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So overall, we had a very intense and mesmerizingly exciting time.
整體來說，我們渡過了一段 非常緊繃又有著迷人刺激感的時光。
And the lifetime we finally obtained for our materials was on one level with already commercialized materials for green OLEDs at the time, and we achieved this within just one year.
我們研發的材料，最後達成的壽命 水平已達到了當時已經商業化的 綠光 OLED 材料， 我們只用了一年就達到這個成果。
And those results helped our employer to sell the patents for real value.
那些結果，協助我們的僱主 把專利以很好的價格出售。
Now, let me tell you the same story with different characters and a slightly different operation.
現在，讓我告訴各位 一個同樣的故事， 只是角色不同， 且營運有些微差異。
The story is part of Star Trek.
這個故事是取自《星際爭霸戰》。
And sorry for those of you who haven't seen the movies, but I need to introduce a spoiler here.
對於沒看過這個系列的人，很抱歉， 我得要在這裡破一個梗。
After Mr. Spock sacrificed himself to save the starship Enterprise at the end of Star Trek II, Captain Kirk and his core team were determined to hunt through the universe to search for Spock, even though they could see only very little chance in finding him alive.
在史巴克犧牲了他自己 來拯救企業號之後， 這是《星際爭霸戰》第二集的結尾， 寇克艦長和他的核心團隊 下定決心要搜索 全宇宙，找到史巴克， 即使他們也知道，找到他且 他還活著的機率是微乎其微。
And Starfleet Command did not give them permission nor a starship to do so, so they took it very passionately into their own hands to travel out to find Spock.
而星艦指揮官沒有給予他們許可， 也沒給他們船艦來讓他們這麼做。 所以，他們非常有熱忱地 自己接手這件事， 開始向外尋找史巴克。
And after dealing with great challenges, they eventually found Spock, and he happily and gratefully joined the team again.
在面臨並解決了巨大的挑戰之後， 他們最終找到了史巴克， 他很開心且很感恩地 再次加入了團隊。
He could feel the dedication and the connection of his team towards their project, which was to save him and to hold the crew together.
他的團隊的專案計畫 就是拯救他並團結組員， 而他能感受到這個團隊 對專案計畫有多麼 投入且緊密連結。
And over the years, over the episodes of the saga, Mr. Spock came to realize that the combination of both logic and emotions is crucial for facing challenges and exploring new worlds, and there was no contradiction anymore.
經過許多年，經過 很多集的冒險故事， 史巴克漸漸了解， 邏輯和情緒的結合 對於面對挑戰以及探索 新世界而言都是很重要的， 他也就不再有矛盾了。
So the storyline here for both our OLED story and Star Trek is actually the basic setting for a lot of breakthrough stories, in and out of science.
所以，我們的 OLED 故事 和《星際爭霸戰》的劇情， 其實是在科學領域內外，關於突破的 許多故事的基本背景。
The main characters are all part of a great team.
主要角色都是偉大團隊的一部分。
All team members show a huge dedication towards reaching their goal.
所有團隊成員都展現出他們 願為其目標做出極大的奉獻。
They strive to seize all the freedom they can get, and they take the responsibility they need to take.
他們努力抓住所有能取得的自由， 他們扛起他們必須要扛起的責任。
During the time our OLED project was nearing the end, I received one piece of advice several times.
在我們的 OLED 專案計畫 快要結束的時期， 我收到了一項建議， 且不只一個人這麼跟我說：
"Don't take it to your heart.
「別把這事放在心上。
You can work on something else."
你可以去做其他的事。」
If I had followed it, it would have saved me several depressed evenings and many tears, but at the same time, I would have failed to gain a great deal in personal development and happiness.
如果我遵循這項建議， 我可能就可以省下 好幾個沮喪的夜晚 以及許多眼淚， 但同時， 我也無法收穫如此多的 個人進步和成功的喜悅。
And as the same is true for my colleagues and our whole project, we would have achieved far less.
對於我同事以及我們的整個 專案計畫而言亦是如此， 我們本來不可能有那麼高的成就的。
So of course, science should be based on facts and logic.
所以，當然，科學應該 以事實和邏輯為根據。
When I say we should use our emotions in science, I do not suggest we should use feelings instead of facts.
我說我們應該要把情緒用在科學中， 我的意思並非要用感覺來取代事實。
But I say we should not be afraid of using our feelings to implement and to catalyze fact-based science and innovation.
我的意思是，我們不該 害怕使用我們的感覺， 來導入和催化以事實 為根據的科學及創新。
Emotions and logic do not oppose each other.
情緒和邏輯並非彼此對立的。
They complement each other, and they reinforce each other.
它們能互相支持， 它們能互相强化。
The feeling of being dedicated to something meaningful, of belonging to something bigger and of being empowered is crucial for creativity and innovation.
感覺到自己在為 有意義的事情投入心血， 感覺自己屬於某個更大的目標， 感覺被賦權去做事， 對於創意和創新而言都是很重要的。
Whatever you are working on, make sure that it matters, and take it to your heart as much as you like.
不論你在做的是什麼事， 要確保它是重要的事， 然後以喜歡的方式用心去做。
I'm a bug lover, myself -- not from childhood, by the way, but rather late.
我是蟲子的愛好者， 不過並不是從小就這樣， 是年紀較大以後才開始的。
When I bachelored, majoring in zoology at Tel Aviv University, I kind of fell in love with bugs.
在大學時期， 我在特拉維夫大學主修動物學， 我開始對蟲子產生興趣。
And then, within zoology, I took the course or the discipline of entomology, the science of insects.
於是，在動物學系裡， 我選修了昆蟲學的相關課程， 昆蟲科學這門課。
And then I thought to myself, how can I be practical or help in the science of entomology?
當時我想著，我要怎麼去運用它呢? 或是我該如何對昆蟲科學有所貢獻?
And then I moved to the world of plant protection -- plant protection from insects, from bad bugs.
接著我開始往保護植物的方向走 -- 保護植物不被昆蟲侵害， 被那些害蟲所侵害。
And then within plant protection, I came into the discipline of biological pest control, which we actually define as the use of living organisms to reduce populations of noxious plant pests.
在保護植物這方面， 我開始接觸 生物抑制害蟲法， 我們對這方法的定義是 利用活著的有機生物 來降低對於植物有害的 那些害蟲數量。
So it's a whole discipline in plant protection aimed at the reduction of chemicals.
在於植物保護上來說， 這種方式的目標是降低化學藥劑的使用量。
And biological pest control, by the way, or these "good bugs" that we are talking about, they've existed in the world for thousands and thousands of years, for a long, long time.
這種生物抑制害蟲法， 或是我們所談的這種益蟲， 它們已經存在這世上好幾千年了， 已經很久很久了。
But only in the last 120 years, people started, or people knew more and more how to exploit, or how to use, this biological control phenomenon, or in fact, natural control phenomenon, for their own needs.
但是直到近120年左右 人們才逐漸開始知道， 如何去開發、利用它們， 以及如何去使用這種生物抑制害蟲法， 或者該說，自然抑制法， 來達到人們的目的。
Because biological control phenomenon -- you can see it in your backyard.
因為生物抑制害蟲法 它就存在於你的後院裡面。
Just take a magnifying glass. You see what I have here?
只要拿個放大鏡。你看我拿的這個是什麼？
That's a magnifier, times 10.
這是一個十倍的放大鏡。 對，十倍而已。
You just open it, twist leaves, and you see a whole new world of minute insects, or little spiders of one millimeter, one-and-a-half, two millimeters long, and you can distinguish between the good ones and the bad ones.
打開它。 你只要把葉子翻開來，你就會發現一個新世界， 那裡有著微小的昆蟲， 長度只有 1 公釐, 1.5 公釐 或是2公釐大小的蜘蛛， 你可以去分辨益蟲和害蟲。
So this phenomenon of natural control exists literally everywhere.
所以這種自然的抑制方式 確實在每個地方存在著。
Here, in front of this building, I'm sure.
我確定這棟建築物的前面就有。 看看這株植物。
Just have a look at the plants.
到處都是，
So it's everywhere, and we need to know how to exploit it.
我們需要知道怎麼去發現它。
Well, let's go hand by hand and browse through just a few examples.
好，讓我們逐項來看， 看看後面這些例子。
What is a pest?
什麼是害蟲?
What damage does it actually inflict on the plant?
它會對植物產生什麼樣的害處?
And what is the natural enemy, the biological control agent, or the "good bug" that we're talking about?
還有它的天敵是什麼呢? 生物抑制害蟲的媒介， 或是我們所提到的益蟲? 大致上來說，我要談的
In general, I'm going to talk about insects and spiders, or mites, let us call them.
是昆蟲和蜘蛛， 或是蟎，我們這樣稱呼它好了。
Insects, those six-legged organisms and spiders or mites, the eight-legged organisms.
昆蟲 -- 是那些有六隻腳的有機生物， 而蜘蛛或蟎， 它們是八隻腳的有機生物。
Let's have a look at that.
我們看看這個。
Here is a devastating pest, a spider mite, because it does a lot of webbing, like a spider.
這是一隻害蟲，會搞破壞的害蟲，一隻蜘蛛蟎， 因為它像蜘蛛一樣會產生許多網狀的東西。
You see the mother in between, and two daughters, probably, on the left and right, and a single egg on the right-hand side.
你看中間的那隻是媽媽 還有左右兩邊那大概是兩個女兒， 右手邊還有一個蛋。
And then you see what kind of damage it can inflict.
接下來你可以知道它所造成的損害是什麼，
On your right-hand side, you can see a cucumber leaf, in the middle, a cotton leaf, and on the left, a tomato leaf with these little stipplings.
右手邊你可以看見黃瓜的葉子， 中間是棉花的葉子， 左邊是蕃茄的葉子，
They can literally turn from green to white, because of the sucking, piercing mouth parts of those spiders.
這些蜘蛛利用尖嘴刺穿葉子， 吸食汁液之後， 讓這些葉子 由綠色轉變成白色。
But here comes nature, that provides us with a good spider.
但接下來的是大自然 提供我們的益蟲蜘蛛。
This is a predatory mite -- just as small as a spider mite; one, two millimeters long, not more than that -- running quickly, hunting, chasing the spider mites.
這是一隻掠食性蟎 -- 和蜘蛛蟎一樣小， 1 公釐到 2 公釐左右的長度， 迅速的奔跑，獵食， 追逐著蜘蛛蟎。
And here, you can see this lady in action on your left-hand side -- just pierces, sucks the body fluids on the left-hand side of the pest mite.
你可以看見左手邊這位女士 正在用餐 -- 刺穿過左邊那隻蜘蛛蟎的身體， 吸食著它的體液。
And after five minutes, this is what you see: just a typical dead corpse -- the shriveled, sucked-out, dead corpse of the spider mite, and next to it, two satiated individuals, predatory mites, a mother on the left-hand side, a young nymph on the right-hand side.
大概五分鐘過後，結果如你所見， 只剩下一具典型的屍體 -- 充滿皺摺，已經被吸乾的， 蜘蛛蟎的屍體， 在旁邊的，則是兩隻 吃飽喝足的掠食蟎， 左手邊的是媽媽， 右手邊的是一個年輕小妞。
By the way, a meal for them for 24 hours, is about five of the spider mites, of the bad mites, and-or 15 to 20 eggs of the pest mites.
對了，對它們來說， 一天24小時的食物， 大概是5隻蜘蛛蟎，或是那些害蟲蟎， 或是 15 到 20 顆 害蟲蟎的蛋。
By the way, they are always hungry.
換句話說，它們一直都很飢渴。
(Laughter) And here is another example: aphids.
(笑聲) 這是另一個例子：蚜蟲。
It's springtime now in Israel.
對了，現在在以色列正值春天， 溫度正快速在上升。
When temperatures rise sharply, you can see those bad ones, those aphids, all over the plants -- in your hibiscus, in your lantana, in the young, fresh foliage of the so-called spring flush.
你可以看見那些有害的蚜蟲，在植物上到處都是， 在你的山芙蓉上，在你的馬纓丹上， 在那些被稱為春芽的 剛長出來的嫩葉上。
By the way, with aphids you have only females, like Amazons.
對了，那些蚜蟲，只有女性， 就像亞馬遜一族一樣。
Females giving rise to females, giving rise to other females.
女性生出女性，然後再生出女性。
No males at all.
完全沒有男性。
Parthenogenesis, as it's so called.
這被稱為單性生殖。
And they're very happy with that, apparently.
看起來它們對這件事還挺開心的。
(Laughter) Here we can see the damage.
接下來我們可以看見它所造成的傷害。
Those aphids secrete a sticky, sugary liquid called honeydew, and this just clogs the upper parts of the plant.
這些蚜蟲會分泌 一些黏稠的，甜甜的液體， 稱作蜜汁。 這些會在植物的上面 形成小水珠的形狀。
Here you see a typical cucumber leaf that turned from green to black because of a black fungus, sooty mold, which is covering it.
你可以看見典型的黃瓜葉子 因為覆蓋在上面的黑色真菌 以及烏黑的黴菌 讓它從綠色變成了黑色。
And here comes the salvation, through this parasitic wasp.
接下來拯救者上場了， 就是這個寄生的胡蜂。
Here we are not talking about a predator.
這兒我們說的不是掠食者。
Here we are talking a parasite -- not a two-legged parasite, but an eight-legged parasite, of course.
我們說的是寄生者， 並不是兩隻腳的寄生者， 而是六隻腳的寄生者。
This is a parasitic wasp, again, two millimeters long, slender, a very quick and sharp flier.
這是寄生胡蜂， 大概 2 公釐長，相當纖細， 它是一種很迅速
And here you can see this parasite in action, like in an acrobatic maneuver.
相當機警的飛行者。 這邊你可以看見寄生的過程， 就像是在做特技表演一樣。
She stands vis-à-vis in front of the victim at the right-hand side, bending its abdomen and inserting a single egg into the body fluids of the aphid.
它正面對面的 從右手邊直接當著對手的面前， 彎起它的腹部 將一個蛋放進宿主體內， 一個蛋進入了 蚜蟲的體液之中。
By the way, the aphid tries to escape.
對了，這隻蚜蟲試圖要逃脫。
She kicks and bites and secretes different liquids, but nothing will happen, in fact -- only the egg of the parasitoid will be inserted into the body fluids of the aphid.
它亂踢亂咬， 分泌不同的液體， 不過結果都沒有用。 寄生者只會放一個蛋 在蚜蟲的體液之中。
And after a few days, depending upon temperature, the egg will hatch and the larva of this parasite will eat the aphid from the inside.
過了幾天之後，依據溫度狀況， 蛋就會孵化出來， 寄生者的幼蟲 會從內部將蚜蟲吃掉。
(Laughter) This is all natural. This is all natural.
這一切都是天生的，是自然的現象。
This is not fiction, nothing at all.
這可不是小說裡幻想的內容。
Again -- in your backyard. In your backyard.
再說一次，就在你的後院裡， 在你的後院裡。
(Laughter) (Applause) But this is the end result: mummies.
這就是最後的結果。 這就是最後的結果： 木乃伊 --
This is the visual result of a dead aphid encompassing inside, a developing parasitoid that, after a few minutes, you see halfway out.
木 - 乃 - 伊。 這是蚜蟲死亡後的外觀。 我們看看裡面。 事實上，寄生者成長的過程中 幾分鐘後你就會看見它幾乎跑出來了。
The birth is almost complete.
它已經幾乎變成成蟲了。
You can see, by the way, in different movies, etc., it takes just a few minutes.
你可以在完整的紀錄片中看見這個。 這只不過是幾分鐘的事情。
And if this is a female, she'll immediately mate with a male and off she goes, because time is very short.
如果這隻是雌鋒，它會立即和雄蜂交配， 之後就會立刻離開，因為它們沒有多少時間。
This female can live only three to four days, and she needs to give rise to around 400 eggs.
雌蜂只能存活三到四天的時間， 它必須生出 大約 4 百個蛋。
That means she has 400 bad aphids to put her eggs into their body fluids.
意思是說，它必須找到 400 隻 有害的蚜蟲 將蛋放進它們的體液中。
This is, of course, not the end of it.
當然並不是就這樣而已。
There is a whole wealth of other natural enemies and this is just the last example.
還有許多其他的天敵， 這只是最後的一個例子。
Again, we'll start first with the pest: the thrips.
我們再回頭來看看這個害蟲： 牧草蟲。
By the way, all these weird names -- I didn't bother you with the Latin names of these creatures, just the popular names.
對了，關於這些奇怪的名字 -- 我們這邊不談正式的學名， 嗯，這些只是俗稱而已。
But this is a nice, slender, very bad pest.
這是一種很細小，很苗條， 很糟糕的害蟲。
If you can see this: sweet peppers.
看看這個甜椒。
This is not just an exotic, ornamental sweet pepper.
這可不是外國品種，也不是裝飾用的甜椒，
This is a sweet pepper which is not consumable because it is suffering from a viral disease transmitted by those thrip adults.
這是一個已經不能吃的甜椒， 因為它被那些牧草蟲所帶的 濾過性病毒所感染了。