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Satlok Ashram is an organisation founded by Bhakti Mukti Trust in June 1, 1999 in Karontha village of Rohtak, Haryana. The first spiritual program took place from 1 June to 7 June 1999. History In 1994, Ramdevanand Maharaj (a Hindu saint from Garib Das Panth) selected Rampal as his successor. Rampal started delivering discourses and giving initiation to the devotees Earlier Rampal used to impart Satsang by going to the house of the devotees. As the number of devotees increased there arose a need to establish an Ashram. Satlok Ashram Karontha was, hence, established by Bandi Chhod Bhakti Mukti Trust in 1999. Karontha incident 2006 In 2006, Rampal raised objections to certain parts of Satyarth Prakash, the central text of the Arya Samaj religious sect. He termed these parts as "impractical and anti-social". This angered the followers of Arya Samaj, who surrounded his ashram, eventually resulting in a clash between the followers of two sects on 12 July 2006. During the clash, one person was shot dead and 59 more were injured. Rampal was charged with murder and attempted murder, and jailed for 21 months. His followers claim that he was falsely implicated in the case and demanded a CBI investigation. Rampal was forced to vacate the Karontha ashram. He was convicted of murder in this case relating to the death of a woman supporter. Barwala incident 2014 In 2014, the Punjab and Haryana High Court issued non-bailable arrest warrants against him after his followers were alleged of disrupting court's proceedings. Police went to detain him on 12 November 2014. By 18 November, his Satlok ashram in Hisar was protected by thousands of his followers who were holding flags reading 'Satsaheb'. More than 20,000 security personnel and police forced their way into the ashram, but they could not find Rampal for arrest. The police used earth movers to break wall on the rear side of ashram to find him but were opposed by a large number of followers who allegedly injured some police personnel in an effort to halt their entry. The bodies of five women and 18-month-old child were found in his ashram. Rampal was arrested on the night of 19 November 2014, along with more than 900 of his followers, on charges including sedition, murder, attempt to murder, conspiracy, hoarding illegal weapons and aiding and abetting suicide-mongers. Rampal was acquitted of the charges of wrongful confinement in court on 29 August. On 11 October 2018, Rampal was found guilty of murder in two cases with FIR no. 429 and 430 relating to the 2014 incident. Both cases pertain to the death of five women and an eighteen-month-old infant at his Satlok Ashram in Barwala, Hisar.

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1942 Argentine film The House of the Millions (Spanish:La Casa de los millones) is a 1942 Argentine comedy film directed by Luis Bayón Herrera and starring Luis Sandrini, Olinda Bozán and Héctor Quintanilla. Cast

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Ganas may refer to:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81adzin,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship"}

Village in Łódź Voivodeship, Poland Ładzin [ˈwad͡ʑin] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pajęczno, within Pajęczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Pajęczno and 79 km (49 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/81st_Fighter-Bomber_Group"}

Military unit The 81st Fighter-Bomber Group (81 FBG) is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 81st Fighter-Bomber Wing at RAF Bentwaters, England. It was inactivated on 8 February 1955. History For additional history, see 81st Training Wing World War II The unit was constituted as the 81st Pursuit Group (Intercepter) on 13 January 1942, and activated on 9 February 1942, with the 91st, 92d, and 93d Pursuit Squadrons assigned. It was redesignated 81st Fighter Group in May 1942 and trained with Bell P-39 Airacobras. The group moved overseas between October 1942 and February 1943, the ground echelon arriving in French Morocco with the force that invaded North Africa on 8 November, and the air echelon, which had trained for a time in England, arriving in North Africa between late December 1942 and early February 1943. Te group began combat with Twelfth Air Force in January 1943. It supported ground operations during the Allied drive against Axis forces in Tunisia. The group patrolled the coast of North Africa and protected Allied shipping in the Mediterranean Sea in April through July 1943 and provided cover for the convoys that landed troops on Pantelleria on 11 June and on Sicily on 10 July 1943. The group supported the landings at Anzio on 22 January 1944 and flew patrols in that area for a short time. Group aircraft from its time in England through its action Italy consisted of P-39s and the British export version, the P-400. P-400s still had RAF camouflage and five digit alphanumeric serial number, RAF pilot's harness, and a 20 mm cannon versus the US 37 mm. These P-39s and P-400s were available due to a Murmansk Convoy so devastated, it turned back. The fighters were uncrated, assembled and test flown by the pilots that would take them to North Africa, Sicily and Italy. The 81st also flew P-38 Lightnings on patrol in the Mediterranean. These aircraft were loaned from the 1st Fighter Group. The flight of the P-39/400s of the 81st and 350th Fighter Groups to Morocco, is still in the Guinness Book of Records, as the largest flight over the greatest distance. A few of these Aircraft "experienced engine problems" and landed in Lisbon, Portugal. Perhaps the Pilots were hoping to sit out the duration. The Portuguese government kept these Fighters and handed the pilots over to the U.S. Embassy. These pilots flew "Tail-end Charlie" for most of the rest of their tour.[citation needed] It is notable that the 81st suffered the lowest loss rate of any Fighter Group in the MTO. This is a testament that the Bell P-39 Airacobra really was a capable fighter. Please visit the "81st Fighter Group Forum" for more detailed info on this remarkable group of men. The group moved to India, February–March 1944, and began training with P-40 and P-47 aircraft. It then moved to China in May and became part of Fourteenth Air Force. The group continued training and on occasion flew patrol and escort missions before returning to full-time combat duty in January 1945. It attacked enemy airfields and installations, flew escort missions, and aided the operations of Chinese ground forces by attacking troop concentrations, ammunition dumps, lines of communications, and other targets to hinder Japanese efforts to move men and material to the front. The 81st was inactivated in China on 27 December 1945. Cold War Pacific Air Command The 81st Fighter Group, Single Engine was reactivated at Wheeler Field, Hawaii Territory on 15 October 1946. It was assigned to the 7th Fighter Wing of Seventh Air Force (7 AF). The mission of the group was to maintain daylight security of the Hawaiian Islands and to train fighter pilots to a state of combat readiness. The 81st FG was formed largely from the personnel and equipment of the 15th Fighter Group which was inactivated at Wheeler Field the same day. The group comprised the 91st, 92d and 93d Fighter Squadrons and assumed the P-51D Mustang aircraft of the former 15th FG. The 81st was faced with the arduous task of training personnel for the transition from a fully staffed wartime organization with an abundance of supplies and equipment (15th FG) into an effective peacetime fighter group with limited resources and facilities. In 1948, the group completed conversion from the P-51 to the F-47N Thunderbolt aircraft. On 15 April 1948 the group was reassigned from the 7th Fighter Wing to the new 81st Fighter Wing (FW) under the Wing/Base (Hobson Plan) reorganization of the Air Force. The 81st FW commanded both the support groups as well as the flying combat 81st Fighter Group and the squadrons assigned to it. On 1 May 1948, the 7th Fighter Wing was redesignated as the 7th Air Division, being moved to England under Strategic Air Command. As a result, the 81st FW came under the direct control of 7 AF, now designated Pacific Air Command. Continental Air Command As a result of limited defense budgets, Continental Air Command (ConAC) was established on 1 December 1948 as a new major command. ConAC was the result of an effort by the new USAF to concentrate all fighter forces deployed within the continental United States to strengthen the air defense of the North American continent. With the establishment of ConAC, Tactical Air Command and Air Defense Command were reduced from major commands to operating agencies under ConAC. Operations at Wheeler were curtailed on 21 May 1949, the 81st and its parent 81 FW being transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC)'s Twelfth Air Force at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. At Kirtland, the group was reequipped with F-80C Shooting Star jet aircraft, and later faster F-86A Sabres, being the third group equipped with the Sabre Jet. Under ConAC, the 81st FW was redesignated as the 81st Fighter-Interceptor Wing and was attached to Western Air Defense Force on 19 January 1950, while the group became the 81st Fighter-Interceptor Group (81st FIG). Shortly afterward, on 29 April, the 81st FIG moved to Moses Lake AFB, Washington, its mission changed from training for worldwide deployment under TAC to performing air defense of Eastern Washington, primarily the Hanford Nuclear Reservation. The 93d FIS remained at Kirtland and was reassigned to another wing. On 1 January 1951, ConAC's mission was limited to support of Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard forces, and Air Defense Command (ADC) returned to major command status and the 81st became part of the new command. On 10 February, the 116th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron from the Washington Air National Guard was called to active federal service as a result of the Korean War, and was assigned as one of the squadrons of the 81st FIG, replacing the 93d which had remained at Kirtland when the group moved in 1950. The 116th remained at its home station, Geiger Field, WA and was upgraded to F-86A Sabres. In addition the wing began receiving additional personnel though the activation of Air Force Reserve units, and the wing was brought up to its authorized strength for the first time since its activation. United States Air Forces in Europe After fourteen months at now renamed Larson Air Force Base, the 81st FIG received movement orders to deploy to England. The 81st FIG deployed to two RAF Stations, built for use during World War II and laid out in a decentralized or dispersed plan. One being RAF Bentwaters, the other being RAF Shepherds Grove, both located in East Anglia about forty miles apart. The bulk of the ground station buildings were the metal Nissen hut type, with some wood frame and tar paper buildings, and were grouped together in numbered "sites", widely separated to blend into natural, rustic surroundings for purposes of camouflage. The main administrative building and clubs were of the larger Quonset hut type. On 1 August 1951, the initial 81st aircraft flew into RAF Shepherds Grove. The group was located at Bentwaters, and worked with Royal Air Force Fighter Command to provide air defense of Great Britain. It was the first F-86 equipped unit in Europe. On 1 November 1952, the federalized 116th FIS was returned to the National Guard and its personnel and equipment transferred to the newly activated 78th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. In early 1953, the 92d FIS deployed to Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base, Germany to identify unknown aircraft penetrating the US Zone of Occupation after a Czech MiG-15 shot down a Republic F-84 in the US Zone. In April 1954, it changed its mission from air defense to ground attack as the 81st Fighter-Bomber Group and converted to Republic F-84 Aircraft to perform this mission. It was inactivated when United States Air Forces Europe reorganized its nuclear capable wings in the United Kingdom on the dual deputy/support group model and its squadrons were assigned directly to the 81st Fighter-Bomber Wing. Lineage Activated on 9 February 1942 Redesignated: 81st Fighter Group (Single Engine) on 15 May 1942 Inactivated on 27 December 1945 Redesignated 81st Fighter Group, Jet on 29 July 1949 Redesignated: 81st Fighter-Interceptor Group on 1 January 1950 Redesignated: 81st Fighter-Bomber Group on 1 April 1954 Inactivated on 8 February 1955 Assignments Attached to Fourteenth Air Force, 2 March – 12 May 1944 Attached to 312th Fighter Wing, 12 May 1944 – 1 October 1945 Components Federalized Washington Air National Guard Stations Aircraft assigned

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German philosopher (born 1953) Norbert Bolz (born 17 April 1953) is a German media theorist. He served as a professor at the Technical University of Berlin until his retirement in 2018. Bolz developed a media theory, the "Theorie der neuen Medien", that is influenced by Friedrich Nietzsche, Walter Benjamin and Marshall McLuhan. Film and TV appearances

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Columbus_Challenger"}

Tennis tournament The 2022 Columbus Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the eleventh edition of the men's tournament which was part of the 2022 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Columbus, United States between January 24 and 30 2022. Champions Singles Doubles Singles main draw entrants Seeds Other entrants The following players received entry into the singles main draw as wildcards: The following player received entry into the singles main draw using a protected ranking: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhumura"}

2015 film by Anindya Chatterjee Jhumura (2015) is a Bengali film written and directed by debutant director Anindya Chatterjee and produced by Ultimax Productions Private Limited. This film is a lyrical saga that revolves around the life, love and struggles of Jhumur (a folk art form) performers of Bengal. The film features Samadarshi Dutta, Sohini Sarkar, Sabitri Chatterjee, Parthasarathi Chakrabarty and others. The film was released on 24 April 2015. Cast Soundtrack The music has been composed by Pijush Chakrabarty, Subrata Das, Brahma-Khyapa and Ayan Banerjee.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Brain"}

American museum and pizzeria Pizza Brain is an American pizza culture museum and pizzeria, home to the world's largest collection of pizza memorabilia and collectibles. Pizza Brain is currently headquartered in the Kensington neighborhood of Philadelphia, United States, with the flagship restaurant on Frankford Avenue. History In May 2010, Kensington-based artist, Brian Dwyer, along with Christopher Powell, organized "Give Pizza Chance"—Philadelphia's first pizza-based art show—in which pizza served as muse for more than 25 artists who displayed their work at a local gallery. In October 2010, Dwyer met Carter at Circle of Hope's annual mapping meeting. Dwyer shared his enthusiasm for collecting pizza-related objects with Carter. Carter's extensive business travels and love of art immediately led him to the idea of presenting the items in a museum format. In late Fall 2010, Joe Hunter, a pizza chef hailing from South Carolina interested in opening a community-minded pizzeria in his adopted home of Philadelphia, joined Carter and Dwyer. By January 2011, master carpenter Ryan Anderson had teamed up with Brian, Michael and Joe to identify a pair of buildings in the Fishtown section of Philadelphia in which to locate their project. Hunter started working on Pizza Brain’s pizzas and flavor profiles. Carter provided curatorial direction to Dwyer’s collection and developed the business’ strategic model, including its emphasis on content-rich social media. Anderson applied his carpentry talents to the design of Pizza Brain’s physical space, making use of reclaimed and found materials. Dwyer and Carter continued to source pizza-related items to place on the company's Facebook, Tumblr and Instagram accounts. Collaboratively, the quartet turned an art show into the Pizza Brain museum and restaurant concept: a place that serves artisan pies in a museum-like space that captures and commemorates pizza as a cultural icon. Together they curated the world's largest collection of pizza related items, earning a Guinness World Record in summer 2011. On September 7, 2012, Pizza Brain opened its doors to the public. (The company's name comes from the frequent misspelling of Dwyer's first name, in which the 'a' and the 'i' are transposed to spell 'Brain.'). Guinness World Record In preparation for the opening of Pizza Brain, Carter and Dwyer submitted their collection to be adjudicated by Guinness World Record. On July 31, 2011, Guinness World Records certified the collection releasing certificates under both Pizza Brain's and Dwyer's name as "the world's largest collection of pizza-related items"; they cited 561 different items, from all over the world, collected since 2010. Pre-open press A number of additional articles followed the creation of the Museum of Pizza Culture as it gained notoriety, including articles from Zagat, The Huffington Post, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Fox News, Food Network Magazine, Metro, Laughing Squid, and the magazine for Australia's national airline Qantas. NPR's All Things Considered also covered the story, as well as TV outlets like NBC 10, and Good Morning Sacramento. In September 2012, The New York Times, Associated Press, Condé Nast Traveler, USA Today, TIME, BBC Travel and The Guardian all profiled Pizza Brain during its opening month, garnering further national and international attention. On September 26, 2012, CBS This Morning aired a nationally televised news feature on the museum/restaurant, resulting in Pizza Brain being selected as a topic of discussion on Jeopardy!'s Twitter account. Pizza awards & accolades post open Pizza Brain earned its first foodie award before it opened. Though he is not a pizza maker, the Guinness record and enthusiasm for its grand opening led to partner Dwyer being the honorific title of "Phoodie of the Year" from Philebrity.com, closely beating out candidates ?uestlove, Iron Chef America star, Michael Solomonov, Philadelphia food writer and Green Aisle Grocery owner Adam Erace, and Tom McCusker aka 'Honest Tom' of Honest Tom's Tacos. Post-opening, under the direction of head chef Joe Hunter, Pizza Brain has established itself as one of Philadelphia's best pizza shops, including earning 3 "Best of Philly" Awards from Philadelphia Magazine It has received local, national and international recognition, for its creative pizza pies. Notable awards, reviews and lists include: 3 Philadelphia Magazine "Best of Philly" awards Business Insider's Best Pizza in Every State, Zagat's 10 Killer Slices of Pizza in Philly Nylon Magazine's 15 Best Pizza Slices in America, The Daily Meal's 10 Best Pepperoni Pizzas In America Food Network's 50 Top Pizza Deliveries from Coast to Coast. The Daily Meal's 101 Best Pizzas in America for 2017 The Daily Meal's 101 Best Pizzas in America for 2018 and The Daily Meal's The 101 Best Pizzas in America 2019 and The Infatuation's The Best Pizza Places In Philadelphia Notable national exposure since opening include: ABC's The Chew, Travel Channel's Food Paradise, The Cooking Channel's Pizza Cuz. Notable international press: Argentina's Resto Del Mundo, Brasil's O Mundo Segundo Los Brasileiros and Uruguay's Plan de Vuelo

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BizX"}

BizX is an American financial technology company that operates a digital private currency (the BizX dollar) that facilitates business-to-business exchange of goods and services.[non-primary source needed] The company is headquartered in Seattle, Washington, with offices in Oakland, California and Dubai, United Arab Emirates. BizX was founded in 2002 by Bob Bagga, Chris Haddawy, and Raj Kapoor. BizX also offers lines of credit to member businesses at the rate of 1.5% per month (18% annually), payable in BizX dollars.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Driver"}

American actor (born 1983) Adam Douglas Driver (born November 19, 1983) is an American actor. Recognized for his collaborations with auteur filmmakers, he is the recipient of various accolades, including nominations for two Academy Awards, four Primetime Emmy Awards and a Tony Award, making him one of few performers nominated for the Triple Crown of Acting. Driver made his Broadway debut in Mrs. Warren's Profession (2010) and subsequently appeared in Man and Boy (2011). He rose to prominence with a supporting role in the HBO comedy-drama series Girls (2012–2017), for which he received three consecutive Primetime Emmy nominations. Driver began his film career in supporting roles in Steven Spielberg's Lincoln (2012), Noah Baumbach's Frances Ha (2012), and the Coen brothers' Inside Llewyn Davis (2013). He won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor for his lead role in the drama Hungry Hearts (2014). Driver gained wider recognition for playing Kylo Ren in the Star Wars sequel trilogy (2015–2019). He starred as a poet in Jim Jarmusch's Paterson (2016), and had supporting roles in Martin Scorsese's religious epic Silence (2016) and Steven Soderbergh's heist comedy Logan Lucky (2017). In 2019, he returned to the stage in the Broadway revival of Burn This, for which he was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play. He garnered consecutive Academy Award nominations: Best Supporting Actor for Spike Lee's BlacKkKlansman (2018) and Best Actor for Noah Baumbach's Marriage Story (2019). He has since starred in Ridley Scott's period films The Last Duel and House of Gucci (both 2021), and Baumbach's satire White Noise (2022). Driver is a veteran of the U.S. Marine Corps. He is also the founder of Arts in the Armed Forces, a non-profit that provides free arts programming to American active-duty service members, veterans, military support staff, and their families worldwide. Early life Driver was born on November 19, 1983, in San Diego, California, the son of Nancy Wright (née Needham), a paralegal, and Joe Douglas Driver. He has Dutch, English, German, Irish and Scottish ancestry.[better source needed] His father's family is from Arkansas and his mother's family is from Indiana. His stepfather, Rodney G. Wright, is a minister at a Baptist church. When Driver was seven years old, he moved with his older sister and mother to his mother's hometown Mishawaka, Indiana, where he graduated from Mishawaka High School in 2001. Driver was raised Baptist, and sang in the choir at church. Driver has described his teenage self as a "misfit"; he told M Magazine that he climbed radio towers, set objects on fire, and co-founded a fight club with friends, inspired by the 1999 film Fight Club. After high school, he worked as a door-to-door salesman selling Kirby vacuum cleaners and as a telemarketer for a basement waterproofing company and Ben Franklin Construction. He applied to the Juilliard School for drama but was not accepted. Shortly after the September 11 attacks, Driver enlisted in the United States Marine Corps. He was assigned to Weapons Company, 1st Battalion, 1st Marines as an 81mm mortar man. He served for two years and eight months before fracturing his sternum while mountain biking. He was medically discharged with the rank of Lance Corporal. Subsequently, Driver attended the University of Indianapolis for a year before auditioning again for Juilliard, this time succeeding. He got the news he was accepted while at work at the Target Distribution Center in Indianapolis. Driver has said that his classmates saw him as an intimidating and volatile figure, and he struggled to fit into a lifestyle so different from the Marines. He was a member of the Drama Division's Group 38 from 2005 to 2009, where he met his future wife, Joanne Tucker. He graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 2009. Career 2009–2014: Early work and Girls After graduating from Juilliard, Driver moved to New York City, appearing in both Broadway and off-Broadway productions. Like many aspiring actors, he occasionally worked as a busboy and waiter. Driver appeared in several television shows and short films. His first television role was in 2009 in the final episode of The Unusuals, as a repentant witness and reluctant accomplice to an unsolved assault. He made his film debut in Clint Eastwood's biographical drama film J. Edgar. In 2012, Driver was cast in the HBO comedy-drama series Girls, as the emotionally unstable boyfriend of a writer (Lena Dunham). He received three nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his role. The same year, Driver played supporting roles in two critically acclaimed films, as telegraph and cipher officer Samuel Beckwith in Steven Spielberg's historical drama Lincoln, and Lev Shapiro in Noah Baumbach's comedy-drama Frances Ha. He starred in the drama Not Waving But Drowning and the romantic-comedy Gayby. He garnered major off-Broadway recognition for playing Cliff, a working-class Welsh houseguest in Look Back in Anger, winning the Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play. In 2013, Driver appeared in the drama Bluebird and the romantic-comedy What If. He played a musician in the Coen Brothers' black comedy Inside Llewyn Davis, and photographer Rick Smolan in the drama Tracks. In 2014, he played Jude, a despairing father, in the drama Hungry Hearts; Jamie, an aspiring filmmaker, in Noah Baumbach's comedy While We're Young; and Phillip, the black sheep of a dysfunctional Jewish family, in the comedy-drama This Is Where I Leave You. For his performance in Hungry Hearts, Driver won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the 71st Venice International Film Festival. For Vogue's September 2013 issue, Driver appeared in an editorial alongside Canadian model Daria Werbowy set in Ireland, photographed by Annie Leibovitz. 2015–present: Worldwide recognition In early 2014, Driver was cast as villain Kylo Ren in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015). It was released on December 18, 2015, to commercial and critical success. He reprised the role in The Last Jedi (2017) and The Rise of Skywalker (2019). His performance was positively received, with his character lauded as the best in the series: David Edelstein of Vulture wrote, "the core of The Last Jedi — of this whole trilogy, it seems — is Driver's Kylo Ren, who ranks with cinema's most fascinating human monsters." Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian highlighted Driver's performance in his review of The Force Awakens, calling him "gorgeously cruel, spiteful and capricious... very suited to Kylo Ren's fastidious and amused contempt for his enemies' weakness and compassion." In 2016, Driver played a supporting role in Jeff Nichols' sci-fi thriller Midnight Special, which was released on March 18, 2016. He also co-starred in Martin Scorsese's historical drama Silence (2016) as Father Francisco Garupe, a 17th-century Portuguese Jesuit priest, alongside Andrew Garfield and Liam Neeson. While filming, Driver lost almost 50 pounds. In Jim Jarmusch's drama film Paterson, Driver played the eponymous bus driver and poetry writer. The film premiered at the 69th Cannes Film Festival and was released on December 28, 2016. Driver's performance was acclaimed and he received multiple nominations for Best Actor from critics' associations, winning several, including the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote "Driver's indelibly moving portrayal is so lived-in and lyrical you hardly recognize it as acting." Paterson was included in many critics' top ten lists of best films of 2016. In 2017, Driver made a cameo in Noah Baumbach's The Meyerowitz Stories playing Randy and making his third appearance in one of their films. It premiered at the 70th Cannes Film Festival and was released on October 13, 2017, on Netflix. He played Clyde, a one-armed Iraq War veteran, in Steven Soderbergh's Logan Lucky, which was released on August 18, 2017. In 2018, Driver portrayed a Jewish police detective, Phillip "Flip" Zimmerman, who helps infiltrate the Ku Klux Klan in Spike Lee's comedy-drama BlacKkKlansman. The film premiered at 71st Cannes Film Festival and was theatrically released on August 10. He received critical acclaim for his performance in the film and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. Driver played Toby Grummett in Terry Gilliam's adventure-comedy film The Man Who Killed Don Quixote, which also premiered at Cannes. In early 2019, Driver played Daniel J. Jones in Scott Z. Burns' political drama The Report, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in Utah. He returned to Broadway to play Pale against Keri Russell in a Michael Mayer-directed production of Lanford Wilson's Burn This, receiving acclaim for his explosive performance and a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play. He was part of the ensemble cast of Jim Jarmusch's zombie comedy film The Dead Don't Die, which premiered at the 72nd Cannes Film Festival and was released on June 14, 2019. That same year, Driver starred opposite Scarlett Johansson in Noah Baumbach's Marriage Story, which premiered at the 76th Venice International Film Festival. Reviewing the film in The Hollywood Reporter, critic Jon Frosch noted that Driver "delivers a brilliantly inhabited and shaded portrait" of a man undergoing a divorce. For his performance, he received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. In 2020, Driver became the subject of a running gag on Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, in which Oliver expressed several strange masochistic fantasies about Driver, referencing his muscular build and masculine appearance. Driver eventually appeared on the final episode of the season and "demanded an apology". In 2021, he went viral for his shirtless appearance in the advertising campaign for Burberry's masculine fragrance Hero. Driver again returned for the advertising campaign for the eau de parfum concentration of Hero in 2022. In 2021, Driver starred in Leos Carax's long-awaited musical drama film Annette, which premiered at the 74th Cannes Film Festival. He also played a leading role in Ridley Scott's historical drama The Last Duel, along with the biopic crime film House of Gucci, which covers the assassination of Maurizio Gucci, and was also directed by Scott. Equally praised by critics and directors, Driver's acting has a unique signature style that displays skittish, unpredictable physicality with full-bodied enthusiasm like Denis Lavant and Buster Keaton. In 2022, Driver starred in the apocalyptic black comedy film White Noise, which marks his fifth collaboration with Noah Baumbach. Upcoming projects Driver is set to star in 65, a sci-fi thriller directed by Scott Beck and Bryan Woods, and Jeff Nichols' historical drama, Yankee Commandante. In February 2022, it was announced that Driver will portray racing mogul Enzo Ferrari in Michael Mann's Ferrari, alongside Penélope Cruz and Shailene Woodley. The film is set to start filming in May. In May 2022, he was cast in Francis Ford Coppola's film Megalopolis. Personal life Driver married his longtime partner Joanne Tucker in June 2013. Tucker is the granddaughter of Bermudian politician Henry Tucker. The couple have a son, whose birth they kept private from the press for two years. They live in the Brooklyn Heights neighborhood of New York City with their son and dog. Driver is the founder of Arts in the Armed Forces (AITAF), a non-profit that performs theatre for all branches of the military in the United States and abroad. Driver has said on multiple occasions that he does not like to watch or listen to his own performances. During a radio interview with NPR's Fresh Air, he chose not to continue with the interview after the host played a clip from Marriage Story. The executive producer of the radio show later claimed that Driver was warned to take off his headphones before the clip played, and that the show did something similar with Driver during a 2015 interview. During the same interview, Driver stated he disliked watching or listening to his acting work. He says his usual technique is to leave the theatre and, "then I go back, and when the lights come up, I stand up I pretend that I was there the whole time." Filmography Film Television Theatre Video games Theme park attractions Awards and nominations For his work on television, Driver has received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations. He received three nominations for his performance in Girls from 2013, 2014, and 2015, in the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series category. In 2020, he also received a nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his guest hosting role on Saturday Night Live. For his work in film, he has been nominated twice for an Academy Award, for his performances in Spike Lee's BlacKkKlansman (2018), and Noah Baumbach's Marriage Story (2019). He also received British Academy Film Award, Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award (SAG) nominations for those films as well. He also received a SAG Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture as a part of the ensemble of Steven Spielberg's Lincoln. In 2019 he received a Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Play for his performance in Burn This at the 73rd Tony Awards.

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Latham Peak (66°21′S 51°48′E / 66.350°S 51.800°E / -66.350; 51.800Coordinates: 66°21′S 51°48′E / 66.350°S 51.800°E / -66.350; 51.800) is an Antarctic peak projecting through the icecap 16 nautical miles (30 km) southeast of Cape Ann and 8 nautical miles (15 km) northwest of Mount Marr. It was discovered in January 1930 by the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition under Mawson, who named it for Rt. Hon. Sir John Greig Latham, Minister for External Affairs in the Australian Government, 1931–34, and later Chief Justice of Australia.

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An octafluoride is a compound or ion with the formula [MmRnF8]q- or [MmRnF8]q+, where n, m and q are independent variables and R any substituent and M is a central element (often a metal). All of the examples listed below are [MF8]q- with q between 1 and 4 inclusive. Neutral octafluorides No electrically neutral octafluorides are currently known to exist, although osmium octafluoride, OsF8, is theoretically possible. An early report of the synthesis of OsF8 was much later shown to be a mistaken identification of OsF6. Anionic octafluorides In contrast, many anionic octafluorides are known, such as the octafluorozirconate(IV) ([ZrF8]4−), octafluorotantalate(V) ([TaF8]3−), octafluoroniobate(V) ([NbF8]3−), octafluoromolybdate(VI) ([MoF8]2−), octafluorotungstate(VI) ([WF8]2−), octafluororhenate(VII) ([ReF8]−), octafluoroiodate(VII) ([IF8]−), octafluoroiridate(VII) ([IrF8]−), and octafluoroxenate(VI) ([XeF8]2−) anions.

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Traditional Filipino mead Bais is a traditional Filipino mead from the Mandaya and Dibabawon Manobo of northeastern Mindanao. It is made from a mixture of honey and water at varying proportions. It is fermented for at least five days to a month or more.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor%27s_Mansion_(Shawnee,_Oklahoma)"}

Historic house in Oklahoma, United States United States historic place The Governor's Mansion in Shawnee, Oklahoma was built in 1903, on the speculation that Shawnee would be selected as the state capital and that this structure would become the Governor's official residence when Oklahoma became a state. However, Oklahoma did not attain statehood until 1907, and the Legislature chose Guthrie as the first capital, before naming Oklahoma City as the permanent state capital in 1910. The house was built in an area known as Shawnee's first neighborhood, "...where the first generation of merchants, town leaders and early professionals lived." The house was never used as the Governor's Mansion. Once it was clear that Shawnee would not become the state capital, the mansion became just another private residence. It is also known as the Giza House, because it was once owned by Zygmund O. Giza. It is still considered a local landmark and local residents still refer to it as the Governor's Mansion. It was registered with the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Description The footprint of the three-story house is about 60 feet (18 m) by 70 feet (21 m). It sits on a city lot about 1 acre (4,000 m2) in area. Most of the rooms have ceilings that are 12 feet (3.7 m) high. The house has a brick foundation, clapboard siding and a gabled wood shingle roof. The architectural style has been called neoclassical. The east and south sides of the house are decorated with Ionic columns. The front has a bay window decorated with an open balcony on the first and second stories, which extends into a gable on the third story. The first two stories are rounded on the south end extend into a turret on the third story. A balcony across the second story on the front of the house extends from the bay window to the rounded portion of the house. Except for the windows in the gables, all other windows are double hung. Those in the gables are four by six fixed type style. The gable on the south side of the third floor is similar to the one on the front of the house. The north side of the house has a bay window on both the first and second stories that extend into a third-story gable. The second-story bay window is decorated with spindles. The north side of the house has an attached porte-cochere that is supported by Doric columns and decorated with two small gables.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarus_scaber"}

Species of fish Scarus scaber, the five-saddle parrotfish or dusky-capped parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish, in the family Scaridae. It is native to Indian Ocean. Description This species grows to a maximum 37 cm in length and 900 g in weight. Distribution This species is widely distributed in the Indian Ocean (and around the islands therein) from western Thailand and northwest Indonesia in the east (southwards to Cocos-Keeling), and west to the coast of Africa (as far south as Natal and north to Red Sea and Gulf of Aden). Habitat This species is either solitary, or forms small schools.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Colorado_Aviation_Aero_Commander_680_crash"}

Aviation accident The 1971 Colorado Aviation Aero Commander 680 crash claimed the life of decorated American World War II veteran Audie Murphy and five other people on May 28, 1971. The aircraft's passengers were on a business trip from Atlanta, Georgia, to Martinsville, Virginia, aboard an Aero Commander 680 Super twin-engined aircraft owned and operated by Colorado Aviation Co, Inc. The aircraft crashed into the side of Brush Mountain, 14 nautical miles northwest of Roanoke, Virginia, during conditions of poor visibility. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) concluded that the crash was caused by the pilot's decision to continue operating under visual flight rules (VFR) into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), combined with his lack of experience in the aircraft type. Accident On the morning of May 28, 1971, an Aero Commander 680 Super prepared to depart DeKalb–Peachtree Airport in Atlanta, operating as an unscheduled passenger air taxi flight under VFR to its destination of Blue Ridge Airport in Martinsville, Virginia, located 284 nautical miles northeast. The estimated flight time was 1 hr, 46 min. Before takeoff, the Aero Commander's pilot requested a weather report by phone, and decided weather along the route was safe for visual flying. No flight plan was required and none was filed. Air traffic control at Peachtree cleared the flight and the aircraft departed at 09:10 EDT. As the flight continued, weather conditions deteriorated, and 2 hr, 20 min after take off, at 11:30, witnesses in Galax, Virginia (60 miles due west of Martinsville) reported seeing the plane flying circles in and out of the clouds at approximately 150 feet above ground level (AGL). Shortly afterward the aircraft unsuccessfully attempted to land on a four-lane highway northwest of Galax. After making a pass over the town at near treetop level, the aircraft left the area heading west towards the Blue Ridge Mountains. The last communication with the aircraft was at 11:49, when the pilot contacted the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Flight Service Station at Roanoke's Woodrum Airport asking for a weather report and saying he intended to land there. At this point, the aircraft had flown past its destination of Martinsville and was west of and below the peaks of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The latest weather report radioed by Roanoke was "measured ceiling 1,000 ft broken, 2500 ft overcast, visibility 3 miles in light rain and fog, with mountain ridges obscured". The pilot did not indicate he was in any kind of trouble or report the aircraft's current position. At 12:08, the aircraft impacted the west side of Brush Mountain at the 2,700-ft level while flying at "high speed, level attitude" on a heading of 100° to the Roanoke VORTAC navigation beacon. The collision into the heavily wooded slope and postcrash fire destroyed the aircraft, and all six people on board received fatal injuries. Aircraft Registered as N601JJ, the aircraft was a 14-year-old 680 Super, seven-seat, light twin, type certified on October 14, 1955, and manufactured in 1957 by Aero Commander. Serial number 680-491-161 was equipped with 340 hp Lycoming GSO-480-B1A6 supercharged engines, turning Hartzell three-bladed feathering propellers. Maximum takeoff weight was 7,000 lb (3,200 kg) with a total fuel load of 225.5 US gal, giving a 1,480-mi range at a cruise speed of 230 mph. Because of these features, the 680 Super is considered a complex multiengined airplane. Crew and passengers The single crewmember was 43-year-old pilot Herman Butler, who held a valid private pilot license with airplane single- and multiengine land rating, but was not rated to fly under instrument flight rules (IFR). Butler had over 8,000 hours of flight experience, but only six hours logged in the newly acquired Aero Commander. He was also the secretary of Colorado Aviation Co., Inc., of Denver, Colorado, which owned the plane. Among the five passengers was Audie Murphy, the most decorated U.S. veteran of World War II and a director of Colorado Aviation's parent company, Telestar Leisure Investments. Aftermath When the aircraft failed to arrive in Martinsville, awaiting friends were told the flight had changed destinations to Roanoke. By late that afternoon, the aircraft was recognized to be missing, and a search was initiated. Civil Air Patrol in Danville began searching with help from units in Martinsville, Roanoke, Buckingham, Hillsville, and Lynchburg. The Eastern Air Search and Rescue Center at Robins Air Force Base also launched 31 aircraft in support of the search. Due to poor weather conditions and the lack of a flight plan, the crash site was not located until May 31. Colonel Hale and Major Slusser of the Virginia Wing of the Civil Air Patrol discovered the site about 300 ft below the summit of Brush Mountain at 2:30 in the afternoon. Later that day, rescue workers were able to reach the area after hiking up 4 miles of steep terrain. Three passengers, including Murphy, had been thrown uphill from the wreckage and were identified on site. The remaining three were found within the cabin of the aircraft and were badly burned. Investigation The accident was investigated by the NTSB, and centered on the weather at the time of the crash and the pilot's abilities. No evidence was found of any preimpact malfunction of the aircraft, and in its final report, issued on June 15, 1972, the NTSB determined this official probable cause for the accident: "[T]he pilot's attempt to continue visual flight into adverse weather conditions [was] at an altitude too low to clear the mountainous terrain. The board also finds that the pilot attempted to continue flight into instrument weather conditions, which were beyond his operational capabilities." Civil lawsuit In December 1971, Murphy's widow and two sons hired attorney Herbert Hafif and filed a $10 million lawsuit in Los Angeles District Court alleging negligence in the operation and maintenance of the aircraft. The 13 defendants included the estate of pilot Herman Butler, the estates of passengers Claude Crosby and Jack Littleton, Aero Commander, Colorado Aviation, and Telestar. In December 1975, a jury awarded the Murphy family $2.5 million in damages to be paid by the aircraft's owner, Colorado Aviation.

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Mountain in Switzerland Fil de Dragiva is a mountain of the Lepontine Alps, located between Rossa and Soazza, in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.

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The Freedmen's Aid Society was founded in 1859 during the American Civil War by the American Missionary Association (AMA), a group supported chiefly by the Congregational, Presbyterian and Methodist churches in the North. It organized a supply of teachers from the North and provided housing for them, to set up and teach in schools in the South for freedmen and their children. The AMA founded a total of more than 500 schools and colleges for freedmen in the South after the war, so that freedmen could be educated as teachers, nurses and other professionals. The work of the Society accelerated with the end of the war and the beginning of the Reconstruction era. Education for freedmen was seen as a top priority among both blacks and whites. The Society was supported by a variety of religious groups and denominations, and it began work in the South three months after organizing. By the end of the first year, it had recruited 52 instructors. The teachers instructed more than 5,000 students in 59 schools. The schools were open to men, women, and children in the South. By the turn of the century, blacks had raised their rate of literacy by an amazing amount; it was a major success story since the end of the war. By then the Democratic-dominated state legislatures had imposed racial segregation and were underfunding black schools and other facilities. Leadership and control of the Freedmen's Aid Society has been attributed to both the Congregational and the Methodist Episcopal churches. The Methodist version of the Society's history states that it was founded in 1866. It was "directed by a Board of Managers who were elected by the (Methodist) General Conference." In 1920 it was reorganized and renamed the Board of Education for Negroes, and in 1939 absorbed into the Board of Education of the Methodist Church. Notable people

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaporthomycetidae"}

Subclass of fungi Diaporthomycetidae is a subclass of sac fungi under class Sordariomycetes. The subclass was formed in 2015 for some fungi taxa that were already placed within Sordariomycetidae subclass, but that were phylogenetically and morphologically distinct from genera in Sordariomycetidae. Members of Diaporthomycetidae can occur in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats as saprobes (living on decayed dead or waste organic matter), pathogens, or endophytes (within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease). In 2017, there were up to 15 orders and 65 families in this subclass. More orders maybe confirmed in DNA based phylogenetic analysis studies in 2021. Distribution Member is the order have a cosmopolitan distribution, including being found in China and Thailand, and parts of Europe. Orders As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020; Incertae sedis As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020; Families Genera incertae sedis

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Sakala-desha-pratishthapanacharya Ganapati-deva (r. c. 1199-1262) was the longest reigning monarch of the Kakatiya dynasty of southern India. He brought most of the Telugu-speaking region in present-day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana under the Kakatiya influence by war or diplomacy. Ganapati's father Mahadeva was killed in a conflict against the Seuna (Yadava) kingdom in 1198-1199, and Ganapati remained in Yadava captivity for some time. The Kakatiya commander Recherla Rudra administered the kingdom in Ganapati's name during this period, protecting it against invaders and rebels. After his release in 1199, Ganapati consolidated his rule over the kingdom, and conquered the Coastal Andhra region in a series of campaigns. He also fought with the Eastern Gangas for the control of the southern Kalinga and Vengi regions: these campaigns had mixed results, with Kakatiya control limited to the south of the Godavari River. Ganapati supported the Nellore Choda chiefs Tikka and his son Manuma-siddhi II against rival claimants to the throne of Nellore. Towards the end of his reign, he suffered setbacks against the Pandyas, and retired after appointing his daughter Rudrama-devi as his successor. Early life Ganapati was a son of his predecessor Mahadeva, who died during an invasion of the Seuna (Yadava) kingdom. The Yadavas captured Ganapati, and during his captivity, the Kakatiya kingdom suffered from revolts and invasions. During Ganapati's captivity, Rudra of Recherla family - the commander-in-chief of the Kakatiya army - appears to have handled the administration in Ganapati's name, as suggested by his titles Kakatiya-rajya-bhara-dhaureya and Kakati-rajya-samartha. Epigraphic evidence suggests that Rudra suppressed rebellions by feudatories, and repulsed invasion by an obscure king named Nagati. According to some scholars, such as M. Somasekhara Sarma, Rudra also repulsed an invasion by the Chola king Kulottunga III. Others, such as P.V.P. Sastry dispute this in absence of concrete evidence. Release from Yadava captivity The 26 December 1199 Manthena inscription describes the Ganapati-deva as "the establisher of all the kingdom" (sakala-desha-pratishthapanacharya), which suggests that he had been released from the Yadava captivity by this time and had consolidated his control over his ancestral kingdom. It is not clear why the Yadavas released him. The Yadava inscriptions claim that king Jaitrapala released him out of compassion. It is possible that the Yadavas wanted to secure their eastern border by mainitaning good relations with the Kakatiyas, since they were involved in a conflict with the Hoysalas at their southern border. The later text Pratapa-charita states that Ganapati was offered in marriage to the daughter of the Yadava king. Historian P.V.P. Sastry doubts this, because according to the contemporary Bayyaram tank inscription, Mahadeva had arranged the marriage of his children Ganapati and Mailamba, and this event have happened before the military campaign that resulted in Mahadeva's death. Reign After being released from the Yadava captivity, Ganapati consolidated his rule with support of loyal commanders, such as the Recherla chief Rudra and the Malyala chief Chaunda. The political chaos that followed the decline of the Kalyani Chalukya and the Chola empires worked in his favour. Coastal Andhra campaign The inscriptions of Ganapati's uncle Rudra-deva have been found at Draksharamam and Tripurantakam in the coastal Andhra region, but the Kakatiyas had lost control of this region by the time of Ganapati's ascension. In the early years of Ganapati's reign, the Kakatiya army invaded coastal Andhra. The Velanati Chodas controlled the Vela-nadu area in the coastal Andhra region, although their power had declined considerably after the death of Choda II around 1181. Prithvishvara, the grandson of Choda II, moved his capital from Chandavolu to Pithapuram, and started re-asserting the Velanti Choda power in the Krishna delta region. The Kakatiyas conquered this region by 1201, as attested by the 1201 CE Kanaka-durga temple inscription issued by Ganapati's brother-in-law, the Natavadi chief Vakkadi-malla Rudra. The Kota chiefs of Dharanikota re-affirmed their acceptance of the Kakatiya suzerainty. The Kakatiya army led by the Malayala chief Chaunda marched to the Divi island in the Krishna River delta. Pinni Chodi (or Pina Chodi), a chief of the Ayya family, controlled this island, probably as a subordinates of Prithvishvara. The 1203 CE Kondaparti inscription and another 1241 CE inscription, issued by Chaunda and his son Kata respectively, provide some information about this campaign. According to these inscriptions, the father-son duo enriched Ganapati's treasury with diamonds plundered from the island. Ganapati conferred the title Dvipi-luntaka ("plunderer of the island") on Chaunda, and Dvipi-churakara on Kata. The Ayya chiefs accepted Ganapati's suzerainty, and Ganapati allowed them to retain control of the island. Naramba and Peramba, the two daughters of Pinni Chodi married Ganapati. Their brother Jaya (or Jayapa) entered Ganapati's service as a commander (senapati or senani), as attested by his 1231 CE Ganapeshvaram inscription. Epigraphic evidence suggests that Prithvishvara's authority was limited to a small part of Kalinga, as suggested by his inscriptions from Draksharamam and Srikurmam. He probably fought against the Kakatiya subordinates in an attempt to re-establish his control over the Vela-nadu region, and died during this campaign. This event probably happened sometime in 1206 CE, the date of the Srikurmam inscription of his chief treasurer Ananta, which is the last surviving inscription from his reign. Some inscriptions describe Ganapati as Prithvishvara-shirah-kanduka-krida-vinoda ("the player of the ball that was the head of Prithvishvara"). Multiple chiefs, who were probably Kakatiya subordinates or allies, also claimed this title. These include the Nellore Choda chief Tikka-bhupala, the Seuna Yadava chief Vishvanatha, and the Maha-mandaleshvara Ballaya of Chola family (probably of Kamma-nadu). All these chiefs probably participated in the battle that resulted in the death of Prithvishvara. By 1209, Ganapati had annexed the Vela-nadu and the Karmma-rashtra (Kamma-nadu) regions to his kingdom, as attested by the 1209 CE Chenna-keshava temple (Idupulapadu near Bapatla) inscription. Ganapati appointed Jaya senapati of Ayya family as the govenror of the Vela-nadu region, as attested by his 1213 CE Chebrolu inscription. The appointment possibly happened earlier, but this is not certain, as Jaya's Chandavolu inscription is partially built in a wall, rendering its date unreadable. The chiefs of Kamma-nadu region, most probably the Telugu Chodas of Koni-dena appear to have asserted independence. Ganapati's loyal subordinate - Opili Siddhi - a member of the Potapi branch of the Telugu Chodas, subjugated the rebels. Ganapati made him the governor of the former rebel territory as a reward. Epigraphic evidence suggests that the Chakra-narayana chiefs of Addanki accepted Ganapati's suzerainty around the same time, before 1217-1218. First southern campaign The 1213 CE Chebrolu inscription of Jaya senapati refers to Ganapati's military campaign against the southern kings. It states that upon his return from this campaign, Ganapati conferred the lordship of the southern region to Jaya. These southern kings were most probably the Nellore Choda chiefs, who were Chola vassals. Earlier, around 1180 CE, the Chola king Kulottunga III had defeated the Choda ruler Manuma-siddhi I (alias Vira-ganda-gopala) and installed the latter's brother Nalla-siddhi on the throne. Nalla-siddhi and his younger brother Tammu-siddhi ruled as Chola vassals till 1207-1208. Manuma-siddhi I's son Tikka (or Takka), who had earlier helped Ganapati against Prithvishvara, sought Ganapati's help to claim the throne of Nellore. Ganapati marched to Nellore, forced Tammu-siddhi to flee, and installed Tikka on the throne as Tikka-bhupala. Tikka later also appeased Kulottunga III by acknowledging his suzerainty. Ganapati's 1228 CE Mattevada inscription states that he plundered the Chola capital (probably Kanchi, which was an alternate capital of the Nellore chief). The 1231 CE Ganapeshvaram inscription of his commander Jaya senapati states that he subdued several countries including Chola, Kalinga, Seuna, Brihat-Karnata, and Lata; he also annexed Vela-nadu and Dvipa (Divi). It appears that Tikka faced invasion from rulers or chiefs belonging to these countries, and Ganapati helped Tikka repulse their invasion. Tikka appointed Ganapati's subordinate Gangaya-sahini as the governor of Upper Paka-nadu region within his kingdom. Tikka later repulsed Hoysala invasions: since Tikka was a minor chief, historian M. Somasekhara Sarma speculates that Ganapati assisted him in this conflict; however, there is no direct evidence of this. Kalinga and Vengi After the death of Prithvishvara, Ganapati sent his armies, led by Soma and Raja-nayaka, to the Kalinga region to consolidate his control over Prithvishvara's former territories. Soma (or Somaya), who held the position of pradhani or mantri (minister) belonged to the Induluri family. Raja-nayaka was a subordinate to Rudra of Recherla family. Historian M. Somasekhara Sarma speculates that Bhima - the Telugu Choda chief of Eruva, also participated in Ganapati's campaign. The later 1322-1333 CE Talla-Prodduturu inscription credits Bhima with victories in several places in and around Kalinga, and it is likely that a minor chief like him achieved these victories as a subordinate or an ally or a stronger ruler. According to historian P.V.P. Sastry, Bhima achieved these victories before Ganapati's time, as a Kalyani Chalukya subordinate. Raja-nayaka appears to have achieved successes in the area to the north-east of the core Kakatiya territory, sometime before 1212 CE. His 1236 CE Upparapalli inscription credits him with the following victories: After his successes in Kalinga, Raja-nayaka marched to Draksharamam, and made a gift for maintaining the perpetual lamps to the god Bhimeshvara in 1212 CE. The rulers subjugated by Raja-nayaka were probably subordinates of the Eastern Ganga king Rajaraja III. The Kakatiya control over their territories did not last long, and they soon declared independence or accepted the Ganga suzerainty. Conflict with the Eastern Gangas Ganapati conducted his military campaigns in the Kalinga and the Vengi regions over several years. His Ganapeshvaram, Upparapalli, and Moupalli inscriptions suggest that he made several attemtps to subjugate Kalinga and Vengi from 1212 CE onwards. Sometime before 1217 CE, Ananga Bhima III, the successor of the Eastern Ganga king Rajaraja III, expelled Kakatiya forces from Kalinga. Ananga Bhima III established his control over the Trikalinga or Trayi-vasundhara region, as attested by his 1217-1218 Bhimeshvara temple inscription. By 1230 CE, the Eastern Ganga forces had arrived at Draksharamam, where their commander Jesrajaka commissioned repairs to the Bhimeshvara temple. Ananga Bhima III also invaded Vengi, where petty chiefs, such as the Chalukyas of Pithapuram and the Haihayas of Konamandala accepted his suzerainty. Ganapati sent an army led by Soma to the Godavari delta region. Shiva-yoga-sara, a 15th century text written by a descendant of Soma, states that Soma: Kolanu or Sarasi-puri, likely present-day Saripalle in West Godavari district, was under the control of Maha-mandaleshvara Kolani Keshava-deva during 1192-1128 CE. Epigraphic evidence attests to Eastern Ganga presence in this region: Keshava-deva may have received military assistance from Ananga Bhima III or may have accepted his suzerainty. The Kakatiya general Soma probably conquered this region after the death of Keshava-deva and the retreat of the Ganga forces: Ganapati made him the governor of the conquered territory, and he came to be known as Kolani Soma. A 1231 CE Paleshvara temple (Iragavaram) inscription confirms the Kakatiya conquest of Kolanu in Vengi region in that year. The Kakatiyas seem to have regained control of Draksharamam, as attested by a 1237 CE inscription of the Kakatiya general Mallala Hemadri-reddi at the local temple. However, there is no evidence that the Kakatiyas controlled any part of Kalinga beyond Draksharamam. Ganapati probably tried to secure the political allegiance of the Chalukyas of Nidadavolu by marrying his daughter Rudrama to the Chalukya prince Virabhadra. Ananga Bhima III's son and successor Narasimha I invaded the Godavari region, but the Kakatiyas continued to control this region until the end of the dynasty. The 1257 CE Nandaluru inscription of the Telugu Choda king Manuma-siddhi II refers to the Kalinga expedition of the Kakatiyas, which was probably aimed at repulsing Narasimha's invasion. The inscription states that Manuma-siddhi II crossed the Godavari River while chasing the Kalinga king: this must have happened some time after Manuma-siddhi's ascension in 1248. The Kakatiya control was likely limited to the south of the Godavari River. Second southern expedition In 1248, Ganapati's Nellore Choda vassal Tikka died. His son and successor Manuma-siddhi II faced multiple challenges to his authority: After losing control of his kingdom, Manuma-siddhi II sent the poet Tikkana as an emissary to Ganapati's court. Ganapati sent an army led by Samanta Bhoja in Manuma-siddhi II's support. The undated Nayanpalli (Guntur district) inscription states that the Kakatiya army burnt Nellore, and played a game of ball with the heads of the rebels Bayyana and Tikkana. The inscription also states that the army entered the Dravida-mandala, and captured the capital of Kulottunga Rajendra Choda. The captured city was probably Kanchi, the capital of the Chola king Rajendra III. In 1250 CE, Bhoja's army achieved a decisive victory at Palaiyaru, defeating the combined army of Dravida, Karnataka, and Vijaya-Ganda-Gopala. Manuma-siddhi regained control of Nellore, but Vijaya-Ganda-Gopala continued to rule Kanchi, as attested by his inscriptions there until 1282. The Kakatiya army then defeated the Vaidumba chief Rakkasa Ganga, and Manuma-siddhi II regained control of Pottapi-nadu, the territory he had earlier lost to Rakkasa Ganga. Gangaya-sahini, who had earlier lost to Rakkasa Ganga, entered Ganapati's service. Ganapati granted the Marjavadi region captured from Rakkasa Ganga to Gangaya-sahini as a family estate. Although the Kakatiya army played an important role in this victory, Manuma-siddhi II's court poet Tikkana gives the entire credit to his master. Relation with the Yadavas Ganapati generally maintained friendly relations with the Seunas (Yadavas). The Yadava chief Vishvanatha appears to have participated in the Kakatiya campaign against Prithvishvara, as attested by his title Prithvishvara-shirah-kanduka-krida-vinoda. The Yadava prince Permadi-deva, a son of Simhana, was a subordinate of Ganapati, as attested by the 1159 CE Peruru inscription which records his gifts of lands to brahmanas. Some Yadava (or Arya) chiefs also assisted Ganapati in his southern campaign against the Pandyas. Some Kakatiya inscriptions claim that Ganapati defeated the Yadavas. One inscription states that Ganapati conquered Sevana, identified with the Yadava king Simhana. Another inscription describes Ganapati as a terror to Simhana, and states that he defeated Simhana at a battle near Kurumalur, supported by the Telugu Choda chief. Both Kakatiya and Seuna inscriptions dated 1250 CE have been found at Eleshvaram (near Devarakonda), suggesting that the kingdoms fought indecisive battles over this area. Third southern campaign Around 1257 CE, the Pandya king Jata-varman Sundara I subjugated the Chola king Rajendra III, Vijaya-Ganda-Gopala of Kanchi, and the Kadava chief Kopperunijinga. With the help of these new vassals, he then attacked the kingdom of the Nellore Choda ruler Manuma-siddhi II of Nellore. Manuma-siddhi II sought help from the Kakatiya, the Seuna (Yadava), and the Bana rulers. The Pandya allies appear to have invaded the Kakatiya territory, as suggested by Tripurantakam inscriptions of Rajendra III and Kopperunijinga. Apparently in an attempt to form alliance with the king of Kalinga, Kopperunijinga advanced as far as Draksharamam in the north, but Ganapati defeated him. Ganapati later honoured Kopperunijinga with vira-pada-mudra ("presentation of the anklet of the heroes"), possibly to cause a split in the Pandya camp. The Pandya records suggest that Ganapati suffered setbacks against them towards the end of his reign. The Pandya army captured Nellore, and killed Manuma-siddhi II (alias Vira-ganda Gopala) in the Battle of Muttukuru in 1263 CE. The Pandya army also forced his allies - the Kakatiyas, the Seunas, and the Banas - to flee. The Pandya king Jata-varman Sundara celebrated virabhisheka (anointment) of his conquest over Nellore and Kanchi. He also issued coins bearing the Kakatiya emblem of varaha (boar) on the obverse, and the Pandya emblem of fish on the reverse. Administration During his reign of 63 years, Ganapati brought under his influence almost the entire Telugu-speaking territory by war or diplomacy. Continuing his predecessor Rudra-deva's project of moving the capital from Anumakonda to Orugallu, he built a new fortification with 75 bastions, each protected by a nayaka (chief). The fortification comrpised a stone and a mud fort, one within the other. Ganapati's loyal subordinates included: Ganapati's subordinate allies and vassals included: Ganapati's ministers included: Succession Ganapati apparently retired after suffering defeats against the Pandyas in the late 1250s. He did not have a son by his chief queen, and nominated his elder daughter Rudrama-devi as his successor. She began to rule as a co-regent from 1259-1260 under the regnal name Rudra-deva Maharaja. Ganapati was still alive in 1269 CE, as suggested by the Duggi (in Palnad) inscription of his subordinate Janniga-deva. This inscription calls Rudrama the "chosen royalty" (pattoddhati, a mistake for pattodhrti), which suggests she was still a queen-designate and not a queen. Some members of the royal family appear to have contested Rudrama's ascension. For example, according to Pratapa-charita, Harihara and Murari-deva, who were Ganapati's sons by other queens, revolted against Rudrama and seized the capital. However, the loyal Kakatiya feudatories helped suppress these rebellions.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansdown_Guilding"}

Lansdown Guilding (9 May 1797 – 22 October 1831) was a theologian and naturalist. He is best known for his works on the flora and fauna of St Vincent in particular and on the Caribbean in general. He wrote numerous illustrated papers for journals of scholarly societies in England including the first descriptions of velvet worms and scale insects in the ground pearl family. Guilding was born on 9 May 1797 in Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. He was one of six siblings, son of the Reverend John Guilding and his wife Sarah. In 1802, at the age of 5, he was sent to England, where he studied at Oxford University. In 1817, after receiving a B.A. degree, he returned to his home country. His father died in 1818, and he took up work as garrison chaplain and left for England in 1819. In 1821, Guilding travelled to England to marry Mary Hunt, daughter of the Rev. S. Hunt, rector of Wakerly and St. George's Church, Stamford. From 1824 to 1826 he disputed with Robert Herries for the right to payment for paupers' funerals. Herries claimed that Guilding had expunged the minutes of some meetings to change the vote of a vestry election, causing Herries to lose his position. Guilding stated that it was "just a misunderstanding”. In 1818, Guilding was accepted as Fellow of the Linnean Society, and by 1820 he was corresponding with Joseph Dalton Hooker, Aylmer Bourke Lambert and other established scientists. Hooker wrote that Guilding was "an arrogant, demanding, ambitious, and often conceited individual, all too ready to ask for unusual favors". His first zoological paper was read at the Linnean Society and published in 1822. Guilding was a capable artist of plant and animal drawings. He prided himself on the accuracy of his work and his use of color. When his work was redrawn he criticized both the artist and the engraver. His book “An Account of the Botanic Gardens of the Island of St. Vincent” was published in Glasgow in 1825. Guilding was an excellent artist and engraver and he produced a "Table of Colours Arranged for Naturalists" in 1825 which may have been the first biological colour chart. This production was submitted to the Wernerian Natural History Society, where it was presented by the president, Professor Robert Jameson. He corresponded with Charles Darwin, providing him with notes on the natural history of the Caribbean region. In 1826, Guilding published the first description of a member of the phylum Onychophora. He found what he thought was an unusual type of slug, and included it along with his Caribbean mollusks. He named this genus Peripatus (1826). He included an excellent watercolor painting of the specimen, and a mention to the defensive mechanism of sticky liquid squirts. A translation into English from Guilding's description, originally written in Latin, shows how he first classified the specimen in the Class Moluska, and how astonished he was for discovering a new species. He was also among the first to describe scale insects of the ground pearl family, Margarodidae. Guilding's announced "Fauna" and "Pomona occidentalis" were never completed. The manuscripts were lost, together with his table of colors. Guilding's first wife died "in childbed” on 15 November 1827, leaving five children behind. A year later he married Charlotte Lydia Melville, of St. George's, Grenada. In 1831 he went on vacation to Bermuda, where he died on 22 October. The cause of death was not recorded. Bibliography The standard author abbreviation Guilding is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Pacific_173"}

The Central Pacific Railroad number 173 was a 4-4-0 steam locomotive built by Norris-Lancaster for the Western Pacific Railroad in 1864. After its acquisition by Central Pacific, 173 was involved in a bad wreck, lying idle for two years before undergoing a sweeping reconstruction by the line's Sacramento Shops. It subsequently became the prototype for the railroad's engines when the CP began constructing locomotives. The engine was successful, and more engines were built to 173's design. In the 1950s its blueprints became the basis for a miniature railroad built by Hollywood movie studio owner and railroad enthusiast Walt Disney, who had a 1:8 replica built by the studio's machine shop. The Lilly Belle which resulted was widely copied by other "live steam" hobbyists, and became the basis for the future Disneyland theme park's miniature railroad's engine, the C. K. Holliday. History The locomotive was built in 1864 by Norris-Lancaster for the Western Pacific Railroad, which had it designated H in keeping with its alphabetic scheme and named it the Sonoma. The engine became Central Pacific's #173 after the railroad acquired the Western Pacific in 1869. A train wreck involving CP 173 and 177 occurred at Alameda Junction on November 14, 1869, and both engines were brought to the railroad's extensive shops in Sacramento two years later. Here, master mechanic Andrew Jackson "A.J." Stevens was given the task of rebuilding the 173. Though extensive damage was sustained from the wreck, Stevens found many of the engine's parts to be reusable, and had decided to use the 173 as a test bed for the railroad's entry into the locomotive manufacturing business. The rebuild was extensive enough that the Central Pacific listed itself as the builder in subsequent records. The rebuilt 173, finished in November 1872, was well-received by the railroad, and soon the shops produced twelve engines based on its design. Three of these were sold to other roads, among which was Virginia and Truckee Railroad's Dayton locomotive, which is the only preserved example of 173's design. Additionally, as the railroad's existing engines (including the Jupiter, C. P. Huntington, Gov. Stanford, among others) were serviced at the shops, the names would be removed (as it had been decided not to continue naming the engines), Stevens would have their stacks, domes, and other features replaced with ones of his design—identical or similar to those of 173—thus giving the railroad's engines (as well as those of the Southern Pacific) a more unified appearance, a practice which would later be similarly employed by the Pennsylvania Railroad. As a side note, smaller engine 177 was even more extensively rebuilt in 1873, apparently with very little (if any) of the original engine reused, and was also listed as built by Central Pacific in the records. Through the 1891 to 1901 numbering period, #173 became SP #1285, and would later become SP #1523 in 1907. The locomotive was finally scrapped in 1909, while 177 was sold to an unknown buyer in 1886. Subsequent Builds Following the success of the design, twelve subsequent locomotives were constructed based on 173's drawings. They either stayed within the CP, or were sold off the other railroads, such as the Virginia and Truckee Railroad and the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad. *Named Wilmington, number unknown, later became SP#33 after the Southern Pacific Merger, #1311 in 1891 and scrapped in 1900. Miniature replicas In 1939, noted railroad historian Gerald M. Best constructed a 1/2 inch (1:24) scale model of the 173 using scale drawings provided by Southern Pacific draftsman David L. Joslyn, based on specifications recovered by the latter from a warehouse of old SP records. Best's model was built for operation at the Golden Gate International Exposition, and was placed on display in his home after the exposition ended. In 1948, Best's 173 model was shown to Walt Disney, who then decided to construct his own 1:8 scale model of the engine for his proposed rideable miniature railway, the Carolwood Pacific Railroad. Drawings for Disney's model were likewise provided by Joslyn, with 173's proportions scaled down to 1.5 inches to one foot. Disney's 173, named "Lilly Belle" operated from 1950-53 on his backyard Carolwood Pacific Railroad After the railroad was shut down, the 173 model was displayed in Disneyland's Main Street station for nearly fifty years, before moving to the new Walt Disney Family Museum, dedicated to Disney's legacy. At the Disneyland Railroad, the No. 1 C.K. Holliday locomotive is also modeled after the 173, bearing a strong resemblance to it. 1:8 Scale models of the CP173 have become very popular with "live steamer" railroad hobbyists. In fact, most build the CP173 from castings. The most popular locomotives are made by Railroad Supply Co.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_UCI_Road_World_Championships"}

The 1923 UCI Road World Championships took place in Zürich, Switzerland on 25 August 1923. Events summary Medal table Results The course was 164 km.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/125_Park_Road"}

125 Park Road is a listed building in Westminster, London, England. Occupying a prominent site opposite the Hanover Gate entrance to Regent's Park, the 11 storey block of flats has 18 two bedroom, 18 one bedroom, four penthouse and one caretaker's flat. Three quarters of the 41 flats have views over the park. The block was one of the first funded and built on the co-ownership principle made possible by the formation of the Housing Corporation in 1964. Lessees contributed to a group mortgage and received a premium payment when they left. This was designed to reflect the increase in the value of the flat during their stay. Architects 125 Park Road was designed in the late 1960s by the architects Farrell/Grimshaw Partnership for the Mercury Housing Society. Both Sir Terry Farrell and Sir Nicholas Grimshaw were members of the society and lived in the block. It was their second scheme and, when listed in 2001, was commended for pioneering the British High Tech architecture movement. The block was completed in June 1970 at a contract cost of £227,000. Design The building is widely known for its corrugated aluminium cladding, radiused corners and sloping glazed roof. The exterior belies the light and spacious interiors of the flats. Living space is maximised by concentrating bathrooms, lifts and stairs in a central structural core. Natural light is maximised by placing the freestanding perimeter columns behind continuous window glazing. Curved corners add the sensation of panoramic views over London. Most internal walls are non-loadbearing which allows flats to be combined as larger units. This shows the benefits of designing residential accommodation on the same principles as commercial offices where habitable space is freed by concentrating services in a central core. Recognition & reputation In 1973, the flats were highly commended in the Housing Design Awards sponsored by the Secretary of State for the Environment. Increasingly, features about the building and individual flats started to appear in Sunday colour supplements and architectural magazines such as Building Design and Architectural Design. One of the penthouses was used as a film location, other flats were used for magazine and advertisement shoots. The inclusion of 125 Park Road in guides to modern British and London architecture, in Elain Harwood's England: A Guide to Post-war Listed Buildings and in Colin Amery's monograph on the early work of Nicholas Grimshaw helped to make the block a destination for visiting architects and students. It is now widely recognised as the first residential block designed on the office block principle of maximising habitable space around an easily accessible central service core.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_women%27s_national_under-16_basketball_team"}

The Madagascar women's national under-16 basketball team is a national basketball team of Madagascar, governed by the Fédération Malagasy de Basket-Ball. It represents the country in international under-16 (under age 16) women's basketball competitions.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateo_Delmastro"}

Argentine badminton player Badminton player Mateo Benjamín Delmastro (born 14 April 2000) is an Argentine badminton player. He won his first senior international title at the 2016 Argentina International in the mixed doubles event partnered with Micaela Suárez at the age of 16. He represented his country at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Achievements BWF International Challenge/Series (1 title, 3 runners-up) Men's doubles Mixed doubles BWF International Challenge tournament BWF International Series tournament BWF Future Series tournament

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Russian film Tambourine, Drum (Russian: Бубен, барабан) is a 2009 Russian drama film directed by Aleksey Mizgiryov. Plot The film tells about the head of the library, Katya, who falls in love with a sailor who leaves her for her friend. As a result, Katya is ready to give the apartment to someone who kills her opponent. Cast

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobley_airstrike"}

At 3:25 a.m. on 3 March 2008, two BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles launched by a United States Navy warship hit the village of Dobley in Somalia. According to US military officials the target of the attack was an al-Qaeda leader. Dobley district commissioner Ali Hussein Nuir stated that Sheikh Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki, a local militant cleric was meeting with leaders of a Mogadishu-based militant group nearby. Varying reports of casualties surfaced with villagers reporting that between four and six people were dead. It is unclear whether these casualties were targets or civilians. Villagers also reported that an aircraft had attacked them, but US military officials denied these reports merely stating that an attack had indeed occurred and that they were looking into the results. At least two previous attacks of a similar nature occurred in 2007 where American forces targeted suspected al-Qaeda operatives in Ras Kamboni as well as in Bargal. Jane's Defence Weekly, writing in its 12 March 2008 issue, said the attack was reportedly carried out by a US Navy submarine, firing Tomahawks. Jane's said several news reports said the target of the attack was Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan, sought by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in connection with the 2002 Mombasa attacks in Kenya against a hotel and a civilian airliner.

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Muslima Boqieva (November 7, 1933 – 2016) was a Tajikistani singer of traditional music, active during the Soviet era. Born in Bukhara, Boqieva began her career performing with the havaskoron amateur groups of that city. In 1953 she became a member of the Ensemble of Rubab Players of the Tajik State Philharmonic Society. Her repertoire encompassed songs in numerous languages, including Tajik, Azeri, Russian, and Turkmen; among those for which she was especially famous were such pieces as "O Flame of the East", "Flower in the Garden", "Cup of Wine", and "Souvenir". When the ensemble traveled to Iran, in 1957, and Afghanistan, in 1963 and 1973, she performed as a member of the group. She traveled to Moscow to participate in the Tajik Decade of Art and Literature, and in 1957 performed in the same city, in the sixth Youth Festival. For her work she was named a People's Artist of the Tajik SSR. At her death Boqieva was interred in the Sariosiya Cemetery in Dushanbe.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Landwehr_Division_(German_Empire)"}

Military unit The 26th Landwehr Division (26. Landwehr-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I.

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English composer and pianist Samuel Soden (20 May 1925 – 29 August 1991), known as Sam Fonteyn, was an English composer and pianist, whose most significant output was for the Boosey & Hawkes Music Library, for which he composed and recorded many works. Most are short character pieces for the piano with colourful titles indicating the images the pieces are meant to conjure. Others are bright orchestral pieces. Fonteyn's work has been heard on television since he recorded for Boosey & Hawkes in the 1970s. A music library recording was used as the theme of the British sitcom Please Sir! in 1968, and "Pop Looks Bach," recorded in 1970, was later used as the theme of the long-running television programme Ski Sunday. He also composed the piano music heard at the beginning of 'The Colour Purple', (which he also performed on the soundtrack) and a theme tune used for The Russian News. His work was also featured on SpongeBob SquarePants, The Ren & Stimpy Show, Nirvanna the Band the Show, and Family Guy (a vaudeville duo use Fonteyn's "Galloping Gertie" as a vamp in a recurring gag).[citation needed] Soden was born in Birmingham and died in Islington, London. Audio samples

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_Survivor:_60_Days"}

2019 South Korean television series South Korean TV series or program Designated Survivor: 60 Days (Korean: 60일, 지정생존자) is a 2019 South Korean television series based on the 2016–2019 American television series Designated Survivor. It stars Ji Jin-hee, Heo Joon-ho, Kang Han-na, Lee Joon-hyuk and Bae Jong-ok. The series aired on tvN and Netflix from July 1 to August 20, 2019. Synopsis Park Mu-jin (Ji Jin-hee) is the South Korean Minister of Environment, with little ambition as a politician. After a diplomatic incident involving free trade negotiations with the United States, and Park's dispute over numbers provided by its Environmental Protection Agency about pollution caused by imported cars, President Yang Jin-ma (Kim Kap-soo) dismisses him from the office. The next day, as the President announces to the National Assembly that he is making peace with North Korea, the building explodes, killing all of the South Korean line of succession. Park Mu-jin, whose resignation had yet to become effective, survived the accident. He is sworn in as Acting President for 60 days, and starts uncovering the truth behind the bombing. Cast Main Supporting Park Family The Blue House National Intelligence Service Republic of Korea Army Presidential Candidates TBN Station Others Special appearances Original soundtrack Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Viewership Designated Survivor: 60 Days : South Korea viewers per episode (thousands)Source: Audience measurement performed nationwide by Nielsen Media Research. Awards and nominations International broadcasts The series was purchased for broadcast in Iran by IRIB Ofogh in 2021.

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Sony released the following SEL (for: Sony E-mount Lens) lenses for Sony E-mount cameras since 2010. They are also compatible with Hasselblad E-mount cameras. Some of the lenses introduced into the line have been developed in cooperation with Carl Zeiss (as indicated). List of Sony E-mount APS-C zoom lenses List of Sony E-mount APS-C prime lenses List of Sony E-mount full frame zoom lenses List of Sony E-mount full frame prime lenses List of Sony E-mount lens accessories Key:

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The following is a list of characters that first appeared in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street in 2003, by order of first appearance. Tony Stewart Tony Stewart made his first screen appearance on 2 March 2003. The character was originally played by Alan Igbon, but Terence Maynard took over the role in 2014. Tony is Jason Grimshaw's (Ryan Thomas) father. On 15 November 2013, it was announced that Tony would be returning to Coronation Street in 2014, with actor Terence Maynard taking over the role from Igbon. Jason's "roguish" father will attract the attention of Liz McDonald (Beverley Callard) when he arrives, but his intentions are soon questioned. David Brown from the Radio Times questioned how Eileen (Sue Cleaver) would react to Tony's sudden reappearance in her son's life. While series producer Stuart Blackburn commented "His arrival is going to cause massive ructions for the Grimshaws. He is a man who can be your best friend or your worst enemy – and with a long history of lies and betrayal, this is a guy who has an awful lot of making up to do." Tony's reintroduction came as part of "an increased focus" on the Grimshaw family. It was announced on 17 October 2015 that Maynard had filmed his final scenes and Tony departed on 18 November 2015. It was reported on 14 March 2016 that Tony would be killed off-screen, with Jason receiving the news in April 2016. Storylines Eileen and Jason are shocked when they bump into Jason's dad Tony Stewart and his girlfriend Merle Jackson in the Rovers. Tony bumps into Jason in the cafe. Jason is off-hand but Tony persuades him to sit down and talk to him. Jason agrees to meet him for a drink one evening. Jason meets his dad for a drink. They get on really well. Tony tells Jason that there may be a job for him at his building site. Jason goes to Tony and Merle Jackson's house for dinner. Tony promises to try to get Jason a job on the building site where he works. Eileen is shocked and hurt when Tony bangs on the door and tells her that he's got Jason a job. Eileen realises that Jason has been meeting his dad behind her back. Tony and Jason chat in the Rovers about Jason's new job. Jason has a huge row with Eileen - he calls her a whore and she slaps him. He accuses Eileen of never giving Tony a chance. He makes her admit that Tony did once propose to her. Eileen tries to make Jason see what a lousy father Tony would have been. Jason gets his things and storms out. Eileen breaks down - she's worried that she's lost her son to Tony. To Tony and Merle's horror, Jason turns up saying that he's left his mum and has come to live with them. Eileen tracks Jason down to Merle's house. She and Tony have a huge row. Jason is disgusted with them and storms out. Jason arrives back at Tony's house only to find that he and Eileen are still rowing. Tony changes his mind and tells Jason he's very welcome to stay. Eileen pleads with him to come home but he chooses to stay with his dad. Merle demands that Tony must get rid of Jason as it's her house and she doesn't want him there. Tony can't bring himself to tell him. Eileen confides in Patrick how upset she is about Jason living with Tony. Jason starts his new job on the building site with his dad. Tony chats to him about his family. Jason is intrigued and wants to know more. Tony calls to see Eileen and asks her to try and persuade Jason to come home. Eileen agrees although she realises that she will be doing Tony's dirty work for him. Tony takes Jason to the Rovers where they bump into Eileen. Jason is gutted when Tony, under pressure from Merle, tells him that he'll have to move back to Eileen's house. Eileen can see that Jason is upset. She asks him if he wants his old bed back and he admits that he does. Tony tells Jason that he's found him some more work but it's in Warrington. Jason moans to Tony about the fact that Eileen has bought Todd a laptop and Todd is her favourite. Eileen is delighted when Jason turns down the offer of a drink with Tony in favour of going out in his new car. It is Jason's birthday. Eileen gives him a CD, Todd gives him the same CD and Tony gives him a sovereign ring. Jason and Tony agree to help Todd do his flat up. Tony and Jason rewire Todd's flat so that Todd's electricity now runs off the Bookies' supply downstairs. Todd is a little bit worried. Roy has a disastrous driving lesson and as he opens the car door to make his escape, he walks into the path of Jason's car. Jason is forced to swerve and crashes, leaving him with a fractured arm and Tony with a broken leg. Jason will be off work for six weeks, leaving Eileen to pay the car loan. Merle throws Tony out. She drops him and his belongings off at Eileen's house. She is not best pleased. Eileen is fed up with Tony living under the same roof. Jason explains to Tony how he lied to the insurance company and told them he was twenty-seven to get cheaper car insurance. Eileen is fed up with looking after Tony and Jason and worried about how she's going to pay the car loan now that Jason isn't earning. Eileen breaks down about her money worries to Tony. She's torn, but has no choice but to accept the £50 he offers her. Gail tells Peter about the dodgy wiring in the flat. Peter arranges for Tony Stewart to sort it out. Tony pretends that he's never been to the flat before. Against Sarah's better judgement Tony and Jason turn up at the flat to fix the wiring. Tony gets £50 off Peter for fixing the faulty wiring in the flat. Peter then finds out that it was Tony's dodgy wiring in the first place and that Tony wired the flat so that the electricity ran off the bookies' supply. Peter is furious and demands his money back from Tony and Jason. Eileen is at her wits' end. She's no money and she's sick of supporting Tony. Eileen tells Tony to clear out. Tony gives a tearful Jason his forwarding address and leaves. Tony calls into see Eileen before he leaves and whilst Eileen's back is turned he steals the £700 takings from Street Cars. Eileen is horrified to find the money has been stolen. She realises that Tony must have taken it. Eileen explains how Tony has stolen £700. She asks Jason to find him. Jason is confused and upset. Jason realises that Tony must have stolen the £700. Jason and Todd pay Tony a visit. He admits that he stole the money and gives it to Jason. Jason is upset that his dad is a loser and a thief. He tells him he doesn't want to see him any more. Jason doesn't see his father for another ten years. In 2014, Eileen is shocked to receive a visit from Tony. Jason is surprised to find Tony at home when he returns from the Rovers. None of the Grimshaws are pleased to see Tony's return, the boys pointing out what a lousy father he has been. Eileen suggests that Jason take him to the Rovers to get him out of the house. Tony suggests that he and Jason do building work together but his son is in no way convinced. Tony tells the Grimshaws that he's trying to make up for lost time but Eileen and Todd aren't convinced. Jason isn't entirely hostile to his father, though. Eileen is quietly hoping that Tony won't hang around for long. Liz enjoys it when Tony flirts with her. Tony buys drinks for Jason, Eva and Todd and asks Jason if they can be mates. Forgetting about Todd's dinner, Jason agrees to meet Tony for dinner at the bistro on Monday. Todd tells him he doesn't mind as it will make the evening more exciting. It is Todd's birthday but he is not looking forward to the prospect of his birthday meal at the bistro with Tony present. Jason assures a worried Eileen that his dad will be thrown out if he causes trouble but she confesses that her main worry is that Tony will hurt him. Tony turns up at the party with an expensive bottle for Todd. Tony assures Eileen that he's changed his ways and realises that he's been a rotten father. Jason is upset when Tony makes a comment about Eileen and tells him he's not welcome to join Todd's party in town. Eileen finds Tony confiding in Liz in the Rovers and makes it clear she isn't pleased. Tony and Liz then begin a relationship, but soon in December 2014, he begins an affair with Tracy Barlow (Kate Ford). In the summer of 2015, Liz becomes aware of Tony and Tracy's affair and tells him not to come back to the Rovers. He returns months later and in November 2015, attempts to reconcile with Liz. He and Liz then get back together and Tony signs his papers of the Rovers back over to Liz. Tony is then about to propose to her but she rejects him and says that she will never forgive him for cheating on her and that she had tricked him. With his reputation and life in tatters, Tony makes the decision to leave Weatherfield. He says a final goodbye to his son, and Eileen, before departing. Unfortunately, this would be the last time Jason would ever see his father... In April 2016, Eileen is visited by police who inform her that Tony has been found dead in his flat of a suspected heart attack. Jason is shocked and refuses to believe his dad is dead until he sees his body at the morgue. Jason is distraught and begins to lash out at everyone, especially Liz who he blames for his dad leaving, and he begins pushing everyone away, before reconciling with most people after Tony's funeral. It's then revealed that he's left upwards of eighty grand to Jason. In June 2016, Tony is placed in the frame for the murder of Callum Logan (Sean Ward), whose rotting corpse was found underneath the Platt family's annexe in a car crash the prior month, pushing the blame further away from Callum's true killer; Kylie Platt (Paula Lane). The accusation is made more believable as Tony and Jason had been the ones constructing the annexe to begin with, and they had a motive due to Callum's mates attacking Jason just a few months before his apparent death. Jason can't believe this accusation, and briefly launches a campaign against the Platts to clear his dad's name, before a wrench with both Callum and Tony's DNA on it seemingly confirms the accusation that Tony did indeed murder Callum, whose mates begin a revenge campaign against Jason. He initially ignores a warning from Gemma Winter (Dolly-Rose Campbell), who used to know Callum, before his van is torched. Jason then decides to flee Weatherfield, leaving his business and money in the hands of Eileen, and her shifty new lover, Pat Phelan. Tony's name is yet to be cleared for Callum's murder. Bev Unwin Bev Unwin (also Baker) is played by Susie Blake. Prior to her arrival on the Street, Bev had owned a pub with her husband, until he died. Bev has two daughters Shelley (Sally Lindsay) and Sharon Unwin, who dies in March 2003. After her daughter Sharon's death, Bev moves into The Rovers Return Inn, where she works as barmaid alongside her daughter Shelley who is pub manager. While there she has a fling with much younger barman Ciaran McCarthy (Keith Duffy) and later briefly dates Charlie Stubbs (Bill Ward) before he begins a relationship with Shelley. Bev also spends some time working at The Weatherfield Arms. She gets engaged to Fred Elliott (John Savident), and is due to marry him in early October 2006 but he dies on their wedding day before the ceremony whilst visiting Audrey Roberts (Sue Nicholls). Bev never gets over losing Fred before they married, and after controversially dividing his ashes into two halves, presenting Fred's son Ashley Peacock (Steven Arnold) with his share in an instant-gravy jar, she begins to hit the bottle, quite often helping herself to drinks at the bar of the Rovers. When the McDonalds buy the pub from Ashley, who had inherited it from Fred, she moves in with Claire (Julia Haworth) and Ashley, but relationships are strained between them. Bev finally agrees to move away from Weatherfield and joins daughter Shelley at her pub in the Peak District. She moves during Christmas 2006, having scattered Fred's ashes with Ashley. In May 2011, Deirdre Barlow (Anne Kirkbride) went to visit Bev, when her absence is explained to Steve. Deirdre also went to visit Bev in September 2012. In October 2014 Deirdre left to stay with Bev for a break from all the stress on the street and extended her stay to look after Bev as her brother Lenny had suddenly died. Blake reprised the role for the funeral of Deirdre following the real life death of her friend and former colleague Anne Kirkbride. Bev turns up at the Barlow household in July 2015 and informs Ken (William Roache) and Tracy Barlow (Kate Ford) that Deirdre has died earlier that day. Bev stays to attend Deirdre's funeral and the wake where she has a confrontation with Audrey regarding events that happened years ago with Fred, Bev and Audrey later put their differences aside and Bev leaves Weatherfield early the following morning. Claire Peacock Claire Jane Peacock (née Casey), is a fictional character in the UK television ITV soap opera Coronation Street. Portrayed by actress Julia Haworth, the character first appeared onscreen during the episode airing on 9 April 2003, as the new nanny of established character Ashley Peacock's (Steven Arnold) son Joshua (Benjamin Beresford). Her storylines have since seen her fall in love with and marry Ashley, developing post natal depression after giving birth to their son Freddie. Claire was originally intended to be central to a long-running child abduction storyline, however, this was dropped by the show's producers as a result of its close resemblance to the disappearance of Madeleine McCann. Andy Morgan Andy Morgan was one of the brothers of Tom Morgan, a criminal who shot and killed a man in a Sheffield pub where Angela Harris (Kathryn Hunt) worked. She knew both the victim and the reputation of the Morgan family but gave evidence in court that helped to convict Tom. The Harrises then suffered a campaign of harassment and intimidation from the Morgan family and, in particular Andy and his third brother Nick which culminated in their home being set on fire one night and all their possessions burnt. The police put the Harris family on a witness protection programme and moved them to Weatherfield where, living at 6 Coronation Street, they assumed the surname of "Nelson". Angela's daughter Katy Harris (Lucy-Jo Hudson) found cutting off all ties with their previous life difficult and after a few months made contact with two former friends from Sheffield, Louise Crawley and Paul Evanson, with whom she went to an indie gig in Manchester. Although she enjoyed the night out, Katy was unaware that Andy had followed Louise and Paul from across the Pennines and, in turn, he then followed Katy home to Coronation Street. He rang his other brother Nick to say that he'd traced the family to where they were living and the two men made plans to exact their revenge on the Harrises. Carrying hand weapons and unsure of exactly which house their targets occupied they called at No. 13 and were told by Sally Webster (Sally Dynevor) where they could find Tommy (Thomas Craig) and Angela who they claimed were their "old friends". Only Katy was at home when the Morgans forced their way in, telling her they would wait for the others to return and that a pub full of people in Sheffield was ready to give them an alibi at the time they would be murdering the Harris family. Katy had recently been diagnosed as being diabetic but the brothers prevented her from taking his insulin shot, realising that if Katy's death appeared to be of natural causes then it could not be blamed on them. The family was saved when Sally told her husband Kevin about two strange men who had called at their house. He was one of the few residents who knew the "Nelson" family's secret, having threatened to sack Tommy from his garage when he saw that he had a wallet in the name of Harris and assumed he had stolen it. When Sally confirmed that the two men had a Yorkshire accent, Kevin went to check on the house and, unknowingly, came close to being shot by the panicking Morgan brothers within. Kevin returned home and called the police. Tommy, Angela and Craig (Richard Fleeshman) returned home to find police officers outside and they called for back-up when the situation was explained in full to the Harrises. At that moment, Katy screamed for help and Tommy ran through the police and into the house where a shot rang out. Tommy had been shot in the arm and the Morgan brothers ran out of the back door where Nick was apprehended and disarmed. Andy got away but was tracked down and arrested a few days later. This was actor Steve Huison's second role on the show. He returned five years later after being cast as series regular Eddie Windass in November 2008. Stuart Fergus Stuart Fergus is an ex school-friend of Todd Grimshaw (Bruno Langley). Todd meets up with Stuart along with his girlfriend Sarah Platt (Tina O'Brien), who Stuart remembers as the girl who got pregnant at 13. Todd was planning to go to Oxford University if he got the grades and Stuart regaled him with student nightlife stories and explained to Todd that he would enjoy it. Stuart meets Todd and Sarah at The Rovers where they told him their plans for Sarah to later join Todd at weekends, not realising that Todd's mother Eileen Grimshaw (Sue Cleaver) was listening in ear-shot. In 2021 it was announced that Scott Taylor had reprised his role as Stuart. Sonia Marshall Sonia Marshall was played by Tina Gambe. Sonia worked at Mike Baldwin's (Johnny Briggs) factory for two years from 16 June 2003 to 18 April 2005. She had a brief romance with resident Martin Platt (Sean Wilson) their relationship ended and she decided to become a Red Coat at a holiday camp and left the street for good. Simon Barlow Simon John Barlow was born in July 2003 to Lucy Richards (Katy Carmichael), who had already split up with Simon's father Peter Barlow (Chris Gascoyne). On learning that he had married his girlfriend, Shelley, when they had married first - she told Shelley that her marriage was illegal. In revenge, Lucy tricked Peter into thinking they had a future together, then, in front of pub regulars, announced she and Simon were emigrating to Australia. Peter resigned himself to the fact that he would never know his son, and left the Street soon after. Peter was given custody of Simon when Lucy died from ovarian cancer in 2008 and they moved in with Peter's father, Ken (William Roache), his stepmother Deirdre (Anne Kirkbride) and Deirdre's mother Blanche Hunt (Maggie Jones). Peter, at first reluctant to take an active role in raising his son, changed his mind when he found out that Lucy had left her estate to him, on the condition that he raised Simon. Peter then bought the local bookmaker's shop and moved in there, with Simon. Unfortunately Peter has a drinking problem, which began evident when Peter came to Simon's Nativity play, drunk and had a row with teaching staff. Simon stayed with his grandparents until Peter agreed to stop drinking but in March 2009, however, Peter passed out with a lit cigarette in his hand, and the flat caught fire. Luke Strong (Craig Kelly) and Tony Gordon (Gray O'Brien) broke the door down, after Deirdre alerted them as Simon had telephoned her before he passed out due to smoke inhalation. Peter and Simon were rushed to hospital and made a full recovery. Peter vowed once more to give up alcohol. Sarah Crocker Sarah Crocker, portrayed by Naomie Thompson, was a drama teacher at Weatherfield High. She appeared when Sally Webster (Sally Dynevor) went to Weatherfield High for a meeting about her elder daughter Rosie (Helen Flanagan). Sally was angry that Rosie had not been given a role in the school production of My Fair Lady. Sean Tully Sean Tully is a fictional character in the UK television ITV soap opera Coronation Street. Portrayed by actor Antony Cotton, the character first appeared on 13 July 2003 for one episode, before returning full-time on 12 April 2004. Sean is introduced as a gay colleague of Martin Platt (Sean Wilson) and Karl Foster (Chris Finch). Some months after his first appearance Sean comes to Coronation Street, desperately looking for somewhere to live. Karl's ex-boyfriend Todd Grimshaw (Bruno Langley) recognises Sean and takes him for a drink at The Rovers. When Todd's mother Eileen Grimshaw (Sue Cleaver) meets Sean she likes him and offers him a place to stay. Her other son, Jason Grimshaw (Ryan Thomas), is not pleased but later warms to the idea. Sean gets a job at Underworld, where he makes friends with Fiz Brown (Jennie McAlpine) and Kelly Crabtree (Tupele Dorgu). Penny King Penny King is played by Pauline Fleming. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 8 August 2003. She is the wife of local businessman Preston King, who often does business with Mike Baldwin (Johnny Briggs). When Preston dies, Penny becomes friends with Fred Elliott (John Savident), publican of The Rovers Return Inn, who takes a shine to her and proposes marriage but she turns him down. Penny and Mike become close and a relationship ensues, creating tension between Mike and Fred, and the couple later become engaged. Mike's Alzheimer's disease creeps in and he kicks her out of his flat, confusing her with his ex-wife Linda (Jacqueline Pirie), who had an affair with his son Mark. Her final appearance is at Mike's funeral. Mike's grandson, Jamie Baldwin (Rupert Hill), works for her clothing company, King's Robes, up until late December 2006. Penny, or her business successors, appears to be one of the sponsors of Weatherfield County FC, whose home ground as of the 2019/2020 season is named the King's Robes Arena. Gerry Burton Gerry Burton, portrayed by regular cast member Mark Chatterton, was Candice Stowe's (Nikki Sanderson) mother's perverted boyfriend. He started to sexually harass her daughter, but whenever Candice told her mother what was going on, Marion didn't believe her. This resulted in Candice to stay at the flat above Audrey's Salon. Gerry turned up at the salon the next day and told Candice he and her mother were worried about her but what he was really doing was frightening the girl. When salon owner Audrey Roberts (Sue Nicholls) came in, looking for her purse, she discovered what Gerry was like and threatened that if he were to come near Candice again, she would call the police. Gerry reluctantly left the salon. Because of Gerry, Marion had kicked Candice out. Candice and her mother never made up over the incident. Maya Sharma Maya Sharma is a fictional character that appeared on the UK TV soap opera Coronation Street. She was played by Sasha Behar. She appears between 2003 and 2004. Maya was perhaps best known for her disastrous relationship with Dev Alahan (Jimmi Harkishin) and her dangerous feud with Dev's wife Sunita Alahan (Shobna Gulati). She held the pair hostage in her flat, and set the building on fire. As she made her escape, Maya was involved in a car accident. Brenda Fearns Brenda Fearns is the mother of the late Neil Fearns (Paul Holowaty), father of Bethany Platt (Amy and Emily Walton). In September 2003, when Neil had died in a car crash, Sarah took Bethany to his funeral so she can give her information about her father once she is older. They meet Brenda, and at the wake, Brenda apologized to Sarah for her pregnancy three years prior. Brenda's good friend, Norma, told Sarah about Brenda's tragic past and how her husband left her for a "younger model." Brenda felt that Bethany and Sarah coming to Neil's funeral was like a sign of God so she won't be alone. She asked Sarah if she could visit Bethany sometimes and Sarah, feeling bad for her, agreed. During her visits, Brenda started doing odd jobs and buying things for Sarah and Todd Grimshaw (Bruno Langley). Sarah was grateful but Todd was uncomfortable. In November 2003, when Sarah and Todd were having problems paying their bills, Brenda invited them to live with her but wouldn't allow them to share a room as they're not a married couple. Sarah and Todd decided to stay in their flat to avoid being separated. In December, concerns started to rise when Sarah allowed Bethany to stay with Brenda overnight but was late bringing her home, upsetting Sarah and making her and Todd call the police. When Brenda finally returned, Sarah shouted at her and told her to stay away from her daughter. Brenda returned later to return Bethany's favourite baby doll and lambasted Todd for being a father figure while Neil disapprovingly looked down at the sight of his little girl with another man, like her father. This angered Sarah and Brenda told her that she shouldn't "go dumping her kid" so she can just have a boyfriend, making her and Todd angrily throw Brenda out. However, Sarah later let Brenda back in after she started crying at the thought of her first Christmas without Neil. When Sarah discovered she was expecting Todd's baby, Brenda overheard them talking about it and told Bethany she would make sure she wasn't forgotten about. She even told Sarah to get married so the baby could be brought up in wedlock. In January 2004, Brenda bumped into Gail Platt (Helen Worth), and told Gail that she didn't deserve to have children because she had called social services about Sarah and Todd. Whilst at the cemetery, she shouted at Ashley Peacock (Steven Arnold) to stay away from her "daughter" when he went to talk to her. He told Sarah about the incident, causing Sarah and Todd to stop Brenda seeing Bethany. Brenda tried to wheedle her way back into Bethany's life by persuading Sarah to let her drop Bethany off at nursery, but Sarah still refused to let Brenda see her granddaughter. Brenda's grief over losing her son and granddaughter made her mentally unstable and she kidnapped Bethany from nursery, thinking the only way to solve her problems was to join Neil in Heaven, so she decided to commit suicide by throwing herself and Bethany from the tower of St. Savior's Church. However, Emily Bishop (Eileen Derbyshire) spotted them and stopped Brenda before harm was done. Bethany was safely reunited with Sarah and Todd while Brenda was led away by ambulances while she prayed to God for forgiveness. Cilla Battersby-Brown Cilla Petunia Aurelia Battersby-Brown (previously Brown) is a fictional character from the British soap opera Coronation Street, played by Wendi Peters. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 20 October 2003. After three years in the role, Peters announced her departure from the show in November 2006. Cilla made her screen exit on 12 October 2007. Peters later reprised the role for the DVD spin-off, Coronation Street: Out of Africa, in November 2008. On 26 June 2014, it was announced that Cilla would be returning for a short stint. She returned for three and a half weeks from 22 October to 14 November 2014. Cilla was introduced as a love interest for established character Les Battersby (Bruce Jones). Cilla was also the mother of Chesney (Sam Aston), Fiz (Jennie McAlpine) and Billy Brown (Jay Martin). During her time in the show, Cilla pulled several scams and was disliked by most of her neighbours. She was diagnosed with skin cancer and later used her condition to get revenge on Les after he had an affair. Cilla left Weatherfield for Las Vegas in 2007, leaving her young son Chesney behind. Charlie Stubbs Charles "Charlie" Stubbs is a fictional character in the British soap opera Coronation Street, played by Bill Ward. He made his first appearance during the episode broadcast on 10 November 2003 and last appearance on 15 January 2007. He first appears with another builder in 2003, needing a parking space for his bulldozer, but Mike Baldwin (Johnny Briggs) refuses to move his car so Charlie moves Mike's Jaguar with the bulldozer in response. Mike only just manages to stop his car being smashed. Charlie initially seems to be a nice person, although a bit of a ladies' man. He flirts with Deirdre Barlow (Anne Kirkbride) on learning that she works for the council, hoping she'll recommend him for building contracts and has a casual relationship with Bev Unwin (Susie Blake). Unfortunately Bev takes the relationship more seriously and doesn't react well when he ends it and starts dating her daughter, Shelley Unwin (Sally Lindsay), causing trouble between Bev and Shelley. Struggling to cope, Bev leaves and Charlie's relationship with Shelley is happy for a while but slowly his true nature emerges. Although he rarely hurts her physically, Charlie isolates Shelley from her family and friends and as part of a campaign of psychological abuse, Charlie tells Shelley that he heard Sunita Alahan (Shobna Gulati), her best friend, insult her behind her back. One day, he walks into the Rovers back room just as Shelley is leaving, accidentally giving her a black eye. Knowing what people will think, Charlie asks Shelley to stay out of sight until it heals. She agrees and stays in her bedroom. Charlie, wanting her to be comfortable, moves the sofa and television up from the back room but makes her agoraphobic. Initially thrilled that Shelley is solely dependent on him, he soon gets bored. Feeling bad about herself, she refuses to sleep with Charlie so he starts cheating on her by first kissing barmaid Violet Wilson (Jenny Platt), and brings another woman back to The Rovers Return Inn, sleeping with her in the back room and on his stag night. Chesney Brown Chesney Eric Brown (also Battersby-Brown) is a fictional character in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street, played by Sam Aston. He made his first on screen appearance during the episode airing on 10 November 2003. The character is named after singer, Chesney Hawkes. Chesney is brother to Fiz Brown (Jennie McAlpine) and son to Cilla Battersby-Brown (Wendi Peters). Chesney' storylines have included his friendship with pet dog Schmeichel and coming to terms with his death, as well as his relationship with Katy Armstrong (Georgia May Foote) who later went on to give birth to his son Joseph. Chesney recently embarked on a relationship with Sinead Tinker (Katie McGlynn). Karl Foster Karl Foster was an overly confident nurse who was the best friend of Katy Harris (Lucy-Jo Hudson). Karl was also good friends with Sean Tully (Antony Cotton). He was the third openly gay male character to appear in the soap. He appears as fun loving and arrogant but with a soft side for friends. In 2004, he embarked on a relationship with fellow resident Todd Grimshaw (Bruno Langley) after the two had first struck up a friendship at the hospital they both worked and Todd had confided in him about his attempt to kiss Nick (Adam Rickitt), the brother of his girlfriend Sarah-Louise Platt (Tina O'Brien). The two gradually grew closer and their clandestine affair began after they kissed on a night out at a gay bar, remaining a secret until Todd revealed to Sarah that he was gay and that, in fact, Karl and he had been seeing each other. Despite Todd telling Sarah and his mother Eileen (Sue Cleaver) that he had fallen in love with Karl, their romance did not continue. Following the revelation, Sarah and Todd's baby Billy was born prematurely following a placental abruption and died. While Sarah was recovering in hospital, Karl visited her and left flowers while she slept. Martin (Sean Wilson), Sarah's adoptive father walked in on his visit and blamed Karl and Todd for causing Billy's death. Despite Karl's reminder that Billy's death was due to a medical complication that was not caused by stress, Martin physically attacked Karl in the hospital corridor, in a later story, CCTV footage of this attack was replayed to Martin when he was in the frame for murdering neighbour Tommy Harris (Thomas Craig) the following year. Almost two months after Billy's funeral, Karl briefly returned to Coronation Street, visiting the Grimshaw's home to catch up with Todd having not seen him since Billy died. During a long heart-to-heart, Todd happily tells Karl how much progress he's made in accepting his sexuality and admits he still had feelings for Karl but the two agree it's best to remain friends. They go for one last drink in The Rovers Return Inn and within are insulted by Les Battersby (Bruce Jones), but Todd stands up to him and Les is shamed out of the pub. After this last drink, the two hugged and parted ways. One last heated exchange with Martin where Karl threatens to fight back next time marked his final appearance on the cobbles to date. Others

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pon%C4%99t%C3%B3w_G%C3%B3rny_Pierwszy"}

Village in Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland Ponętów Górny Pierwszy [pɔˈnɛntuf ˈɡurnɨ ˈpjɛrfʂɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszówka, within Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) east of Koło and 132 km (82 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań. The village has a population of 230.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alfred_Bell"}

British civil servant Sir Charles Alfred Bell KCIE CMG (October 31, 1870 – March 8, 1945) was the British Political Officer for Bhutan, Sikkim and Tibet. He was known as "British India's ambassador to Tibet" before retiring and becoming a noted tibetologist. Biography He was educated at Winchester College, and then at New College, Oxford, after which he joined the Indian Civil Service in 1891. In 1908, he was appointed Political Officer in Sikkim. He soon became very influential in Sikkimese and Bhutanese politics, and in 1910 he met the 13th Dalai Lama, who had been forced into temporary exile by the Chinese. He got to know him quite well, and later wrote his biography (Portrait of the Dalai Lama, published in 1946). In 1913 he participated in the Simla Convention, a treaty between Great Britain, China and Tibet concerning the status of Tibet. Before the summit, he met in Gyantse with Paljor Dorje Shatra, the Tibetan representative to the British Raj at Darjeeling and advised him to bring to Simla with him all documents concerning relations between China and Tibet, as well as Tibetan claims to land occupied by China. Bell was designated to assist the Tibetans in the negotiations, with Archibald Rose assigned to be his counterpart for the Chinese. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1915 New Year Honours for his services. In 1919 he resigned as Britain's political officer in Sikkim to devote himself full-time to his research. However, London sent him to Lhasa in 1920 as a special ambassador. After travelling through Tibet and visiting Lhasa in 1920, he retired to Oxford, where he wrote a series of books on the history, culture and religion of Tibet. He was awarded a knighthood for his Lhasa Mission in 1922. Palhese, Bell's Tibetan friend and confidant travelled to England in 1927-28 to assist him in editing several of these books. Some of the photographs that he took in Tibet can be found in the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford. Some of these were included in the 1997 book Tibet: Caught in Time. His English-Tibetan colloquial dictionary was first published in 1905 together with a grammar of colloquial Tibetan as Manual of Colloquial Tibetan. Peter Fleming mentions Bell in the introduction to the book Seven Years in Tibet by Heinrich Harrer, Flamingo imprint 1997, specifically his surprisingly close relationship to the 13th Dalai Lama even though he was a foreigner. Works

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The French River Formation is a geologic formation in Nova Scotia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Sheriffhales"}

Sheriffhales is a civil parish in Shropshire, England. It contains 32 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, two are listed at Grade II*, the middle of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the villages of Sheriffhales and Chadwell and smaller settlements, and is otherwise mainly rural. In the parish is Lilleshall Hall, a country house, later a National Sports Centre. This is listed, together with associated structures. Most of the other listed buildings are houses, cottages, farmhouses and farm buildings, the earliest of which are timber framed or have timber-framed cores. The remainder of the listed buildings include a church, items in the churchyard, a wayside cross, a milestone and a milepost, a watermill, and a war memorial. Key Buildings

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Public_Gardens"}

Public park in Halifax, Canada The Halifax Public Gardens are Victorian-era public gardens formally established in 1867, the year of Canadian Confederation. The gardens are located in the Halifax, Nova Scotia on the Halifax Peninsula near the popular shopping district of Spring Garden Road and opposite Victoria Park. The gardens were designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1984. Gardens The Public Gardens encompass 16 acres and are bounded by Spring Garden Road, South Park Street, Summer Street and Sackville Street. They are open annually from approximately May 1 until November 1. The landscaping style is Victorian formal and provides a popular setting for wedding and prom photos. In addition to statues and extensive flower beds, there are three fountains, two stone bridges, three ponds (one large and two small), and a small concession building (located in the original Horticultural Hall). The gardens also feature a bandstand that is used for free public concerts on Sunday afternoons during the summer. There are celebrations in the gardens every year on Canada Day (July 1) and Natal Day (the first Monday in August). In the past, many people enjoyed feeding the ducks who make the gardens their home, although it is now prohibited. History The Halifax Public Gardens was established in 1874 by the amalgamation of two older gardens, the Nova Scotia Horticultural Society Garden (laid out in 1837) and an adjacent public park (opened in 1866). In 1872, Richard Power was hired as the park's superintendent. He introduced an axially symmetrical plan which governs the overall design of the site. Over the years, he oversaw the introduction of the bandstand (designed by architect Henry Busch), fountains, statues, and wrought iron gates as well as establishing the bedding out of annuals in highly designed carpet beds, redesigned Griffin's Pond and introduced water fowl. The gardens were designated a National Historic Site in 1984, and a Municipally Registered Property under the Heritage Property Act in 1991. The Public Gardens were badly damaged by Hurricane Juan in 2003; many trees were destroyed. The gardens reopened on Canada Day, 2004 after a restoration aided in part by $1 million which was raised during a radio telethon. Fortunately, a number of old trees survived the hurricane, including an American elm that dates back to the 1860s. Sometime during the night of July 25 and 26, 2022, an unknown person or group used a hatchet or axe to strategically hack away bark from each of approximately 30 historic trees, a technique called girdling that eventually kills the tree; gardens staff stated the vandals "knew exactly what they were doing". The vandalised trees range in age from 50 to 200 years. On the night of September 15, 2022, the exterior of an historic building in the gardens was damaged in an apparent arson. Monuments and commemorations There are various plaques throughout the Gardens commemorating historic military figures and operations during the Victorian era and early twentieth century. There is a commemorative plaque for the Halifax Provisional Battalion (1785) which served in the North-West Rebellion. The wrought-iron gates were erected as a tribute to the Halifax Provisional Battalion. In 1898 a plaque was created for Nova Scotian Clonard Keating of the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment who died in Nigeria prior to the Second Boer War. There is also a statue of a soldier from the Canadian Mounted Rifles (renamed the Royal Canadian Dragoons) who fought in the Second Boer War by renowned sculptor Hamilton MacCarthy (who also created South African War Memorial (Halifax) and the sculpture to Harold Lothrop Borden in Canning, Nova Scotia). A tree was also planted in memory of the first Canadian casualty of the Boer War, Charles Carroll Wood. There is also a bridge that commemorates Nova Scotian Francis Joseph Fitzgerald of the Royal North-West Mounted Police who died in the "Lost Patrol". There are two plaques to prominent members of the Temperance movement of the 1930s. One such plaque is for a flowerbed dedicated to renowned suffragist Frances Willard by the local Woman's Christian Temperance Union on the centennial of her birth (1939). Willard was instrumental in passing the 18th and 19th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The 19th Amendment permitted women to vote in the U.S., and the 18th forbade the use of alcoholic beverage. Willard was the president of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union for 19 years (1879–1897). Another plaque is to mark a tree than was planted for renowned temperance crusader John Bartholomew Gough by the Sons of Temperance and the Rosebud Band of Hope, the latter group being the children's wing of the Sons of Temperance Society (1936). Gough wrote about visiting Halifax: I continued there for more than a week, delivering nine lectures. I had an opportunity of addressing the famous 42nd Regiment of Foot, then stationed at Halifax. An English paper stated, three years after, that "many of the men were all the better for it." In 1887 (the same year that the Bandstand was built), the estate of chief justice Sir William Young, donated three statues from Roman mythology and six urns from his own garden, to the Halifax Public Gardens. Ceres, the Roman goddess representing agriculture and fertility; Flora the goddess of flowers and spring, and Diana the goddess of the woodland and wild animals, all reside along the Petit Allée. The six urns were placed around the Bandstand within the ‘floating beds’. Griffin Pond, on which floats a model of the Titanic, is named after a young Irishman Lawrence Griffin. Griffin was charged with murder and the legal proceedings took seven months. Under the authority of the Lt. Governor James Kempt, Griffin was wrongfully convicted and hanged for murder on October 24, 1821, on the east side of the pond.

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Film series American TV series or program Sister Swap is an American series of TV films, starring sisters Kimberly Williams-Paisley and Ashley Williams. The films were originally broadcast on Hallmark Channel, as part of the channel's "Countdown to Christmas" seasonal programming. In December 2022, Dan Harmon posted on social media that he found both films to be the same film with much the same dialogue and scenes, but with different edits and some scenes shot from different angles. Williams-Paisley responded that Hallmark had let the crew enact her sister Ashley Williams's "idea of two films that take place in the same time frame and sometimes overlap", and producer Neal Dodson explained that "We had one editor and edited them in tandem. They share 9 scenes, with different edits to those scenes that favour whichever sister's movie it is." Main cast | Tree Lot Worker | Bryan Bernardi Films Production and filming On September 22, 2021, Hallmark announced that the movie series would be part of Hallmark Channel's 2021 "Countdown to Christmas" season block. Release Sister Swap: A Hometown Holiday premiered on Hallmark Channel on December 5, 2021. Sister Swap: Christmas in the City premiered on Hallmark Channel on December 12, 2021,

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Friends_(The_Expos_album)"}

2007 studio album by The Expos Old Friends is an album by The Expos which was re-released on January 24, 2007 on Stomp.The Album was originally released by The Donuts, The Expos under a different name. It has been remastered, with all of the problems the band had with the record fixed. Track listing Personnel

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution_Day"}

Public holiday in the Soviet Union October Revolution Day (officially Day of the Great October Socialist Revolution, Russian: День Великой Октябрьской социалистической революции) was a public holiday in the Soviet Union and other Soviet-aligned states, officially observed on November 7 from 1927 to 1990, commemorating the 1917 October Revolution. For Soviet families, it was a holiday tradition to partake in a shared morning meal, and to watch the October Revolution Parade broadcast on Soviet Central Television. A holiday canon was established during the Stalinist period, and included a workers' demonstration, the appearance of leaders on the podium of the Mausoleum, and, finally, the military parade on Red Square, which was held unfailingly every year, and most famously in 1941, as the Axis forces were advancing on Moscow. October Revolution Day, which had been the main holiday of the year and received most of its traditions during the Stalinist period, gradually became less popular in the 1970s, falling behind the Victory Day and New Year celebrations as personal and family holidays. Soviet observances Civil-military parade History The first military parade took place on 7 November 1919 on the second anniversary of the revolution. The Russian civil war lasted until 1923. The parade in 1941 is particularly revered as it took place during the Battle of Moscow, during which many of the soldiers on the parade would be killed in action. In 1953, the parade took place as the first one to not be inspected by officers on horseback. The practice of foreign leaders began in 1957 with Mao Zedong attending that year's parade as part of a state visit, continuing throughout the next two decades with Ethiopian leader Mengistu Haile Mariam's attendance in 1980 and the leaders of Warsaw Pact and USSR-allied nations in 1967, 1977 and 1987. The 1989 parade was the first to have a drill routine by the massed bands take place. During the final parade in 1990, an assassination attempt was made on the life of President Mikhail Gorbachev by Alexander Shmonov, a locksmith from Leningrad. The two bullets he fired missed as he was tackled to the ground by crowds of demonstrators. The only time that a Soviet leader never attended a parade was in 1983 when Yuri Andropov did not attend the parade due to a sickness and his associate Konstantin Chernenko stood in for him. Description of the parade The most important event of the holiday is the national military parade and demonstrations on Moscow's Red Square, with members of the Politburo and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union acting as the guests of honor. The celebrations begin at 9:50 am Moscow Standard Time with the arrival honors for the commander of the parade, who is greeted by the commandant of the Frunze Military Academy (now the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation) usually a general officer, and receives the report on the parade's status. Once the parade commander (who is usually a Colonel General with the billet of Commander of the Moscow Military District) receives the report, he takes his position in the parade and orders the formations to stand at ease. A couple minutes later, a Communist Party and government delegation arrives at the grandstand on top of Lenin's Mausoleum. The dignitaries include the General Secretary, Premier, the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, members of the entire Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, including members from the Politburo and Secretariat, the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, service branch commanders, deputy defence ministers, members of the cabinet and commanders of the support departments in the general staff, in addition to the occasional foreign head of state or party as the principal foreign guest and reviewing officer. In between the south of the grandstand is a platoon of the armed linemen and markers from the Independent Commandant's Regiment in military overcoats whose purpose is to take post to mark the distance of the troops marching past. Seated in the stands on the west and east sides were residents of the capital, visitors from all over the Union, the diplomatic corps and military attaches and guests from allied and friendly countries with ties to the Union government. Within Red Square the more than 9,000 strong parade formation (11,000 during jubilee years) was complemented by the Massed Bands of the Moscow Garrison, conducted by the Senior Director of Music of the Military Band Service of the Armed Forces, the billet of an officer who usually held major general rank, at the start of the parade the bands were split into four sections across the expanse of the Square in between the inspecting formations. The mobile column, also present, was made up of around 170-380 vehicles and around 3,900 crews drawn from the participant units making up the segment of the parade. Until 1974 the mobile column was around 400 to 750 vehicles strong made up of around 7,500 to 9,800 crews and officers from the formations making up the column. Badges In November 1967 Minister of Defense Marshal Andrei Grechko announced his gratitude and of the Ministry of Defence to all those who marched on Red Square that 7 November as the country marked the golden jubilee anniversary year of the Revolution and for the first time, together with the text of gratitude, they were presented with commemorative badges "Participant of the military parade". Participants were also awarded a commemorative badge in the 1972 parade, the 100th parade to mark the golden jubilee of the foundation of the Soviet Union. A number of naval schools had custom made badges made in honor of their participation in the celebrations. Parade proper As the Kremlin's Spasskaya Tower sounds the chimes at 10am the parade commander orders the parade to present arms and look to the left for inspection. The Minister of Defence (usually a billet of a General of the Army) then is driven on a limousine to the center of the square to receive the parade report from the commander, with the combined bands playing Jubillee March of the Red Army in the background. Once the report is received, the Minister and the parade commander begin to inspect the parading formations together with the bands. The limousinesed stop at each formation in order for the minister to send his greeting to the contingents, in which they respond with a threefold "Ura" (Russian: Ура). Other than the Red Square inspection, the commander and the minister would also inspect the personnel of the mobile column on Manezhnaya Square. After the final greeting, the Massed Bands played Long Live our State by Boris Alexandrovich Alexandrov as the commander returns to his place in the parade, and the Minister driven to the grandstand while the entire parade shouts 'Ura!' (Russian: Ура!) repeatedly until he takes his position in the grandstand and the bands end playing (from 1945 to 1966 Slavsya from A Life for the Tsar took its place and yet again in 1990). During this time, the Corps of Drums of the Moscow Military Music College, which is an affiliate of the Suvorov Military Schools, take their place behind the parade commander's limousine. The parade is then ordered to stand at ease and the chromatic fanfare trumpeters, together with the rest of the musicians of the massed bands, sound a fanfare call, usually Govovin's Moscow Fanfare for the keynote address by the minister which will follow. As the minister concludes his address, he will yell "Ura!" (Russian: "Ура!") to which the entire parade repeats thrice. The Massed Bands of the Moscow Garrison then play the full version of the State Anthem of the Soviet Union while a ceremonial battery armed with the 76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3) fire a 21-gun salute. As the anthem ends, the bands sound a second fanfare and the parade commander orders the parade to do carry out the following commands for the march past: Parade... attention! Ceremonial march past!Form battalions! Distance by a single lineman! First battalion will remain in the right, remainder... left.. turn!Slope.. arms!Eyes to the right...Quick march! On the command "Quick march!", the linemen take their places at the south end of the square while the Corps of Drums of the Moscow Military Music College march to a drum tune, while the fifers and trumpeters play a specific tune, in a tradition that would go on until the late 1990s and early 2000s when the trumpets were removed. As the massed bands start playing the Corps of Drums begin to swing their drumsticks while on the eyes right led by the drum major. The Corps is immediately followed by the officers of the Frunze Military Academy whereas on jubilee parades, the massed colour guard is the first formation other than the corps on the square, followed by a historical contingent. The troops have always marched in the following order during the parade: Order of ground march past column Military Bands Ground Column As ground column concludes, the massed bands play either Long Live our State or Song of the Motherland, with the Moscow Higher Military Command School marching past as the last formation on the square before the mobile column with Victory Day being played beforehand as their cadets march at the rear. When the ground segment ends, the bands perform an about turn and march towards the facade of the GUM department store to give way to the mobile column, which drives past as the bands play Victorious March and Moscow Salute. Once the ground mobile column is complete, the bands take their position at the western end of the square to prepare for the finale, led by the senior director of music, conductors, bandmasters and drum majors. The finale involves the massed bands marching down the square to the tune of Song of the Soviet Army or Metropolitan March and as the bands march past the grandstand, the senior director of music, conductors and bandmasters salute at the eyes right. In 1967, the massed bands marched out to the tune of My Beloved Motherland. Order of mobile column drivepast Similar parade events were held in all major cities in the RSFSR as well as in the USSR, with the first secretary of the local communist party branch being the guest of honor and the commander of the regional military district or large formation acting as the parade inspector and keynote speaker, while the second-in command of the unit or command served as parade commander. The parade format is the same in these cities, with particularities being shaped to fit the specific parade ground (e.g. October Square, Minsk). Massed bands for the parade were drawn from the formation or district bands located in their respective areas. The Government of the Armenian SSR cancelled the 1989 parade in Yerevan due to extended protests, while the mobile column of the parade in the Moldovan capital of Kishinev was removed from the itinerary due to protester blocking the streets and preventing passage to vehicles. A similar occurred event occurred on what is now Gediminas Avenue in Vilnius. Civil parade and workers' demonstration The bands having marched off the square is the signal for the commencement of the holiday civil parade and workers' demonstration in Red Square. In jubilee years (more frequency in the parades of the 1960s and 1970s), the civil parade kicks off with a spectacular march made up of the following components preceding the workers' demonstration march: Float displays also featured prominently in the civil parades where floats were designed to promote government and party campaigns or highlight the works of various public companies, farm collectives and state economic firms. At a certain point during the civil parade, Pioneers in winter jackets and carrying flowers representing schools in Moscow and all over the country run towards the front of the Mausoleum facade and are split into two groups that ascend the staircases towards the dignitaries in the grandstand to give them flower bouquets. Following the civil parade the workers' demonstration officially begins, wherein workers from state economic and social firms in Moscow, as well as from schools and universities, march past as part of their respective community delegations. Each delegation has a color guard unit and brass band taking part, as well as floats from the participating state enterprises. Each of Moscow's districts march past the grandstand to greet everyone a Happy Revolution Day, especially to the dignitaries and everyone in the stands watching as balloons fly out from the crowds filing past while recorded music is played on the speakers. After an hour or two, the civil parade ends with a huge crowd bidding the principal dignitaries farewell from the grounds of the square with red flags in their hands as one final cheer resounds from the sound systems installed along the entire length of the square. Similar civil parades occurred in all major cities and the republican capital cities following the military parades. Post-Soviet observance In Russia, the holiday was repurposed several times. In 1995, President Yeltsin reestablished a November 7 holiday to commemorate the liberation of Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian Army in 1612. The next year, it was renamed 'Day of Accord and Reconciliation'. From 2004, November 7 became one of several Days of Military Honour and ceased to be a day off. The original celebrations continues to be honoured in ceremonies led by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. As of 2018, October Revolution Day remains an official holiday in Belarus, though the original significance has faded and it is simply regarded as a day off. President Alexander Lukashenko has described the holiday as one that "strengthens social harmony". Similarly, in the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Transnistrian Republic, the day is officially a public holiday, but it is regarded by locals as devoid of its original meaning.[citation needed] In Kyrgyzstan, the holiday was observed until 2017, when it was replaced by the 'Days of Ancestral History and Memory' on November 7 and 8. Observance in the United States A handful of U.S. states[which?] designate November 7 as Victims of Communism Day. In 2022, the state of Florida in the United States, mandated that schools devote 45 minutes to teaching about communism, the role that communist leaders have had on history and "how people suffered under those regimes". External link Media related to October Revolution Day at Wikimedia Commons

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunkrish_Bala"}

American actor Sunkrish Bala (born Sunkrish Balasubramanian [Tamil: சுன்க்ரிஷ் பாலசுப்ரமணின்] May 21, 1984) is an American actor. Early life Bala was born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, and is of Tamil ancestry.[citation needed] He graduated from Bellarmine College Preparatory in 2002 and from the school of Theater, Film, & Television at UCLA in 2006.[citation needed] Career From 2007–2008, Bala was a series regular on the ABC comedy Notes from the Underbelly portraying the role of Eric. Bala was also a series regular on the MTV series I Just Want My Pants Back in the role of Bobby. The show was cancelled after one season. Bala had recurring roles as Dr. Caleb Subramanian on The Walking Dead and Vikram Singh on Castle. Filmography

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railway_CRH6"}

Regional higher-speed train The CRH6 Hexie (simplified Chinese: 和谐号; traditional Chinese: 和諧號; pinyin: Héxié Hào; literally: "Harmony") is a regional/commuter high-speed train of the People's Republic of China. It is designed by CRRC Qingdao Sifang and will be manufactured by CRRC Nanjing Puzhen at its subsidiary, the CRRC Guangdong Jiangmen Factory. Overview The CRH6 will be divided into three major types, according to stopping patterns: On December 29, 2009, the MOR ordered 22 sets of 160 km/h (99 mph) class and 10 sets of 200 km/h (124 mph) class 6-car Intercity High Speed train from CRRC Puzhen, the contract worth 2346 million RMB, and now the order has been transformed into 24 sets of CRH6 and will be delivered by the end of 2012. Formations CRH6A CRH6A-A Lines served CRH6 Metropolitan area EMU based on the Cinova intercity train platform (Chinese: 基于Cinova城际列车平台衍生的市域动车组) This type is no longer officially considered as a type of CRH6.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Soup_for_the_Parent%27s_Soul"}

2000 book on parenting Chicken Soup for the Parent's Soul was the first book in the Chicken Soup for the Soul series to specifically address parenting. The stories, organized by topics such as “Insights and Lessons” and “Across Generations,” were compiled over a three-year period. The book, originally published on September 14, 2000, spent twelve weeks on the New York Times Best Seller list, three of those in the top ten. During the first six months of its release, it sold 452,305 copies alone. In 2004, the Spanish language edition was published.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definable"}

Look up definable in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. In mathematical logic, the word definable may refer to: Topics referred to by the same term

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wolcott_Ryder_Jr."}

United States Army general Charles Wolcott Ryder Jr. (November 20, 1920 – March 28, 2010) was a United States Army major general who served from 1942 through to 1977. Ryder graduated from the United States Military Academy, class of 1942, during World War II. Served with the 90th Infantry Division in Western Europe. Graduated from the Command and General Staff College in 1953. Assigned to the Office of the Chief of Staff 1960–61. Commanding Officer 1st Brigade, 8th Infantry Division 1964–66. Commanding General, 199th Infantry Brigade, November 28, 1966 to March 1, 1967. Professor of Military Science, The Citadel, 1966–67. Aerospace Defense Command 4th Infantry Division Republic of Vietnam, 1967–68. Chief of Staff Fourth United States Army 1970–72. Chief, Joint United States Military Aid Group to Greece, Greece 1972–74, Director Logistics and Security Assistance (J-4/7) United States European Command, 1974–77. His father, Charles Wolcott Ryder Sr., was a United States Military Academy class graduate of 1915 who served in both World War I and World War II, where he commanded the 34th Infantry Division during the Italian Campaign, before retiring as a major general. Ryder retired from the U.S. Army in 1977. He died on March 28, 2010.

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British businessman (born 1944) David Pearl is a British property developer from North London. He previously appeared on the Channel 4 show The Secret Millionaire. Early life Pearl was born in Luton, Bedfordshire in October 1945. His family moved to Stamford Hill in London, where his father Harry worked in a millinery factory. His family struggled financially throughout Pearl's life, something he has referred to through vignettes. He left school at age 15 to work as a packer for a clothing company and as a part-time casino croupier. Ventures Pearl & Coutts In 1965, at age 19, Pearl set up property management and letting agency Pearl & Coutts. Within three years, he began buying properties to let from the auction. The first of his properties was an interest-free mortgage of £7 a week, which he let for £10. His mother later used her own house as collateral to secure Pearl a bank loan for his third property. Pearl continued to personally acquire and let properties for ten years from their offices in London's East End area of Hackney. Initial properties were residential, typically in the Hackney and Islington areas. Pearl & Coutts later diversified with commercial property in Central London and the West End. Structadene Ltd Pearl created Structadene Limited, a limited company encompassing Pearl & Coutts, in 1978. Structadene traded throughout the recession; their acquisition strategy included purchasing properties in parts of London not typically considered of interest to property investment. In 1980, the company acquired the Jesus Hospital Estate, a 350-house development in Bethnal Green, which they purchased for £1.2m. As property values began to increase over time, the area, which encompassed Fitzrovia, became known as NoHo. Structadene also owned buildings along Great Portland Street and Great Titchfield Street.[citation needed] In 2006, the Sunday Times ranked Structadene #65 in its "Profit Track" list of top 100 companies and estimates its profit increase between 2001 and 2004 to be 63%. The increase was attributed to diversified risk across commercial sectors and digitizing management operations. By late 2007, Structadene's annual report listed 68% portfolio value located in London and an additional 12% in South East England. Nearly half of the properties were office spaces, with rental units being the next largest investment. Structadene's annual report in September 2008 showed financing with 20 banks/building societies. The group and share of joint venture turnover was reported at £102,519,735 with net assets at £152,020,063 and reserves of £102,329,048. Since then, Structadene has focused on joint ventures and in 2010 oversaw 200 joint venture-style entities. Between October 2009 and February 2010, Structadene had sold as much as £50m worth of its portfolio, unusual for the company as they tended to retain rather than resell. Public image Pearl was described in a 2003 interview with The Lawyer as an "old school" businessman favouring a "gentleman’s agreement" over routine legal outsourcing. His personal approach to business has been represented as keeping as much as possible in-house and a hands-on approach to acquiring property. Auctioneer Duncan Moir has stated Pearl operates by buying property he genuinely likes, "as though he were a collector, rather than an investor". Pearl's fashion choices have been described as "perennially dressed down" and "famously scruffy." In 2006, he claimed to spend around £91 a year on clothing. Pearl appeared in a 2007 episode of Secret Millionaire wherein he successfully posed as a new volunteer at Queen Alexandra Hospital in Portsmouth. At the end of the episode, he had donated £50,000 to various recipients, including a fellow volunteer and to stroke rehabilitation and cancer care organisations. Controversies In 2000, Structadene sued Hackney Council under the Local Government Act 1972. A high court judge found the Council had acted illegally in the sale of 12 commercial industrial units to existing tenants at £40,000. The Council's sale was after they had already refused a £100,000 offer from Structadene, going against their duty to sell to the highest bidder. In 2007, Structadene placed a bid for a portfolio of 277 properties, including commercial units, with Islington London Borough Council. Local press valued the purchase at £45m despite Structadene's offer of £70m. Tenants were reportedly concerned about rent increases, and at least two property traders had been edged out of the bid due to the quick turnaround time. Structadene responded that they would discuss rent prices with each tenant in an effort "to keep the unique nature of the borough." Personal life Pearl is the vice president of Tottenham Hotspur. According to the Sunday Times Rich List in 2019, Pearl was worth £456 million, an increase of £57 million from 2018.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Bonn_International_School"}

Primary school Independent Bonn International School (IBIS) is the oldest international school located in Bonn, Germany. History IBIS was founded in 1963 by a group of parents and for many years was called the British Embassy Preparatory School (BEPS). When many of the embassies moved to Berlin in 1997, the school changed its name to IBIS to reflect the broad international nature of the school. Location IBIS is located in a green suburb of Bad Godesberg. Educational Basis IBIS is inspected regularly by the Independent Schools Inspectorate (ISI) and by the German school authorities. This ensures that the educational standards at IBIS meet both the international and German standards. Since 2001 IBIS has had the official approval of the German authorities as an "Ersatzschule der Primarstufe". This allows it to prepare children for the German system of education as well as other international destinations. In 2020, the school became the first in Germany to receive the Carnegie Centre of Excellence for Mental Health in Schools Bronze Award. Memberships IBIS is a member of the European Council of International Schools (ECIS), the Council of International Schools, the Council of British International Schools (COBIS) and the VDP Verband Deutscher Privatschulen Nordrhein-Westfalen e. V. Website

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dobson_(golfer)"}

Scottish golfer Thomas Peter Dobson (26 December 1903 – 1 September 1968) was a Scottish professional golfer. He won the Scottish Amateur in 1925. As a professional he represented Scotland on many occasions in the 1930s. Early life Dobson was born in Gullane, East Lothian in late 1903. His father was a starter at the golf course there. Golf career Dobson was employed as a greenkeeper, and later a foreman greenkeeper, at Muirfield. Despite his employment he remained an amateur and in 1925 he won the Scottish Amateur, an event which had only started in 1922. He defeated John Caven at the 22nd hole in his semi-final and then beat Willis Mackenzie 3&2 in the final. Both Caven and Mackenzie had played in the 1922 and 1923 Walker Cup matches. Dobson turned professional late in 1925, becoming the professional at East Renfrewshire Golf Club at Newton Mearns, south-west of Glasgow. He was runner-up in the Scottish Professional Championship in 1929 and 1931, and also runner-up in the Northern Open in 1936. When the professional internationals were restarted in 1932, Dobson was a regular for the Scottish team, playing in all the internationals up to the war, except for the 1938 England match at Royal St George's Golf Club, where he withdrew from team. He played a number of times in the Open Championship. In 1927, he was tied for 7th at the halfway stage but rounds of 85 and 83 on the final day dropped him to 51st of the 54 who had made the cut. Death Dobson died on 1 September 1968 in Newton Mearns, Renfrewshire, aged 65. Amateur wins Results in major championships Note: Dobson only played in The Open Championship. Did not play NT = No tournament CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" indicates a tie for a place Team appearances

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S26 may refer to: Aviation Rail and transit Roads Submarines Other uses

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethes_ardezana"}

Species of moth Aethes ardezana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Italy, former Yugoslavia, southern France and Spain. The wingspan is 19–21 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in June and July.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_X_of_Constantinople"}

Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1198 to 1206 John X Kamateros (Greek: Ἰωάννης Καματηρός) (? – April or May 1206), was the Patriarch of Constantinople from 5 August 1198 to April/May 1206. John was a member of the Kamateros family to which belonged the Empress Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera, wife of Alexios III Angelos (r. 1195–1203). An educated man, well versed in classical literature, rhetoric and philosophy, he occupied a series of ecclesiastical posts reaching the post of chartophylax, which he held at the time of his elevation to the patriarchal throne. In 1198–1200, he had an exchange of letters with Pope Innocent III on the issue of papal supremacy and the filioque clause. He disputed Rome's claim to primacy based on St. Peter, and asserted that in reality its primacy came from the fact that Rome was the old imperial capital. He intervened in the riots in Constantinople against the arrest of the banker Kalomodios, and secured his release, but during the coup of John Komnenos the Fat on 31 July 1200, he hid in a cupboard as the rebels seized control of the Hagia Sophia. John remained in office after Alexios III's deposition in July 1203, and according to Western sources, both he and Alexios IV Angelos, threatened by the Fourth Crusade, acknowledged papal supremacy in the same year. After the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204, he initially fled to Didymoteichon in Thrace. In 1206, Theodore I Laskaris invited him to Nicaea, where he had established the Empire of Nicaea, a Byzantine Greek successor state, but John refused, perhaps because of his advanced age, and died in April or May of the same year. The Crusaders then installed a Latin Patriarch in Constantinople, while Theodore simply created a new provisional seat of the Constantinoplitan Ecumenical Patriarchate in Nicaea, which was eventually restored in Constantinople with the rest of the Empire in 1261. Sources

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Professional ice hockey exhibition game The 17th National Hockey League All-Star Game took place at Maple Leaf Gardens on October 5, 1963. The hometown Toronto Maple Leafs tied the NHL all-stars 3–3. The game Frank Mahovlich scored twice and assisted once, each time giving Toronto a one-goal lead, but, each time, the All-Stars responded to even the score. Mahovlich was named MVP of the game. Gordie Howe became the all-time All-Star game points leader when he assisted on Henri Richard's goal in the first period. His ten points put him one up on Maurice Richard. Game summary

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sidney_Shacklette"}

William Sidney Shacklette (May 18, 1880 - February 12, 1945) was a hospital steward serving in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor for bravery. Biography Shacklette was born May 18, 1880, in Delaplane, Virginia and when he was twenty-two years old he joined the United States Navy. He enlisted for four years as a Hospital Apprentice First Class at the U.S. Naval Rendezvous at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C. He served on two other ships before being transferred to the gunboat USS Bennington (PG-4). He was stationed aboard the USS Bennington as a hospital steward when on July 21, 1905, one of the USS Bennington's boilers exploded while it was in San Diego, California. Although he suffered severe third degree burns over much of his body in the explosion he assisted other wounded as much as he could and was credited with saving the lives of many of his fellow sailors. For his actions received the Medal January 5, 1906. Due to his injuries he was honorably discharged from the Navy from the sailors quarters at the Washington Navy Yard October 23, 1906. After recovering from his wounds he completed seminary school and returned to active duty in the United States Army during World War I as a chaplain. He remained on active duty through the war and once it was over continued as a minister which eventually led to his nomination to be the Chaplain of the United States Senate. He died February 12, 1945, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery Arlington, Virginia seven days later on February 19, 1945. His grave can be found in section 10, lot 10688. Honors Shacklette Hall, a barracks located at Portsmouth Naval Medical Center was named for him on June 13, 1996. Medal of Honor citation Rank and organization: Hospital Steward, U.S. Navy. Born: 17 May 1880, Delaplane, Va. Accredited to: Virginia. G.O. No.: 13, 5 January 1906. Citation: For extraordinary heroism while serving on the U.S.S. Bennington at the time of the explosion of a boiler of that vessel at San Diego, Calif., 21 July 1905.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Cournoyer"}

Canadian politician Gérard Cournoyer (18 April 1912 – 11 November 1973) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Sorel, Quebec and became a lawyer by career. Cournoyer studied at the Saint Hyacinthe Seminary, then attended the University of Montreal where he received his Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws degrees. He was called to the Quebec bar in 1935. He was first elected to Parliament at the Richelieu—Verchères riding in a by-election on 23 December 1946 then re-elected there in the 1949 federal election. Cournoyer resigned his House of Commons seat on 5 July 1952 during his term in the 21st Canadian Parliament to pursue provincial politics in Quebec where he won a Legislative Assembly seat in the Richelieu riding later that year in the 1952 Quebec election. He was defeated in 1956, but was elected again in 1960 and again in 1962. From 1960 to 1964, he was Minister of Transport and Communication under the Jean Lesage administration, then was minister of Hunting and Fishing until 1965, then a minister without portfolio until his election defeat in 1966.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Dakota"}

Climate change in the US state of South Dakota Climate change in South Dakota encompasses the effects of climate change, attributed to man-made increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in the U.S. state of South Dakota. Due to South Dakota's location in the Northern Great Plains, the effects of climate change will vary from eastern South Dakota to western South Dakota. Eastern South Dakota can experience more flooding and western South Dakota can experience more droughts due to climate change. Climate change in South Dakota will directly impact agriculture, city planning and development as well as the tourism industry. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, "South Dakota's climate is changing. In the past century, most of the state has warmed by one to two degrees (F). Rainstorms are becoming more intense, and annual rainfall is increasing. In the coming decades, summers are likely to become increasingly hot, which may amplify some risks to human health and decrease yields of some crops while lengthening the growing season for others". Flooding In the spring of 2019, the Big Sioux River and James River (Dakotas) experienced severe flooding. Effects of the flood episode included: delayed crop plantings, spread of noxious weeds, litter and debris scattered along river banks, damage to roads and bridges and a decline in canoeing and kayaking due to strong current. Heavy rains On August 2, 2019, Huron set a new record of 3.26 in. of rainfall in one day, and an area south of Chamberlain reported 2.5 inches of rain in a half hour. Hecla reported 4.5 inches of rain, and Waubay reported 5 inches. On August 3, 2019, two weather stations in Hutchinson County reported 6.20 and 7 inches of rain. Some areas of the state have received 27 inches of rain in 2019, almost breaking the record of 28.71 inches in 1993. The EPA reports: Changing climate is likely to increase the demand for water and make it more available. Rising temperatures increase evaporation and water use by plants, which make soils drier. But rainfall is likely to increase enough to allow soil moisture to increase slightly or remain about the same as today. More water is likely to run off into the Missouri River and its tributaries. The resulting increase in river flows could benefit recreational boating, public water supplies, and electric power generation. During droughts, decreased river flows can lower the water level in lakes and reservoirs, which may limit municipal water supplies and impair swimming, fishing, and other recreational activities. But if more water flows through the rivers before or during a drought, these problems will be less likely. Higher water flows also increase hydropower production, which accounts for almost 40 percent of the energy produced in South Dakota. Nevertheless, droughts are likely to become more severe in downstream states. When droughts lower water levels enough to impair navigation, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers releases water from the upstream dams, making less water available to South Dakota. Temperature increases Some of the greatest increases in average temperatures in the U.S. are expected in the region over the coming decades. "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions. The average annual temperature in South Dakota has increased by about 2 degrees Fahrenheit since the beginning of the 20th century, and most of that warming has occurred in winter and spring. All but two of South Dakota’s top 10 warmest years on record have occurred since 1980, and four of the top 10 warmest years have been registered since 2005." The EPA reports: Warmer air tends to have more water vapor, so more water can be potentially released in a storm. During the last 50 years, the amount of rain falling during the wettest four days of the year has increased about 15 percent in the Great Plains. Over the next several decades, heavy downpours will account for an increasing fraction of all precipitation. Larger river flows and more intense rainstorms would each increase the risk of flooding. Scientists do not know how the frequency and severity of tornadoes will change. Rising concentrations of greenhouse gases tend to increase humidity, and thus atmospheric instability, which would encourage tornadoes. But wind shear is likely to decrease, which would discourage tornadoes. Research is ongoing to learn whether tornadoes will be more or less frequent in the future". Invasive species One invasive species that will dominate South Dakotas eastern woodlands due to climate change is buckthorn. Buckthorn requires adequate precipitation and eastern South Dakota may receive more rainfall due to climate change. Wildlife also consume buckthorn's seeds which help spread the plant into new areas. This tree species is not native to the area and spreads drastically into open areas. Removing buckthorn is very costly and time consuming. The only way to remove the tree is to either pull it out of the ground or cut and spray it with a herbicide. Agriculture "Rising temperatures and changes in rainfall are likely to have both negative and positive effects on South Dakota’s farms and ranches. Hot weather causes cows to eat less and grow more slowly, and it can threaten their health. Increased winter and spring precipitation could leave some fields too wet to plant, and warmer winters may promote the growth of weeds and pests. During drought years, hotter summers will dry the soil. Within 70 years, the frequency of days above 100°F is likely to double. Even where ample water is available, higher temperatures would reduce yields of corn in the warmest parts of the state". "The overall yield of corn, however, is likely to increase in cooler parts of the Great Plains. Although higher temperatures would reduce yields of wheat and soybeans, increased concentrations of carbon dioxide are likely to increase yields enough to offset the impact of higher temperatures. Increased precipitation at the beginning of the growing season could also benefit some crops. Warmer and shorter winters may allow for a longer growing season, which could allow two crops per year instead of one in some instances. Warmer winters may also benefit cattle, offsetting some of the harm from hotter summers: during the winter of 1996–1997, for example, high winds and heavy snow killed half of the newborn calves and 100,000 adult cows in the northern Great Plains". From 2005 to 2016, South Dakota was one of nine states to see an increase in energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. However in 2016, South Dakota was ranked 44 out of the 50 in the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions it released that year. Forests "Longer growing seasons and increased carbon dioxide concentrations could increase the productivity of forests. Although forests generally benefit from higher productivity, warmer conditions make forests more susceptible to pests. Temperature controls the life cycle and winter mortality rates of pests such as bark beetles, which have infested and killed trees in the Black Hills in recent decades. With higher winter temperatures, some pests can persist year-round, and new pests and diseases may become established".

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchand_de_cailloux"}

1991 studio album by Renaud Marchand de cailloux is a studio album from French artist Renaud. It was released in 1991 and seen as a return to form after the less positive reviews for the previous album, Putain de camion. In this album Renaud again takes up socio-political themes. Le Tango des Élus mocks politicians, La ballade nord-irlandaise is a pacifist song evoking the troubles of Northern Ireland (later reprised in 2009's Molly Malone – Balade irlandaise), and 500 connards sur la ligne de départ makes fun of the "morons" who race in the African desert (i.e. the Paris-Dakar Rally), oblivious to the misery surrounding them. Track listing Reception The album received positive reviews. "Ma chanson leur a pas plu" (suite) is a sequel to the song on Morgane de toi. Tracks 1 and 3 were included on the 2007 compilation The Meilleur Of Renaud. Track 8 was covered for the tribute album La Bande à Renaud.

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American college sports administrator Michael Alford (born 1969) is the current athletic director for Florida State. Alford was previously the athletic director for Central Michigan. Education Alford first attended Mississippi State University but then transferred to the University of Alabama at Birmingham. While at UAB, Alford received his bachelor's degree in communication. Later, Alford received his master's degree in athletic administration from the University of Arkansas. Athletic director Central Michigan Alford became the athletic director for Central Michigan University following marketing positions for Alabama, the Dallas Cowboys, and Oklahoma. While at Central Michigan, Alford hired eight head coaches for various departments and guided Central Michigan to a 600% revenue increase. Florida State After briefly being the CEO for Seminoles Boosters, Alford became the athletic director for Florida State University. Alford replaced David Coburn who retired days earlier.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearsden_South_(ward)"}

Local government ward of East Dunbartonshire Location of the ward in East Dunbartonshire Bearsden South is one of the seven wards used to elect members of the East Dunbartonshire Council. It elects three Councillors. As its name suggests, its territory (which has not altered since its creation in 2007) consists of the southern part of the burgh of Bearsden, with part of the boundary to the north following the path of the Antonine Wall; it also borders the Drumchapel housing estate in Glasgow – the marked differences in average life expectancy and other factors between residents living in close proximity in the two areas has been remarked upon in various studies. The southern boundary is formed largely from the Forth and Clyde Canal and the River Kelvin, with other parts of northern Glasgow on the opposite banks. In 2020, the ward had a population of 13,318. Councillors Election results 2022 election 2022 East Dunbartonshire Council election 2017 election 2017 East Dunbartonshire Council election 2012 election 2012 East Dunbartonshire Council election 2009 by-election 2007 election 2007 East Dunbartonshire Council election

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat_Teixidor_i_Bigas"}

Spanish mathematician Montserrat Teixidor i Bigas (born February 25, 1958) is a Spanish-American academic who is a professor of mathematics at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. She specializes in algebraic geometry, especially Moduli of Vector Bundles on curves. Education Teixidor i Bigas was born in Barcelona in 1958. She earned a bachelor's degree and PhD from the University of Barcelona, where she wrote her dissertation, "Geometry of linear systems on algebraic curves", under the supervision of Gerard Eryk Welters. Career She worked in the department of pure mathematics at the University of Liverpool, where she wrote "The divisor of curves with a vanishing theta-null", for Compositio Mathematica in 1988. In 1997, she proved Lange's conjecture for the generic curve, with Barbara Russo, which states that "If , then there exist stable vector bundles with ." They also clarified what happens in the interval using a degeneration argument to a reducible curve. She took up an appointment as an Associate Professor of Mathematics at Tufts University, and has been on the faculty of Tufts since 1989. She has been a reviewer for several journals, including the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, the Duke Mathematical Journal, and the journal of algebraic geometry. She has held visiting positions at Brown University and the University of Cambridge. She was also a co-organizer of the Clay Institute's workgroup on Vector Bundles on Curves. In 2004, she spent a year at Radcliffe College as a Vera M. Schuyler Fellow, devoting her time to study of "the interplay between the geometry of curves and the equations defining them." Selected publications

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_the_Hillbilly_Hook"}

2009 EP by Trailer Choir Off the Hillbilly Hook is an extended play released by the American country music group Trailer Choir. It was released on June 9, 2009 via Show Dog Nashville, now part of Show Dog-Universal Music. The album contains the singles "Off the Hillbilly Hook," "What Would You Say," "Rockin' the Beer Gut" and "Rollin' Through the Sunshine." These latter three songs all charted on Hot Country Songs between 2009 and 2010. "Rockin' the Beer Gut" also charted at number 12 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. Track listing Critical reception Steve Leggett of AllMusic gave this EP a three-and-a-half star review, saying that it was "catchy and commercial," and Greg Yost of Country Standard Time said "it is clear that not only is this trio funny, but Trailer Choir has the songwriting, vocal and music talent to sustain a career." Personnel Chart performance

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Japanese footballer Keita Shiba (柴 圭汰, Shiba Keita, born 12 September 2002) is a Japanese footballer currently playing as a midfielder for Fukushima United. Career statistics Club As of 14 March 2021. Notes

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Courage_League_National_Division_Three"}

The 1991–92 Courage League National Division Three was the fifth full season of rugby union within the third tier of the English league system, currently known as National League 1. Each side played one match against the other teams, playing a total of twelve matches each. Participating teams and locations League table

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American college football season The 1933 Richmond Spiders football team was an American football team that represented the University of Richmond as a member of the Virginia Conference during the 1933 college football season. In their 20th season under head coach Frank Dobson, Richmond compiled a 5–4 record and finished as Virginia co-champion. Schedule

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Lottery"}

The Delaware Lottery is run by the government of Delaware. Its creation was authorized by the state legislature on May 31, 1974. Its "traditional" games include Play 3, Play 4, Multi-Win Lotto, Lucky For Life, Lotto America, Mega Millions, and Powerball. Delaware also offers Keno, sports betting, and video lottery. Prior to 2018, Delaware was one of only four jurisdictions where wagering on sports was legal under federal law, although it had not permitted such betting since a game based on final scores in the National Football League (NFL) was available for only the 1976 season. However, a bill was signed by the Governor of Delaware in May 2009 that is much broader than the previous sports wagering law. (The other US jurisdictions exempted from the federal ban on sports gambling under the Professional & Amateur Sports Protection Act were Montana, Nevada, and Oregon.) In August 2009, a federal court limited sports gambling in Delaware to NFL parlays, based on what Delaware had offered prior to 1992. On June 5, 2018, after the Supreme Court ruled PASPA unconstitutional, the Delaware Lottery expanded sports betting to include additional sports and single-game bets. In January 2010, legislation was passed legalizing Lottery-owned table games at Delaware's three racetrack casinos ("racinos".) The minimum age to play the Delaware Lottery is 18, except for video lottery and sports betting, which have a minimum age of 21. As Delaware's liquor stores do not allow underage persons in them, the minimum age to purchase tickets in such establishments is effectively 21. Sports Pick Sports Pick is the brand name for sports betting offered by the Delaware Lottery. Prior to 2018, the Delaware Lottery offered limited sports betting consisting of parlay betting and championship futures on National Football League (NFL) only; betting was available at casino sportsbooks and at retailers throughout the state. Delaware had made a failed attempt to legalized sports betting in 1976 and received a partial exemption from a federal ban on sports betting under the Professional & Amateur Sports Protection Act in 1992. On May 14, 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the ban on sports betting in the case Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association. On June 5, 2018, the Delaware Lottery expanded sports betting to single-game and championship wagers on professional and college sports (excluding Delaware college teams) including football, baseball, basketball, hockey, soccer, boxing/MMA, golf, and auto racing. The expanded sports betting is available at the state's three casinos – Casino at Delaware Park, Dover Downs, and Harrington Raceway & Casino. Parlay betting on NFL and college football games (excluding Delaware teams) is available at retailers throughout the state. Parlay Betting: Regular season: All spreads on Half-point parlays, Teasers, SuperTeasers, and Reverse Teasers have half point spreads to eliminate ties. $100,000 Parlay Card has integer spreads and ties lose. Postseason: Current draw games In-house draw games Play 3 Play 3 is drawn twice a day. Play 4 Play 4 also is drawn twice a day. Both games involve matching the digits 0 through 9. Multi-Win Lotto Multi-Win is played Monday, Wednesdays, and Fridays. Cash jackpots begin at $50,000. Six numbers from 1 through 35 are drawn. Each $2 game features 3 lines of play. In addition to winning in the "classic" way (matching in any six-number play), prizes also are won by matching enough of the 18 numbers across the three lines to the six numbers drawn; "combined play" also wins if none of the 18 match the numbers drawn. Keno Delaware Keno is a keno game drawn every few minutes that began in January 2013 in 81 businesses. Multi-state draw games Lotto America Lotto America is available through 13 lotteries, including Delaware's, and is drawn Wednesdays and Saturdays. Lotto America draws five white numbers from 1 through 52, and a "Star Ball", numbered 1 through 10. The jackpots begin at $2,000,000. Lotto America also has an option called All-Star Bonus that multiplies non-jackpot prizes by 2, 3, 4, or 5. Lucky For Life In January 2015, Delaware began selling Lucky For Life, a lesser multi-state game with a $2 price. The game offers a top prize of $1,000 a day for life. Second prize is $25,000 a year for life. The game had only been available for people in the six New England states until January 27, 2015. Drawings will take place on Monday and Thursday evenings. Those drawings will be conducted by the Connecticut Lottery. Mega Millions On October 13, 2009 the Mega Millions consortium and MUSL reached an agreement in principle to cross-sell Mega Millions and Powerball in US lottery jurisdictions. The Delaware Lottery added Mega Millions on the date of the cross-selling expansion, January 31, 2010. Mega Millions' jackpots currently start at $40 million (temporarily reduced to $20 million); it is drawn Tuesday and Friday nights. Powerball Since 1991, Delaware has been a member of MUSL. Powerball began in 1992. Powerball's jackpots currently start at $40 million (temporarily reduced to $20 million); it is drawn Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday nights. Former multi-state draw games Hot Lotto Hot Lotto was available through 15 lotteries, including Delaware's, and was drawn Wednesdays and Saturdays. Hot Lotto drew five white numbers from 1 through 47, and an orange "Hot Ball", numbered 1 through 19. The jackpots began at $1,000,000 (all-cash, and "taxes-paid"), increasing by at least $50,000 if there is no top prize winner. Hot Lotto also had an option, called Sizzler (similar to Powerball's PowerPlay); the Sizzler tripled non-jackpot prizes. The Hot Lotto game underwent a major change on May 12, 2013. Eight "white balls" were added, although the "Hot Ball" field remained at 19 numbers. The top prize changed from annuity-with-a-cash-option to will all-cash, and "taxes paid" (jackpot amounts reflect the net amount to be won, rather than the gross.) Hot Lotto had its last drawing on October 28, 2017. Video lottery Delaware has three lottery-sponsored casinos – Casino at Delaware Park, Dover Downs, and Harrington Raceway & Casino – whose games include MUSL's MegaHits.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_II_(High_Priest)"}

Simon II (219–199 BCE) was a Jewish High Priest during the Second Temple period. He was the son of Onias II. Some identify him with Simeon the Just. Mentioned extensively by Jesus son of Eleazar, son of Sirach of Jerusalem, also known as Ben Sira, in chapter 50 of Ben Sira/Sirach in a hymn of Hebrew parallel verse: "The leader of his brothers and the pride of his people was the high priest, Simon son of Onias, who in his life repaired the house, and in his time fortified the temple. He laid the foundations for the high double walls, the high retaining walls for the temple enclosure. In his days a water cistern was dug, a reservoir like the sea in circumference. He considered how to save his people from ruin, and fortified the city against siege. How glorious he was, surrounded by the people, as he came out of the house of the curtain. Like the morning star upon the clouds, like the full moon at the festal season, like the sun shining on the temple of the Most High, like the rainbow gleaming in splendid clouds..." (Ben Sira/Sirach 50:1-7, NRSV translation ). The chapter continues to describe a festival led by the High Priest Simon II and the celebrations of the people of Jerusalem. Ben Sira was a contemporary of Simon II, and this description of him comes after a long versified walk through the traditions and revered ancestors of the Jewish people. He is the last leader or ancestor mentioned, and clearly was highly revered by Ben Sira. Simon is also mentioned in 3 Maccabees, chapter 2. Patrilineal ancestry

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdoena"}

Rhabdoena is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Enidae. The species of this genus are found in Aegean Sea. Species:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Isla_Cristina"}

Port in Huelva, Andalusia The port of Isla Cristina (Spanish: Puerto de Isla Cristina), belonging to the maritime province of Huelva on the Spanish Costa de la Luz, is the port with the highest turnover in fresh fish in Andalusia and one of the first in tonnage and importance of catches at national level. It is one of the 23 main fishing ports in Spain designated by the FAO. It exports its products to all of Spain and much of Europe. It was originally developed as a way to support the fishing activity of the first settlers in the area in the 18th century. It has grown steadily in extension, reaching over 640,000 m² (64 ha) in 2009 after its latest expansion, although not in terms of the landing of catches. The 1920s marked the highest number of fish landed with almost 16,000 tons in a single year, highlighting the tuna almadraba. As a sardine port it has been, for decades, one of the first in Spain and the traditional species of the port. The modernization of the fleet and the search for new fishing techniques have been a constant during its development, introducing innovations at a national level in fishing gear such as the tarrafa, at the end of the 19th century. Already in the 20th century, the reconversion of the sector reduced the importance of the port to give it to fish farms, while R&D activity was added to the sector with innovation centers such as CIT-Garum. History through fishing Background and beginnings Initially, around 1724, a rudimentary port in the area of the "Barra de la Tuta" for mooring and landing of goods was the logical and necessary consequence of the arrival, from the early years of the 18th century (perhaps earlier), of fishing artisans from the Levante and even France. These fishermen were attracted by the fishing of sardines and tuna mainly, and other species of commercial interest, returning after the season to their ports of origin. This periodic transfer of seasonal workers marks the moment when fishing activity began on the Barra de la Tuta. Until the 1750s, the fisheries developed in the area in the form of colonies with frequent summer activity, dependent on the ports of origin in the Spanish Levante. Over time and thanks to the abundance of resources and the need to establish a more secure port, these colonies became stable ports with a permanent population. This was the origin of towns such as Punta del Moral, La Higuerita (renamed in 1834 as Isla Cristina) or Punta del Caimán (currently a suburb of Isla Cristina). The 1755 Lisbon earthquake is the milestone that provoked the need to settle in a point conveniently protected from natural hazards and, incidentally, to look for a place where to obtain better tax conditions. The place chosen was the island of La Higuerita, protected by a sandy coastline, La Barra, a few hundred meters from La Tuta to the northeast, in the area of marismas and estuaries existing between Ayamonte and La Redondela, and free, at least in principle, from the aforementioned tributary administrations. These conditions made this island the ideal place to which the bulk of the settlements would be moved. Commercial independence and fishing between the 18th and 19th centuries Its protected strategic location, along with some political events promoted by the Marquis of Pombal in Portugal (see history of Vila Real de Santo António) and thanks to jurisdictional concessions from Charles III, led to a strong development of fishing activity in this port from the early years of its formation. At the end of the 18th century the number of traditional boats was still important, with more than 60 jábegas (the largest traditional fishing boat in the area). However, 30 years later, in 1824, there were only between 24 and 26 jábegas in the province of Huelva, of which between 18 and 20 belonged to the port of Isla Cristina. The jábegas were the main means for catching sardines, a species that stands out especially in this port. The bous gear brought by Valencian fishermen to the Gulf of Cadiz, which was not very selective due to trawling, ruined the traditional activities (among them, the aforementioned jábegas), although they continued to be used (like gillnetting, still in use) and caused the abandonment of a large number of traditional fishermen at this time. There was one or at most two almadrabas in the coasts of Huelva, which alternated or contemporaneously, were the almadraba of La Tuta and La Mojarra. Even at this time there was no demand for further progress in these modern methods of extraction, as they were technically expensive and costly, making the art of the almadraba still unprofitable for a society that was not prepared for it because of the intricacies of the guilds and inadequate regulations. The catches of these almadraba gave more supply than the population needed to consume and in some occasions they were unprofitable.0 Industrialization With the arrival of the canning industry, demand increased enormously, since the fish did not need to be consumed immediately, but could be preserved, stored and transported long distances for later consumption. Little by little, the situation changed and in 1861 the catches achieved in 1831 were tripled. Around 1865, the galleon (known in Galicia as traíña) arrived from Galicia, which would eventually replace the jábegas, even with resistance from its former users, thanks to a more entrepreneurial conception of the sector, the disestablishment of salt as a state monopoly and a bonanza in the fishing industry in those years. This business conception grew in complexity, exploited intensive fishing more and more, and triggered a conflict of interests with Portugal (since the galleons, with their freedom of movement, allowed them to move away from the coast) that would not be overcome until the European fishing framework came into force. It was a salting businessman from Isla Cristina, Martín Cabet, the promoter of a new gear that he adapted to the galleon brought to Spain by himself from Boston, the tarrafa (purse seine gear dedicated to catching sardines). Martin Cabet adapted it perfectly to the ship, propelled by oars (and later adapted it for steam propulsion) and with its larger dimensions, better maneuverability and allowing sets in deeper waters, it will overcome the restrictions imposed by Portugal in its jurisdictional waters without violating the 1883 treaty, fishing in its own waters without navigating them. In other parts of the province, it was preferred to trade with Portuguese sardines instead of fishing them, which reduced the dynamism and prevented the modernization of those ports, in addition to the risks involved, since Portugal also had an important canning industry. Relaunching of the almadraba Of the first almadrabas, granted in monopoly in the 13th century to the Duke of Medina Sidonia, the almadraba of La Tuta, dating from 1812, was the most constant. By 1888 there were at least two in Isla Cristina, the aforementioned and that of Las Cabezas, set that same year, in addition to the almadraba of La Mojarra which ceased to be set. At the end of the century the sardine became more important than tuna, however, Isla Cristina still contributed more than 91% of the total catch of the province of Huelva in 1892 (5,598,075 kilos without counting the tuna). In the 1880s, the greatest activity related to fishing took off, the tuna almadraba and the canning industry linked to it, which reached its splendor in the 1920s. At that time, the port of Isla Cristina had managed to agglutinate before it a stable population of 10,000 inhabitants (comparable at the time with cities like Avilés or Irun) and had experienced a strong industrialization of fishing activities associated, producing tuna alone, several thousand kilos per day and generating thousands of jobs directly or indirectly, besides having real industrial colonies in several points of the coast of the Gulf of Cadiz (concentrated in a few families), as was the case of Rota, with factories of up to 600 people of the Zamorano and Romeu families. The almadraba business began to transcend the local or regional sphere of influence, with most of the almadrabas in the gulf and several Moroccan ones passing into the hands of industrialists from the island (and also from Ayamonte). Blue Gold; tuna as the main source of wealth The technological development of the time largely permitted this economic flourishing based on tuna, as described by Bellón in 1926: ...the great development acquired in our country by the tuna industry as the canning procedures have been perfected and the means of communication have improved, opening new markets for consumption, has been reflected in the factories, which have gone from being simple salting pans, with rudimentary material, to become magnificent installations, where modern energy sources and mechanical wonders are put to use. — Bellón, 1926 This development refers mainly to the industrialization of canning (mainly tuna canning, but also sardines) and took place mainly in the factories of Serafín Romeu and Pérez y Feu in Isla Cristina and the latter also in Ayamonte. The price of the technology at the time was somewhat negligible, if we compare it with the costs of the canon or the replacement of the material of the almadraba. In the 1910s, the labor force was reduced due to the mechanization of the almadraba boats, which lowered production costs. Taking into account that the years of the First World War and the post-war period were years of a strong increase in exports and in which the prices of canned tuna suffered strong rises, the investment in infrastructures and the improvement of the facilities were necessary and convenient. Of the four large canning companies in the Gulf of Cadiz, which accounted for practically the entire national sector; Viuda de Zamorano, Serafín Romeu, José Ramón Curbera and Compañía Almadrabera Española, the first two were from the islands. These companies were a clear example of a corporate group, controlling the entire process from extraction. The average daily production capacity of the Cádiz almadraba-canning companies, that is, canned tuna (generally in the hands of businessmen from Isla Cristina or Ayamonte) exceeded 50,000 kg. in addition to a similar amount of salted tuna. In a single campaign they could produce up to 15,000 tunas (approximately 1,200,000 kilograms of canned tuna). In addition, the industrial colonies owned by Viuda de Zamorano and Romeu had schools, a small hospital, a commissary, lodgings; a whole city to house sometimes more than 600 workers and their families in the Real de las almadrabas. The following table illustrates the years of greatest fishing activity and the beginning of its decline. In comparison, in 2008 almost 7,700,000 kilos passed through the Llotja. The data on landed fish have reached our days thanks to the fact that they were published at the time in the island newspaper La Higuerita. The work continued to be very seasonal (intensive fishing), and each worker and his family had to travel in summer to work in the cannery. However, Isla Cristina, and Huelva in general (traditional production sites) gradually lost importance and production moved to Cadiz. This was due to the 1914 war, the closing of the Portuguese tuna import market, the increase in the capacity of the Cadiz factories and the decrease in the productivity of the island's almadrabas (in the province of Huelva, between 1922 and 1923, more than 30,000 tuna weighing more than 100 kg were caught, down to only 10,000). Huelva did not reach the degree of concentration that Cadiz had. Alteration of fishing grounds Andalusian tuna was increasingly in demand, exporting almost 5,000 tons of tuna due to the exhaustion of the almadrabas in Portugal and Italy and the low production in other countries with which it could compete, so that the protectionist tariff policies of these demanding countries began to change. At the beginning of the 1920s, almost all the tuna production from the Gulf of Cadiz was sent to Italy, covering only 15% of its annual demand of 40,000 MT. In the mid 1920s, the Gulf almadrabas industries, in order not to suffer due to the decrease in catches, had to be reduced. Previously it had affected the production centers of the neighboring countries, so it was clear that it was a structural situation and not a conjunctural one. The Isla Cristina businessmen decided to keep the factories in the province of Cadiz due to their higher yield, favored by the lower costs and low taxes (ROE was, for fresh tuna, at 6,000 catches in Isla Cristina, compared to only 3,000 for the port of Rota). The business became more complicated in these years, and the Chamber of Commerce of Huelva was forced to establish measures against the excessive canon that was paid by some traps boats in Isla Cristina, so that it was regulated to pay per catch, instead of paying a fixed amount, as it had been doing, and at the same time the industrial contribution was abolished. However, the state refused to lose its participation and rents continued to rise. With this, the contribution of the Huelva coast was reduced to only 30% of Andalusian production compared to the remaining 70% concentrated in the province of Cadiz. Despite the debacle of the almadraba, Isla Cristina was still an important sardine port, as attested by sources of the time: Isla Cristina is currently one of our most important fishing ports in Spain, which is only rivaled by some of the northwest coasts; it is certainly the most exclusively fishing of all. — Bellón, 1926 End of the almadraba After the disappearance of the almadrabas that belonged to the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, these were exploited by the Consorcio Nacional Almadrabero, founded in 1928, with headquarters first in Tarifa and later in Isla Cristina, of which Serafín Romeu Portas was its president. On January 18, 1973, the Consorcio Nacional Almadrabero decided to liquidate the company, which led to the closure of the almadrabas in the province of Huelva (all in Isla Cristina) and Almeria, and recently, thanks to the recovery of the species in the Gulf of Cadiz, there is speculation that in the 2020's there will be a new almadraba in Isla Cristina. The fleet in the second half of the 20th century After the Civil War and as a consequence of the decline of the tuna sector, shipowners looked beyond the coast of the gulf. Thanks to the technological improvement that brought new boats with more autonomy, Isla Cristina built the fleet called Agadir, with more than 250 gross registered tons (GRT), whose purpose was precisely to fish in the waters of the African fishing grounds, abandoning the steam propulsion of the old ones. Since then, deep-sea fishing has been the main business of the port, developing the activity in fishing grounds such as those of Mauritania or Senegal. This intensive exploitation of remote fishing grounds was the consequence of greater Portuguese opposition to fishing in their waters, something that would also affect the Portuguese fleet, since both fleets fished on both sides of the Spanish-Portuguese border. In the end, this need to fish thousands of kilometers away put an end to most of the traditional activity of Isla Cristina, and increased the decline that had already begun with the decrease in catches in the almadrabas. At the end of the 20th century, with a diminished artisanal activity and the catches in West African fishing grounds, large refrigerated vessels of more than a thousand tons of thrust arrived, preparing the catch in situ for its arrival in port weeks in advance. The business model of the shipowners had to change due to the fishing periods, much longer than the traditional coastal navigation: the freezer ships of the Canary-Saharan fishing grounds call into port every 15 days for the purse seiners and every 40 days for the trawlers. On the other hand, thanks to the rise of Isla Cristina in the past, the market price of its Llotja continued to report benefits, registering market values higher than those of neighboring ports. However, the number of catches has not always increased with technological advances, although the first years of the 21st century have seen an increase in catches. These technological advances have allowed to derive part of the fishing business to fish farms and aquaculture, which are on the rise, establishing in early 2009 a group of pontoons for the breeding of mussels as a milestone in its development. Urban development of the port Going back to the dawn of the 18th century, it can be seen that there were several points where fresh fish was collected and the initial salting treatments were carried out for transport to the main ports of origin (mainly the Spanish Levante) of the vessels that fished along this coast. After the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the stable settlement of the island of La Higuerita began, where the port is located (currently the island is joined to the mainland by a narrow margin of land) to better serve the port's vessels and attend to its facilities all year round (according to Mirabent, the first group of settlers was the Faneca family with Josep Faneca, from Mataró, as the first stable guard of the warehouses and port facilities). Initially, in the middle of the 18th century, the dock was reduced to the west side, known as the Muelle Martínez Catena, where a small wooden pier was provided for the docking of a few ships. This was the first pier to be built on the island. Later it was extended until it was linear to the line of houses on the shore, then separated by a beach area. Later, in the 19th century, the same was done in the northern area, calling this Muelle Marina. Already in the 20th century, in an area of about 50 m² reclaimed from the sea of the Muelle Martínez Catena, the port authority's hut was built. Later, in the western area of the Muelle Marina, the enclosure that would prevent the sale of fish in squares, such as Las Flores, the "new" Llotja (lota, as this building is still known, a derivation of the Catalan Llotja) was built on land reclaimed from the sea. The Muelle Marina was finally extended to its modern configuration: about 40 meters were gained back towards the estuary. Subsequently, the same was done in the southern part of the Muelle Catena. In the second half of the 20th century, a new Llotja building was created in the northern part of the Muelle Martínez Catena, which was improved at the end of the 20th century by building an extension in the southern part of the Muelle Catena and rebuilding the old Llotja in the northern part of the wharf. The part of the Muelle Marina that had not yet been extended, from its eastern end to the Puente Infanta Cristina, was incorporated into the port at the turn of the millennium. At the same time, around the mid-1990s, the entire port area was fenced off. It was at this time that EPPA (Empresa Pública de Puertos de Andalucía) took over the administration of the port of Isla Cristina. After the approval of the PGOU of 1987, preparations began for the construction, in the neighborhood of Punta del Caimán, of a marina with capacity for 204 berths and more than 50,000 m² of surface area. In 2007 it was finally decided to enlarge it as a consequence of the enormous demand for moorings in this port, with more than 6 years of waiting for its adjudication. Finally, in the 2007–08 biennium, the port was expanded again, gaining the sea the elbow section that separated the two docks. The total surface area of the Isla Cristina fishing port exceeded 640,000 m² in April 2009. The fishing port today The port has a Llotja that serves the island fleet as well as vessels from nearby base ports, such as Ayamonte and some Portuguese ones, mainly. The fleet based in the port represents more than 22,000 gross registered tons and is composed of about 250 vessels, with an average of 88 GRT, with a significant employment rate, in addition, indirectly hosts an important secondary or processing sector that includes several thousand jobs. The industrial port is the one with the highest turnover of fresh fish in Andalusia, reaching again in the first half of 2009 the second position as Andalusian producer and representing 54.4% of the operations in the Andalusian Llotjas together with Cadiz, Punta Umbria, Barbate and Caleta de Velez, one of the main fishing grounds, along with Agadir, already mentioned and still in operation, is that of Senegambia. Events In the first years of the 21st century, large international events and fairs were held for the fishing-fish farming industry. Biannual international fairs were consolidated, such as FAMAR (Feria Andaluza del Mar), heir of FIMAR (Feria Internacional del Mar), with more involvement of the administrations than its predecessor. In 2008 the second meeting "Cluster of Fishing Companies in Third Countries" (Spanish: Cluster de Empresas Pesqueras en Terceros Países) was held, the first having been held in Baiona and bringing together in its second edition more than 30 speakers, including ministers of fisheries and representatives of the sector from as many countries. Fisheries Innovation Center and factory relocation The canning factories were moved to industrial estates on the outskirts in the early years of the 21st century, as a result of the implementation of special plans outside the current zoning plan, due to the need to rehabilitate the fishing area of the historic center for the citizens. Some factories that are still standing were reconverted for tertiary uses, such as the old Mirabent factory, where the Fishing Technology Innovation Center (CIT Garum) was built to offer advanced services in seafood technologies, process technologies and sustainability technologies to all fishing operators. This center will also provide advanced services in foresight, business development, internationalization, business incubation, developing capabilities to interact on an international scale and structure all types of projects. CIT Garum is part of the Andalusian network of technological spaces RETA. Catches Being one of the main ports at national level in production, number of vessels and value of catches —over 20 million euros— it is necessary a business managem ent of the Llotja (lota), in charge of it is the company Lonja de Isla Cristina S.L. In terms of production, Cadiz is the only port that exceeds in catches to Isla Cristina, although it is still the first in sales. Although dozens of species are landed daily in this port, located at the mouth of the Carreras estuary, the two main species are still the sardine (Sardina sp.) and the giant bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), although the sea bream contributes at least half of the provincial total, which in turn represents a quota of 15% at the national level. Tuna and sardines The tuna, called by Strabo "sea pig" because it hardly has any waste and can exceed 200 kilograms. Its use is as follows: out of every 100 kilograms of gross weight, 61 kilograms of meat are obtained for salting and canning, 8 kilograms of other inferior meat that is not salted and 4 kilograms of mouths and intestines that are salted. The remaining 27 kilograms of offal —head, bones and fins— are used to produce guano, a type of fertilizer of which there are numerous factories on Isla Cristina itself and which in another era was even used to produce electricity. Both tuna and sardine were the first species in the port to be canned, in fact, the port is still one of the first in the country in sardine catches. Other catches In 2008 the Isla Cristina fishing fleet landed a total of 7,693 tons of fish and shellfish, with a first sale value of 21 million euros. By the volume of catches and their value, the landings of the purse seine fleet stand out, with half of the total catches and 16% of the value marketed; and trawling, with 29% of the volume and 65% of the value. On the other hand, the landings of fluke accounted for 15% of the volume of catches and 11% of the value marketed. These values leave the Vigo Llotja, another of the most important in Spain, at a certain distance. In 2009, fresh fish catches landed at the Llotja (excluding fish farm and marine farm products) were sold for a value of more than 26 million euros, 16.35% more than the previous year. In the month of January 2010, 500,000 kilos of fish entered the Llotja for a value of 2 million euros, which was two and a quarter times the weight compared to the same period of the previous year and twice its value. Consortia and companies Marina The marina is managed by the Empresa Pública de Puertos de Andalucía (EPPA) and has 204 berths. The 2007 PGOU includes an extension that increases the number of pontoons and moorings. On November 10, 2009, the environmental impact declaration for its construction was initiated, specifying that it will have 760 mooring points and another 160 anchoring points in Playa de la Gola, on the left bank of the Carreras estuary, taking advantage of the eastern breakwater as protection. The current one, built around 1994, has a dry dock, a ramp with a towing capacity of 32 Tm, a 5 Tm capacity crane, a commercial area and other facilities. The port has been awarded the blue flag for the entire period from 2001 to 2010. The management of the neighboring port of El Terrón is carried out from the captaincy of this marina. Navigation The nautical charts in which the Instituto Hidrográfico de la Marina represents in detail the port of Isla Cristina are the 440A and 440: Transportation From one of the pontoons of this port the maritime transport of passengers to the nearby port of Punta del Moral is carried out, with an hourly frequency during peak traffic hours and every two hours in the rest. Although it is the only permanent link that exists, in the early 20th century there was another ferry service linking Isla Cristina with Ayamonte and possibly also with Vila Real de Santo António. Bibliography

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Seguros_Bol%C3%ADvar_Open_Pereira"}

Tennis tournament The 2010 Seguros Bolívar Open Pereira was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was part of the 2010 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Pereira, Colombia between 12 and 18 April 2010. ATP entrants Seeds Other entrants The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: The following players received special exempt into the singles main draw: Champions Singles Santiago Giraldo def. Paolo Lorenzi, 6–3, 6–3 Doubles Dominik Meffert / Philipp Oswald def. Gero Kretschmer / Alex Satschko, 6–7(4), 7–6(6), [10–5]

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2011 film Here I Am is a 2011 Australian drama film written and directed by Beck Cole. Plot The film tells the story of a young Aboriginal woman who has been recently released from prison, and wishes to turn her life around. She finds her way to a women's refuge, where she meets a number of other Aboriginal women, all escaping problems, who provide support as she tries to reconnect with her family, including her estranged mother, Lois, and her child, Rosie who is in the care of her grandmother. Cast The cast includes: Production Here I Am, a drama, is Beck Cole's debut feature film as writer/director, and Shai Pittman's first acting role. The film was shot around Port Adelaide, with some scenes in Adelaide Women's Prison and almost all of the characters are Aboriginal Australians. Warwick Thornton, former partner of Cole, was cinematographer, while Roland Gallois did the editing. The production company was Scarlett Pictures, with the main producer being Kath Shelper. The music is by Cliff Bradley, with additional songs by the Yeah Yeah Yeahs, PJ Harvey and others. Release The film premiered at the 2011 Adelaide Film Festival on 26 February 2011, where it received a standing ovation by the audience. It was afterwards distributed by Madman, Footprint Films, and Transmission Films, shown in Australian cinemas from 2 June 2011. It was shown on ABC Television on 8 December 2011 and later shown on SBS Television's streaming service. Accolades

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Italian ski jumper Marcello Bazzana (born 4 July 1953) is an Italian former ski jumper. He competed in the normal hill and large hill events at the 1976 Winter Olympics.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connerville,_Oklahoma"}

Census-designated place in Oklahoma, United States Connerville is a rural unincorporated community and census-designated place on the Blue River in Johnston County, Oklahoma, United States. The post office opened August 6, 1897, in District 16 of the old Indian Territory. The ZIP Code is 74836. It is said to have been named for George B. Conner, the first postmaster. The Census Bureau defined a census-designated place (CDP) for Connerville in 2015; the 2010 population within the 2015 CDP boundary is 80 and contains 42 housing units. Demographics In popular culture Sources

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_within_a_story"}

Literary device A story within a story, also referred to as an embedded narrative, is a literary device in which a character within a story becomes the narrator of a second story (within the first one). Multiple layers of stories within stories are sometimes called nested stories. A play may have a brief play within it, such as Shakespeare's play Hamlet; a film may show the characters watching a short film; or a novel may contain a short story within the novel. A story within a story can be used in all types of narration: novels, short stories, plays, television programs, films, poems, songs, video games, and philosophical essays. The inner stories are told either simply to add entertainment or more usually to act as an example to the other characters. In either case, the inner story often has a symbolic and psychological significance for the characters in the outer story. There is often some parallel between the two stories, and the fiction of the inner story is used to reveal the truth in the outer story. Often the stories within a story are used to satirize views, not only in the outer story, but also in the real world. When a story is told within another instead of being told as part of the plot, it allows the author to play on the reader's perceptions of the characters—the motives and the reliability of the storyteller are automatically in question. Stories within a story may disclose the background of characters or events, tell of myths and legends that influence the plot, or even seem to be extraneous diversions from the plot. In some cases, the story within a story is involved in the action of the plot of the outer story. In others, the inner story is independent, so that it can either be skipped over or be read separately, although many subtle connections may be lost. Sometimes, the inner story serves as an outlet for discarded ideas that the author deemed to be of too much merit to leave out completely, somewhat analogous to the inclusion of deleted scenes with home video releases of films. Often there is more than one level of internal stories, leading to deeply-nested fiction. Mise en abyme is the French term for a similar literary device (also referring to the practice in heraldry of placing the image of a small shield on a larger shield). Frame stories and anthology works The literary device of stories within a story dates back to a device known as a "frame story", where a supplemental story is used to help tell the main story. Typically, the outer story or "frame" does not have much matter, and most of the work consists of one or more complete stories told by one or more storytellers. The earliest examples of "frame stories" and "stories within stories" were in ancient Egyptian and Indian literature, such as the Egyptian "Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor" and Indian epics like the Ramayana, Seven Wise Masters, Hitopadesha and Vikram and the Vampire. In Vishnu Sarma's Panchatantra, an inter-woven series of colorful animal tales are told with one narrative opening within another, sometimes three or four layers deep, and then unexpectedly snapping shut in irregular rhythms to sustain attention. In the epic Mahabharata, the Kurukshetra War is narrated by a character in Vyasa's Jaya, which itself is narrated by a character in Vaisampayana's Bharata, which itself is narrated by a character in Ugrasrava's Mahabharata. Both The Golden Ass by Apuleius and Metamorphoses by Ovid extend the depths of framing to several degrees. Another early example is the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), where the general story is narrated by an unknown narrator, and in this narration the stories are told by Scheherazade. In many of Scheherazade's narrations, there are also stories narrated, and even in some of these, there are some other stories. An example of this is "The Three Apples", a murder mystery narrated by Scheherazade. Within the story, after the murderer reveals himself, he narrates a flashback of events leading up to the murder. Within this flashback, an unreliable narrator tells a story to mislead the would-be murderer, who later discovers that he was misled after another character narrates the truth to him. As the story concludes, the "Tale of Núr al-Dín Alí and his Son" is narrated within it. This perennially popular work can be traced back to Arabic, Persian, and Indian storytelling traditions. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein has a deeply nested frame story structure, that features the narration of Walton, who records the narration of Victor Frankenstein, who recounts the narration of his creation, who narrates the story of a cabin dwelling family he secretly observes. Another classic novel with a frame story is Wuthering Heights, the majority of which is recounted by the central family's housekeeper to a boarder. Similarly, Roald Dahl's story The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar is about a rich bachelor who finds an essay written by someone who learned to "see" playing cards from the reverse side. The full text of this essay is included in the story, and itself includes a lengthy sub-story told as a true experience by one of the essay's protagonists, Imhrat Khan. Lewis Carroll's Alice books, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1871), have several multiple poems that are mostly recited by several characters to the titular character. The most notable examples are "You Are Old, Father William", "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster", "Jabberwocky", and "The Walrus and the Carpenter". Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales and Boccaccio's Decameron are also classic frame stories. In Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, the characters tell tales suited to their personalities and tell them in ways that highlight their personalities. The noble knight tells a noble story, the boring character tells a very dull tale, and the rude miller tells a smutty tale. Homer's Odyssey too makes use of this device; Odysseus' adventures at sea are all narrated by Odysseus to the court of king Alcinous in Scheria. Other shorter tales, many of them false, account for much of the Odyssey. Many modern children's story collections are essentially anthology works connected by this device, such as Arnold Lobel's Mouse Tales, Paula Fox's The Little Swineherd, and Phillip and Hillary Sherlock's Ears and Tails and Common Sense. A well-known modern example of framing is the fantasy genre work The Princess Bride (both the book and the movie). In the movie, a grandfather is reading the story of "The Princess Bride" to his grandson. In the book, a more detailed frame story has a father editing a much longer (but fictive) work for his son, creating his own "Good Parts Version" (as the book called it) by leaving out all the parts that would bore or displease a young boy. Both the book and the movie assert that the central story is from a book called "The Princess Bride" by a nonexistent author named S. Morgenstern. In the Welsh novel, Aelwyd F'Ewythr Robert (1852) by Gwilym Hiraethog, a visitor to a farm in north Wales tells the story of Uncle Tom's Cabin to those gathered around the hearth. Sometimes a frame story exists in the same setting as the main story. On the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, each episode was framed as though it were being told by Indy when he was older (usually acted by George Hall, but once by Harrison Ford). The same device of an adult narrator representing the older version of a young protagonist is used in the films Stand By Me and A Christmas Story, and the television show The Wonder Years and How I Met Your Mother. Frame stories in music In The Amory Wars, a tale told through the music of Coheed and Cambria, tells a story for the first two albums but reveals that the story is being actively written by a character called the Writer in the third. During the album, the Writer delves into his own story and kills one of the characters, much to the dismay of the main character. The critically acclaimed Beatles album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is presented as a stage show by the fictional eponymous band, and one of its songs, "A Day in the Life" is in the form of a story within a dream. Similarly, the Fugees album The Score is presented as the soundtrack to a fictional movie, as are several other notable concept albums, while Wyclef Jean's The Carnival is presented as testimony at a trial. The majority of Ayreon's albums outline a sprawling, loosely interconnected science fiction narrative, as do the albums of Janelle Monae. On Tom Waits's concept album, Alice (consisting of music he wrote for the musical of the same name) most of the songs are (very) loosely inspired by both Alice in Wonderland and the book's real life author, Lewis Carroll, and inspiration Alice Liddell. The song "Poor Edward," however, is presented as a story told by a narrator about Edward Mordrake, and the song "Fish and Bird" is presented as a retold story that the narrator heard from a sailor. Examples of nested stories by type Nested books In his 1895 historical novel Pharaoh, Bolesław Prus introduces a number of stories within the story, ranging in length from vignettes to full-blown stories, many of them drawn from ancient Egyptian texts, that further the plot, illuminate characters, and even inspire the fashioning of individual characters. Jan Potocki's The Manuscript Found in Saragossa (1797–1805) has an interlocking structure with stories-within-stories reaching several levels of depth. The provenance of the story is sometimes explained internally, as in The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien, which depicts the Red Book of Westmarch (a story-internal version of the book itself) as a history compiled by several of the characters. The subtitle of The Hobbit ("There and Back Again") is depicted as part of a rejected title of this book within a book, and The Lord of the Rings is a part of the final title. An example of an interconnected inner story is "The Mad Trist" in Edgar Allan Poe's Fall of the House of Usher, where through somewhat mystical means the narrator's reading of the story within a story influences the reality of the story he has been telling, so that what happens in "The Mad Trist" begins happening in "The Fall of the House of Usher". Also, in Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes, there are many stories within the story that influence the hero's actions (there are others that even the author himself admits are purely digressive). Most of the first part is presented as a translation of a found manuscript by (fictional) Cide Hamete Benengeli. A commonly independently anthologised story is "The Grand Inquisitor" by Dostoevsky from his long psychological novel The Brothers Karamazov, which is told by one brother to another to explain, in part, his view on religion and morality. It also, in a succinct way, dramatizes many of Dostoevsky's interior conflicts. An example of a "bonus material" style inner story is the chapter "The Town Ho's Story" in Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick; that chapter tells a fully formed story of an exciting mutiny and contains many plot ideas that Melville had conceived during the early stages of writing Moby-Dick—ideas originally intended to be used later in the novel—but as the writing progressed, these plot ideas eventually proved impossible to fit around the characters that Melville went on to create and develop. Instead of discarding the ideas altogether, Melville wove them into a coherent short story and had the character Ishmael demonstrate his eloquence and intelligence by telling the story to his impressed friends. One of the most complicated structures of a story within a story was used by Vladimir Nabokov in his novel The Gift. There, as inner stories, function both poems and short stories by the main character Fyodor Cherdyntsev as well as the whole Chapter IV, a critical biography of Nikolay Chernyshevsky (also written by Fyodor). This novel is considered one of the first metanovels in literature. With the rise of literary modernism, writers experimented with ways in which multiple narratives might nest imperfectly within each other. A particularly ingenious example of nested narratives is James Merrill's 1974 modernist poem "Lost in Translation". In Rabih Alameddine's novel The Hakawati, or The Storyteller, the protagonist describes coming home to the funeral of his father, one of a long line of traditional Arabic storytellers. Throughout the narrative, the author becomes hakawati (an Arabic word for a teller of traditional tales) himself, weaving the tale of the story of his own life and that of his family with folkloric versions of tales from Qur'an, the Old Testament, Ovid, and One Thousand and One Nights. Both the tales he tells of his family (going back to his grandfather) and the embedded folk tales, themselves embed other tales, often 2 or more layers deep. In Sue Townsend's Adrian Mole: The Wilderness Years, Adrian writes a book entitled Lo! The Flat Hills of My Homeland, in which the main character, Jake Westmorland, writes a book called Sparg of Kronk, whose eponymous character, Sparg, writes a book with no language. In Anthony Horowitz's Magpie Murders, a significant proportion of the book features a fictional but authentically formatted mystery novel by Alan Conway, titled 'Magpie Murders'. The secondary novel ends before its conclusion returning the narrative to the original, and primary, story where the protagonist and reviewer of the book attempts to find the final chapter. As this progresses characters and messages within the fictional 'Magpie Murders' manifest themselves within the primary narrative and the final chapter's content reveals the reason for its original absence. Dreams are a common way of including stories inside stories, and can sometimes go several levels deep. Both the book The Arabian Nightmare and the curse of "eternal waking" from the Neil Gaiman series The Sandman feature an endless series of waking from one dream into another dream. In Charles Maturin's novel Melmoth the Wanderer, the use of vast stories-within-stories creates a sense of dream-like quality in the reader. Religion and philosophy This structure is also found in classic religious and philosophical texts. The structure of The Symposium and Phaedo, attributed to Plato, is of a story within a story within a story. In the Christian Bible, the gospels are accounts of the life and ministry of Jesus. However, they also include within them the parables that Jesus told. In more modern philosophical work, Jostein Gaarder's books often feature this device. Examples are The Solitaire Mystery, where the protagonist receives a small book from a baker, in which the baker tells the story of a sailor who tells the story of another sailor, and Sophie's World about a girl who is actually a character in a book that is being read by Hilde, a girl in another dimension. Later on in the book Sophie questions this idea, and realizes that Hilde too could be a character in a story that in turn is being read by another. Mahabharata, an Indian epic also the world longest epic has a nested structure. Nested science fiction The experimental modernist works that incorporate multiple narratives into one story are quite often science-fiction or science fiction influenced. These include most of the various novels written by the American author Kurt Vonnegut. Vonnegut includes the recurring character Kilgore Trout in many of his novels. Trout acts as the mysterious science fiction writer who enhances the morals of the novels through plot descriptions of his stories. Books such as Breakfast of Champions and God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater are sprinkled with these plot descriptions. Stanisław Lem's Tale of the Three Storytelling Machines of King Genius from The Cyberiad has several levels of storytelling. All levels tell stories of the same person, Trurl. House of Leaves is the tale of a man who finds a manuscript telling the story of a documentary that may or may not have ever existed, contains multiple layers of plot. The book includes footnotes and letters that tell their own stories only vaguely related to the events in the main narrative of the book, and footnotes for fake books. Robert A. Heinlein's later books (The Number of the Beast, The Cat Who Walks Through Walls and To Sail Beyond the Sunset) propose the idea that every real universe is a fiction in another universe. This hypothesis enables many writers who are characters in the books to interact with their own creations. Margaret Atwood's novel The Blind Assassin is interspersed with excerpts from a novel written by one of the main characters; the novel-within-a-novel itself contains a science fiction story written by one of that novel's characters. In Philip K. Dick's novel The Man in the High Castle, each character comes into interaction with a book called The Grasshopper Lies Heavy, which was written by the Man in the High Castle. As Dick's novel details a world in which the Axis Powers of World War II had succeeded in dominating the known world, the novel within the novel details an alternative to this history in which the Allies overcome the Axis and bring stability to the world – a victory which itself is quite different from real history. In Red Orc's Rage by Philip J. Farmer a doubly recursive method is used to intertwine its fictional layers. This novel is part of a science-fiction series, the World of Tiers. Farmer collaborated in the writing of this novel with an American psychiatrist, Dr. A. James Giannini. Dr. Giannini had previously used the World of Tiers series in treating patients in group therapy. During these therapeutic sessions, the content and process of the text and novelist was discussed rather than the lives of the patients. In this way subconscious defenses could be circumvented. Farmer took the real life case-studies and melded these with adventures of his characters in the series. The Quantum Leap novel Knights of the Morningstar also features a character who writes a book by that name. In Matthew Stover's novel Shatterpoint, the protagonist Mace Windu narrates the story within his journal, while the main story is being told from the third-person limited point of view. Several Star Trek tales are stories or events within stories, such as Gene Roddenberry's novelization of Star Trek: The Motion Picture, J. A. Lawrence's Mudd's Angels, John M. Ford's The Final Reflection, Margaret Wander Bonanno's Strangers from the Sky (which adopts the conceit that it is book from the future by an author called Gen Jaramet-Sauner), and J. R. Rasmussen's "Research" in the anthology Star Trek: Strange New Worlds II. Steven Barnes's novelization of "Far Beyond the Stars" partners with Greg Cox's The Eugenics Wars: The Rise and Fall of Khan Noonien Singh (Volume Two) to tell us that the story "Far Beyond the Stars"—and, by extension, all of Star Trek itself—is the creation of 1950s writer Benny Russell. The book Cloud Atlas (later adapted into a film by The Wachowskis and Tom Tykwer) consisted of six interlinked stories nested inside each other in a Russian doll fashion. The first story (that of Adam Ewing in the 1850s befriending an escaped slave) is interrupted halfway through and revealed to be part of a journal being read by composer Robert Frobisher in 1930s Belgium. His own story of working for a more famous composer is told in a series of letters to his lover Rufus Sixsmith, which are interrupted halfway through and revealed to be in the possession of an investigative journalist named Luisa Rey and so on. Each of the first five tales are interrupted in the middle, with the sixth tale being told in full, before the preceding five tales are finished in reverse order. Each layer of the story either challenges the veracity of the previous layer, or is challenged by the succeeding layer. Presuming each layer to be a true telling within the overall story, a chain of events is created linking Adam Ewing's embrace of the abolitionist movement in the 1850s to the religious redemption of a post-apocalyptic tribal man over a century after the fall of modern civilization. The characters in each nested layer take inspiration or lessons from the stories of their predecessors in a manner that validates a belief stated in the sixth tale that "Our lives are not our own. We are bound to others, past and present and by each crime, and every kindness, we birth our future." Play or film within a book The Crying of Lot 49 by Thomas Pynchon has several characters seeing a play called The Courier's Tragedy by the fictitious Jacobean playwright Richard Wharfinger. The events of the play broadly mirror those of the novel and give the main character, Oedipa Maas, a greater context with which to consider her predicament; the play concerns a feud between two rival mail distribution companies, which appears to be ongoing to the present day, and in which, if this is the case, Oedipa has found herself involved. As in Hamlet, the director makes changes to the original script; in this instance, a couplet that was added, possibly by religious zealots intent on giving the play extra moral gravity, are said only on the night that Oedipa sees the play. From what Pynchon relates, this is the only mention in the play of Thurn and Taxis' rivals' name—Trystero—and it is the seed for the conspiracy that unfurls. A significant portion of Walter Moers' Labyrinth of Dreaming Books is an ekphrasis on the subject of an epic puppet theater presentation. Another example is found in Samuel Delany's Trouble on Triton, which features a theater company that produces elaborate staged spectacles for randomly selected single-person audiences. Plays produced by the "Caws of Art" theater company also feature in Russell Hoban's modern fable, The Mouse and His Child. Raina Telgemeier's best-selling Drama is a graphic novel about a middle-school musical production, and the tentative romantic fumblings of its cast members. In Manuel Puig's Kiss of the Spider Woman, ekphrases on various old movies, some real, and some fictional, make up a substantial portion of the narrative. In Paul Russell's Boys of Life, descriptions of movies by director/antihero Carlos (loosely inspired by controversial director Pier Paolo Pasolini) provide a narrative counterpoint and add a touch of surrealism to the main narrative. They additionally raise the question of whether works of artistic genius justify or atone for the sins and crimes of their creators. Auster's The Book of Illusions (2002) and Flicker by Theodore Roszak (1991) also rely heavily on fictional films within their respective narratives. Nested plays This dramatic device was probably first used by Thomas Kyd in The Spanish Tragedy around 1587, where the play is presented before an audience of two of the characters, who comment upon the action. From references in other contemporary works, Kyd is also assumed to have been the writer of an early, lost version of Hamlet (the so-called Ur-Hamlet), with a play-within-a-play interlude. William Shakespeare's Hamlet retains this device by having Hamlet ask some strolling players to perform The Murder of Gonzago. The action and characters in The Murder mirror the murder of Hamlet's father in the main action, and Prince Hamlet writes additional material to emphasize this. Hamlet wishes to provoke the murderer, his uncle, and sums this up by saying "the play's the thing wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king." Hamlet calls this new play The Mouse-trap (a title that Agatha Christie later took for the long-running play The Mousetrap). Christie's work was parodied in Tom Stoppard's The Real Inspector Hound, in which two theater critics are drawn into the murder mystery they are watching. The audience is similarly absorbed into the action in Woody Allen's play God, which is about two failed playwrights in Ancient Greece. The phrase The Conscience of the King also became the title of a Star Trek episode featuring a production of Hamlet which leads to the exposure of a murderer (although not a king). The play I Hate Hamlet and the movie A Midwinter's Tale are about a production of Hamlet, which in turn includes a production of The Murder of Gonzago, as does the Hamlet-based film Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead, which even features a third-level puppet theatre version within their play. Similarly, in Anton Chekhov's The Seagull there are specific allusions to Hamlet: in the first act a son stages a play to impress his mother, a professional actress, and her new lover; the mother responds by comparing her son to Hamlet. Later he tries to come between them, as Hamlet had done with his mother and her new husband. The tragic developments in the plot follow in part from the scorn the mother shows for her son's play. Shakespeare adopted the play-within-a-play device for many of his other plays as well, including A Midsummer Night's Dream and Love's Labours Lost. Almost the whole of The Taming of the Shrew is a play-within-a-play, presented to convince Christopher Sly, a drunken tinker, that he is a nobleman watching a private performance, but the device has no relevance to the plot (unless Katharina's subservience to her "lord" in the last scene is intended to strengthen the deception against the tinker) and is often dropped in modern productions. The musical Kiss Me, Kate is about the production of a fictitious musical, The Taming of the Shrew, based on the Shakespeare play of the same name, and features several scenes from it. Pericles draws in part on the 14th century Confessio Amantis (itself a frame story) by John Gower and Shakespeare has the ghost of Gower "assume man's infirmities" to introduce his work to the contemporary audience and comment on the action of the play. In Francis Beaumont's Knight of the Burning Pestle (ca. 1608) a supposed common citizen from the audience, actually a "planted" actor, condemns the play that has just started and "persuades" the players to present something about a shopkeeper. The citizen's "apprentice" then acts, pretending to extemporise, in the rest of the play. This is a satirical tilt at Beaumont's playwright contemporaries and their current fashion for offering plays about London life. The opera Pagliacci is about a troupe of actors who perform a play about marital infidelity that mirrors their own lives, and composer Richard Rodney Bennett and playwright-librettist Beverley Cross's The Mines of Sulphur features a ghostly troupe of actors who perform a play about murder that similarly mirrors the lives of their hosts, from whom they depart, leaving them with the plague as nemesis. John Adams' Nixon in China (1985-7) features a surreal version of Madam Mao's Red Detachment of Women, illuminating the ascendance of human values over the disillusionment of high politics in the meeting.[citation needed] In Bertolt Brecht's The Caucasian Chalk Circle, a play is staged as a parable to villagers in the Soviet Union to justify the re-allocation of their farmland: the tale describes how a child is awarded to a servant-girl rather than its natural mother, an aristocrat, as the woman most likely to care for it well. This kind of play-within-a-play, which appears at the beginning of the main play and acts as a 'frame' for it, is called an 'induction'. Brecht's one-act play The Elephant Calf (1926) is a play-within-a-play performed in the foyer of the theatre during his Man Equals Man. In Jean Giraudoux's play Ondine, all of act two is a series of scenes within scenes, sometimes two levels deep. This increases the dramatic tension and also makes more poignant the inevitable failure of the relationship between the mortal Hans and water sprite Ondine. The Two-Character Play by Tennessee Williams has a concurrent double plot with the convention of a play within a play. Felice and Clare are siblings and are both actor/producers touring ‘The Two-Character Play.’ They have supposedly been abandoned by their crew and have been left to put on the play by themselves. The characters in the play are also brother and sister and are also named Clare and Felice. The Mysteries, a modern reworking of the medieval mystery plays, remains faithful to its roots by having the modern actors play the sincere, naïve tradesmen and women as they take part in the original performances. Alternatively, a play might be about the production of a play, and include the performance of all or part of the play, as in Noises Off, A Chorus of Disapproval or Lilies. Similarly, the musical Man of La Mancha presents the story of Don Quixote as an impromptu play staged in prison by Quixote's author, Miguel de Cervantes. In most stagings of the musical Cats, which include the song "Growltiger's Last Stand" — a recollection of an old play by Gus the Theatre Cat — the character of Lady Griddlebone sings "The Ballad of Billy McCaw". (However, many productions of the show omit "Growltiger's Last Stand", and "The Ballad of Billy McCaw" has at times been replaced with a mock aria, so this metastory isn't always seen.) Depending on the production, there is another musical scene called The Awful Battle of the Pekes and the Pollices where the Jellicles put on a show for their leader. In Lestat: The Musical, there are three play within a plays. First, when Lestat visits his childhood friend, Nicolas, who works in a theater, where he discovers his love for theater; and two more when the Theater of the Vampires perform. One is used as a plot mechanism to explain the vampire god, Marius, which sparks an interest in Lestat to find him. A play within a play also occurs in the musical The King and I, where Princess Tuptim and the royal dancers give a performance of Small House of Uncle Thomas (or Uncle Tom's Cabin) to their English guests. The play mirrors Tuptim's situation, as she wishes to run away from slavery to be with her lover, Lun Tha. In stagings of Dina Rubina's play Always the Same Dream, the story is about staging a school play based on a poem by Pushkin. Joseph Heller's 1967 play We Bombed in New Haven is about actors engaged in a play about military airmen; the actors themselves become at times unsure whether they are actors or actual airmen. The 1937 musical Babes in Arms is about a group of kids putting on a musical to raise money. The central plot device was retained for the popular 1939 film version with Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney. A similar plot was recycled for the films White Christmas and The Blues Brothers. Nested films The François Truffaut film Day for Night is about the making of a fictitious movie called Meet Pamela (Je vous présente Pamela) and shows the interactions of the actors as they are making this movie about a woman who falls for her husband's father. The story of Pamela involves lust, betrayal, death, sorrow, and change, events that are mirrored in the experiences of the actors portrayed in Day for Night. There are a wealth of other movies that revolve around the film industry itself, even if not centering exclusively on one nested film. These include the darkly satirical classic Sunset Boulevard about an aging star and her parasitic victim, and the Coen Brothers' farce Hail, Caesar! The script to Karel Reisz's movie The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981), written by Harold Pinter, is a film-within-a-film adaptation of John Fowles's book. In addition to the Victorian love story of the book, Pinter creates a present-day background story that shows a love affair between the main actors. The Muppet Movie begins with the Muppets sitting down in a theater to watch the eponymous movie, said by Kermit the Frog to be a semi-biographical account of how they all met. In Buster Keaton's Sherlock Jr., Keaton's protagonist actually enters into a film while it is playing in a cinema, as does the main character in the Arnold Schwarzenegger children's film The Last Action Hero. A similar device is used in the seminal music video Take on me by A-ha, which features a young woman entering a cartoon universe. Conversely, Woody Allen's Purple Rose of Cairo is about a movie character exiting the movie to interact with the real world. Allen's earlier film Play it Again, Sam featured liberal use of characters, dialogue and clips from the film classic Casablanca as a central device. The 2002 Pedro Almodóvar film Talk to Her (Hable con ella) has the chief character Benigno tell a story called The Shrinking Lover to Alicia, a long-term comatose patient whom Benigno, a male nurse, is assigned to care for. The film presents The Shrinking Lover in the form of a black-and-white silent melodrama. To prove his love to a scientist girlfriend, The Shrinking Lover protagonist drinks a potion that makes him progressively smaller. The resulting seven-minute scene, which is readily intelligible and enjoyable as a stand-alone short subject, is considerably more overtly comic than the rest of Talk to Her—the protagonist climbs giant breasts as if they were rock formations and even ventures his way inside a (compared to him) gigantic vagina. Critics have noted that The Shrinking Lover essentially is a sex metaphor. Later in Talk to Her, the comatose Alicia is discovered to be pregnant and Benigno is sentenced to jail for rape. The Shrinking Lover was named Best Scene of 2002 in the Skandies, an annual survey of online cinephiles and critics invited each year by critic Mike D'Angelo. Tropic Thunder (2008) is a comedy film revolving around a group of prima donna actors making a Vietnam War film (itself also named "Tropic Thunder") when their fed-up writer and director decide to abandon them in the middle of the jungle, forcing them to fight their way out. The concept was perhaps inspired by the 1986 comedy Three Amigos, where three washed-up silent film stars are expected to live out a real-life version of their old hit movies. The same idea of life being forced to imitate art was also reprised in the Star Trek parody Galaxy Quest. The first episode of the anime series The Melancholy Of Haruhi Suzumiya consists almost entirely of a poorly made film that the protagonists created, complete with Kyon's typical, sarcastic commentary. Chuck Jones's 1953 cartoon Duck Amuck shows Daffy Duck trapped in a cartoon that an unseen animator repeatedly manipulates. At the end, it is revealed that the whole cartoon was being controlled by Bugs Bunny. The Duck Amuck plot was essentially replicated in one of Jones' later cartoons, Rabbit Rampage (1955), in which Bugs Bunny turns out to be the victim of the sadistic animator (Elmer Fudd). A similar plot was also included in an episode of New Looney Tunes, in which Bugs was the victim, Daffy was the animator, and it was made on a computer instead of a pencil and paper. In 2007, the Duck Amuck sequence was parodied on Drawn Together ("Nipple Ring-Ring Goes to Foster Care"). All feature-length films by Jörg Buttgereit except Schramm feature a film within the film. In Nekromantik, the protagonist goes to the cinema to see the fictional slasher film Vera. In Der Todesking one of the character watches a video of the fictional Nazi exploitation film Vera - Todesengel der Gestapo and in Nekromantik 2, the characters go to see a movie called Mon dejeuner avec Vera, which is a parody of Louis Malle's My Dinner with André. Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds depicts a Nazi propaganda film called Nation's Pride, which glorifies a soldier in the German army. Nation's Pride is directed by Eli Roth. Joe Dante's Matinee depicts Mant, an early-'60s sci-fi/horror movie about a man who turns into an ant. In one scene, the protagonists see a Disney-style family movie called The Shook-Up Shopping Cart. Story within a film The 2002 martial arts epic Hero presented the same narrative several different times, as recounted by different storytellers, but with both factual and aesthetic differences. Similarly, in the whimsical 1988 Terry Gilliam film The Adventures of Baron Munchausen, and the 2003 Tim Burton film Big Fish, the bulk of the film is a series of stories told by an (extremely) unreliable narrator. In the 2006 Tarsem film The Fall, an injured silent-movie stuntman tells heroic fantasy stories to a little girl with a broken arm to pass time in the hospital, which the film visualizes and presents with the stuntman's voice becoming voiceover narration. The fantasy tale bleeds back into and comments on the film's "present-tense" story. There are often incongruities based on the fact that the stuntman is an American and the girl Persian—the stuntman's voiceover refers to "Indians," "a squaw" and "a teepee," but the visuals show a Bollywood-style devi and a Taj Mahal-like castle. The same conceit of an unreliable narrator was used to very different effect in the 1995 crime drama The Usual Suspects (which garnered an Oscar for Kevin Spacey's performance). Walt Disney's 1946 live-action drama film Song of the South had three animated sequences, all based on the Br'er Rabbit stories, told by Uncle Remus (James Baskett) to the main character, seven-year-old Johnny (Bobby Driscoll), and his friends Ginny (Luana Patten) and Toby (Glenn Leedy) as moral fables. The seminal 1950 Japanese film Rashomon, based on the Japanese short story "In a Grove" (1921), utilizes the flashback-within-a-flashback technique. The story unfolds in flashback as the four witnesses in the story—the bandit, the murdered samurai, his wife, and the nameless woodcutter—recount the events of one afternoon in a grove. But it is also a flashback within a flashback, because the accounts of the witnesses are being retold by a woodcutter and a priest to a ribald commoner as they wait out a rainstorm in a ruined gatehouse. The movie Inception has a deeply nested structure that is itself part of the setting, as the characters travel deeper and deeper into layers of dreams within dreams. Similarly, in the beginning of the music video for the Michael Jackson song "Thriller", the heroine is terrorized by her monster boyfriend in what turns out to be a movie within a dream. The film The Grand Budapest Hotel has four layers of narration; starting with a young girl at the author's memorial reading his book, it cuts to the old author in 1985 telling of an incident in 1968 when he, as a young author, stayed at the hotel and met the owner, old Zero. He was then told the story of young Zero and M Gustave, from 1932, which makes up most of the narrative. Play within a film The 2001 film Moulin Rouge! features a fictitious musical within a film, called "Spectacular Spectacular". The 1942 Ernst Lubitsch comedy To Be or Not to Be confuses the audience in the opening scenes with a play, "The Naughty Nazis", about Adolf Hitler which appears to be taking place within the actual plot of the film. Thereafter, the acting company players serve as the protagonists of the film and frequently use acting/costumes to deceive various characters in the film. Hamlet also serves as an important throughline in the film, as suggested by the title. Laurence Olivier sets the opening scene of his 1944 film of Henry V in the tiring room of the old Globe Theatre as the actors prepare for their roles on stage. The early part of the film follows the actors in these "stage" performances and only later does the action almost imperceptibly expand to the full realism of the Battle of Agincourt. By way of increasingly more artificial sets (based on mediaeval paintings) the film finally returns to The Globe. Mel Brooks' film, The Producers, revolves around a scheme to make money by producing a disastrously bad Broadway musical, Springtime for Hitler. Ironically the film itself was later made into its own Broadway musical (although a more intentionally successful one). The Outkast music video for the song "Roses" is a short film about a high school musical. In Diary of a Wimpy Kid, the middle-schoolers put on a play of The Wizard of Oz, while High School Musical is a romantic comedy about the eponymous musical itself. A high school production is also featured in the gay teen romantic comedy Love, Simon. A 2012 Italian film Caesar Must Die stars real-life Italian prisoners who rehearse Shakespeare's Julius Caesar in Rebibbia prison playing fictional Italian prisoners rehearsing the same play in the same prison. In addition, the film itself becomes a Julius Caesar adaption of sorts as the scenes are frequently acted all around the prison, outside of rehearsals, and the prison life becomes indistinguishable from the play. The main plot device in Repo! The Genetic Opera is an opera which is going to be held the night of the events of the movie. All of the principal characters of the film play a role in the opera, though the audience watching the opera is unaware that some of the events portrayed are more than drama. The 1990 biopic Korczak, about the last days of a Jewish children's orphanage in Nazi occupied Poland, features an amateur production of Rabindranath Tagore's The Post Office, which was selected by the orphanage's visionary leader as a way of preparing his charges for their own impending death. That same production is also featured in the stage play Korczak's Children, also inspired by the same historical events. TV show within a film The 1973 film The National Health, an adaptation of Peter Nichols's 1969 play of the same name features a send-up of a typical American hospital soap opera being shown on a television situated in an underfunded, unmistakably British NHS hospital. The Jim Carrey film The Truman Show is about a person who grows to adulthood without ever realizing that he is the unwitting hero of the immersive eponymous television show. In Toy Story 2, the lead character Woody learns that he was based on the lead character of the same name of a 1950s Western show known as Woody's Roundup, which was seemingly cancelled due to the rise of Sputnik and children wanting to play with space toys like Buzz Lightyear. Nested video games The first example of a video game within a video game is almost certainly Tim Stryker's 80s era text-only game Fazuul (also the world's first online multiplayer game), in which one of the objects that the player can create is a minigame. Another early use of this trope was in Cliff Johnson's 1987 hit The Fool's Errand, a thematically linked narrative puzzle game, in which several of the puzzles were semi-independent games played against NPCs. Power Factor has been cited as a rare example of a video game in which the entire concept is a video game within a video game: The player takes on the role of a character who is playing a "Virtual Reality Simulator", in which he in turn takes on the role of the hero Redd Ace. The .hack franchise also gives the concept a central role. It features a narrative in which internet advancements have created an MMORPG franchise called The World. Protagonists Kite and Haseo try to uncover the mysteries of the events surrounding The World. Characters in .hack are self-aware that they are video game characters. More commonly, however, the video game within a video game device takes the form of mini-games that are non-plot oriented, and optional to the completion of the game. For example, in the Yakuza and Shenmue franchises, there are playable arcade machines featuring other Sega games that are scattered throughout the game world. In Final Fantasy VII there are several video games that can be played in an arcade in the Gold Saucer theme park. In Animal Crossing, the player can acquire individual NES emulations through various means and place them within their house, where they are playable in their entirety. When placed in the house, the games take the form of a Nintendo Entertainment System. In Fallout 4 and Fallout 76, the protagonist can find several cartridges throughout the wasteland that can be played on his pip-boy (an electronic device that exists only in the world of the game) or any terminal computer. TV show within a video game In the Remedy video game title Max Payne, players can chance upon a number of ongoing television shows when activating or happening upon various television sets within the game environs, depending on where they are within the unfolding game narrative. Among them are Lords & Ladies, Captain Baseball Bat Boy, Dick Justice and the pinnacle television serial Address Unknown – heavily inspired by David Lynch-style film narrative, particularly Twin Peaks, Address Unknown sometimes prophesies events or character motives yet to occur in the Max Payne narrative. In Grand Theft Auto IV, the player can watch several TV channels which include many programs: reality shows, cartoons, and even game shows. Nested TV shows Terrance & Phillip from South Park comments on the levels of violence and acceptable behaviour in the media and allow criticism of the outer cartoon to be addressed in the cartoon itself. Similarly, on the long running animated sitcom The Simpsons, Bart's favorite cartoon, Itchy and Scratchy (a parody of Tom & Jerry), often echoes the plotlines of the main show. The Simpsons also parodied this structure with numerous 'layers' of sub-stories in the Season 17 episode "The Seemingly Never-Ending Story". On the show Dear White People, the Scandal parody Defamation offers an ironic commentary on the main show's theme of interracial relationships. Similarly, each season of the HBO show Insecure has featured a different fictional show, including the slavery-era soap opera Due North, the rebooted black 90s sitcom Kev'yn, and the investigative documentary series Looking for LaToya. The Irish television series Father Ted features a television show, Father Ben, which has characters and storylines almost identical to that of Father Ted. The television shows 30 Rock, Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, Sonny with a Chance, and Kappa Mikey feature a sketch show within the TV show. An extended plotline on the semi-autobiographical sitcom Seinfeld dealt with the main characters developing a sitcom about their lives. The gag was reprised on Curb Your Enthusiasm, another semi-autobiographical show by and about Seinfeld co-creator Larry David, when the long-anticipated Seinfeld reunion was staged entirely inside the new show. The USS Callister episode of the Black Mirror anthology television series is about a man obsessed with a Star Trek-like show, who recreates it as part of a virtual reality game. The concept of a film within a television series is employed in the Macross universe. The Super Dimension Fortress Macross: Do You Remember Love? (1984) was originally intended as an alternative theatrical re-telling of the television series The Super Dimension Fortress Macross (1982), but was later "retconned" into the Macross canon as a popular movie within the television series Macross 7 (1994). The Stargate SG-1 episode Wormhole X-Treme! features a fictional TV show with an almost identical premise to Stargate SG-1. A later episode, 200, depicts ideas for a possible reboot of Wormhole X-Treme!, including using a "younger and edgier" cast, or even Thunderbirds-style puppets. The Glee episode "Extraordinary Merry Christmas" features the members of New Directions starring in a black-and-white Christmas television special that is presented within the episode itself. The special is a homage to both Star Wars Holiday Special and the "Judy Garland Christmas Special". Film within a TV show Seinfeld had a number of reoccurring fictional films, most notably Rochelle, Rochelle, a parody of artsy but exploitative foreign films, while the trippy, metaphysically loopy thriller Death Castle is a central element of the Master of None episode New York, I Love You. Fantasy within realism Stories inside stories can allow for genre changes. Arthur Ransome uses the device to let his young characters in the Swallows and Amazons series of children's books, set in the recognisable everyday world, take part in fantastic adventures of piracy in distant lands: two of the twelve books, Peter Duck and Missee Lee (and some would include Great Northern? as a third), are adventures supposedly made up by the characters. Similarly, the film version of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang uses a story within a story format to tell a purely fantastic fairy tale within a relatively more realistic frame-story. The film version of The Wizard of Oz does the same thing by making its inner story into a dream. Lewis Carroll's celebrated Alice books use the same device of a dream as an excuse for fantasy, while Carroll's less well-known Sylvie and Bruno subverts the trope by allowing the dream figures to enter and interact with the "real" world. In each episode of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, the main story was realistic fiction, with live action human characters, while an inner story took place in the Neighborhood of Make-Believe, in which most characters were puppets, except Lady Aberlin and occasionally Mr. McFeely, played by Betty Aberlin and David Newell in both realms. Fractal fiction Some stories feature what might be called a literary version of the Droste effect, where an image contains a smaller version of itself (also a common feature in many fractals). An early version is found in an ancient Chinese proverb, in which an old monk situated in a temple found on a high mountain recursively tells the same story to a younger monk about an old monk who tells a younger monk a story regarding an old monk sitting in a temple located on a high mountain, and so on. The same concept is at the heart of Michael Ende's classic children's novel The Neverending Story, which prominently features a book of the same title. This is later revealed to be the same book the audience is reading, when it begins to be retold again from the beginning, thus creating an infinite regression that features as a plot element. Another story that includes versions of itself is Neil Gaiman's The Sandman: Worlds' End which contains several instances of multiple storytelling levels, including Cerements (issue #55) where one of the inmost levels corresponds to one of the outer levels, turning the story-within-a-story structure into an infinite regression. Jesse Ball's The Way Through Doors features a deeply nested set of stories within stories, most of which explore alternate versions of the main characters. The frame device is that the main character is telling stories to a woman in a coma (similar to Almodóvar's Talk to Her, mentioned above). Richard Adams' classic Watership Down includes several memorable tales about the legendary prince of rabbits, El-Ahraira, as told by master storyteller, Dandelion. Samuel Delany's great surrealist sci-fi classic, Dhalgren, features the main character discovering a diary that appears to be written by a version of himself, with incidents that usually reflect, but sometimes contrast with the main narrative. The last section of the book is taken up entirely by journal entries, about which readers must choose whether to take as completing the narrator's own story. Similarly, in Kiese Laymon's Long Division, the main character discovers a book, also called Long Division, featuring what appears to be himself, except as living twenty years earlier. The title book in Charles Yu's How to Live Safely in a Science Fictional Universe exists within itself as a stable creation of a closed loop in time. Likewise, in the Will Ferrell comedy Stranger than Fiction the main character discovers he is a character in a book that (along with its author) also exists in the same universe. In Douglas Hofstadter's Gödel, Escher, Bach, there is a narrative between Achilles and the Tortoise (characters borrowed from Lewis Carroll, who in turn borrowed them from Zeno), and within this story they find a book entitled "Provocative Adventures of Achilles and the Tortoise Taking Place in Sundry Spots of the Globe", which they begin to read, the Tortoise taking the part of the Tortoise, and Achilles taking the part of Achilles. Within this narrative, which itself is somewhat self-referential, the two characters find a book entitled "Provocative Adventures of Achilles and the Tortoise Taking Place in Sundry Spots of the Globe", which they begin to read, the Tortoise taking the part of Achilles, and Achilles taking the part of the Tortoise. Italo Calvino's experimental book, If on a winter's night a traveler, is about a reader, addressed in the second person, trying to read the very same book, but being interrupted by ten other recursively nested incomplete stories. Robert Altman's satirical noir The Player about Hollywood ends with the antihero being pitched a movie version of his own story, complete with an unlikely happy ending. The long-running musical A Chorus Line dramatizes its own creation, and the life stories of its own original cast members. The famous final number does double duty as the showstopper for both the musical the audience is watching and the one the characters are appearing in. Austin Powers in Goldmember begins with an action film opening, which turns out to be a sequence being filmed by Steven Spielberg. Near the ending, the events of the film itself are revealed to be a movie being enjoyed by the characters. Jim Henson's The Muppet Movie is framed as a screening of the movie itself, and the screenplay for the movie is present inside the movie, which ends with an abstracted, abbreviated re-staging of its own events. The 1985 Tim Burton film Pee-Wee's Big Adventure ends with the main characters watching a film version of their own adventures, but as reimagined as a Hollywood blockbuster action film, with James Brolin as a more stereotypically manly version of the Paul Reubens title character. Episode 14 of the anime series Martian Successor Nadesico is essentially a clip show, but has several newly animated segments based on Gekigangar III, an anime that exists within its universe and that many characters are fans of, that involves the characters of that show watching Nadesico. The episode ends with the crew of the Nadesico watching the very same episode of Gekigangar, causing a paradox. Mel Brooks's 1974 comedy Blazing Saddles leaves its Western setting when the climactic fight scene breaks out, revealing the setting to have been a set in the Warner Bros. studio lot; the fight spills out onto an adjacent musical set, then into the studio canteen, and finally onto the streets. The two protagonists arrive at Grauman's Chinese Theatre, which is showing the "premiere" of Blazing Saddles; they enter the cinema to watch the conclusion of their own film. Brooks recycled the gag in his 1987 Star Wars parody, Spaceballs, where the villains are able to locate the heroes by watching a copy of the movie they are in on VHS video tape (a comic exaggeration of the phenomenon of films being available on video before their theatrical release). Brooks also made the 1976 parody Silent Movie about a buffoonish team of filmmakers trying to make the first Hollywood silent film in forty years—which is essentially that film itself (another forty years later, life imitated art imitating art, when an actual modern silent movie became a hit, the Oscar winnerThe Artist). The film-within-a-film format is used in the Scream horror series. In Scream 2, the opening scene takes place in a movie theater where a screening of Stab is played which depicts the events from the first film. In between the events of Scream 2 and Scream 3, a second film was released called Stab 2. Scream 3 is about the actors filming a fictional third installment in the Stab series. The actors playing the trilogy's characters end up getting killed, much in the same way as the characters they are playing on screen and in the same order. In between the events of Scream 3 and Scream 4, four other Stab films are released. In the opening sequence of Scream 4 two characters are watching Stab 7 before they get killed. There's also a party in which all seven Stab movies were going to be shown. References are also made to Stab 5 involving time travel as a plot device. In the fifth installment of the series, also named Scream, an eighth Stab film is mentioned having been released before the film takes place. The characters in the film, several of which are fans of the series, heavily criticize the film, similar to how Scream 4 was criticized. Additionally, late in the film, Mindy watches the first Stab by herself. During the depiction of Ghostface sneaking up behind Randy on the couch from the first film in Stab, Ghostface sneaks up on Mindy and attacks and stabs her. Director Spike Jonze's Adaptation is a fictionalized version of screenwriter Charlie Kaufman's struggles to adapt the non-cinematic book The Orchid Thief into a Hollywood blockbuster. As his onscreen self succumbs to the temptation to commercialize the narrative, Kaufman incorporates those techniques into the script, including tropes such as an invented romance, a car chase, a drug-running sequence, and an imaginary identical twin for the protagonist. (The movie also features scenes about the making of Being John Malkovich, previously written by Kaufman and directed by Jonze.) Similarly, in Kaufman's self-directed 2008 film Synecdoche, New York, the main character Caden Cotard is a skilled director of plays who receives a grant, and ends up creating a remarkable theater piece intended as a carbon copy of the outside world. The layers of copies of the world ends up several layers deep. The same conceit was previously used by frequent Kaufman collaborator Michel Gondry in his music video for the Björk song "Bachelorette," which features a musical that is about, in part, the creation of that musical. A mini-theater and small audience appear on stage to watch the musical-within-a-musical, and at some point, within that second musical a yet-smaller theater and audience appear. Fractal fiction is sometimes utilized in video games to play with the concept of player choice: In the first chapter of Stories Untold, the player is required to play a text adventure, which eventually becomes apparent to be happening in the same environment the player is in; in Superhot the narrative itself is constructed around the player playing a game called Superhot. From story within a story to separate story Occasionally, a story within a story becomes such a popular element that the producer(s) decide to develop it autonomously as a separate and distinct work. This is an example of a spin-off. In the fictional world of the Toy Story movies, Buzz Lightyear is an animated toy action figure, which was based on a fictitious cartoon series, Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, which did not exist in the real world except for snippets seen within Toy Story. Later, Buzz Lightyear of Star Command was produced in the real world and was itself later joined by Lightyear, a film described as the source material for the toy and cartoon series. Kujibiki Unbalance, a series in the Genshiken universe, has spawned merchandise of its own, and been remade into a series on its own. Such spin-offs may be produced as a way of providing additional information on the fictional world for fans. In the Harry Potter series, three such supplemental books have been produced. Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them is a textbook used by the main character, and Quidditch Through the Ages is a book from the library at his school. The Tales of Beedle the Bard provides an additional layer of fiction, the 'tales' being instructional stories told to children in the characters' world. In the works of Kurt Vonnegut, Kilgore Trout has written a novel called Venus on the Half-Shell. In 1975 real-world author Philip José Farmer wrote a science-fiction novel called Venus on the Half-Shell, published under the name Kilgore Trout. In Homestuck by Andrew Hussie, there is a comic called Sweet Bro and Hella Jeff, created by one of the characters, Dave Strider. It was later adapted to its own ongoing series. Similarly, the popular Dog Man series of children's graphic novels is presented as a creation of the main characters of author Dav Pilkey's earlier series, Captain Underpants. Captain Proton: Defender of the Earth, a story by Dean Wesley Smith, was adapted from the holonovel Captain Proton in the Star Trek universe. In the animated online franchise Homestar Runner many of the best-known features were spun off from each other. The best known was "Strong Bad Emails," which depicted the villain of the original story giving snarky answers to fan emails, but that in turn spawned several other long-running features which started out as figments of Strong Bad's imagination, including the teen-oriented cartoon parody "Teen Girl Squad" and the anime parody "20X6." One unique example is the Tyler Perry comedy/horror hit Boo! A Madea Halloween which originated as a parody of Tyler Perry films in the Chris Rock film Top 5.

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Sketch Show was a Japanese electronic music duo formed in 2002 by two of the three former members of Yellow Magic Orchestra, Haruomi Hosono and Yukihiro Takahashi. In some live shows, Ryuichi Sakamoto joined in band performances, which eventually led to the three readopting the YMO name in the latter half of the decade. "Similar to Yellow Magic Orchestra, Sketch Show's sound relies heavily on cutting-edge technology (synthesizers the first time, computers this time), but what sets the duo apart from thousands of other knob-twiddlers is the sense of songcraft and pop sensibility that they have consistently displayed over their careers. Both men sing and play traditional instruments [...]. While not genre-specific, Sketch Show's music is loosely categorized as electronica. The band released its debut album, Audio Sponge, in 2002, shortly after a well-received appearance at Takkyu Ishino's massive rave event, WIRE02. In addition to Hosono and Takahashi, the record featured collaborations with former YMO member Ryuichi Sakamoto and Towa Tei. Shows following the release of the record were instant sellouts.[...] In February 2003, the band released the mini-album Tronika, which featured remixes by Cornelius. Early that summer, they played a show-stealing slot at SONAR 2003 in Barcelona, and CYBERSONICA 03 in London. These shows were the first European appearances for Hosono and Takahashi in two decades. September 2003 saw the release of a live DVD, Wild Sketch Show Live 2002, featuring footage culled from a string of December 2002 performances at the legendary Shibuya-AX, and including a medley of YMO classics along with their new material. Toward the end of 2003, the band released their second album, LOOPHOLE. The album again featured collaborations with Sakamoto, and remixes by Cornelius and Safety Scissors." In 2004, Sketch Show performed live shows with Sakamoto under the name "Human Audio Sponge", or "HAS". Since 2005, Sketch Show has wound down, and in 2007, Hosono, Sakamoto and Takahashi released the single "Rescue / Rydeen 79/07" under the name "HASYMO", which was made in the style of Sketch Show's music, with heavier incorporation of live instruments. Since 2008, the combination of Hosono, Sakamoto and Takahashi performed together as "Yellow Magic Orchestra", continuing with what was developed as Sketch Show/Human Audio Sponge/HASYMO. However, new recorded material was not forthcoming. On January 11, 2023, Takahashi died at the age of 70, following a case of pneumonia. He had undergone surgery to remove a brain tumor in 2020 but continued to have health troubles that interfered with his musical activities in the intervening years.[45][46][47][48] Discography Albums EPs Singles Video albums Remix albums Appearances

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantus_(disambiguation)"}

Look up cantus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Cantus may refer to: Topics referred to by the same term

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshivat_Ohr_Yerushalayim"}

American Yeshivah Yeshivat Ohr Yerushalayim (ישיבת אור ירושלים) is an American yeshiva for the study of Torah. It caters to English-speaking students spending a year in Israel after high school. It is located on Moshav Beit Meir, 9 miles (14 km) west of Jerusalem. During the summer, the yeshiva houses the NCSY summer kollel program. Faculty The faculty is headed by Rabbi Noach Victor, who serves as the Rosh Yeshiva ("head/dean"), and comprises a large staff of rabbis.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Garc%C3%ADa_(canoeist)"}

Spanish canoeist Miguel García Fernández (born 6 February 1973, in Luanco) is a Spanish sprint canoer who competed in the early to mid-1990s. He won a bronze medal in the K-1 200 m at the 1994 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Mexico City. Garcia also competed in two Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of fifth in the K-4 1000 m event at Atlanta in 1996.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matugga"}

Ugndan town Place in Central Region of Uganda, Uganda Matugga is an urban centre in the Central Region of Uganda. The town is a rapidly developing residential neighborhood in Gombe division of Nansana municipality in Wakiso District. Location The town located in Matugga sub-county, Kyaddondo County, in Wakiso District. The area is surrounded by Kabunza, Kilyowa, Nasse, and Sanga sub–counties. It is situated on the tarmacked, all-weather Kampala–Gulu Highway. Matugga is located approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi), by road, north of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The geographical coordinates of the town are 0°27'37.0"N, 32°31'43.0"E (Latitude:0.460278; Longitude:32.528611). Overview Matugga is the starting point of the Matugga-Kapeeka Road, a 42 kilometres (26 mi) tarmacked road connecting the towns of Matugga, Gombe, Semuto, and Kapeeka. The highway traverses Wakiso District and Nakaseke District. The road was upgraded from gravel to bitumen in 2010 at an estimated cost of US$20 million. Sixty-five percent of the funding was provided by the government of Uganda, while 35 percent was provided by the Nordic Development Fund. The name Matugga was adopted from Fred Matugga who had a house on a hill in the town in the 1980s. When he died, the hill was named after him. Population In 2010, the town's population was estimated at 15,000, of whom about 60 percent were children below 18 years. Points of interest The following points of interest are within the town limits or close to the edges of town: 1. Offices of Matugga Town Council 2. Matugga Central Market 3. Busaawa-Mmanze Health Centre, a community health center administered by MACERUDET, a local NGO 4. Revival Life Center, a complex with a 450-pupil primary school, a 200-pupil secondary school, and a 150-pupil orphanage administered by Pastor Ivan Lugoloobi of Revival Ministries, a Pentecostal Church 5. Catholic Centre, a Catholic Church centre with St. Charles Lwanga Primary School administered by the Franciscan order of Greyfriars 6. Ladybird School, an 80-pupil elementary boarding school affiliated with the Ingleton Middle School in Ingleton, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom 7. Life in the Word Church, in Lwadda A cell, a pentecoatal Church, founded and led by Rev. Isaac Mugabi, a No Place Left Practitioner and movement trainer who has initiated several movements in Uganda. Prominent people

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American college football season The 1960 Penn Quakers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pennsylvania during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. A year after winning the Ivy League, Penn dropped to sixth place in 1960. In their first year under head coach John Stiegman, the Quakers compiled a 3–6 record and were outscored 149 to 104. George Koval was the team captain. Penn's 2–5 conference record was the sixth-best in the Ivy League standings. The Quakers were outscored 108 to 69 by Ivy opponents. Penn played its home games at Franklin Field adjacent to the university's campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Schedule

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaso"}

Town in Central Region, Ghana Diaso is a town in the Central region of Ghana. The Diaso Senior High School is located in the town. The school is a second cycle institution. Diaso is the capital of Asenkye kingdom of Denkyira with Odeneho Agyaa Ameyaw II from the Kona royal family as the king.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyle%C5%9B,_Lublin_Voivodeship"}

Village in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland Międzyleś [mʲɛnˈd͡zɨlɛɕ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tuczna, within Biała Podlaska County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Tuczna, 33 km (21 mi) south-east of Biała Podlaska, and 91 km (57 mi) north-east of the regional capital Lublin. The village has a population of 340.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naveh,_Israel"}

Place in Southern, Israel Naveh (Hebrew: נָוֶה) is a religious moshav in south-central Israel. Located near the Egyptian border, it falls under the jurisdiction of Eshkol Regional Council. In 2019 it had a population of 1,267. History The village was established in 2008 by former residents of Bnei Atzmon, an Israeli settlement in the Gaza Strip that was evacuated as part of the Israeli disengagement from Gaza. Many of the residents are followers of Rabbi Zvi Thau of Har Hamor yeshiva. Notable residents

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimaek"}

Korean fried chicken served with beer Chimaek (치맥; from Korean chikin 'fried chicken', and maekju 'beer') is a pairing of fried chicken (either plain huraideu or spicy yangnyeom) and beer, served as anju (English: food with alcohol) in the evening in many South Korean restaurants, including a number of specialized chains. Origin and popularization There is a historic record that indicates a similar recipe has existed in Korea since at least 600 years ago, but which was long forgotten until the late 2010s. Modern chimaek is believed to have been invented in late 20th century, but it is hard to pinpoint the exact time and place. From the roasted chicken that appeared in the early 1960s to the spicy chicken that was adapted to meet Korean tastes, South Korea has imported and developed a growing variety of chicken dishes. While chicken was gaining popularity, a new draft beer which appeared in the 1970s was also becoming very popular, and it became common for the two to be combined as a single menu item. Moreover, the 2002 Korea–Japan World Cup shed more light on the chimaek phenomenon, and the dish has also had a significant impact on Korean drinking culture. Today, fried chicken is one of the most popular dishes in Korea. It's so popular that Koreans created the word Chi-neunim, which is a compound word of chicken and God Haneunim in Korean. The concept of fried chicken was well-known in Korea since the early Joseon dynasty as Pogye (포계) as it appeared in the Sangayorok (산가요록) cookbook written in 1459. Chicken production increased 13 times as the nation's economy grew. With the introduction of cooking oil in Korea in 1971, chicken and oil were plentiful, which created an environment where people could eat more chicken. At this time, chicken and beer were sold together, which eventually led to the creation of chimaek. In the 1970s, manufacturing workers paid 3,400 South Korean won per chicken, but the price of a boiled chicken was ₩2,500, and 500 cc (18 imp fl oz; 17 US fl oz) of beer was ₩450. In 1977, the chicken brand Rims Chicken was founded. It was quite strange for Koreans to chop and fry chicken, but its popularity was enormous, especially around the holiday seasons.[citation needed] The word chicken and beer were not used in conjunction until 2002 with the Korea–Japan World Cup. Public parks would often have large screens to watch the games, and people would dress in red (the colour and nickname of the home team) and gather together to cheer for the World Cup, while eating chicken and drinking beer. The number of chicken restaurants increased from around 10,000 to 25,000 after the World Cup. Chimaek Street is planned to be built in Gimpo, South Korea. There is a prospect that various chicken restaurants will be gathered in one place and that world beer and various kinds of chicken will be a specialty of Gimpo city. There are many chimaek festivals in Korea, including the Seoul Chimaek Festival which is held in mid-October in downtown Seoul. It is an event to promote Korean food culture abroad by combining chicken and beer.[circular reference] In Daegu Metropolitan City, a chimaek festival was held in 2013. In 2013, a chimaek festival in Ningbo, China, drew some 400,000 visitors in its first three days. Outside Korea Chimaek is also popular in China because of the popular drama My Love From the Star, in which Cheon Song-i, the heroine, said "A snowy day is just perfect for our Chimaek time ..."; which triggered the phenomenon. Specialty chicken shops have been more numerous in China. Uploading pictures of oneself holding a chicken in one hand and a beer in the other on social networks became a trend. Since December 2014, Chinese people have been willing to wait an average of three hours in front of a Korean-brand chicken shop to enjoy chicken.[citation needed] At the time of the drama's airing, thousands of "Chicken Mac sets" were sold in Hangzhou,[citation needed] and Lotte Mart in China offered a 25 percent discount for a chicken and six cans of Tsingtao beer.[relevant?] Restaurants Demand for specialty chicken shops increased with the growing demands for chicken and beer. As of March 2014, Korea had 192 chicken franchise companies. About 10% of companies are known for unique recipes.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizete_da_Silva"}

Brazilian heptathlete Elizete Gomes da Silva (2 May 1971 – 22 September 2017) was a Brazilian athlete who competed in the heptathlon. She won multiple medals on the regional level. She retired from competition in 2009. Da Silva, along with her sister and two others, died in a traffic collision near Londrina on 22 September 2017. She was 46 years old. Competition record Personal bests

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_Atlantic_hurricane_season"}

Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean The 1887 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic hurricane season on record at the time in terms of number of known tropical storms formed, with 19. This total has since been equaled by 1995, 2010, 2011, and 2012. Four seasons have had more storms: 1933 (20), 2021 (21), 2005 (28), and 2020 (30). The 1887 season featured five off-season storms, with tropical activity occurring as early as May, and as late as December. It is also worthy of note that the volume of recorded activity was documented largely without the benefit of modern technology. Tropical cyclones during this era that did not approach populated areas or shipping lanes, especially if they were relatively weak and of short duration, may have remained undetected. Because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s, historical data on tropical cyclones from this period may not be comprehensive. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. Of the known 1887 cyclones, Tropical Storm One and Tropical Storm Three were first documented in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz. They also proposed large alterations to the known tracks of several of the other 1887 storms. Later re-analysis led to the known duration of Hurricane Six, and also that of Hurricane Fifteen, being increased. Eleven of the season's nineteen known storms attained hurricane status. However, only two of these storms became major hurricanes, with sustained winds of over 111 mph (179 km/h); the strongest reached peak winds of 125 mph (205 km/h), with a minimum barometric pressure of 946 mbar (27.9 inHg) off the East Coast of the United States in late August. Only a few of the storms during the 1887 season did not impact land, but there was a low number of deaths. Timeline Systems Tropical Storm One The first storm of the season formed south of Bermuda on May 15, outside of the season boundaries and moved to the northwest, staying out to sea. After peaking at 70 mph (110 km/h) late the next day, it turned northward, and became extratropical on May 18 over Newfoundland. Tropical Storm Two Another May storm formed south of Jamaica on May 17, way outside of the season and moved generally northward. It crossed Cuba on May 19 as a tropical storm, and moved out to sea. Two peaked at 60 mph (95 km/h) twice, once on May 18 and May 20. Two dissipated on May 21 in the Atlantic Ocean. When this storm and the first storm were active simultaneously from May 17 to May 18, it became the earliest for two storms to be active at one time. Tropical Storm Three A weak tropical storm, which began its life in the northwest Caribbean Sea on June 12. Three peaked at 40 mph (65 km/h) and moved northward through the Gulf of Mexico, and dissipated on June 14 after making landfall in Mississippi. It caused "some" loss of life. Hurricane Four On July 20 a tropical storm formed 150 miles southeast of Barbados. The next day it passed south of the island as a Category 1 hurricane and caused several vessels to be wrecked or to be run aground there. The hurricane continued westward into the Caribbean Sea, becoming a strong Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) on July 22. Although the hurricane passed far to the south of Cuba, it caused several vessels to sink at Batabanó and brought heavy rain and flooding to the islands interior. Continuing westward, the hurricane passed over the eastern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula before first turning northward and then northeasterly. It made landfall on the Florida panhandle on the morning of July 27 as a Category 1 hurricane, with a wind speed of 85 mph (140 km/h). The storm continued northward, as a tropical storm, before dissipating late on July 28 near Augusta, Georgia. The storm and its remnants brought heavy rain to the Southeast, up to 8 inches in Cedar Keys and a maximum of 16.5 inches (420 mm) at Union Point, Georgia. The cyclone caused extensive damage to the cotton crop throughout Georgia and Alabama. Tropical Storm Five Tropical Depression Five formed east of the Windward Islands on July 30 and moved northwestward across the Caribbean Sea, strengthening into a storm and reaching peak winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) on August 2 near St. Vincent before dissipating near Cuba six days later. Hurricane Six The season's first of two major hurricanes, both following a very similar Cape Verde-type hurricane path in mid-August, but remained offshore. Six formed on August 14 in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Six started moving toward the Carolina coast and moved far north and peaked as a 120 mph (190 km/h) & 967 mbar major hurricane on August 20, when rapid weakening began. Six was declared extratropical two days later. Hurricane Seven The season's second of two major hurricanes, both following a very similar Cape Verde-type hurricane path in mid-August, but remained offshore. Seven formed from a depression on August 18 into Tropical Storm Seven and followed the same track as Six. Seven peaked at 125 mph (205 km/h) winds for three straight days as a major hurricane and rapid weakening began. Seven was declared extratropical on August 27. Hurricane Eight On September 1, a tropical storm formed in the central Atlantic Ocean. It moved northwestward, becoming a hurricane on September 2. The hurricane turned to the northeast, and peaked at 105 mph (169 km/h) as a Category 2 hurricane before becoming extratropical on September 4. The extratropical storm remained until September 6, when it dissipated off the coast of Ireland. Hurricane Nine A hurricane, which was first observed on September 11 to the east of the Lesser Antilles, traversed the Caribbean Sea, remaining away from land until hitting extreme northeast Yucatán Peninsula on September 17. It moved across the Gulf of Mexico, and weakened slightly before landfall as it hit near Brownsville, Texas, on September 21 as an 85 mph (140 km/h) hurricane. The storm rapidly weakened over Texas and northeast Mexico, and dissipated on the 22nd. Rainfall was reported at 8 inches at Brownsville, Texas and on September 21 and 2.26 inches (57 mm) on September 22. Thirty-six hours of rainfall flooded low-lying areas and fourteen sailors were lost at sea. Hurricane Ten On September 14, the tenth storm formed in the central Atlantic Ocean and moved northward. The storm peaked at 80 mph (130 km/h) with pressure of 983 mbar on September 16. It started losing its tropical characteristics while northeast of Newfoundland on September 18 and was soon declared as an extratropical storm. Tropical Storm Eleven The eleventh tropical storm of the season developed in the western Caribbean Sea on October 6. The storm peaked at 60 mph (95 km/h), then started moving westward through the Yucatán Peninsula and Bay of Campeche. Eleven dissipated on October 9 after making its second landfall in Mexico. Tropical Storm Twelve A depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Twelve on October 8 and peaked at 70 mph (110 km/h) winds later that day. After passing over Bermuda, Twelve dissipated the next day. Twelve was the shortest lived storm in the 1887 season lasting only two days (October 8 & 9th). Hurricane Thirteen A tropical storm was first seen on October 9 to the northeast of the Lesser Antilles. It moved westward to cross Puerto Rico and Hispaniola, before strengthening into a hurricane while south of Cuba on October 12. The hurricane maintained a peak wind speed of 85 mph (137 km/h) for four days, from October 15 to October 19, whilst crossing the Gulf of Mexico. It struck the Louisiana coast near New Orleans on October 19 as a tropical storm. Considerable damage and some flooding were seen in New Orleans, trees were blown down in Algiers and there were significant amounts of crop damage in Abbeville and Iberville Parish. The storm swept across Georgia and the Carolinas before becoming dissipating at sea early on October 20. Around October 14, a storm moved over Belize, causing moderate crop damage and disruption in the southern part of the country. Because the 13th storm of the season existed at the same time to its northeast, this system was not included, though further research is under way to determine if it was a new storm or a variation of the 13th storm of the season. Hurricane Fourteen On October 10, a depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Fourteen and moved across the ocean. Fourteen peaked with 85 mph (140 km/h) winds as a Category 1 hurricane on October 11. On October 12, Fourteen weakened and was declared extratropical. Hurricane Fifteen A hurricane was recorded in the Atlantic Main Development Region on October 15 and on October 16, the system reached its peak intensity of 105 mph (169 km/h) and a estimated pressure of 975mb. The storm remained out at sea and gradually weakened until dissipating on October 19th. Tropical Storm Sixteen A tropical storm formed on October 27 and took a long, erratic track across the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Sixteen made landfall and moved across Florida as a tropical storm on October 30. Sixteen paralleled the Carolina coastline and peaked at a 70 mph (110 km/h) storm with a tropical pressure of 993 mbar on October 31. Sixteen was declared extratropical a day later and hit an extratropical peak of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a 990 mbar extratropical pressure. The storm dissipated on November 6. Sixteen caused a ship to capsize, killing two sailors, and resulted in the loss of four other ships. Hurricane Seventeen On November 27, a tropical storm formed north of Puerto Rico. It moved to the west-northwest, and looped to the northeast. While looping, it peaked at 80 mph (130 km/h), but rapid weakening began while the storm was moving to the northeast. The storm was last seen on December 4 in the open Atlantic Ocean. Hurricane Eighteen The 18th storm was first seen to the northeast of the Lesser Antilles on December 4. It moved northwestward at first, then turned to the northeast, strengthening into a hurricane on December 7 before rapid weakening began and Eighteen was declared an extratropical storm on December 9. Tropical Storm Nineteen The 19th and final tropical storm formed on December 7 and moved westward through the Caribbean Sea. Nineteen peaked in intensity on December 10 with 60 mph (95 km/h) winds. Nineteen passed by St. Vincent and continued westward until dissipating near the coast of Costa Rica on December 12. When Tropical Storm Nineteen formed on December 7, it made 1887 the year with the most off-season storms (five). At the time, Nineteen was the only tropical storm to pass over Costa Rica on record. In 2016, Hurricane Otto passed over Costa Rica as a minimal hurricane. However, prior to doing this Otto made landfall in extreme southern Nicaragua. Nineteen was the only tropical storm to make landfall until Tropical Storm Bonnie in 2022, which made landfall barely south of the Costa Rica-Nicaragua border.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthesis"}

Anthesis is the period during which a flower is fully open and functional. It may also refer to the onset of that period. The onset of anthesis is spectacular in some species. In Banksia species, for example, anthesis involves the extension of the style far beyond the upper perianth parts. Anthesis of flowers is sequential within an inflorescence, so when the style and perianth are different colours, the result is a striking colour change that gradually sweeps along the inflorescence. Flowers with diurnal anthesis generally are brightly colored in order to attract diurnal insects, such as butterflies. Flowers with nocturnal anthesis generally are white or less colorful, and as such, they contrast more strongly with the night. These flowers typically attract nocturnal insects including many moth species.

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Time-Lapse Consortium was an American band formed in 2003. Their sound is described as psychedelic, jazz, and funk. The group consists of current Incubus members Mike Einziger on guitar, Jose Pasillas on drums, Ben Kenney on bass (although he was not a member of Incubus at the time of joining Time Lapse Consortium), Neal Evans of Soulive on Organ, and Suzie Katayama contributing on string arrangements. Biography Time-Lapse Consortium was created in 2003 by Einziger after his main group Incubus took a break after supporting their 2001 release Morning View. Einziger describes his ideas on the band's Myspace page. "Time-Lapse Consortium is an idea that had been swirling around in my brain for quite some time. For years I've been fascinated by the great bandleaders and arrangers of the 50s and 60s. People such as Quincy Jones, Esquivel, Sérgio Mendes, etc.... With all of those instruments, it's like being able to paint a picture with many different colors. It's a very different experience from writing music for a standard rock and roll setup." The band performed their first show at the Roxy Theater in Hollywood, California on January 24, 2003. Despite only three days of rehearsal beforehand, the band played before an excited and packed crowd. The show was recorded, and shortly thereafter 10,000 CDs were released to ShopBootlegs.com by Epic Records, all of which were sold quickly. They performed again on August 29, 2003, at the Knitting Factory in New York City. The musicians returned to their respective projects after the show, but thanks to the continued popularity of Incubus and music downloading the album continues to have a strong following and a growing fanbase. "A Certain Shade of Green" by Incubus was played in the same style as heard on Monuments and Melodies, also appeared on Time Lapse Consortium's album entitled Live at the Roxy Theater in 2003 (albeit an electric version). Brandon Boyd was the featured "guest" singer. Track listing

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rados%C5%82aw_Janukiewicz"}

Polish footballer Radosław Janukiewicz (Polish pronunciation: [ra.ˈdɔs.waf ˌja.nu.ˈkʲɛ.vit͡ʂ]; born 5 May 1984) is a Polish footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Pomorzanin Nowogard. Club career On 13 February 2008 Śląsk Wrocław announced that the player had signed a four-year contract with Skoda Xanthi transferring him to the Greek club at the end of the season and that he would spend the remainder of 2007–08 on loan at Zagłębie Lubin. However, the contract with Skoda was terminated before the start of the new season. On 28 February 2009 he joined GKP Gorzów Wielkopolski, signing a half-year contract. On 31 March 2017, Janukiewicz signed for Norwegian side Strømsgodset on loan. On 26 August 2020, he joined Pomorzanin Nowogard. International career Janukiewicz was called up to the Poland national football team on one occasion in 2014 for a friendly against Germany, but remained on the bench.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sun,_Red_Moon"}

Black Sun, Red Moon is the first novel by British author Rory Marron. It is published in two parts, with the second part titled Merdeka Rising. The novel is set in Java at the end of World War II preceding the Indonesian War of Independence. Japan is about to surrender and the Imperial officers stationed in Indonesia must make decisions about the Dutch colony they took over. Indonesian rebel leaders want Japan to grant their country independence before the Japanese surrender. Meanwhile, Dutch leaders expect British forces to help them recover their colony.

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Casey Wei (born 1985) is a Vancouver based artist working on multidisciplinary art, film and music. Life Casey Wei was born in 1985 in Shanghai. She finished her MFA degree in SFU in 2012 and made her first film Murky Colors which was based on her father Menjin Wei’s novel. In 2014, her video work Vater und Sohn/Father and Son/父与子 (2014) was screened in The Cinematheque as part of the DIM cinema program. In Wei’s film, she explored the relationship between family, memories and history by collaging self-shoot and appropriated footage. Work Art practice Started in film making, Casey Wei has gone on to work across disciplines such as music, art and performance. In 2015, she started the label Agony Klub which includes music and printed matter under the framework of “popularesoteric”, as a space to push the boundary between rock show and gallery. In 2017, Casey Wei held an event called Karaoke Video Maker Free Store that provided music video making for visitors. Selected performative art Selected Film Selected Music Selected Publication Selected Event Curator

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Dir_District"}

District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan Upper Dir District (Pashto: بر دير ولسوالۍ, Urdu: ضلع دیر بالا) is a district in Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. The city of Dir is the district headquarters. Badogai Pass connects it to Utror. At the time of independence, Dir was a princely state ruled by Nawab Shah Jehan Khan. It was merged with Pakistan in 1969 and later on declared as a district in 1970. In 1996, the Dir District was divided into Upper and Lower Dir districts. This district is situated in the northern part of Pakistan. It borders Chitral district and Afghanistan on the north and northwest and Swat district to the east, and on the south by Lower Dir District.People of Dir are very hospitable. Dir is also called The Land of Hospitality and Brave People. History The British Raj honored Muhammad sharif Khan as Nawab of Dir in 1898 . By declaring his allegiance to the British Raj, Khan/Nawab, once exiled to Afghanistan by Umara Khan Mastkhel was seated as Nawab of Dir. He was succeeded by his son Nawab Aurang Zeb in 1904, who ruled until his death in 1925. His son Sir Shah Jehan succeeded him and ruled the state for 35 long years. He was dethroned and kept in house arrest in Lahore until his death in 1966 . He was succeeded by Mohammad Shah Khisro Khan. He left all the business at the mercy of his advisor, a man deputed by the Govt:of Pakistan to mould the state into a settled district through gradual implementation of laws. In 1969, it was merged as a district with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In 1996, Dir District was divided into two districts-Lower and Upper Dir- with Timergara and Dir as their respective headquarters. Demographics At the time of the 2017 census the district had a population of 947,401, of which 466,594 were males and 480,766 females. Rural population was 903,301 (95.35%) while the urban population was 44,100 (4.65%). The literacy rate was 46.09% - the male literacy rate was 64.84% while the female literacy rate was 28.85%. 471 people in the district were from religious minorities. Pashto was the predominant language, spoken by 90.78% of the population. Other languages, mainly various Kohistani languages, are spoken by 8.60% of the population. Administration Upper Dir District has 3 Tehsils. National Assembly This district is represented by one elected MNA (Member of National Assembly) in Pakistan National Assembly. Its constituency is NA-5 (Upper Dir). Provincial Assembly Towns Except for Dir and a number of rapidly growing bazaar towns along the main roads, the population is rural, scattered in more than 1200 villages in the deep narrow valleys of the Panjkora and its tributaries. Of these, notable villages are Division of Dir Popular places

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Qatari footballer Saoud Al-Ali (Arabic:محمد العبد الله) (born 29 October 1989) is a Qatari footballer. He currently plays as a midfielder . Career He formerly played for Al-Rayyan, El Jaish, Al-Kharaitiyat, Al-Shamal, and Lusail .

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_South_Africa"}

Television in South Africa was introduced in 1976. South Africa was relatively late in introducing television broadcasting to its population. History Opposition to introduction The first proposal to introduce television in South Africa was made by The Rank Organisation in 1953, but this was rejected by the National Party government. Even though the state-controlled South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) had a virtual monopoly on radio broadcasting, it also saw the new medium as a threat to Afrikaans and the Afrikaner volk, giving undue prominence to English, and creating unfair competition for the Afrikaans press. Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd compared television with atomic bombs and poison gas, claiming that "they are modern things, but that does not mean they are desirable. The government has to watch for any dangers to the people, both spiritual and physical." Dr. Albert Hertzog, Minister for Posts and Telegraphs at the time, argued that "the effect of wrong pictures on children, the less developed and other races can be destructive". Declaring that TV would come to South Africa "over [his] dead body," Hertzog denounced it as "only a miniature bioscope which is being carried into the house and over which parents have no control." He also argued that "South Africa would have to import films showing race mixing; and advertising would make Africans dissatisfied with their lot." However, many white South Africans, including some Afrikaners, did not share Hertzog's hostility towards what he called "the little black box". When Neil Armstrong became the first man to set foot on the Moon in 1969, South Africa was one of the few countries unable to watch the event live, prompting one newspaper to remark, "The moon film has proved to be the last straw… The situation is becoming a source of embarrassment for the country." In response to public demand, the government arranged limited viewings of the landing, in which people were able to watch recorded footage for 15 minutes. The opposition United Party pointed out that even less economically advanced countries in Africa had already introduced television. In addition, neighbouring Southern Rhodesia had introduced its own television service in 1960, the first country in Africa south of the equator to do so. Known as Rhodesia Television (RTV), its major shareholders were South African companies, including the Argus Group of newspapers through its subsidiary, the Rhodesian Printing and Publishing Company, and Davenport and Meyer, the latter of which operated LM Radio, based in Mozambique, then under Portuguese rule. Commenting on Rhodesia's experience with television, Ivor Benson, who served as Director of the Government Information Department under Ian Smith, remarked that the South African government "had been wise to stand firm against a great deal of well-organised pressure and to insist on waiting until some means might be found of separating television from some of the evils which have attended it in other countries". In the absence of television in South Africa, a radio version of the British television series The Avengers was produced by Sonovision for SABC's commercial network, Springbok Radio, in 1972. While it only ran for eighteen months, the radio series proved highly popular. In 1968, the government's opposition to the introduction of television began to soften after Hertzog was removed as Minister for Posts and Telegraphs by Prime Minister John Vorster. In 1971, it appointed a "Commission of Inquiry into Matters Relating to Television", headed by Piet Meyer, chairman of the Afrikaner Broederbond, and later of the SABC. A majority of its members, of whom nine were Broederbond members, recommended that a television service be introduced, provided that "effective control" was exercised "to the advantage of our nation and country". The commission also argued that people in South Africa would eventually be able to receive foreign television broadcasts via satellite, thereby bypassing government censorship, and that this should be pre-empted through the introduction of a domestic service. In addition, it would be inconceivable that the Publications Control Board would be able to censor each video cassette that came into the country when they became available in mass quantities. Introduction of television In 1971, the SABC was finally allowed to introduce a television service. Initially, the proposal was for two television channels, one in English and Afrikaans, aimed at white audiences, and another, known as TV Bantu, aimed at black viewers. However, when television was finally introduced, there was only one channel with airtime divided evenly between English and Afrikaans, alternating between the two languages. Test transmissions in Johannesburg began on 5 May 1975, followed in July by ones in Cape Town and Durban. Nationwide services finally commenced on 5 January 1976. In common with most of Western Europe, South Africa used the PAL system for colour television, being only the second terrestrial television service in sub-Saharan Africa to launch with a colour-only service, Zanzibar in Tanzania having introduced the first such service in 1973. (Tanzania itself did not establish a television service until the early 1990s, similarly concerned about the expense and perceived threat to cultural norms). The Government, advised by SABC technicians, took the view that colour television would have to be available so as to avoid a costly migration from black-and-white broadcasting technology. Initially, the TV service was funded entirely through a licence fee as in the UK, charged at R36. However, advertising began on 1 January 1978. On 1 January 1982, two services were introduced, TV2 broadcasting in Zulu and Xhosa and TV3 broadcasting in Sotho and Tswana, aimed at a black urban audience. In 1985, a new service called TV4 was introduced, carrying sports and entertainment programming, using the TV2 and TV3 broadcast channels, which then had to end transmission at 9:00 pm. In 1992, TV2, TV3 and TV4 were combined into a new service called CCV (Contemporary Community Values). A third channel was introduced known as TSS, or Topsport Surplus Sport, Topsport being the brand name for the SABC's sport coverage, but this was replaced by NNTV (National Network TV), an educational, non-commercial channel, in 1994. The main channel, now called TV1, was divided evenly between English and Afrikaans, as before. It also became available in Walvis Bay, an enclave of South Africa in Namibia, which was itself then under South African administration, with a live feed of the channel broadcast via Intelsat being retransmitted on a local low-power repeater. In 1986, the SABC's monopoly was challenged by the launch of a subscription-based service known as M-Net, backed by a consortium of newspaper publishers on 1 October. However, as part of M-Netʼs licensing restrictions, it could not broadcast news programmes, which were still the preserve of the SABC, although M-Net started broadcasting a current affairs programme called Carte Blanche in 1988. As the state-controlled broadcaster, the SABC was accused of bias towards the apartheid regime, giving only limited coverage to opposition politicians. Programming Imported programming Many imported programmes were dubbed into Afrikaans, some of the first being the British detective series The Sweeney (known in Afrikaans as Blitspatrollie) and Van der Valk, as well as the puppet series Thunderbirds. However, in July 1986, in order to accommodate English speakers, the SABC began to simulcast the original soundtrack of American series on an FM radio service called Radio 2000. These included Miami Vice (known as Misdaad in Miami), The Six Million Dollar Man, (Steve Austin: Die Man van Staal) and Beverly Hills, 90210. This also applied to German and Dutch programmes dubbed in Afrikaans, such as the German detective series Derrick, and the Dutch soap opera Medisch Centrum West, known in Afrikaans as Hospitaal Wes Amsterdam. Similarly, many programmes, such as The Jeffersons, were dubbed into Zulu. Owing to South Africa's apartheid policies, the British Actors' Equity Association started a boycott of programme sales to South Africa, which, combined with a similar boycott by Australia, meant that South African TV was dominated by programming from the United States. As a result, it was only after the end of apartheid that the boycott was lifted and non-US programming became much more widely available. However, some US production companies such as Lorimar, withdrew series like Knots Landing and Falcon Crest from South African circulation, while the transmission of the Academy Awards ceremony to South Africa was also banned. Local programming The first locally produced TV programmes in South Africa were in English and Afrikaans. English-language programmes include the family drama series The Dingleys and The Villagers, as well as comedy series Biltong and Potroast, featuring South African and British comedians, and variety programme The Knicky Knacky Knoo Show. Other programmes were the children's series Bangalory Time, music series Pop Shop and sports programme Sportsview. Afrikaans programmes included the comedy series Nommer Asseblief and Die Bosveldhotel, which were later made into feature films. Children's programmes included puppet shows, such as Haas Das se Nuuskas and Liewe Heksie. Other programmes in Afrikaans were the sports programme Sportfokus music programme Musik en Liriek. However, it was the Zulu-language comedy, 'Sgudi 'Snaysi, which achieved the SABC's highest viewing figures in the late 1980s. It was also shown in Zimbabwe and Swaziland. The drama series Shaka Zulu, based on the true story of the Zulu warrior King Shaka, was shown around the world in the 1980s, but this was only possible because the SABC had licensed the series to a US distributor. Since the end of apartheid, some South African-produced programmes have been shown internationally, such as SABC 3's scifi/drama series Charlie Jade, a co-production between the Imaginarium and Canada's CHUM, which has been broadcast in over 20 countries, including Japan, France, South Korea, and in the United States on the Sci-Fi Channel. M-Net's soap opera Egoli: Place of Gold, was shown in 43 African countries, and was even exported to Venezuela, where it was dubbed in Spanish. Political change Following the easing of media censorship under State President F. W. de Klerk, the SABC's news coverage moved towards being more objective, although many feared that once the African National Congress (ANC) came to power, the SABC would revert to type and serve the government of the day. However, starting on March 15, 1993, the SABC also carried CNN International after regular transmission ended, throughout the night, thereby giving South African viewers new sources of international news. On 4 February 1996, two years after the ANC came to power, the SABC reorganised its three TV channels, so as to be more representative of different language groups. This resulted in the downgrading of Afrikaans' status by reducing its airtime from 50% to 15%, a move that alienated many Afrikaans speakers. SABC TV programmes in Afrikaans and other languages are now subtitled in English, but programmes in English are not usually subtitled in other languages, the perception being that all South Africans understand English. Previously, subtitling was confined to productions such as operas and operettas. It was not used on TV1, on the assumption that most viewers understood both Afrikaans and English, nor on CCV, despite presenters using two or more different languages during a single segment. New services The launch of PanAmSat's PAS-4 satellite saw the introduction of Ku band direct-broadcast satellite broadcasting services on 2 October 1995, soon after MultiChoice launched DStv. Two years later the SABC launched its ill-fated satellite channels, AstraPlus and AstraSport which were intended to catapult the corporation into the Pay TV market called AstraSat but a lack of financial backers and initial insistence on using analogue technology as opposed to digital technology resulted in failure. The SABC's monopoly on free-to-air terrestrial television was broken with the introduction of privately owned channel e.tv in 1998. e.tv also provided the first local television news service outside of the SABC stable, although M-Net's parent company, MultiChoice, offers services such as CNN International, BBC World News and Sky News via direct-broadcast satellite as part of its paid offering. The first 24-hour local business channel, CNBC Africa was launched in 2007 with eight hours of local programming and the remainder pulled from other CNBC affiliates. CNBC Africa competes with Summit, a business television station owned by media group Avusa, which broadcasts only during evening prime time. Both stations are available only on the MultiChoice direct-to-home platform, although the inclusion of CNBC Africa in the offering of new satellite players seems a near certainty. In November 2007 regulators announced the award of four new broadcast licences after a process that saw 18 applications. The successful applicants were Walking on Water, a dedicated Christian service, On Digital Media, a broad-spectrum entertainment offering, e.sat, a satellite service from e.tv, and Telkom Media, a company 66% owned by telecommunications operator Telkom Group Ltd. The MultiChoice licence was renewed at the same time. e.sat decided not to launch services but rather adopt a content provider business model. e.sat launched eNCA, a 24-hour news channel, in 2008 on the MultiChoice platform. Telkom Media, which was also granted an IPTV licence, decided in April 2009 not to pursue the launch of television services as its parent company Telkom did not believe adequate investment returns could be achieved, ad was liquidated. The remaining licensees were expected to be operational by late 2009 and all will operate direct-to-home services using standard small-aperture satellite dishes. On Digital Media announced on 18 March 2010 that it would be launching TopTV in May 2010 as a second pay satellite TV competitor. TopTV would offer a total of 55 channels with 25 channels in its basic offering. On 30 April 2013, shareholders of On Digital Media voted to approve China-based company StarTimes taking over a 20% share of ODM. By doing so, StarTimes effectively acquired a 65% economic interest in ODM.[citation needed] The vote also included adoption of a business rescue plan.[citation needed] TopTV was officially rebranded as StarSat on 31 October 2013.[citation needed] The new packages and channels associated with the new brand were made available on 1 December 2013. On 15 October 2013, eMedia Investments launched South Africa's first free to view platform Openview consisting of 18 channels including additional e.tv channels.[citation needed] From 1 May 2021, PremiumFree TV launches in the market to serve as a rival to the Openview platform.[citation needed] Community television Another model of public service television, called community television, was introduced to South Africa in the early 1990s. The impulse for this form of television in South Africa arose from a desire to overcome the divisions and imbalances in broadcasting resulting from apartheid. An important conference held in the Netherlands in 1991 saw a broad range of NGOs and Community Groups resolve that the full diversity of the country should be expressed in its broadcasting. Subsequently, community television was introduced to South Africa by legislation known as the Independent Broadcasting Authority Act of 1993. The act enabled three tiers of broadcasting, these being public, commercial, and community. While many community radio stations sprang up from that time, initially in Durban and Cape Town, community television was enabled only for temporary event licences of up to four weeks in duration. It was only after the national broadcasting regulator, the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA), promulgated its position paper on community television in 2004, that longer term licences of up to one year were enabled. This licensing regime was changed in 2010 when the duration for class licences was set at seven years. Community television stations must, by law, a) serve a particular community; b) be run by a non-profit organisation; and c) involve members of the community in the selection and production of programming. Issues of frequency availability are complicated by the migration to digital broadcasting. This led ICASA declaring a moratorium on considering new community TV licence applications in March 2010. The first community television station to get a one-year licence was Soweto TV in 2007. The station serves the southern Johannesburg region and principally Soweto, it is also available by satellite on the MultiChoice platform. The second community television licence was Cape Town TV, first licensed in 2008. The station serves the greater Cape Town metro. It broadcasts locally in Cape Town on two analogue frequencies from a transmitter on the Tygerberg site and is also carried nationally throughout South Africa and Lesotho on the DStv pay-TV platform. In 2013, Alex TV launched on the Openview platform serving residents of Gauteng and lasted two years. After a while, its runner-up GauTV made its way to the DStv platform. In 2015 there are five licensed community TV broadcasters in South Africa. In addition to the above-mentioned services there is Bay TV in Port Elizabeth, Tshwane TV in Pretoria and 1KZN TV in Richards Bay. All of these channels have seven-year 'class' licenses. In 2014 these channels collectively reached an audience of around 12 million viewers and all are carried both terrestrially on local analogue frequencies as well as nationally on pay-TV platforms, principally DStv. Digital technology The first digital television implementation in South Africa was a satellite-based system launched by pay-TV operator MultiChoice in 1995. On 22 February 2007, the South African government announced that the country's public TV operators would be broadcasting in digital by 1 November 2008, followed by a three-year dual-illumination period which would end on 1 November 2011. On 11 August 2008, the Department of Communications announced its Broadcasting Digital Migration Policy. The policy will govern the switchover from analogue to digital transmission, and states that the department will provide funding to the national signal distributor Sentech to begin the migration process according to the published timetable. The timetable is phased as follows which is a delay of 4 years from the original one proposed: The government had a goal to have digital television as well as mobile television up and running in time for the South Africa-hosted 2010 FIFA World Cup, but ran into political complications, along with private broadcasters agitating for certain television standards. On 14 January 2011, the South African Department of Communications chose the European standard DVB-T2 as the digital television standard in South Africa, following the trend in this direction of several African nations. Satellite television South African-based MultiChoice's DStv is the main digital satellite television provider in Sub-Saharan Africa, broadcasting principally in English, but also in Portuguese, Hindi, German and Afrikaans. In May 2010, On Digital Media launched the TopTV satellite television service. It offers a number of South African and international television channels and broadcasts principally in English, but also in Hindi, Portuguese and Afrikaans. The platform rebranded into Starsat later in 2013. In October 2013, eMedia Investments launched its free-to-view platform Openview offering both local and international programming. Other technologies There are no cable television networks in South Africa, because maintaining a cable network is expensive due to the need to cover larger and more sparsely populated areas. MMDS was previously used in South Africa for business and educational TV services, but since the introduction of Ku-band satellite transmissions in 1995, most MMDS transmitters have been dismantled. Most-viewed channels Source: South African Audience Research Foundation (June 2013)

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Alaska_Milkmen_season"}

Basketball team season The 1993 Alaska Milkmen season was the eighth season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). Draft picks Summary Alaska lost their first game of the season to Swift, but got an impressive showing from promising rookies Johnny Abarrientos and Johnedel Cardel. The Milkmen had an even 4-4 won-loss card when they were beaten by Sta.Lucia and ousted from the next round by Swift in the All-Filipino Cup. It was the third straight time the Milkmen failed to make past the eliminations. Their import from last season, Winston Crite, declined to return and Alaska had to settle for Kenny Battle, a first round pick of the Detroit Pistons in 1989 and had stops with four NBA teams, as their import for the Commissioner’s Cup. Battle led Alaska all the way into the last day of the semifinal round on August 22 when the Milkmen were locked in a four-way race in a playoff for the second finals berth along with Shell, San Miguel and Purefoods. All four teams carry a 10-8 won-loss card. Alaska lost to Purefoods Oodles, 80-105, in their do-or-die game. Resident import Sean Chambers played three games for Alaska in the Governor's Cup, leading the Milkmen to an opening day 102-98 win against Ginebra on September 26. The Milkmen lost their next two games and Chambers, hurting on his foot, temporarily given his spot to his recommended Rodney Fuller, who was below six feet and was replaced by Rodney Monroe after four games. Monroe played one game in Alaska's 87-91 loss to Purefoods in Iloilo City on October 23 and a contract dispute led to Monroe leaving. Sean Chambers was back from the injured list and scored a career-high 63 points upon his return as Alaska defeated Ginebra, 130-117 on October 26. The Milkmen were eliminated from the semifinal round when they lost to Swift, 97-100, in their last game on November 2. Roster Transactions Trades Additions Subtractions Recruited imports

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Character class in roleplaying games The Ranger is one of the standard playable character classes in most editions of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.[page needed] Rangers are skilled bushcraftsmen/woodcraftsmen, and often lived reclusive lives as hermits. Publication history Creative origins The ranger was primarily based on the character Aragorn, and the Rangers of the North of J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth mythos, as warriors who use tracking and other wilderness skills to hunt down their enemies.[citation needed] The AD&D second edition handbook mentions several other inspirations from myth and legend, such as Robin Hood, Jack the Giant Killer, the huntress Diana, and the Greek hero Orion. Other notable rangers in the literature of Dungeons & Dragons include Hank from the cartoon series, King Tristan Kendrick from Forgotten Realms, and Ren from Pool of Radiance.[citation needed] Original Dungeons & Dragons The ranger was introduced in The Strategic Review volume 1, number 2. Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 1st edition The ranger was one of the standard character-classes available in the original Player's Handbook, one of five subclasses. The first edition rangers were a subtype of the fighters, using any weapon and wearing any armor, but they gained extra attacks at a slower rate than fighters and paladins. Unlike other warriors, the ranger used d8 hit dice instead of d10s, but had a second hit die at 1st level and maxed out at 11 hit dice instead of nine. Rangers also had extensive tracking abilities, based on a percentage score, and were able to surprise opponents on a roll of 1–3 on a d6 (rather than a 1–2) while they themselves could only be surprised on a 1. Rangers gained limited spell use at level 8, acquiring 1st–3rd level druid spells and 1st and 2nd level magic-user spells (two per level maximum). Rangers were most effective when fighting giants and humanoids (such as orcs), gaining a +1 to damage per level against these opponents. High level rangers gained followers, ranging in type and power from classed player-character races, to creatures such as pegasus mounts, pseudodragons, werebears, copper dragons and storm giants. As a general rule, the fewer followers a ranger gained (based on random dice rolls) the more powerful each individual follower was.[citation needed] Rangers were required to be of good alignment, and were initially limited to humans and half-elves. The only multi-class option open to rangers was the ranger/cleric, allowed to half-elves. Basic Dungeons & Dragons The ranger was not available as a character class in the game's "Basic" edition. However, the Best of Dragon Magazine volumes 2–3 contained variant rules for rangers for this version, including spell lists, henchmen, and tracking ability. Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd Edition Rangers went through several changes in the 2nd edition. Their hit dice were changed to match fighters and paladins. Rangers could still wear any armor, but several of their new abilities required the use of light armor, including the skill to use two weapons without penalty and the thief-like abilities of move-silently and hide-in-shadows. The class retained its tracking abilities but the ability was based on a skill check instead of a percentage roll. Rangers also gained an animal empathy ability which allowed them to calm frightened or hostile animals. Instead of gaining a damage bonus against all giant and humanoid monsters, the ranger focused on a specific creature, which did not have to be of giant or humanoid stock. The class's spell abilities were also limited to 1st–3rd level priest spells from the plant and animal spheres. Higher level rangers could recruit various woodland animals, mythical creatures (such as the treant, pegasus, and pixie), and classed characters including druids, clerics, or other rangers as followers. Although Rangers were generally Good-aligned, an evil version was featured with the Paka, a race of shape-shifting feline humanoids native to Ravenloft who are hostile to mankind. Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition The 3rd edition of Dungeons & Dragons saw more changes to the ranger. The species enemy was now called favored enemy, and the ranger was allowed to select additional enemies during advancement. The class retained its spellcasting ability, but gained it much earlier, and had its own spell list. The nature of the ranger's companions also changed significantly. Instead of gaining multiple followers the ranger gained a single animal companion, and at an earlier level than in previous editions. The race and alignment restrictions of the earlier editions were dropped, allowing evil rangers for the first time. Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition Rangers in the 4th edition retained their ability to specialize in archery or two weapon fighting. Rangers had the striker role, specializing in single-target damage, as well as mobility. They had the martial power source, and, like all martial classes, their powers were called exploits. Their special abilities made them better suited to hit and run tactics and focusing on a single opponent. Other abilities allowed the ranger to aid his companions with skill checks and avoiding ambushes. Dungeons & Dragons Essentials The Essentials rulebook Heroes of the Forgotten Kingdoms presented two alternate versions of the ranger, the hunter and the scout. The hunter focused on ranged attacks, while the scout focused on melee attacks. Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition The ranger was included as a character class in the 5th edition Player's Handbook (2014). Rangers are a half caster class in 5th edition, gaining limited spellcasting. Their features and spells focus on exploration, survival skills, and tracking foes. At third level, players chose from one of two ranger archetypes: the Hunter, and the Beast Master. The hunter archetype gains combative capabilities, while the beast master gains an animal companion to control. Several sourcebooks since the launch of 5th edition have expanded the number of ranger archetype options. Xanathar's Guide to Everything (2017) added three more ranger archetypes: the Gloom Stalker, Horizon Walker and Monster Slayer. The Gloom Stalker focuses upon hiding in areas of low light, the Horizon Walker gains access to certain teleportation features, and the Monster Slayer becomes adept at attacking certain studied foes. Tasha's Cauldron of Everything (2020) added two more archetypes: Fey Wanderer and Swarmkeeper. In 2016, due to criticisms of the ranger as presented in the Player's Handbook (2014), the "Revised Ranger" class was released as part of the Unearthed Arcana playtest. This playtest version "made some of the ranger's core abilities easier to use and specifically fixed how a ranger uses its animal companion, giving a ranger the animal at Level 3 and allowing a ranger to attack with both its weapon and the animal on the same turn". However, this new version of the class is not legal for organized play such as in the Adventurer's League. Since the release of the "Revised Ranger", Jeremy Crawford, Co-Lead Designer of the 5th Edition, has reiterated multiple times that there no plans to release an official alternate version of the class. One D&D Playtesting for the next version of Ranger was announced. Reception Screen Rant rated the ranger class as the least powerful class of the base 12 character classes in the 5th edition. "The reason this class gets the lowest ranking is because it forces players to be kind of specific. Being able to have a favored enemy and terrain is kind of cool because the character gets all sorts of bonuses, but if the Ranger is good, say, in the Underdark fighting aberrations, but the DM has set the adventure in a desert ruin somewhere, well, those bonuses won't do much good. That being said, the Revised Ranger stats help balance this out a little bit. Players don't have to be as specific, but still". In 2018, Christian Hoffer, for ComicBook, wrote that "many current D&D fans believe that the ranger class is the weakest in the game, due to a combination of poor class-specific abilities and weak damage output. The 'Beast Master' ranger subclass is the most criticized version of the ranger [...]. While not official, many fans preferred the Revised Ranger to the original Ranger class found in the Player's Handbook". Hoffer also highlighted Crawford's reiteration that the ranger class would not change and wrote "surprisingly, Crawford's comment became the flashpoint for tons of D&D debate over the weekend on various boards and forums, with players debating the merits of the core Ranger class and the revisions seemingly discarded by the D&D team. [...] Unless you're playing in an Adventurer's League game, it's ultimately up to the DM whether or not you can use the Revised Ranger rules. Homebrewing is extremely common in Dungeons & Dragons, and there's nothing stopping home games from using a Revised Ranger to their heart's content". In 2019, Jeremy Thomas, for 411Mania, wrote that "the Ranger has long been a source of criticism for D&D players in Fifth Edition, who have argued that the Beast Master subclass in particular is underpowered. Wizards even released a Revised Ranger class, which would potentially be an optional take on the class and not replace the core version". The Gamer rated the 5th edition ranger subclass Horizon Walker as the 8th most awesome subclass out of the 32 new character options in Xanathar’s Guide to Everything. Gus Wezerek, for FiveThirtyEight, reported that of the 5th edition "class and race combinations per 100,000 characters that players created on D&D Beyond from" August 15 to September 15, 2017, rangers were the 6th most created at 8,887 total. Elf (3,076) was the most common racial combination followed by human (1,715) and then half-elf (891). Elf ranger was the second most created character out of all the class and race combinations.

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Photograbber (original title Photomateurs) is an 18-minute French live action short film (with English subtitles) written and directed by Pascal Tosi. Synopsis Set in 1952, this is a tale about a unique camera that captures reality. When the photos rebel against the photographer (a charming, henpecked toymaker) a battle begins. Cast and characters Technical team Awards Official selections

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Thorburn"}

Newfoundland merchant and politician (1836–1906) Sir Robert Thorburn (March 28, 1836 – April 12, 1906) was a British-born Newfoundland merchant and politician who served as the colony's Premier from 1885 to 1889. Life Born in Scotland, Thorburn emigrated to Newfoundland in 1852 when he was sixteen. From 1870 to 1885 and again from 1893 to 1906 he was a member of the colony's appointed Legislative Council, the Upper House of Newfoundland's parliament. Thorburn was an opponent of Sir William Whiteway's plans to build a cross-Newfoundland railway as a means of diversifying and industrialising the economy. Thorburn, a leading merchant, argued that the colony should be developed along strict commercial lines based on the fisheries. Traditionally, Newfoundland politics had been divided along sectarian lines with Catholics supporting the Liberals and Protestants supporting the Conservative Party of Newfoundland. Whiteway, however, who had been elected as a Conservative with the support of Protestants had lost the support of much of the business community with his support of the railway over the fishery and reached out to the Catholic Liberals In order to stay in power creating a cross denominational coalition. Thorburn created the New Party to represent the interest of St. John's businessmen. The Harbour Grace Affray, an 1883 sectarian melee between Irish Catholics of Riverhead and the Southside of Harbour Grace who confronted a parade of Orangemen. The resulting battle killed five and wounded seventeen. The riot strained relations between Catholics and Protestants and led to the collapse of Whiteway's government when Protestants deserted it. The religious violence gave Thorburn an opportunity. He joined with Orangemen and Protestants who had deserted Whiteway's government in the wake of the riot to create a new party, the Reform Party as a Protestant Rights organization and swept to power in the 1885 election making Thorburn the new premier. In power, Thorburn's government turned away from the sectarian agenda that had brought it to power and implemented Thorburn's real agenda, the rejection of the railway plan and focussing on developing the economy along the fishers. An economic downturn was exacerbated by the colony's one industry economy forcing Thorburn to belatedly reverse himself and implement a public works agenda. It was too late, however, and Thorburn was defeated in 1889 by Whiteway and his new Liberal Party which had been created to promote the railway plan. The Reform Party collapsed and a new Tory Party emerged from its ashes but was only able to hold power twice for brief periods before disappearing.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visionary_(Gordon_Giltrap_album)"}

1976 studio album by Gordon Giltrap Visionary is a 1976 studio album by guitarist Gordon Giltrap. The music is inspired by the words of poet William Blake. Side one by the illustration "The Day of Judgement" and the poem "The Last Judgement". Side two by the poems and illustrations as titled. Track listing All music composed by Gordon Giltrap Side one Side two bonus tracks for Voiceprint 1999CD Personnel with:

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