorney of his talents and {landing
was not an over-match for Simple Su-
fan. He prowled forth in fearch cf his
prey ; he found Sufan packing up her
father's little wardrobe, and when fhe
looked up as (he knelt, he faw that (he
had- been in tears.
" How is your mother to-day, Su-
fan ?"
44 Worfe, Sir.— My father goes to-
morrow."
" That's a pity."
" It can't be helped," faid Sufan,
with a figh.
" It can't be helped— how do you
know that ?" faid he.
" Sir! dear Sir \" cried Hie, looking
up at him, and a fudden ray of hope
beamed in her ingenuous countenance,
" And if you could help it, Sufan ?"
SIMPLE SUSAN. IO1
Sufan claiped her hands in filence,
more expreffive than words.
" You can help it, Sufan."
She ftarted up in an ecftacy.
" What would you give now to have
your father at home for a whole week
longer ?"
" Any thing ! — but I have nothing."
" Yes, but you have, a lamb," faid
the hard-hearted attorney.
" My poor little lamb !" faid Sufan,
" but what good can that do ?"
" What good can any lamb do ? —
is not lamb good to eat ? Why do you
look fo pale, girl ? Are not Iheep killed
every day, and don't you eat mutton ?
Is your lamb better than any body elfe's,
think you ?"
" I don't know, but I love it better."
" More fool you."
" It feeds out of my hand, it follows
me about ; I have always taken care of
it, my mother gave it to me."
108 SIMPLE SUSAN.
" Well, fay no more about it then,
if you love your lamb better than your
father and your mother both, keep it,
and good morning to you."
" Stay, oh ftay !" cried Sufan, catch-
ing the Ikirt of his coat with an eager
trembling hand ; — " a whole week, did
you fay ? My mother may get better in
that time. — No, I do not love my lamb
half fo well.'* The ftruggle of her mind
ceafed, and with a placid countenance
and calm voice, " Take the lamb," faid
fhe.
" Where is it ?" faid the attorney.
"Grazing in the meadow, by the
river fide."
" It mud be brought up before night-
fall for the butcher, remember."
" I lhall not forget it," faid Sufan,
fteadily. But as foon as her perfecutor
turned his back and quitted the houfe,
fhe fat down, and hid her face in her
hands. She was foon roufed bv the
SIMPLE SUSAN. 109
found of her mother's feeble voice, who
was calling Sufan from the inner room
where (he lay. Sufan went in, but did
not undraw the curtain as flie flood be-
lide the bed.
" Are you there, love ? — undraw the
curtain, that I may fee you, and tell
me— I thought I heard fome flrange
voice juft now talking to my child. —
Something's amifs, Sufan," faid her
mother, raiting herfelf as well as (he
was able in the bed, to examine her
daughter's countenance.
" Would you think it amifs then,
my dear mother," faid Sufan, {looping
to kifs her, " would you think it amifs,
if my father was to (lay with us a week
longer ?"
" Sufan ! you don't fay fo !'*
" He is indeed, a whole week ; — but
how burning hot your hand is dill."
" Are you fure he will ft:iy ? How
do you know ? Who told you fo ? —
Tell me all quick."
HO SIMPLE SUSAN.
" Attorney Cafe told me fo ; he can
get him a week's longer leave of ab-
fence, and he has promifed he will."
" God blefs him for it for ever and
ever!" faid the poor woman, joining
her hands. " May the bleffing of hea-
ven be with him !"
Sufan clofed the curtains and was
filent — (he could not fay Amen.
She was called out of the room ar this
moment, for a meifenger was corne
from the Abbey for the bread bills. — It
was me who always made out the bills,
for though fiie had not had agfeat number
of lefFons from the writing-mailer, (lie had
taken fo much pains to learn, that fhe
xzould write a very neat, legible hand, and
fhe found this very ufefui ; (lie was not,
to be fure, particularly inclined to draw
out a long bill at this inftant, but buli-
nefs muft be done. She fet to work,
ruled her lines for the pounds, (billings,
and p*nce, made out the bill for the
Abbey, and dilnatched the impatient
SIMPLE SUSAN. Ill
meffenger; then fhe refolved to make
out all the bills for the neighbours, who
had many of them taken a few loaves
and rolls of her baking. " I had bet-
ter get all my bufmefs finifhed," faid
Hie to herielf, " before I go down to
the meadow to take leave of my poor
lamb." — This was foonerfaid than done;
for (lie found that (lie had a great num-
ber of tills to write, and the (late on
which (he had entered the account was
not immediately to be found, and when
it was found, the figures were almofl
rubbed out ; Barbara had fat down upon
it ; Sufan pored over the number of
loaves, and the names of the perfons
who took them, and (he wrote, and caft
up fums, and corrected and re- corrected
them, till her head grew quite puz-
zled.
The table was covered with little
fquaie bits of paper, on which (lie had
been writing; bills over and over again,
O
£
112 SIMPLE SUSAN.
when her father came in with a bill in
his hand.
" How's this, Sufan ?" laid he. —
" How can ye be fo carelefs, child ?
What is your head running upon ? Here
look at the bill you were lending up to
the Abbey ? I met the meffenger, and
luckily afked to fee how much it was. —
Look at it."
Sufan looked and blufhed ; it was
written, " Sir Arthur Somers to John
Price, debtor fix dozen lambs, fo much."
She altered it, and returned it to her
father ; but he had taken up fome of
the papers which lay upon the table. —
" What are all thefe, child r"
Some of them are wrong, and I've
written them out again," faid Sufan.
" Some of them ! all of them, I
think teem to be wrong, if I can read,''
laid her father, rather angrily; ancl he
pointed out to her fundry flrange mil-
takes.
SIMPLE SUSAN. IIj
Her head indeed had been running
upon her poor lamb. She corrected all
the miflakes with fo much patience, and
bore to be blamed with fo much good
humour, that her father at laft faid,
that it was impofiible ever to fcold
Sufan without being in the wrong at
the laft.
As foon as all was fet right, he took
the bills, and faid he would go round
to the neighbours, and colled the mo-
ney himfelf, for that he thould be very
proud to have it to fay to them, that
it was all earned by his own little daugh-
ter.
Sufan refolved to keep the pleafure
of telling him of his week's reprieve till
he fhould come home to fup, as he
had promifed to do, in her mother's
room. — She was not ferry to hear him
figh as he pafied the knapfack, which
•(he had been packing up for his jour-
ney.
VOL. II. II
114 SIMPLE SUSAN.
" How delighted he will be when he
hears the good news !" faid fhe to her-
felf ; " but I know he will be a little
forry too for my poor lamb."
As fhe had now fettled all her bufi-
nefs, (lie thought fhe could have time
to go down to the meadow by the river
fide to fee her favourite ; but juft as fhe
had tied on her ftraw hat the village
clock flruck four, and this was the
hour at which fhe always went to fetch
her little brothers home from a dame-
fchool near the village. She knew that
they would be difappointed, if (he was
later than ufual, and fhe did not like to
keep them waiting, becaufe they were
very patient good boys; fo fhe put off
the vifit to her lamb, and went imme-
diately for her brothers.
SIMPLE SUSAN.
CHAPTER II.
' Ev'n in the fpring, and play-time of the year,
f That calls th' unwonted villager abroad,
* With all her little ones, a fportive train,
" To gather king-cups in the yellow mead,
" And prink their heads with dailies."
COWPER.
iHE dame-fchool, which was about
a mile from the hamlet, was not a fplen-
did manfion, but it was reverenced as
much by the young race of village -fcho-
lars, as if it had been the mod (lately
edifice in the land ; it was a low -roofed,
long, thatched tenement, flickered by a
few reverend oaks, under which many
generations of hopeful children had in
ir turn gambolled. The clofe-flv.
Il6 SIMPLE SUSAN.
green, which flopeddown from the hatch-
door of the fchool-room, was paled round
with a rude paling, which, though de-
cayed in fome parts by time, was not
in any place broken by violence. The
place befpoke order and peace. The
dame who governed here was well
obeyed, becaufe (he was juft, and well
beloved, becaufe fhe was ever glad to
give well-earned praife, and pleafure to
her little fubjefts.
Sufan had once been under her gentle
dominion, and had been defervedly her
favourite fcholar ; the dame often cited
her as the beft example to the fucceed-
ing tribe of emulous youngflers.
Sufan had fcarcely opened the wicket,
which feparated the green before the
fchool-ropm door from the lane, when
me heard the merry voices of the chil-
dren, and faw the little troop iffuing
from the hatchway, and fpreading over
the green.
SIMPLE SUSAN. 117
<c Oh, there's our Sufan!" cried her
two little brothers, running, leaping,
and bounding up to her, and many of
the other rofy girls and boys crowded
round her, to talk of their plays, for
Sufan was eafily interefted in all that
made others happy ; but (lie could not
make them comprehend, that, if they all
fpoke at once, it was not poffible that
(he could hear what was faid. The
voices were ilill raifed one above ano-
ther, all eager to eftablim fome, impor-
tant obfervation about nine-pins, or
marbles, or tops, or bows and arrows,
when fuddenly mufic was heard, unufual
mufic, and the crowd was filenced. The
mufic feemed to be near the fpot where
the children were (landing, and they
looked round to fee whence it could
come.
Sufan pointed to the great oak tree,
and they beheld, feated under its made,
an old man playing upon his harp.
H 3
3l8 SIMPLE SUSAN.
The children all approached — at firft
timidly, for the founds were folemn, but
as the harper heard their little footfteps
'coming towards him, he changed his
hand, and played one of his moft lively
tunes. The circle clofed, and preffed
nearer and nearer to him ; fome who
were in the foremoft row whifpered to
each other, " He is blind ! What a
pity !" and " He looks very poor, what
ft- ragged coat he wears !" faid others.
" He mud be very old, for all his hair
is white, and he mud have travelled a
great way, for his (hoes are quite worn
out," obferved another.
All thefe remarks were made whilft
he was tuning his harp, for when he
once more began to play not a word was
uttered.
He feemed pleafed by their fjmpie
exclamations of wonder and delight,
and, eager to amufe his young audience,
SIMPLE SUSAN. i j^
he played now a gay and now a pathetic
air, to fuit their feveral humours.
Sufan's voice, which was foft and
fweet, expreflive of gentlenefs and good-
nature, caught his ear the moment me
fpoke; he turned his face eagerly to ths
place where (he flood, and it was ob-
ferved, that whenever me faid, that (he
liked any tune particularly, he played it
over again.
" I am blind," faid the old man,
" and cannot fee your faces, but I know
you all aiunder by your voices, and I
can guefs pretty well at ail your hu-
mours and characters by your voices."
" Can you fo indeed ?" cried Sufan's
little brother William, who had fta-
tioned himfelf between the old man's
knees. " Then you heard my filler
Sufan fpeak juft now. — Can you tell us
what fort of a perfon me is r"
<c That I can, I think, without being
a conjuror," faid the old man, lifting
H4
I2O SIMPLE SUSAN.
the boy up on his knee, " your filler
Sufan is good-natured."
The boy clapped his hands.
" And good tempered."
" Right" faid little William, with a
louder clap of applaufe.
" And very fond of the little boy who
fits upon my knee."
" O right ! right ! quite right !" ex-
claimed the child, and " quite right"
echoed on all fides.
" But how came you to know fo
much, when you are blind ?" faid Wil-
liam, examining the old man atten-
tively.
" Hufh," faid John, who was a year
older than his brother, and very fage,
" you (hould not pu. him in mind of
his being blind."
" Though I am blind," faid the
harper, " I can hear, you know, and I
heard from your fitter herfelf all that I
told you of her, that (he was good-
SIMPLE SUSAN. 12*
tempered and good-natured, and fond
of you."
" Oh, that's wrong — you did not hear
all that from herfelf, I'mfure," faid John,
" for nobody ever hears her praifmg
herfelf."
" Did not I hear her tell you, when
you firft came round me, that me was
in a great hurry to go home, but that
me would flay a little while, fmce you
wifhed it fo much — Was not that good-
natured ? and when you faid you did
not like the tune (he liked bed, me
was not angry with you, but faid
c then, play William's firft, if you
pleafe. ' — Was not that good tem-
pered ?"
" Oh," interrupted William, " it's
all true ; but how did you find out that
me was fond of me ?"
" That is fuch a difficult queftion,"
faid the harper, " that I muft take
time to confider."— He tuned his harp
122 SIMPLE SUSAN.
as he pondered, or Teemed to ponder ;
and at this inftant two boys, who had
been fearching for birds neils in the
hedges, and who had heard the found
of the harp, came bluftering up, and
puming their way through the circle,
one of them exclaimed,
" What's going on here ? — Who are
you, my old fellow ? — A blind harper ;
well, play us a tune, if you can play
ever a good one — play me — let's fee,
what (hall he play, Bob ?" added he,
turning to his companion. " Bumper
Squire Jones."
The old man, though he did not feem
quite pleafed with the peremptory man-
ner of the requeft, played, as he was de-
fired, « Bumper Squire Jones ;" and
feveral other tunes were afterwards be-
fpoke by the fame rough and tyrannical
voice.
The little children fhrunk back in
timid filence, and eyed the great brutal
I'Oy with diflike.
SIMPLE SUSAN. 12*
This boy was the Ton of attorney-
Cafe, and as his father had neglefted to
correct his temper when he was a child,
as he grew up it became infufferable ; all
who were younger and weaker than him-
felf, dreaded his approach, and detefled
him as a tyrant.
When the old harper was fo tired,
that he could play no more, a lad,
who ufually carried his harp for him,
and who was within call, came up,
and held his mailer's hat to the com-
pany, faying, " Will you be pleafed to
remember us." The children readily
produced their halfpence, and thought
their wealth well beflowed upon this
poor good-natured man, who had taken
fo much pains to entertain them, better
even than upon the gingerbread -worn an,
whofe flail they loved to frequent. The
hat was held fome time to the attor-
ney's fon before he chofe to fee it ; at
laft he put his hand furliiy into his waift-
124 SIMPLE SUSAN.
coat -pocket, and pulled out a milling ;
there were lixpenny worth of halfpence
in the hat, " I'll take thefe halfpence,"
faid he, " and here's a fhilling for you."
" God blefs you, Sir," faid the lad,
but as he took the {lulling, which the
young gentleman had flily put into the
blind mans hand, he faw that it was
not worth one farthing.
" I am afraid it is not good, Sir,'*
faid the lad, whofe bufinefs it was to
examine the money for his mailer.
" I am afraid then you'll get no
other," faid young Cafe, with an infult-
ing laugh.
" It never will do, Sir," perfifted the
lad, " look at it yourfelf, the edges arc
all yellow; you can fee the copper
through it quite plain ; Sir, nobody
will take it from us."
" That's your affair," faid the brutal
boy, puming away his hand -, " you
pafs it, you know, as well as I
SIMPLE SUSAN,
do, if you look (harp — you have takea
it from me, and I (han't take it back
again, I promife you."
A whifper of " that's very unjufl"
was heard. — The little aflembly, though
under evident conflraint, could no lon-
ger fupprefs their indignation.
" Who fays it's unjuft ?" cried the
tyrant fternly, looking down upon his
judges.
Sufan's little brothers had held her
gown faft to prevent her from moving
at the beginning of this contefl, and me
was now fo much interefted to fee the
end of it, that me flood flill, without
making any re (i fiance.
" Is any one here amqngfl yourfelves
SL judge of filver," faid the old man.
" Yes, here's the butcher's boy," faid
the attorney's fon, " mew it to him."
He was a fickly looking boy, and of
a remarkably peaceable difpofition.
126 SIMPLE SUSAN.
Young Cafe fancied that he would
be afraid to give judgment againft him ;
however, after fome moments hefitation,
and after turning the (hilling round
feveral times, he pronounced, " that, as
far as his judgment went, but he did
not pretend to be downright certain
fare of it, the (hilling was not over
and above good." Then turning to Su-
fan, to fcreen himfelf from .manifeft
danger, for the Attorney's fon looked
upon him with a vengeful mien, " But
here's Sufan here, who underflands (ilver
a great deal better than I do, (he takes
a power of it for bread you know."
" I'll leave it to her," faid the old
harper ; " if (lie fays the drilling is good,
keep it, Jack."
The (hilling was handed to Sufan,
who, though (lie had with becoming
modefty forborn all interference, did not
hefitate, when (he was called upon, to
fpeak the truth; " I think that this
SIMPLE StJSAtf. 127
ihilling is a bad one," faid fhe, and the
gentle, but firm tone in which (he pro-
nounced the words, for a moment awed
and filenced the angry and brutal boy.
" There's another then," cried he,
" I have fixpences and (hillings too in
plenty, thank my ftars."
Sufan now walked away with her two
little brothers, and all the other chil-
dren feparated to go to their feveral
homes.
The old harper called to Sufan, and
begged, that, if fhe was going towards
the village, (he would be fo kind as to
fhew him the way.
His lad took up his harp, and little
William took the old man by the hand,
" I'll lead him, I can lead him," faid
he ; and John ran on before them, to
gather king-cups in the meadow.
There was a imall rivulet, which they
had to crofs, and as the plank which
ferved for a bridge over it was rather
SIMPLE SUSAN.
narrow, Sufan was afraid to truft the old
blind man to his little conductor ; (he
therefore went on the tottering plank
firft herfelf, and then led the old harper
carefully over ; they were now come to
a gate, which opened upon the high road
to the village.
" There is the high road ftraight be-
fore you/7 faid Sufan to the lad, who
was carrying his mailer's harp, " you
can't mifs it -, now I muft bid you a
good evening, for I'm in a great hurry
to get home, and muft go the fhort
way acrofs the fields here, which would
not be fo pleafant for you, becaufe of
the ftiles.— Good bye."
The old harper thanked her, and
went along the high road, whiifl (he
and her brothers tripped on as fail as
they could by the fhort way acrofs the
fields.
" Mifs Somers, I am afraid, will be
waiting for us," faid Sufan , " you
SIMPLE SUSAN, 129
know fhe faid (he would call at fix, and
by the length of our fhadows I'm fare
it is late."
"When they came to their own cottage
door, they heard many voices, and they
law, when they entered, feveral ladies
{landing in the kitchen.
" Come in, Sufan, we thought you had
quite forfaken us," laid Mils Somers to
Sufan, who advanced timidly. " I fancy
you forgot, that we promifed to pay you
a vifit this evening -, but you need not
blufh fo much about the matter^ there
is no great harm done, we have only
been here about five minutes, and we
have been well employed in admiring
your neat garden, and your orderly
fheives. Is it you, Sulan, who keep
thefe things in fuch nice order r" con-
tinued Mifs Somers, looking round the
kitchen.
Before Sufan could reply, little Wii-
liarn puihed forward, and anfwered,
VOL. II. I
130 SIMPLE SUSAN.
" Yes, Ma'am, it is my fitter Sufan that
keeps every thing neat, and (he always
comes to fchool for us too, which was
what caufed her to be fo late." " Be-
caufe as how/' continued John, " (he
was loth to refufe us the hearing a blind
man play on the harp — it was we kept
her, and we hopes, Ma'am, as you are —
as you fee m fo good, you won't take it
amifs."
Mifs Somers and her lifter fmiled at
the affectionate fimplicity, with which
Sufan's little brothers undertook her
defence, and they ware, from this flight
circumftance, difpofed to think yet more
favourably of a family, which feemed fo
well united.
They took Sufan along with them
through the village ; many came to their
doors, and far from envying, all fecretly
wifhed Sufan well as fhe pafled.
' I fancy we (hall find what we want
here," faid Mifs Somers, (lopping be-
SIMPLE SUSAN. 1^1
fore a (hop, where unfolded (heets of
pins and glafs buttons gliftened in the
window, and where rolls of many co-
loured ribbons appeared ranged in
tempting order. She went in, and was
rejoiced to fee the (helves at the back
of the counter well furnifhed with glofTy
tiers of ftuffs, and gay, neat, printed
linens and callicoes.
" Now, Sufan, choofe yourfelf a
gown," faid Mifs Somers ; " you let an
example of induftry and good conduce,
of which we wim to take public notice,
for the benefit of others.'*
The (hopkeeper, who was father to
Sufan's friend Rofe, looked much fatis-
fied by this fpeech, and as if a compli-
ment had been paid to himfelf, bowed
low to Mifs Somers, and then with
alertnefs, which a London linen-draper
might have admired, produced piece
after piece of his bed goods to his
young cuflomer — unrolled, unfolded,
I 2
132 SIMPLE SUSAN.
held the bright fluffs and calendered
callicoes in various lights. Now flretched
his arm to the higher! (helves, and
brought down in a trice what feemed
to be beyond the reach of any but a
giant's arm ; DOW dived into fome hid-
den recefs beneath the counter, and
brought to light frefh beauties, and frefh
temptations.
Sutan looked on with more indiffe-
rence than moft of the fpectators. — She
was thinking much of her lamb, and
more of her father.
Mifs Somers had put a bright guinea
into her hand, and had bid her pay for
her own gown ; but Suian, as (he looked
at the guinea, thought it was a great
deal of money to lay out upon herfelf,.
and ihe wifhed, but did not know how
•to afk, that {he might keep it for a
better purpofe.
Some people are wholly inattentive
to the lefler feelings, and incapable of
SIMPLE SUSAN. 133
reading the countenances of thofe on
whom they beftow their bounty. — Mifs
Somers and her filler were not of this
roughly charitable clafs.
" She does not like any of thefe
things," whifpered Mifs Somers to her
filler.
Her filler obferved, that Sufan looked
as if her thoughts were far cliftant from
gowns.
" If you don't fancy any of thefe
things," faid the civil Ihopkeeper to
Sufan, " we lhall have a new aflbrtment
of callicoes for the fpring feafon foon
from town."
" Oh," interrupted Sufan, with a
fmile and a blufh, " thefe are all pretty,
and too good for me, but "
" But what, Sufan ?" laid Mifs So-
mers. " Tell us what is palling in
your little mind."
Sufan hefitated.
134 SIMPLE SUSAN,
" Well then, we will not prefs you ;
you are fcarcely acquainted with us yetr
when you are you will not be afraid, I
hope, to fpeak your mind. — Put this
fhining yellow counter," continued (he,
pointing to the guinea, " in your pocket,
and make what ufe of it you pleafe.
From what we know, and from what we
have heard of you, we are perfuaded
that you will make a good ufe of it."
" I think, Madam," faid the matter
of the (hop, with a fhrewd good-natured
look, " I could give a pretty good
guefs myfelf what will become of that
guinea — but I fay nothing."
" No, that is right," faid Mifs So-
mers, " we leave Sufan entirely at li-
berty, and now we will not detain her
any longer. Good night Sufan, we
lhall foon come again to your neat cot-
tage."
Sufan courtefyed with an expreffive
look of gratitude, and with 'a modeft
SIMPLE SUSAN.
franknefs in her countenance, which
feemed to fay, " I would tell you and
welcome what I want to do with the
guinea — but I am not ufed to fpcak
before fo many people j when you come
to our cottage again you (hall know
all/'
When Sufan had departed, Mifs So-
mers turned to the obliging fhopkeeper,
who was folding up all the things he
had opened, " You have had a great
deal of trouble with us, Sir," faid ihe,
" and fince Sufan will not choofe a gown
for herfelf, I muft."— She felefted the
prettied, and whilft the man was rolling
it in paper, (he afked him feveral quei-
tions about Sufan and her family, which
he was delighted to anfwer, becaufe lie
had now an opportunity of faying as
much as he wifhed in her praife.
" No later back, Ma'am, than laft
May morning," faid he, " as my daugh-
ter Rofe was telling us, Sufan did a
i 4
136 SIMPLE SUSAN.
turn, in her quiet way, by her mother,
that would not difpleafe you if you were
to hear it. She was to have been Queen
of the May, ladies, which, in our little
village, amongft the younger tribe, is a
thing, ladies, that is thought of a good
deal — but Sufan's mother was ill, and
Suian, after fitting up with her all
night, would not leave her in the morn-
ing, even when they brought the crown
to her. — She put the crown upon my
daughter Rofe's head with her own
hands, .and to be fure Rofe loves her as
well as if me was her own fitter ; but I
don't fpeak from partiality, for I am.
no relation whatever to the Prices, only
a weil-wifher, as every one, I believe,
who knows them, is. — I'll fend the parcel
up to the Abbey, ihall I Ma'am ?"
" If you pleafe," faid Mifs Somers,
" and let us know as foon as you re-
ceive your new things from town. You
will, I hope, find us good cuftomers,
SIMPLE SUSAN. 13^
and well-wifhers," added (he with a
imile, " for thofe who wi(h well to
their neighbours furely deferve to have
vvell-wiihers themfelves."
A few words may encourage the be-
nevolent paffions, and may difpofe peo-
ple to live in peace and happinefs; — a
few words may fet them at variance*
and may lead to mifery and lawfuits. —
Attorney Cafe and Mifs Somers were
both equally convinced of this, and their
practice was uniformly confident with
their principles.
But now to return to Sufan. — She put
the bright guinea carefully into the
glove with the twelve (hillings, which (he
had received from her companions on
May-day. Befuies this treafure, (he
calculated, that the amount of the bills
for bread could not be lefs than eight
or nine and thirty (hillings, and as her
father was now fure of a week's reprieve,
fiie luJ great hopes, that, by ibme means
138 SIMPLE SUSAN.
or other, it would be poflible to make
up the whole furrl necefTary to pay for a
fubftitute. " If that could but be done,'*
faid fhe to herielf, " how happy would
my mother be ! — She would be quite
flout again, for fhe certainly is a great
deal better fince morning, fince I told
her that father would flay a week lon-
ger.— Ah ! but fhe would not have
blefled attorney Cafe though, if fhe had
known about my poor Daify."
Sufan took the path that led to the
meadow by the water-fide, refolved to
go by herfelf, and take leave of her in-
nocent favourite. But (lie did not pafs
by unperceived ; her little brothers were
watching for her return, and as foon as
they faw her, they ran after her, and
overtook her as fhe reached the mea-
dow.
' What did that good lady want with
you," crjed William ; but looking up in,
his lifter's face, he faw tears in her
SIMPLE SUSAN.
eyes, and he was filent, and walked on
quietly.
Sufan faw her lamb by the water-
fide.
" Who are thofe two men?" faid
William. " What are they going to
do with Daify ?"
The two men were attorney Cafe and
the butcher. — The butcher was feeling
whether the lamb was fat.
Sufan fat down upon the bank in
filent forrow ; — her little brothers ran
up to the butcher, and demanded whe-
ther he was going to do any harm to
the lamb.
The butcher did not anfwer, but the
attorney replied, ". It is not your fitter's
lamb any longer, it's mine — mine to all
intents and purpofes."
" Your's !" cried the children with
terror; " and will you kill it ?"
" That's the butcher's bufmefs."
140 SIMPLE SUSAN.
The little boys now burft into pierc-
ing lamentations j they pufhed away
the butcher's hand, they threw their
arms round the neck of the lamb, they
kifled its forehead — it bleated.
" It will not bleat to-morrow !" faid
William, and he wept bitterly.
The butcher looked afide, and haftily
rubbed his eyes with the corner of his
blue apron.
The attorney flood unmoved ; he
pulled up the head of the lamb, which
had juft Hooped to crop a mouthful of
clover.—'4 I have no time to wafte,"
faid he ; " butcher, you'll account with
me. If it's fat — the fooner the better.
I've no more to fay." And he walked
off, deaf to the prayers of the poor chil-
dren.
As foon as the attorney was out of
fight, Sufan rofe from the bank where
ilie was feated, came up to her lamb,
SIMPLE SUSAN.
and flooped to gather fome of the frefli
dewy trefoil, to let it eat out of her
hand for the laft time. — Poor Daily
licked her well-known hand.
u Now, let us go," faid Sufan.
ef I'll wait as long as you pleafe," faid
the butcher.
Sufan thanked him, but \valked away
quickly, without looking again at her
lamb.
Her little brothers begged the man
oo
to ftay a few minutes, for they had ga-
thered a handful of blue fpeedwell and
yellow crowsfoot, and they were decking
the poor animal.
As it followed the boys through the
village, the children collected as they
palled, and the butcher's own fon was
among the number. Sufan's fleadi-
neis about the bad (hilling was full in
this boy's memory, it had faved him a
beating ; he went directly to his father
to beg the life of Sufan's lamb.
5
1-42 SIMPLE SITSAK.
" I was thinking about it, boy, my-
felf," faid the butcher ; " it's a fin to
kill a pet lamb, I'm thinking — any way
it's what I'm not ufed to, and don't
fancy doing, and I'll go and fay as much
to attorney Cafe — but he's a hard man ,
there's but one way to deal with him,
and that's the way I mud take, though
fobe I (hall be the lofer thereby, but
we'll fay nothing to the boys, for fear it
might be the thing would not take, and
then it would be worfe again to poor
Sufan, who is a good girl, and always
was, as well me may, being of a good
breed, and well reared from the firft."
*' Come, lads, don't keep a crowd
and a fcandal about my door/' con-
tinued he, aloud, to the children; " turn
the lamb in here, John, in the paddock,
for to-night, and go your ways home."
The crowd difperfed, but murmured,
and the butcher went to the attorney.
: Seeing that all you want is a good,
SIMPLE SUSAN.
fat, tender lamb, for a prefent for Sir
Arthur, as you told me,'* faid the
butcher, " I could let you have what's
as good and better for your purpofe."
" Better — if it's better I'm ready to
hear reafon."
The butcher had choice, tender lamb,
he faid, fit to eat the next day, and as
Mr. Cafe was impatient to make his of-
fering to Sir Arthur, he accepted the
butcher's propofal, though with fuch
feeming reluctance, that he • actually
iqueezed out of him, before he would
complete the bargain, a bribe of a fine
fweet bread.
In the mean time Sufan's brothers
ran home to tell her, that her lamb was
put into the paddock for the night; this
was all they knew, and even this was
fome comfort to her. — Rofe, her good
friend was with her, and fhe had before
her the pleafure of telling her father of
his week's reprieve — her mother was
144 SIMPLE SUSAN.
better, and even faid (he was determined
to fit up to fupper in her wicker arm
chair.
Sufan was getting things ready for
fupper, when little William, who was
{landing at the houfe-door, watching
in the dufk for his father's return, fud-
denly exclaimed, <; Sufan ! if here is
not our old man !"
" Yes," faid the old harper, " I have
found my way to you ; the neighbours
were kind enough to (hew me where-
abouts you lived, for though I didn't
Jtnow your name, they gueffed who I
meant by what I faid of you all."
Sufan came to the door, and the old
man was delighted to hear her fpeak
again.
" If it would not be too bold," faid
he, " I'm a flranger in this part of the
country, and come from afar off; my
"boy has got a bed for himfelf here in
the village, but I have no place — could
SIMPLE SUSAN. 145
you be fo chari table to give an old
blind man a night's lodging ?"
Sufan faid (he would ilep and afk
her mother, and me foon returned with
an anfwer, that: he was heartily welcome,
if he could deep upon the children's bed,
which was but (mall.
The old man thankfully entered the
hofpitable cottage — he flruck his head
againft the low roof as he flapped over
the door fill.
" Many roofs that are twice as high
are not half fo good," faid he.
Of this he had juft had experience at
the houfe of attorney Cafe, where he had
aiked, but had been roughly refuted all
affiflance by Mifs Barbara, who was,
according to her ufual cuftom, flanding
flaring at the hall door.
The old man's harp was fet down in
farmer Price's kitchen, and he promifed
to play a tune for the boys before they
went to bed ; their mother giving them
VOL. II. K
146 . SIMPLE SUSAN.
. l$ave.- .to fit .up to Tapper with their fa-
ther:
, He- came home with a forrovvful
countenance, but how foon did it
brighten, when Sufan, with a fmile, laid
, to him, " Father, we've good news for
you ! good news for us all ! — You have
a whole week longer to (lay with us, and
perhaps," continued (he, putting her little
purfe into his hands, "perhaps with what's
here, and the bread bills, and what may
.focne how be got together before a
week's at an end, we may make up the
nine guineas for the fubftitute, as they
call him ; who knows, deareft mother,
but we may keep him with us for
ever I "—As me fpoke fhe threw, her
arms round her father, who prerTecl her
to his bofom without fpeaking, for h:s
heart was full. He was fome little time,
before he could perfectly believe, ., that
what be- heard was true, but the revived
/miles of his wife, the noify jcy of his
SIMPLE SUSAN.
little boys, and the fatisfaclion that
fhone in Sufan's countenance, convinced
him that he was not in a dream.
As they fat down to fupper, the old
harper was made welcome to his (hare
of the cheerful, though frugal meal.
. Sufan's father, as foon as fupper was
finiQied, even before he would let the
harper play a tune for his boys, opened
the little purfe, which Sufan had given
to him ; he was furprifed at the fight of
the twelve (hillings, and ftiil more, when
he came to the bottom of the purfe, to
fee the bright golden guinea.
" How did you come by all this mo-
ney, Sufan r" faid he.
" Honeftly and hand fomely, that I'm
fure of beforehand," faid her proud mo-
ther, " but how I can't make out, ex-
cept by the baking. — Hey, Sufan, is
this your firfc baking r"
" Oh, no, no," laid her father, " I have
her firft baking frmg here,- befides, in
K 2
SIMPLE SUSAN.
my pocket. I kept it for a furprife to do
your mother's heart good, Sufan. Here's
twenty-nine fhillings, and the Abbey
bill, which is not paid yet, comes to ten
more. — What think you of this, wife ?
have we not a right to be proud of our
Sufan ?" " Why," continued he, turn-
ing to the harper, " I afk your pardon
for fpeaking out fo free before flrangers
in praife of my own, which I know is
not mannerly ; but the truth is the fit-
ted thing to be fpoken, as I think,
at all times, therefore here's your good
health, Sufan ; — why, by and by me '11
be worth her weight in gold — in iilver
at lead. — But tell us, child, how came
you by all thefe riches ? and how comes
it that I don't go to-morrow ? — All this
happy news makes me fo gay in myfelf,
I'm afraid I (hall hardly underftand it
rightly.— But fpeakon, child— firft bring-
ing as a bottle of the good mead you
made laft year from your own honey. "
SIMPLE SU-SAN,
Sufan did not much like to tell the
hiflory of her Guinea hen — of the gown
• — and of her poor lamb — part of this
would feem as if fhe was vaunting of
her own generality, and part of it fhe
did not like to recoiled. But her mo-
ther prefled to know the whole, and fhe
related it as (imply as (he could. When
(he came to the (lory of her lamb, her
voice faultered, and every body preient
was touched.: — The old harper fighed
once, and cleared his throat ffcveral
times — he then a(ked for his harp, and,
after tuning it for a confiderable time*
he recollected, for he had often fits of
abfence, that he fent for it to play the
tune he had promifed to the boys.
This harper came from a great dif-
tance, from the mountains of Wales, to
contend with feveral other competitors
for a prize, which had been advertifed
by a mufical fociety about a year before
this time. There was to be a fplendid
I JO SIMPLE SUSAN.
ball given upon the occafion at Shrewi-
bury, which was about five miles from
our village. The prize was ten guineas
for the beft performer on the harp, and
the prize was now to be decided in a
few days.
All this intelligence Barbara had long
15 nee gained from her maid, who often
went to vifit in the town of Shrewf-
bury, and (he had long had her imagi-
nation inflamed with the idea of this
fplendid mufic meeting and ball. Often
had -'(he fighed to be there, and often
had (he revolved in her mind Ich ernes
for introducing herfelf to fome <reutccl
o o
neighbours, who might take her to the
ball in their carriage. — How rejoiced;
how triumphant was (lie, when this very
evening, juft about the time when the
butcher was bargaining with her father
about Sufan's lamb, a livery fervant
from the "Abbey rapped at the door,
SIMPLE SUSAX.
and left a card of invitation for Mr. and
Mils Barbara Cafe.
" There," cried Bab, " 7 and papa
are to dine and drink tea at the Abbey
to-morrow. — Who knows ? — I dare fay,
when they fee that I'm not a vulgar-
looking perfon, and all that — and if
I go cunningly to work with Mifs
Seiners — as I ihall — to be fure, I dare
, (he'll take me to the ball with
her."
" To be fure," faicl the maid, " it's
the leaft one may expect from a lady
that demeans herfelf to vifit Sufan Price,
and goes about a (hopping for her; the
lead (lie can do for you, is to take you
in her carriage, which cofts nothing,
but is jiift a common civility to a
ball."
" Then pray, Betty," continued Mifs
Barbara, " don't forget to-morrow, the
firil thing you do, to fend off to Shrewf-
bury for my new bonnet — I mufl have
K 4
152 SIMPLE SUSAN.
it to (Tine i/i, at the Abbey, or the la-
dies will think nothing of me — and,
Betty, remember the mantua-maker too.
I muft fee and coax papa, to buy me a
new gown againft the ball. I can fee,
you know, fomething of the fafhions
to-morrow at the Abbey, I (hall look
the ladies well ove?', I promife you. —
And, Betty, I have thought of the moil
charming prefent for Mils Somers : a?
papa fays, it's good never to go empty-
handed to a great houfe, I'll make
Mifs Somers, who is fond, as her maid
told you, of fuch things — I'll make
Mifs Somers a prefent of that Guinea
hen of Sufan's ;— it's of no ufe to me,
fo do you carry it up early in the morn-
ing to the Abbey, with my compli-
ments.—That's the thing."
In full confidence that her prefent,
and her bonnet, would operate effec-
tually in her favour, Mifs Barbara paid
her firft vifit at the Abbey. She ex-
SIMPLE SUSAN.
pe&ed to lee wonders, fhe was drafted
in all the finery, which fhe had heard
from her maid, who had heard from the
'prentice 'of a Shrewfbury milliner, was
fhe thing in London ; and fhe was much
furprifed and difappointed,when (he was
(hewn into the room where the Mifs
Somerses, and the ladies at the Abbey
were fitting, to fee that they did not, in
any one part of their drefs, agree with
the piAure her imagination had formed
of fafhionable ladies. She was embar-
raffed when (lie faw books, and work,,
and drawings upon the table, and (lie
began to think, that fome affront was
meant to her, becaufe the company did
not fit with their hands before them.
When Mifs Somers endeavoured to
find out converfation that would inte-
rcil her, and fpoke of walks, and flow-
ers, and gardening, of which fhe was
herfeif fond, Mifs Barbara {till thought
hcrfelf under-valued, and ibon contrived
J^4 SIMPLE SUSAN.
to expofe her ignorance moil com-
pletely, by talking of things which (lie
did not underftand.
Thofe who never attempt to appear
what they are not — thole who do not
in their manners pretend to any thing
unfuited to their habits and iltuation in
life, never are in danger of being laughed
at by fenfible, \vcL-bred people of anv
rank; but r.ftedtation is the eonftant
and jufl object of ridicule.
Mils Barbara Cafe, with her miftaken
airs of gentility, aiming -to be thought
a woman, and a :; , whiiii ihe \vas
in reality a child, and a vulgar attorney's
daughter, rendered herfelf ib thoroughly
ridiculous, that the good-natured, yet
difcerning fpeclators, were painfully di-
vided between their fenfe of comic ab-
iuality, and a fejling of fliame for one
who could feel nothing for herfelf.
One by one the ladies dropped off —
Soir.crs went out of the room for a
SIMPLE SUSAN.
few minutes to alter her drefs, as it Was
the cuftom of the family, before dinner.
She left a port-folio of pretty drawings,
and good prints, for Mils Barbara's
amufement ; but Mifs Barbara's thoughts
were fo intent upon the harper's ball,
that Hie could not be entertained with
fuch trifles.
How unhappy are thofe, who fpend
their time in expectation ! they can
never enjoy the preient moment.
Wfaiift Barbara was contriving means
of intercfting Mifs Somers in her favour,
fhc recolk'Cted, with fiu'prile, that not
one word had yet been laid of her pre-
fent of the Guinea hen.
Mrs, Betty, in the hurry of bcrdreff*
ing her young lady in the morning, had
forgotten it, but it came juft whilfl
Mifs Somers was dre fling, and the houfe-
keeper came into her miftrefs's room to
announce its arrival.
SIMPLE SUSAN.
" Ma'am," faid (lie, " here's a beau-
tiful Guinea hen juft come, with Mifs-
Barbara Cafe's compliments to you."
Mifs Somers knew, by the tone in
which the houfekeeper delivered this
melTage, that there was fomething in
the bufinefs, which did not perfectly
pleafe her. She made no anfvver, in ex-
pectation that the houfekeeper, who was
a woman of a very open temper, wrould
explain her caufe of diflatisfaclion. — In
this fhe was not miftaken, the houfe-
keeper came cloie up to the dreffing-
table, and continued, " I never like to
fpeak till I'm fure, ma'am, and I'm
not quite fure, to fay certain, in this
cafe, ma'am, but ftill I think it right
to tell you, which can't wrong any
body, what came acrofs my mind about
this fame Guinea hen, ma'am, and you
can inquire into it, and do as you pleafe
afterwards, ma'am. Sometime ago we
had fine Guinea fowls of our own,
SIMPLE SUSAN. u;j
and I made bold, not thinking, to be
fure, that all our own would die away
from us, as they have done, to give a
fine couple lad Chriftmas to Sufan
Price, and very fond and pleafed me
was at the time, and I'm fure would
never have parted with the hen with
her good-will; but if my eyes don't
flrangely miftake, this hen, that comes
from Mifs Barbara, is the felf-farne iden-
tical Guinea hen that I gave to Sufan.
And how Mifs Bab came by it is the
thing that puzzles me. If my boy
Philip was at home, may be, as he's
often at Mrs. Price's (which I don't dif-
approve), he might know the hiflory
of the Guinea hen. I expecl him home
this night, and, if you have no objection,
I will fift the affair.
" The (horteft way, I mould think,"
faid Henrietta, « would be to aft. Mifs
y'afe herfelf about it, which I will do
:his evening. "
SIMPLE SUSAN.
" If you pleafe, ma'am/' faicl the
houfekeeper, coldly, for (he knew that
Mifs Barbara was not famous in the vil-
lage for {peaking truth.
Dinner was now ferved. — Attorncv
Cafe expected to fmell mint faucc, and,
as the covers were taken from off the
difhes, looked around for lamb — but
no lamb appeared. — He had a dexterous
knack of twitting the converfation to
his point.
Sir Arthur was fpeaking, when they
fat down to dinner, of a new carving-
knife, which he lately had had made for
his filler; the attorney immediately went
•from carving-knives to poultry, thence
to butcher's meat, feme joints he ob-
ierved were much more difficult to carve
than others ; he neyer faw a man carve
better than the gentleman oppofite him,
who was the curate of the parifh. " But,
Sir," faid the vulgar attorney, " I muft
make bold to differ with you in onfc
SIMPLE SUSAN, I -^
point, and I'll appeal to Sir Arthur."
" Sir Arthur, pray, may I aft, when you
carve a fore-quarter of lamb, do you,
when you raife the moulder, throw in
fait or not r"
This well -prepared, queftion was not
loft upon Sir Arthur ; the attorney was
thanked, for his intended preicnt, but
mortified and iurpriicd, to hear Sir Ar-
.thur lay, that it was a conftant rule of
his never to accept of any preients from
his neighbours. " If we were to accept
O I
a lamb from a rich neighbour on my
eflare," faid he, " I am afraid we iliould
mortify many of our poor tenants, who
can have little to offer, though, perhaps,
they may bear us thorough good-will
notwithstanding/'
" After the ladies left the dining-
room, as they were walking up and down
the large hall, Mils Barbara had a fair
opportunity of imitating her keen fa-
ther's method of converfing. One of
l6o SIMPLE SUSAN.
the ladies obferved, that this hall would
be a charming place for mulic — Bab
brought in harps, and harpers, and the
harpers' ball, in a breath. — " I know
fo much about it, about the ball I
mean," faid (he, " becaufe a lady in
Shrewfbury, a friend of papa's, offered
to take me with her, but papa did not
like to give her the trouble of fending
fo far for me, though me has a coach of
her own."
Barbara fixed her eyes upon Mifs So-
mere, as flie fpoke, but me could not
read her countenance as diftinctly as me
\vimed, becaufe Mifs Somers was at this
moment letting down the veil of her
hat.
" Shall we walk out before tea?" faid
Ihe to her companions. " I have a
pretty Guinea hen to (hew you."
Barbara, "fecretly drawing propitious
omens from the Guinea hen, followed
with a confidential ftep,
4
SIMPLE SUSAN. l$l
The pheafantry was well filled with'
pheafants, peacocks, &c. and Sufan's
pretty little Guinea hen appeared well,
even in this high company — it was much
admired. Barbara was in glory — but
her glory was of fliort duration. Juft as
Mifs Somers was going to inquire into
the Guinea hen's hillory, Philip came
up, to aik permifiion to have a bit of
fycamore, to turn a nutmeg-box for
his mother.
Philip was an ingenious lad, and a
good turner for his age ; Sir Arthur had
put by a bit of fycamore on purpofe,
for him, and Mils. Somers told him
where it was to be found. He thanked
her, but in the mid ft of his bow of
thanks his eye was ftrack by the fight
of the Guinea hen, and he involunta-
rily exclaimed, " Sufan's Guinea hen'
I declare!"
' " No, it's not Sufan's Guinea hen,"
faid Mifs Barbara, colouring furiouflv.
VOL. IT- L
102 SIMPLE SUSAN.
" It is mine, and I've made a prefent of
it to Mifs Somers."
At the found of Bab's voice Philip
turned — faw her — and indignation, un-
reflrained by the prefence of all the
amazed fpedators, flamed in his coun-
tenance.
" What is the matter, Philip ?" faid
Mifs Somers, in a pacifying tone ; — but
Philip was not inclined to be pacified.
" Why, ma'am/' faid he, « may I
fpeak out r" and, without waiting for
permiflion, he fpoke out, and gave a
full, true, and warm account of Rofe's
crnbafly, and of Mifs Barbara's cruel
•and avaricious proceedings,
Barbara denied, prevaricated, fiam-
mered, and at lafk was overcome with
confufion, for which even the moft in-
dulgent fpeclators could fcarcely pity
her.
Mifs Somers, however, mindful of
v.'hat was due to her gueft, was anxious
SIMPLE SUSAN. 163
to difpatch Philip for his piece of fyca-
more.
Bab recovered herfelf as foon as he
was out of fight ; but fhe further ex-
pofed herfelf by exclaiming, " I'm furc
I wifh this pitiful Guinea hen had never
corne into my poifefTion. I wifh Sufan
had kept it at home, as (he fhould have
done !"
" Perhap^ fhe will be more careful
now, that fhe has received fo ftrong a
leflbn," faid Mifs Somers. u Shall we
try her?" continued (he; " Philip will,
I dare fay, take the Guinea hen back to
Sufan, if we defire it."
" If you pleafe, ma'am," faid Bar-
bara, fullenly ; " I have nothing more
to do with it."
So the Guinea hen was delivered to
Philip, who fet off joyfully with his
prize, and was foon in fight of farmer
Price's cottage.
L 2
164 SIMPLE sir's A K.
: He (lopped when he came to the
door -3 he recolleded Roie, and her ge-
nerous friendfhip for Sufan ; he was de-
termined, that fhe mould have the plea-
fure of reftoring the Guinea hen; he ran
into the village, all the children who
had given up their little purfe on May-
day were alTembled on the play -green ;
they were delighted to fee the Guinea hen
once more — Philip took his pipe and ta-
bor, and they marched in innocent tri-
umph towards the white -waflied cottage.
" Let me come with you— let me
come with you," faid the butcher's boy
to Philip. " Stop one minute ! my
father has fomething to fay to you."
He darted into his father's houfe. The
little proceflion flopped, and in a few
minutes, the bleating of a lamb was
heard. Through a back paffage, which
led into the paddock behind the houfe,
they law the butcher leading a lamb. ;
SIMPLE S ,6^
" It is Daify !" exclaimed Rote.—
" It's Daify r repeated all her compa-
nions. " Sufan's lamb ! Sufan's lamb !"
and there was an univerfal fhout of
joy.
lt Well, for my part," faid the good
butcher, as foon as he could be heard,
" For my part, I would not be fo cruel
as attorney Cafe for the whole world. —
Thefe poor brute bcafts don't know
afbrehand what's going to happen to
them; and as for dying, it's what we
muft all do fome time or another ;
but to keep wringing the hearts of
the living, that have as much fenfe
as one's felf, is what I call cruej ; and
is not this what attorney Cafe has
been doing by poor Sufan, and her
whole family, .ever fince he took a fpite
againft them ? But, at any rate, here's
Sufan's lamb fate and found ; I'd have
taken it back fooner, but I was off ber
fore day to the fair, andambutjuft
L 3
l66 SIMPLE SUSAN.
come back; however, Dai fy has been as
well off in my paddock, as he would
have been in the field by the water-
fide."
The obliging (hopkeeper, who (hewed
the pretty callicces to Sufan, was now
at his door, and when he faw the lamb,
heard that it was Sufan's, and learnt it's
hiftory, he faid that he would add his
mite, and he gave the children foine
ends of narrow riband, with which
Rofe decorated her friend's lamb.
The pipe and tabor now once more
began to play, and the proceflion moved
on in joyful order, after giving the
humane butcher three cheers. — Three
cheers which were better deferved, thaa
44 loud huzzas" ufually are.
Sufan was working in her arbour, with
her little deal table before her ; when (he
heard the found of the mufic, fiie put
down her work and liftened ; (he faw
the crowd of children coming nearer and
4
S.1MPLE SUSAN. 167
nearer, they had clofed round Daify, fo
that flie did not fee it, but as. they
eame up to the garden -gate (he favv
Rofe beckon to her. — Philip played as
loud as he could, that £he might not
hear, till the proper moment, the bleat-
ing of the lamb.
Sufan opened the garden-wicket, and
at this tignal the crowd divided, and
the firft thing that Sufan faw in the
midft of her taller friends was little
irmlmg Mary, with the Guinea hen in
her arms.
" Come on ! Come on !" cried Mary,
as Sufan darted with joyful furprize -,
*' you have more to fee."
At this inftant the mufic paufed; Su-
fan heard the bleating of a lamb, and
fcarcely daring to believe her fenfes,
me preffed eagerly forward, and beheld
poor Daify ! — (he burfl into tears.
" I did not flied one tear when I
p'rxted with you, my dear little Daify I"
L 4
l68 .SIMPLE SUSAN,
laid (he; " it was for my father ,
mother; I would IK ; - parted with
you for any thing elfe in the whole
world. — Thank you, thank you all,"
added (he to her companions, who fym-
pathized in her joy, even more than
they had fympathized in her for-
KV,V. — " Now if my father, was not to
go away from us next week, and if my
mother was quite flout, I fhould be the
happieil perfon in the world !"
As Sufan pronounced thefe words, a
e behind the little liflening crowd
cried, in a brutal tone, " Let us pafs,
4< if you pleafe, you have no right to
" (lop up the public road !" This was
the voice of attorney Cafe, who was re-
turning with his daughter Barbara from
his viih at the Abbey. — He faw the
lamb, and tried to whittle as he paffed
on ; Barbara alfo faw the Guinea hen,
and turned her head anqther way, that
fhe might avoid the contemptuous re-
SIMPLE -SUSAN.
proachful looks of thole, whom me only
affeded to defpife. Even her new bon-
net, in which (lie had expefted to 1
much admired, was now only ten
able to hide her face, and conceal
mortification.
" I am glad (he faw the Guinea hen,"
cried Rofe, who now held it in her
hands.
" Yes," faid Philip, « (he'll not for-
get May-d.iv in a he:
" Nor I neither, I. hope," laid Su-
ian, looking round upon her compa-
nions with a mod affectionate fmile,
" I hope, whilfl I live,.. I (hall never
forget your gpodnefs to me lafl May-
day. Now I've my pretty Guinea hen
fafe once more, I mould think of re-
turning your money."
" No! no! no!" was the general
cry. " We don't want the money —
keep it, keep it — you want it for your
father."
SIMPLE SUSAKr
" Well," faid Sufan, " I am not too
proud to be obliged. I will keep your
money for my father. Perhaps fome
time or other I may be able to earn — "
" Oh," interrupted Philip, " don't let
us talk of earning, don't let us talk to
her of money now ; (he has not had time
hardly to look at poor Daify and her
Guinea hen. — Come, we had beft go
•about our bufmefs, and let her have
them all to herfelf."
The crowd moved away in confe-
quence of Philip's coniiderate advices
but it was obferved, that he was the
very laft to ftir from the garden-wicket
himfelf. He ftayed, firft, to inform
Sufan, that it was Rofe who tied the
ribbons on Daify's head ; then he ftayed
a little longer to let her into the hiftory
of the Guinea hen, and to tell her who
it was, that brought the hen home from
the Abbey.
SIMPLE SUSAN. ljl
Role held the neve, and Stifan was
feeding her long-loft favourite, whilft
Philip leaned over the wicket prolonging
his narration.
" Now, my pretty Guinea hen, my
naughty Guinea hen, that flew away
from me, you (hall never ferve me fo
again — I rnuft cut your nice wings, but
I won't hurt you."
" Take care," cried Philip, " you'd
better, indeed you'd better let me hold
her, whilft you cut her wings."
When this operation was fuccefsfully
performed, which it certainly could never
have been, if Philip had not held the
hen for Sufan, he recollected, that his
mother had fent him with a meffage to
Mrs. Price.
This meffage led to another quarter
of an hour's delay, for he had the whole
hiftory of the Guinea hen to tell over
again to Mrs. Price, and the farmer
himfelf luckily came in whilft it was
172 SIMPLE SUSAN.
coing on, fo it was but civil to begin it
afreih, and then the farmer was fo re-
joiced to fee his Sufan fo happy again with
her two little favourites, that he declared
he muft fee Daify fed himfelf, and Philip
found that he was wanted to hold the
jug full of milk, out of which farmer
Price filled the pan for Daify ! happy
Daify ! who lapped at his eafe, whilft
Sufan careffed him, and thanked her
fond father and her pleafed mother.
" But, Philip," faicl Mrs. Price, " I'll
hold the jug; — you'll be late with your
rneffage to your mother; we'll not detain
you any longer."
Philip departed, and as he went out
of the garden-wicket he looked up, and
faw Bab and her maid Betty flaring
out of the window, as ufual; on this
lie immediately turned back, to try
whether he had (hut the gate faft, left
the Guinea hen might ftray out, and
fall again into the. hands of the enemy.
SIMPLE SUSAN. iji
Mifs Barbara, in the courfe of this
day, had felt confiderable mortification,
but no contrition. She was vexed that
her meannefs was difcovered, but (lie
felt no defire to cure herfelf of any of her
faults. The ball, was flill uppermoft in
her vain felfifh foul.
" Well," faid (lie, to her confidante
Betty, " you hear how things have
turned out; but if Mifs Somers won't
think of afking ine to go with her, I've
a notion I know who wilL — Aspapafays,
it's a good thing to have two firings to
one's bow."
Now, fome officers, who were quar-
tered at Shrewsbury, had become ac-
quainted with Mr. Cafe, they had gotten
into fome quarrel with a tradefman in
the town, and attorney Cafe had pro-
mifed to bring them through the af-
fair, as the man threatened to take the
law of them. Upon the faith of this
promife, and with the vain hqpe, that
174 SIMPLE SUSAS.
by civility they might difpofe him to
bring in a reafonable bill of cods, thefe
officers fometirnes invited Mr. Cafe to
the mefs, and one of them, who had
lately been married, prevailed upon his
bride fowefimes to take a little notice of
Mifs Barbara. It was with this lady,
that Mifs Barbara now hoped to go to
the harpers' ball.
" The officers and Mrs. Strathfpey, or
more properly Mrs. Strathfpey and the
officers are to breakfail here to moirow,
do you know," faid Bab to Betty. —
•" One of them dined at the Abbey to-
day, and told papa, they'd all come;
they are going out, on a party, fome-
where into the country, and breakfail
here in their way. — Pray, Betty, don't
forget, that Mrs. Strathfpey can't break-
fail without honey, I heard her fay fo
myfelf."
" Then, indeed," faid Betty, " I'm
afraid Mrs. Strathfpey will be likely to
SIMPLE SUSAN. 17^
go without her breakfaft here, for not
a fpoonful of honey have we, let her
long for it ever fo much."
" But, furely," faid Bab, " we can
•contrive to get fome honey in the neigh-
bourhood."
" There's none to be bought, as I
know of," faid Betty.
" But is there none to be begged or
borrowed," faid Bab, laughing; " do
you forget Sufan's beehive. Step over
to her in the morning, with my com-
pliments^ and fee what you can do —
tell her it is for Mrs. Strathfpey."
In the morning Betty went with
Mifs Barbara's compliments to Sufan,
to beg fome honey for Mrs. Strathfpey,
who could not breakfaft without it.
Sufan did not like to part with her
honey, becaufe her mother loved it, and
(he therefore gave Betty but a fmall
quantity ; when Barbara faw how little
£ufan fent, (he called her a mifer, and
176 SIMPLE SUSAN,
faid fhe mujt have fome more for 'Mrs.
Strathfpey.
" I'll go myfelf and fpeak to her 4
come you with me, Betty," laid the
young lady, who found it at prefent.
convenient to forget her having declared,
the day that (he fucked up the broth,
that (lie never would honour Sufan with
another vifit.
" Sufan," faid (lie, acceding the
poor girl, whom (he had done every
thing in her power to injure, " I muil
beg a little more honey from you for
Mrs. Strathfpey's breakfaft. You know,
on a particular occaiion, fuch as this,
neighbours mud help one another."
" To be fure they fliould," added
Betty.
Sufan, though (lie was generous, was
not weak -, (lie was willing to give to
thofe (he loved, but not difpofed to
let any thing be taken from her, or
jcoaxed outv of her, fry thofe (he had
SIMPLE SUSAN. 177
reafon to defpife. She civilly anfwered,
that (he was forry (lie had no more ho-
ney to fpare." Barbara grew angry, and
loft all command of herfelf, when (he
faw that Sufan, without regarding her
reproaches, went on looking through the
glafs pane in the beehive. — " I'll tell you
what, Sufan Price," faid fhe, in a high
tone, "the honey I will have, fo you may
as well give it me by fair means — Yes or
-no ? — Speak ! will you give it me or not;
will you give me that piece of the honey-
comb that lies there ?"
" That bit of honey-comb is for my
^mother's breakfaft," faid Sufan, -" I
cannot give k you."
" Can't you r" faid. Bab; " then fee
.if I don't get it."
She ftretched acrofs Sufan for the
honey-comb, which was lying by fome
-rofemary-leaves, that Sufan had fremly
gathered for her mother's tea. Bab
grafped, but at her firft effort ihe
VOL. it. M
3-IM'PLE StTSAN.
reached only the rofemary ; (he made a
iecond dart at the honey-comb, and in
her flruggle to obtain it, (he overfet
the beehive. The bees fwarmed about
her — her maid Betty {creamed, and ran
away. Sufan, who was flickered by a
laburnum -tree, called to Barbara, upon
whom the black clufters of bees were
now fettling, and begged her to fland
ftilL, and not to beat them away. " If
you Hand quietly, you won't be ftung,
perhaps." But inilead of Handing
quietly, Bab buffetted, and ftatnped,
and roared, and the bees flung her ter-
ribly ; her arms and her face i welled in
a frightful manner. She was helped home
by poor Sufan, and treacherous Mrs.
Betty, who, now the mifchkf was done,
thought only of exculpating herfelf to
her rnafter.
" Indeed, Mifs Barbara/' faid (he,
** this was quite wrong of you, to go
arid get yourfelf into fuch a icrape* I
SIMPLE SUSAN. lj$
(hall be turned away for it, you'll
fee."
" I don't care whether you are turned
away or not," faid Barbara, " I never
felt fuch pain in my life. Can't you
do fomething for me. I don't mind
the pain either fo much as being fuch
a fright. Pray, how am I to be fit to
be feen at breakfaft by Mrs. Strath-
fpey ; and I fuppofe I can't go to the
ball either,, to-morrow, after all !"
" No, that you can't expect to do,
indeed," faid Betty the comforter. "You
need not think of balls, for thofe lumps
and fwellings won't go off your face
this week. — That's not what pains me,
;but I'm thinking of what your papa
will fay to me, when he fees you,
Mils."
Whilft this amiable miflrefs and maid
were in their adverfity, reviling one ano-
ther, Suian, when me faw that (he could
be of no farther ufe, was preparing to
M 2
l8o SIMPLE SUSAN.
depart, but at the houfe-door fhe was
met by Mr. Cafe.
Mr. Cafe had revolved things in his
mind, for his fecond yifit at the Abbey
pleafed him as little as his firft, from a
few words Sir Arthur and Mifs Somers
dropped in fpeaking of Sufan and far-
mer Price. Mr. Cafe began to fear, that
he had miftaken his game in quarrelling
with this family. The refufal of his
prefent dwelt upon the attorney's mind,
and he was aware, that if the hiftory of
Sufan's lamb ever reached the Abbey, he
was undone ; he now thought, that the
moil prudent courfe he could poflibly fol-
low would be, to hujliup matters with the
Prices with all convenient fpeed. Con-
fequently,when he met Sufan at his door,
he forced a gracious fmile.
" How is your mother, Sufan ?" faid
he. " Is there any thing in our houfe
can be of fervice to her ? I'm glad to
fee you here. Barbara ! Barbara ! Bab !"
SIMPLE SUSAN. iSl
cried he ; " come down flairs, child, and
ipeak to Sufan Price." And, as no
Barbara anfwered, her father flalked
up Hairs directly, opened her door, and
Hood amazed at the fpecliacle of her
{welled vifage.
Betty inftantly began to tell the
{lory her own way. Bab contradicted
her as fail as fhe fpoke. The attorney
turned the maid away upon the fpot ;
and partly with real anger, and partly
with politic affectation of anger, he de-
manded from his daughter, how fhe
dared to treat Sufan Price fo ill, " when
Hie was fo neighbourly and obliging as
to give you fome of her honey, couldn't
you be content without feizing upon
the honey-comb by force. This is
fcandalous behaviour, and what, I afTure
you, I can't countenance."
Sufan now interceded for Barbara;
and the attorney, foftening his voice,
laid that Sufan was a great deal too
M 3
SIMPLE SUSAN,
good to her, as indeed you are, Sufan,"
added he, " to every body. I forgive
her for your fake."
Sufan courtefied, in great furprife,
but her lamb could not be forgotten,
and fhe left the attorney's houfe as foon
as ihe could, to make her mother's rofe-
rnary-tea for breakfaft.
Mr. Cafe faw, that Sufan was not fo
fimple as to be taken in by a few fair
words. His next attempt was to con-
ciliate farmer Price ; the farmer was a
blunt honeft man, and his countenance
remained inflexibly contemptuous, when
the attorney addreffed him in his foftefl
tone.
So flood matters the day of the long-
expeded harpers' ball. — Mifs Barbara
Cafe, flung by Sufan's bees, could not,
after all her manoeuvres, go with Mrs.
Strathfpey to the ball.
The ball-room was filled early in the
tvening; there was a numerous afTem-
SIMPLE SUSAN. l8;
bly ; the harpers, who contended for
the prize, were placed under the mufic-
gallery at the lower end of the room ,.
amongft them was our old blind friend.
who, as he was not fo well clad as hi<
competitors, feemed to be diidained by
many of the fpectators. — Six ladies and
fix gentlemen were now appointed, to
be judges of the performance. They
were feated in a femi -circle, oppofite to
the harpers. The Mils Somerset, who
were fond of mufic, were amongft the
ladies in the femi-circle, and the prize
was lodged in the hands of Sir Arthur.
There was now filence. The firft
harp founded, and as each mufician
tried his Jkill, the audience feemed to
think, that each deferved the prize. The
old blind man was the laft -r he tuned
his inftrument, and fuch a fimple pa-
thetic ftrain was heard as touched every
heart. All were fixed in delighted at-
tention, and when the mufic ceafed, the
M 4
184 SIMPLE SUSANS
Jilence for fome moments continued. —
The filence was followed by an, univerfal
buz of applaufe. The judges were una-
nimous in their opinions, and it was
declared, that the old blind harper,,
who played the laft, deferved the
prize.
The fimple, pathetic air, which won
the fuffrages of the whole afTembly, was
his own competition ; he was preffed
to give the words belonging to the
mufic, and at laft he modeftly offered
to repeat them, as lie could not fee to
write. Mifs Somers's ready pencil was
inftantly produced, and the old harper
dictated the words of his ballad, which
he called — " Safaris Lamentation for
her Lamb"
Mifs Somers looked at her brother
from time to time, as me wrote, and
Sir Arthur, as foon as the old man had
finifhed, took him afide, and aiked him
fome queftions, which brought the
SIMPLE SUSAN". 185
whole hrftory of Sufan's lamb, and of
attorney Cafe's cruelty, to light.
The attorney himfelf was prefent,
when the harper began to dictate his
ballad ; his colour, as Sir Arthur ftea-
dily looked at him, varied continually ^
till at length, when he heard the
words, " Sufan's lamentation for her
lamb," hefuddenly mrunk back,fkulked
through the crowd, and difappearecL —
We (hall not follow him, we had rather
follow our old friend, the victorious
harper.
No fooner had he received the ten
guineas, his well-merited prize, than he
retired into a fmall room belonging to
o o
the' people of the houfe, aflced for pen>
ink, and paper, and dictated, in a low
voice, to his boy, who was a tolerably
good fcribe, a letter, which he ordered
him to put directly into the Shrewfbury
poft-ofHce; the boy ran with the letter to
1 86 SIMPLE SUSAN.
the pod-office; he was but juft in timey
for the poftman's horn was founding.
The next morning, when farmer
Price, his wife, and Sufan, were fitting
together, reflecting that his week's leave
of abfence was nearly at an end, and
that the money was not yet made up
for John Simfon, the fubftitute, a knock
was heard at the door, and the perfon,
who ufually delivered the letters in the
village, put a letter into Sufan' s hand,
faying, " a penny, if you pleafe — here's
a letter for your father/'
" Forme !" faid farmer Price, "here's
the penny then ; but who can it be
from, I wonder; who can think of writ-
ing to me, in this world ?" He tore
open the letter> but the hard name at
the bottom of the page puzzled him —
" your obliged friend — Llewellyn."
" And what's this," faid he, opening a
paper that was enclofed in the letter,
SIMPLE SUSAN. 187
%t it's a fong, feemingly ; it muft be-
fomebody that has a mind to make an
April fool of me."
" But it is not April, it is May, fa-
ther," faid Sufan.
" Well, let us read the letter, and
we mall come at the truth — all in good
time/'
Farmer Price fat down in his own
chair, for he could not read entirely to
his fatisfa&ion in any otheiy. and read as
follows :
" My worthy friend,
" I am fure you will be glad to hear,
that I have had good fucceis this night.
I have won the ten. guinea prize, and
for that I am in a great meafure indebt-
ed to your ivveet daughter Sufan, as you
will fee by a little ballad I enclofe for
her. — Your hofpitality to me has af-
forded me an opportunity of learning
fome of your family hiftory. You do
not, I hope, forget that I was prefent,
SIMPLE SUSAN.
when you were counting the treafure
in Sufan's little purfe, and that I heard
for what purpofe it was all deflined. —
You have not, I know, yet made up the
full fum for your fubftitute, John Sim-
ion, therefore do me the favour to ufe
the five-guinea bank-note, which you
will find within the ballad. You (hall
not find me as hard a creditor as attor-
ney Cafe. Pay me the money at your
own convenience ; if it is never conve-
nient to you to pay it, I fhall never afk it.
I fhall go my rounds again through this
country, I believe, about this time next
year, and will call to fee how you do,
and to play the new tune for Sufan and
the dear little boys.
" I mould juft add, to fet your heart
at reft about the money, that it does
not diftrefs me at all to lend it to you ;
I am riot quite fo poor as I appear to
be -, but it is my humour to go about as
I do, I fee more of the world under my
SIMPLE SUSAN.
tattered garb than, perhaps, I fhould
ever fee in a better drefs. There are
many of my profeflion, who are of the
fame mind as myfelf, in this refpect,
and we are glad, when it lies in our way,
to do any kindnefs to fuch a worthy
family as your's. — So fare ye well,
Your obliged friend,
LLEWELLYN/'
Sufan now, by her father's defire,
opened the ballad, he picked up the
five-guinea bank-note, whilfl me read
with furprize, " Sufan's lamentation f9r
her lamb." Her mother leaned over her
moulder to read the words, but they
were interrupted, before they had fi-
nifhed the firfl ilanza, by another knock
at the door. It was not the poftman
with another letter, it was Sir Arthur
and his fitters .
They came with an intention, which
they were much difappointed to find,
that the old harper had rendered vain: —
190 SIMPLE SUSAN.
they came to lend the farmer and his
good family the money, to pay for his
fubftitute.
" But, fmce we are here," faid Sir
Arthur, " let me do my own bufinefs,
which I had like to have forgotten. Mr.
Price, will you come out with me, and
let me mew you a piece of your land,
through which I want to make a road.
Look there," faid Sir Arthur, pointing
to the fpot, " I am laying out a ride
round my eftate, and that bit of land
of your's ftops me."
« Why fo, Sir," faid Price, " the
land's mine, to be fure, for that matter ;
but I hope you don't look upon me to
be that fort of perfon, that would be
ftifT about a trifle, orfo.""
" Why," faid Sir Arthur, « I had
heard you were a litigious, pig-headed
fellow j but you do not feem to deferve
this character."
SIMPLE SUSAN. 191
'" Hope not, Sir," faid the farmer;
*; but about the matter of the land, I
don't want to make no advantage of
your wifhing for it, you are welcome to
it, and I leave k to you to find me out
another bit of land convenient to me,
that will be worth neither more nor
lefs, or elfe to make up the value to
me fome way or other. I need fay no
more about it."
" I hear fomething," continued Sir
Arthur, after a fhort filence, " I hear
fomething, Mr. Price, of a flaw in
your leafe. I would not fpeak to you
of it whilft we were bargaining about
your land, left I fliould over-awe you;
but tell me what is this flaw ?"
" In truth, and the truth is the fitted
thing to be fpoken at all times," faid
the farmer, " I didn't know myfelf
what a flaw, as they call it, meant, till
I heard of the word from attorney Cafe ;
and I take it, ajlaw is neither more nor
19-2 SIMPLE -. SUSAN.
iefs than a miflake, as one fhould fey r
now, by reafon, a man does not make
a miflake on purpofe ; it feems to me to
be the fair thing, that if a man finds
out his miflake, he might fet it right ;
but attorney Cafe fays, this is not law,
and I've no more to fay. The man
who drew up my leafe made a miftake,
and if I muft fufFer for it I mufl," faid
the farmer. " However I can iliew
you, Sir Arthur, jufl for my own fatis-
faction and your's, a few lines of a me-
morandum on a flip of paper, which
was given me by your relation, the gen-
tleman who lived here before, and let
me my farm. You'll fee, by that bit of
paper, what was meant j but the attor-
ney fays, the paper's not worth a but-
ton in a court of juflice, and I don't
underftand thefe things. All I under-
iland is the common honefty of the
•matter, I've no more to fay."
S-IMPLE S^JSAN. 195
" This attorney, whom you fpeak of
fo often," faid Sir Arthur, <c you feern
to hav.e fome quarrel with him. Now,
would you tell me frankly, what is the
matter between "
" The matter between us then," faid
Price, " is a little bit of ground, not
"worth much, that there is open to the
lane at the end of Mr. Cafe's garden,
Sir, and he wanted to take it in. Now,
I told him my mind, that it belonged to
•the parifh, and that I never would wil-
lingly give my confent to his cribbing
it in that way. Sir, I was the more
loth to fee it (hut into his garden, which
moreover is large enow of all conlcience
without it, becaufe you mud know,
?ir Arthur, the children in our village
lire fond cf making a little play-green
of it, and .they have a cuftom of meet-
ing jon May-day at a hawthorn that
(hinds in the middle of it, and aito-
: . IT. N
'SIMPLE SUSAN.
gether I was very loth to fee 'em turned
out of it by thofe who had no right."
*c Let us go and fee this nook,;> faid
Sir Arthur ; " it is not far off, is it ?"
u Oh no, Sir, juft hard by here."
When tliey got to the ground, Mr.
Cafe, who faw them walking together,
was in a hurry to join them, that he
might put a flop to any explanations.
Explanations were things of which he
had a great dread, but fortunately
he was upon this occafion a little too
late.
" Is this the nook in difpute>" faid
Sir Arthur.
" Yes; this is the whole thing," faid
Price.
" Why, Sir Arthur, don't let us talk
any more about it," faid the politic
attorney, with an aflumed air of gene-
rofity, " let it belong to whom it will, I
give it up to you."
SIMPLE StTS AN.
" So great a lawyer, Mr. Cafe, as
you are," replied Sir Arthur, " muft
jknow, that a man cannot give up that
to which he has no legal title ; and in
this cafe, it is impoffible that, with the
bell intentions to oblige me in the
world, you can give up this bit of land
to me, becaufe it is mine already, as J
can convince you effectually, by a map
of the adjoining land, which I have for-
tunately fafe amongfi my papers. Thi$
piece of ground belonged to the farm
-on the oppofite fide of the road, and it
was cut off. when the lane was made."
<c Very pouibly, I dare fay you are
.quite correct, you muft know belt,"
laid the attorney, trembling for the
agency.
ki Then," fald Sir Arthur, " Mr.
Price, you will obferve, that I now pro-
mile this little green to the children, for
a play- ground, and I hope they may
196 SIMPLE SUSAN.
gather hawthorn many a May-day at
this their favourite bufh."
Mr. Price bowed low, which he fel-
dom did, even when he received a fa-
vour himfelf.
" And now, Mr. Cafe," faid Sir Ar-
thur, turning to the Attorney, who
did not know which way to look, " you
fent me a leafe to look over."
" Ye — ye — yes," ftammered Mr.
Cafe. " I thought it my duty to do
ib, not out of any malice or ill-will to
this good man."
" You have done him no injury,"
faid Sir Arthur, coolly. — "..I am ready
to make him a new leafe, whenever he
pleafes, of his farm, and I (hall be
guided by a memorandum of the ori/ri-
nal bargain, which he has in his poflef-
fion. I hope I never (hall take an un-
fair advantage of any one."
" Heaven forbid, Sir," faid the at-
torney, fandifying his face, "that I
SIMPLE SUSAN. 197
iliould fuggeft the taking an unfair
advantage of any man, rich or poor — •
but to break a bad leafe, is not taking
an unfair advantage/'
" You really think fo ?" faid Sir Ar-
thur.
" Certainly I do, and I hope I have
not hazarded your good opinion, by
fpeaking my mind concerning the flaw,
fo plainly. I always underflood, that
there could be nothing ungentleman-
like, in the way of bufmefs, in taking
advantage of a flaw in a leafe."
" Now," faid Sir Arthur, " you have
pronounced judgment, undefignedly^ in
your own cafe. — You intended to fend
me this poor man's leafe, but your fon,
by fome miflake, brought me your
own, and I have difcovered a fatal error
in it."
" A fatal error !" faid the alarmed
-attorney.
* 3
19 SIMPLE SUSA?C.
" Yes, Sir," faid Sir Arthur, pulling
the leafe out of his pocket ; " here it
is — you will obferve, that it is neither
figned nor fealed by the grantor."
" But you won't take advantage of
me furely, Sir Arthur," faid Mr. Cafe,
forgetting his own principles.
" I fhall not take advantage of you,
as you would have taken of this honeft
man. In both cafes I fhall be guided
by memorandums which I have in my
poifefBon. I (hall not, Mi\ Cafe, de-
fraud you of one milling of your pro-
perty. I am ready, at a fair valuation,.
to pay the exact value of your houfe
and land, but, upon this condition,
that you quit the parifh within one
month."
Attorney Cafe fubmitted, for he
knew that he could not legally refift. —
He was glad to be let off fo eafily, and
he bowed, and fneaked away, fecretly
SIMPLE SUSAN. 196
comforting himfelf with the hope, that
when they came to the valuation of the
houfe and land, he (hould be the gainer,
perhaps, of a few guineas ; his reputa-
tion he juftly held very cheap.
" You are a fcholar, you write a good
hand, you can keep accounts, cannot
you ?" faid Sir Arthur to Mr. Price, as
they walked home towards his cottage,
" I think I faw a bill of your little
daughter's drawing-out the other day,
which was very neatly written ? Did
you teach her to write r"
" No, Sir," faid Price, " I can't fay
I did that, for ihe rnoftly taught it her*
felf, but I taught her a little arithme-
tic, as far as I knew, on our winter
nights, when I had nothing, better to
do."
" Your daughter (hews that fhe has
been well taught," faid Sir Arthur,
c< and her good conduct and good c-ha-
N 4 .
200 SIMPLE SUSAN.
rafter fpeak ftrongly in favour of her
parents."
" You are very good, very good in-
deed. Sir, to fpeak in this fort of way,"
faid the delighted father.
" But I mean to do more than pay
you with words" faid Sir Arthur. u You
are attached to your own family, per-
haps you may become attached to me,
\vhen you come to know me, and we
lhall have frequent opportunities of
judging of one another. I want no
agent to fqueeze my tenants, or to do
my dirty work. I only want a fteady,
intelligent, honed man, like you, to
collect my rents, and I hope, Mr. Price,
you will, have no, objection to the em-
ployment.''
" I hope, Sir," faid Price, with joy
and gratitude glowing in his honeft
countenance, " that you'll never have
no caufe to repent your goodnefs."
SIMPLE SUSAN. 2OI
" And what are my fifters about
here ?" faid Sir Arthur, entering the
cottage, and going behind his fitters,
who were bufily engaged in mea-
furing an extremely pretty coloured cal-
lico.
" It is for Sufan ! my dear brother,"
faid they.
" I knew (he did not keep that gui-.
nea for herielf," faid Mifs Somers ; " I
have j uft prevailed upon her mother, to
tell me what became of it. Sufan gave
it to her father — but (he muft not re-
fa fe a gown of our choofing this time,
and I am fure (he will not, becaufe her
mother, I fee, likes it. — And Sufan, I
hear, that, inflead of being Queen of
the May this year, you were fitting in
your lick mother's room. Your mother
has a little colour in her cheeks now.'*
" Oh, ma'am," interrupted Mrs.
Price, " I'm quite well — joy, I think,
has made me quite well."
SIMPLE SUSAN.
" Then," faid Mifs Somers, " I
hope you will be able to come out
on your daughter's birth-day, which
I hear is the 25th of this month. —
Make hafte and get quite well before
that day, for my brother intends, that
all the lads and lades of the village
fliall have a dance on Sufan's birth-
day."
" Yes," faid Sir Arthur, " and I
hope, on that day, Sufan, you will be
very happy with your little friends upon
their play- green. I fliall tell them, that
it is your good conduct, which has ob-
tained it for them ; and if you have
any thing to afk, any little favour for
any of your companions, which we can
grant, now afk, Sufan ; thefe ladies look
as if they would not refufe you any
thing that is reafonable ; and I think
you look as if you would not afk any
thing unreafonable."
SIMPLE SUSAN. 203
" Sir/' faid Sufan, after confulting
her mother's eyes, " there is, to be
fure, a favour I mould like to afk, it is
for Rofe."
" Well, I don't know who Rofe is,"
faid Sir Arthur, fmiling; " but go
on,"
" Ma'am, you have feen her, I be-
lieve ; me is a very good girl indeed,"
laid Mrs. Price.
" And works very neatly indeed,'*
continued Sufan, eagerly, to Mifs So-
mers, " and (he and her mother heard
you were looking out for one to wait
upon you.J>
" Say no more," faid Mifs Somers,
u your wifh is granted ; tell Rofe to
come to the Abbey to-morrow morning,
or rather come with her yourfelf, for
our houfekeeper, I know, wants to talk
to you, about a certain cake. She wifhes,
Sufan, that you fhould be the maker of
the cake for the dance, and (he has
204. SIMPLE SUSAN.
good things ready looked out for -it al-
ready, I know. It-muft be large enough
for every body to have a flice, and the
houfekeeper will ice it for you-. I only
hope your cake will be as good as your
bread.— Fare ye .well."
How happy are thofe who bid fare-
wel to a whole family, .filent with gra-
titude, who will blefs them aloud when
they are far out of hearing !'
- " How do I wifh, now," faid farmer
Price, " and it's almoil a fin for one,,
that has had fuch a power of favours,
done him, to wilh for any thing more ;
but how I do wifh, wife, that our good
friend the harper, Sufan, was only here
at this time, being it would do his.
old warm heart good. Well, the bell
of it is, we (hall be able, next year,
when he comes his rounds, to pay him
his money with thanks, being all the
time, and for ever, as much obliged to
him as if we kept it, and wanted it as
SIMPLE SUSAS. 205
ba'dly as we did, when he gave it fb
handfome. — -I long, fo I do, to fee him
'in this houfe again, drinking, as he
did, jttft in this fpot, a glafs of
Sufan's mead, to her very good
health."
" Yes," iaid Sufan, " and the next
time he comes, I can give him one of
my Guinea hdn's eggs, and I (hall (hew
my lamb Daify."
•" True, love," faid her mother,
" and he will play that tune, and fmg
that pretty ' ballad — where is it, for J
liave not finifhed it."
" Rofe ran away with-it, mother;
and Til ftep after her, and bring it
back to you this minute;-" faid Su-
fan.
Sufan found her friend Rofe at the
hawthorn, in the mid ft of a crowded
circle of her companions, to whom (he
was reading " Sufan's lamentation for
her lamb."
7O6 SIMPLE SUSAN.
The words are fomething — but the
tune— the tune — -I mufthave the tune,"
cried Philip. " I'll afk my mother, to
'afk Sir Arthur, to try and rout out
.which way that' good old man went
after the ball ; and if he's above ground
we'll have him back by S.ufan's birth-
day, and ke (hail fit here, juft exactly
here, by this our bufh, and he fhalj
• play — I mean if he pleafes— that there
tune for us, and I mall learn it — I mean
-if I can — in a minute."
. The good news, that farmer Price
Avas to be employed to collect the
*ter>ts, and ..that attorney Cafe was to
leave the parifh in a month, foon
Spread over the village. Many came
-out of. their houfes to have the plea-
iurc of hearing the joyful tidings con-
^ firmed by Suian herlcifi the cr
on the play-green incrcaicd every mi-
nute.
SIMPLE SUSAN.
" Yes," cried the triumphant Philip,
cc I tell you it's all true, every word of it.
Sufan's too mod eft to fay it herfelf —
but I tell ye all, Sir Arthur gave us
this play-green for ever, on account of
her being fo good."
You fee, at laft, attorney Cafe, with
all his cunning, has not proved a match
for " Simple Sufan."
-END OF THE SECOND VOLUME,
G. Wood/all, No, 2,2, P&ttrnofttr
| parentsassistant02edgeiala | OL7058746M | OL1123912W | 232 | 1,800 |
zh | N/A | N/A | 浙江省杭州市本科院校篮球教学现状的调查与对策研究
沈静秋
(北京师范大学体育与运动学院，北京 100875)
\[摘 要\]通过杭州市本科院校篮球教学现状的分析，运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法、数理统计法、逻辑分析法，提出目前杭州市本科院校篮球课教学存在的问题，为篮球课的进一步改革提出建议。
\[关键词\]杭州市本科院校；篮球教学；现状
\[中图分类号\] G424.1 \[文献标识码\]A \[文章编号\]1005-6432(2009)18-0112-03
引 言
21世纪中国的发展需要高素质的人才，以“健康第一”为指导思想，以注重学生主体地位、发展为出发点，对现有的本科院校体育课程进行改革。篮球运动深受学生喜爱，并且对学生的身心发展有很好的促进作用。篮球教学给学生的身心带来全方位的变化。篮球教学中会遇到什么问题，会带来什么样的变化，都是值得研究的问题。通过对杭州市本科院校篮球教学的调查，从而得出答案，提出建议，为新课程的改革做出一点贡献。
2
研究对象与方法
2.1 研究对象
以杭州市本科院校生、教师为研究对象。学校有：浙江大学、浙江工业大学、浙江工商大学、浙江理工大学、浙江财经大学、杭州电子科技大学、浙江中医药大学、杭州师范学院、浙江科技学院、中国计量学院、浙江海洋学院、浙江传媒学院、中国美术学院。
2.2 研究方法
2.2.1 文献资料法
根据课题研究的需要，阅读了《教育学》、 《心理学》、《体育科研方法》、《体育原理》等相关理论书籍，为本研究提供了一定的理论和方法依据。
2.2.2
问卷调查法
设计学生和教师调查问卷。
2.2.3 访谈法
通过任课教师的访谈对杭州市本科院校的篮球教学现状进行了解。
2.2.4
数理统计法
在计算机上运用 SPSS 统计软件对间卷进行数据统计、检验、运算。
2.2.5逻辑分析法
用归纳、综合等逻辑分析法，对问题深人分析，提出对策、建议。
3 结果与分析
3.1 杭州市本科院校篮球教学现状的分析
3.1.1 杭州市本科院校体育课和课外活动开展情况分析
体育教学开课率反映体育教学开设体育课的基本数量状况，是体育教学的基本指标，每周开课的次数，反映开展体育教学工作的程度及体育课的地位。在所调查的学校中，体育课的开课率较高，达100%。
3.1.2 杭州市本科院校篮球课班级教学组织形式情况
体育教学组织形式是指为了实现体育课的教学目标，根据教材内容特点、学生具体情况、教学环境而合理采用的教学方式。其中有班级教学组织形式和课内教学组织形式两类。日前杭州市本科院校以自然班形式，组织上课高达100%，其余为零。如果我们树立了“以学生为主体”的思想，就应该充分考虑到学生的学习兴趣和爱好。但学生是不成熟的学习主体，在重视学生主体地位的同时，更应该提高教师的主导地位。根据各校的实际情况，在重视教师课程开发和组织主体性、主导性基础上，按学生兴趣和爱好进行分班教学，体现对学生主体地位的重视，也不要贬低教师的主导作用，将利于教学质量提高。
3.1.3 篮球课程对学生学习成绩评价情况分析
体育学习评价是体育课教学的重要组成部分，篮球学习也是如此。杭州市现行篮球课程对学生评价的方式主要以教师评价为主，学生自我评价和学生互评为辅的形式，领导评价和家长评价采用较少。对学生篮球课学习评价的内容总体来看，运动技术和技能的掌握提高，排在第一位，其次为学习态度>合作精神>身体形态>机能水平，评价内容具有多元化特点。新的评价理念较以往大纲更具有科学性、合理性，但在实际操作中由于情意表现、学习态度等作为对学生学习成绩评定的范围，没有具体的“量”、“尺度”，运动技能的评价便成了老师们首选评价内容。本研究认为，对那些不易给出准确评价的指标也没必要定量化、准确化，只要能激励学生的学习兴趣，有助于终身体育意识的培养，意义十分重大
表1 篮球教学形式情况统计表(%)
| | 专项 | 单元 | 散编 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 本科院校 | 3 | 82.5 | 14.5 |
表2单元的结构形式(%)
| | 篮球的技术结构形式 | 学生心理和兴趣取向 | 篮球的文化性或社会性取向 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 本科院校 | 3 | 82.5 | 14.5 |
见表1，多数学校对篮球教学采用单元教学形式。从单元结构看表2，多数教师按照篮球技术结构组织单元。以往篮球教学编排是以篮球的技术结构为依据进行编排，从易到难，循序渐进。但多年体育教学实践证明，虽是遵循了循序渐进的教学原则，但效果不好。日本体育教学团体“偶土会”对传统篮球教学进行反思，先从尝试性的比赛开始，再到完整技术战术教学，然后基本技术教学，最后回到比赛的教学过程。结果表明，新的教学程序非常成功。以此验证篮球教学完全可以不按照篮球技术结构顺序进行教学。因此可从“体验篮球的乐趣”入手，从学生的兴趣、心理期待开始，直接用游戏与比赛的形式让学生进人学习，在游戏与比赛中寻找成功的关键与乐趣，从而带动基本技术的学习。这种方法既实用又符合大学生心理特征，再以小场地、矮篮架，简化比赛等积极措施，从而有力地推动篮球教学，还可从文化角度对篮球教材进行编排。
3.1.5杭州市本科院校篮球教学的场地与器材情况的分析
表3 篮球场馆器材的现状(个)
| 学校 | 篮球馆 | 篮球架 | 篮球数 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 本科院校 | 0.4 | 4.8 | 46 |
学校体育器材来源按其比重均为：学校购置>上级配置>社会捐赠。表3显示杭州市本科院校篮球场馆器材情况，所有本科院校的篮球数与篮球架数基本满足教育部颁发的《普通高等学校体育场馆设施、器材配备目录》中的要求。所调查的学校篮球教学的编班形式上，上课人数大多在40~50。专家认为技能型课程，要使每个学生都获得充分的活动、交流、指导与帮助，编班人数减设计在24人左右。但目前杭州本科院校基本都难以改变现状。访谈中教师认为人数多给教学带来难度，但短期无法得到解决。
表4 学生对篮球教师教学态度的评价(%)
| | 始终如此 | | 经常如此 | | 一般如此 | | 偶尔如此 | | 从不如此 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 文科 | 理科 | 文科 | 理科 | 文科 | 理科 | 文科 | 理科 | 文科 | 理科 |
| 态度认真 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 11.2 | 12.7 | 22.3 | 21.9 | 38.9 | 34.8 | 23.1 | 25.3 |
| 对学生平等 | 4.6 | 3.2 | 11.3 | 10.8 | 22.3 | 18.8 | 31.1 | 29.7 | 30.7 | 37.5 |
| 上课认 真生动 | 5.8 | 3.2 | 11.3 | 12.4 | 21.4 | 14.6 | 22.9 | 42.4 | 38.6 | 27.7 |
| 耐心指 导学生 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 18.7 | 9.9 | 20.1 | 13.9 | 34.6 | 43.8 | 21.1 | 26.0 |
| 常给学生 正确评价 | 7.9 | 6.6 | 12.6 | 14.5 | 24.5 | 24.5 | 34.51 | 33.8 | 20.5 | 20.6 |
| 较广的 知识面 | 7.1 | 6.6 | 13.4 | 11.5 | 18.8 | 23.3 | 32.9 | 42.7 | 27.8 | 15.9 |
调查统计，教师的性别结构、年龄结构和学历都比较合理。但从表4可见，学生普遍对教师评价不高。我认为评价教师最重要的标准是看教师是否真正促进了学生的发展，从上文可知，大部分教师未能做到这一点。在《中国教育改革的发展纲要》中明确指出：“振兴民族的希望在教育，振兴教育的希望在教师。建设一支具有良好政治业务素质、结构合理、相对稳定的教师队伍，是教育改革和发展的根本大计。”在新课程标准中由于教学多样性等特点，要求教师是决策者，而不是执行者。在这种课程环境下，教师具有创造新形式、新内容的空间，但教师必须是一个真正的专业人员，要促使教师在思想上更新，不受外部评价或职业升迁的限制，以专业发展为指向，谋求最大程度的自我发展。
3.2
杭州市本科院校篮球教学的对策研究
(1)完善学校体育管理法规政策，并建立完整的评价体系和监督机制管理法规政策是学校体育开展的导向，在应试教育思想没有得到很好转变的今天，依法治体是《标准》实施效果得到保障的前提。能保障学校体育的顺利开展，以提高教学质量并完成教学目标。
(2)教师在心目中首先要树立学生的主体地位，教师要平等地看待学生，教师是先知者和先行者，通过对教学过程设计，使学生具有较强的独立获取知识、技能的能力和善于发现、分析、解决问题的能力，促进学生主体的发展。因此教师要遵循一定的教学原则进行教学，让学生明确意义，用适合学生心理和学生感兴趣的教学方法来吸引学生。
(3)引起学生学习兴趣的前提下掌握篮球运动结构及教学过程中各种规律。篮球教学时，要先从整体上、从
科技创新在物理教学中的渗透
韩万强，刘清秀?
(1.石家庄学院，河北 石家庄050035；2.石家庄第四中学，河北 石家庄050011)
\[摘 要\]文章论述了物理学与科技创新的密切关系，并提出如何在物理教学的各个环节中渗透科技创新的思想。\[关键词\]创新思想；物理教学；渗透
\[中图分类号\] G633.7 \[文献标识码\]A \[文章编号\]1005-6432 (2009)18-0114-02
物理学是揭示物质运动规律的自然科学，科学技术的发展与物理学有着直接的关系，若没有物理基本定律与原理的指导，就不可能有今天人类社会的大发展。
物理学的发展与科技创新———科技创新的重大意义
相互联系上，掌握篮球运动的内容、结构。因为篮球的技术动作是相互联系的，若分解成若干部分单独、反复练习，也许体现了循序渐进的原则，但把篮球的基本因素省略了，各技术动作间的联系去掉了，篮球就不成为篮球。因此篮球教学中教师要把握篮球教学的整体性，恢复技术间的联系，因此要让学生能明确所学技术的目的性。
4
结论与建议
4.1
结论
(1)杭州市本科院校上体育课的班级人数多，给篮球教学带来了很大的难度。
(2)杭州市本科院校的篮球数与篮球架数基本满足教育部颁发的《普通高等学校体育场馆设施、器材配备目录》中的要求。
(3)杭州市本科院校以行政班为单位授课为主；体育课评价以教师评价为主，学生自我评价、互评为辅，领导、家长评价少；评价内容多样，仍以运动技能掌握、提高为主。
(4)学生对教师的评价不高。
4.2 建议
(1)最重要的是要使社会与学校认识到体育教育的
真空泵的先后发明，为现代创造极端物质材料提供了条件。随着电力和电子技术的广泛应用，出现了各种用途广泛的精确计量的电动装置和电子仪器。自伦琴发现X射线、汤姆逊发现电子以后，相继又有阿普顿质谱仪的发明以及同位素测定、红外线光谱、原子光谱等仪器的产生。30年代发明的电子示波器、电子显微镜，40年代发明的电子计算机等，不但使物理学家可直接观察到电子运动规律和物质结构等微观现象，而且也为生产技术开拓了一条技术研究及自动化控制的新途径。
从社会发展的历程看，科学技术的不断创新使人类社会取得了一次又一次飞跃式的发展，使人类的生活发生日新月异的变化，而这些发明创造无一不和物理学的发展有密不可分的联系。18世纪，热力学的发展使得蒸汽机得以发明，从而使整个欧洲爆发了工业革命，19世纪电磁理论的发展使得电力电器出现大发展，诱发了第二次工业革命，到20世纪初，超高压装置、超低温设备、油扩散：号
经济发展，科技领先，当前我国为了积极跟踪世界新科学技术，要努力在电子技术、新材料、新能源、航空航天、海洋工程、通信等领域取得新的科技发展。而这些科技的发展，都是与物理学的应用有着非常密切的关系。
重要性。用有效的教学策略影响学生。
(2)加大篮球器材和场地的投入。提高体育教师地位，实行小班教学，提高教学质量。
(3)加强教师培训。注重师德及教学理论等方面的培训，使教师更好地掌握先进的教学理论，并用于教学实践中，更能促进学生的发展。
参考文献：
\[1\]季浏，胡增荤.体育教育展望\[M\].上海：华东师范大学出版社，2001.
\[2\]毛振明.探索成功的体育教学\[M\].北京：北京体育大学出版社，2001.
\[3\]中华人民共和国教育部.体育与健康课程标准\[M\].北京：北京师范大学出版社，2001.
\[4\]王保成，王川，健康第一快乐第一一中学体育课不能放弃“三基”教学\[J\].体育教学，2001(6)：21-22.
\[5\]宋健.创建中国篮球运动理论新体系
L
\[J\].体育与科学，2001(5)：23-25.
一
Ay
\[收稿日期J2009-02-16
\[作者简介\]沈静秋(1984一)，女，浙江丽水人，国家一级运动员。 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 再议“有效”教学热
近段时间，在中小学教育理论界和操作层面上，都出现了研究和实践“有效”教学的热潮。但在这股热潮背后，人们应清醒地认识到，“有效”教学的标准并不那么科学合理，因为“有效”教学论衡量不了学校教育在育人工作中的诸多重要因素。本文试图对此加以分析，以提醒人们在热潮之下保持一份清醒。
一、、“有效”的标准是什么
什么叫“有效”?“有效率”是什么标准?它能否从经济学的投人产出比率来衡量?如果可以，又如何去计算投人与产出?
这些看似简单的问题，回答起来却必须相当谨慎。参照新课标的教育理论， “有效”应当是指达到了知识、能力、情感、态度与价值观有机统一旦不可分割和偏废的教学目标，取得了预期的教学效果。以现在流行的“有效”标准测量法所测量出来的，恐怕多数只是学生掌握知识的多少，而学生知识的掌握又取决于分数的高低，因此，“有效”教学最后也不可避免地沦为以“分数论英雄”，而这又与新课标相悖。
新课标所强调的学生自主获取知识的能力、学生在获取知识过程中的积极程度与情感态度、学生通过学习知识所获得的价值观的提升，则完全不在现行的“有效”之列——至少在目前看不到这种测量。所以，所谓的“有效”，恐怕并非真正的在新课标理念下我们所追求的三维目标教
育的“有效”。
再具体到效率的计算，一方面，教师在课堂之外的备课和与学生的交流以及学生在课前的准备算不算投入?如果算，那教师的心智、情感投入又该如何去衡量?另一方面，学生的智力、道德得到提升的产出义如何衡量?应该不是简单的分数就可以界定的吧。所有的一切，恐怕没有人能给出一个精确的计算方法吧!
所以，即使从“有效”教学的概念来看，它本身就是模糊不清的，既无法全方位地反映投入，也难以清楚面全面地衡量产出，这样的“有效”肯定是不够科学的。
二、““有效”教学能不能衡量出教师的人格、魅力、人生态度对学生终身发展产生的影响
当代教育承认育人工程有其特殊性，尤其是人对人的影响，具有不可估量的强大力量。从社会学的角度看，师生关系是师生间思想交流、情感沟通、人格碰掩的互动关系。一名教师的人格和思想对青少年学生有着巨大而又潜移默化的影响。精神需要精神的感染，道德需要道德的濡化，教师的真正威信在于其人格力量会对学生产生终身的影响。
那种把师生关系理解为生产线条件下工人与产品的关系的观点绝对是行不通的，原因有两个。
一是通过人与人的关系，教师帮助学生进行人格完善、树立积极进取的人生态度是很难讲“效率”或者说根本讲不出“效
率”的。优秀教师总是以其一言一行对学生产生潜移默化的影响。
二是学生所受的这种教育，不像工厂制成品那样可以用规格、质量、大小来衡量，在出厂时已确定可测。大量的名人回忆录中不乏这样的段落： “直到多年后，我才深切地感受到老师那句话的力量，它对我的一生产生了......的影响。”教育有效与否，可能要到二三十年后才看得出来。
所以，教师的作用，尤其是教师对学生树立积极的人生态度的影响，是不可能被即刻衡量的，应当通过学生的终身成长来衡量。
三、“有效”教学能否衡量出教师课外付出的巨大劳动
局外人普遍认为，教师是轻松的职业之一，每天就那么几节课，只要动动嘴皮了，就算是完成了任务。而实质上，教师的教学看似轻松，实则艰辛。这是因为，教师的工作成于课内，劳于课外。就像著名作家冰心所说的：成功之花，人们往往惊羡它现时的明艳，然而当初，它的芽儿却浸透了奋斗的泪泉，洒满了牺牲的血雨。
俗语说得好，“台上一分钟，台下十年功”，为了“台上”的45分钟，教师要花费大量的时间和精力来进行“台下”工作：在浩瀚无边的书海中查阅资料；根据教材内容和学生实际设计教案；课后既要反思总结，又要批改作业，而这，本身就是一项十分繁重而又艰辛的过程；教学之余，还要解答学生的质疑，学习上的、生活上的、
思想上的，而这些，涵盖面广，绝不是凭课本上的几句话就能解决的。
有时候，为了让学生理解某个概念，为了让学生明晓事理，教师殚精竭虑，甚至呕心沥血、寝食难安。学生可能会在多年后的回忆录中写道：““当年老师那一席话使我猛醒。”可又有谁明了当初的那一席话教师作了多少准备?既要说明错误，又要保护学生白尊；既要切中要害，又要注意分寸；既要有“恨铁不成钢”的感情投入，又要注意使感情的投人控制在伦理与法律的限度内；既可能是成功的喜悦，也可能是“恨铁不成钢”的懊恼。
除此之外，在强调教学与时供进的今天，在社会对教育要求日益提高的今天，教师更是需要不断地充实自我，提升能力。不管是否处于记忆力强、精力旺盛的年龄阶段，为把学生教得更好，教师都得不断地进行自我学习，进行知识的更新与观念的革新，而他们所能利用的时间也大多是“业余”时间。
“有效”教学能衡量的只是热闹的课堂与考试分数的关系，而以上这一切，它显然是衡量不了的。
四、“有效”教学能否适应新课标的要求
目前，全国正在进行着新中国成立以来的第八次课改，这是现时代中国教育最重要的实践。它既关系着全国教育的成败，也关系着新世纪中华民族的人才培养大计。那么，“有效”教学论的出现能不能服务于新课改、促进新课改的历史发展进程呢?
首先，现实中所谓的“有效”教学论，究其实质仍是“分数英雄论”。单薄的分数被学生奉为至宝，可它存在着极大的缺陷；其一，一个人的道德情操、人格素
养、人生观等，是无法用分数体现的；其二，学生智力领域的思维方式、应变能力、创新思维、学以致用等，难以在试卷中得到反映；其二，在体育领域，重智育而轻体育使得学生发展畸形，这·点在过去的教育实践中已经得到充分的证明。
其次，创新是民族进步的灵魂，这就要求教育培养出更多具有创新意识、有个性的、多样化的人才，在此背景下，新课标不仅强调教学目标要全面涵盖学生成长的各个方面，更强调学生在学习中的主体地位，在学生成长过程赋予他们一定程度的自由。而一H过分强调“有效”教学，必然涉及到一个统一标准的问题，因为不同的标准根本不可能进行比较。而一日标准统·，则与时代的要求，社会发展的实际需要相背离，也从根本上违背了新课标的要求。
最后，新课标要求着眼于学生的生活，培养学生终身发展的能力，这就要求教师必须注重对学生终身发展能力的指引，也就是说，一方面，教师要教会学生学会学习，而“会学习”的着眼点不在丁考试，也不在于今天的评价，而在下学生的终身发展；另一方面，教师要教会学生学会做人，让学生真切地体会到社会对人才的需要，让学生明白，只有对社会有所贡献的人生才是有价值的人生，从而树立起正确、科学的人生观和价值观。除此之外，还要教会学生学会生活，以积极、乐观的态度追求生活的真谛，做·个有进取心的人，享有幸福的人生。而所有这些，不是任何-个评价尺度所能衡量的。
因此，从时代要求、社会需要、个人发展等方面看， “有效”教学是不能很好地适应新课标要求的。
五、人的成长特点足以说明“有效”教学论是一个误导
长期性、渐进性和内在性是个人成长的最显著的特点之一应当充分认识到，今天的教育对学生的影响可能是终身的，许多时候，学生的进步往往缘于多年前触动他内心的那一幕。有些时候，教育在“此时”达不到效果，可随着学生人生阅历的逐渐丰富、知识系统的不断完善，在“彼时”表现出来，即使那已在多年之后。而这，就是多数人有过的那种“顿悟”感。
另外，人的成长是渐进的，也是起伏波动的，因此，不要总奢望只要改变了一种教学方法，就能取得立竿见影的效果，不要总以为在教学领域有“蒸汽磨”可以取代“于推磨”。实践证明，所谓天才式的教育在最后往往成了扼杀人天性的工具。
尤其要注意的是，人的成长关键还在人本身， “内因是关键”，没有个体的主动积极参与，没有师生之间的互动，没有学生在活动过程中的积极内化，就没有真实意义上的教学存在。那种不通过学生本身的内在转化而奢望的教育成功是不可想象的，所以教师所能做的，至多只能考察用什么方法可以对多数学生产生正面的教育效果，而无法用机械的公式计算出可以实现百分之几的效果。
因此，企图用效率来衡量教育，这不能不说是一个误区。
综上所述，“有效”教学热的背后，实质上存在一些致命硬伤，在追逐这股热潮时，人们更应保持一份应有的清嫒。
(作者单位：广东省普宁市第
二中学) | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | DOI：10.19915/j.cnki.fls.2022.0045
**“伦理转向”的张力：：列维纳斯与利科之争再审视**
刘欣
内容摘要：：列维纳斯与利科在法国理论的“伦理转向”中角色迥异，两者的异同使“伦理转向”的细部充满张力：利科通过列维纳斯走向对死的内在学习，死亡在他看来是不可认知的事件，不存在海德格尔所谓的“筹划”或“先见”，也不会有“能动”或“自由”，更无人能够“承担”；列维纳斯将爱欲视为战胜死亡的超越性事件，利科则认为爱是通向正义的道路，它在对仇敌的爱与宽恕中超越敌我之分；列维纳斯主张的是自我与他者的“非对称性”结构，利科则在批判非对称性的基础上，提出“相互性”，并将其视为平等、正义的共同生活的前提；利科排除了列维纳斯的“人质”白的神圣性，在自我与他者的交流中存在的是交互性的平等关系，列维纳斯则认为交流首先意味着在言语中将自己暴露给他人，言语直接就是甘冒牺牲之险的应承。回顾列维纳斯与利科之争，我们得以继续思考爱与死及文学叙述的伦理性。
关键词：列维纳斯；利科；伦理转向；非对称性；相互性
基金项目：国家社科基金重大项目“文学伦理学批评的理论资源与对外传播研究”(21&ZD264)
作者简介：刘欣，杭州师范大学人文学院、文艺批评研究院副教授，主要从事批评理论、新媒介文艺研究。
**Title： The Tension of“Ethical Turn”：A Re-Examination of the Levinas-Ricoeur Debate**
Abstract： Levinas and Ricoeur played a different role in the “ethical turn"of French theory. The similarities and differences between them created a full tension for the “ethical turn”in all aspects. Ricoeur gained an internal learning about death through Levinas. In his view， death is an incomprehensible event， which defies any “planning” or “foresight，" as defined by Heidegger， has no “dynamic”or “freedom，”and allows no one to “undertake” it. Levinas perceives eros as a transcendent event， or a victory over death， while Ricoeur sees love as the path to justice， transcending the distinction between our foe and ourselves in our love and forgiveness for the enemy. Levinas advocates the “asymmetric”structure of the self and other， whereas， based on his criticism of such an asymmetry， Ricoeur proposes “reciprocity”and regards it as the premise of an equal and just common life. Ricoeur excludes the sanctity of Levinas’“hostage”and insists that what exists in the communication between the self and other is an interactive equal relationship， but Levinas believes that communication means
exposing oneself to others in words， and words are directly “responsible” at the risk of sacrifice. By re-examining the Levinas-Ricoeur debate， we may keep thinking about the ethics of love， death， and literary narrative.
Key words： Levinas， Ricoeur； ethical turn； asymmetric， reciprocity
Project： “A Study on Theoretical Resource and International Propagation of Ethical Literary Criticism”(21&ZD264) sponsored by the National Social Science Fund of China
Author： Liu Xin is an associate professor at the School of Humanities and the Research Institute of Literary and Art Criticism， Hangzhou Normal University (Hangzhou 311121， China)， specializing in critical theory and new media art. Email： [email protected]
作为对20世纪六十年代末政治、文化思潮的理论反应，七十年代法国思想中的“伦理转向”再度激活温和的人道主义伦理学，在对抗之外寻求一种尊重他者的责任伦理，激进的理论实践让位于犹太思想的伦理趣味的突转。与之相应，文学研究回归伦理性、历史性等“本质”方面的努力得到普遍认同。法国哲学家列维纳斯(Emmanuel Levinas， 1906—1995)与保罗·利科 (Paul Ricoeur， 1913—2005) 在带动当代法国思想的“伦理转向”方面，被视为最重要的两位哲学家。多斯(Francois Dosse) 曾在讨论七十年代的“伦理学的回归”时指出，是列维纳斯、利科与扬科列维奇 ( Vladimir Jankelevitch)等人共同推动了法国理论的“伦理转向”((284)。但当我们用“伦理转向”来指称并命名一种理论思潮时，伴随着同一化的风险。实际上，20世纪七十年代以来西方文论“伦理转向”的合流"是由不同的思想路径汇集而成，，即使在同一路径中也充满理论的张力。
就列维纳斯与利科而言，他们在“伦理转向”中扮演的角色迥异。在他们思想的发生处，矗立着作为事件的“奥斯维辛”(Auschwitz)。出生于立陶宛的列维纳斯1923年来到法国，通过翻译、研究胡塞尔的著作开始哲学生涯，他的博士论文《胡塞尔现象学中的直观理论》(1930)被利科称为法国胡塞尔研究的奠基之作。利科则是在1934年进入巴黎大学学习哲学，次年成为中学哲学教师。二战爆发后两人应征入伍，1940年被德军俘虏，，列维纳斯被关押四年后于1945年回到巴黎，妻子女儿经布朗肖(Maurice Blanchot) 等人营救而幸存，其他在立陶宛的家人却被杀害；利科在被俘五年后获释，翻译胡塞尔的《观念Ⅰ》，开始在大学中执掌哲学教席。他们都在早期主攻过德国现象学，并以此开启哲学生涯，更重要的是两人都经历过战俘营的生活。作为事件亲历者，他们面对灾难性事件的方式，是重新思考自我之死，亲人之死，邻人之死的伦理意义，并着手重建爱的超越性伦理。在他们对爱与死的思考中，有对死亡的晦暗描述，也有继续生活的意志和信心。虽然有着相似的经历，列维纳斯与利科的伦理思想却仍有微妙的距离，我们需要仔细分辨，虚心聆听他们的声音。
一、作为绝对他者的死亡
海德格尔的死亡哲学可谓列维纳斯的主要论敌。 “向死而在”(Sein zum Tode)预设的是死亡的确定性，海德格尔试图以朝向确定无疑的死亡来筹划个体自身的存在，赋予终有一死者能动的、自由的存在状态。而在列维纳斯看来，海德格尔的“死亡”是一个过于明晰、充斥过剩“男子气概”的概念，它试图让此在承担起存在的诸多可能性，却遮蔽了死亡的被动性。死亡从来不是来自我们自身之物，它是主体的认知无从理解的神秘。也就是说，，面对作为事件的死亡，我们不再是事件的主体，死亡无法被观念穿透，它是完全彻底不可认知的事件，所以这里不存在海德格尔所谓的“筹划”或“先见”，也不会有“能动”或“自由”，更无人能够“承担”。在认知过程中，客体都是被自我所理解和构造之物，，即以“光”之明晰性为中介的能动活动，而死亡外在于所有光： “死亡昭示了一种主体不再是掌控者的事件，一种与之相关，主体不再是主体的事件”(列维纳斯， 《时间与他者》55)。因为死亡属于将来，现在是可以被我掌握的，我是当下可能性的掌握者，但在与自身死亡的遭遇中，我作为受难的主体倒向的是哭泣和呜咽，我去承担不断迫近的死亡时一切发生反转：“至高的责任变成了至高的无责任，变成了幼年。这就是呜咽，正是在这里，呜咽昭告了死亡。死去(mourir)，就是回归这一无责任的状态，就是那种呜咽中的幼童式的颤抖”(58)。常人如此“懦弱”可以理解，那么悲剧人物甚至英雄也无力承担死亡吗?在《时间与他者》中，列维纳斯多次回到莎士比亚的悲剧，以至于自嘲为“过度提及”(58)。
当女巫的三个预言一步步兑现之际，麦克白知道死亡已经逼近，不会再有任何希望，强如麦克白也失去了战斗时的“男子气概”。悲剧英雄没有在遭遇死亡时遁入虚无，他在抓住最后的机会： “我还要作最后一拼。我挺身而出，挥开我威武的盾牌”(莎士比亚622)。英雄们的最后之舞要抓住的是此刻的机会，而非永远在迫近、降临中的死亡。将死的主体在死亡的时刻仍抱有期望，甚至可以用自杀的方式为实存找到一种意义的可能性，这在列维纳斯看来是一种悲剧的常规，朱丽叶的哭诉“我保有着死亡的权能”被他视为对命运的战胜，因为自杀是人们对于存在所能拥有的最后掌控。相对于朱丽叶对命运的逃离， 《哈姆雷特》则被他称为悲剧中的悲剧，因为哈姆雷特无法掌控任何事，包括自己的死亡，他撞见的是不可避免的存在，即存在本身的荒诞性。
死亡成为我们无力承担却持续发生的事件。作为事件的死亡是不以主体意志为转移的“骤然发生”：“死亡不是纯粹的虚无，而是不可承担/设定的神秘，在这个意义上，也就是一种事件的事件性(eventualite)，在突然闯入内在之同一(Meme) 这一点上的事件性，打断孤立的诸瞬间之单调和滴答声的事件性—―全然他者的事件性，将来的事件性，时间的时间性 (temporalite)”(《时间与他者》前言 liv)。死亡属于不可预计的将来，无人能够从他自身所遭遇的死亡中全身而退，再去谈论他的死亡经验，我们顶多能称之为“被动性经验”，它抛弃事件的主体，在我们的认知之外兀自发生，不期而遇地降临并牢牢抓住我们的存在。死亡作为他异性事件最终让我们得
以直面存在的多元性 (pluralie)，从而领会外在于我们的他人对自我本身的奠基性意义，于是它打破了线性的时间之流，撕裂存在的帷幕，让一以贯之的“自我”产生异化。
他人之死又与“我”何关?从蒙田 (Michel de Montaigne) 到海德格尔，死亡带给我们的是关乎自身的经验， “向死而在”(Sein zum tode) 是本己的内在状态，他人的死亡仅作为可资借鉴的知识与“我”有关。蒙田将死亡视为一种必要的生存智慧，我们要熟悉它，想象死亡的各种方式，在极度的欢乐中想起死亡的必然威胁，安心等待它的降临： “预见死即预见自由。谁学会怎样去死，谁便忘记怎样去做奴隶”(83)。思考死亡成为“我”更好地生存的条件，加上“死亡绝对平等公平”的箴言，我们似乎可以正视并接受死亡。列维纳斯与利科都认为，在上述思考中，他人之死与自身之死的内在联系被遮蔽了。利科指出，即便我们接受死亡，死亡还是可怕的、让人不安的异质经验，他人之死能让我们学会的不是向死而在，不是直面死者面孔后做悲壮状的“珍惜余生”，而首先是学会“失去”(la perte) 与“哀悼”(le deuil)。他人之死让我们失去的是自身的一部分：“就失去而言，作为交流破裂的分隔――死者，无法应答之人――和他们的关系构成自身身份的有机构成而言，成为一种真正意义上的截肢。失去他人，某种程度上就是失去自己”(Ricoeur， La Memoire 468)。将对他人的哀悼转化为对自己生命中一切失去的预见及和解，包括我们自己的死亡对亲人构成的失去和哀悼。可见他人之死与我有关，利科甚至认为与自身或亲人之死相较，作为第三方的他人之死能让我们对死进行最内在的学习。在公共生存领域，暴力的死亡、横死、谋杀呈现出死的纯粹形态，因为神祇隐退后的世界上演的是一切人对一切人的战争，在暴力的死亡面前，没有人能够置身事外。
霍布斯 (Thomas Hobbes) 认为不在场的神或没有武装的神不能用暴力的死亡惩罚傲慢的人类，也就没有可能提供必要的秩序维持和平的公共生活。每个个体都有遭遇横死的可能性，恐惧一种纯粹的暴力之死，即谋杀，让维系社会与国家的契约成为可能。于是一个历史共同体的全部成员在对暴力之死的恐惧中签署契约。霍布斯的“怪物”政治学提醒我们的是暴力的死亡，他人之死最终和我们息息相关。我们无法像面对亲人之死一样赋予其“安详”“解脱”的意义，暴力的死亡无法被如此温柔地驯服，就连我们自身也可能遭遇对自己的谋杀，即自杀。在《总体与无限》第三部分第三节“意志与死亡”中，列维纳斯道出针对死亡的终极宣言：任何死亡都是一种谋杀。自该隐以来的谋杀，有意让他人的存在归入虚无的激情，引起列维纳斯的激烈反抗，毁灭他人在道德上的不可能性先于一切事件和经验，不可杀人的禁令铭刻于他人赤裸的面容。在这绝对禁令之中仍在持续发生的谋杀，使“我”被放置于存在与虚无之间的领域，在这种无法言说的状态中， “我”得以直面自身的死亡： “我的死亡并不能通过类比他人的死亡推导出来，它铭刻在我对我的存在所能具有的害怕之中”(221)。我与死亡之间的关系就是我对存在之畏，我们并不畏惧虚无，我们害怕暴力，害怕绝对的不可预见者即他人的存在。关于这必将到来却无从预知的最终事件，即死亡，利维纳斯反复提及拉丁铭文“最后之时，隐而不显” (Ultima latet)，在生命的这种悬置中，不
可预测的死亡事件将所有人置于暴力面前， “我”被暴露在绝对的暴力，暴露给黑夜中的谋杀。来自彼岸的死亡步步紧逼，列维纳斯称之为令人害怕的未知之物，令人生畏的无限空间，来自他者的“绝对的他异性”，并非是让我们在畏惧中对他人之死无动于衷，死亡的意义与此同时被揭示出来： “死亡的寂静并不使得对他人的呼唤、对他人之友爱和他人(带给我)的疗救的呼唤成为可能” _”(_ (222)。利科准确地指出列维纳斯坚持的是人在与死的对抗中生存，是虽死 (malgre-la-mort) 而在、逆死(contre-la-mort) 而在，而非海德格尔的“向死而在”。
二、 “爱情如死之坚强”
在此基础上，列维纳斯对死之暴力的沉思走向对人类意志中善良的奠基。利科将其思路与海德格尔对观，并指出海德格尔的起点是自我面对死亡的焦虑(Angst)， 列维纳斯则从一开始就拒绝从对虚无的焦虑、从有限存在的终结出发去思考死亡，他选择的道路是从时间开始处思考死亡： “毅然从与他人之死的相遇出发”(Ricoeur，“In Memoriam： Emmanuel Levinas” 331)。‘“我”的意志是必死的，它在虚无与他人意志的双重逼迫下迈向死亡，但它同时在“我”自为的意志及行动中，被暴露给他人，这是死亡无法剥夺生命全部意义的根本所在。在他人面容中浮现的禁止谋杀的绝对律令，让“我”在与自身死亡的关系中获得“逆死而生”的意志，它超出死亡之外确保了一个富有意义的世界。这是列维纳斯从对死亡的沉思中得出的伦理教诲，利科在此基础上指出对他人的哀悼让我们得以平静地看待“有人死亡”的事实，与激烈的复仇即新一轮的谋杀相对， “我”最终意识到与所有逝者一样的必死的事实，在死的绝对公正中特权走向终结， 《托拉》“归到他父辈之中”所开启的关于死亡的智慧，让死的伦理教诲成为可能。
由此列维纳斯和利科以各自的方式呼应了《雅歌》的智慧： “因为爱情如死之坚强”(《圣经》1106)。在沉重的操心(Sorge)之外，列维纳斯的伦理学以与他者面对面(vis-a-vis)，以做“人质”的方式切近无限，这里“自我”始终保持沉默，他者的面容是“我”之意志的前提，我们与死亡的关系， 一切对于死的“认知”或“意义”都来自印刻在他人面容中“不可杀人”的禁令，献身并忠诚于这道禁令，我们才有机会建立制度来对抗死亡的暴力。利科认为，基于记忆的对死亡的哀悼可能通过反思性的语义解释通向对死亡的超越，那就是不去操心，不去劳作，不再充满劳绩，忧心忡忡，畏惧存在或虚无。记住就是一种操心，而我们恰恰遗忘了遗忘本身，在固守过去的执念之外，还有一种作为存在方式的积极遗忘，它是在记忆和哀悼之外的愉快和懒散。在利科看来，能解放本雅明历史天使那操心的注视的，能从《马太福音》和克尔凯郭尔的“百合与飞鸟”之缄默中学到的，就是这种迎向宽恕的遗忘：“建基于操心的记忆之上的不操心的记忆，忘记的和不忘的记忆的共同灵魂” _(Ricoeur， La Memoire_ 656)。对他人话语的解释，，自我的反思意志奠定了记忆一遗忘的基础，宽恕之爱于是成为如死亡般强大的事件。
《雅歌》的诗句字面上是对爱欲之爱，即情爱的赞歌。列维纳斯认为在我们与他
人的关系中，爱欲关系提供了一种原型，，它让我们在面对绝对的他异性事件甚至是死亡时，仍然葆有生存的希望。我们的爱欲之所以成立在于它永远无法被满足，正是在所欲之物的退却中，在“我”遍求不得的痛苦中，爱欲才能如此强大。所以爱欲不是敌我斗争、不是我与你的融合，不是单向的占有，而是不可预知的、来自将来的神秘。以爱欲中的典型动作“爱抚”为例，列维纳斯描述了这种神秘性。。以爱抚表达爱意，尝试接触他者以达成交流，这在他看来只能归于失败，因为这仍属于融合、占有式的爱欲。我们在爱抚中寻找的是在现时缺席的他者，，下它恰恰是我们不可触及、不可获知 _之物： “构成爱抚之寻找的本质的是，爱抚并不知道它在寻找什么。这种中_ ‘不知道’，这种根本的无序，是其关键。这就像一个与躲避之物的游戏，一个绝对没有规划和方案的游戏，它与能变成我们的或我们之物无关，，而只与某种别的东西相关，这种东西永远他异，永不可通达，一直在到来(à venir)”((《时间与他者》84)。爱欲的他异性让其与死亡一样，成为将来而未来的事件，我们无从知晓、无法逃避它的入侵，但与死亡对主体的彻底破坏不同，没有理由的爱欲保全了自我(lemoi)。作为纯粹的他异性事件，爱与死同样让自我面临被颠覆的危险，但在我们对爱欲之物无尽的追寻中，也就是“我”与“你”的接触中我仍是“我”，正是“你”的他异性让我仍是“我”成为可能，死亡却让我们不再是其所是，能其所能。在此列维纳斯将爱欲视为战胜死亡的超越性事件。
于是我们看到，1950年代的列维纳斯声称爱欲与死一样强大，晚期阶段他则认为爱如死一样强大是不够的，为他人而死的神圣之爱压倒了死亡，也超越了爱欲之爱。在1983年9月6日给单士宏 (Michael de Saint-Cheron)的信中，列维纳斯坦言： “爱应该比死更有力――而且没有比让一个人为另一个人而死的爱更有力的爱，我可以从以斯帖女王准备为其他生命牺牲的教诲中学到它(《以斯帖记》4，16)”(单士宏9)。这里“我”已成为他者的“人质”。人质显然表露出一种不平等、不公正的关系，但在列维纳斯看来，我对他者负有的责任之重让我可以坦然承受这种不公正性，甚至超越利害的考量。成为人质并非来自他者的强迫，而是在知晓全部危险之后的自我选择，即自愿成为的无条件的人质。也就是说，在光荣地自愿为人质的爱中，替代他人而死都不再令人恐惧，更无法毁灭我们自身，正义之人以这种独特的方式获得神圣的幸福。这种过于强大的神圣之爱，为他人而死的爱，被利科视为一种过度、夸张的哲学，甚至是“言语上的恐怖主义” (Ricoeur， Autrement 26)。在利科对爱的分析中，爱的言语表达的不仅是对优越者的赞扬，它同时是一种命令的话语，即“爱我!”的吁求。爱不仅涉及我与你，在爱的命令中包含了对自身之爱、对第三方的邻人之爱。爱的言语同时具有隐喻的力量，所以利科并不基于爱欲的维度谈论爱： “即使《雅歌》的编者只为歌颂爱欲创作这首诗篇，但在历代诵读者的解释中，特别是对其中伟大的神秘性所作的解释中，原初的诗句成为对精神之爱的类比。这让《雅歌》成为爱欲的典范式隐喻”(Ricoeur， Amour et Justice 67)。爱于是成为正义的通道，它在对仇敌的爱与宽恕中超越敌我之分。在对爱与死之力量的权衡中，源头处的自我与他者(1autre) 的伦理关系问题浮出表面，这正是列维纳斯与利科伦理学的根本差异。
**三、自我与他者的“非对称性”**
《时间与他者》中对自我与他者关系的思考，已经预示了列维纳斯晚期对他人优先性的决断。在列维纳斯看来，在日常生活中我们自以为能靠近、能认知的他者是被遮蔽的，他者的孤独和他者根本的他异性已经被体面所掩饰： “他者是通过同情而作为另一个自我本身，作为另我(alter ego) 被理解的”(77)。在这种自我与他者的关系中，他异性被排除了，交互性可能会达到一种荒诞的情境。借用布朗肖的《亚米拿达》(Aminadab， 1942)，列维纳斯试图阐明这种荒诞性：在某个大楼中人们在房间中川流不息，却不做任何具体的工作，人与人之间可以彻底互换，这种荒诞情形被列维纳斯视为交互关系的夸张呈现，在此处没有主体可言，自我与他者的关系变得不再可能。
列维纳斯实际上认为在“我一你”“我一他”之类关系中的交流是不可能的②。面对他者去交流自身，这一行为意味着在言语中将自己暴露给他人，不是经验意义上的言语，言语直接就是甘冒牺牲之险的应承，只有心甘情愿地冒被误解、被拒绝的风险，充满不确定性的交流才是可能的： “在根本上，唯有在牺牲中才能有交流，而牺牲就是去切近那些需要对其做出应承之人。只有作为一种危险生活，一种美好的甘冒之险，与他人的交流才具有超越性”， _(Levinas， Autrement Qu'etre Ou Au 190)。这_ 就是列维纳斯企望的“超越性的交流”，布朗肖在献给列维纳斯的论文《无知的知识》 (1961)中，称之为自我与他者间的超验关系： “在自我和他者之间有一段无垠的，某种意义上不可逾越的距离(·…)他人是极其神秘的――因为他就是陌生人(PEtranger)，未知之人” (Blanchot 52)。列维纳斯认为与他者的交流虽然建立在语言的基础上，但绝非经验意义上的语言、作为符号的语言，而是超越性的语言，让我们可以走出自我真正与他人交流的语言，这就是应承 (responsabilite)，对他人语言的回应和承担奠定了交流的可能性。如果不去冒没有回应之险无条件地去应承，只是自顾自地向他人言说，交流就不可能发生。
我们已经能从中见出这种交流的极端艰难，自我作为伦理主体显然已经不再自由，而只有在这种自由被他者质疑时， “我”才能回应他者的召唤，面对他者的面容承担起无限的伦理责任。他者被赋予一种绝对的不可理解性，一种不可被总体同化的他异性 (alterite)，他者与自我的遭遇像是前者冒然踏入“我”的居所，两者间维持着分离 (separation)状态。他者伦理学中自我与他者间的“非对称性” (asymetrie)如此强烈，在列维纳斯的后期著作中更被推演到极限，自我被替代为一个充满被动性(passivite)的“人质” (otage)。在他看来，“我”(Je)是因他人的牺牲而幸存的，幸亏 (grace a) 那无限他人(illeite infinie)的非存在，或正是由于他人的恩典，才保全了我自身。由自我而生的“主体”并非凌驾于“你”“他”“它”之上的特别存在物，“我”于他人是可替代 (la substitution)的“人质”：“通过替代，被肯定的不是自我的个别性，而是它的独一无二 (unicite)”((Levinas， Dieu 213)。正是因为不可置换的“我”必须无条件地应承作为无限的他者，回应并承受“他”的苦难，并承受“他”对于“我”的应承，，直至成为以自身替代他者的人质，才成其为一个独一
无二的“我”，相互应承的兄弟关系(la fraternit humaine)先于一切主宾结构的支配关系。
列维纳斯将保罗·策兰的诗句用作晚期重要著作《别样于存在或超出本质》(1974)第四章的题辞： “我为我时，我便是你”(156)，此句近乎完美地道出了列维纳斯伦理学的全部秘密，显然他并不完全认同马丁·布伯(Martin Buber) 的“我一你”关系。马丁·杰伊 (Martin Jay) 曾准确地指出两人的差异： “布伯强调的是口头上调节的主体间“我一你’关系，而不是视觉建构的主客体‘我一它’关系，这深刻影响了列维纳斯，尽管他拒绝作为其根基的对称的互惠性” (Jay 551)。“我一他”甚或“您一我”都无法描述列维纳斯他者伦理学的激进性，可以说是无限的复数的“您”成全了我之为我： “我(Le soi) 从头至脚都是人质，，它比自我(Ego)更古老，且先于诸多原则(……)正是因为存在人质的状态，这个世界中的怜悯、同情、宽恕与亲近才是可能的，即使人们很少发现。才能有那简单的‘先生您先请’。人质的无条件性不是联结的极致，而是所有联结的条件” (Levinas， Autrement Qu’etre Ou Au 186)。由此我们可以了解，即使自我与他者间处于极端的“不对称”关系，“我”仍然可以以被动的方式关联到他者，所有他人的遭际，甚至是文学虚构人物的悲欢，在闯入“我”的生存之际都与“我”有关。若非走到如此的极限处境，为他人的赎罪、同情或公正都是不可能的，非如此我们无法知晓为何对他人的痛苦无动于衷是非人的，才不至于在杀死兄弟后面对神的面容仍然说出“我岂是看守我兄弟的吗?”((《圣经》7)可以看出，列维纳斯的“不对称性”虽然可能成为不平等结构，但他者至少免除了被纳入总体性(totalite)的风险。“我”如能真正尊重这种他者的外在性，警惕以己度人式的“主体性”，那么么“超越性的交流”即使困难重重，却已有了发生的契机。
“非对称性”结构看似偏激，透露的则是列维纳斯沉痛的个人历史，还有他对纳粹主义总体性哲学的深刻反思。问题在于，“奥斯维辛”之后如何还能想象一种良善的共同生活(suzèn)? 共同生活是人类存续的基础，而它的重建又意味着返回普遍性的“规则”“制度”“共同体”的总体逻辑。于是是否止步于“非对称性”成为列维纳斯与利科论争的焦点。
**四、 “相互性”与共同生活**
在利科看来，自我与他者中后者绝对的“主动性”(initiative) 让任何平等关系无从建立。利科并不信任单向度的伦理学，“我”完全成为他人的人质而不汲取任何交互关系甚至是危险的，而这正是列维纳斯伦理学的要义： “列维纳斯的全部哲学就是奠基在他者在主体间关系中的主动性之上的。说真的，这一主动性并没有确立任何关系，因为在一个被区分条件界定的我的眼中，他者代表的是绝对的外在性。在此意义上，他者让自身免去了一切关系”( _(Ricoeur， Soi-meme comme un autre 221)。他者对于自_ 我而言在伦理上具有优先性，这貌似有助于打破自我的封闭状态，因为“我”毕竟能甘心接受他者的召唤与命令，但他者的外在性仍如坚冰般无法破除。利科认为不能到
此为止，，认知意义上“我一你” _(_ (moi-tu)的不对称(dissymetrie)和伦理意义上“你一我”(tu-moi)的不对称，双重的不对称性让互惠的交互关系成为可能，这是反抗死亡的暴力，建构充满友爱的共同生活的根本。
为此，在亚里士多德的友爱伦理学与列维纳斯的他者伦理学之间，利科更倾向于前者，虽然他充分尊重了列维纳斯的“非对称性”。在《作为一个他者的自身》的第七研究“自身与伦理目的”中，利科首先确立了伦理对于道德的优先性：伦理以完美生活为目的，道德则是以普遍性要求和约束为特征的各种“规范”，两者是目的论与义务论的区别。人类的伦理目的在他看来有三个基本构建：以“追寻良善生活(vie bonne)”(202)为目的， “与他人一起为了他人 (avec et pour autrui) ”(211)在“公正的制度”中共同生活。在阐释《尼各马可伦理学》的基础上，利科找到了部分保存“非对称性”的“相互性”(mutualite)结构。亚里士多德将“友爱”视为良善生活与正义的中介，他用了大量篇幅来讨论“自爱” (philautia)，即以自身(soi)为对象的友爱，但他没有走向无原则的自我偏爱，!以善为导向的友爱从一开始就是一种相互关系。只有可爱的事物才能为人所爱，而人们所爱者无非是善的、令人愉快的或能为我所用之物。友爱于是被区分为三种类型，即德性友爱、快乐友爱与功利友爱，它们都可以触发“我”与“他”之间相互的爱，互惠性 (reciprocite) 成为友爱关系的起点。但显然三者间的差异是显著的，因为有用而相互友爱的人不是因为对方自身之故，而是为了能从对方那里得到好处而爱，基于快乐的友爱同样如此。没有永恒的利益，快乐也不会长久，所以由此而生的这两种偶然的友爱会在时间中不断磨损，真正长久的友爱必然需要“每个人把他人当作他所是的人来爱”(Aristotle 146)。利科将这种超越快乐与功利友爱的相互性关系视为通向正义和共同生活的道路，而它显然在列维纳斯那里被压制了。
友爱的相互性实现了朋友间的平等关系，但友爱不等于正义，因为友爱局限于良善的同仁，而正义的对象是不平等的人群，友爱以平等为前提，但在群体乃至国家中，它仍是一个目标远景。这样友爱不再是一个私密性的情感问题，而成为共同生活的根基。朋友是另一个自身(allos autos)， 亚里士多德甚至指明朋友可以提供“我”无法通过自身获得的东西，于是有朋友成为一种德性的象征： “一个幸福的人自身尽善尽美，却没有朋友，这是荒唐的。因为首先，朋友似乎被看作最大的外在的善”(Aristotle177)。利科在此基础上指出，友爱就是努力确定根据生命内在的善和它固有的快乐实现生命的各种条件。良善之人需要一个承受其善举之人，两人互为条件，他们成为朋友是其生命意识和生命活动使然，由此在相互性关系中，每个人的生存才是独特且宝贵的，每个人都需要感觉他的朋友对他自身生存的感觉，共同的感觉可以通过共同生活，以及语言与思想的交流来实现。共同生活就不再是圈养牲畜，而是良善且愉悦的人对自身存在的欲求。
对相互性的重视让利科无法承认彻底的他者伦理的优先性，他认为关键在于自身如何与他者建立伦理关系。他者作为绝对的外在性有效地抵御了胡塞尔“意向性”的再现哲学，向自身再现某物就是把对象吸纳到自身之中，这已经是对对象他者性的否
定。对列维纳斯而言，他者在伦理的体制中证实了自身，他人的面孔位于自我之上，它不是我可以纳入再现领域的一种显现 (apparaitre)，面孔带着一种声音显现，，即自西奈山而来的“禁止杀人”的声音。利科试图在此处确立自我的位置： “那我呢?正是在我之中，从他者开始的运动完成了它的轨迹：他者将我选定为能负责的，也就是说有能力回应之人。这样，他者的话就被放置到我行动的根源处” (Ricoeur， Soi-meme comme un autre 388)。就爱而论，没有“自爱”也就没有对他人的友爱，相互性在这里意味着每个人把他人当作他所是的人那样来爱。相互性在利科最后的《承认的过程》一书中，延伸为相互承认 (la reconnaissance mutuelle)的议题。在这部著作中，利科直言《总体与无限》没有涉及相互性的共同生活这一核心问题，对暴力的伦理抵抗缺少制度化的考量，，i谈论伦理的无限性的语言有沦为空话的危险： “当我们从人‘‘邻近’的主题转换到有关送“替代’的主题，即从遭受别人施加的痛苦转换到为别人受苦—―旦当所受创伤的语言让位于更为极端的迫害之言，让位于被扣的人质之言时，我们甚至可以见到一种发展到极端的现象，即空口出高价(de surenchere verbale)”(Ricoeur. Parcours de la reconnaissance 237)。相对于列维纳斯要在非对称的、不可比较的东西中寻找正义，利科坚持认为无论从自我或他者哪一极出发，重要的是在两者原始的非对称性之外，对不可比较者进行比较，因而将它们平等化，正义由此成为可能。
列维纳斯晚年谈及与利科的差异时指出： “保罗·利科在许多方面赞同我，但是，他却认为相互性的取消是一种缺失，在这种观念里有一种对自我的不公正。我非常理解他的理由，但我也明确地认为这处在纯粹的关系、面向他人的慷慨的根基处，是一种所谓神圣性的关系。仿佛神圣性即是与他人关系的行为的至高尊严，这就是人们称作对邻人的爱或尊重”(转引自单士宏26-27)。这种独一无二的对他人之爱，在犹太教礼拜仪式被三次道出的“神圣”(Kadosh)， 我是他人的无条件的人质(kedousha)，在这种灾难性的悲剧命运中列维纳斯看到的是至高的神圣感。利科则排除了列维纳斯所谓“神圣性”，这彻底的为他人的善良，，以正义导师般的面容对自我进行规范。来自他者的召唤和命令在利科看来过于“道德”，以至于它始终被战争、恶与死的暴力纠缠。利科特别提及《总体与无限》序言的开篇就出现的战争阴霾，列维纳斯认为战争不仅因其带来道德的荒谬而成为伦理学问题，它直接就是存在论的事件：“对于哲学思想来说，存在显示为战争；而战争则又影响着存在――不仅作为最明显的事实影响之，而且还作为实在的显现本身或真理影响之。在战争中，现实把掩盖着它的词语与影像全部撕碎，以便在它的赤裸与严酷中凸显自身”(《总体与无限》1)。但与服从义务相比，利科认为“我”的自发的仁慈， “我”给予他人的自发关心更加重要。在《作为一个他者的自身》的终章，利科以对列维纳斯的批评宣示了“自我”的主权：“他者对我说‘不要杀生’的声音难道没有必要变成我自己的声音，乃至直接成为我的信念，这个信念把‘这里有我!’'的宾格等同于‘我在这里’的主格(……)语言难道没有必要提供交流的资源和互惠性的对策” (Ricoeur， Soi-meme comme un autre 391)。以语言为中介的交流在此成为自我与他者建立联系的根本方式，在利科看来已经成为一种“信心”： “相信语言，蕴含象征的语言，被我们言说的远不如向我们言说的多。
我们生而在语言中，在‘照亮每个在世之人’的逻各斯的光中”(Ricoeur， Freud and Philosophy 29-30)。在他看来，早期胡塞尔的意向性理论仍然存留着柏拉图主义的理念论倾向，所以必须将解释学嫁接在胡塞尔现象学的意义理论和我思理论之上，把解释学的多义性引入语义学中，取代胡塞尔现象学对单义性的执着，人的多重意向活动又暗含着自我认识的问题，这样一种反思的解释学就被建立在人之生存 (existence) 的基础上，以语言为中介的解释活动让自我与他人的交流成为可能，这种交流中存在的是相互性的平等关系，并以主体间的相互承认为目的。将良善的共同生活建基于“非对称性”之上，利科显然对此缺乏信心。
列维纳斯通过对死的内在学习，将爱欲视为战胜死亡的超越性事件，在对仇敌的爱与宽恕中超越敌我之分，他指出交流首先意味着在言语中将自己暴露给他人，，言语直接就是甘冒牺牲之险的应承。但列维纳斯“人质”的神圣性受到利科的质疑，论者在人文主义的哲学叙事中论证“我与你”式的绝对平等，却普遍忽略了列维纳斯式激进的用心与情境。利科在列维纳斯的伦理学中瞥见的是极端的、不容置疑的伦理责任，这不可承受的生命之重有可能将自我和他者置于险境，自我的巨大阴影使利科更亲近一种理解伦理主体的“小伦理学” (la petite ethique)。列维纳斯则是在死的绝境中出人意表地重申义务和责任，作为第一哲学的伦理学就是对他人的义务。友人布朗肖准确地领会到列维纳斯的用心： “在无人期待道德之‘善’的时代，这是意外且勇敢的论断。而你急切呈现它们的方式，让它们显得更加猛烈”(Blanchot 54)。这份他者伦理学的“过度”“夸张”或“唐突”让列维纳斯的论证显得刻意甚至主题化，却不失其持久的影响力。在列维纳斯对爱与死的思考中，有对死亡之他者性的描述，，也有继续生活的意志和对爱的信心。在对爱的现象学分析中，在事件所关涉的自我与他人的伦理关系问题上，显露出列维纳斯与利科的深刻分歧。列维纳斯与利科的邻近和距离，让我们在历史的内部看到“奥斯维辛之后”伦理思想发生的契机，并继续思考爱与死及文学叙述的伦理性。
**注解【Notes】**
①关于法国理论、北美批评、精神分析、创伤理论等领域“伦理转向”的状况，参见王嘉军： 《当代西方文论的“伦理转向”研究》， 《中国人民大学学报》2020年第2期，第162-172页。
②在《时间与他者》中，列维纳斯已经认为把他人视为自由时，交流实际上是不可能的，他人于我是陌异的、神秘的、将来之物时，交流才有可能发生。对比同时代的人文主义哲学叙事可见列维纳斯的激进性，交流(Kommunikation)，在德语中偏向以语言等符号为媒介的人际交流，是雅斯贝斯哲学的核心范畴，他认为只有交流才有望突破人的封闭性，由此拥有不断生成的无限可能性，开启通向自由的道路： “生存的交流使人的自由得到全面实现” (Karl Jaspers， Philosophy， vol. 2， translated by E. B. Ashton， U of Chicago P， 1970， p. 54)。第二次世界大战爆发后，利科应征服兵役，不久即被德军俘虏，在战俘营中与杜夫海纳(Mikel Dufrenne) 共同研读了雅斯贝斯的著作，并于战后共同发表《卡尔·雅斯贝斯与存在哲学》 _(Karl Jaspers et la Philosophie de I'Existence， Seuil， 1947)一书。雅斯贝斯不仅_
是利科在现象学一存在主义哲学阶段的“教师”，其有关交流作为存在方式的观点深刻影响了利科的反思解释学。
**引用文献 Works Cited**
**Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Roger Crisp， Cambridge UP， 2004**
**Blanchot， Maurice. The Infinite Conversation. Translated by Susan Hanson， U of Minnesota P， 1993.**
**_Dosse， Francois. History of Structuralism： The Sign Sets， 1967-Present. Vol. II， translated by Deborah_ Glassman， U of Minnesota P， 1997.**
《圣经》 (和合本)，中国基督教协会，2007年。
\[The Holy Bible. China Christian Council， 2007.1
**_Jay， Martin. Downcast Eyes： The Denigration ofVision in Twentieth-Century French Thought. U of California_ P，1993.**
Levinas， Emmanuel. Autrement Qu'etre Ou Au-Delà DeLEssence. Le Livre de Poche， 2004
**_\---. Dieu， la Mort et le Temps. Grasset， 1993._**
列维纳斯： 《时间与他者》，王嘉军译，长江文艺出版社，2020年。
**\[---. Time and the Other. Translated by Wang Jiajun， Changjiang Literature and Art Publishing House， 2020.\]一： 《总体与无限》，朱刚译，北京大学出版社，2016年。**
\[---. Totality and Infinity. Translated by Zhu Gang， Peking UP， 2016.\]
蒙田： 《蒙田试笔》，梁宗岱译，华东师范大学出版社，2016年。
**\[Montaigne. Attempts. Translated by Liang Zongdai， East China Normal UP， 2016.」** Ricoeur， Paul. Amour et Justice. Seuil， 2008.
**\---. Autrement： Lecture d'Autrement qu'etre ou au-dela de l'essence d'Emmanuel Levinas. Presses** **Universitaires de France， 1997.**
**\---. Freud and Philosophy： An Essay on Interpretation. Translated by Denis Savage， Yale UP， 1970**
**\---. “In Memoriam： Emmanuel Levinas."Philosophy Today， vol. 40， no. 3， 1996，pp. 331-33.**
\---. La Memoire，L'Histoire， L'Oubli. Seuil， 2000.
**\---. Parcours de la reconnaissance. Editions Stock， 2004.**
**\---. Soi-meme comme un autre. Seuil， 1990.**
单士宏： 《列维纳斯：与神圣性的对话》，姜丹丹等译，华东师范大学出版社，2018年。
\[Saint-Cheron. Interviews with Emmanuel Levinas. Translated by Jiang Dandan， et al.， East China Normal UP， **2018.**
莎士比亚： 《莎士比亚悲剧四种》，，卞之琳译，人民文学出版社，1989年。
\[Shakespeare， William. Four Shakespeare Tragedies. Translated by Bian Zhilin， People’s Literature **Publishing House， 1989.\]**
**责任编辑：黎杨全** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 基于最小二乘原理的建筑物倾斜变形计算
杨为民'，田家林2，杨高山3
(1.河南科技大学建筑工程学院，河南洛阳471003；
2.郑州铁路职业技术学院，郑州450052；3.洛阳市房地产产权产籍监理处，河南洛阳471000)
摘 要：基于最小二乘法的基本原理，分析和讨论了曲线拟合法计算建筑物倾科变形的原理、数学模型和计算方法等全过程。并通过一实例，应用 EXCEL 完成模型的求解及显著性检验，得到精度较高的回归方程。该方法原理简单，模型易于求解，具有一定的实用价值。
关键词：最小二莱法；倾斜变形； EXCEL
建筑物除了要满足强度条件外，还应满足变形条件，过大的变形量会危害到建筑物的安全，影响建筑物的正常使用。为了防止建筑物因倾斜变形造成的破坏，保证建筑物的正常使用，必须对建筑物的倾斜变形进行有效的监測和控制
本文主要介绍利用多元回归模型来确定建筑物墙体倾斜变形量的方法，该方法是利用无反射棱镜全站仪测定墙体上若干点的三维坐标，确定出一个回归平面，求此平面与理论平面的夹角即可得到墙体的倾斜角。这种方法可以消除以特征点为基础的计算所带来的误差，能够较准确地反映倾斜值。
1多元线性回归模型
回归分析是一种处理变量之间相关关系最常用的统计方法，用它可以寻找隐藏在随机性后面的统计规律，这种规律性可以借助相应的函数式表达出来即回归方程
1.1 回归模型的建立
本回归模型是以建筑物的纵向和横向墙体为研究对象，在墙体上测定若干个点的坐标(x，y，z)，利用这些点得到一个平面回归方程
根据最小二乘原理求出回归方程的系数a、b、c 的估计值，使残差的平方和
达到最小。
如果观测点为N个，则N个方程的模型写成
因而，方程(1)就转化为最小二乘估计找β，这个最小问题的解的表达式为p=(x'X)~x’z 它是β的最小线性无偏估计。
1.2倾斜变形的判定
将(1)的平面方程变成如下的形式：
利用回归系数可确定出该回归平面与水平面z=0的夹角，即建筑物墙体的倾斜变形状态。
1.3回归方程的显著性检验
为了验证所求平面方程的正确性，可用方差分析法作检验，按表1计算检验统计量F的值，对于给定的显著水平α，若F≥F(p，n-p-l)，则认为线性回归显著，否则回归方程没有意义。
表1 方差分析表
| 方程来源 | 平方和 | 自由度 | 均方 | F值 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 回归(Q)2=×(-2)2 | | P | 么丝 p | F=g.1Q |
| 误差(Q)2.=>(￥-1)’n-p-1 | | | | |
| | i=I | | h-P一 | |
| 总和(Q)&n)(Y-F) | | 2一 | | |
2
算例及分析
某二层别墅建于山坡上，整体布局大体呈矩
收稿日期：2009-06-02
作者简介：杨为民(1974-)，女，河南伊川人，河南科技大学建筑工程学院助教，硕士。
形，依据要求需测定各面墙的倾斜状态。首先在建筑物的周围建立一个局部坐标系，用无反射棱镜全站仪测量某一墙面4个观测点坐标值列于表2中。
表2观测点的坐标
| 点 | | 坐 | 标 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 号 | 工 | | 2 |
| | 129.881 | 141.571 | 112.321 |
| 2 | 130.262 | 141.599 | 109.118 |
| 3 | 134.700 | 141.864 | 109.756 |
| 4 | 132.161 | 141.710 | 110.917 |
\-.......
由式(2)可得
8是均值为0方差为o²的随机变量，为了简化计算，用Excel“分析工具库”中的“回归分析”分析工具对此组数据进行“最小二乘法”拟合，得系数向量
显著性检验数据如表3。
表3方差分析表
| 平方和 | 自由度均方 | | F值 | 显著水平以 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5.949052 | 2 | 2.974526 | 2474.482 | 0.00016 |
| 0.001202 | 1 | 0：111202 | | |
| 5.950254 | 3 | | | |
回归方程：z=37.33554x-622.814v+83435.62
显然，F>Fs(2，1)=199.5，所求的方程相关性非常显著。该平面与Z=0平面的夹角为 89°54’30"，墙体沿高度方向倾斜了0°05'30”。
3结论
建筑物的倾斜变形观测是一项艰巨而细致的工作，数据的处理方法以能更好地反映建筑物的变形为原则。本文所提出的 Excel 回归分析数据处理方法严密、速度快、精度高，并且所选取的观测点越多拟合的方程越精确，越能准确地反映建筑物墙体的倾斜变形状态，同时显著性检验可以验证所得的回归方程是否有意义，具有一定的实用价值，
参考文献：
\[1\]王有良，唐跃刚.高层建筑倾斜变形数据处理J\]测绘科学，2008，33(2)：165-166.
\[2\] 李云雁，胡传荣.试验设计与数据处理\[M\].北京：化学工业出版社，2005(03)：187-189.
\[3\]龚光鲁.概率论与数理统计\[M\].北京：清华大学出版社2006，282-284.
Computation Method for Inclination Deformation Based on Least Square Principle
YANG Weimin’， TIAN Jialin?， YANG Gaoshan’
(1.Architectural College， Henan University of Science & Technolgy， Luoyang 471003， China；
2\. Zhengzhou Vocation & Technical College， Zhenzhou 450052， China；
3\. Luoyang City Real Estate Registration Office of the Commissioner，Luoyang 471000，China)
Abstract： The least-square method is adopted to analyze and discuss the inelination deformation of building， including its theorem， mathematical model and realization method. An example is presented to realize the solution of model using EXCEL. The precision of regression plane is examined by the theory of significance test. The proposed computation method is simple and accurate， and therefore it is an effective monitoring method with great practical values.
Key words： the least square method； inclination deformation； EXCEL. | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **在OECD会议上**
**2010年12月5日至7日，笔者应邀赴法国巴黎参加了国际经合组织(OECD)召开的主题为“标准、课程和教学”的会议，与会者都是国际经合组织成员国教育部主管学前教育的官员。我国还不是该组织的成员国，只是该组织的伙伴国。笔者是作为特邀专家受邀参加这次会议的。**
**国际经合组织是由34个市场经济国家(主要是经济发达国家)组成的政府间国际经济组织，旨在共同应对全球化带来的经济、社会和政府治理等方面的挑战，并把握全球化带来的机遇。国际经合组织收集的许多资料和分析得出的结论都会公开：什家出版或在网上公布。国际经合组织在教育方面对各国政府最具影响力的是每三年发布一次的PISA测评报告，其测试分析结果已经成为各国政府制定和调整教育政策的重要依据。**
**本次会议讨论的主要议题是“学前教育课程的编制和实施过程中存在的挑战和应对策略”。经济发达国家在学前教育课程的编制和实施过程中存在的挑战虽然不尽相同，却有惊人的相似之处，那就是“政府经费投入不足”“教师专业水平难以达到理想水准”“课程实施的有效性难以证实(即教育评估难以进行)”等。**
**_笔者应邀在会上作了一个_ 为时40分钟的主题报告。我从一个中国学者的视角，就会议的主**
而合鼠
**学前教育：从世界看中国，/**
**华东师范大学学前教育与特殊教育学|**
**题阐述了自己的观点。具体而言，我从学前教育课程的基本原理出发，分析了基于浪漫主义理论的低结构课程。我认为，在这种课程编制和课程实施过程中，一定会遇到“对教师要求高”和“评估困难”两大难题，而人们往往会将解决这两大难题的出路寄希望于政府的加大投入。当前，即便是在经济发达国家，尽管资源丰富、人口稀少、教育经费相对充裕，人们的价值观与课程理念也基本一致，但是在实施这种课程时依然困难重重。因此，笔者提出了类似“一切从实际出发”“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”的观点，得到了许多与会代表的认同。**
**12月7日，国际经合组织公布了2009年PISA测试分析结果，中国上海学生的测试成绩，无论是总成绩还是3项分测试成绩，在65个被测国家和地区中都名列第一，而且测试成绩比其他国家和地区高出许多。笔者在会上**
**亲身感受到了国际经合组织工作人员和成员国官员们的惊讶和赞赏。**
**话说PISA测评**
**PISA测评是当今全球最具权威性的学生学习素养测试之一。1998年，国际经合组织29个成员国与其他国家一起开始研制国际学生评价计划(Pro-gramme for International Student Assessment，缩写为PISA)。来自32个国家的世界一流水平的专家在各成员国政府的指导下，合作制定了这个在不同国家和文化背景下都有可比性、能有效测量相关技能和以真实人生状况为基础的评价学生的方法。**
**PISA测评的目的是发展常规的、可靠的、与政策相关的学生成就指标，从而评价有关国家教育体制的质量、公正和效率水平。PISA测评关注四个目标的实现：学习成果的质量、学习成果的等价性和学习机会的均等性、**
**教育过程的有效性和效率以及教育对社会经济的影响。**
**PISA测评运用最新的教育测量理论以保证评价的公平、公正。 PISA测评使用高质量的评价工具，进行严格的抽样，具有周密的数据收集机制和先进的数据分析方法，对教育体系和学生发展水平进行高效度、高信度的评价。**
**PISA测评提供的指标体系包括：学生知识和技能的基准状况；这些知识和技能与人口分布、社会、经济和教育背景等变量相联系的环境背景指标；源于数据收集的持续性，能说明测试成绩发**
**国看世界家雄**
**生变化的发展趋势指标。**
**PISA测评运用的是可以使心理与教育测量达到客观等距的现代教育测量理论，对学生进行阅读、数学和科学测验，通过学生问卷和学校问卷收集有关社会、文化、经济和教育因素的数据并借此进行项目的建构、参数的校准和相关分析。**
**PISA测评是一项定期的、动态的监控方案。第一次PISA测评在2000年实施，那以后，每三年进行一次测评。**
**PISA测评的核心目的是应答公共教育政策问题。政府需要借此了解这样的问题：我们的教育是否为儿童将来全面参与社会做好了准备?什么样的教育结构和实践能使处于劣势地位的学生得到最大程度的发展?学校教育资源的质量对学生成绩产生多大影响? PISA测评结束后，会提供一份详细评价结果报告，以帮助各国政府深入了解上述问题。**
**PISA测评的重要理论基础是**
**终身学习动态模型。该动态模型认为，学生不可能在学校获得自己终身所需要的所有知识，人人需要终身学习。而要成为具有终身学习能力的人，必须在一些关键领域具有扎实的基础。他们也必须能够组织和调整自己的学习，进行独立学习和集体学习，并能克服学习过程中的困难，这就要求他们了解自己的思维过程、学习策略和方法。因此，PISA不仅评价学生的知识和技能，也要求学生报告有关他们自己的其他情况：学习动机、对自己的了解和对不同学习环境的态度。**
**PISA测评的最重要特点是真实地测试符合各国国情的有用的知识和技能，测评的结果可作为评价知识和技能的有效指标，并且符合国际可比性评价的要求。对于政策制定者来说，通过对比自己国家或地区与其他国家或地区教育系统的成就表现、教育发展趋势走向，能够帮助他们总结已有政策的经验，改善教育政策，并基于PISA提供的指标体系更好地评价和监控教育体制的效力及其发展。**
**这次发布的2009年度PISA测评报告显示，全球有约47万名15岁学生接受了测试。在全部三项测试中，中国上海学生的平均成绩为556分，排名第一，后面依次为韩国(539分)、芬(536)和中国香港(533分)。平均分排名前十位的亚洲国家还有新加坡(526分)、日本(520分)。美国学生在这次测评中表现平平，排名第26，比2000年第一次PISA测评时的排名还要低。**
**在阅读测试中，中国上海学生的平均得分为556分，排名第一；排在第二位的是韩国学生，平均分539分；美国学生平均得分为500分，排名第17位。**
**在数学测试中，中国上海学生平均得分为600分，排名第一；**
**第二名新加坡为562分；美国学生平均得分为487分，排名第32位。**
**在科学能力测试中，中国上海学生平均得分575分，排名第一；排在第二位的是芬兰，平均分554分；美国学生平均分为502，排在第23位。**
**在这份成绩单上，亚洲国家和地区可谓独占鳌头。**
**不同的感受，难解的疑惑**
**从法国回国后，笔者在媒体上看到的，与在巴黎所感受到的全然不同。尽管我们不必太在意“老外们”的评论，但是还是先让我们来看看一些来自西方权威机构或权威人士的评论，从而或多或少地从中获得一些启示。**
**●里根政府时代美国教育部官员切斯特·费恩对中国上海学生的测评成绩感到震惊，他认为这个结果对其心理震撼度不亚于“珍珠港事件”和苏联抢先将人造地球卫星送人太空。**
**●面对美国学生在测评中的表现，美国教育部部长阿尔尼·邓肯坦言：“这是让我们醒来的号角。”邓肯说，“一个简单的事实是，美国需要从其他国家的教育实践中学习很多东西。”他还说，“我知道怀疑论者想要就这个结果进行争辩，但我们认为这个结果是准确可靠的，我们不得不将它看作是挑战，以便做得更好。”**
**●美国媒体对此测评结果进行了大量讨论。美国舆论认为，亚洲教育正在崛起，这并非偶然。虽然并不存在一种取得教育成功的“亚洲道路”，因为亚洲各国教育的成功程度不尽相同，不过，表现出色的亚洲学校有一些共同点：严格的标准、条理清晰的课程安排、高素质的教职工、注重数学和科学、学生付出更长的学习时间和更多的努力等。**
**国际经合组织秘书长安格尔·古里亚认为：“中国上海在此**
**次测评的各个项目中都以明显优势领先，这表明在中等经济发达地区以及不同的社会背景下也可以取得令人瞩目的教育成就。，”他还说：“良好的教育质量意味着该国在未来会有更强的经济增长力。”**
**荷●国际经合组织特别教育顾问施莱歇尔表示，中国绝对不应该被低估。他指出：“实际上，我们在中国的12个省份进行了PISA测评，即使在一些欠发达地区，测评成绩也接近于经合组织的平均水平。” _全_**
**●一位美国记者认为，相对JU于过分散漫自由、校际差异巨大的美国教育，中国学校注重课堂纪律和课程安排、强调教师的品责任心、让学生付出更长学习时间和更多努力等做法，自有可取之处。**
**V再来看看笔者在我国媒体上看到的一些评论，这些评论不只反映了评论者对PISA测评缺卢乏了解，而且反映了评论者的某些偏见。**
**3●上海测试成绩不代表全国水平。**
**项目，测试结果并不具备可比性。**
**·PISA注重基础知识和学习能力，反映的仍旧是知识教育的结果，而这恰是中国学生的强项。这一成绩，不应遮蔽我们在个性培育、人格教育、创造力教育等方面远远落后于其他国家的事实。**
**_中约0_ ●首先，仅仅上海一地无法反映中国的教育整体水平；其用次，PISA主要考察的仍然是掌握绝对知识的水平，对独立思考能力、动手能力、创新能力等中国教育中比较薄弱的方面则没有反映。**
**●PISA不能反映学业是否适合学生个性成长，仅能说明中国教育很重视学业知识的掌握。**
**_用_ ●美国的教育观念对于单纯掌握知识并不是很注重，而主张培养探索精神、自主性，这使美国孩子未来的发展更具多样性。而中国长期以来则是单一取向，这样的模式往往导致孩子们“走向同一条路”，缺乏个性、自主性和多样化发展。进策后小**
**·上海的测试成绩表明上海学生学业负担过重。工下A●上海取得好成绩是中国 _教育的失败。_**
**国家教育政策的风向标**
**有人说，与其说PISA测评是在考学生，倒不如说是在考政府，因为它在考察相关国家的教育制度、教育模式运行是否有效，政府的教育政策是否对头。**
**事实上，世界各国政府无不对PISA测评的结果给予极大的关注，并以此为参考，及时调整自己的教育政策。PISA测评传递着真切的重要信息：面对21世纪激烈的竞争，各国政府都需要“建立迅速提醒决策者的机制，及时纠正任何不利趋势”，都应像建立经济发展指数那样建立人力资源发展指数，及时发现教育中存在的问题，制定教育改革措施。**
**例如，德国自2000年起，在PISA测评中屡屡落败，远远落后于位居首位的国家。德国政府于是将教育改革提到议事日程上来。如加强对移民家庭学生的德语基础教育，帮助他们的语言能力达标；优化课程设置，提高德语课在基础教育中的地位；营造积极向上的校园氛围，倡导纪律和良性竞争，激发学生的学习热情，让学生自觉主动地提高自己的知识和能力。**
**成个又如，日本历经十年“无压力教育”的实验后，发现学生参加PISA测评的成绩节节下降，数学从2000年的榜首到2006年的**
**第十位。于是，日本政府决定大增小学课程内容。尽管日本社会各界对本项政策转变存在意见分歧，但是这一政策依然得到坚决执行。2009年度PISA测评结果显示，日本学生的阅读理解能力从上次的第15名上升为第8名，数学应用能力从上次的第10名上升为第9名，科学应用能力从上次的第6名上升为第5名。日本文部省表示，此次评估数据可以看出日本学生的学习能力得到了很好的改善，但是与排在前几位的国家或地区相比，差距依然很大，仍需进一步改进。的高**
**近些年来，人们似乎有一个共识：世界上最好的学校不在美英等国，而在芬兰，其依据就是PISA测试的成绩。许多国家和地区以芬兰为楷模，调整自己的教育制度。中国大陆和台湾地区的学者似乎也都在忙于帮助政府做这样一件事情。具有戏剧色彩的是，2009年度的PISA测评表明，芬兰虽然依旧名列西方国家之首，却已经被一些东方国家和地区超越了。**
**作为在2009年度PISA测评中名列前茅的我国上海以及其他地区，应该如何思考自己的教育问题呢?**
**笔者的拙见**
**作为中国人，我们需要“借用国际的眼光”，经常地、及时地反省一下自己的思维方式。**
**笔者信服PISA测评的评价理念和技术，更看重我们所获得的世界第一的测试成绩，因为这是“货真价实”的，没有半点虚假。道理很简单，因为国际上有那么多人都很在意这件事情，我们怎么能不在意呢?我对我们的很多人不在意PISA测评感到不解。如若我们不在意，甚至错误地解读PISA测评的结果，那么可能会产生怎样的后果呢?**
**笔者的不解包括：**
**●我们中的许多人为什么想问题的方式总是那么微观?应该认识到，只从教育视角去认识和研究教育是远远不够的。早在上世纪中期，著名教育家布鲁纳就曾对自己的亲身经历以及50年代末、60年代初的课程改革运动的失败发表过看法，他说，“离开了社会背景，课程争论的意义也就黯然失色了”，因为“不顾教育过程的政治、经济和社会环境来论述教育理论的心理学家和教育家，是自甘浅薄的，势必在社会上和教室里受到蔑视”。**
**_●：这次的PISA测评成绩，源_ 于东方文化的国家和地区无一不在测评成绩的前列。我们中的许多人为什么常常对东方文化在教育上所具有的长处不以为然呢?应该看到，东方文化也有璀璨的一面。我国上海地区PISA测评项目负责人在总结上海获得佳绩的原因时，将“得益于中国社会重视学习的文化传统，百姓对子女教育抱有很高期望，相信只要努力学习就会有好的结果”归为首要原因。这是有道理的，因为中国老百姓信奉的就是“业精于勤，荒于嬉”。**
**_●我们中的许多人对教育问_ 题的看法，为什么往往会与西方社会那些牢牢持有西方价值观不放，对中国文化、教育乃至政治持有偏见的人士几近一致?**
**●我们中的许多人为什么总是不满自己的一切?我们的教育固然存在问题，需要不断革新，但是并非一无是处。应该看到，否定我们自己的一切，并不可取。**
**对国际经合组织公布的2009年度PISA测评成绩，笔者的基本想法是：**
**●中国的学生之所以取得如此优秀的成绩，是社会、文化、经济、教育等多种因素综合发挥作用的效应，决非偶然。**
**●外国人不可能真正明白中国的教育到底发生了些什么，就像他们不太明白中国的经济为什么会发展得那么快。但是他们懂得，“测试结果是硬道理”，没有好的结果，就是没有质量的教育。我们中国人看自己的教育，更应该懂得这一点。**
**●我们还要懂得为什么我们已经取得了好的结果。作为一个发展中的国家，我们的教育资源相对缺乏，师资水平相对不高，在这种情况下，我们却能取得这样的成绩，原因究竟何在?**
**●我们应该认真反思，我国的基础教育包括学前教育在内，利弊到底在哪里?我们千万不要只按照某些从来就没有被证实过的理念(它们大多是舶来品)随意地对我国的教育加以肯定或否定。**
**●我们应该如何以全球化的视野和务实的精神继续独占这个PISA 测评的鳌头?**
**●我们决不可轻易抛弃自己最珍贵的东西，否则我们将付出十分沉重的代价。**
**有人以“中国的教育出不了创新人才”为理由，从根本上否定我国的基础教育。PISA的测评结果不但没有证实这一说法，恰恰证伪了这一说法。其实，如若说“中国的教育出不了创新人才”这一说法还有一定道理的话，我认为，问题可能出在高校和研究机构，出在这些地方的体制、机制等方面。**
**我国的学前教育能做些什么**
**PISA 测评的结果以及在全世界掀起的波澜，让我们有了一个从世界看中国，也从中国看世界的机会。我们需要反思的是，应该如何进一步调整自己的政策，应该如何确定进一步的前进方向。我们至少应该思考这样一些问题：我国的学前教育需要解决的根本性问题是什么?作为基础教育重要的一环，学前教育能为基**
**础教育继续保持优势做些什么?如何根据我国的现状，以最小的代价，以适合自己文化和国情的方式，耳得最高效益的学前教育?**
**●要立足于我国社会主义初级阶段这个最大的实际，科学地分析我国全面参与经济全球化的新机遇、新挑战，全面认识工业化、信息化、城镇化、市场化、国际化深人发展的新形势和新任务，深刻把握我国发展面临的新课题、新矛盾，更加自觉地走科学发展的道路。要注重以人为本，坚持从最广大人民群众的根本利益出发谋发展、促发展，加快推进以改善民生为重点的社会建设，在坚持教育公平的原则下，力求在最短的时间里，保质保量地基本普及学前教育，特别是普及农村的学前教育。**
**●质量是教育的基本诉求。要以开放和求实的精神和态度，分析我国学前教育的优势与弊端，扬长避短，保证学前教育既能有益于儿童的发展，又能为儿童人小学打下扎实的基础。**
**●正如国际经合组织秘书长安格尔·古里亚所言：“良好的测试成绩是经济增长的有效预期，而经济富裕和教育经费高投入这样单一的因素已经不能保证良好的测试成绩。PISA 测评表明，将世界划分为经济富裕、高教育质量国家与经济贫困、低教育质量国家的想法已经不复存在。”我国还是个发展中国家，经济尚不富裕，教育资源仍然匮乏，因此，思考学前教育问题的思维方式以及行动方式不可能和发达国家一样，我们还是要走穷国办高质量学前教育的道路。要相信，我们是做得到的。**
**●走穷国办高质量学前教育的道路，不能盲目遵循西方发达国家曾走过或正在走的道路，而要充分认识自己文化和社会的特点，走自我创新的道路。 _白_** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **87558X刊数据**
**2010，-018abas**
**《时代经贸》》福约**
**《时代经贸》是国家新闻出版署正式批准、北京WTO事务中心主办、国内外公开发行的财经类旬刊(国内统一刊号CN11 -5036/F、国际标准刊号ISSN1672- 2949)。自2003年创刊以来，由于其权威性、系统性和前瞻性，在国内外产生了较大影响，深受各级政府财经主管部门、国内外财经界、社会中介、理论研究和教学人员等各界人士的欢迎。**
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zh | N/A | N/A | 内部财务审计在集团企业中的运用
刘红军
(南京侨鸿国际集团有限公司，江苏 南京 210029)
摘要：内部财务审计是在一个单位内部对各种经营活动与控制系统从财务角度所进行的独立评价，集团企业由于下属子分公司众多，会计核算层级复杂，内部财务审计显得尤为重要。
关键词：内部财务审计，特性；作用，实施
内部财务审计是在一个单位内部对各种经营活动与控制系统从财务角度所进行的独立评价，它由独立于被审部门的内部审计机构或内部审计人员来完成，是为了检查单位内部各项财务规章制度是否执行、会计核算流程是否遵守、建立的标准是否遵循、资产的使用是否合理有效以及企业经营目标是否达到。集团企业由于下属子分公司众多，会计核算层级复杂，内部财务审计显得尤为重要。
一、集团企业内部财务审计的特性
1.集团企业内部财务审计的内向性
集团企业内部财务审计通常由集团财务部门、稽核(审计)部门组织人员完成。内部市计的月的在于促进集团内部各公司经营管理和经济效益的提高，因而内部财务审计既要提供监督、评价，更要提供咨询、服务。内部财务审计一般在集团主要负责人领导下进行工作，向集团主要领导负责。
2.集团企业内部财务审计程序相对简化
内部财务审计的程序主要包括计划、实施、终结和后续审计四个阶段。由于内部审计人员对本集团的情况比较熟悉，在组织实施审计时，各个阶段的工作都可以大为简化。一是制定内部财务审计项目计划时可根据集团内部各公司的实际情况结合集团财务年度工作计划拟定，报集团领导批准后实施。二是内部财务审计针对性比较强，许多资料和调查都可以依赖内部审计人员的平时积累。
3.集团企业内部财务审计的灵活性
内部财务审计主要是为集团企业经营管理服务的，这就决定了内部财务审计的范围必然要涉及到集团企业经济活动的方方面面。内部财务审计的形式多样、灵活，既可进行例行内部财务审计又可以进行内部财务专案(专项)审计；既可进行事后内部财务审计还可进行事前(事中内部财务)审计。
4.集团企业内部财务审计的及时性
集团企业内部财务审计人员是集团内部的职工，因而可根据需要随时对集团内部的问题进行审查。集团企业内部财务审计人员既可以根据需要，简化内部财务审计程序，及时开展内部财务审计：还可以通过日常了解，及时发现下属公司管理中存在的问题或问题的苗头，通过与有关职能部门沟通，采取应对措施，纠正已经出现和可能出现的问题。
集团企业内部财务审计的作用主要有：集团企业内部财务审计的监督作用；集团企业内部财务审计的评价作用：集团企业内部财务审计的控制作用，集团企业内部财务审计的促进作用。
二、集团企业内部财务审计的实施
1.制定内部财务审计计划
集团财务部门、稽核(审计)部门在年初时制定集团年度内部财务审计计划，制定内部财务审计项目计划时，应根据财务、稽核年度工作计划，结合被审计公司的实际情况，灵活选定审计时
间。年度审计计划制定好后报集团领导批准，由集团财务部门、稽核(审计)部门组织实施。在对下属公司开始实施内部财务审计前，先下发《内部财务审计通知书》，《内部财务审计通知书》般应包含经下内容：木次内部财务审计的审计目的、审计范围、审计方法、审计人员及审计时间。被审计单位填好回执后交回审计人员，《内部财务审计通知书》及回执是审计底稿的一部分。
2.内部财务审计具体实施
内部财务审计人员进入被审让企业开始审计后，审计人员应主动和被审计企业相关人员做好沟通，请被审计单位及时、完整地提供财务预算、决算资料，合同协议，资产台帐、会计凭证、帐簿等文件。审计人员在进行审计时，应先了解被审计企业的内部流程，比如销售流程、采购流程、费用流程等。流程了解完毕后，审计人员对被审计企业的内部控制进行有效性测试，测试内部控制的有效程度，需要多抽一点样本看看是不是每个样本都是有适当的控制。内部财务审计还有一项重要的工作就是对财务报表科目进行实质性测试，同时，审计人员还应关注被审计企业的资产使用状况，包括资产管理制度的建立情况、台帐登记情况、标签张贴情况、资产的保养情况等。审讨人员在进行审计工作时应及时做好相关工作底稿，并对必要的证据进行复印。审计人员对有关事项进行调查时、有权要求被审计企业相关部门和人员提供证明材料。
3.内部财务审计终结
内部财务审计现场审计结束后，审计人员应及时对工作底稿进行整理(如有疑间及不明确的地方及时和被审计单位进行沟通)，形成《与被审计单位交换意见书》，就审计中发现的问题及拟处理意见和被审计单位交换意见。经和被审计单位交换意见后，就审计中发现的问题形成的最终的处理意见，《与被审计单位交换意见书》需被审计单位相关人员签字确认。审计人员在审计底稿，《与被审计单位交换意见书》、相关测试表格、复印资料等的基础上形成审计报告。审计报告形成后报集团领导审阅，将集团领导的意见及时反馈给被审计单位，并督导被审计单位限期整改。根据实际情况，如有必要，审计人员还应为被审计单位出具管理建议书。
4.后续内部财务审计
内部财务审计结束后，审计人员应持续关注被审单位对审出问题事项的整改和纠正情况，被审单位对提出改进管理、完善制度建议的采纳情况。审计人员要认真分析和评价被审计单位的审计回复，重点关注审计回复不完整、不充分、理解有误或存有异议、尚未采取纠正措施的说明等情况，充分了解其是否针对审计报告提出的问题进行了现象和原因的分析，是否对存在的问题已经采取和将要采取措施，确认哪些问题应与被审计对象探讨或渡清，哪些问题需要进一步作现场核查。必要时，还应对被审计单位进行后续内部财务审计。 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 目 标 与 运
运
动
——兼论伯恩施坦的“修正主义公式”
徐觉哉
(上海社会科学院国外社会主义研究中心，上海200235)
摘要：伯恩施坦曾说：“我对于人们通常所理解的'社会主义的最终目的\*非常缺乏爱好和兴趣。这个目的无论是什么，对我来说都是完全微不足道的，运动就是一切”。这段话后来却被许多人扣上了“修正主义公式"的帽子，但是他的修正主义的实际内容与“公式“之间不存在一种内在的，必然的联系。
关键词：伯恩施短；修正主义；目标：运动 中图分类号：D142
文献标识码：A 文章编号：1008-4479(2005)02-0027-03
江泽民同志曾在2001年的“七一”讲话中，阐述了一个深刻的道理，即“我们对社会未来发展的方向可以作出科学上的预见，但未来的事情具体如何发展，应该由未来的实践去回答。我们要坚持正确的前进方向，但不可能也不必要去对遥远的未来作具体的设想和描绘。”这里实际上涉及到一个目标与运动的关系问题。
我们党历来主张，既要树立共产主义的远大理想，坚定信念，以高尚的思想道德要求和鞭策自己，又要脚踏实地地为实现党在现阶段的基本纲领而不懈努力，扎扎实实地做好现阶段的每一项工作。忘记远大理想而只顾眼前，就会失去前进的方向；离开现实工作而空谈远大理想，就会脱离实际，所以我们应该是最低纲领与最高纲领的统一论者，处理好两者之间的关系。经过这么多年的实践，我们已经看到，实现共产主义是一个非常漫长的历史过程，因此现在不可能也不必要对遥远的未来去作具体的设想和描绘，不然就很容易陷入不切实际的空想。我认为，这是中央在总结了历史的经验教训后所得出的全面和深刻的结论，发人深省。
这就使我想起了伯恩施坦。他似乎也说过
类似关于“社会主义最终目的”的格言，但是这段话却被扣上了“修正主义公式”的帽子。应该如何解释这一是与非的问题呢?讲到伯恩施坦的“修正主义公式”，理论界至今仍存在不同的看法。我查阅了当时的一些文献资料，发现以往人们在这一问题上曲解了他本人的原意。这一公式其实是在1898年1月发表的一篇文章中首次明确提出的。在这以前，伯恩施坦曾经讲过，社会主义是遥远的事，任何一个有健全头脑的社会主义者都不会画出一幅固定模式的未来图画。当时英国社会民主联盟领导人厄·贝·巴克斯认为，这种说法无疑是要把社会主义的实现延期到世界的末日。伯恩施坦感到对方曲解了自己的意思，，一个月后，他在《崩溃论和殖民政策》中答复了巴克斯。他说，如果人们把社会主义的实现理解为建立一个在一切方面都严格执行共产主义规则的社会，那末他觉得这种社会还相当遥远；相反，他坚信现代这一代人能够看到许许多多的社会主义的东西得到实现。接着，他道出了那段公式：“我对于人们通常所理解的“社会主义的最终目的\*非常缺乏爱好和兴趣。这个目的无论是什么，对我来说都是完全微
收稿日期：2004-02-07
作者简介：徐觉哉，男，上海社会科学院国外社会主义研究中心主任，研究员。
不足道的，运动就是一切”。
文章发表后，党内议论纷纷，都说伯恩施坦拒绝关心社会主义运动的最终目的。这就促使伯恩施坦给《前进报》编辑部寄去了一份《声明》。《声明》强调了两点：第一，一个运动没有目的，就是混乱无主的行动，因而也就成了一个没有方向的运动。社会主义运动必须有自己的自觉奔向的目的。但是，这个目的并不是实现一个具体的社会计划，而只能是贯彻一般的社会原则；第二，在有了总目的之后，运动本身及朝着这一目的方向上的进展，便是主要的事情。相对于运动来说，人们如何设想这个发展的最终目的，那的确是无关紧要的了。我觉得，他在这里把自己对“目的与运动”的关系讲清楚了。
他满以为《声明》能为自己作一些开脱，不料仍有一些人断定，从他的论文得出的实践上的结论是：放弃无产阶级夺权政权，甚至有人要求在党代会上对此作出裁决。伯恩施坦感到了问题的严重性，于是又起草了书面报告，委托倍倍尔在1898年斯阁加特代表大会上宣读，以便“不让别人曲解我的论述和从它得出错误的结论。”他在报告中写道： “各民族的发展中的重大时代是不能跳过的，所以我极为重视社会民主党的当前任务，即为工人阶级政治权利的斗争、工人阶级在城市和村镇中为本阶级的利益而进行的政治活动以及工人经济组织的活动。我当时就是在这一意义上写下这句话的：对我来说运动就是一切，人们通常所说的社会主义最终目的是微不足道的”。同时，他又一次声明，“明摆着的是，它不可能是表示对社会主义原则的最终实现漠不关心，而只是对事情将采取‘什么样'的最后形态漠不关心”，“对于将来，我所感到兴趣的从来没有超出一般原则的范围，我也不能读完任何本描绘将来的书。我所关心的和努力以赴的是现在和最近将来的任务，超出这一范围之外的远景，只有当它们能够成为我在这一方面的有效行动的准绳时，才能引起我的注意。”在这里，“最终目的”的概念有了特定的内涵，即社会的“最后形态”，这种有关未来社会的模式，当然很难事先预料。他的这些表述，给了我们一些全新的概念，对我们进一步理解“修正主义公式”的真正含义是有帮助的。
果然，伯恩施坦的报告得到了一部分同志的谅解。威·李卜克内西说，从伯恩施坦的某些声明来看，他并没有放弃社会主义的基础和最终目的，与此相反，他曾表示拥护社会主义的基础
和最终目的。可是，还有不少同志仍旧拒不接受伯恩施坦所谓的“狡辩”。普列汉诺夫起先认为，伯恩施坦的公式是在把德国剧作家莱辛的一句名言加以翻新；可是后来他又发现“公式”是从德国资产阶级经济学家舒尔采·格弗尼茨的《论社会和平》一书中套用过来的。作者写道：“一切生产资料的国有化作为最终目的是被接受或被否决，实质上是无关重要的；因为这一要求对于革命的社会主义说来固然是必需的，但对于那些把近目标放在较远目标之前的实际政治的社会主义说来就不是必需的了。”普列汉诺夫把“公式”与这位作者所说的“实际政治的”社会主义者认为最终目的的意义不大的议论联系起来，认为伯恩施坦正是在感染了这种社会主义的精神以后，急忙宣布自己对最终目的新态度。
于是，伯恩施坦在《前提和任务》一书中回答了普列汉诺夫“惊人的博学深思”。他承认自己在提出这一公式时曾受到一位名人的启迪，但他不是莱辛，也不是舒尔采·格弗尼茨，而是马克思。马克思在《法兰西内战》中指出：工人阶级“并没有想靠人民的法令来实现现成的乌托邦。他们知道，为了谋得自己的解放，同时达到现代社会由于本身经济发展而不可遏制地趋向着的更高形式，他们必须经过长期的斗争，必须经过一系列将把环境和人都完全改变的历史过程。工人阶级不是要实现什么理想，而只是要解放那些在旧的正在崩溃的资产阶级社会里孕育着的新社会因素。”伯恩施坦认为自己在写下关于最终目的的那句话时，所想到的虽然不是这段话的全部观点，但确是它的基本思想，马克思在这里不正是说，运动即“一系列的历史过程”就是一切，而任何事先详细确定的最终目的即“现成的乌托邦”同它比较起来是无关紧要的吗?与此同时，伯恩施坦意识到马克思在《共产党宣言》中曾经预示过未来的阁景，但那里只是描述了一个很笼统的轮廓，而且同工人阶级按照其生活条件必然形成并且在实质上也已形成的社会意识是十分适合的，因而不能把它说成是纯粹的空想。他同意人们从事物发展的趋势出发去预言未来，虽然这只是一种推论，但它是以事实为根据的。他断言，正在成熟着的现代工人阶级，“用不着这个毕竟是模糊的“最终目的’去鼓舞它为社会主义奋斗。”
1893年5月11日，恩格斯在回答《费加罗报》记者关于德国社会党人给自己提出什么样的最终目标的提问时说过：“我们没有最终目标。我们
是不断发展论者，我们不打算把什么最终规律强加给人类。关于未来社会组织方面的详细情况的预定看法吗?您在我们这里连它们的影子也找不到。当我们把生产资料转交到整个社会的手里时，我们就会心满意足了。”客观地说，伯恩施坦与恩格斯在这一问题上的意见基本上是一致的。
“最终目的”的概念在伯恩施坦那里始终有着特定的内涵，这就是指未来社会的具体模式或设想，因而在他看来是不可想象的。从党内几次争论的情况看，对“最终目的”的理解，实际上存在着不同的意见。在1898年10月斯图加特党代会上，卢森堡反对“把这个最终目的理解为关于未来国家的这种或那种设想，而是要理解为建立一个未来社会之前必须先解决的问题，即夺取政权”。她认为，“夺取政权仍然是最终目的，最终目的仍然是斗争的灵魂”。而伯恩施坦则认为，“工人阶级夺取政权，对于资本家的剥夺，这些事本身并不是最终月的，而只是实现一定的月的和意图的手段。”对同一概念理解不同，势必会产生两种分歧的意见：一个认为“微不足道”； 个却坚持对之必须“有非常清楚的认识”。后来，伯恩施坦在资本主义制度预计“有比过去所假定的更长的寿命和更强的弹性”的历史条件下，对马克思主义理论提出了全面的修正。在他看来，工人阶级只要在政治上和经济上进行一系列的“运动”，即通过把工人阶级组织起来，“训练”他们“运用”资产阶级议会民主的“合法手段”，来“改造国家制度”；通过工人的经济组织、地方自治机构实行对“经济生活的监督”，资本主义就能“和平长入社会主义”。于是，列宁认为，“伯恩施坦的这句风行一时的话，要比许多长篇大论更能表明修正主义的实质。”但是，列宁并没有就这一方面的问题作进一步的分析。
当时资产阶级曾经为伯恩施坦喝过采，而威·李卜克内西却为伯恩施坦作过辩护。“公式”发表后，自由党人克吕格尔利用伯恩施坦的言论来反对德国社会民主党；资产阶级报纸也鼓吹；“伯恩施坦是我们的人，我们所希望的一切正是他所希望的。”这里的情况是复杂的。有一个佐证便是威·李卜克内西所给予的回答：如果资产阶级报刊的批评家费心细读一下伯恩施坦的著作那么他们将会发现，他“根本没有攻击社会民主党的基础和‘最终目的'，即把一切生产手段转为社会所有和按集体的(社会主义的)原则组织生产。”所以，我认为，资产阶级的喝采决不意味着“公式”的错误。
那么：“公式”的这种表述形式是否存在着不妥之处，是否宣布“最终目的是微不足道的”，就能被认为取消理想?应该说，从伯恩施坦特定的内涵出发，不能认为那段话是错误的，但是用这种公式化的格言去阐述科学理论，往往会带来一定的缺陷，容易引起误解。由于条件限制，有些同志很可能没有注意到伯恩施坦的有关补充说明，或者没有弄清“最终月的”的特定内涵，而味地从字面上去加以理解，结果歪曲了伯恩施坦的本意。针对这种情况，伯恩施坦本人曾经表示：“如果这句关于最终月的的话的形式会容许人把它解释成宣称任何表述为原则的工人运动的般目的毫无价值的话，那末我乐意放弃这种形式”。至于宣布“最终目的是微不足道的”就被认为是取消理想，这在理解上是错误的。在这个问题上，倍倍尔认为，从哲学上讲不存在最终月的，可以说得过去；但是对一个正在进行斗争的党、一个想达到确定目标的党来说，必须有一个最终目的。有人说，伯恩施坦宣布自己对最终目的漠不关心，就是把理想抛到脑后去了。我看不能作这种解释。伯恩施坦修正马克思主义，并不等于背弃社会主义，取消最终理想。1901年卢卑克党代会上，他曾表示：“你们希望把最终目的放在心上，我承认这一最终目的，如果你们希望有一个理想的话，但是我认为，这个理想就存在于一步一步向前迈进的实践运动本身之中。”由于社会主义的理想是未来的事情，所以“它带有一种思辨的理想主义因素，包含着一部分科学上没有得到证实的东西或者科学上无法证实的东西。”我想，这一番表述是没有理由遭到指责的，而且评判他对某些问题的看法，主要根据也只能以他本人的言论为准。
应该说，他的修正主义的实际内容与“公式”之间不存在一种内在的、必然的逻辑联系，不能以为修正主义者讲出的每一句话都带有修正主义的色彩。因此，不能牵强地用“公式”去表明修正主义的实质，并且给“公式”扣上一顶“修正主义”的帽子。反过来，是否可以说，正是“公式”所掀起的波澜，冲掉了当时许多过分令大的许诺和期待，使党冷静地沉思革命的策略，从而达到政治目的。从这一意义上而言，我们党正是吸取了这方面的历史教训，从而让大家深刻地认识这个道理。
(责任编辑刘华安) | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **水中余氯监测分析方法概述**
罗明静，朱会军(黔南生态环境监测中心，贵州都匀558000)
摘要：目前，我国水中余氯的监测主要以实验室分析为主。其中，比色法和容量法因其具有操作简单、精密度和准确度高、适用范围广泛等优点成为实验室分析方法中最主要的分析方法；现场快速测定分析主要以比色法以及在比色法的基础上衍生的相关方法为主；在线监测分析方法多数为以余氯传感器为原理的电化学分析方法，其具有设备简单、操作方便等优点。文章对上述每一种分析方法的原理、适用范围、检出限及方法优化等进行了详细论述。
**关键词：水质；余氯；检出限**
**中图分类号：X-1 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1008-4800(2022)20-0022-04**
DOI：10.19900/j.cnki.ISSN1008-4800.2022.20.008
Overview of Monitoring and Analysis Methods for Residual Chlorine in Water
**LUO Ming-jing， ZHU Hui-jun’**
**(Qiannan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center， Duyun 558000， China)**
**Abstract： At present， the monitoring and analysis methods of residual chlorine in water in my country are mainly based on laboratory analysis. Among them， colorimetry and volumetric methods have become the most important analytical methods in laboratory analysis methods because of their simple operation， high precision and high accuracy. The on-site rapid determination and analysis are mainly based on colorimetry， as well as related methods derived from colorimetry. Most of the online monitoring and analysis methods are electrochemical analysis methods based on the principle of residual chlorine sensors， which have the advantages of simple equipment and convenient operation. This paper summarizes the method principle， scope of application detection limit and method optimization of each analysis method in detail.**
**Keywords： water quality， residual chlorine， detection limit**
**0引言**
新冠肺炎疫情防控环境下，含氯消毒剂因其消毒效果好、安全、使用简单等优点被公共场所及许多家庭所广泛使用，但过量使用可能会造成地表水、地下水和生活饮用水水源地中余氯含量过高。除此之外，排入城市污水处理厂的污水中余氯含量过高，将会影响生化处理单元的正常运行。因此，准确地检测水中余氯的含量及存在状态，对做好水质消毒工作，保证消毒效果及用水安全都极为重要。
目前，我国对城市供水、工业废水、医疗废水及生活污水等水质的消毒和灭菌仍然以加氯消毒为主。含氯消毒剂在与水经过一定时间的接触后，其中一部分被水中的细菌、微生物、有机物和无机物等可氧化物质消耗，剩余的部分被称为游离余氯或是剩余氯，由次氯酸、次氯酸盐离子和单质氯组成。除此之外，当水中含有氨、有机胺类氮化物时，将与含氯化合物反应生成化合余氯。游离余氯和化合余氯统称总余氯。一般情况下，我们把余氯作为水体加氯量多少的一个依据，以此来判断水体氯化消毒的效果。如果水中余氯含量过低，将导致管网末端细菌滋生，无法达到预期的消毒效果，降低了供水的卫生安全性；相反，如果余氯量过多，不仅会给水带来刺激性的味道，同时易与
**水中的有机物反应生成三氯甲烷等具有致癌潜在生态毒性的含氯消毒副产物，对人体健康、水生生物及生态环境都会造成危害·5。**
**因此，准确、快速而有效地测定水中余氯含量对于水质的监测和评价、饮用水安全、人体健康及生态安全都具有十分重要的意义。本文对水中余氯含量监测的实验室标准分析方法、现场快速测定分析方法及在线监测分析方法进行了概述，希望能够为今后水中余氯的监测方法的发展提供参考。**
**实验室标准分析方法**
**1比色法**
根据显色剂的不同，实验室测定水中余氯的方法主要有：丁香醛连氮分光光度法、邻联甲苯胺(DMB)分光光度法、3，3'，5，5'-四甲基联苯胺(TMB)比色法、N，N-二乙基-对苯二胺(DPD)分光光度法等分析方法。
**1.1.1丁香醛连氮分光光度法**
**我国《生活饮用水卫生规范》(2001)b推荐丁香醛连氮分光光度法作为测定余氯的方法之一，该方法适用于氯化消毒后的生活饮用水及其水源水中游离余氯的测定(最低检测质量浓度为 0.05 mg/L)。其原理是丁香醛连氮与水中余氯发生反应生成具有醌式**
结构的紫红色化合物，但其反应产物的颜色易褪色、稳定性差，反应重现性不好，因此其推广应用受到了限制。
**1.1.2 DMB分光光度法**
DMB 分光光度法是生活饮用水中余氯测定常用的分析方法之一图。但邻联苯胺被证实具有潜在的致癌性，且会对环境对造成二次污染。因此该方法目前已被 TMB 比色法取代。
**1.1.3TMB比色法**
TMB 为非致癌物和非致突变物，目前已作为一种新型安全的显色剂被广泛应用于环境水质监测领域。我国 GB/T 5750.11一2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法消毒剂指标》规定了使用TMB 作为显色剂测定生活饮用水及水源水中游离余氯，该方法适用于经氯化消毒后的生活饮用水及水源水中余氯的测定(最低检测质量浓度为0.005 mg/L)在 pH<2的酸性溶液中，余氯与TMB 发生反应，生成黄色的醌式化合物，用目视比色法定量。立即比色后所得的结果为游离余氯；放置10 min 后所得的结果为总余氯。在该方法的基础上，陈美珠等1101、孟冼献等111及康苏花等112\]对TMB法测定水中余氯的实验条件等进行了改进探讨。研究表明，TMB比色法检测水中余氯具有灵敏度高、显色稳定、重现性好及使用安全等优点。
**1.1.4 DPD分光光度法**
我国 GB/T 5750.11—2006规定了用DPD分光光度法测定生活饮用水及水源水中游离氯，适用于经氯化消毒后的生活饮用水及其水源水中游离氯和各种形态的化合性余氯的测定例。该标准用高锰酸钾溶液配制永久标准系列，具有标准稳定、实验重复性高等优点。行业标准 HJ586-2010《水质游离氯和总氯的测定N，N-二乙基-1，4-苯二胺分光光度法》适用于地表水、工业废水、医疗废水等水中的游离氯和总氯的测定，该标准用碘酸钾标准溶液配制标准系列\[3。其原理为在 pH 6.2~6.5的条件下，DPD能够直接与水中的游离余氯发生反应，生成红色的醌二亚胺类化合物。当存在过量碘化钾时，单质氯、次氯酸、次氯酸盐和氯胺与 DPD 反应生成红色化合物，与515 nm 波长处测定其吸光度，测定总氯。该方法操作简单、检出限低、适用范围广，但在实际实验过程中发现该方法校准曲线的重复性差，线性难以达到标准要求、实验结果不稳定。因此，为进一步提高实验结果的真实性、准确性和全面性，许多研究人员对该方法进行了进一步的探索和优化。结果表明，影响实验结果的主要因素有以下几点：(1)碘酸钾标准使用液加酸后的反应时间\[14-16\]；(2)光照115\]，(3)DPD显色剂的保存141；(4)显色时间\[17-18\]。因此，在避光条件下，将加酸反应时间由
1 min 延长到20~45 min，加入氢氧化钠、磷酸盐缓冲溶液及显色剂(4℃下保存时间小于7 d)后在10 min内完成比色，能够得到稳定的吸光度值，相关系数能够达到 r>0.999 的要求。
**在 DPD 分光光度法的基础上，王镇浦等119研究并建立了测定水中痕量总余氯和游离余氯的N，N-二乙基-1，4-苯二胺反向流动注射分光光度法。该方法测定总余氯和游离余氯的检出限分别 0.035 mg/L和0.038 mg/L，适用于自来水中游离氯和总氯的测定。**
**1.2容量法**
我国推荐测定水中余氯的容量法主要有碘量滴定法和N，N-二乙基-对苯二胺(DPD)-硫酸亚铁铵滴定法。
**1.2.1碘量法**
碘量滴定法原理为氯在酸性溶液中与KI作用，释放定量的Ⅰ，再以硫代硫酸钠标准溶液滴定。化学反应式如下：
**《水和废水监测分析方法》(第四版)规定了用碘量滴定法测定水中总氯含量。该法适用于含量大于1.0 mg/L的生活用水中总氯的测定，包括次氯酸、次氯酸盐、一氯胺及二氯胺等。**
2012年，杨珍等I201对碘量法测定自来水中余氯的相关条件进行了优化。实验结果表明，优化后的碘量法所测得的余氯含量与 DPD分光光度法所测余氯含量相当，数据重现性好，准确度高。
**1.2.2 N，N-二乙基-对苯二胺(DPD)-硫酸亚铁铵滴定法**
该方法的原理为在pH 6.2~6.5的条件下，游离氯与 DPD 直接反应生成红色化合物，用硫酸亚铁铵标准滴定至红色消失。相同条件下，当存在过量碘化钾时，单质氯、次氯酸、次氯酸盐和氯胺与 DPD 反应生成红色化合物，用硫酸亚铁铵标准溶液滴定至红色消失为总氯。《水和废水监测分析方法》(第四版)和国家标准《水质游离氯和总氯的测定 N，N-二乙基-对苯二胺滴定法》211均规定了水中游离氯和总氯的测定。前者适用于经加氯处理的饮用水、医院污水、造纸废水及印染废水等的测定(测定范围为 0.03~5.00 mg/L)；后者适用于工业废水、医疗废水、生活污水、中水和污水再生的景观用水中游离氯和总氯的测定(检出限为0.02 mg/L)。
1.3其他分析方法
**1.3.1 HPLC-UV法**
2009年，赵普绣\[22报道了 HPLC-UV 测定工业用水水中游离氯和总氯的测定方法。该方法采用ShimadZUVP-ODS-C18 柱(250 mmx 4.6mm，5 um)，在 280 nm紫外波长下，以乙腈：水(75：25)作为流动相、柱温25℃等条件下对游离氯和总氯进行定性、定量分析。该方法具有操作简便、灵敏度高、准确性和重现性好的特点，可用于痕量分析，适合工业用水的水质监测使用。但仪器价格昂贵，对人员、操作要求比较高，不适于广泛推广。
**1.3.2 离子色谱法**
**2012年，石允生等1231报道了测定生活饮用水中余氯的离子色谱法。该方法原理为过量的亚硝酸钠溶液与饮用水中的余氯发生氧化还原反应，将反应生成的硝酸盐溶液注入离子色谱进行分析。根据反应前后硝酸盐氮的变化量，计算得出饮用水中余氯的含量。化学反应方程式如下：**
**基于该方法原理及硝酸盐在离子色谱的阴离子色谱柱上易于分离的性质，作者对生活饮用水中余氯进行了定量分析研究。实验结果表明，在亚硝酸盐过量、体系pH 大于等于4.5以及在环境温度大于5℃的条件下，该方法检出限为 0.008 mg/L，相对标准不确定度为0.68%~5.95%，回收率为94.23%~103.1%。该方法操作简单、安全且数据真实准确，重复性好，可用于生活饮用水中余氯含量测定。**
**1.3.3亚硝酸盐一紫外吸收光谱法**
**2013年，刘向华等\[24\]报道了亚硝酸盐-紫外吸收光谱法测定水中游离氯，该方法以硝酸盐氮绘制标准系列，适用于测定生活饮用水中游离氯的含量。研究表明，过量的亚硝酸钠能够定量地还原水中游离氯，其生成的硝酸盐的量与游离氯的含量成正比，在220 nm 波长下测定其吸光度值，能够以此计算出水中游离氯的含量。该法灵敏度为：0.05mg/L，RSD 为1.43%~10.00%，回收率为94.23%~103.20%。**
**_2_ 现场快速测定及在线监测分析方法**
由于余氯在水中不稳定，尤其含有有机物和其他还原性无机物时，更容易分解而消失，因此应尽量在现场测定水中余氯的含量11.25。
**我国推荐的余氯快速现场测定方法为 HJ 586-2010《水质游离氯和总氯的测定N，N-二乙基-1，4-苯二胺现场测定法》131。该方法适用于工业废水、医疗废水、生活污水和中水中游离氯和总氯的测定。方法检**
**出限为 0.04 mg/L，测定下限为0.16 mg/L。**
**在分光光度法的基础上，马小茹等\[26\]运用顺序流动注射分析技术，设计了一种新的顺序定量环注射分析法来测定水中余氯，方法检出限为 0.004 mg/L。与 HJ 586—2010标准方法相比，该方法试剂和试样用量极少、检测线性范围宽、易于程序设计和实现自动化监测，适用于自来水厂、供水管网及游泳池等水中余氯的在线自动监测。**
除以上方法外，李建鄂\[271、贾桂华等1281、赵庆友等129、袁耀芬\[30\]分别采用不同的指示电极制备了在线分析仪，用于余氯的在线监测。其测定原理为：利用憎水型选择性渗透膜(PTFE)将电解液与待测水样隔开，渗透膜可以选择性地让ClO-渗透，在工作电极(阴极)上发生还原反应，从而产生扩散电流信号。其电化学反应式如下：
根据 Ilkovic 方程：
**式中：I为扩散电流；n为单位面积上交换的电子数量；A为工作电极表面积；F为法拉第常数；D为去极化剂的扩散系数；c为溶液中待测物质的浓度；8为工作电极和溶液间扩散层的厚度。**
**从上式可以得知其扩散电流Ⅰ与溶液中待测物质的浓度c呈正比关系。因此，通过测量电流值，即可得到待测水样中余氯含量。利用在线余氯分析仪不仅可用于自来水厂、游泳池水及医疗废水等水中余氯的在线监测，也可用于实验室分析，具有良好的应用前景。**
2020年，曹胜等B311对 N，N-二乙基-1，4-苯二胺分光光度法和 Pal-interst Kemio(百灵达检测器)电化学快速检测方法测定自来水、生活污水及医疗废水等水中总余氯进行了对比研究。根据实验结果分光光度法和Kemio 电化学法的相对标准偏差范围分别为2.24%~3.04%和2.27%~4.02%；其相对误差分别为1.01%~4.81%和2.02%~5.77%，由此可见分光光度法具有较高的精密度及准确度。然而使用分光光度法测定时易受到氧化锰等物质的干扰，在医疗机构污水或隔离场所的样品采集和监测存在很大的感染风险。Kemio电化学法具有操作方便、检测时间短等优点，且测量结果精密度和准确度能够很好地与分光光度法进行比对，具有广泛的适用性。
**3结语**
**综上所述，我国水质余氯的检测主要有实验室分析和现场快速测定以及在线监测等分析方法。实验室分析方法主要以比色法和容量法为主。其中，DPD分**
光光度法是目前应用最为广泛的比色法，其准确度和精密度较高，检出限普遍较低，适用于地表水、工业废水医疗废水、生活污水中余氯的测定，但易受干扰物质影响，不适用于较混浊或色度较高的水样。容量法反应迅速、操作简单、实验结果具有良好的准确性和重复性，检出限较比色法高，适用于大多数水质中高浓度余氯的测定。现场快速测定及在线监测分析方法分析分别以 DPD分光光度法和电化学法为主。与实验室分析相比，现场快速测定及在线分析方法分析速度更快、更直接，选择性和重现性较好，能够实现水质余氯的在线监测和控制，对保证用水安全及有效及时地控制环境水质质量具有十分重要的意义。
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作者简介：①罗明静(1995-)，女，汉族，贵州瓮安人，助 **理工程师，硕士，研究方向：环境有机物监测分析。**
②朱会军(1989-)，男，汉族，江西吉安人，工程师，硕士， **研究方向：环境有机物监测分析(通讯作者)。** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **浅谈电视节目后期制作中的剪辑艺术**
**文|孙大伟**
**摘要：影视剪辑是电视节目后期制作的重要流程之一，指由剪辑师将前期采集拍摄的视觉素材进行分解、重新组合及编辑，从而构成一期完整的节目。剪辑可以说是电视节目制作中的最后一道工序，是兼具技术和艺术的创作新工作，其制作水平和审美内涵直接影响电视节目的质量。本文主要就电视节目后期制作中的剪辑艺术做一探讨。**
关键词：电视节目；后期制作；剪辑艺术
电视节目创作主要包括三个阶段，一是策划脚本的创作阶段，二是视觉素材的采集阶段，：三是后期剪辑和包装制作阶段。在时代迅速发展的背景下，受众对电视节目的审美要求越来越高，剪辑作为决定电视节目传播成效的重要因素，需要兼具技术性和艺术性，利用蒙太奇手法将最合适的画面素材，按照理想方式进行组接，以达到电视节目主题鲜明、节奏流畅、结构严谨的制作目的，从而增强电视节目艺术表现力和传播价值。
_1_ 电视节目后期制作概述
电视节目的后期制作是指按照编导要求运用专业电视设备就将前期采集到的节目素材进行加工和整理，最终达到节目播出要求的过程。随着电视节目制作技术的不断进步，视频存储和处理技术的迅速发展，后期制作已经成为电视节目制作中至关重要的环节。在后期制作阶段，制作人员不仅要熟练掌握操作技术和规程，还应结合自身想象力和创造力对节目素材进行再加工，以提高节目的可看性和艺术表现力。
电视节目后期制作是电视作品生产的重要环节，它依据电视节目的整体构思，运用相关制作技巧将节目素材进行有机的分解、衔接、组合、调整和修饰，赋予电视节目以严谨的结构、明快的节奏和符合电视节目艺术表达的修饰效果。在电视节目制作过程中，制作技术固然重要，但镜头语言和编辑思想对于表现电视节目思想内涵同样具有不可或缺的作用。后期制作作为电视节目总结和再创造的重要阶段，需要制作者从大量的节目素材中选出合适的画面内容，配合以声音、文字、动画及特效等
多种视听素材，组接成完整的电视节目。后期制作艺术水平的高低对整个电视节目的制作完成意义重大。电视节目中镜头的变化，场景的转换，音乐的节奏，主持人和嘉宾的表现都需要后期制作的再创作才能完成。这其中镜头的删减、声音的编辑、镜头数量和长度的掌握都是影响电视节目播出效果的重要元素。。电视节目后期制作是相关工作人员艺术思维与现代影视后期制作技术相结合的过程，需要密切配合节目策划脚本，结合编导思想，综合自身各方面艺术修养，发挥艺术再创造的潜力，更好的表达电视节目的艺术效果，使受众在欣赏电视节目的同时，获得精神上的愉悦和享受。
_2_ 电视节目后期制作中的剪辑技巧
电视节目后期制作中的剪辑是电视节目创作中一种重要的艺术手法，电视节目所采集到的各种视觉素材，都需要剪辑者运用蒙太奇将合适的画面段落进行二次艺术加工，达到电视艺术与后期制作技术的完美结合。蒙太奇是电视节目制作中最为常用也是必不可少的艺术手段，简单的说就是剪辑，是镜头之间、画面段落之间排列和组合的方法。蒙太奇的剪辑方法具有叙事和表意两大功能，具体分为可以叙述故事和交代情节的叙事性蒙太奇和用于加强情绪渲染效果的表现性蒙太奇。为表达电视节目的主题和思想内涵，可以在运用蒙太奇的基础上明确画面类型，将对节目主题起到点题、修饰作用的支点画面，围绕节目主题交代环境、事物关系、时间的交代画面，穿插与支点画面和交代画面之间的过渡画面按照不同的表述功能分清类别，并合理运用蒙太奇手法进行不
同类型画面的组接。在电视节目后期剪辑中，对于电视画面的选取是一个有意识的复杂过程，需要保证所选取的画面应符合受众的思维规律和视觉习惯，所选择的素材应服务于节目主题和内容，与节目类型相吻合，尽量选择审美性强，有利于结构设置和情节表现的画面素材，经过剪辑和声音、字幕、特技等元素的加工，组接成为影像构图合理、设计新颖、画面清晰的电视节目，更好的表达电视节目的艺术效果。
电视节目的视搅素材剪辑是实践性很强的工作，单纯的掌握蒙太奇手法、画面分类及选择技巧还不能制作出具有艺术感染力的电视节目。在实际剪辑过程中还需要遵循逻辑性原则和匹配原则，注重剪辑节奏的控制和整体结构的把握。电视节目画面组接的逻辑性原则是指节目剪辑过程中镜头画面的分解、删减、穿插、重组要符合生活逻辑、受众心理逻辑和艺术表现逻辑。生活逻辑是指事物本身发展变化的逻辑，即生活自身规律，是画面组接过程中最根本的依据。受众心理逻辑强调视觉画面的剪辑要让受众看清画面内容，理解节目主题，满足受众情感共鸣。艺术表现逻辑指除了叙事电视节目内容之外，画面的剪辑要按照编导某种艺术表现需要，表达某种情感或情绪。匹配原则是剪辑的两个画面素材，同一主体所处位子要保持逻辑关系的空间统一，使画面在连接时产生和谐的视觉效果。匹配原则对画面剪辑最基本的要求就是保证景别的匹配、方向的匹配及影调色调的匹配。
电视节目后期制作中进行画面素材组接的基本原则是动接，静接静。运动画面的组接需要按照单个镜头画面的运
**从湖南卫视周播剧微探“中国式”周播剧的现状与出路**
**文|文 怡**
**摘要：在国外周播剧模式发展日益成熟的情况下，中国周播剧发展却刚刚起步。本文尝试从湖南卫视2012年的周播剧出发，从中国周播剧的起步情况，特点两方面对其发展现状进行浅析，并通过中美电视剧对比浅析了中国周播剧发展的限制因素并提出了周播剧”中国化”的建议。**
**_1_ 中国周播剧的发展现状**
从1958年我国第一部电视剧《一口菜饼子》播出到现在，随着我国经济文化的快速发展，电视剧产业的发展势头愈加迅猛，仅2011年一年，全国生产完成并获得发行许可证的电视剧就达469部，当之无愧的“电视剧第一生产大国”，但其中为观众所观看且记忆的精品却寥寥无几，电视剧制作模式也基本为目播剧，在其他国家盛行的周播剧，在中国却是刚刚起步，并且举步维艰。
1.1 中国周播剧的起步
周播剧是指每周在固定时间播出一集或两集的电视剧，采用边拍边播的制
动方向及速度，结合表现主体的运用选择剪辑点。对于运动形式相同、主体不同的镜头画面，应剪除镜头画面相连处起幅和落幅，仅保留起始镜头的起幅和终结镜头的落幅，使画面产生流畅而强烈的动感。尽量避免选择主体相同，镜头运动方式较多的画面片段，使受众产生视觉上的混乱。对于运动形式相同、主体不同、运动方向相反的镜头画面，通常使画面相连接处起幅和落幅做短暂停留，给受众以适应的过程。对于运动形式变化迅速的镜头，如急推或急拉镜头的连续组接，需适当保留镜头相连接处的起幅和落幅，保证镜头画面的清晰。
电视节目固定画面的剪接因镜头处于静止状态，其剪接方法则需要根据画面内容中主体的运动情况而选择。固定画面中，主体静止的剪接需要找到两个画面中主体在逻辑关系、空间关系、景别、构图、光影、色彩、线条等元素形成的画面造型上所表现出的关联性或一致性，并保持相等的画面长度，形成
作方式，具有跨度较长、剧情开放的特点。周播剧在欧美等国家十分盛行，其中美国周播剧通过网络传播的方式在中国更是大行其道。在中国内地，湖南卫视曾于2011年尝试以周播剧的模式制作了电视剧《被遗弃的秘密》，但最终以失败告终。
2012年下半年，湖南卫视再次试水，古装剧《轩辕剑》以每周4集的形式登陆其在周末开辟的“第一周播剧场”，收视不俗。但随后在同一剧场播出的《新白发魔女传》的收视却并不理想。同年11月， 《姐姐立正向前走》、《艾米加油》同时登陆湖南卫视“第一
统一的剪辑节奏。如需要组接的固定画面中出现不同运动形式的主体，需根据前后镜头画面中不同运动主体的运动方向、速度、轨迹等元素的相似性选择剪辑点。在表现静态对象时，若前一段为固定镜头画面，后为运动镜头画面，通常将固定画面与起幅短暂停留的运动画面相组接，产生良好的视觉连贯性。在表现呼应关系时，如运动画面以跟、甩、移等镜头运动方式进行拍摄，与后面表现呼应关系的固定画面相组接时，可剪除运动画面落幅。如固定画面在前，运动画面在后，同理剪除固定画面落幅即可。
3 总 结
电视节目后期剪辑是一项实践性较强的工作，需要制作者具有一定的专业技术能力充分发挥自己的想象力和创造力进一步完善作品，剪辑师需要在熟悉镜头组接的基础上，运用蒙太奇手法将画面素材组接成有层次、有变化、有内涵的片段，表达出电视节目的主题和传播价值，
周播剧场”，湖南卫视在周末以两剧连播的方式再次探索“中国式”周播剧之路。同一时间打出周播剧口号的还有上海卫视《刷新3+7》。尽管中国内地的卫视有心开辟“周播剧”这一领域，但事实上，这几部剧从其制作模式来看，都尚不能算作真正意义上的周播剧，仅仅停留在形式上的“周播”
1.2 “中国式”周播剧的特点
1.2.1 “完全型”制播分离
我国电视剧从制作到播出需要经历一个“二审”：：拍摄前向国家广播电影电视总局申请拍摄许可证，进行立项审批；电视剧制作完工后再经相关部门进
使受众通过电视这一传播载体，在获取画面信息的同时，享受到更多的艺术美感。电视节目后期制作的剪辑工作可以说是一次视觉艺术的再创造，只有符合整个电视节目艺术表达，才能实现技术与艺术的完美结合，创作出具有艺术感染力和审美内涵的电视节目。
参考文献
\[1\]朱兴敏.浅谈影视后期制作与编辑\[J\].大众文艺，2010(13) **·**
\[2\]张跃红.电视节目后期的剪辑技巧\[J\].科技传播，2011(18).
\[3\]李相臣，李爱平.浅析影视后期剪辑编辑艺术\[J\].电影评介，2008(19).
\[4\]韩颖.后期编辑在电视和新闻节目制作中的重要性\[J\].现代交际，2010(10).
\[5\]孟庆国.影视的剪辑艺术\[J\].内蒙古民族大学学报，2011， (5).
(唐山广播电视台新闻综合频道，河北唐山 **063000)** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **论经济新常态下企业管理发展策略**
**◎文/陈婕**
**摘 要：在经济新常态的背景下，企业如果想要更好地发展，需与经济转型之后的经济特征紧密联系，与企业自身的现实情况结合创新，从而实现高速发展。企业管理的主要目标是依据管理学、经济学等基本理论，通过运用现代管理的方法和手段来进行有效的企业管理和经营决策，保证企业的生存和发展。因此，企业管理人员要和经济新常态背景下的市场具有的特性相结合，逐步改革和优化企业中工商管理的综合职能，对企业的工商管理工作进行创新，帮助企业解决内部存在的经济困难，缓解企业内部面临的经济压力，对企业经济进行有效管控，为企业更好地发展奠定稳定基础，使企业的经济得到高速发展。**
**关键词：经济新常态；企业管理：创新路径；分析**
在复杂的市场环境下，企业面临着新的机遇和挑战，企业管理的推进，为企业发展壮大提供了有力支持，对于企业市场竞争力的提升至关重要。企业管理的创新能够赋予企业以发展生机和活力，促使其在创新中获得进步，确保企业在经济新常态下保持良好的适应性。
**一、企业管理概述**
**企业管理是指在经济学、会计学、管理学等专业理论知识的基础上，使用科学合理的现代化管理方案与管理手段来为企业的战略发展目标与生产经营决策提供可靠指导依据，并对企业业务流程与内部行为进行管理的一类重要策略。它能够帮助企业在复杂的市场经济形势下不断提升核心竞争力，占据更多的市场份额，获取更高的经济效益，产生更大的社会影响力，为企业的生存与未来发展提供保障。企业管理囊括了企业生产经营流程中的各个环节，涉及多个领域的专业知识内容，企业管理人才不仅需要了解经济发展形势与市场经济体制改革状况，还需要充分掌握企业生**
**产经营模式，在经济学、会计学、统计学、管理学等学科专业知识的基础上对企业战略发展目标、生产流程工艺、经营管理模式、人力资源配置、财务整体结构等各个环节项目提供可靠的决策依据与优化方案。企业管理人才还要对影响企业生存发展的外部经济与政策环境进行走向趋势预测与风险安全评估，对决定企业生产结构与发展方向的内部行为进行严格监控与全面管理，促使企业不断提升核心竞争力，以便占据更多的市场份额，实现经济效益与社会影响力的全面提升。**
**二、企业管理创新的重要意义**
**(一)强化企业的财务管理**
**在经济新常态的背景下，企业开展工商管理，具有加强企业内部的财务管理的重要作用。财务是每个企业在经济发展中的重要指标，企业财务工作会对企业经济发展的能力产生直接影响，为此，任何企业都希望自身财务方面不会出现任何问题，企业的相关管理人员都对财务管理的工作予以高度重视，对企**
**业的财务状况进行掌握和严格的管控。由此看出，企业的财务管理对于企业的经济发展具有重要的推进作用。企业内部的管理工作能充分地掌握企业的财务状况，并对财务状况进行严格的管控，因此，企业管理工作人员的科学管理，能确保企业未来的经济发展和运行发展能匹配出更具合理性的方案，推动企业的资本结构向科学化的方向发展，为企业的后续发展提供有效保障。**
**(二)提高资源管理效率**
**纵观企业发展实际，资源管理效率并不理想，而通过企业管理的创新，能够显著提升资源管理效率，对于企业来说，人力资源管理中资源应用的合理性不足。资源分配与利用是企业得以发展的前提，实际上，通过科学化工商管理模式的构建，能够就资源利用问题加以妥善处理，深入挖掘员工潜能，确保资源利用计划制定的科学性与合理性，资**
**源管理效率也能够得到显著提升。**
**(三)提高人力资源管理的质效**
**人力资源管理在企业管理工作中占据重要位置，需要企业采用创新型的管理模式，优化各个部门的管理工作，为人力资源管理提供更加合理有效的管理方法。因此，企业管理的创新对企业人资管理效果具有重大意义，能够充分挖掘人资的内在潜能，同时能够结合工作人员的现实表现，制定针对性、公平公正的人资评价体系，增强工作人员的主人翁意识，提高他们对企业的认同感和归属感，更加全身心地投人到各项经济业务活动中，提高活动开展的效果。**
**三、经济新常态下企业工商管理存在的问题**
**(一)企业综合竞争力问题**
**在经济新常态背景下，企业要想实现可持续发展目标，就要不断提升自身的综合竞争力水平，以便在日趋激烈的**
市场竞争中站稳脚跟。为此，企业需要牢牢把握市场竞争环境所带来的机遇，顺应经济形势整体走向，对自身业务进行创新。但现阶段的一些企业管理没有对企业业务创新以及竞争力提升进行重点关注，缺乏对经济新常态下市场形势、供需关系以及消费模式的深人调研，不具备完善的业务创新理论以及实践参考经验，也没有形成积极活跃的创新氛围，导致企业的生产结构与运营模式无法适应市场经济形势的新变化，综合竞争力水平难以得到有效提升，不利于企业的未来发展。
**(二)企业管理人员素养有待提高**
企业管理工作中，员工是主体，执行与开展管理工作中管理人员是根本主体。所以，管理人员自身专业知识、综合素养、工作方法与能力对工商管理工作质量有着重要的影响。但现阶段，部分企业管理工作中，管理人员专业素
**养不高，无法保障管理工作的水平与效率。还有的企业领导对管理工作的重要性认识不全面，不重视工商管理工作，没有从财力与物力上为管理人员工作提供支持，使得内部管理工作没有实际意义。还有的企业内部管理部门人才配置不足，大多是临时抽调其他部门员工负责此项工作。这些临时抽调的员工自身管理知识不足，不熟悉企业管理工作，无法实现最终管理目标，对企业管理工作模式带来了一定的困扰，工作质量得不到保障。**
**四、经济新常态下企业工商管理创新路径**
**(一)创新技术管理方式**
技术创新在经济新常态下，可以为企业带来一定的经济收益，技术水平决定着企业的社会地位，产品质量决定着企业的市场竞争力，是企业可持续发展的主要因素。首先，技术是核心因素，企业应在技术与人力资源两方面投入经济建设，提高工作效率；其次，在创新技术管理过程中，应侧重于外界不确定因素的考量，例如创新实力、管理制度、资源数量、市场经济形势等，企业要同时进行技术与管理的双向创新，必须将二者充分融合，按照市场的需求，规划竞争路线，可借助信息技术外力，提升企业的管理效率；最后，企业在经营过程中还应重视服务方式与产品质量，应做好管理与服务工作，应具备一定的科技性，占据市场经济主力地位，凸显企业价值，将企业的发展与社会经济挂钩，分析其发展形势，进而促进企业管理的发展。
**(二)加强创新工商管理人才队伍**
企业发展中，各项工作离不开人才，所以企业经营发展中人才管理非常重要，要积极转变用人理念。企业应招收工商管理经验丰富的人才，从工资待
**遇与晋升条件等方面为人才提供更多发挥空间，便于企业留住更多的人才，鼓励人才为企业发展做出更多贡献。首先，企业要根据岗位分工合理制定人资管理制度，每位员工都有机会竞聘部门领导，充分体现企业公平公正的用人选人的制度。员工待遇方面，企业要坚持按劳分配原则，秉承同一岗位各员工有相同的工资待遇，以此营造公平的内部竞争环境。其次，企业为员工定期组织业务培训，一方面提升企业员工理论水平，另一方面激发员工主动学习热情。人才业务能力得到了提高，才能全身心投人企业发展。企业公平公正的人才模式利于促使内部员工不断上进，推动企业稳定发展，因而企业创新内部人才管理是十分必要的。**
**(三)强化企业产业结构创新**
**相关人员应该对系统规划提高认识，不断推动企业稳定、健康发展。现阶段，企业对营销方法与理念创新问题较为重视，想要创造良好的品牌、建立良好的口碑及做大做强，但若是根据原有生产手段并无法充分实现相应目标。应该建设特色产业链条，因为特色产业链条是对企业结构进行优化，对企业效益进行提高的关键途径。所以，在经济新常态背景下，企业的发展应该积极围绕特色产业链条，通过制定特色产业链条长期规划，对特色产业链条的相关计划进行细化处理，不断调整链条结构。应该对特色差异化方向进行科学确定，对自身优势进行充分挖掘，做到扬长避短。根据特色产业链条的供给侧结构性改革规范，积极根据资源优势与市场需求，科学确定主导产业，充分培育特色优势产业，充分提高企业的自我发展能力。**
**(四)增强创新管理意识**
**企业培养管理者创新意识，为企业**
**发展起到促进作用。因此，企业的管理者一定要重视创新管理，提高管理者的企业管理创新意识，企业才能更稳定地持续发展，从而更好适应社会需要以及新经济常态下的发展。同时，有了管理创新意识，企业管理者可以更好地分析未来形势，并对可能出现的问题和形势做一个大概预测，事先做好准备工作，从而让企业能够从容地面对未来可能发生的问题，降低企业决策风险，对未来发展方向更加坚定。当企业有了一定的管理意识，即使在条件恶劣的环境下，也可以得到良好发展，给企业减少一定的损失，提高企业效率。在实践经营管理中，必须最大程度地发挥企业的管理职能。根据当前形势，优化传统的管理制度和模式，做到精益求精，去糟粕，创新企业管理模式，对未来发展做出详细、科学规划，从而促进企业可持续发展。**
**(五)组织结构创新**
**在经济新常态下，企业管理工作还需要将创新重点置于企业生产组织结构上，解决传统组织结构中因管理层级环节过于冗余而影响集体决策与工作效率的问题，以便提升企业的生产经营管理工作效率。在企业组织结构的创新过程中，企业首先需要减少传统组织结构模式中过多的管理层级与管理环节，对原有垂直多层的组织结构模式进行解构，构建新的横向组织模式，让管理信息能够以较快的速度及时反馈给上级部门并传达给下级部门，避免冗余的管理结构耽误企业生产经营活动的正常进行，给企业带来经济损失。**
**_(六))：完善和创新工商管理体系_**
**第一，企业制定内部管理制度，有效规范企业管理工作开展的流程，提高工商管理的实效性，高效达成管理工作目的。企业要提升管理信息化**
**_7_ 水平，充分发挥现代化先进信息技术的重要优势和作用，优化管理模式，减少管理人员的工作量和压力，提升工作效率。第二，企业人员管理制度，全面考察和了解管理人员实际状况和业务能力水平，有效约束他们日常行为规范，保证每项管理工作的开展符合相应的标准和要求，提升工作开展的实效性。企业要制定合理的长效奖惩制度，对优秀的管理人员给予物质和精神上的奖励，调动他们的工作热情和积极性，同时对相对较差的工作人员进行适当惩罚，促进他们明白自身岗位的重要性，认真对待每项工作。**
**(七)用发展的眼光管理企业**
**企业管理者除了要转变工作理念和模式外，还要从发展的角度对企业进行管理，基于自身优势、发展情况和市场需求等，明确自身的市场定位，这样才能发挥出自身优势，开拓更多的市场。在企业发展过程中，管理人员应不断总结教训经验，不要盲目学习其他企业的经验，因为很多成功的经验都是企业在失败中总结出来的，通常只适合自己。应重点关注失败的企业，总结它们失败的原因，反思自己是否存在相同的问题，以此避免潜在风险。企业管理人员应具备危机意识，要战略性的眼光分析、看待企业的未来发展，这有助于随时了解市场变动，及时调整发展方向，规避各种风险带来的危害。此外，企业还要打造自己的品牌形象，打响社 _会知名度，增强核心竞争力。这要求企_ 业以开放式的理念、广阔的国际视野，认识企业的经营管理和实践，并和其他企业建立“竞合””关系，资源共享，合作共瀛。**
**(作者单位：山西焦煤汾西矿业(集团)有限责任公司)** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **从别调到主流**
**——骈文“用成语”观念在宋代的成立**
陶 熠
**内容提要 “用成语”是宋代骈文的重要特点之一，指的是将前代经典中的成句摘出，并与另一成句形成偶对的骈文技法。这种技法在唐代仅是偶一为之的别调，经过北宋前期的写作实践，在徽宗朝形成了风潮。由于使用经典成语偶对既能适应徽宗朝文人以经义为主的知识结构，也可以满足庙堂文体对典雅文华的要求，因而在徽宗一朝尤为风行，并引起了当时批评家的关注和论争。反对者认为用成语体格卑下，损伤文气，而支持者却钟爱这一技法的工巧。这场论争在孝宗朝以降，依凭骈文批评的“技巧中心论”趋势得以解决，南宋的骈文作者多将其视为骈文写作的主流予以接受，宋四六的独特风格也因此得以定型。**
**关键词 用成语 宋四六 王安中 《诚斋诗话》**
**与前代骈文相比，宋四六有着诸多别具一格的风格特征。民国以来，金秬香、瞿兑之、刘麟生、蒋伯潜等学人已经有所总结①。其中，刘麟生在1936年出版的《中国骈文史》论述最为详尽。该书归纳出了宋四六“散行气势于骈句中见之” “用虚字以行气” “用典而仍重气势” “用成语以行气势”“喜用长联’“多用议论以使气”②的六大特征。这一表述也被张仁青、程千帆等后来的研究者继承③，至今基本已成公论。**
**在这些特征之中， “用成语”一条尤其引人注目。首先，与“用典而仍重气势”等显然出于后人归纳的特征不同，用成语是宋人自觉提出的骈文批评标准，在四六话草创之初就得到了相当的关注。在宋代，用成语更多情况下被称作“用全语”或“用全文”，如南宋初谢在《四六谈塵》》中就说：“宣和间，多用全文长句为对，习尚之久，至今未能全变。”④此外，叶梦得、王仔、洪迈、杨万里、楼钥、陈鸽、刘克庄以至于金、元的刘祁、刘埙都针对四六用成语的现象发表过或质疑或称许的意见。这些在宋人骈文批评言论中相当突出，四六是否该用成语、该怎样用成语，俨然已经成为宋代四六批评的核心问题之一。其次，尽管长联、散联与议论都是宋四六常用的技法，但唯有用成语被认为是宋四六区别于前代骈文的标志性特点。明人陈全之《蓬窗日录》举出了数则“古人尝以成语隐括作对**
冰 **本文为国家社会科学基金一般项目“宋元骈文批评研究暨资料汇编”(项目编号18BZW096)阶段性成果。**
**①金秬香《骈文概论》，商务印书馆1934年版；瞿兑之《中国骈文概论》，世界书局1934年版；刘麟生《中国骈文史》，商务印书馆1936年版；蒋伯潜、蒋祖怡《骈文与散文》，广益书局1937年版。**
**刘麟生《中国骈文史》，台湾商务印书馆1980年版，第95-98页。**
**张仁青《中国骈文发展史》，台湾中华书局1979年版；程千帆、吴新雷《两宋文学史》，上海古籍出版社1991年版。此外，谢鸿轩《骈文衡论》与江菊松《宋四六文研究》也都因袭了这一说法，参见施懿超《宋四六论稿》(上海古籍出版社2005年版，第3页)。**
**谢极《四六谈塵》，王水照主编《历代文话》，复旦大学出版社2007年版，第1册，第34页。**
**偶，若出于天成者”①的例句，均为宋人四六。清人吴乔的《围炉诗话》直言“宋人好用成语入四六”②，程果在《四六丛话后序》中则说“赵宋初造，鼎臣、大年，犹沿唐旧；欧、苏、王、宋，始脱恒蹊。以气行则机杼大变，驱成语则光景一新”③。可以说，用成语是使宋四六自成一格的重要元素。**
**批评家对宋四六用成语的关注一直延续到近现代的骈文研究之中，最早尝试说明用成语含义的著作是前揭刘麟生所著《中国骈文史》，刘氏称：**
**四日用成语以行气势。如王履道《除少宰余深制》 _日_ 曰： “盖四方其训，以无竞维人； 必三后协心，而同底于道。”孙仲益《代高丽国王谢赐燕乐表》曰： “荡荡乎无能名，虽莫见宫墙④之美；欣欣然有喜色，咸豫闻管龠之音。”前者用 《诗》《书》，后者用 《论》 《孟》，亦仍以气势见长也。(《中国骈文史》，第97页)**
**刘氏所举二例中，前者用《诗·大雅·抑》 “无竞维人，四方其训之”与《书·周书·毕命》 “三后协心，同底于道”两句的原文构成对仗，并通过调换语句顺序、增添乔“盖” “以”“必””“而”等助词来疏通辞气；后者用《论语·泰伯》 “荡荡乎，民无能名焉”与《孟子·梁惠王下》 “举欣欣然有喜色而相告曰”二句相对，并通过和子贡赞美孔子如ii“宫墙数仞”及孟子形容齐王奏乐时的“管龠之音”相拼接，构成了全新的含义。通过和宋代以降的诸多批评文献相比对，可以确定刘氏对用成语的理解和前代基本一致，指的是将两条出自前代文献的不相干的完整句子用进新作的骈文之中，并恰好构成对仗。**
**虽然这一现象已经得到自南宋至当代诸多论者的关注，但“宋人好用成语入四六”的概括性表述难免使人产生一种宋代骈文从一开始就频繁使用成语的错觉。事实上，这一技法自唐已有之，并非肇自宋人，不过是至北宋晚期才走向流行。同时，宋人也并非一开始就对这一技法抱有开放的态度，而是由质疑逐渐转向认可，期间经历了曲折的接受过程。用成语的流行给骈文的用典习惯带来了巨大的改变，也奠定了南宋四六的基本风格。本文即拟梳理四六用成语从徽宗朝以前零散的写作实践至徽宗朝蔚然成风的发展历程，在此基础上分析用成语从被质疑到凝固为宋四六基本特征的历史脉络。**
**一骈文用成语的概念边界以及唐至北宋前期的写作实践**
**(一)骈文用成语的概念边界**
**与在诗文中常见的语典类似，骈文中成语全句的施用无疑也是与前代经典文本的一种互文。但用成语的独特性则在于对前代文本的整句挪用以及对原文语境的彻底剥离。张孝祥《《平江府到任谢表》中“虽自西祖东，周爱执事；然以小易大，是诚何心”⑤一联就是骈文用成语极佳的代表。这一联用《诗·大雅·绵》与《孟子·梁惠王上》中成句相对，只增添了“虽” “然”两个语助。但张孝祥仅仅使用了两处成句的字面意义，并不试图指涉出典的具体语境：其移用“自西祖东”两句，不在于歌颂古公室父带领周人迁徙的功德，而只是想借用“西”和“东”的方位指代自己由抚州迁官至苏州一事；而用“以小易大”两句更与齐宣王的牛羊全无关联，只是意在借指两州的大小。换句话说，这两处全语的使用，不仅逸出了典源原始语境，甚至就是因为与原始语境的彻底剥离才显出作者用法的精妙。**
**相反，作家使用语典时一方面倾向于使用词或者短语，而非完整的句子；另一方面，作家往往有**
**陈全之《蓬窗日录》卷八，上海书店出版社2009年版，第432页。**
**吴乔《围炉诗话》卷五，郭绍虞编选《清诗话续编》，上海古籍出版社1983年版，上册，第618页。**
**程杲《四六丛话后序》，《《历代文话》，第5册，第4224页。**
**刘氏引作“羹墙”，据曾枣庄、刘琳主编《全宋文》卷三四二六(上海辞书出版社、安徽教育出版社2006年版，第159册，第15页)改。**
**⑤** **《全宋文》卷五六九二，第253册，第327页。**
**意识地暗示出典的具体语境，而非仅仅使用字面意思。为了说明这一点，笔者引用李商隐急《献相国京兆公启》中的两联作为语典的典型与张孝祥用成语的例证对照。李商隐在大中六年写给杜棕的启文中有如下一段：**
**若某者，幼常刻苦，长实流离。乡举三年，才沾下第；宦游十载，未过上农。顾筐箧以生尘，念机关而将蠹。其或绮霞牵思，珪月当情。乌鹊绕枝，芙蓉出水。平子 《四愁》之日，休文文《八咏》之辰。纵时有斐然，终乖作者。(刘学锴、余恕诚《李商隐文编年校注》， 中华书局2002年版，第5册，第1919—1920页)**
**在这一段中， “绮霞牵思，硅月当情。乌鹊绕枝，芙蓉出水”两联可以看做典型的用语典。其中“绮霞”取自谢眺《晚登三山环望京邑》“余霞散成绮”一句 “硅月”沿袭了江淹 《恨赋》》““秋月如硅”的引譬；后二句则分别化用了曹操桑《短歌行》与《诗品》所引汤惠休“谢诗如芙蓉出水”的称赏。与张孝祥的用例不同，李商隐使用的四处语典中，前两处是从典源的句子中捻出并重组而成的短语，后两处虽然借用了典源中的成句，但两句话的解读却必须依赖读者对于典源的熟悉。李商隐使用语典的目的并非想要借用出典的字面构成巧妙的对仗，也没有尝试将语典从原始的语境中剥离，而是试图通过暗示语典的出处，来深婉地剖露心曲。李商隐这里向杜惊倾吐的是自己的 “流滞之慨，悼伤之情”：“绮霞牵思”的“思”，当是“有情知望乡”的流离之思 “硅月当情”的 “情”，则是“与子之别，思心徘徊”的永诀之情。流滞异乡、悼伤亡妻的情绪，加以“何枝可依”的感慨，更当所思路远、“淹留山东”之际，本欲成“芙蓉出水”般的诗句，却终非真正的作手，只能递出一篇《述德抒情诗》，聊表献芹之意。可见，出典的原始语境正是用语典表意时依赖的重要因素，读者在解读时也需要以熟悉语典的出处为前提。这种对出典语境的依赖性是仅仅借用出典字面意义的用成语的技法所不需要的。**
**(二)唐至北宋前期骈文用成语的写作实践**
**如前所述，谢及将四六用成语的风行定位在徽宗朝宣和年间。据笔者的考察，北宋以前作家在骈文创作中使用全文成句的例证确乎极为有限，且始终未能成为骈文的正格。至仁宗朝以后，经过一些作家的个性化实践才为骈文用成语提供了创作上的积累，构成了后世骈文作手的知识储备。**
**王维可谓是骈文用成语的早期代表。钱锺书早已敏锐地关注到了这一现象，他在《容安馆札记》卷三第733则中说：**
**右丞骈文……每以成语作对，已启宋四六。如《六祖能禅师碑铭》云 “天何言哉，圣与仁岂敢； 子曰赐也，吾与汝勿如。”《送高判官从军赴河西序》云 “旧友拜尘，群公书币。祁大夫老矣，武安侯问乎。”《送郓州须昌冯少府赴任序》云 “促饭中厨，子不可以蔬食； _，_ 送车出郭，吾不可以徒行。”(钱锺书 《钱锺书手稿集·容安馆札记》卷三，商务印书馆2003年版，第3册，第1958页)①**
**这些例证都是相当典型的用成语。**
**陆贽是骈文用成语的另一先驱，如《奉天改元大赦制》中的的“见危致命，先哲攸贵；掩骼薤齿，礼典所先”②一联，就是标准的用成语。但在陆贽的骈文中，像这样典型地以两句成语作对的例子不算多见。比起用成语对仗，陆贽更喜欢仅用一句成语，再顺从文章的内容，自造一句话来映衬成语，如前揭 《奉天改元大赦制》中，有“然以长于深宫之中，暗于经国之务”③一联，只有出句使用了**
① **聂安福还在此基础上补充了五条王维用成语作对的例证，并指出“此类属对在王维骈文中甚多”(聂安福《《严别正变说唐骈—<管锥编)未完成稿“〈全唐文)卷”探原》，《文学遗产》2006年第4期)。**
**②** **陆贽《奉天改元大赦制》，王素点校《陆贽集》卷一，中华书局2006年版，上册，第12页。**
**③** **《奉天改元大赦制》，** **《陆贽集》卷一，上册，第2页。**
**《荀子·哀公》中“寡人生于深宫之中，长于妇人之手”的成语，对句并无出典。这种做法虽然使得文意更加自然，显得古拙有力，但也失去了用成语的精巧之感。钱锺书或许正是针对这一倾向才认为“陆宣公文虽未摆脱对偶，而容与图达，不事组织典故成语，既异唐人骈文，亦非宋人四六”①。**
**相较于陆贽零散的用例，白居易则更加典型且集中地在骈文中施用成语。这些用成语的例证绝大多数出现在他著名的《百道判》当中，如“况血气之既衰，老夫髦矣；纵哀情之罔极，吾子忍之”②一联，即用《《左传·隐公四年》 “老夫耄矣”对《左传·成公二年》 “吾子忍之”，恰是“六经循环，自相对之”③之例。**
**无论是王维、陆贽还是白居易，在有唐一代都难称骈文写作的正格，但相较于四杰、李商隐的正格，恰恰是这一体，在宋代产生了更为深刻的影响。北宋前期有意识学习唐代骈文别调的代表人物是书判拔萃科出身的余靖(1000一1064)，他留下的五十三篇判文习作文风平易，与前揭白居易《百道判》十分相近，且多有用成语之句，如“何谓从其类也，固合取其节焉”④用《周易·文言》对《左传·僖公三十三年》等。值得注意的是，余靖在骈文中用成语的作法明显集中在判文一体之内，在其他文体中相当少见，这与他对白居易判文的有意模仿当有直接的因果关系。**
**作为北宋两大骈文作手的王安石(1021一1086) 与苏轼(1037―1101)也都在一定程度上有意识地在骈文中使用经史成语。。二人骈文风格差异很大，自宋世就出现了“荆公东坡两派”之说。如杨函道称 “皇朝四六，荆公谨守法度，东坡雄深浩博，出于准绳之外，由是分为两派。”⑤元人陈绎曾则“故为四六之本….务欲辞简意明而已。此唐人四六故规，而苏子瞻氏之所取则也；后世益以文华，加之工致，又欲新奇，于是以用事亲切为精妙，属对巧的为奇崛。此宋人四六之新规，而王介甫氏之所取法也。”⑥二者对王苏四六的理解虽有不同，但足以说明宋元人对王苏两派四六的有意判分。**
**王安石的骈文一般被认为好用古语作对，如叶適即批评王安石文章“但取经史见语错重组缀，有如自然，谓之典雅”⑦。用成语在王安石的骈文中确不少见，如《除雱正言待制谢表》 “四方之训于我，无竞惟人；多士之生斯时，不显亦世”⑧、 《百寮贺复熙河路表》“我陵我阿，既饬鹰扬之旅；实墉实壑，遂平鸟窜之戎”⑨等都是相当典型的例证。需要指出的是，用成语在苏轼的骈文中也相当多。除了常为宋人称道的“愧无琴瑟旨酒，以乐我嘉宾；但喜直亮多闻，真古之益友”一联，更有《司马光左仆射追封温国公》 “乃心无不在王室，不起何以慰苍生”D《登州谢两府启》 “谓使功不如使过，而观过足以知仁”等等。这些用例中不仅仅有“融化”，亦有“上下联文皆未尝辄增一字”B者。**
**已有学者指明用成语恰可视为王苏四六风格判分的标准之一，认为6“王安石四六有个最显眼的**
**①** **《钱锺书手稿集·容安馆札记》卷三，第3册，第1994页。**
**白居易著，朱金城笺校《白居易集笺校》卷六六，上海古籍出版社1988年版，第6册，第3567页。**
**楼昉《过庭录》，** **《历代文话》，第1册，第456页。**
**余靖《乙领选部举丙为吏议者以丙父得罪不许辞云罪不相及》，《全宋文》卷五六四，第26册，第355页。**
**杨困道** 直 **《云庄四六余话》，《历代文话》，第1册，第119页。**
**陈绎曾《文章欧冶·四六谱》，** **《历代文话》，第2册，第1266一1267页。**
**叶適《习学记言序目》卷四八《皇朝文鉴二·诰》，中华书局1977年版，下册，第711页。**
**王安石《临安先生文集》卷五六，王水照主编《王安石全集》，复旦大学出版社2017年版，第6册， 第1063页。**
**⑨** **《临安先生文集》卷五六，《王安石全集》，第6册， 第1056页。**
**10** **苏轼《答杨屯田二首》其二，孔凡礼点校《苏轼文集》卷四七，中华书局1986年版，第4册， 第1364页。**
① **《苏轼文集》卷三九，第3册，第1130页。**
**②** **《苏轼文集》卷四六，第4册，第1329页。**
**B** **《云庄四六余话》，《历代文话》，第1册，第122页。**
**“看点'，即用古人语作对，而且多用经史全句”，而苏轼四六虽亦喜用事，但非如王安石之““组缀”而多为 “融化”①。而笔者认为，王苏四六均有不少使用成语的例证，二人在用成语这一技巧上的分歧并不是用或不用，而是使用成语的方法和取向有所不同。荆公四六所用古语多为四字成语，来源则以《诗》《书》《左传》等古奥典重的经典为主，其使用的目的是为了突显制诰王言高文大册的文章体制，这正对应着荆公四六“辞趣典雅” “先体制而后文之工拙”的写作取向；而东坡四六惯用的成语则多为含有语助的长句，且多出自目《论语》《孟子》《史记》等符合宋人古文好尚的典籍，文气舒朗开阔，正是“出于准绳之外”的具体体现。可以认为，从使用成语的倾向上来说，苏轼更接近于唐代骈文的别调，这恐怕也是陈绎曾认为苏轼骈文接近“唐人四六故规”的原因所在。**
**总体而言，王苏二家骈文都有使用成语作对的现象，但与南宋人相比仍未形成积习，骈文用成语的高潮尚未到来。但二人作为宋四六的典范，无论是追溯唐骈之别调，还是自开一家之新风，都对徽宗朝以降的骈文写作留下了深刻的影响。**
**二徽宗朝骈文用成语的风行与时人的论争**
**荆公新学沾溉了徽宗一朝的新晋学人，但与直观印象相反的是，徽宗朝词臣用成语的技法却少见王氏的雅正质重，反而更接近好用散句的东坡一派。周紫芝曾言 “徽宗皇帝在位岁久，文士诗人一时辈出，不减元和、长庆间人物。如参政翟公、待制韩公、翰林汪公、初寮先生王公，皆以文辞自显，号为杰出不可跋及者。”②这一份名单中的四人除汪藻(1079—1154)外均曾在徽宗朝掌两制，且都被认为与苏轼有一定关联。如翟汝文(1076—1141) _)_ 任中书舍人时因曾“从苏轼、黄庭坚游”，被弹劾“不可当赞书之任”③；王安中(1076—1134))少年时与苏轼相交，周必大《初寮先生前后集序》乃称“坡至，奇之，公亦自谓得师也”④；韩驹(1082—1135)则是因i“i苏轼乡党曲学”⑤于宣和六年提举太平观。虽然这些表述都是南渡以后的“追认”，政治斗争中的污名也不足以反映个人的学术渊源，但这批徽宗朝词臣的骈文风格确乎更接近苏轼，好用流畅的散体长句而非典重的四字成句为偶对。不同的是，散体长句出现的频率由苏轼的间或为之升级到了俯拾皆是，大有只用成语便可纂组成文的倾向。王安中的《谢赐御制酒樽诗表状》正可作为例证，兹引其文如下：**
**臣伏蒙圣恩，以臣近进《神霄降圣酒尊诗》，特赐御笔圣制诗并序，俯同元韵者。天亲有德，诞开l注之祥；帝庸作歌，，申锡时几之敕。光生蔀室，感极危衷。恭惟皇帝陛下接统三皇，应元九会。位履以刚中正，体乾以纯粹精。和同则无间于天人，乃圣而不可知者；昭回则为章于云汉，盖焕乎其有文焉。兹者荐蕊殿之婴香，下琳霄之景驭。其幂不改，但余元放之诸块；所饮几何，**
**①** **祝尚书《论文章学视野中的“宋体四六”》，《《中文学术前沿》第3辑，浙江大学出版社2012年版。文章还引用了《艇斋诗话》中“荆公诗及四六，法度甚严。汤进之丞相尝云** **经对经，史对史，释氏事对释氏事，道家事对道家事'”一条来说明这一点。而笔者更倾向于将汤思退的这一处表述理解作《石林诗话》中“荆公诗用法甚严，尤精于对偶，尝云用汉人语止可以汉人语对，若参以异代语便不相类。如** **‘一水护田将绿去，两山排因送青来'之类，皆汉人语也。此法惟公用之不觉拘窘卑凡。如‘周颙宅在阿兰若，娄约身随宰堵波’，皆以梵语对梵语，亦此意”的用法(参见何文焕辑《历代诗话》，** ， **中华书局2004年版，上册，第422页)，即将同出经部或同出史部的故事相对，而并非必须精确到用经史中的成句相对。毕竟，反对“用全文成句”为工的谢及也说过“四六经语对经语，史语对史语，诗语对诗语，方妥帖”的话。**
**周紫芝《书初寮集后》，《全宋文》卷三五二二，第162册， 第190页。**
**脱脱等《宋史》卷三七二《翟汝文传》，中华书局1985年版，第33册，第11544页。**
**《全宋文》卷五一一八，第230册，第150页。**
**⑤** **李淳撰，燕永正校正《皇宋十朝纲要校正》卷一八，中华书局2013年版，下册，第535页。**
**宁止蔡经之百石。猥缘宠眷，获与伟观。仍因上达之芜音，曲示俯同之宝制。天地之有大巧，虽莫得以名言； 日月之照容光，遂益明于趋向。臣敢不奉为大训，守以阖宗?神动天随，誓永依于妙道； 雷声龙见，愿更纪于真游。臣无任。(王安中《谢赐御制酒樽诗表状》， 《全宋文》卷三一五一，第146册，第200页)**
**王安中虽没有掌握苏轼“雄深秀伟”①的四六气度，但他对摘取经典长句作对的偏好却与苏轼一致。其中， “天亲有德”一联以《诗·大雅·洞酌》序对《书·益稷》； “位履以刚中正”一联用《周易》中的《履》对《《乾》； “和同则无间于天人”一联用《《孟子·尽心》对《论语·泰伯》； “天地之有大巧”一联用《庄子·知北游》对《书·泰誓下》。一篇短短的表状之中竟连续使用了四处成语作对，其中一半使用的还是并非四字句法的散体长句，这种做法与苏轼的骈文风格构成了隐秘的亲缘关系。但可惜的是，这些连续出现的全语对偶失去了苏轼一篇之中骤现成语的惊喜之感，反因为刻意的重复使用而显得板滞无力。**
**这种极端的用法在王安中、翟汝文等一批徽宗朝词臣的四六中并不鲜见，可以认为，对用成语技法的滥用构成了一股骈文写作的新风潮，也正是在这股风潮下，骈文用成语第一次走入了批评家的视野。就笔者所见，最早留意到骈文用成语现象的是北宋末的王仔，他在成书于宣和四年的《四六话》卷上评鹭元绛圣《王介甫再相麻》曰：**
**元厚之作王介甫再相麻，世以为工，然未免偏枯。其云 “忠气贯日，虽金石而为开；谗波稽天，孰斧斯之敢阙。”上句“忠气贯日”则可以衬“金石而为开”，是以下句“谗波稽天”则于“斧浙”了无干涉，此四六之病也。元厚之取古今传记佳语作四六。 “虽金石而为自开，《西京杂记》载扬雄全语也 “日华明润”，李德裕《唐武宗画像赞》也。四六尤欲取古人妙语以见工耳。(王铚《四六话》，《历代文话》，第1册，第7页)**
**王锃对元绛的这一联并非十分满意，却对“取古人妙语”的做法大加赞赏。在王链看来，即便这一联的对仗未为精当，但用古人妙语的行为本身还是工巧泊，而且应当作为四六写作的一种追求。**
**但两宋之际的文人并不都如王饪一般对用成语抱有开放的态度。与王仔约略同时的叶梦得(1077—1148)与谢极都不认为用成语可以体现四六文写作的工巧。叶氏在成书于绍兴初年的《避暑录话》②卷上说：**
**前辈作四六，不肯多用全经语，恶其近赋也。然意有适会，亦有不得避者，但不得强用之尔。子瞻作 《吕申公制》云： “既得天下之大老，彼将安归?乃至国人皆曰贤，夫然后用。”气象雄杰，格律超然，固不可及。刘丞相莘老旧以诗赋知名，晚为表章，尤温润闲雅。 《青州谢上表》“虽进退必由其道，每愿学于古人；然功烈如此其卑，终难收于士论。”何伤其用经语也?自大观后，时流争以用经句为工，于是相与衰次排比，预蓄以待问，不问其如何，粗可牵合，则必用之，虽有甚工者，而文气扫地矣。(叶梦得《《避暑录话》卷上， 《丛书集成初编》，中华书局1985年版，上册，第31页)③**
**叶梦得并不认为用成语是一种值得提倡的技巧，因为前辈对这种手法多持保守态度。而大观年间，这种手法竟然蔚然成风，作家甚至事先哀集经典中可能作对的成句，准备随时取用，而不在乎对仗本身是否恰当。叶梦得于是用“近赋”来形容因捨文用全经语而产生的文体卑下之感。在他看来，用成语是四六写作中的一种陋习。**
**李兩《王初寮先生文集序》，《全宋文》卷三八二三，第175册，第57页。**
**一般认为《避暑录话》成书于绍兴五年，但部分条目在此前已经完成，参见方建新《<避暑录话〉考略》，《杭州大学学报》1991年第3期。**
**③** **“待问’《丛书集成初编》本误作“待间”，据居《津逮秘书》本改。**
**谢及与叶梦得态度相近，他在成书于绍兴十一年的《四六谈塵》中称：**
**四六施于制诰表奏文檄，本以便于宣读，多以四字六字为句。宣和间，多用全文长句为对，习尚之久，至今未能全变。前辈无此体也。此起于咸平王相翰苑之作，人多效之。**
**四六之工，在于裁剪，若全句对全句，亦何以见工。(《四六谈塵》， 《历代文话》，第1册，第34页)①**
**谢及将 “用全文长句为对”视为宣和以来的时代风气，并认为全文长句阻碍了四六便于宣读的文体功能，且 “全句对全句”并不能体现四六写作的工巧，相反，对成句进行独特的剪裁才是四六写作技巧的重点。**
**谢级与叶梦得都将宋四六用成语成风的时段定位在徽宗一朝，这与王铚《《四六话》的成书时间也若合符契。加之前文所述的写作实态，可以确定用成语正是徽宗朝骈文写作与批评的杉心命题之一。那么，用成语这种奠定宋四六特色的技法为何恰恰在徽宗朝风靡文坛并引起了批评家的关注呢?**
**绍圣、元符至于徽宗朝的文化政策应当视作这种现象形成的原因之一。徽宗即位后，虽然有过建中靖国的短暂调停时期，但崇宁之后，推尚新学、斥毁元祐学术的整风运动几乎从未停止过。这一时期，科举经义取士的规制伴随着三舍法的推广使得荆公新学成为了绝对的正统；同时元祐学术则遭到严厉的打击②，如《宋会要·刑法》载崇宁元年十二月二十七日诏名“诸邪说被行、非圣贤之书，并元祐学术政事，不得教授学生，犯者屏出”③，足见当时官方抑黜元祐学术态度之严苛。**
**在这股风潮下，史学被视为司马光等元祐重臣的当行，故而也在新党主政时期遭到贬斥④。早在绍圣四年，陈罐就与蔡卞党羽林自展开了一场经学史学之争，后者攻击陈瓘“欲尽取史学而黜通经之士，意欲沮坏国事而动摇吾荆公之学”⑤，只是当时被陈罐的“矫谲”所化解，废黜史学的政策因此未能施行。至于徽宗一朝，禁抑史学的命令终于以皇帝的名义发出。崇宁二年四月乙亥， “诏毁刊行《唐鉴》并三苏、秦、黄等文集”⑥，史学与文学一道遭到了放逐.《能改斋漫录》卷一三载 “大观三年九月乙丑，御笔：比闻诸路州学有阁藏书，皆以经史为名，方崇八行以迪多士，尊六经以黜百家，史何足言?应已置阁处，可赐名 “稽古’。”⑦这种对史学的贬斥很快向文章写作渗透， 《能改斋漫录》卷一二就详细记录了政和元年御笔手诏因监察御史李彦章的谏议而被修改一事：**
**奉御笔： “经以载道，史以纪事。本末该贯，乃称通儒。可依所奏，今后时务策问，并参以历代事实。庶得博习之士，不负宾兴之选。”未几，监察御史兼权殿中侍御史李彦章言： “夫 《诗》《书》《周礼》，，三代之故；而史载秦、汉、隋、唐之事。学乎《诗》《书》 《礼》者，先王之学**
**①** **按“咸平王相”当指王旦。王旦文中确乎有“万方在宥，百志惟熙”和i“i吊民伐罪，势若风霆；代虐以宽，惠如时雨”这样的句子，但由于存文数量不多且无一篇为制诰之词，故谢仍的说法实则已经难以复证。参见王旦《崇文广武感天尊道应真祐德上圣钦明仁孝皇帝册文》《太祖加谥启运立极英武圣文神德玄功大孝皇帝议》(《全宋文》卷一六五，第8册，第248—250页)。**
**②** **有关徽宗朝科举制度对文学的影响，可参见祝尚书《北宋后期科举罢诗赋考》及《《论北宋科举改制的异变与南宋文学走向》(《宋代科举与文学考论》，大象出版社2006年版)、林岩《北宋科举考试与文学研究》(上海古籍出版社2006年版)第五章“北宋徽宗朝的科举与学校政策”及第六章“北宋晚期党禁中的科举与文学”。**
**徐松辑，刘琳等校点《宋会要辑稿·刑法二》，上海古籍出版社2014年版，第14册， 第8307页。**
③④ **有关荆公新学“尊经卑史”的学术倾向变异为新旧党争意识形态斗争工具的具体历程，可参见刘成国《尊经卑史——王安石的史学思想与北宋后期史学命运》(《四川大学学报》2006年第1期)。**
**⑤** **李焘《续资治通鉴长编》卷四八五《哲宗绍圣四年》，中华书局1995年版，第32册，第11531页。**
**⑥** **《宋史》卷一九《徽宗纪一》，第2册，第367页。**
**⑦** **吴曾《《能改斋漫录》卷一三“赐藏书阁名稽古”条，上海古籍出版社1979年版，下册， 第382页。按天下藏书阁改名稽古一事** **《宋史·徽宗纪》系于大观三年九月己未** **《续资治通鉴长编拾补》则以“三年”为“二年”之误。**
**也习秦、汉、隋、唐之史者，流俗之学也。今近臣进思之论，不陈尧、舜之道，而建汉、唐之陋不使士专经，而使习流俗之学，可乎?伏望罢前日之诏，使士一意于先王之学，而不流于世俗之习，天下幸甚。”奉御笔： “经以载道，史以纪事。本末该贯，乃为通儒。今再思之，纪事之史，士所当学，非上之所以教也。况诗赋之家，皆在乎史。今罢黜诗赋，而使士兼习，则士不得专心先王之学，流于俗好，恐非先帝以经术造士之意。可依前奏。前降指挥，更不施行。”时政和元年三月戊戌也。(《能改斋漫录》卷一二“罢史学”条，下册，第371—372页)**
**在李彦章的谏言中，史学被划入与经学对立的 “流俗之学”，本应参用经史的对策也经徽宗的“再思”而禁抑了史事的施用，作为诗赋家知识结构重要组成部分的史学与诗赋一道被除在拔擢人才的途径之外。 《宋史·綦崇礼传》中 “(崇礼)初入太学，诸生溺于王氏新说，少能词艺者”①的表述恰可作为这一时期士人文学修养不足的证明。**
**在这种文化环境下，徽宗时代的文人必然要面对侧重经学而史学缺席的知识结构与注重故事偏爱华藻的四六文体要求之间的冲突。一方面，无论选择参与省试还是依循三舍法升晋都必须熟习荆公的《三经新义》，经义文的写作也成为了当时士人的必备技能②，因此经典中的成句是全体士人最低限度的必要修养，在写作时从中擢取成句相当便捷；另一方面，虽然在新学背景下，学习荆公四六更为安全，但荆公用典的深博奥僻绝非弃逐史学辞赋的新时期士人所能比拟，反而是东坡四六以经典长句作对的技法更适合他们的知识结构，更适合去弥补这种现实与理想中的裂痕③。在骈文中使用成语作对，一方面与时人的知识结构合辙，士人无须重新学习六朝至唐的骈文正格，另一方面又符合制诰表启上下交通的正式语体，可以掩饰其文华之不足。这种风气之所以在徽宗朝爆发式地出现，很可能是由于接受元符时期新学教育的一批士人开始主掌翰苑，如翟汝文与王安中就均为元符三年进士，绍圣四年进士的叶梦得虽然排斥用成语，但自己也偶有“智不惑而用不惧，将力整于艰危；用之行而舍之藏，本无心于出处”④之类融化经典成语的用法。既然执掌文柄的词宗对用成语如此偏爱，其时士人习而成风也就不难理解了。**
**三 孝宗朝以降四六用成语观念的定型与骈文技巧中心论**
**孝宗朝以降，像叶梦得那样对用成语的质疑日渐暗淡，支持的声音则愈发响亮，取古人全语作对的手法逐渐被视为四六的主流。南宋的批评家们不再着力辩驳用成语的是否恰当，而是更多着眼于铺排前人用成语的警句，并讨论用成语工巧精当的具体做法。其中最具代表性的，当属光、宁二朝成书的《诚斋诗话》与《容斋三笔》⑤。 《诚斋诗话》云：**
**本朝制诰表启用四六，自熙丰至今，此文愈甚。有一联用两处古人全语，而雅驯妥帖，如己出者。介甫《贺册后妃表》云： “《关雎》之求淑女，无险陂私谒之心 《鸡鸣》之思贤妃，有警戒相成之道。”绍兴间，刘美中除工部侍郎、兼直学士院，吉水丞龚尹字正子以启贺之云 “技巧**
**①** **《宋史》卷三七八《綦崇礼传》，第33册， 第11680页。**
**②** **就笔者目力所及，暂未发现宋代经义文有使用成语作对的现象，故笔者不认为经义文是徽宗朝骈文用成语流行的直接来源。但宋代经义文破题长联隔句对的体制性应用无疑为四六中经史成句的施用创造了条件，参见朱刚《从修辞到体制：扇对与八股文》(《南京大学学报》2015年第5期)。**
**③** **新党主政时期士人私下学习东坡诗文的记录相当多见，可参见林岩《北宋科举考试与文学研究》(第239一—240页)。**
**④** **叶梦得《回徽州曾侍郎启》，《全宋文》卷三一八○，第147册，第272页，**
**⑤** **《诚斋随笔》成书时间暂无确论，胡建升《(访斋诗话)成书年代考》(《唐都学刊》2006年第3期)认为该书成于绍熙三年之后。《容斋三笔》序则明言《三笔》成书于庆元二年六月晦日。**
**工匠精其能，自元成之间鲜能及； 号令文章焕可述，虽书史所称何以加。”尹又上汤丞相启云：“生民以来，未有盛于孔子；天下之士，岂复贤于周公。”后二语用韩退之《上宰相书》。中书舍人张安国知抚州，自抚移苏， 《谢上表》云： “虽自西祖东，周爰执事；然以小易大，是诚何心。”增 “虽” “然”二字，而两州东西小大，乃甚的切。王履道《贺唐秘校及第启》云： “得知千载，上赖古书；作吏一行，便废此事。”前二语用渊明诗 “得知千载事，上赖古人书。”剪去两字。后二句用嵇康书： “一行作吏，此事便废。”而皆倒易二字。东坡《答士人启》云： “愧无琴瑟旨酒，以乐我嘉宾；；所喜直谅多闻，其古之益友。”此虽增损五六字，而特圆美。至翟公逊行麻制二 4“6古我先王，惟图任旧人共政；咸有一德，克左右厥辟宅师。”则前二语熟，而后二语突兀**
**矣。(杨万里《诚斋诗话》，丁福保辑《历代诗话续编》，中华书局2006年版，上册，第151页)**
**杨万里乐此不疲地列举了七条 “用两处古人全语”的例证，在前揭引文之后又举出了四条 “用四处古人全语”的例证。这些例证上自王安石、苏轼， 下至王安中、翟汝文、洪适(1117—1184)、龚尹(正子，1120一?)、张孝祥(安国，1132―1170)、张栻(1133一1180)，均用前代文献中的成句，或径用不改，或稍加润色。之后，《诚斋诗话》细致地划分了用成语的各种类别，如“四六用古人语，有用其一字之声，而不用其字之形者”“四六有截断古人语，而补以一字，如天成者” “用古人语，不易其字之形，而易其意者”“四六有用古人全语，而全不用其意者”①等，可见杨万里不仅已经接受了四六中成语的大量使用，而且开始有意识地归纳其具体操作。**
**类似的，洪迈《容斋三笔》也列举了一长串由他及前辈辑录出来的四六属对。洪迈称这些属对“警策精切，使人读之激卬，讽味不厌”，是“得体”且“工致”②的代表。除此之外，如《墨庄漫录》卷七、八《鹤林玉露》甲编卷四，在谈及四六工巧的作法时，都不忘举出几条前人用成语的例子③。南宋人对四六用成语的偏好甚至波及到北方，金末刘祁在《《归潜志》中就将“用前人成语”看做四六写作的正格，曰 “文章各有体，本不可相犯。故古文不宜蹈袭前人成语，当以奇异自强； 四六宜用前人成语，复不宜生涩求异。”④**
**值得注意的是，虽然杨万里、洪迈等人与谢及对用成语有不同的态度，但他们的立场却是一致的，即将工巧作为四六价值判断的重要标准。而与谢及观点相近的叶梦得却并不认可工巧在骈文批评中的必要性。叶氏追球的主要是四六的气象与格律，在不伤害文气的情况下，偶尔使用成语全句为对依旧可以接受。换句话说，在叶梦得那里，工巧是低于文气的次级标准，只有能达到“气象雄杰、格律超然”的工巧才可以被接受。谢及虽然也不认同四六用成语，但并未否认四六写作应当追求工巧，他不赞许用成语的原因仅在于用成语并非他追求的究极工巧。在这一点上，他与杨万里的立场并无二致：下句与对仗的技法本身就有价值，不需要依附文气而存在。**
**孝宗一朝在文章发展史上的独特地位已经前辈学者发明，孝宗朝之后6“狭义文章如四六、古文、时文都有了更为丰富的研究成果”⑤。如果说此前的四六话还保留着北宋诗话“论诗及事”的结体特征，那么孝宗朝以降的四六批评则体现出了更强烈的6“论诗及辞”的技巧中心论。杨万里对四六用成语的具体分类就是这种技巧中心论的体现，换句话说，时至南宋中期，骈文是否应当用成语的问题已经为骈文应当如何用成语所取代。笔者认为，正是孝宗朝以降骈文技巧中心论的大背景，成为了骈文用成语由别调到主流的转型契机。**
**①** **《诚斋诗话》，，《历代诗话续编》，上册，第152一153页。**
**②** **洪迈《容斋随笔》三笔卷八，上海古籍出版社1978年版，下册，第505—508页。**
**③** **张邦基撰，孔凡礼点校《墨庄漫录》卷七，中华书局2002年版，第202一203页；罗大经撰，王瑞来点校《鹤林玉露》甲编卷四，中华书局1983年版，第64页。**
**刘祁撰，崔文印点校《归潜志》卷一二，中华书局1983年版，第138页。**
**祝尚书《论中国文章学正式成立的时限：南宋孝宗朝》，《《文学遗产》2012年第1期。**
**除了传统的四六话与笔记中的言论，专门针对四六写作的类书也在这一时期出现。四六类书作为“南宋产生的一种新型专门性类书”在批评史上的独特地位已有学者揭律①。与传统的四六话和笔记不同，类书纂组警联名句不需要依托本事，也不需要全文的整体语境，因此，传统文学批评上对本事和整体效果(如叙事性、抒情性等)的关注在这一时期的四六类书中就难以体现。同时，类似于诗格、诗式等载体对技巧的关注则乘着四六类书的东风卷土重来。在这种风潮之下，用成语以其技巧上的可操作性、写作上的丰富积累，成为了类书哀集警联时重点关注的对象。中山大学藏明钞本 《新编四六宝苑群公妙语》在收录散联的部分就以对用成语的讨论开篇 “四六以全句对偶为难，今自四字至十二字及全句散联，各以类聚，聊备检阅。凡此皆经思而后得之，未易忽视。”②这些现象都可视为孝宗朝以降骈文技巧中心论的具体体现。**
**限于篇幅，本文未能对孝宗朝骈文批评技巧中心论倾向的成因做更详细的考察，但可以肯定这种风习与词科的兴盛有紧密的联系③。针对词科考试编纂的《辞学指南》就在王“编文”一节中将用成语视为骈文学习的必要步骤。王应麟认为，为了写作四六，应将经史中的成句按字数哀集成专用的工具书④，该书卷一曰：**
**又当作一册编四字语，先自 《毛诗》编，次及秦碑、汉章、 《元和圣德诗》 《平淮夷雅》，凡四字语可取者编之。**
**《诗》《书》须节一遍，以备四六之用。长句作一处节，如 “乃心罔不在王室””‘“学有缉熙于光明”之类。四字作一处，如 “迄用有成” “熙帝之载”之类。两字作一处。如 “畴咨”“若时’“燕及”之类。(王应麟《玉海·辞学指南》， 《历代文话》，第1册，第928页)**
**这里 _“_ “长句作一处节”的表述，很明显是为写作四六时用成语作偶对而准备的。由此可见，对于晚宋的骈文家来说，针对用成语的专门训练已经成为学习四六写作时不可缺少的步骤。**
**为了更加具体地说明南宋人论四六偏重技巧的现象，笔者比较了至早成书于庆元二年的《西塘集耆旧续闻》⑤中的一条与其文本来源，该书卷五云：**
**四六用经史全语，必须词旨相贯，若徒积叠以为奇，乃如集句也。杨文公居阳翟时，谢希深与之启云： “曳铃其空，上念无君子者；解组弗顾，公其如苍生何。”文公书于扇曰： “此文中虎也。”盖善其用经史语如自己出，特为豪健。(《西塘集耆旧续闻》卷五“四六用经史全语必须词旨相贯”条，第334页)**
**这一条笔记中的故事早见于欧阳修 《归田录》卷一与朱弁《曲洧旧闻》卷三，但欧阳修只是记录了杨亿称赏谢绛的故事，对作为故事核心的谢启并未给出个人化的评论：**
**希深初以奉礼郎锁厅应进士举，以启事谒见大年，有云： “曳铃其空，上念无君子者；解组不**
**参见侯体健《四六类书的知识世界与晚宋骈文程式化》，《文艺研究》2018年第8期。**
**转引自侯体健《中山大学藏明钞残本新编四六宝苑群公妙语〉考述》，** **《文献》2018年第4期。**
**③ 管琴《词科与南宋文学》(北京大学出版社2018年版)一书对南宋词科重视修辞的现象及成因有过专门的论述，参见该书第一章(第89-92页)。**
**④ 这种做法在唐宋文人中并不少见，据《《辞学指南》引《中兴馆阁书目》，陆贽有《备举文言》三十卷(《崇文总目》《文献通考》作二十卷 “摘经史为偶对类事”，而《文献通考·经籍考》引《郡斋读书志》称其“大类《六帖》而文辞过焉”(此条今本《郡斋读书志》未载。。《四六谈塵》称“唐李义山有有《金钥》，宋景文有一字至十字对，司马文正亦有《金極》，王岐公最多。《挥廛后录》卷七则云 “明清于王岐公孙晓浚明处，见岐公在翰苑时令门生辈供经史对偶全句十余册。恨当时不曾传之也。”但无论是李商隐、宋祁还是司马光，都极少留有用成语的实践。故笔者认为除王硅之作外，这些私纂类书应当与《备举文言》类似，更可能是《白氏六帖》一类的传统类书。**
**⑤ 有关成书时间的讨论可参见陈鹊撰，孔凡礼点校《西塘集耆旧续闻》(与李鹰《师友谈记》、朱弁《《曲洧旧闻》合刊 “点校说明”，中华书局2002年版，第273页。**
**顾，公其如苍生何。”大年自书此四句于扇，曰： “此文中虎也。”由是知名。(欧阳修撰，李伟国**
**点校《归田录》\[与王辟之撰，吕友仁点校《《渑水燕谈录》合刊J，中华书局1981年版，第3页)朱弁则读到了谢绛谢启的全文，认为全篇难与这精彩的一联相称，但依旧称赞该文“学博而辞多用事，至千余言不困，亦今人少见者。大率此体，前辈多有之，欧公谢解时，亦尚如此未变也。此风虽未变，近世文士亦不能为之”①。虽然揭示了北宋前期文风的流变，但对具体的写作技巧未置一词。而陈鹊提及此事则是为了指出用成语的使用规范：成语不可强作堆叠，而是要达到“如自己出”的标准方是。这三条史料在表述上的不同重点，恰可以反映两宋骈文批评的转型，即由关注本事，强调文本发生的语境，转向对孤立文本的写作技巧以及写作原则的关注②。**
**虽然赞赏四六用成语可以视为南渡文坛的主流，但这不意味着没有异调存在，如楼钥在E《北海先生文集序》中，就批评了当时人“习为长句，全引古语”而导致“反累正气”③的现象，并叹赏只有綦崇礼与汪藻能不染此风。但更多情况下，文论家在批评四六用成语时会首先肯定用成语的必要性，如刘克庄就在《跋方汝玉行卷》中称 “全句尤能累文字气骨，高手罕用，然不可无也。”④刘克庄对四六求工的批评也理致相同，声称尔“偶俪最俗下，不必苦求工，然不工又不可读”⑤.再如刘埙《隐居通议》也批评： “(冯景说四六)短处，在砌叠全句以求典实之工。不知全句太多，反伤重滞，而无神化之妙。作四六自有法度，不用全句固不可，纯用全句亦不可。”⑥这些批评的立场与叶梦得接近，即认为用成语等工巧的技法会损伤四六的文气与风骨。但至少从数量上看，这些批评远不如肯定的言论丰富。而且晚宋批评家在反思四六用成语带来的弊病时仍不得不承认“不用全句固不可” “四六家必用全句”⑦，这种表述上的回护恰可照见南宋四六批评对用成语的合理化与自然化。不同于两宋之际的景象，用成语在南渡之后已经不再是新鲜事物，相反，它在历史中生成的具体性被抽离了，以一种“神话”⑧的姿态成为了南宋四六写作中自然而且合理的预设条件，批评家可以反对它，却无法绕过它，反对的方式也由抵触转向了反思。杨万里引述张赞赏苏轼《贺册后表》 “全不用古人一字，而气象塞乎天地”⑨正是站在了南宋人立场上，对前辈“打破”格套产生的高妙艺术效果赞不绝口，即便在苏轼的时代用成语的格套远未定型。而随着南宋的覆灭， “宋四六用成语”的文学神话被元明两代人拆解， “直用成语而不切”的文病被视为“魔胃”10，仅“可资一笑尔”D，这一代表宋四六特点的技巧也逐渐淡出了四六作者的视野。**
**①朱弁撰，孔凡礼点校《曲洧旧闻》(与《师友谈记》《《西塘集耆旧续闻》合刊)卷三“杨大年谓谢希深文中虎”条，中华书局2002年版，第121页。弓用时断句有改动。**
**②** **有关中国古代文学批评中关注文本发生语境的研究，可参见浅见洋二《诗与“本事** **“本意”以及“诗谶”：论中国古代文学作品接受过程中的文本与语境的关系》一文(《唐代文学研究》第10辑，广西师范大学出版社2004年版)。**
**③** **楼钥《北海先生文集序》，《全宋文》卷五九四八，第264册，103页。**
**④** **刘克庄《跋方汝玉行卷》，** **《全宋文》卷七五八三，第329册， 第378页。更多刘克庄批评四六用成语例证已经祝尚书先生《论文章学视野中的“宋体四六”》一文指出，刘克庄反对滥用成语全句的态度是可以肯定的。**
**刘克庄《答林公淡监场书》，《全宋文》卷七五六○，第328册，第412页。**
**刘埙《《隐居通议》卷二三《丛书集成初编》，第3册，第242页。**
**刘克庄《林太渊文稿序》，《全宋文》卷七五七一，第329册， 第167页。**
**笔者在罗兰·巴特的系统内使用“神话”一词，参见\[法\]罗兰·巴特著，屠友祥译《神话修辞术》，上海人民出版社2016年版，第159一162页。**
**《诚斋诗话》，《历代诗话续编》，上册，第153页。**
**王志坚《四六法海》** “序”， **《景印文渊阁四库全书》，台湾商务印书馆1986年版，第1394册，第297页。**
**黄瑜撰，魏连科点校《双槐岁钞》卷四“经书对句”条，中华书局1999年版，第73页。**
**四 结语**
**骈文用成语在有宋一代经历了曲折的接受过程：：从唐代之别调到宋体之主流，从北宋晚期的争论到南宋的定音，在宋体四六的形成过程中，用成语确乎起到了举足轻重的作用。本文立足在骈文统绪内部发掘用成语技法的发展脉络，但同时也绕开了传统骈文史以 “古文运动”的影响来解释宋四六特征形成过程的取径。文章开头引述的早期研究就多将宋四六视作在“古文运动”的滋养下产生的一种文体，如刘麟生说 “宋代文学作风，率趋于散文化，不仅骈文为然，特骈文其尤甚者耳。”(《中国骈文史》，第95页))瞿兑之在《中国骈文概论》中则径称宋四六“是以古文作法来作的骈文”①。**
**毋庸置疑，从整体风貌来看，宋四六特征的形成确实与古文的风行有着莫大的关联。单就用成语观念的成立而言，也可以将其理解作在古文的压力下，骈文家为了满足庙堂四六高文大册的文体需求时，试图用经典成语取代华美文辞的一种主动努力，而非本文认为的知识结构欠缺导致的被动妥协。程果在《四六丛话后序》中就持此种态度 “宋自庐陵、眉山以散行之气运对偶之文，在骈体中另出机杼，而组织经传，陶冶成句，实足跨越前人。”②但从研究史的角度来看，笔者暂时倾向于在骈文史内部解释这一现象。毕竟，虽然宋人在创作四六时可以在句法上借鉴古文，但在下语、用典、作对等具体技巧上依旧只能以前代的骈文为典范。这绝不是否认古文影响的存在，而仅仅是对前人研究视角的一种尝试性的补充。**
**此外，本文在讨论宋四六用成语的典源时，多以出自经史的联句为例，而宋人骈文中使用诗语乃至歌词的例证也为数不少。如 《能改斋漫录》卷一四就记载了黄裳《谢及第启》用仁宗诗一事：**
**仁宗赐进士及第诗云“恩袍草色动，仙籍桂香浮”，黄冕仲《谢及第启》全用以为一联云：**
**“恩袍色动，迷芳草之依依；仙籍香浮，惹春风之拂拂。”东坡戏之曰： “好作闻喜燕酸文。”(《能改斋漫录》卷一四“恩袍色动仙籍香浮”条，下册，第403页)**
**又如《挥塵后录》卷八，也记载了朱翌用歌词全语作乐语一事：**
**朱新仲，少仕江宁，在王彦昭幕中。有代彦昭《春日留客》致语云 “寒食止数日间，才晴又雨；；牡丹盖十数种，欲拆又芳。”皆 《鲁公帖》与 《牡丹谱》中全语也。彦昭好令人歌柳三变乐府新声。又尝作乐语曰： “正好欢娱，歌叶树数声啼鸟； 不妨沉醉，拼画堂一枕春醒。”又皆柳词中语。(王明清《挥塵录》后录卷八，中华书局上海编辑所1961年版，第184页)**
**可见不同文体使用成语的出典也有不同的倾向： _：_ 高文大册的制诰倾向于使用经史成语，而士人之间的日用启文和佳节联欢的乐语则未尝不可 扯诗词。正如楼昉所说 “古人诗句，亦有可用之于表启者，若用之于制诰，则不尊严，不可不知。”③文类差别给用成语的具体技法带来了丰富的多样性，这种现象仍值得更加细致的分析与探讨。**
**用成语是宋人文学观念中的重要一环。若贯通各体文学，用成语这种使古人成句而以己意出之的作法，与集句诗也有类似之处。这些在宋代快速壮大的文学体类与写作技法都可看作宋代文人醉心技巧的产物，宋代批评家们对这些问题的集中关注，也可以视为宋人留心句法的证明。可以说，宋人对用成语态度的转型正是反映宋代文学观念流转过程的一面镜子。由此出发，宋代文学中一些熟知的现象可以得到更立体的理解，宋代骈文乃至宋代文学中的遗传因子也可以得到全新的破译。**
**瞿兑之《中国骈文概论》，《中国文学八论》，中国书店1985年版， 第46页。**
**《匹六丛话后序》，** **《历代文话》，第5册，第4227页。**
**③** **《过庭录》，《历代文话》，第1册，第456页。**
配
**(附记：本文在修改过程中得到了复旦大学侯体健教授的细心指导。在6“6宋代文学学会第十一届年会”上宣读时，台湾大学谢佩芬教授、华中师范大学林岩教授、北京师范大学周剑之教授也都对本文的修改提出了宝贵的意见，文章中对古文影响及骈文文体差别考虑的不足均由周剑之教授指出。投稿后，两位外审专家细致地批评了初稿中表述不当及观点偏颇之处，并提供了诸多南宋文人批评骈文用成语的材料。谨向以上诸位前辈学者致以诚挚的谢意。)**
**\[作者简介\]陶熠，复旦大学中文系博士生。**
**(责任编辑** **刘京臣)**
_八_ 人
**_一~人_**
**·学术信息·**
**“爱国诗人陆游与浙江诗路文化国际学术研讨会”召开**
**为纪念陆游诞辰八百九十五周年， “爱国诗人陆游与浙江诗路文化国际学术研讨会”于2020年11月12一14日在浙江绍兴召开。本次会议由中国陆游研究会、中华文学史料学学会、绍兴文理学院等单位共同主办，来自海内外高校、科研院所的专家线上线下“共聚一堂”，交流探讨陆游本体研究、接受研究和浙江诗路文化研究方面的新成果。中国社会科学院学部委员、文学研究所所长刘跃进，绍兴文理学院院长王建力，中国韵文学会会长肖瑞峰，中国宋代文学学会会长莫砺锋，中山大学教授彭玉平，中国人民大学教授包伟民，日本爱知大学教授三野丰浩等在开幕式致辞。人选本次会议的论文共七十七篇，学术研讨呈现以下特征：**
**一、于传统中求突破。关涉文学创作、生平思想等基本问题的陆游本体研究仍占主流，但研究的视角和方法多有亮点和拓展。莫砺锋、陈才智、崔际银论述了陆游与陶渊明、白居易、李白的文气关系。肖瑞峰、文师华、钟巧灵、张高评、林素玲、魏秀琪等立足文本，细化了陆诗题材研究。白振奎、周斌、黄晔、巢彦婷、刘喻枫、徐丹丹、丁雨秋等以陆游文学世界中若干意象的再研究为突破口，为陆诗艺术研究提供了新的思考维度。刘亮、戴路、郑鑫和胡鹏的陆文研究都有新的拓展。吕肖奂、杨万里、庄秀婷、商宇琦、聂庆等立足陆游诗文，探究陆游日常生活、人际交往与幕府活动的特点。胡传志、梁中效、付兴林、赵小涛、赵宏艳等地域视角的研究也取得新人耳目的成果。欧明俊、朱迎平对陆游思想体系、生平思想均提出了新的理解。**
**二、于探索中体现学术新进。陶喻之、邰旻、汪胜、胡雪盼等注重运用民国时期陆游研究文献，使民国时期的陆游研究进一步深化。李成文、韩立平、朱曦林、姜双双立足元明清选择新视角，重新发现陆诗价值。郑永晓系统梳理了元明清以来的杂著、小说，探究陆游在中下层民众中传播的广度和深度。陈冠明于熟题中求新，聚焦于陆游诗句的修辞与传播对后世文人诗歌创作的影响。**
**三、聚焦浙江诗路热点，拓展研究视野。与会学者从宏观及微观的不同层面探讨了浙江诗路的文学内涵和人文本质，推进了文学与史学、人文地理学之间的交流碰撞。胡可先、陈国灿、高利华关于浙江诗路宏观问题的讨论颇具指导意义。俞志慧、胡晨曦、渠晓云、王致涌、俞沁、钱汝平、张晓宁、陶运清等对不同历史时期浙江诗路微观层面的探讨颇具实证价值。**
**莫砺锋在学术总结中指出：陆游研究薪火传承，格局日趋合理宏阔；陆游和浙江诗路文化研究的融合，形成了陆游和浙江诗路文化研究的新气象。**
**(绍兴文理学院人文学院** **邢蕊杰)** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **公共文化建设70年：从政策工具视角看我国省级公共文化发展**
尚子娟 郑梧桐 任禹昆
**摘 要 公共文化政策工具是保证我国公共文化服务得以落实的重要手段，本文从政策工具视角出发，通过内容分析方法，将建国以来我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)的公共文化领域的政策法规分为供给型政策、需求型政策、保障型政策和激励型政策，依据不同的公共文化政策类型，采用多元统计分析方法中的样本聚类分析，对31个省(自治区、直辖市)的公共文化政策进行聚类，探讨不同地区公共文化政策的发展类型及原因。最后根据相关数据和实证结果分析，提出促进我国省级公共文化发展的政策建议。**
**关键词 公共文化政策；政策工具；聚类分析**
**中图分类号 G249 文献标识码 _A_ 文章编号1673-7725(2022)01-0111-04**
**基金项目 本文系陕西省教育厅2020年度科学研究智库内涵建设项目“我国省级公共文化服务评价指数研究”(项目编号：20JT005)；长安大学中央高校项目“公共文化服务及其影响因素的实证研究”(项目编号：300102110649)研究成果。**
**作者简介 尚子娟(1985一)，女，山西运城人，长安大学马克思主义学院，副教授，博士，硕士研究生导师，主要从事文化管理研究；郑梧桐(1997一)，女，河南信阳人，长安大学人文学院，主要从事文化管理研究；任禹昆(1997一)，女，山西晋中人，长安大学人文学院，主要从事文化管理研究。**
**公共文化政策工具是实现公共文化服务有效供给的途径。近年来，随着多项公共文化政策的出台，学术界对公共文化政策的研究逐渐升温。已有公共文化政策的研究主要集中在国家层面的公共政策分析，相关学者对不同年份国家文化政策的发展进行梳理，总结其政策变迁的趋势，并对其变化的原因进行分析1-21；有的学者对公共文化政策进行内容分析，从文本分析的角度阐释国家公共文化政策的演变并论述政策要素之间的关系。对于国家宏观层面的公共文化政策分析的研究已经清晰地描绘出了我国建国70年间文化建设取得的成就，然而我国幅员辽阔，各省、自治区与直辖市间存在一定的地域差异，公共文化建设形成了各自的特点与经验，但在这方面尚缺乏系统的梳理与总结，对于在省级层面**
**公共文化政策的分析存在一定的空白。本文系统梳理了我国省级公共文化领域的政策法规，笔者通过文本分析对公共文化政策的类型进行细分，接着对1981—2019年间我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)的公共文化政策法规进行聚类分析，探讨公共文化政策发展的区域差异。**
**一、研究设计**
**(一)研究视角：政策工具**
**政策工具是指被设定为旨在实现一定政策目标的实际手段或工具。政策工具的分类是政策工具的比较、选择和配置的基础。相关学者按照不同的标准，对政策工具进行了不同形式的分类4。从供给**
**和需求的角度来讲，可以将我国的公共文化政策分为供给型政策(政府主体)和需求型政策(社会、群众等客体)。无论是供给型政策还是需求型政策，都是为了公共文化的落实、稳定与长期的发展二制定的，也需要对各类政策的协调性进行统筹安排，提高“政策工具-治理目标”的适配性。**
**另外，公共文化随着社会经济的发展，目前已经划分为两类，一类是基本公共文化，另一类是个性公共文化⑤。换言之公共文化政策一方面需要满足群众的基本文化需求，另一方面还需要提供可供群众选择的多元的个性化的公共文化。在此背景下，笔者根据学界“供给需求”的政策基础，将“保障激励”也纳入公共文化政策的分类范畴。具体将公共文化政策分为保障型政策(环境政策-财政、人才、基础设施建设等支持政策)和激励型政策(市场、政府购买、企业支持等政策)。**
**(二)研究方法与样本**
**一是文本分析方法，主要通过内容分析对公共文化政策文本进行分类，依据政策工具理论对纳入样本的公共文化政策进行类型的划分。二是实证分析方法，将我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)的公共文化政策进行聚类分析，探讨不同区域的公共文化政策发展类型与原因。**
**本文选择我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)的公共文化政策法规作为研究样本(本研究样本未包含我国港、澳、台地区)，时间为1981一2019年。政策文本主要从全球法律法规网、北大法宝——中国法律检索系统、文化部公共文化研究上海图书馆基地发布的公共文化服务政策基础数据库( http：//bz. reasonlib. com/)、文化和旅游部( https： //www. mct. gov.cn/)以及文化政策图书馆数据库( http：//www. cpll. cn/keylist. aspx) 等比较权威的法律政策网站搜集。由于上述数据库中所收录的政策内容覆盖面广、发文机构不一、发文的种类多样，本研究在收集所有政策文本数据的基础上，通过人工浏览阅读的方式筛选与公共文化政策直接相关的政策文本，再通过内容分析进一步对样本进行梳理。经过筛选，遴选出1981—2019年间31个省(自治区、直辖市)颁发的公共文化政策法规文件，文件类型主要包括法律法规、决定、通知等，最终纳人研究范畴的有效**
**公共文化政策法规为351份。**
**对样本的类型划分如表1所示，1981—2019年我国各省份在制定公共文化政策时，都尽可能充分考虑不同的政策工具，由于公共文化本身具有的社会公益属性，因此，供给型和保障型两类基础政策分布的区域最广，其中我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)都制定了保障型政策。在目前的供给侧改革与公共文化服务效能提升的大背景下，越来越多的省份也开始增加需求型与激励型的政策。**
**表1 政策法规政策工具分类**
| **政策工具类型** | **政策工具名称文本内容** | **省、自治区、直辖市分布** | **省、自治区、直辖市占比** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **供给型** | **基础设施、资金、法律、规划、示范** | **30** | **96.77%** |
| **需求型** | **人才、市场、购买服务** | **28** | **90.32%** |
| **保障型** | **法律法规、服务管制、目标规划、基础设施** | **31** | **100.00%** |
| **激励型** | **鼓励多元参与、宣传倡导、奖励扶助、项目建设** | **29** | **94.00%** |
**二、实证分析结果**
**(一)省级公共文化政策的区域差异**
**我国各省在公共文化政策法规的出台上具有非常明显的差异，由图1可以看出，我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)制定的公共文化供给型政策和需求型政策存在显著差异，其中制定公共文化供给型政策数量排前三位的是江苏省、北京市和内蒙古自治区，排后三位的是贵州省、西藏自治区和海南省。制定供给型政策数量居多的地区主要集中在经济较发达地区，说明其在经济建设的同时也重视公共文化的发展，以政府为主导、各文化相关部门为重要力量，积极制定利于公共文化发展的政策法规。制定公共文化需求型政策数量排前三位的是重庆市、陕西省和山东省，排后三位的是黑龙江省、宁夏回族自治区和江西省。制定需求型政策数量居多的地区主要集中在文化历史悠久、资源丰富的地区，说明在文化环境良好的地区注重群众的文化诉求，以更好地促进当地文化的传承。**
**图1 省级供给型与需求型公共文化政策分布**
**由图2可以得出，我国不同省(自治区、直辖市)制定的公共文化保障型政策和激励型政策存在显著差异，其中制定公共文化保障型政策数量排前三位的是北京市、陕西省和内蒙古自治区，排后三位的是西藏自治区、河南省和海南省。制定保障型政策数量居多的地区主要集中在我国东部和西部地区，我国东部地区经济实力雄厚、技术发展迅猛，在公共文化建设方面有充足的资金、技术、人才的投人入；我国西部地区发展落后、综合实力较弱，为加快全国公共文化的整体发展，政府加大了财政投入，加**
**强西部地区公共文化基础设施建设、制定人才引进西部计划和税收优惠等支持政策，为西部地区公共文化的发展提供坚实保障。制定公共文化激励型政策数量排前三位的是江苏省、湖北省和重庆市，排后三位的是海南省、新疆维吾尔自治区和宁夏回族自治区。制定激励型政策数量居多的地区平均分布在我国东、中、西部，说明我国各省份大都积极促进多元主体参与公共文化的建设与发展，加强公共文化知识宣传，构建公共文化建设奖惩机制，推动公共文化与其他产业的融合和项目推广。**
**图2 省级保障型与激励型公共文化政策分布**
**(二)聚类分析**
**通过以上的描述性统计，我们可以对我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)的公共文化政策有一个宏观的认识。在此基础上，笔者依据不同的公共文化政策类型，对31个省(自治区、直辖市)进行聚类分析和分类总结。本文采用系统聚类法中的离差平方和**
**法，度量的标准选用欧式距离，对31个省(自治区、直辖市)的原始数据采取标准化处理后，将聚类方案的范围设定在3~5个小组，利用 SPSS 软件进行实证分析，聚类后的结果整理见表2。**
**第一组：以供给型、保障型为主的地区。以东部地区为主，经济基础较好。东部地区经济发达，资**
**金、人才、基础设施等资源优势显著，各政府部门重视公共文化的发展。在经济基础较占优势的背景下，保证了供给与保障的基础公共文化政策的覆盖面，基础设施建设完备。**
**第二组：以供给型、激励型为主的地区。以中部地区为主。近年来，中部地区经济发展速度较快，发展势头较好，政府越来越重视公共文化的发展。政府购买公共文化服务、市场刺激公共文化消费和企业支持公共文化的力度都在不断增加。**
**第三组：以需求型、保障型为主的地区。地区特色显著，因地制宜，注重群众对公共文化的个性化差异需求，在人才、资金、基础设施建设等方面的资源投资力度也不断加大。在需求和保障层面东部和西部地区的建设各有特色。**
**第四组：四类型平均。以西部经济不发达地区为主。西部地区经济、文化发展相对落后，对公共文化发展支持力度较弱，这与西部地区地广人稀有一定关系。因此，这类型的省份政府在开展公共文化相关工作时，主要从基本政策出发，将政策的覆盖面扩大，尚未体现地域特色与创新实践。**
**表2 省级公共文化政策聚类分析结果**
| **公共文化政策类型** | **东部省份** | **中部省份** | **西部省份** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **供给型、保障型** | **江苏、浙江、上海、北京、天津、广东** | **湖南** | **云南、宁夏、内蒙古** |
| **供给型、激励型** | **河北** | **湖北、黑龙江、吉林、江西、安徽、河南** | **广西** |
| **四类均分** | **/** | **/** | **青海、新疆、甘肃、西藏** |
| **需求型、保障型** | **山东、福建、辽宁、海南** | **山西** | **四川、重庆、贵州、陕西** |
**三、结论与政策建议**
**本文从政策工具视角出发，对31个省(自治区、直辖市)颁布的公共文化政策进行分析，研究建国70年以来我国不同地区公共文化的建设与发展，并得出以下结论：从政策类型来看，公共文化政策的制定存在区域差异。其中东部地区以供给型和保障型政策为主，中部地区以供给型和激励型政策为主，**
**西部地区对供给型、需求型、激励型和保障型四类政策均有涉及。因此，各地区应结合各自经济、人口、文化等因素的实际情况，科学制定四类政策，加强弱势政策的扶持力度，为当地发展公共文化提供更快更好的政策保障。**
**从政策数量来看，其中供给型政策数量最多，保障型政策数量次之，需求型政策数量最少，说明我国各省份主要是以政府为主导进行公共文化服务建设与发展的，需要加强多元参与、购买服务等需求型和激励型政策的制定，促进公共文化的全面发展。**
**根据上述分析结果，本文提出以下几点建议：**
**第一，加强公共文化的经济建设，为发展公共文化提供基础的坚实保障。如青海省构建文化建设财政保障机制16，对文化事业繁荣发展具有重要作用。**
**第二，积极推动社会力量参与公共文化相关政策法规体系。创新政府向社会力量购买服务的方式，如人员岗位、监督机制和招标平台等，努力实现公共文化产品和服务的精准有效供给；另外，鼓励社会力量参与文化志愿服务。**
**第三，正确梳理公共文化政策制定过程中各主体的互动机制，平衡政策供给和各主体的需求之间的矛盾。公共文化政策制定者应充分考虑群众的需求，有效解决群众的诉求与政策内容之间存在的矛盾，制定合理的公共文化政策。**
**参考文献**
**\[1\]李少惠，王婷.我国公共文化服务政策的价值识别及演进逻辑 \[JJ.图书馆，2019(9)：18-26.**
**\[2\]曹树金，刘慧云，王雨.我国公共文化服务政策演进(2009—2018)** **\[J\].图书馆论坛，2019(9)：39-47.**
**\[3\]吕芳.公共服务政策制定过程中的主体间互动机制—以公共文化服务政策为例\[J\].政治学研究，2019(3)：108-120.**
**\[4\]陈振明.公共政策分析\[M\].北京：中国人民大学出版社，2002：138.**
**\[5\]祁述裕，曹伟.构建现代公共文化服务体系应处理好的若干关系\[J\].国家行政学院学报，2015(2)：119-123.**
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**【责任编辑：李懂懂】** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **跨境担保政策在巴彦淖尔市实施情况的分析**
**尹兆斌 王佳妮**
**(中国人民银行巴彦淖尔市中心支行临河可Q015000)**
**内容摘要：在国家“走出去，引进来”发展战略引领下，巴彦淖尔市境内外投资呈现出快速发展的良好势头。但由于规模小、业务流量少等因素而无法获得境内外银行较大额度的授信支持，使得许多企业在“走出去、引进来”的过程中经常面临融资困境。而跨境担保政策的出台及不断完善，有效地解决了企业境内外融资难现状。但在实施过程中由于多方面因素影响，使得该政策在巴彦淖尔市涉外经济发展中的效应并没有得到突显。笔者就跨境担保政策巴彦淖尔市实施情况进行了调研，并提出相应的政策建议。**
**关键词：跨境担保政策 融资 分析**
**中图分类号：F830.51 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1003-7977(2014)10-0081-02**
**一、跨境担保政策在巴彦淖尔市实施情况及效应分析**
**巴彦淖尔全市注册外商投资企业有24家，境外投资企业有13家。自跨境担保政策出台以来，只有在巴彦淖尔市注册成立的内蒙古普盛能源有限公司为下属二级子公司购买车辆债务提供担保金额为719.49万美元的担保。内蒙古普盛能源有限公司成立于2009年，主要经营焦炭及附产品销售。2010年投资成立子公司巴彦淖尔市普盛物流有限公司，主要经营仓储业务。该子公司文于2011年收购境外企业蒙古国乌仁毕力格奥日希和有限责任公司，主要经营国内、国际物流业务。由于蒙古国乌仁毕力格奥日希和有限责任公司在蒙古国的运煤量逐年增加，为保证公司业务正常开展，公司商定从包头北奔重型汽车有限公司购买一批运煤车辆。但由于该海外公司资金有限，无法一次性交付购车款。便由中国出口信用保险公司为该笔业务承保，由普盛能源有限公司为蒙古国乌仁毕力格奥日希和有限责任公司对其购买车辆债务提供两年期限的担保。**
**跨境担保政策的运用，有效解决了企业资金不足的难题，使境外企业经营业务得以正常运转。2011年该境外公司全年利润达到3648万元，2012年利润虽有所下滑，仍达到2540万元；使得跨境担保业务为企业发展增添了活力。**
**二、多重因素制约跨境担保政策在巴彦淖**
**一是受投资国家的政策影响，使境外投资企业面临诸多不确定性因素影响。巴彦淖尔市对外投资区域主要集中于蒙古国、香港、加拿大等国家，其中对蒙投资的聚集程度最高，占总对外投资的76.9%。受蒙古国多变的政策的影响以及极力减少对华依赖的意图，使得来自中国的大规模投资“身处险境”。在中蒙合作过程中时常出现蒙方随意修改合同及违反签约条款的事情，致使双方发生经济纠纷，由于仲裁机制不健全，中方往往申诉无门，更难讨回公道。一旦发生重大变动，投进去的钱就有可能“打了水漂”。这让那些身处其中的中资企业，在加大对企业的投资力度方面更加重了忧虑。**
**二是企业的核心竞争力不强，竞争层次低，以争市场和争资源为主，企业未来发展前景受阻。由于自然资源具有重要的国家战略地位，其开发一般受到东道国政府的政策限制。巴彦淖尔市与蒙古国南戈壁省毗邻而居，拥有边界线369公里，口岸至煤矿直线距离只有190公里，至奥云陶勒盖铜矿仅70公里，是中国境内距离南戈壁省煤矿、铜矿最近的口岸，也是开发两矿的最理想通道。据外汇局统计，全市13家对外投资企业中，有10家在蒙古国投资。在对蒙境外投资企业中，投资于煤炭运输、采矿业等贸易型的企业有5家。一方面由于蒙古政府对矿产开采的投资力度和政府收益比例及种种限制在**
**不断提高。如2012年5月蒙古议会通过的《关于外国投资战略领域协调法》，将矿产资源、银行金融、新闻通讯等3个行业确定为具有战略意义的领域。法律对外国投资进人上述领域作出了具体规定：如外国投资者及其利益相关方和第三方签订股份买卖或转让协议，需通过在蒙注册企业向蒙政府提出申请；购买1/3或以上的战略企业股份需蒙政府同意等。进一步提高了外资进入的门槛；也相对压缩了中资企业利润空间，而且企业在经营过程中还面临着涉及众多政治、法律等方面的风险，经营成本较高。另一方面从国内市场需求来看，由于全国铁路货运价格全面上调，自今年2月15日起货物平均运价水平每吨公里提高1.5分，提价幅度约 10%，这在无形中提高了煤炭售价、增加了煤炭进口企业的成本。特别是2014年以来，国家进一步加大了对房地产行业的调控力度，钢铁、水泥等高耗能行业对煤炭的需求得到控制，致使煤炭消耗增速放缓。两方面的因素，严重困扰着中资在蒙古国的发展，如我市唯一一家使用过担保政策的巴彦淖尔市普盛物流有限公司，其在蒙古成立的公司自2013年以来一直处于停业状态。**
**三是受经济下行及行业影响，各家银行对煤炭企业的授信持续采取紧缩策略。近几年由于煤炭价格持续低迷，特别是2014年以来有的银行已出现不良风险，从把控风险的角度出发，各家银行对存量煤炭企业的授信大多采取压缩或清退政策，对新增客户的授信则不予准入或采取规模限制。同时对煤炭行业授信企业要求表内外授信余额不得突破某一时点余额。而跨境担保政策中的内保外贷业务需要占用企业的授信额度去完成担保，银行这些政策的出台限制了跨境担保业务在我市的充分运用。**
**四是境内融资成本相对较高，使外保内贷业务难以得到企业的青睐。外商投资企业向境外借入人民币外债的利率约为4%左右，借入外币外债的利率约为3%左右，而从境内融资的利率为基准利率6%上浮10%~30%，即6.6%~7.8%之间，相对于借人外债的成本，外商投资企业更愿意从境外融入低成本资金，如当地经营规模比较大的两家外资企业——联邦制药(内蒙古)有限公司、巴彦淖尔市嘉里资源有限公司均从母公司借入外债来缓解资金紧张问题，使**
**外保内贷政策难以受到当地企业的青睐。**
**三、采取有效措施，充分发挥跨境担保政策对企业带来的融资便利**
**中蒙两国近期签署的涉及煤炭、天然气、石油等26项合作文件，对投资蒙古国的中资企业来说是一个新的机遇。作为金融部门，也应从实际出发，采取灵活多样的信贷政策来支持企业的融资需求。**
**一是利用优势条件，搭建合作平台。我市与蒙古国地域相连、民俗相近、语言相通，在经贸合作方面又具有结构互补、资源互补、劳动力和技术互补等优势。政府部门要通过多种途径加强对蒙涉外经济政策和投资及贸易市场的研究和分析，及时为企业和有关部门提供有价值的投资和贸易信息以及窗口指导，从而促进与蒙多层次、多领域合作。**
**二是要优化对外投资经营范围。受国际市场多方因素影响，中资企业应加强产、供、销等各个环节的成本和费用管理，充分挖掘内部潜力，增强产品的价格竞争力，转变经营方式，采取开发与深加工相结合，投资与贸易相结合等多种合作方式。加快产品升极换代，通过提高技术含量、管理水平，创建具有高附加值的名牌产品，提高在投资国综合竞争力。**
**三是中国企业要研究蒙古国的产业政策，调整投资结构，扩大投资范围。蒙古国经济落后，据统计，蒙古国内轻工产品73%由中国提供，蔬菜水果96%靠中国进口，这也为相关企业带来新的发展空间。所以中国企业的眼界要开阔一些，不要只局限于矿产资源开发方面，可在如建筑、服装、电子、畜产品加工、生活用品的生产、文化、教育、交通等产业方面下功夫，走出一条多元化发展的道路来。**
**四是大力培育有竞争优势的境外投资主体。针对在蒙民营境外投资企业抵御市场风险能力弱的缺陷，境外投资应改变以往那种小规模、分散化的局面，通过联合、重组的方式，积极发展以大型企业为核心，融资本、生产、技术为一体的实力雄厚的现代企业集团，使“走出去”企业实现由单兵作战向抱团共赢的转变，并通过激励中资银行通过全球授信的融资方式，实现银企共赢。**
**(责任编辑：赵琳)(校对：ZL)** | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **以细致的共时描写揭示词汇的历时发展**
——评田启涛、俞理明\]《早期天师道文献词汇描写研究》
_王彤伟_
道教文献语言的研究起步较晚，自20世纪90年代才进入自觉阶段。30多年来，道经语言研究取得了一定成绩，但与其他俗世文献和同属宗教文献的佛经语言研究相比，进展仍显缓慢。值得高兴的是，仍有不少学者不避艰辛，长期不懈坚持对道经语言的研究探索。田启涛、俞理明《早期天师道文献词汇描写研究》一书，2021年5月由浙江大学出版社出版，即是一部立足于描写的道教文献词汇研究的力作，对于六朝道教文献语言研究有重要的价值。
该著采用描写方法，以魏晋天师道10部文献为研究对象，对 48849字的文献材料进行了穷尽性分析，共切分出8648个词项，其中包括通用词7265个，道教专名1355个，另附待质词28个。对于切分出的词，以义项为单位逐一考察。在此基础上，对早期天师道文献词汇的总体面貌、层次性、复音化、语义系统等问题进行了较为深人的讨论，并进一步发掘出相关词汇历时发展中的若干特点和内在规律。
全书由七部分组成，除绪论和结语之外包括：一、早期天师道文献的先秦词汇旧质；二、早期天师道文献的两汉词汇旧质：三、早期天师道文献的一般词汇新质：四、早期天师道文献中反映道教世界的专名：五、早期天师道文献的词汇构成。其中，第一至第四部分是对词条的分类描写，第五部分是对词汇构成情况的综合分析。书后列有“词目检索”，便于查检。通览全书，有几点感受与大家分享。
**一、语言描写坚实细密**
描写是语言共时研究的主要方法，该著严格落实了这一方法。作者对所涉语料均认真观察、详加分析，以语义场为切人口，把所有词条按名物、行为、性状三大类作了合理分类和详细展示。对于切分词语这样一项艰巨繁琐的工作，作者不惧其多、不惮其烦，逐字逐句将10部文献断词、释义、别类、溯源，共切分出8648个词项，构建了后续研究的坚实基础。从词条描写内
容来看，词语切分、释义与词频统计等紧密结合、集中呈现，因此本书还可看作一部道教文献的语言词典。试举数条为例：
**对于先秦、两汉的词汇旧质，该著的描写方法如下：**
1.1.1.22，，家庭族类(17：单6(31/十四)，双11(24/十三>)
【家】 家族； 家庭。 <21/六〉【室：】家。<1/一>【室家】家庭或家庭中的人。<8/二〉【举家】全家。<1/一〉【内人】家里人。<1/一〉【人家】他人家庭。<6/二)【他家】他人家庭。<1/一〉【宗族】同宗同族的人。 <1/一>【种】族类。 <1/一>【类》】族类。<1/一〉【胡】北方和西方的民族。<6/四>【胡人】北方及西域各族。 _(2/_ 一>【夷】东部各族的总称。<1/一〉【南蛮】南方的民族。<1/一〉【夷蛮】东方和南方各族。<1/一〉【夷狄】华夏族以外的各族。<1/一〉【蛮夷】四方边远地区各族。<1/一〉
**“家庭族类”是这组词语的语义类别，后面括弧中的(17：单6(31/十四)，双11(24/十三))，“17”是此组词语的总数，其中单音节词语6个，使用31次，分布于10部文献中的十四篇次，双音节词11个，使用了24次，分布于十三篇次。标题之下是词条展示：【家】家族；家庭。<21/六>**
词条“【家：】”，外面的括号“【】”表示“家”是产生于先秦沿用至魏晋而不变的词语(全书用了六种括号来分别词条的历史背景；“家”右下角的小标号“2”，表示“家”的第二个义项)；“家族；家庭”是释义；<21/六〉表示该词共出现21次，分布在10部文献的六部之中。先秦两汉的词汇旧质不再出例句。整个“家庭族类”之下的17个词条并非随意排列，而是按照“家庭>家人>他人家庭>族人>族类>外族”这种由里而外、由亲及疏的语义关系排列。
第三章“一般词汇新质”的词条展示，与词汇旧质的描写略有不同，增加了例句，例如：
**【黄赤】房中术。“黄赤”为“日月”**
代称，又暗指“男女”。〈2/二〉吾亲在事，尚复如此，后世当以黄赤相传以为常事，不可分别。(32/593b)
外面的括号“【】”表示“黄赤”产生于先秦，在魏晋发生义变；括号后面的“房中术。黄赤’为‘日月’代称，又暗指‘男女’”是词条在文句中的意义；最后面的“吾亲在事，尚复如此，后世当以黄赤相传以为常事，不可分别”是文献中的一个例句，(32/593b) 表示此句在《正统道藏》中的具体位置。从释义引例方面看，作者对词条的释义简明到位，引例长短适宜。
全书的词条描写，作者严格遵循以上方法。在对每一个词条释义的同时，还统计了每个词语的时间(产生及义变的时代)和空间(出现频次及文献覆盖度)分布。这样全面细致的词汇描写是一种新尝试，这些看似繁琐的词条排列和统计，有其独特的研究价值。正如作者之一在序言中所说：“本项研究以无遗漏无重叠的描写为基本方法，大量的材料陈列非常枯燥乏味，可读性
差。但研究的科学性讲究有理有据，充分的材料陈列让文中的每一个论点、每一个数据都可以在文中得到支撑，而不是以作者一面之词论。”扎实的语言学研究，就应追求家“实事求是”“无征不信”，这是值得肯定的。
**二、语义分类合理周遍**
八千多个词条，如何进行分类排列，这是一个大问题。虽然词条分类方法有多种，可以按照音序，也可以按照形序，但此研究的落脚点是词义。汉语词汇的意义系统极为复杂，意义分类和排列的原则至今还没有达成一致，需要研究探索。作者经过深入思考和细致分析，选择从概念意义出发，结合道教文献用词的特点，立足人本，以意义为线索进行词义分类。先按意义把词汇分为名物、行为和性状三类，各类内部再按意义差异区分，共分出底层语义类别133个，其中名物类语义类别39个，行为类语义类别57个，性状类语义类别37个。下面以“名物”类为例，看一下该著的语义分类系统(图1)。
**1.1.1.1亲属**
**图1 名物类词语语义系统**
从图1的语义结构系统看，作者对词语分类的逻辑性还是比较周遍严密的。这个语义系统，以人为中心展开，神灵是想象中的生命，具有与人相似的意识和行为，因此依附于“人物”；人的肢体器官和寿命，属于生命体的构
成部分；动植物也有生命，但从人的观念来看，它们却属于“物”，跟器物工具同类，人们依据它们的使用价值加以处置；自然界的星辰大地处所方位不仅是客观存在的实体，也是人和物存在的环境或背景；此外，还有一些抽
象的事物，人们思维活动产生的各种观念和意识，各种社会组织机构和现象。可以看出，语义脉络非常清晰。正如文中所说“人对外界的认识，有一个从自身到他物，从近处到远处，从具体到抽象，由显著到细微，即由此及彼，由近至远，由实至虚，由著知微的过程”。
通过语义关系把词语系连在一起，进而观察语义系统的特点，有其独特的价值。但从中也可看出，这个语义分类系统对文献具有较强的依赖 _性。_ 一旦研究对象不同，呈现的语义系统就会发生相应的变化。如何优化语义分类系统，增强语
义系统的普适性，是从概念意义出发对词汇作分类时需要进一步考量的问题。
**三、共时研究与历时研究互为支撑和补充**
在共时材料的描写中同时进行历时分析是本研究在方法上的一大特点。这种研究“通过在共时层面中对语言材料中的历时因素作深人的研究，不但可以看到很多在共时平面上看不到的东西，还可以看到很多不同材料的历时比较中看不到的东西，它的价值是无庸置疑的\*\*。例如，作者对7265个通用词汇成分进行了纵向的历时溯源：
**表 早期天师道文献词汇通用成分概况**
| 时代词义 | 先秦词先秦义 | 先秦词两汉义 | 两汉词两汉义 | 先秦词魏晋义 | 两汉词魏晋义 | 魏晋新词 | 合计 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 名物/光 | 1188 | 123 | 412(535) | 131 | 105 | 669((905) | 2628 |
| 名物/光 | 16.4 | 1.7 | 5.7(7.4) | 1.8 | 1.4 | 9.2(12.5) | 36.2 |
| 行为/% | 1560 | 214 | 486(700) | 167 | 74 | 782(1023) | 3283 |
| 行为/% | 21.4 | 2.9 | 6.7(9.6) | 2.3 | 1.0 | 10.8(14.1) | 15.2 |
| 性状及其他/光 | 813 | 111 | 156(267) | 54 | 23 | 197(274) | 1354 |
| 性状及其他/光 | 11.2 | 1.5 | 2.1(3.7) | 0.7 | 0.3 | 2.7(3.8) | 18.6 |
| 总计/光 | 3561 | 118 | 1054(1502) | 352 | 202 | 1648(2202) | 7265 |
| 总计/光 | 19 | 6.2 | 14.5(20.7) | 4.8 | 2.8 | 22.7(30.2) | 100 |
(表中括号里的数目是同一时代新词新义的总和)
表中这批共时材料的历时分布清晰可见，而这种分布情况的展示可以让我们发现单纯共时描写看不到的东西，比如词汇的承袭性。在7265个通用词汇中，先秦产生的有3561个，占49%；两汉产生的新词新义1502个，占
20.7%；魏晋产生的新词新义2202个，占30.3%。因此可以明确得出“承袭是词汇应用主要方式”的结论。
再如，作者对通用词汇成分复音化分析的有关资料：
**表2早期天师道词汇使用量统计**
| | 先秦两汉旧词旧义 | | | 先秦两汉旧词新义 | | | 魏晋新词 | | | 合计 | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 词量 | 词次 | 词面 | 词量 | 词次 | 词面 | 词量 | 词次 | 词面 | 词量 | 词次 | 词面 |
| 单音 | 2182 | 21205 | 1676 | 144 | 518 | 195 | 18 | 36 | 20 | 2344 | 21789 | 1891 |
| 双音 | 2825 | 6691 | 3817 | 109 | 792 | 181 | 1246 | 2105 | 1347 | 1180 | 9588 | 5675 |
| 三音 | 21 | 29 | 24 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 81 | 95 | 85 | 105 | 131 | 112 |
| 肆音 | 34 | 11 | 39 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 284 | 335 | 297 | 320 | 379 | 338 |
| 伍音 | | | | 1 | 18 | 3 | 10 | 15 | 11 | 11 | 33 | 14 |
| 陆音 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | | | | 1 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| 总计 | 5063 | 27967 | 8587 | 559 | 1368 | 684 | 1643 | 2590 | 1764 | 7265 | 31925 | 11035 |
| 复音小计 | 2881 | 6762 | 3911 | 415 | 820 | 189 | 1625 | 2554 | 1744 | 1921 | 10136 | 6144 |
**从表中不仅可以看到复音化在共时平面的整体面貌，还可观察到单复音词的历时分布情况，这是单纯共时研究看不到的细节。**
**在此基础上，作者对各个层面复音化程度的**
差异进行了考察：从词汇的整体来看，在总计7265个词中，复音词与单音词的数量比是4921：2344，词库中单音词比复音词少一半以上。但在十种文献中，4921个复音词共使用了
10136次，2344个单音词共使用了 21789次，分别占总数 31925的31.75：68.25。在语用层面，情况相反，单音词的整体使用率超过三分之二。
从词汇的新质层面来看词汇复音化的程度，早期天师道十种文献1643个新词中，有1625个复音词，18个单音词，复音词与单音词的比例是：98.90：1.10；复音新词的使用量为2554次，单音新词的使用量为36次，，二者比例为98.61：1.39。由此可见，无论是词库层面，还是语用层面，复音词都占有绝对优势。
在这种纵横结合、周密细致调查统计的基础上，作者进而得出结论，词汇的复音化其实是从词汇新质、语流、词库等不同层面逐渐扩展开来的。这个尝试也表明，共时研究和历时研究不是绝对对立的，二者互为补充，相得益彰。
**四、其他方面**
作者提出的一些新论点和尝试的新方法也难能可贵。
例如，作者从实践出发，认为把词汇分为基本词汇和一般词汇两个部分的传统分类方法过于粗略，且缺乏可操作性。在大量观察和分类实践的基础上，作者提出根据词的稳定性(时间)和普遍性(空间)，可把词汇分为呈环靶状的基本层、常用层、局域层和边缘层四部分。在方法上，根据词汇的使用期观察其稳定性，根据每个词在文献中的覆盖率和使用率两方面评价使用的普遍性。
再如，关于复音化的考察问题。复音化是汉语词汇发展的总趋势，但如何评价反映不同时期汉语词汇的复音化程度，还存在着相当大的深人研究的空间。该书作者提出，对复音化的观察和分析不能简单地统计对比单音词和复音词的数量及其比率，而应该采用多层面的立体式观察。在这一观点指导下，作者对早期天师道词汇的整体层面、新质层面、个体活力层面的复音化都进行了量化分析，在分类统计分析的基础上，认为汉语词汇的复音化是通过不同层面逐步扩展的。
**当然，作为一部对早期天师道文献词汇进行全面描写研究的论著，其中也存在一些问题。**
例如，从概念意义出发对词汇作分类，对于实词来说问题不大，但虚词由于语义虚化而功能性较强，在这个分类系统中就略显尴尬。有些虚词由于使用率高、分布广，仅仅依靠语义分析分类，这些词语找不到自己的位置。如果能在研究中把实词和虚词分开处理，不同词类的特征可能就更加明显。
另外，有些词条的释义还可完善，如：
【别室】静室。(2/一〉写经，将一通盛以别室，朝夕烧香礼拜神文，太上当遣玉
童玉女各十人，侍卫己身。(28/408a)
**将“别室”释为“静室”，太过简略。因为对于不熟悉道教文化的读者来说，即使释为“静室”，所指仍然不明。其实此词的解释，“别”字是关键，“别”为“分开”之义，所谓“别室”应是指“与俗世生活房室分离的(道士)修行之室”再如：**
**【金马】晋朝。〈2/一〉今三灾之世，交争方兴，太平在金马之末，年岁尚尔，世非贤人所处。(32/593c)**
这条释义虽然无误，但理据不明。普通读者不易了解其文化内涵，就会影响对文献的深入理解，宜进一步稍作说明。《魏书·礼一》：“魏承汉，火生土，故魏为土德；晋承魏，土生金，故晋为金德。”按照五行，“晋”属金。晋的统治者姓司马，“马”指司马氏，故而“金马”指“司马氏之晋”。再如：
**【虎】老虎。 <8/五>【熊】兽名。 (2/一>【狼】兽名。<5/四〉【鹿】动物名。<3/二>【猴】猴子。<1/一>**
这一组动物的释义不统一。以“老虎”释“虎”，，“猴子”释“猴”，是以现代通行双音节词语释单音节名词。而“熊”和“狼”释为“兽名”，是生物学角度种属的归类，“鹿”释为“动物名”，是生物学更上位的分类。所以，词条的释义标准还可进一步优化。再如：
【练形】方士修炼形体，，以求超脱成仙。<1/一〉持戒而死，灭度练形，上备天官，尸解升仙。(18/219a)
【炼形】修炼自身形体。<1/一〉老君变化无极中，出处幽微黄房宫。炼形淑淑虚无同，光景布行八极中。(28/371c)
作者既在“绪论”说“异体或通假形式附见于通用形式”，则“练形”和“炼形”当合为 _一条。_
当然，以上这些问题不过是白璧之微瑕，无损于该书的成就和价值。我们期待着作者在词汇描写的道路上继续耕耘，在道经语言研究方面取得更大的成绩。
(王彤伟，四川大学中国俗文化研究所、文学与新闻学院教授，)
(责任编辑： **首之)**
①田启涛、俞理明著：《早期天师道文献词汇描写研究》，杭州：浙江大学出版社，2021年，序言第3一4页。
同注①，第25页。
**俞理明、谭代龙：《共时材料中的历时分析-** 从(根本说一切有部毗奈耶破僧事〉看汉语词汇 **的发发，展》，《四川大学学报》2004年第5期，第** 71页。 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | 生源短缺条件下地方高等院校生存发展对策以江西省为例
邓宏亮
(宜春学院经济与管理学院，江西宜春 336000)
摘 要：分析了当前我国大学生源的基本情况，研究了影响考生择校的主要因素，提出了促进江西省地方高校可持续发展的建议：加强品牌建设，提高地方院校知名度；改善办学条件，提高师资水平，提高教学质量与科研水平；加强专业建设，优化招生计划；加强就业指导，完善服务机制；加大宣传力度，增强学校社会影响力；合理制订学费标准，严格控制教育成本。
关键词：生源短缺；江西地方高校；可持续发展
中图分类号： G640 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-6511(2009)01-0101-03
一、当前我国大学生源的基本情况
2008年全国参加高考的考生人数约为1060多万，达到了历史之最，但普通高校在校生人数为2476.28万，比上一年减少了 46.17万，下降1.83%。2009年全国参加高考的考生数为1020万，比2008年下降了3.8%。
数明显呈下降趋势具体数据见表1)。因此可以预计在将来很长一段时间内，高中毕业生人数将会持续下降。这对于正处在规模扩张阶段的高校来说，是一个严峻挑战，因为这意味着不久各高校将出现严重的生源短缺现象，而对于地方院校来说，未来的生源竞争必将更加激烈。
通过调查我们发现，目前我国小学生、初中生人 二、影响考生择校的主要因素
表1 2000~2008年全国学生数统计表
| 年份 | 普高万人 | 初中万人 | 小学万人 | 普通高等教育数 | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 年份 | 普高万人 | 初中万人 | 小学万人 | 学生数万人增加数历人 | | 增加率/% |
| 2000 | 1201.3 | 6167.6 | 13 013.3 | 5561 | 1427 | 34.51 |
| 2001 | 1405.0 | 6431.1 | 12 543. 5 | 719.1 | 163.0 | 29.31 |
| 2002 | 1683\. 8 | 6 687.4 | 121567 | 903.3 | 287.5 | 24.46 |
| 2003 | 1964\. 8 | 6 690. 8 | 11689 7 | 11086 | 205.2 | 2272 |
| 2004 | 2220 4 | 6 527. 5 | 112462 | 1333\. 5 | 224.9 | 20 29 |
| 2005 | 2409 1 | 6214.9 | 108641 | 1561.8 | 225.3 | 17.12 |
| 2006 | 2514 5 | 5 957. 9 | 10711.5 | 1738 8 | 1771 | 11.34 |
| 2007 | 2522 4 | 5 736 2 | 10564.0 | 18849 | 1461 | 8.40 |
| 2008 | 2476 3 | 5 585.0 | 10331.5 | 20120 | 1361 | 7.22 |
说明：以上数据来自全国教育事业发展统计公报
学生选择地方高校是一个复杂的过程，作出这一选择需要综合考虑多方面因素，它涉及的内容主要包括学生及高校的一系列特征。
我们就影响考生择校的20个因子进行了问卷
调查，这个20个影响因子分别为：学校知名度、师资水平、科研实力、学校规模、校园文化、就业前景、学费、生活成本、获奖学金的机会与数额、获助学金的机会与数额、获贷款的机会与数额、勤工俭学的机
收稿日期：2009-09-12
基金项目：江西省教育规戈项目 (08YB177)
作者简介：邓宏亮(1971-)，男，湖南衡阳人，江西宜春学院经济与管理学院讲师，硕士。研究方向：企业经济学、高等教育管理。
会、所在地的地理环境、学校所在地的经济文化状况、学校所在城市与家庭居住地的距离、希望就读的专业在该校中的实力、图书馆设施与藏书量、继续深造的机会、住宿条件、课外活动质量。这20个影响因子在考生择校时的重要程度的调查结果如图1所示。图中纵轴表示重要程度的分值，满分为9分，并设定8~9分为非常重要因素，6~8分为重要因素，4~6分为一般重要因素，3~4分为不重要因素，2分以下为非常不重要因素。通过调查我们发现，在这20个影响因子中，考生在具体选择地方院校时，最看重的是就业前景，其次分别是学校知名度、学校所在地的地理环境、学校规模、希望就读的专业在该校中的实力、学校所在城市与家庭居住地的距离、师资水平、学校所在地的经济文化状况等。普遍不被看重的因素为课外活动质量、图书馆设施与藏书量、继续深造的机会、勤工俭学的机会、住宿条件、获货款的机会与数额、获助学金的机会与数额、获奖学金的机会与数额等。
图1 影响考生择校因素的重要程度
注：A.就业前景；B.学校知名度；C所在地的地理环境；D学校规模；E希望就读的专业在该校中的实力；F师资水平；G学校所在城市与家庭居住地的距离；H学校所在地的经济文化状况；I校园文化；J.科研实力；K生活成本；L.学费；M.获奖学金的机会与数额； N获贷款的机会与数额；a获助学金的机会与数额；P住宿条件；Q.勤工俭学的机会；R继续深造的机会；S
图书馆设施与藏书量；T课外活动质量
三、促进江西地方高校可持续发展的建议
随着我国的招生、考试制度改革的不断推进，地方高校生源之争必将日益激烈。如何在激烈的竞争中立于不败之地，让更多的”顾客”(尤其是优质的”顾客”)来接受自己的"高等教育服务”，实现地方院校自身的可持续发展已成为一个现实性问题。为此，我们在前期广泛调查的基础上，提出了六条建议。
(一)加强品牌建设，提高地方院校知名度
在地方院校之间的显性资源日益趋同的情祝下，只有学校品牌才是维持地方院校生命力的重要
因素，但是目前江西省大多数地方院校还没有真正创出地方院校品牌，这一问题已得到学校领导及教育专家的高度重视。作为地方院校，首先应根据学校的实际和社会环境进行地方品牌发展定位。要把学校的品牌建设规划与学校的硬件建设规划、专业建设规划、师资队伍建设规划等放在同等重要的地位，要注意突出地方院校的综合优势与比较优势，从而提升品牌的价值。同时，品牌定位要与经济发展、人文环境建设等地方特色结合起来，惟有如此才能做到有的放矢，一方面吸引大批地方上的考生，另一方面又能使学生在毕业后能够服务于地方各项建设。江西省的地方院校，要善于利用自己的比较优势，充分发挥学校的地域优势和学科专业优势，在自身办学特色上下工夫，在学科专业特点上下工夫，在发展人才特长上下工夫，集中力量形成自己的品牌特色，以品牌特色求学校发展，从而做到”人无我有，人有我精，人精我新，人新我特”。111(57-58
(二)改善办学条件，提高师资水平，提高教学质量与科研水平
一所地方高校能否被社会认可，关键在于其办学条件和人才培养质量，在高校扩招的大背景下，必须更加关注地方院校的办学质量。。21(95.97)一所地方高校，要在生源日益短缺的形势下长久立于不败之地，最根本的措施就是改善自身的办学条件，努力提高师资水平，提高教育教学质量，提高学校科研能力，树立良好社会形象。因此，江西省各地方政府应加大对地方高校基本建设的投入，在土地划拔、经费投入、人才引进、基本建设时间上给予政策扶持，使政府投入与规模发展相配套。与此同时，地方高校自身也应加强内部管理，建立健全各项分配制度，稳定师资，改善办学条件，主动为地方经济社会发展服务，使高校对周边生源产\[3\](106-110)生强大的吸引力。
(三)加强专业建设，优化招生计划
建设品牌专业十分重要。从我们的调查可知，考生选择地方院校，其中一个重要的原因就是为了将来的就业，只有有了好的专业才能有好的就业。地方院校应该精心打造自己的品牌专业，对品牌专业要进行重点投资，除了在品牌专业上下工夫外，还要注意以品牌专业带动一般专业，从而使各个专业的招生、培养、就业进入良性循环的轨道。2
地方院校还要优化自身的招生计划，招生计划的制订一定要科学合理。具体而言，招生计划制订时要做到四个结合：第一，要与自己的品牌专业相结合，制订时要以品牌专业为中心。第二，要与学校的比较优势和综合优势相结合，努力提高学生的专业素质，从而提高地方院校的人才培养质量，进而提升学校的品牌质量。第三，要与学生的就业前景相结合，就业前景好的专业，应扩大招生规模。第四，要与地方经济发展和社会发展的需要相结合，使地方院校培养的人才能为社会所接纳。第五，要把扩大省内招生与扩大省外招生相结合，努力开拓招生新途径。
四)加强就业指导，完善服务机制
1.重视学生职业潜能的开发。要从学生的职业生涯设置的高度来开展就业指导，帮助学生按照自己的个性特点进行职业规划，同时建立相关的测评制度，对学生进行心理测评、性格测评和职业倾向测评，充分挖掘学生的职业潜能。
2.加强就业指导队伍的专业化建设。地方院校的就业指导必须专家化、专业化，使就业指导成为一种职业，提高从事此项工作的人员的职业素养，从而保证培养出的学生能够顺利就业，学有所用。
3.完善就业信息咨询服务机制。毕业生往往对就业政策、就业形势了解不够深入，而这些方面的信息又是毕业生必须掌握的。因此，地方院校有必要利用多种渠道，采取灵活多样的形式开展信息咨询服务。要建立信稳公布制度，利用校园 BBS就业信息网、橱窗、海报栏等宣传阵地提供就业信息，还可以将签约毕业生的情况定期予以公布，借以增强其他学生的紧迫感。
4.建立人才需求的预测机制。建立科学的大学生就业跟踪与评估体系，完善专业信息预警机制，为学生提供及时、准确的就业信息，减少他们择业的盲目性，是推进地方高校学生就业工作改革，促进高等教育良性发展的有效手段。
(五)加大宣传力度，增强学校社会影响力
面对日益激烈的生源竞争，地方院校应该充分利用校内外各种宣传媒介，主动出击，加大宣传力度，增加学校的影响力，让更多的考生和家长了解学校。具体做法有三点：一是充分利用各种媒介(如电视、报纸、杂志、网站)对学校进行宣传。地方院校应与当地媒体经常沟通，建立一种互惠互利的友好合作伙伴关系，学校通过媒体及时将各种办学信息、工作亮点进行发布，由此可引起广大考生、家长对学校的关注。二是充分调动校内外各方力量，构筑宣传统一战线。积极促进学校领导、教师、学生与外部公众的交往，通过访谈、讲座、文艺活动等形式，将地方院校的办学特色、办学优势等信息传播出去。三是
扩大院校对外开放，促进校际交流。应加速地方院校向社会开放的进程，通过各种形式向家长、考生开放，如举办学校招生信息发布会、教学科研成果报告会，开设学校开放日、院校领导接待日等，邀请社会各界人士来学校参观，同时组织学校代表团到中学访问，促进校际交流。\[4\](37-40)
(六)合理制订学费标准，严格控制教育成本
地方高校要采取合理的定价策略。价格的高低是考生、家长比较关心的问题，学费太高，会令大家望而却步，但如果学费过低，又会影响学校的经济效益和发展后劲。在政策允许的范围内，学费应该是富有弹性的。地方院校要根据自身的特点，综合考虑学校所处的地理位置、当地的经济发展水平及自身的办学条件，采取学科专业的组合定价策略，对品牌专业采取稍高学费策略，对实力一般的专业或冷门专业以及新上专业采取低价策略。采取这样的收费策略会让出了大价钱的学生感到自己就读的是有实力的专业或热门的专业，虽然花钱较多，但是物有所值；而那些经济条件相对较差的学生则可以选择冷门专业或新上专业，吸引他们的自然是低学费，同时就读这样的专业，也可以使一些寒门学子产生奋发向上的动力，通过刻苦学习改变命运，实现自身价值。学校在对冷门专业给予一定的倾斜政策，增加报考率的同时还要注意加强对教师、学生的思想教育，防止在学生就读过程中出现歧视和不公现象。
参考文献：
\[1\]刘贵富.大学品牌创建与发展战略研究\[J\].中国高等教育，2006(7).
\[2\]牛庆玮，宋梅.关于普通高校生源问题的思考\[J\].石油教育，2002(3).
\[3项建民，郑华.江西地方高校摆脱生源困境对策研究\[J\]上饶师范学院学报，2003(10).
\[4\]吴建峰.高校生源激烈竞争的原因和对策\[J\].莆田学院学报，2008(2).
【责任编辑
王
E
素】
On the C oun term ea sure s of Develop ng Loca l Un iver sit ies in J iangxi under the Trend of Sector Recru its Shor ta ge
DENG Hon g-ang
(School of Economy and M angem ent， Yichun University ， Yichun 336000， China)
Abstract： B ecau se sec or eeru its w ill be an obvious declining trend in the future， and competito n of sector re-c muits w ill be fierce day by day. This the sis pu ts fo rwa id some references and propo sa ls for bcal un ive rsities in J ian-gxi on how to realize the sustainable devebpment
Key words： secbr recmits shortage； local un iversitie s in Jiangxisu stainable developm en1 | null | null | null | null | null |
zh | N/A | N/A | **邬旭东，男，1971年8月出生，安徽太湖人，汉族，中共党员，教授。1994年毕业于安徽师范大学政治教育系，2001年参加安徽师范大学在职研究生学习并取得法学硕士学位。现任蚌埠学院思政部教授、科研处副处长。现为中国红楼梦研究会会员，安徽省科学社会主义学会常务理事，安徽省淮河文化研究会常务理事，蚌埠市中国特色社会主义研究会副会长，蚌埠市第十次党代会代表，蚌埠学院学**
**术委员会委员。2007年被评为院级优秀中青年骨干教师，2008年被学院评为中青年学科带头人培养对象。2014年被授予“蚌埠学院教学名师”称号。**
**主要承担《马克思主义基本原理》《思想道德修养与法律基础》《中国近现代史纲要》和《形势与政策》等思想政治理论课的教学工作。科研方向为马克思主义基本原理、思想政治理论教育和高等教育学等。在《科学社会主义》《当代世界与社会主义》、《思想理论教育导刊》《未来与发展》《学术界》等学术刊物发表论文30多篇，其中 CSSCI 来源期刊10篇；发表综述和政治理论宣传文章20多篇；参与多部书稿写作，合作编著《新课程理论与实践的反思》和《新课程与教师专业化发展》两部。**
**主持安徽省重大教学改革研究项目1项、安徽省社科规划项目1项、安徽省高校社科研究项目2项；作为主要参与人参与国家社科基金教育学单列项目1项、教育部社科规划基金项目3项、安徽省高校社科研究项目2项等省部级和市(厅)级科研项目多项；多次参加由地方政府及有关部门组织的经济、社会、文化等方面的课题研究和大型调研活动，参与调研报告的撰写，部分成果被地方政府及有关部门制定规划和政策所采用；独立及合作研究成果多次获省、市(厅)级哲学社会科学优秀成果奖。**
**(摄影：陈灵稚)** | null | null | null | null | null |
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