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0 | 24-01-FL.pdf | 1 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/24-01-FL.pdf |
FLASH NOTICE
Electrical Safety Authority | 155A Matheson Blvd. West | Mississauga, ON | L5R 3L5
1-877-372-7233 | esasafe.com
June 2024
Flash 24-01-FL
ESA Temporarily Permitting Sale and Use of Heat Alarms Certified to US standard
ANSI/UL 539 Eighth Edition
Background:
Information received by ESA from the Ontario Fire Service and data provided by the Ontario
Fire Marshall’s office indicated that between 2013 and 2022 fires in attached garages resulted in
22 fatalities and 293 injuries where the area of origin was in an attached garage. The installation
of multi-station heat alarms (for example - Kidde Model HD135F, BRK Model HD6135FB) in the
attached garage of a residential house can potentially alert the house occupants if there is a fire
in the garage to exit the house in a timely and safe manner. These alarms can be directly
connected to the home smoke alarm system so that any fire in the attached garage will trigger
the smoke alarm in the home.
Rationale:
A Canadian standard CAN/ULC 589, Single and Multiple Station Heat Alarms issued in June 23,
2022 is available for manufacturers to use immediately to certify new or previously certified
products on a voluntarily basis. Products certified to an older Canadian standard have until
February 18, 2028, to comply with the CAN/ULC 589 standard. Currently, there are no products
certified to the Canadian requirements that ESA is aware of, that can be interconnected directly
to smoke alarms. The US standard ANSI/UL 539 8th edition used to certify the products has
similar requirements to the existing Canadian standard.
Direction:
Presently, it is not clear when Canadian certified heat alarms will be available in the
marketplace. As such, ESA will allow the sale of the US approved heat alarms for a period of
two (2) years, (effective from the date of publication of this notice) and will review the availability
of products in Ontario. At that time, ESA will reassess to either withdraw the notice or extend
based on the product availability.
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1 | 24-01-FL.pdf | 2 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/24-01-FL.pdf |
FLASH NOTICE
Electrical Safety Authority | 155A Matheson Blvd. West | Mississauga, ON | L5R 3L5
1-877-372-7233 | esasafe.com
Example:
Kidde Model HD135F
BRK Model HD6135FB
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2 | 25-31-FL.pdf | 1 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/25-31-FL.pdf | FLASH
April 4, 2025
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 25-31-FL Page 1 of 1
Flash 25-31-FL
Removing Distributor’s meter seals and meters
Background:
It has come to ESA’s attention that due to the storm and the power interruption, some
persons including Licensed Electrical Contractors (LECs), are removing the Distributor’s
(Electrical Utility) meter seals and pulling out the Utility’s revenue meters, which could
result in a safety hazard and noncompliance.
Individuals shall arrange with their local Utility to remove or disconnect their revenue
meter in all cases including when you require a transfer switch to be installed such as a
meter-base plug-in transfer device or service entrance rated transfer switch to provide
alternative means of back up power. It is recommended to contact an LEC and they will
be able to identify solutions to restore power. findacontractor.esasafe.com.
Additionally, there are several alternatives for temporary back up power that can be
implemented without removal of the revenue meter. For an example, refer to ESA’s
Flash Notice 25-15-FL “Use of temporary portable generators”
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3 | 22-35-FL.pdf | 1 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-35-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-35-FL Page 1 of 1
Flash 22-35-FL
Supersedes 19-35-FL
Electrical Safety Authority Warns of Fire and Shock Hazards
Associated with Cheater Cords
The ESA and the Ontario Infrastructure Health and Safety Association are warning end
users and contractors about potential fire and shock hazards associated with the use of
so-called cheater cords.
Cheater cords are used by end users and contractors to provide temporary power to
portable compressors and other electrical appliances and tools. This is typically done for
work on rooftops and other locations where an approved supply source is not readily
available.
The product shown in the picture below is an example of a cheater cord. This is not an
approved product and cannot be approved to any known safety standard. It represents
immediate fire and shock hazards by design, to users.
Requirements of the OESC and Ontario Regulation 438/07 Product Safety
Ontario Electrical Safety Code and Ontario Regulation 438/07 Product Safety require
that all electrical products which are used, advertised, displayed or offered for sale or
other disposal, are approved. Approved electrical equipment is labelled with one of the
recognized certifications or field evaluation marks as shown in the link below:
https://esasafe.com/electrical-products/recognized-certification-marks/
Sale and use of cheater cords is prohibited in Ontario.
Picture 1 – Example of cheater cords
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4 | 22-39-FL.pdf | 1 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-39-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-39-FL Page 1 of 2
Flash 22-39-FL
Supersedes 21-39-FL
Hazards associated with raising of buildings
The Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) has seen an increase in the number of buildings,
such as cottages, being raised while the electrical supply to the building remained
energized. This practice may endanger the public creating shock and/or fire hazards
from things such as:
• the overhead service conductor breaking and falling to the ground or possibly
snapping the pole;
• the service mast being bent or broken;
• contact between other systems such as communication or primary lines when
the sag of the overhead conductor is reduced;
• service conductor damage when supplied from underground;
• disconnected/damaged ground wire;
• exposed/damaged branch wiring below the building.
Performing the task of raising a building shall be done with the
power disconnected.
Picture 1: Example of raised
building
Picture 2: Example of breaking
of the ground wire and exposed
branch wiring |
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5 | 22-39-FL.pdf | 2 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-39-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-39-FL Page 2 of 2
Direction:
• Contact the Local Distribution Company (LDC) to request the power to be
disconnected.
• Obtain a notification of work from ESA when replacing/extending ground
wires or other electrical alterations.
• When hiring a contractor to perform electrical work, they are required to be
a Licensed Electrical Contractor.
Raising a building without following the above direction is a violation of the:
• Ontario Electrical Safety Code
o Rule 2-032 which states no person shall damage or cause any
damage to an electrical installation;
o Rule 2-304 which states no repairs or alterations shall be carried out
on any live equipment except where complete disconnection of the
equipment is not feasible; and
• The Electricity Act, which does not permit a person to interfere with the
LDC’s wiring to the building.
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6 | 25-15-FL.pdf | 1 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/25-15-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2025
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 25-15-FL Page 1 of 3
Flash 25-15-FL
Supersedes 22-27-FL
Use of temporary portable generators
Background:
Over 250,000 customers in Ontario lost electrical power as a result of the ice storm that
hit Southern Ontario in December 2013. During this distressed time, the Electrical
Safety Authority (ESA) noticed impulsive actions taken by some home owners trying to
alter electrical installations to supply essential loads with portable generators which
might have caused electrical fires and shock hazards to both building occupants and
Utility workers.
Direction:
It is permitted to use portable generators without the use of a transfer device, provided
there is no possibility to backfeed to utility lines. It is of the utmost importance that the
end users closely follow installation and operating instructions supplied by the portable
generator manufacturer to minimize potential hazard of electrical shock or fire.
Temporary connection using plug-cord set:
• Where an extension cord is used to plug into an appliance or other device, no
live parts shall be exposed when one end is connected to a source of supply and
the other end is free.
• A separate bonding conductor would need to be installed to bond the gas
pipe since the use of a cord is considered not “solidly connected”.
• The Ontario Electrical Safety Code (OESC) does not prohibit appliances, which
are intended for connection by a wiring method as specified in Section 12, to be
cord-connected using an attachment plug and receptacle.
• Consideration shall be given to correct configuration of male-plug to be used, as
per Diagram F1, as well as the cord set, in terms of number of conductors,
ampacity and voltage rating.
• In preparation of such setup during a power failure, conductors must be treated
as “LIVE” to avoid shock hazard if the main power returns. Ensure panel
directory is up to date and if in doubt, shut the main disconnect off.
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7 | 25-15-FL.pdf | 2 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/25-15-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2025
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 25-15-FL Page 2 of 3
Other tips to ensure you’re using portable generators safely are:
• Never use a generator indoors; use it in a dry area outdoors and away from open
doors, windows and vents.
• Never connect portable generators to electrical appliances or wiring components
that have been affected by flood water.
• If you have to use extension cords, make sure they are the grounded type with
three prongs and rated for how you’re planning to use them. Coiled cords can get
extremely hot; always uncoil cords and lay them flat.
• Gasoline and its vapors are extremely flammable. Allow the generator engine to
cool at least 2 minutes before refueling and always use fresh gasoline.
For more information on electrical safety when stormy weather hits, visit:
https://esasafe.com/safety/
As normal power is restored, temporary generators shall be disconnected and all
temporary wiring removed. ESA strongly advises customers to have equipment and
wiring (that were disturbed to allow the temporary connection to the generator) checked
and repaired as necessary to ensure restoration to safe operating conditions.
Diagram F1 provides guidance to the correct use of portable power generators
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8 | 25-15-FL.pdf | 3 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/25-15-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2025
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 25-15-FL Page 3 of 3
Diagram F1 – Temporary setup for portable generator
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9 | 22-11-FL.pdf | 1 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-11-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-11-FL Page 1 of 2
Flash 22-11-FL
Supersedes 19-11-FL
Luminaires retrofitted with T8 fluorescent tubes
Background:
ESA has been made aware of a number of field problems associated with T12
luminaires retrofitted to more energy-efficient T8 fluorescent retrofit kits. When
improperly wired during a retrofit, these retrofitted luminaires have been found to create
arcing, causing overheating of the lamp base and deforming, melting or charring the
lamp holder.
In some cases, the damage from the arcing could cause the lamp to fall from the lamp
holder. In other cases; the arcing could result in luminaire failure. In one instance the
failure resulted in a fire.
This problem affects fluorescent luminaires that have been retrofitted with an instant-
start ballast, bi-pin T8 lamps, and wired incorrectly. Most common retrofits are the 4 ft.,
T8 lamps with high frequency, electronic, instant-start ballasts.
Installation:
Figure F1 shows correct wiring configuration. Check that all lamp holder contacts are in
good condition and show no signs of arcing or pitting.
Figure F2 shows incorrect and unacceptable wiring configuration. This method uses T8,
bi-pin, instant-start lamp holders, which have a factory installed jumper between the two
lamp contacts.
Figure F1 – Correct wiring method Figure F2 - Incorrect and not acceptable wiring method or its
electrical equivalent
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10 | 22-11-FL.pdf | 2 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-11-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-11-FL Page 2 of 2
Incorrect installations - Hazard:
No other wiring configuration is recommended. Incorrect wiring configurations allow
excessive current to pass through the lamp(s) cathodes, potentially overheating the
lamp base and the lamp holder excessively, resulting in lamp holder deformation,
melting or charring and failure.
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11 | 22-03-FL.pdf | 1 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-03-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-03-FL Page 1 of 1
Flash 22-03-FL
Supersedes 19-03-FL
Test for voltage before you work – It could save your life
Incidents and fatalities can be reduced / mitigated if workers:
1. Confirm voltage is not present and circuits are de-energized by using an approved
tester rated for the system, before doing any work on electrical equipment.
2. Ensure voltage testers meet the minimum standards for safety, are used for the
purpose and in a manner for which they are intended. This is required by Ontario
Electrical Safety Code (OESC) Rule 2-034 and the Occupational Health and Safety
Act.
Category III and IV measuring and testing equipment are required to be approved, as
per OESC Rule 2-022 4) b). Approved Testers, certified to the applicable safety
standards, such as CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 231.0 or C22.2 No. 1010, are required to be
marked.
Usage of a voltage tester that is not suitable for the purpose is a violation of OESC Rule
2-034 and may result in charges being laid under the Electricity Act.
Important steps that could save your life when you work on electrical equipment:
1. Assume all equipment and systems are energized until they have been tested and
verified.
2. Ensure the correct disconnecting means for the equipment has been opened.
• Wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), including voltage rated
gloves, until the absence of voltage is confirmed.
3. Confirm the absence of voltage. Use a voltage tester, approved and suitable for
the purpose, to ensure the equipment is de-energized.
a. Confirm the tester is on the correct setting for the purpose.
b. Measure a known voltage source to ensure meter/ tester is working properly.
c. Do not change settings while testing.
4. Follow the proper "LOCKOUT" procedure, along with other safety procedures,
required by both the Occupational Health and Safety Act and your company.
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12 | 22-25-FL.pdf | 1 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-25-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-25-FL Page 1 of 2
Flash 22-25-FL
Supersedes 19-25-FL
Electronic ballast inrush current causing switch failures
Background:
The Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) has become aware of incidents where switch
failures have caused injury when existing switches were used to control luminaires
retrofitted with electronic ballasts. Switches, when energizing ballasts, are subject to the
inrush current. The issue is the result of the possibility for electronic ballasts having an
inrush current that exceeds that of magnetic ballasts. Although the duration of inrush
current is very short, it can be much greater than operating or steady state current. The
level of inrush current for each installation can vary significantly depending on the type
and number of ballasts installed. This may exceed the ability of the switch to endure the
inrush current, which may damage mechanical switches and contacts.
Other switching devices such as relays, contactors and switch rated circuit breakers
may also be affected. Manually operated switches are a particular concern, since the
user’s hands are in contact with the device. Excessive inrush current can cause switch
contacts to wear prematurely and, in some cases, arcing across the switch contacts can
cause an arc to be emitted.
Direction:
ESA is asking users, contractors, installers, designers and maintenance personnel to
consider the inrush current when installing, maintaining or retrofitting a fluorescent
lighting system that includes electronic ballasts.
ESA recommends:
• Use electronic ballasts with inrush current limiting features, such as ballasts
designed with zero voltage crossing;
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13 | 22-25-FL.pdf | 2 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-25-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-25-FL Page 2 of 2
• Verify with ballast manufacturer total inrush current and verify with the switch
manufacturer that the switch will withstand ballasts’ total inrush current
• For 120 V applications, use ballasts that meets NEMA 410 or ANSI standards
c82.2.
• For control devices, use solid state lighting control devices (certified to CSA
standard C22.2 No.184), or
• T-rated general use switches.
Note:
Ballasts that meet NEMA 410 or ANSI standards c82.2 and solid state lighting control
devices (certified to CSA standard C22.2 No.184) have a means to limit peak inrush
current to a pre-determined levels.
CSA Standard for electronic ballasts, C22.2 No. 74, has been updated in 2016 to
include testing requirements that will demonstrate a means to limit peak inrush current
to a pre-determined levels. Since these testing requirements will come in effect on July
1, 2018, industry should be aware of the above recommendations.
For more information see references below.
• Performance Testing for Lighting Controls and Switching Devices with Electronic
Drivers and Discharge Ballasts – NEMA 410
http://www.nema.org/Standards/Pages/Performance-Testing-for-Lighting-
Controls-and-Switching-Devices-with-Electronic-Drivers-and-Discharge-
Ballasts.aspx#download
• Guide to Specifying High-Frequency Electronic Ballasts
https://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/pdf/VIEW/Guide2.pdf
• American National Standard for Lamp Ballasts—High Frequency Fluorescent
Lamp Ballasts
http://www.nema.org/Standards/Pages/American-National-Standard-for-Lamp-
Ballasts-High-Frequency-Fluorescent-Lamp-Ballasts.aspx
• EFC Guidelines for General Purpose Switches When Retrofitting Lighting
Installations With Electronic Ballasted Lighting
www.electrofed.com
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14 | 22-37-FL.pdf | 1 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-37-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-37-FL Page 1 of 1
Flash 22-37-FL
Supersedes 20-37-FL
Hazards associated with Cleaning Products used with electrical
devices
As businesses and individuals work to keep high touch areas clean and disinfected in
preventing the spread of COVID-19, ESA has become aware that there have been
reported light switch failures, caused by spraying cleaning or sanitizing liquid directly
onto the switches.
Examples of damaged/deteriorated light switches as a result of spraying cleaning liquids
Picture 1, Damage due to Arcing Picture 2, Deterioration Damage to Switch
Electrical equipment such as light switches and receptacles installed indoors are not
designed to be subjected to direct streams of liquids. Additionally, the chemicals of the
cleaning agents, when applied in significant quantities, can lead to failure of these
devices which may result in arcing or other deterioration and may cause potential
electrical fires or shock hazards.
Direction:
Caution shall be exercised around electrical devices, such as switches and receptacles,
installed indoors while using cleaning or sanitization liquids either by spraying or other
means. If there are any signs of arcing or deterioration of electrical devices, repair or
replacement is required to avoid any potential hazards. Other means could be
considered to reduce the chances of future occurrences, such as replacing the devices
with motion or touch free products.
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15 | 22-29-FL.pdf | 1 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-29-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-29-FL Page 1 of 2
Flash 22-29-FL
Supersedes 19-29-FL
Potential electrical fire hazards when utilizing electric welders to thaw
frozen water pipes
Background:
Cold temperatures can cause water pipes to freeze in buildings. In addition, sustained
cold temperatures can cause the migration of frost into the ground to depths that may
cause underground pipes to freeze. The Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) has become
aware of a number of incidents resulting in fires where electrical welders have been
used to thaw frozen metallic water systems.
CAUTION
Most electrical incidents associated with using electrical welders to thaw frozen water
pipes were a result of current flow on an unintended path, causing wiring or electrical
equipment to catch on fire or melt, as shown in Photo F1.
Only electrical equipment specifically designed and approved for thawing frozen pipes
shall be used. Approved electrical thawing equipment is readily available in the market.
The use of electric arc welders for this purpose is a violation of Ontario Electrical Safety
Code (OESC) Rule 2-034 and is strictly prohibited.
Photo F1 – Electrical equipment failure
Direction:
Only equipment approved for thawing frozen pipes shall be used. Electrical equipment
shall be used for the purpose it is intended for and as per manufacturer’s instructions
(OESC Rule 2-034).
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16 | 22-29-FL.pdf | 2 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-29-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-29-FL Page 2 of 2
Flood Safety:
In the event that flooding has occurred due to a burst water pipe or weather conditions
and electrical equipment and wiring has been exposed to ingress of water, proper
evaluation is required to determine whether or not the equipment may be placed back in
service in accordance with Rule 2-032 3). Acceptable equipment evaluators to ESA
includes original manufacturer or approved representative; field evaluation agency; or
qualified person such as a Licensed Electrical Contractor.
ESA’s guideline “In the event of flooding or water damage” should be consulted as well
as original equipment manufacturer documentation or NEMA DG1 publication.
https://esasafe.com/assets/files/esasafe/pdf/Electrical_Safety_Products/Guidelines/Guid
eline-for-electrical-installations-exposed-to-water.pdf
Visit ESA’s website for information about Storm Safety.
https://esasafe.com/safety/
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17 | 22-01-FL.pdf | 1 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-01-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-01-FL Page 1 of 1
Flash 22-01-FL
Supersedes 19-01-FL
Hazards in electrical rooms put people and property at risk
Live electrical panels left open - cause danger
Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) inspection has identified that many Commercial and
Industrial establishments leave live panels open. Energized panels should never be
open except for during diagnostic testing, such as infrared imaging. It shall be noted that
many people and trades, other than electricians, may enter “electrical” rooms to
install/maintain data, phone, security, fire alarm and other systems.
Please note:
Rule 2-202 of the Ontario Electrical Safety Code (OESC) requires bare live parts to be
guarded against accidental contact by means of approved cabinets or enclosures,
where located in a suitable room, vault or similar enclosed area, that is accessible only
to qualified persons.
Permanent panel covers or barriers shall be installed on energized panels at all times
except when electrical maintenance work is being performed.
Poor “housekeeping” creates serious risks to people and property
Materials, supplies and trash left in electrical rooms often blocks access, causes
accidents, and poses fire hazards.
Allowing any objects to be left near electrical panels violates the OESC:
• Rule 2-308 states “a minimum working space of 1 m with secure footing shall be
provided and maintained about electrical equipment that . . . requires examination,
adjustment, operation or maintenance.”
• Rule 2-314 further requires “working space around electrical equipment shall not
be used for storage and shall be kept clear of obstruction.”
Safety is everyone’s concern and everyone’s responsibility.
These hazards should be identified and fixed.
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18 | 22-13-FL.pdf | 1 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-13-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-13-FL Page 1 of 2
Flash 22-13-FL
Supersedes 19-13-FL
Student receives burns while operating a key-type lighting switch
Background:
A student received burns to his fingers while turning on a key-operated light switch that
controlled some lighting at a local high school, even when using the proper key. The
switch, shown in the Photo F1 below, which is designed to be turned on by inserting the
proper key into the switch and toggling it, had shorted to ground resulting in an arc
flame that caused the burns.
A key-operated switch, unlike the normal wall-type lighting switch, requires insertion of a
metal key to toggle the switch on and off. Objects (typically metal) other than the proper
key are often used in attempt to toggle the switch. The figure below shows how easily a
metal paper clip could make contact with the phase conductor or have part of the
material broken or dislodged, creating a potentially hazardous scenario.
Photo F1 Key Operated switches
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19 | 22-13-FL.pdf | 2 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-13-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-13-FL Page 2 of 2
Recommendations:
1. Individuals should be cautioned about the potential dangers of attempting to
tamper with these switches.
2. Have a Licensed Electrical Contractor inspect existing key type switches for
evidence of tampering and repair or replace as necessary.
3. Develop and implement a best practice / safe work procedure when using these
types of switches.
4. Consider installing locking covers over these types of switches to prevent
tampering.
5. Consider replacing the existing type of key type switches with other types. For
example, the low voltage control type switch would provide isolation between the
line voltage and the user.
6. Confine the use of this type of switch to areas that are not open to the public. |
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20 | 22-17-FL.pdf | 1 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-17-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-17-FL Page 1 of 4
Flash 22-17-FL
Supersedes 19-17-FL
Overhead powerline fatalities
There have been numerous incidents involving overhead powerline contacts, resulting
in death or severe injury. This Flash outlines the typical scenarios that are repeated in
these incidents.
Examples of recent incidents:
A. Three workers were electrocuted in dump truck-related overhead powerline
contacts between April and July, 2006. Sadly, these fatalities could have been
prevented had the workers known what to do when working near powerlines.
None of the victims in these fatalities understood the hazards of coming too close
to a powerline. In one fatality, the dump truck with its load raised, made contact
with a powerline as the vehicle was reversing. Unaware that the truck had
become energized, the victim was electrocuted when he touched the rear of the
vehicle. In the other two fatalities, each of the dump trucks contacted the
powerline and the drivers knew something had gone wrong. Both drivers were
killed by step potential as they stepped off their equipment. They would still be
alive had they stayed on their equipment and radioed for help.
B. A worker was relocating a ladder in the extended position, on a residential
housing project, when it contacted the Utility's overhead primary line. This
scenario happens far too frequently.
Employers have a responsibility to educate their workers on the hazards
surrounding construction sites, particularly overhead conductors. The
Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA) must be followed with respect to
Limits of Safe Approach.
• All workers must look up, prior to extending, moving or climbing a ladder
or scaffold, to ensure it is safe to proceed.
• Persons employed to operate boom trucks, dump trucks, cranes or
hoisting equipment, require proper training to identify the hazards
overhead.
• Using swimming pool skimmers, painting poles, pruning tools or erecting
TV antennas, we must exercise extreme caution to ensure we do not
impede on the Limits of Safe Approach. Look above! |
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May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-17-FL Page 2 of 4
C. Two fatalities involving contact with energized overhead powerlines. One incident
claimed the life of a young male while seriously injuring another. This incident
occurred when the two victims were erecting the long metal support pole of a
party tent and it contacted the overhead powerline. Three weeks later, four scout
leaders were killed doing exactly the same thing, lowering a tent pole in a
jamboree in the United States.
Unfortunately, such accidents are not uncommon to Ontario and the Electrical
Safety Authority (ESA). Fatalities involving powerlines account for 38% of all
electrocutions in Ontario over the past 8 years.
One common thread in these incidents is the victim’s lack of awareness of where
the overhead energized powerlines are. Powerlines are everywhere and the
public often treats powerlines no differently than a fire hydrant. It has always
been there and it is not seen as a threat or danger.
Contact with overhead powerlines will likely result in serious injury or fatality:
Accidental contact with an energized powerline is not forgiving. History has shown that
contacting a powerline while moving a ladder, using a tree trimmer, erecting an antenna
or flagpole, or other similar work usually results in a fatality or serious injury.
Furthermore, an incident may occur without direct contact with an overhead powerline.
Electricity can jump or “arc” to a person or tools in proximity to a powerline.
ESA continues to warn the public and workers to use caution when working near
overhead powerlines. Ladders, antennas, tree trimmers, flagpoles, rolling scaffolds and
boom trucks have all contributed to electrical fatalities at home and in the workplace
over the last decade.
Respect the power of electricity – ensure that you, your family and co-workers apply
caution when working near electric powerlines.
As these fatalities demonstrate, understanding the dangers and knowing what to do
when working near overhead powerlines is crucial to worker safety. For that reason,
when working in close proximity to powerlines, the OHSA requires workers and
supervisors to:
a) Conduct a hazard assessment of the jobsite; and
b) Use a competent designated signaller to ensure that any part of the vehicle or
equipment or its load may approach the minimum distance identified in Table F1. |
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Follow these key safety steps when working near overhead powerlines:
1. Conduct a hazard assessment before starting work; determine the location all
powerlines.
2. If possible, relocate the work so that it is not near the powerline. When this is not
practical, a safe work procedure should be followed which includes;
a. Determining the safe distance of approach (limit of approach) identified in
Table F1. The limit of approach is not the same for all powerlines, it
depends on the voltage the line is carrying. The higher the voltage, the
further the distance required.
b. Hire qualified persons to do jobs near overhead electrical lines, such as
tree pruning, or have the line de-energized by the local electrical utility or
power supply authority.
c. Mark the safe distance or limit of approach. If the work is on the ground,
use cones or barriers. Using a competent designated signaller will work as
well. Make room for swing areas for tools, ladders and cranes. Keep far
enough away so that if an object such as an antenna were to fall it would
not be close enough to contact the powerline.
d. Be aware of the location of powerlines at all times. Moving equipment,
raising a load or a vehicle under a powerline creates the potential to come
into contact with the energized conductor, thus the potential for fatalities.
OHSA requires the use of a competent designated signaller when working
in proximity to powerlines.
3. Signs are required to warn workers of the dangers of powerlines if a work
location has overhead powerlines running through it.
4. Stay in the vehicle and radio for help if your vehicle or equipment comes into
contact with a powerline.
5. The use of raised box indicator on dump trucks will remind the operator the box
has not been lowered prior to driving away.
If you see other workers putting themselves at risk by working in close proximity to
overhead conductors -- stop them, educate them, and help save a life. STOP, LOOK,
LIVE
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Remember:
• Always conduct a hazard assessment before beginning work;
• Be aware of the location of powerlines at all times; and
• Take steps to ensure that you and your equipment stay a safe distance from
powerlines, as defined by OHSA below:
Table F1: Minimum safe distances from Power-lines
Voltage Minimum Distance
Up to 150,000 Volts 3.0 m
More than 150,000 to 250,000 Volts 4.5 m
More than 250,000 6.0 m
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Supersedes 19-09-FL
Back to school safety tips for University and College students
Each fall, many students will attend University or College in Ontario. For many, this life-
changing experience means moving away. When renting off-campus accommodations,
the Electrical Safety Authority encourages students and parents to identify and request
correction for any of the following potentially unsafe electrical situations before moving:
• Loose or damaged plugs and switches
• Outlets and switches with missing cover plates
• Outlets and switches that are warm or hot to the touch
• Dim or flickering lights
• Exposed electrical wiring
• Fuses that blow, circuit breakers that frequently trip, or circuits that don’t work
when fuses are replaced or breakers reset
• Renovated bathrooms and kitchens without Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
(GFCI)-protected outlets
• 2-prong receptacles that are not suitable for many used 3-pronged cords
When any of the above situations are identified, the Landlord should be notified so that
the appropriate actions can be taken and repairs can be performed by a Licensed
Electrical Contractor (LEC).
Even when accommodations are safeguarded, students still need to be vigilant about
their own property, like power cords, electronics and appliances. Protect yourself from
injury and keep electronics running safely by taking a few simple precautions:
• Use only approved electrical products with the mark of a recognized certification
agency; a listing can be found at https://esasafe.com/electrical-
products/recognized-certification-marks/
• Choose power bars with a heavy-gauge cord that are approved by a recognized
certification agency.
• Replace damaged or deteriorated extension cords with new ones.
• Keep extension cords out from under carpet, rugs or furniture as this could
damage the cord and also present a fire hazard.
• Never remove the 3rd prong from an electrical product – the 3rd prong is there
for grounding purposes and is a critical safety feature. |
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• Never use “cheater” plugs – these are used to plug a 3-pronged device into a 2-
pronged outlet and overrides critical safety mechanisms
• Avoid overloading outlets or circuits – this can cause overheating which poses a
potential fire hazard
• GFCIs should be tested monthly to ensure they are in proper operating condition
• Consider purchasing a portable GFCI for use in areas where GFCIs are not
present.
Visit www.esasafe.com for more electrical safety information. |
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Hazards associated with electrical panels and equipment not located
in electrical rooms
The Accident:
A restaurant supervisor received very serious injuries when attempting to recover a set
of keys that fell behind electrical equipment in the back office. A fellow worker called the
police and had the power turned off before removing the victim. Without the help of the
second person, the victim could have died.
Facts:
• Electricity is invisible, silent, dangerous and not obvious to most people.
• It is common to find electrical equipment in closets or backrooms of shops,
offices and restaurants. Because of cramped space, people often use the
electrical equipment as tables, shelves or even for storage.
• In most cases, the electrical equipment or panels look just like any part of the
building. There are no flashing lights or sparks and often, they do not generate
sound. When the electrical panels are opened and electrical components are
exposed, despite the danger, they still look deceivingly harmless.
• Most electrical panels or equipment are not marked to warn people of potential
danger.
o Some equipment can overheat and initiate fires when the vent is covered
with clothing, cloth or cardboard.
o Electricity and electrical equipment can do harm even without physically
touching the actual equipment, components or wires. Electricity can travel
through air and cause injury.
For electrical equipment in your office or closet:
1. Do not block access to electrical panels and equipment. Immediate access to the
panels and equipment may be required in case they need to be turned off in a hurry.
2. Do not place objects near, on or inside the equipment as this can create a fire
hazard and increases the risk of injury. Even if the space is cramped, do not use
electrical equipment as tables, shelves, or storage.
3. Warn co-workers about the danger of electrical equipment; place warning signs and
this hazard notice on the panel or cover of the equipment.
4. Regardless of how harmless the equipment looks, do not open panels or covers of
the electrical equipment. If an object accidentally falls inside or behind the panel or |
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equipment, call a qualified person or Licensed Electrical Contractor to safely retrieve
the object. Do not attempt to retrieve by opening any panels, covers or inserting
objects such as wires or wooden objects inside the electrical equipment through
openings and vents.
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Supersedes 19-33-FL
Manual motor controllers used as a disconnecting means
Background:
A worker was electrocuted while performing maintenance on a pump motor. A Manual
Motor Controller (MMC) was involved in the fatality. MMC’s marked “suitable as a motor
disconnect” serve two functions, one being a motor starter/controller and two a motor
disconnect. If not marked “suitable as a motor disconnect” it is only to be used as a
motor starter/controller.
Using an MMC as a motor disconnecting means:
Only MMC’s certified and marked “Suitable as Motor Disconnect” are currently
permitted to be used for such an application. These devices are tested under short
circuit applications and the welding or disintegration of the contacts is not expected with
motor switching. MMC’s not marked “Suitable as Motor Disconnect” shall not be used
as the disconnecting means, as per Ontario Electrical Safety Code (OESC) Rule 28-602
3). Note that an MMC can physically look similar externally to a disconnect switch.
Safely confirm the identity of the switch intended for disconnection, and use it
accordingly.
MMC’s which are not marked “Suitable as Motor Disconnect” do not meet the
requirements of a disconnecting means. One of the following actions needs to be taken:
• When replacement is required, replace with an MMC marked “Suitable as Motor
Disconnect”, as per Photo F1.
• Replace with a disconnect switch if the device in not intended to control/ start the
motor, or
• Install a separate motor disconnect upstream of the installed motor controller to
disconnect the equipment/ motor for maintenance purposes and marked as the
disconnecting means for the motor. It is recommended that the MMC be marked
to indicate it is for “Motor Control Only”.
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Photo F1 – Manual Motor Controller marked as “Suitable as Motor Disconnect”
Care should be taken to ensure that when the marking is on the enclosure, the device
inside actually meets those requirements.
Some manual motor controller switches have also been found installed backwards,
causing power to be ON when the switch enclosure indicates OFF. Care must be taken
to ensure that when the switch with the MMC is installed, it is in the orientation so the
switch position corresponds to the marking on the switch enclosure.
Comprehensive, electrically safe work practices include the consideration of
unanticipated events, such as equipment failure (i.e. the welding of contacts within a
manual motor controller). When working on MMC’s, or any other electrical equipment or
installation, always confirm the absence of energy by correctly testing with an approved
device, rated for the purpose, prior to contacting any exposed parts. Remember to
consider all electrical equipment and installations as energized until they are proven
otherwise.
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Damage to underground conductors during excavation-
customer owned services
The Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) continues to receive reports of incidents where
excavation, directional boring or augering activity has damaged underground
conductors and risked worker safety.
Local Distribution Companies (LDC’s) identify their underground electrical wiring only as
requested by excavators. Excavators may be unaware that not all underground
electrical services are being identified.
Warning
Electrical underground cables that belong to the property owner are not included
in the LDC locate,
Before digging, boring, trenching, excavating, breaking ground with tools, mechanical
equipment or explosives, the contractor, owner or occupant of the land, building or
premises shall request and obtain all locates prior to commencement of the excavation.
This will also include hand digging applications.
The Occupational Health and Safety Act Ont. Reg. 213/91-Construction Section 228(1)
states that:
Before an excavation is begun;
a) the employer excavating shall ensure that all gas, electrical and other services in
and near the area to be excavated are located and marked;
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b) the employer and worker locating and marking the services described in clause
(a) shall ensure that they are accurately located and marked; and
c) if a service may pose a hazard, the service shall be shut off and disconnected.
Privately owned underground services
Prior to excavating, the excavator must be aware of privately owned underground
services, such as underground supply cables from LDC owned equipment, to the
electrical meter or service panel, supply to garages or shops located past the electrical
meter, pools, sheds and driveway lighting to name a few which may exist on the
boulevard (public right-of-way) or customer property. It is the responsibility of the private
facility owner to locate their underground services, which may involve the facility owner
hiring a private locator.
LDC owned underground services
LDC’s have a legal responsibility to locate all LDC owned underground services up to
the ownership demarcation point upon excavator request through Ontario One Call
(www.on1call.com). Depending on the LDC and the installation, the ownership of
underground conductors will vary from site to site across Ontario. Depending on
ownership of the underground facility, underground service conductors located on the
boulevard or customer property may or may not be included in the locate.
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Hazards due to misuse of extension cords
The misuse of extension cords has contributed to increasing reports of electrical fires
and fatalities in Ontario.
The Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) warns consumers to use extension cords safely -
follow these important rules. Only use extension cords:
• That are rated for the particular task:
Select the appropriate cord for the application. Not all cords are created equal,
some are designed for exterior use, others for interior use only, some for hard
usage in wet locations, others not.
• For temporary installations:
Flexible extension cords must never take the place of permanent wiring; they are
not designed or intended for permanent installations. Once the task has been
completed, the cord should always be disconnected and properly stored away for
future use.
• For portable electrical equipment:
Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions. For example, follow the
manufacturer’s installation regarding the number of Christmas tree or decorative
lighting strings that can be connected to the cord.
Failure to use and maintain extension cords in the manner they were intended may
create a fire or shock hazard that puts you or your family at risk.
Safe use of Extension Cords:
ESA encourages consumers to ask the following questions before using an extension
cord:
1. Will I use the cord indoors or outdoors?
2. What is the total current or wattage rating of the appliances I'll use with the cord?
3. How far is the nearest outlet from where I'll be working?
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1. Will I use the cord indoors or outdoors?
The first step in determining which extension cord you will need is to decide whether
you will be using the appliance indoors or outdoors. Extension cords that can be used
outdoors will be clearly marked "Suitable for Use with Outdoor Appliances." Never use
an indoor extension cord outdoors; it could result in an electric shock or fire hazard. If
you are working outdoors purchase an outdoor rated extension cord – it’s a small price
to pay for safety.
The Ontario Electrical Safety Code (OESC) 28th Edition 2021 now requires all outdoor
receptacles within 2.5 m of grade to be protected by a ground fault circuit interrupter
(GFCI). If the outdoor receptacle is not GFCI protected, please ensure that all plug-in
electrical equipment used outdoors has GFCI protection, or is connected to a GFCI
protected cord (see Figure F1); your life may depend on it.
Figure F1 – Outdoor GFCI cord and receptacle
2. What is the total current or wattage rating of the appliances I'll use with the
cord?
Extension cords are labelled with valuable information as to the use, size, current and
wattage rating of the cord. Cords are offered in many lengths and are marked with a
size or "gauge". The gauge is based on the American Wire Gauge (AWG) System, in
which the larger the wire, the smaller the AWG number. For example, a 14 gauge wire
would be larger and could power larger wattage appliances than a 16 gauge wire.
If you don’t have a properly rated cord, purchase a new extension cord – it’s a small
price to pay for safety.
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3. How far is the nearest outlet from where I'll be working?
To determine what size -- or gauge -- cord you will need, you will also have to determine
how long you need the cord to be. A cord, based on its gauge, can power an appliance
of a certain wattage only at specific distances. As the cord gets longer, the current
carrying capacity of the cord gets lower. For example, a 16 gauge extension cord less
than 15.2 m (50 ft) in length can power a 1625 watt (W) appliance. A 16 gauge cord that
is longer than 15.2 m (50 ft) in length can only power an appliance up to 1250 W. If you
are going to use the extension cord with two or more appliances, you must add together
the wattage rating for all appliances used on the cord to determine the gauge size you
will need.
Power Bars:
Power bars, not unlike extension cords, are also widely misused. The safety steps listed
above are also required to determine if the power bar is suitable for your intended
application. ESA recommends that you purchase power bars with a minimum 14 gauge
copper conductor to ensure a higher level of safety. The practice of daisy chaining
power bars is not recommended by ESA.
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Communication grounding hardware and conductors to meterbase
enclosures
Concerns have arisen from Local Distribution Companies in regards to the attachment
of communication grounding hardware and conductors to meterbase enclosures. Utility
workers regularly work on meterbases with the electrical power energized. Grounding
devices for communication equipment attached to removable covers on meterbases
could pose a hazard to these employees. The devices could dislodge the cover from its
catch or the conductor in the device could interfere with the cover removal. There is also
concern that the conductor could free itself from the grounding device and contact the
exposed meter connections.
Bonding and Grounding hardware must be approved devices, as per Rule 2-024 of the
Ontario Electrical Safety Code and installed as per the manufacturer’s instructions (see
Figure F1). Also, these devices must not be installed directly to removable covers on
meterbases. These devices must not distort or damage the meterbase
Note:
• Utility workers need to be aware of these devices when working on meterbase
enclosures.
• Communication companies need to ensure their installation practices meet these
requirements.
Figure F1 - Examples of approved devices
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Use of Cord Sets at Trade Shows
Background:
Cord sets are commonly used in trade shows and similar events under the scope of
Section 66 of Ontario Electrical Safety Code (OESC). Rule 66-400 2) requires
protection of cords from physical damage where there is a need to cross traffic areas,
for example under carpeting.
Since this may also represent a tripping hazard, the use of flat festoon cable has been
an industry practice for use under carpeting to cross traffic areas because of its flat low
profile and its extra hard usage rating. The festoon cable is usually terminated in
attachment plugs to form a cord set.
Direction:
Effective June 2022, only approved cord sets will be accepted at trade shows (Photo
F1). Cord set shall meet the requirements of UL standard UL 2305 - Exhibition Display
Units, Fabrication and Installation and are permitted for temporary use at trade shows,
etc.
Photo F1 - UL 2305 approved convention center cord set with molded
attachment plugs
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There are two types of approved cord sets:
− for use under carpet within both only, Photo F2; and
− to distribute 120VAC power to multiple booths at trade shows, convention
centers and/or displays. They are NOT for use under carpet, Photo F3.
Field-assembled cord sets comprised of festoon cable and attachment plugs do not
meet requirements of UL 2305. However, cord sets built with festoon cables have been
permitted for a transition period of up to June 2022 in order to phase out their use and
be replaced by convention center cord sets meeting the requirements of and approved
to UL 2305. Festoon cable and attachment plugs are required to be certified to
applicable safety standards.
Photo F2 - UL 2305 convention center cord set for use under carpet within a
booth or exhibition display unit only warning labels (tags)
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Photo F3 - UL 2305 convention center cord set booth stringer type NOT for
use under carpet warning labels (tags)
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Installation of communication wiring around electrical equipment
The Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) has noticed an alarming trend in incidents
involving communication installers drilling into, or making contact with, electrical wiring,
while drilling through building walls.
The intent of this flash notice is to highlight the risks associated with accidently drilling
into electrical wiring and raise awareness in order to reduce and eliminate these types
of incidents. ESA requests the assistance of all companies engaged in the installation of
communication cables to reinforce the importance of measuring inside and outside of
structures, prior to drilling holes, to ensure the area is clear of electrical equipment.
Drilling into electrical conduits and cables poses a significant shock hazard to the
worker. As many communication installations are located in close proximity to electrical
service equipment, drilling into a service cable has the potential to ignite a structure fire.
The following pictures demonstrate the type and severity of these incidents.
Photo F1
A Cable installer
drilled a hole
through the wall
from the outside,
without realizing
the hole
penetrated into
the electrical
conduit fitting and
almost interacted
with the
energized wire.
Energized wire |
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Photo F2
Photo F3
Cable installer drilled
a hole from the
inside to the outside
of a building for a
telephone cable and
hit the service
conduit, causing a
significant arc flash.
The service
conduit contained
a 600 V
energized cable.
The arc flash
went up the
conduit and
exited at the top
of the mast. The
arc flash also
entered into the
building and
burnt out the
service switch
and meter base. |
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Photo F4
The root cause of these incidents is failure to ensure the area is clear and safe for
drilling. These incidents could have been avoided by measuring the inside and outside
of the structure where the intended hole is to be located for cable routing.
These incidents did not need to happen! Proper job planning, safety training and
ongoing safety awareness would go a long way to eliminating these hazardous
incidents.
Cable installer
drilled through the
clay brick of the
house beside the
service entrance,
using a hammer
drill. As the drill
penetrated the brick
it also penetrated
the TECK cable. An
electric arc started
and caused a fire.
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Electrician Suffers Serious Burns from Arc Flash
What happened
An arc flash event occurred on January 2017 when an electrician was installing a cable
into an energized panel in the Ottawa area. The electrician received second and third
degree burns that required treatment in hospital. The Ministry of Labour, Fire, Police,
Emergency Services and the Electrical Safety Authority attended the scene.
Preventing electrical injuries
This incident is an example of the continuation of a worrisome trend* in which
electricians are injured or killed on-the-job. It is critical that we all work together to help
prevent these types of incidents from occurring. While the precise cause of the incident
is under investigation, this incident is a reminder of the devastating consequences of
coming into contact with live voltage. Ensuring electrical work is done in a de-energized
state is the single most effective way to prevent electrical-related injuries and fatalities.
Safety in the workplace is a shared responsibility among employers and workers.
Employers and employees are reminded that both have multiple responsibilities to
ensure that safety in the workplace is achieved and maintained. When these
responsibilities are neglected, both employees and employers are put at risk.
For more information, visit:
Electrical Safety Authority – Worker Safety:
https://esasafe.com/safety/occupational-safety/don’t-work-with-energized-equipment/
Ministry of Labour, Training and Skills Development – Electrical Hazards:
https://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/sawo/pubs/fs_electrical.php
*Between 2011 and 2020, 30 workers died and another 115 workers were critically
injured from electrical contact (2020 Ontario Electrical Safety Report). Repair and
maintenance work continue to be the most common type of activity associated with
electrical-related fatalities and injuries on-the-job.
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Death of a 14-year-old boy from electrocution
A 14-year-old died July 20, 1998, after he was electrocuted while operating a personal
computer at his home.
The computer, which had a three-pin plug, was plugged into an unapproved power bar.
The ground pin of the power bar’s plug had been broken off so it would fit into the
home’s two pin receptacles (ungrounded system). The power bar had an internal
manufacturing defect which allowed the computer to operate normally, while at the
same time energizing the metal casing of the computer to 120 V. The internal defect in
the power bar would not have caused problems if the circuit had been protected with a
proper ground connection. The boy was electrocuted when he touched a metallic part
on the computer.
A tragedy like this can be avoided if people remember the following advice:
1. Do not remove the ground pin on plugs. If the ground pin is broken, it should be
repaired/replaced immediately.
2. Always use equipment clearly marked as approved for use in Ontario. The
Electrical Safety Authority website has resources on Electrical Product Safety
and a complete list of Recognized Certification Marks,
https://esasafe.com/electrical-products/recognized-certification-marks/
Older homes with receptacles that do not accept three-pin plugs, but require them
should have grounded receptacles or Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)
receptacles types installed which accept three-pin plugs. |
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Dangers associated with gasoline spraying and incandescent
extension handlamps (incandescent trouble light)
The Electrical Safety Authority (ESA), together with CSA International and the Office of
the Fire Marshal in Ontario (OFM), are issuing a warning that Incandescent Handlamps,
and other incandescent lights should not be used when working on fuel systems or with
any other flammable liquids of gas powered vehicles. Investigations conducted by the
OFM have discovered that the use of incandescent lighting fixtures near flammable
liquids could result in serious or fatal explosions.
This situation occurs when a liquid, such as gasoline, comes in contact with
incandescent lights causing a thermal shock, which shatters the bulb, or when the
gasoline comes into contact with an incandescent trouble light that has broken after
being dropped. When flammable gasoline vapors mix with a glowing filament, they
ignite causing an explosion and possibly fire.
Over the past years there have been incidents where individuals suffered serious burns
when gasoline came in contact with incandescent extension handlamps.
Extension handlamps marked with the following Caution markings shall not be used in
the proximity of gasoline powered vehicles.
“CAUTION: DO NOT USE IN THE PROXIMITY OF VEHICLES OR EQUIPMENT,
WHERE THERE IS A RISK OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS COMING INTO CONTACT
WITH THE HANDLAMP.”
Please be aware of the requirements of Rule 20-110 3) for portable luminaires used in
commercial repair garages:
• They shall be of the totally enclosed gasketted type, equipped with handle, lamp
holder, hook, and substantial guard attached to the lamp holder or handle, and all
exterior surfaces which may come in contact with battery terminals, wiring
terminals, or other objects shall be of non-conducting materials or shall be
effectively protected with an insulating material;
• The lamp holders shall be of unswitched type; and
• They shall not be provided with receptacles for attachment plugs. |
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Electrical Safety Authority Warns of Unsafe Use of Electrical
Equipment to Assemble Lichtenberg Generators
Hobbyists using high voltage to pattern wood, other materials has
resulted in multiple serious injuries and fatalities being reported to
ESA
The Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) is warning against using high voltage energy
sources such as microwave oven transformers or similar components to manufacture
Lichtenberg generators. These generators are used to create art and abstract objects
by burning fractal patterns into various materials such as wood and acrylic.
Do not attempt to assemble or use a Lichtenberg generator for any purpose. They
are extremely dangerous, contain live accessible wiring and components, and are
unsafe for any use or handling. Both homemade and pre-built Lichtenberg
generators are considered to have the potential to seriously injure and / or kill the
user.
• ESA is aware of multiple incidents (5 fatalities and one serious injury) in Ontario
involving these generators that were used in an unsafe manner resulting in a
fatality and critical injuries.
• All of these generators, whether homemade or purchased, are unapproved by
Certification Bodies / Inspection Bodies, have not been evaluated or tested to
any Canadian safety standards and do not bear any recognized Canadian
electrical safety certification marks.
• These generators are reportedly homemade, using instructions on the internet,
and are assembled with parts and components that are obtained from a variety of
sources and are not approved for this type of use.
• Some of these generators are marketed as complete products and indicate that
they are built with approved/certified components. However, the overall product
has not been evaluated to any known electrical safety standard(s) for this type of
product, as applicable to Canadian consumers and marketplace.
o The risks associated with building and using a Lichtenberg Generator
include:
Potentially unsafe construction and assembly methods
Both short and long term degradation of the product and
components |
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Physiological effects of exposure to high voltage / high frequency
energy sources
Lack of quality control processes and procedures
Inadequate instructions pertaining to usage, storage, maintenance,
required type(s) of personal protective equipment, etc.
Picture 1 - Critical Hand Injury
• The critical hand injury shown above (which was not the only injury that this
hobbyist received) could have resulted in a fatality by electrocution had a
resuscitation not been performed on the victim. Others in the immediate vicinity
could have been killed or received a shock or serious injury
Pictures 2 and 3 - Examples Of Homemade Lichtenberg Generators
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• The combination of incorrect and/or unsuitable parts, dangerous assembly
methods, and use of the finished product are considered to be major contributing
factors resulting in the reported serious injury and fatality.
How to Report Unsafe Electrical Products
• If generators exist in the marketplace or are offered for sale they should be
considered unsafe and reported to ESA or Health Canada immediately. When
reported, suppliers within ESA’s jurisdiction will be contacted. Consumers /
hobbyists are encouraged to contact ESA at 1-877-ESA-SAFE or complete the
online Product Safety Reporting Form.
• Lichtenberg generators may also have counterfeit electrical safety approval labels
applied to them to falsely indicate that they are safe and approved. Since it is very
unlikely that these products could meet any safety standards, and be approved,
should a generator be found that appears to have a certification or approval mark
do not purchase or use it. Please contact ESA or Health Canada immediately with
the supplier details.
The disassembling of products such as a microwave oven and / or similar devices or
appliances with the purpose of removing the high voltage transformer and other parts to
build these generators creates a dangerous unapproved product. To build these
generators, use and/or sell them is in breach of Ontario Regulation 438/07 Product
Safety and 164/99 Ontario Electrical Safety Code.
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Potential electrical hazards associated with the replacement of
metallic water meters or water supply lines
Caution:
Workers who undertake the replacement of a metallic water meter or metallic water
piping system should be aware of a possibility of electrical shock or arcing occurring
when the continuity of the water piping is interrupted. Always assume there may be
flow of electricity in the piping system and deal with the metallic water pipes as if
they are energized. A latent fault of a disconnected or deteriorated neutral connection
in the electrical system will increase the risk significantly, and removing a water meter
or cutting the metallic piping system within or exterior to a building may cause an
electric shock to the worker.
LDC Transformer
Building 1 Building 2
Worker cut water
pipe
Continuous metallic water
piping system
Possible Electrical
Fire or Damage
Dangerous voltage present across
opening, potential shock to worker
touching both ends of the pipe
Diagram F1 - a cut in metallic water pipe may result in dangerous voltage across the opening
Current Flow
An open or deteriorated
neutral increase the risk
significantly
Extreme care must be taken when replacing metallic water meters or cutting
domestic metallic water supply lines within or exterior to buildings. |
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Recommendation:
ESA recommends contacting a Licensed Electrical Contractor (LEC) to assess the
condition of the existing electrical system including the neutral and grounding electrode
connections. In some cases, arcing may be indicative of a more serious problem with
the electrical system which requires investigation by an LEC. The Local Distribution
Company should be notified if the LEC has determined the arcing is from external
sources.
1. Replacement of metallic water meters or repair of metallic piping systems
An LEC may not be able to detect latent conditions in other premises or within
the LDC’s infrastructure. For this reason, it is imperative that the continuity of the
piping system be kept intact when cutting or replacing a domestic water meter is
carried out. The installation of a temporary jumper (minimum No. 6 AWG copper
wire) with clamps made for the application across the water meter or between
broken sections of metallic pipe would be adequate to ensure the continuity of
the grounding electrode is maintained with this type of work.
2. Replacement of continuous metallic supply line with non-conductive water supply
line
When replacing the metallic water supply line to non-conductive water supply
line, a new ground electrode is required to be installed by an LEC prior to the
existing piping/grounding electrode being removed. Connection to a grounding
electrode is considered electrical work. A notification shall be filed with
ESA.
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Electrical Safety Authority Warns of stockpiling material near
transformer station fences and/or under overhead powerlines
The Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) is reminding members of the public, constructors
and property owners of hazards involving stockpiling dirt, sand or snow in the vicinity of
overhead powerlines.
Recently a stockpile of sand was placed directly below an overhead high voltage
powerline (Picture 1) creating hazards to members of the public and to the workers
placing the stockpile while using high reach equipment such as excavators, dump trucks
or conveyors in the vicinity of overhead powerlines.
Clearance from final grade to overhead powerlines are designed to protect people from
serious electrical injury or fatal shock. Stockpiling materials near or under overhead
powerlines decreases the safety clearance increasing the danger (Picture 2).
Fences around electrical equipment such as transformers (substations) are installed at
a specific height for the safety of members of the public to prevent unauthorized access
to electrical hazards. Stockpiling snow near and higher than the fence allows members
of the public unauthorized entry into the substation.
If you see a stockpile of dirt, sand or snow near overhead powerlines or substation
fences, stay back and contact your Local Distribution Company or the Electrical Safety
Authority to report the concern.
Remember; keep back a minimum of 3.0 m from all overhead powerlines. A person or
an object does not have to make direct contact with an overhead powerline to receive
an electrical shock. Electricity can jump or “arc”
Picture 1:
Stockpile
of sand
under the
overhead
powerlines
Picture 2:
Construction
workers
stockpile dirt
under the
overhead
powerlines |
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Unapproved electrical animal stunners
Background:
A fatality occurred in Ontario due to the use of an unapproved electrical animal stunner.
Electrical animal stunners use bare metal parts, energized at voltages of up to 600 V.
These devices are used in the meat packing industry to stun animals before they are
slaughtered. Most potential users of these devices are unaware of the electrical
hazards.
The Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) is concerned that unapproved or altered electrical
animal stunners may be in use in Ontario. Any electrical equipment approved for use in
Ontario shall bear a recognized approval mark of a certification agency or field
evaluation agency.
Direction:
The ESA advises the industry that ESA SPEC-002 “Animal Stunner Guidelines” that
was published in 2007 is obsolete and no longer valid.
It is forecasted that in the fall of 2020 the standard IEC 60335-2-87 Particular
requirements for electrical animal stunning equipment will be adopted in Canada as a
new national standard. Before it is officially published as a Canadian standard, the ESA
will be accepting animal stunning equipment to be approved using the standard IEC
60335-2-87 in conjunction with CSA Model Code SPE-1000.
Do not use an electrical animal stunner unless it bears one of the approval labels.
ESA’s website has resources on Electrical Product Safety
(https://www.esasafe.com/electricalproducts/) and a complete list of Recognized
Certification Marks (https://www.esasafe.com/electricalproducts/marks).
It is an offence under the Electricity Act, the Occupational Health and Safety Act and
Regulations and the Ontario Electrical Safety Code to use unapproved equipment or
modify approved equipment. Use of unapproved or modified stunners or improper use
of any electrical animal stunner can result in serious injury or death.
ESA will prosecute anyone found in possession of an unapproved or modified electrical
animal stunner. For further information contact ESA at www.esasafe.com or 1-877-372-
7233. |
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Polarity identification for photovoltaic dc system conductors
Background:
ESA has been involved in several fire investigations that resulted when polarity of PV
(dc) source and/or output circuit wiring was accidentally reversed during installation.
One of the main contributing factors was the lack of marking and/ or improper field
marking of conductors which presents many opportunities for errors and consequently
dangerous failures.
In Ontario we have experienced failure during installations that are suspected to have
been caused by increased potential when a single array’s wiring was reversed to a
combiner box. Minor contaminants, such as moisture or dirt, have started self sustaining
dc arcing faults, even with the fuses in the open position.
Photo F1 below shows an example of PV equipment (combiner box) failure as a result
of reversed PV source circuit polarity.
Photo F1 – Accident resulted when polarity of dc sources was reversed
Unlike traditional ac systems where connection of incorrectly identified conductors will
cause reversal of motors or an overcurrent device to operate, reversal of dc sources
can create series circuits that will produce voltages well in excess of the rated system
voltage. Diagram F1 below explains the circuit analogy of a reversed PV source circuit
polarity.
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Diagram F1 – Reversed polarity of dc sources
Direction:
The Ontario Electrical Safety Code (OESC) Rule 64-212 requires dc Photovoltaic circuit
conductors to be coloured or coded to identify polarity, see Photo F2.
Photo F2 – Example of the required marking to identify polarity
To file a notification of work, please contact ESA’s customer service center at
1-877-ESA-Safe (1-877-372-7233). Failure to file a notification may result in charges
under the Electricity Act for each offence identified.
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Replacement of existing kitchen counter split receptacle with Ground
Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) type receptacle
Background:
Questions have been asked about the replacement of split receptacles located in a
kitchen and Ontario Electrical Safety Code (OESC) requirements for GFCI protection.
Issue:
Split receptacles are not available as GFCI type.
Resolution:
When choosing to upgrade existing kitchen counter split receptacles to the GFCI type
for the added safety value, there are two options:
A. To meet the requirements of the OESC, an existing 2-pole circuit breaker feeding
kitchen counter split receptacle can be replaced with 2-pole GFCI breaker of
Class A type to provide the required protection; or
B. As an acceptable alternative, it will be permitted to replace existing receptacles of
CSA configuration 5-15R split with 5-15R receptacles protected by a GFCI with
the following methods:
1. For installations where an existing three wire branch circuit feeds
two 5-15R split receptacles (Figure F1):
Each 5-15R split receptacle shall be replaced with a 5-15R GFCI Tamper
Resistant (TR) type receptacle fed by a separate line of the existing three
wire branch circuit feed (Figure F3). The neutral conductor shall be
installed in such a manner that any neutral conductor may be
disconnected without disconnecting any other neutral in compliance with
Rule 4-022 d).
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Figure F1 – Typical installation-two 5-15R Split Receptacles connected to a three
wire branch circuit
2. For installations where an existing three wire branch circuit feeds a
single 5-15R split receptacle (Figure F2):
In addition to replacing the existing receptacle with a 5-15R GFCI TR type
receptacle, an additional 5-15R GFCI TR type receptacle shall be added
to the counter top and connected as per Figure F3.
Since the standard for GFCI receptacles requires both the Line and the
neutral to be disconnected under ground fault conditions, the requirement
to have the neutral in compliance with OESC Rule 4-022 d) will still allow
the second GFCI to operate if the first one is tripped or disconnected.
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Figure F2 – Typical installation single Split Receptacle connected to three wire
branch circuit
Figure F3 – GFCI Replacement Method
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Electrical wiring is complicated and can present safety hazards if not properly installed
and maintained.
When planning to do electrical work, think about the risks associated with unsafe
electrical installations. Contact a Licensed Electrical Contractor (LEC), and make sure
they arrange for an electrical inspection. You may use the following link to find an LEC
in your area https://findacontractor.esasafe.com/
The OESC requires a "Notification of work" to be filed with the ESA before or within 48
hours after the commencement of work*. Electrical wiring and equipment must not be
covered prior to being authorized by an inspector.
(*) Note:
If the work is performed by the home owner, notification of work is required to be filed. If
the work is performed by an LEC, although the replacement is not considered as a
like for like application as stated in OESC Subrule 2-005 a) iii), notification is not
required. Branch wiring extensions require notification of work to be filed. See Bulletin 2-
3-* for additional information. |
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Electrical Safety Authority Warns of Potential Shock Hazard
Associated with the incorrect installation of In-line Fuse Holders
The Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) is warning end users and contractors about a
potential shock hazard associated with the use of Thomas & Betts In-line Fuse Holder
Models 65 and 65U.
ESA became aware that the fuse remains energized and connected to the line side of
the circuit when the two halves are separated during maintenance and examination.
This potential hazardous condition occurs when the fuse holder is not assembled in
accordance to the accompanying manufacturer’s instructions.
Direction:
End users and contractors are cautioned to ensure that they follow the manufacturer’s
installation instructions when using the Thomas & Betts In-line Fuse Holder Models 65
and 65U.
Example of incorrectly assembled Fuse Holder with a wide gap between holder
halves
Wide Gap between
fuse holder halves
when assembled |
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Example of energized Fuse due to it remaining on the line side of fuse holder
when halves are opened
Correctly Assembled Fuse Holder
Energized (Live) Fuse
Line
Load
When properly mated, the seam between
housings should not exceed 1/32 inch as
outlined in the manufacturer’s instructions |
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The Office of the Fire Marshal and Emergency Management and the
Electrical Safety Authority warn of safety issues associated with
electric saunas
The Ontario Office of Fire Marshal and Emergency Management (OFMEM) and the
Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) are warning the public about potential fire hazards
associated with electric saunas and sauna heaters.
There were three fatalities due to sauna fires in the past 10 years. Analysis of past
sauna fires reveals that the tampering with or disconnection of critical fail-safe
components, such as heat sensors, high limit switches, timing switches, and
thermostats are frequent factors in the ignition of such fires.
It has been found that when repairs are made, sometimes incorrect components are
used, regardless of whether they are intended for the application or not. There might be
an added risk in the case of using unapproved electrical products in the process of
repairs and maintenance of these saunas.
Background:
The OFMEM has been undertaking research into fire safety of saunas. Incidents
involved saunas that were built and used in commercial facilities such as SPAs, fitness
clubs, hotels, apartment complexes, etc.
For the past 10 years, the OFMEM statistics indicated the following most common
ignition sources with electric saunas and associated heaters:
• Ignition of combustible material left in sauna
• Incorrect wiring or missing high limit switch to sauna heater
• Incorrect wiring or disconnection of thermostat
• Replacement control devices that are incorrectly installed
• Replacement devices that are unapproved or not approved for the intended use
• Heaters installed too close to combustible materials
When sauna rooms are built or repaired on site, using electrical devices such as
heaters, timers, sensors, contactors, etc., they shall be approved and contractors shall
follow the Rules in the Ontario Electrical Safety Code (OESC).
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Requirements of the OESC:
• Rule 62-112 requires that heating devices are to be installed so that any adjacent
combustible materials are not subjected to temperatures in excess of 90° C.
• Rule 62-202 requires each enclosed area within which a heater is located to
have a temperature control device.
• Rule 62-222 requires that heaters for sauna rooms are to be:
o Marked as being suitable for the purpose;
o Installed in accordance with the nameplate size specifications;
o Fastened securely in place to ensure that the minimum safe clearances
indicated on the nameplate are not reduced;
o Not installed below shower heads or water spray devices.
o Controlled by a timed cut-off switch having a maximum time setting of 1
hour, with no override feature that, if not forming part of the sauna heater
or cabinet, will be mounted on the outside wall of the room containing the
sauna heater and able to disconnect all ungrounded conductors in the
circuit supplying the heater.
Ontario Regulation 438/07 Product Safety requires that all electrical products that are
used, advertised, displayed or offered for sale or other disposal are approved. Approved
electrical equipment is labelled with one of the recognized certifications or filed
evaluation marks. For the list of recognized marks go to: https://esasafe.com/electrical-
products/recognized-certification-marks/
Sauna rooms shall not be used as storage rooms and no combustible materials, such
as towels, should be left in the sauna. Unintentional activation of the sauna heater
switch may lead to fire, property damage, serious injury or death of occupants.
For both new building installations and retrofit installations in commercial facilities, in
addition to needed a building permit which has to be taken by facility owner, the sauna
builder/contractor would be responsible for filing a notification of work from ESA for the
electrical connections associated with a sauna. ESA strongly encourages Ontarians to
contact a Licensed Electrical Contractor (LEC) when planning electrical work, and
ensure that ESA has inspected all work. Go to https://findacontractor.esasafe.com for a
list of LECs. |
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Electric In-Floor Heating System Installations
Ontario’s Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) warns the public that improperly installed
electric floor heating systems may pose a fire, burn, or electric shock hazard. A recent
fatality has been associated with floor heating cables/ pads that were not installed as
per the manufacturer and were not in compliance with the Ontario Electrical Safety
Code (OESC).
Caution for Home Owners:
Homeowners are reminded to review and always follow the manufactures operating
instructions. Objects that significantly restrict the normal flow of air over a floor should
not be left unattended on floors heated with Electric In-Floor Heating Systems, unless
specifically permitted by the manufacturer’s instructions.
Caution for Installers:
Recently, an elderly gentleman fell on the floor in the bathroom of his home where a
Licensed Electrical Contractor (LEC) had installed an in-floor heating system without
taking out a notification of work. The man suffered second and third degree burns from
the over-heated floor and succumbed to his injuries weeks later in hospital.
A joint investigation with the ESA revealed the sensor (heat) that needed to be installed
to cut the electrical supply to the floor when a certain temperature is reached was not
installed. Also, the In-Floor Heating mat was intended to be connected to 120 VAC
power supply. It was hooked up to a 240 VAC power supply by mistake, allowing it to
overheat. The floor was able to attain a temperature of 62.2 °C (144 ° F).
Installers should be aware most thermostats are rated for multiple voltages. The
thermostat does not reduce the voltage so extreme caution should be taken to ensure
the voltage supplied to the thermostat matches the voltage required by the in-floor
heating mat or cable installed.
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Picture 1: Dual Voltage Thermostat Picture 2: 120 V Rated Floor Matt Label
Installers should also refer to the manufacturer’s instructions, as in-floor heating may
not be intended to be utilized without the in-floor sensor installed and connected.
Who can install the heating portion of electric floor heating systems?
Basically any person can install the heating portion of electric floor heating system
components, as long as there is no branch circuit wiring installation involved. So, the
flooring contractor, for example, can install the electrical heating equipment (i.e. in-floor
heat cables or radiant heating panels) up to the first termination junction box for the cold
lead connections. No branch circuit wiring installation.
Sensor required
but not installed |
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All equipment must bear a recognized Canadian Electrical approval mark (CSA or
equivalent). See https://esasafe.com/electrical-products/recognized-certification-marks/
for a complete list of acceptable approval marks for equipment.
Does the installation of the in-floor heating cables or radiant heating pads require
notification of work to be filed and inspected?
YES, a notification of work must be filed with the ESA to inspect the “electrical heating
system” components installed by the flooring installers or any other person. Inspection
must be completed prior to the covering of the heating cables/pads.
To apply for or arrange an electrical inspection, please contact ESA’s customer service
center at 1-877-ESA-Safe (1-877-372-7233). Failure to follow inspection requirements
may result in charges under the Electricity Act for each offence identified.
Who will install the branch circuit wiring and do other electrical connections?
Branch circuit wiring from the electrical panel to the in-
floor heating must be done by a LEC. The homeowner
can also do the wiring, however, it is NOT
recommended. Visit https://findacontractor.esasafe.com/
for LEC list.
For installations involving several parties, e.g. the flooring contractor and the LEC, there
is a need for proper co-ordination to ensure the complete system is interconnected to
operate safely, specifically, the individual installing the thermostat and doing the
connection needs to ensure that sensor is installed and connected.
Electrical wiring is complicated and can present safety hazards if not properly installed
and maintained. Homeowners are encouraged to ensure their electrical installations
meet the safety standards defined in the OESC by engaging a LEC for all new electrical
work/installations as well as alterations to existing systems.
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Electrical hazards found at sports fields
The Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) has found numerous electrical hazards at sports
fields throughout Ontario. The hazards are related to installation and maintenance of
electrical equipment. The areas of focus that emerged during these inspections are:
• Sports field lighting
• Electrical panels and enclosures
• Conduits to auxiliary buildings
ESA recommends that Municipalities set up a periodic visual inspection of all electrical
installations at their facilities to ensure there are no electrical hazards related to
damaged or deteriorated electrical equipment. Generally the issues that have been
identified during inspections include:
• Condition of the electrical installation:
o Exposed electrical wiring not protected by a raceway.
o Deterioration of the raceways containing electrical conductors.
o Conduits that have rusted or broken apart.
o Deteriorated enclosures allowing weather to infiltrate the equipment
inside.
o Loss of bonding continuity creating shock hazards.
• Non-compliant installations:
o Conduits installed in unsuitable locations and without mechanical
protection.
o No bond wire installed as part of the original installation.
o Electrical equipment such as panels, not guarded where exposed to
mechanical damage.
o Equipment has holes or is missing panel fillers, making energized
conductors accessible.
o Equipment that is not properly maintained and showing evidence of
imminent failure.
In addition to the above, the Ontario Electrical Safety Code (OESC) Rule 26-708
requires all receptacles exposed to the weather be provided with cover plates suitable
for wet locations whether or not a plug is inserted into the receptacle and marked “Extra
Duty”. Additionally, OESC Rule 26-704 requires all outdoor receptacles within 2.5 m of |
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finished grade having CSA configuration 5-15R or 5-20R shall be protected with a
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter of the Class A type. GFCI’s should be tested monthly, in
order to minimize the potential hazards where the public are exposed to the electrical
outlets. Locking of electrical equipment is also recommended as a means of guarding
equipment exposed to the public.
Specific sports field lighting issues identified:
• Some towers used to support lighting are in a deteriorated condition.
• Original installation may have been modified, exposing energized conductors
(See Photo F1).
• Box covers are missing or improperly installed.
• Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT) was commonly used a number of years ago as
raceway for electrical wiring in outdoor installations which included sports fields.
o EMT can become rusted and break where it has been used in exposed
installations.
o EMT may shear off where it exits concrete as it deteriorates.
o Damaged and deteriorated EMT may pose a shock hazard through loss of
bonding continuity.
Photo F1 – Deteriorated and incomplete conduit system with exposed conductors
Specific auxiliary building issues identified:
• PVC conduit damaged by snow removal or lawn care equipment, potentially
exposing wires.
• Conduits are not protected from ongoing mechanical damage, see Photo F2.
• Conduits concealed by snow during winter months, creating the potential for
additional damage.
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Photo F2 – Improperly protected conduit (Damaged)
Specific electrical panel and enclosure issues identified:
• Electrical panels rusting.
• Electrical panels with unused openings as a result of missing panel fillers which
exposes the live bus to anyone putting their hands on or near the panel.
• Electrical panels protected by wooden enclosures which are not weather-proof or
are deteriorated.
• Electrical panels are not locked.
• Evidence of animal nesting.
Some of the above conditions are shown on Photo F3 below.
Photo F3 – Accessible and Deteriorated Enclosure
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Sports Field Maintenance Considerations:
Once deterioration or damage is identified, repairs should be made immediately. When
making repairs, the requirements of the current revision of the OESC should be
considered. When it is necessary to replace all or part of an electrical installation it
should be confirmed that any such work complies with the current requirements of the
OESC and that a notification (permit) is obtained for the work as per Rule 2-004.
If the municipality does not have trained or qualified personnel to complete regular
inspections, a Licensed Electrical Contractor (LEC) can help with the assessment and
repairs to damaged or deteriorated electrical installations.
To find a LEC in your area please visit the following webpage:
https://findacontractor.esasafe.com/
For more electrical safety information, please visit our website at www.esasafe.com |
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Flash 22-16-FL
Supersedes 19-16-FL
Knob and tube wiring in residential installations
Issues with knob and tube wiring:
Since January 2003, the Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) has received an increasing
number of questions about the safety of knob and tube wiring. In particular, purchasers
or owners of older homes are finding that many insurers will not provide or renew
coverage on such properties. In some cases, the insurance companies are requiring a
total replacement of this wiring prior to providing insurance coverage.
Knob and tube wiring, more recently referred to as open wiring, was a wiring method
used in the early 1900s to 1940s in the residential sector. Over the years wiring
installation practices have changed in the residential sector and knob and tube wiring is
no longer permitted. Installation rules have been deleted in the 28th Edition 2021 of
the Ontario Electrical Safety Code (OESC)
Diagram F1- Typical knob and tube installation
Existing knob and tube conductors concealed in walls, floor spaces, etc; supplying
general lighting and receptacle circuits are permitted to remain in place if:
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• They are protected by a 15 A fuse or circuit breaker; and
• No additional outlets have been added to the original installation, so as to
overload the circuit; and
• The conductors, where visible, appear to be in good condition.
If your home has knob and tube wiring, we recommend that you follow these guidelines:
• Have a Licensed Electrical Contractor (LEC) check the “knob and tube”
conductors in your existing installations for signs of deterioration and damage.
• “Knob & tube” conductors should be replaced where exposed conductors show
evidence of mechanical abuse and/ or deterioration, poor connections,
overheating, or alterations that result in overloading, or if changes to the wiring
contravene any section of the OESC.
Homes with knob and tube wiring may not have the electrical capacity to meet today’s
needs. As a result, homeowners have modified their electrical system with what ESA
classifies as unsafe practices:
• Improper use of extension cords – using improperly rated extension cords, or
using extension cords as permanent wiring;
• Improper fuse replacement – using 20 or 30 A fuses to replace15 A;
• Improper connections - adding receptacles and outlets on existing circuits or
improperly connecting to the knob and tube wiring (this work should be done by a
LEC);
• Removing ground pins – ground pins on power bars or electrical equipment
should not be removed to accommodate the two pin receptacles used in knob
and tube wiring (2 pin to 3 pin are not permitted);
• Improper replacement of two pin receptacles. If you require a three prong
receptacle, only use a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) receptacle.
Homeowners who are planning to modify their knob and tube wiring, or any other
electrical wiring, should have the work performed by a LEC. A notification of work is
required to be filed as per Rule 2-004.
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Receptacles in existing knob and tube installations:
Where grounding type receptacles (three pin) are installed in existing knob and tube
installations to replace the ungrounded type (two pin) receptacles, special caution must
be exercised.
Diagram F2-Two and three pin receptacle configuration
Two Pin (ungrounded) Three Pin (Grounded)
Rule 26-702 1) requires the installation of a bond conductor, to bond the receptacle to
ground. This is permitted to be an external bonding conductor that is connected to either
the system ground conductor or a metallic cold water pipe that is bonded to ground.
This method may be difficult to accomplish.
As an alternative to bonding, Rule 26-702 2) of the Code also states that "grounding
type receptacles without a bonding conductor shall be permitted to be installed,
provided each receptacle is protected by a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) of the
Class A type, that is an integral part of this receptacle; or supplied from a receptacle
containing a GFCI of the Class A type; or supplied from a circuit protected by a GFCI of
the Class A type (a GFCI breaker in the panel, or either a GFCI receptacle or a GFCI
dead front mounted in an outlet box next to the panel). Where this option is used, no
bonding conductor is permitted between outlets, unless that conductor is in turn
connected to ground.
GFCI protection of the receptacles does not provide a ground reference to the U-ground
slot of the receptacles. Some appliances require a bond be connected to the U-ground
slot in order to function properly. For example, surge protective devices for computer or
entertainment equipment will not function without a ground reference.
As new electrical equipment is introduced into the dwelling unit there might be a need
for additional outlets to be installed. Extension cords are not to be used as a substitute
for permanent wiring. The following shall be followed when installing new receptacles:
• Outdoor receptacles shall be GFCI protected;
• Bathroom and washroom receptacles shall be GFCI protected;
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• Kitchen receptacles within 1 m of a sink shall be GFCI protected;
• New outlets shall follow the current OESC requirements for wiring, meaning a
new branch circuit shall be grounded and receptacles that utilize the three pin
grounded configuration, listed in Diagram F2.
Benefits of new wiring:
While knob and tube conductors in good condition that have not been inappropriately
altered will not present undue hazards, it is worth noting that modern electrical
installations contain safety benefits not found in older electrical systems. These include:
• Generally larger electrical capacity and more electrical circuits reducing the need
to use extension cords;
• Splices and joints made in approved electrical boxes;
• Dedicated electrical circuits for certain types of electrical equipment or
appliances;
• Grounded and bonded receptacles, switches and light fixtures;
• Tamper resistant receptacles in homes;
• Ground fault circuit interrupters in bathrooms and outdoor locations as per the
latest edition of the OESC;
• Arc Fault Circuit Interrupters in receptacle circuits;
• GFCIs near sinks.
Homeowners who are planning to modify their knob and tube wiring, or any other
electrical wiring, should have the work performed by a LEC or electrician and arrange
for an electrical inspection by ESA.
Myths:
• Knob & Tube wiring is unsafe.
• All knob and tube wiring must be disconnected and replaced.
Facts:
• Knob & Tube wiring is safe, provided it is properly maintained by a LEC as
outlined above.
• Even though the latest OESC 28th Edition 2021 has deleted the installation rules
of knob and tube wiring, the OESC is not retroactive.
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Licensed Electrical Contractor narrowly escapes serious injury
While installing metering conductors in a 4160 V switchgear, a Licensed Electrical
Contractor (LEC) came into contact with the terminal of an energized lightning
arrester.
This contact could have been FATAL!
A serious hazard exists when LECs assume lightning arresters are de-energized
when the main switch is turned off or even when a breaker is racked out. Lightning
arresters are typically installed on the line side of a main switch to protect the
incoming supply conductors from surges. Extreme care shall be exercised to ensure
lightning arresters are de-energized when working in compartments.
The following procedure is recommended:
1. Check the single line drawing, ensure that tag and lock-out procedure is
understood by personnel doing the work (See Figure F1).
2. Test to confirm that the surge arrester is de-energized before working within an
electrical enclosure.
Figure F1- Single Line Diagram
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Electrical Shock Hazards associated with older fuse panels
Electrical installation methods, codes and product standards have evolved significantly
over the past 100 years in Ontario and across North America. Over time, the standards
for electrical products and installations have been updated to address safety issues that
have arisen.
Ontario Electrical Safety Code (OESC) Rule 14-206 and product standards (CSA
Standard C22.2 No.29, “Low Voltage Distribution and Control”) require panelboards
containing breakers or plug fuses to have barriers and/ or covers that eliminate
exposure to energized parts where these panelboards are readily accessible to
unauthorized persons for operation of the breakers or changing of fuses.
OESC Rule 14-206 Fuseholders for plug fuses states:
Fuseholders for plug fuses shall be of the so-called “covered” type where readily
accessible to unauthorized persons.
Some homes, apartments and other buildings across Ontario still have old electrical
fuse panels that were installed prior to 1940. These panels complied with the codes and
standards at the time of installation. If maintained properly, complete with the correct
size and type of fuses, these panels will still be adequate to protect electrical circuits
and equipment. However, it has been identified that opening the panelboard cover of
some of these fuse panels gives access to bare and exposed energized terminals,
which may pose electrical shock hazards to unqualified persons (See Photo F1).
Photo F1 – Panelboard with the cover opened shows bare energized terminals in old
fuse panel
Many of these older electrical fuse
panels may not provide adequate
shock protection for persons
replacing fuses. Persons are
exposed to energized connections
and conductors when accessing the
fuses. |
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Due to the potential shock hazard associated with these open type panels in residential
dwellings, the Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) will be mandating the following when the
dwellings are Rental/Tenant occupied (not owner occupied):
• Fuse panels shall be provided with covers that are only capable of being opened
with the use of a key/tool; and
• a warning label shall be placed on the cover of each panel stating:
“Danger Exposed Energized Parts, Consult Landlord for Service” (or
equivalent wording).
This will meet the intent of the current OESC and standards by rendering the internal
parts of the panelboards not readily accessible.
Additional ESA Recommendations:
If a property owner wishes to upgrade their older electrical panels to provide a higher
level of electrical safety than the minimum mandated above, other available options
could be:
1) Replace the fuse panels and panel enclosure with new breaker panels.
2) Retro-fit new breaker panel interiors into the existing fuse panel enclosures
(contact breaker panel manufacturer to see if breaker panel retrofit kits are
available for existing enclosure dimensions).
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Hazards Associated with Branch Circuit Overloading due to Portable Air
Conditioning units
Background: Photo F1 - Example of Portable AC
Portable Air Conditioning (AC) units (example Photo F1), including plug-in,
wheel-in and window types are sometimes used in older buildings during the
hot summer season as a quick solution to manage the elevated temperatures.
Some portable AC units are required to be plugged into a receptacle fed by a
dedicated branch circuit (a circuit that does not feed any other receptacles or
loads). If these are connected to existing circuits that feeds other loads, there is
a risk of overloading that circuit. Continuous overloading for a circuit may lead
to overheating, deterioration of wiring/devices, and a potential fire hazard or
loss of power.
Photo F2 shows an example of a nameplate of portable AC unit.
It is clearly stating (“Use on Single Outlet Circuit Only”), which means that the unit is required to be
plugged into a receptacle fed by a dedicated branch circuit.
Recommendation: Photo F2 - Example of Nameplate of Portable AC
- Always read the appliance label and manufacturer
instructions and adhere to it.
- If the portable AC unit requires a dedicated
receptacle circuit, it should not be connected to an
existing branch circuit feeding other loads or
general purpose receptacles.
- If a breaker is tripping when a portable AC unit is
connected, do not attempt to plug it again, consult
with a Licensed Electrical Contractor.
- For existing circuits that are shared between
rooms, before plugging in portable AC units in
each room, assessment is required to avoid
connecting the AC units on the same circuit and to
determine if additional dedicated circuits are
needed. Recommendation
- Where multiple portable AC units will be connected to an existing installation in a building,
the assessment must also take into consideration the loading of the distribution panels and
main electrical service.
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Supersedes 19-30-FL
Aluminum wiring in residential installations
Issues with aluminum wiring
The Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) has received an increasing number of questions
about the safety of aluminum wiring. In particular, purchasers or owners of homes built
from the mid 1960’s until the late 1970’s with aluminum wiring are finding that many
insurers will not provide or renew insurance coverage on such properties unless the
wiring is inspected and repaired or replaced as necessary and this work is inspected by
ESA and a copy of the certificate of inspection is provided to the insurer. In some cases
the insurer may require replacement of the aluminum wiring with copper wiring. Check
with your insurance company for their requirements.
Myths
• Aluminum wiring was recalled because it is known to be a fire hazard.
• Aluminum wiring is no longer used for interior wiring systems.
Fact
• The Ontario Electrical Safety Code (OESC) permits the installation of aluminum
wiring.
• Adequate precautions shall be given to the terminations and splicing of aluminum
conductors.
• Aluminum wiring itself is safe if proper connections and terminations are made,
without damaging the wire and devices approved for use with aluminum wire are
employed and installed in accordance with the OESC and the manufacturer’s
instructions.
• Aluminum wiring is widely used today for larger commercial and industrial
feeders. Electrical distribution companies use it widely throughout their
distribution systems including the supply service cable to most residences; in
fact, it may still be used today for interior wiring systems in residential homes as
well as other structures.
Some homes may have a mixture of aluminum and copper wiring.
Reported problems with aluminum wiring have been related to the overheating and
failure of aluminum wiring terminations. This is due to the tendency for aluminum to
oxidize and its incompatibility with devices designed for use with copper wiring. Warm |
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cover plates or discolouration of switches or receptacles, signs of arcing within switches
or receptacles as per photo F1, flickering lights, or the smell of hot plastic insulation may
be evidence of these problems.
Photo F1 – Failure of aluminum wiring terminations
Each home is different and must be assessed on its own. It is highly recommended that
the homeowner hire a Licensed Electrical Contractor (LEC) who is knowledgeable in the
special techniques required for working with and repairing aluminum wiring. The
contractor should do an assessment, make the necessary repairs and have the work
inspected by ESA. The homeowner should obtain a copy of the Certificate of Inspection
for their records and for their insurance company (if requested).
As mentioned above, where problems exist with aluminum wiring they are usually found
at termination points. This necessitates the opening of all outlets (receptacles, switches,
fixtures, appliance connections and in the panelboard) and visually inspecting
terminations for signs of failure and overheating without removing or disturbing the
devices or wiring. There should be no signs of overheating such as darkened or
discoloured connections, melted insulation, etc.
Where problems are found the damaged aluminum conductor should be cut back to
remove the damaged portion and then the necessary repairs made.
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Required markings for devices used with aluminum wiring
Replacement receptacles and switches shall be installed in compliance with the OESC
and marked as per Table F1.
Table F1 – Required markings for devices used with aluminum wiring
Electrical Device Required Marking
Receptacle (rated 20 amps or less) “CO/ALR” or “AL–CU”
Receptacle (rated greater than 20 amps) “AL–CU” Or “CU–AL”
Switch (rated 20 amps or less) “CO/ALR”
Wire Connectors [intended for use with
combinations of either an aluminum conductor(s), a
copper conductor(s), or both]
“AL–CU” Or “CU–AL”
Luminaire (Lighting fixture or lampholder) No required marking on fixture, however
approved wire nuts are required.
Electric Heater No required marking on heater, however
approved wire nuts are required.
All terminations of aluminum conductors shall be to devices marked as per Table F1
and Photo F2; this includes the bare bond conductor. OESC Rule 12-118 3) provides
two exceptions to this requirement. The first exception is for devices or fixtures with wire
leads, in which case the joint between the wire lead and the aluminum conductor shall
be made with a wire connector approved for copper to aluminum connections and
marked as per Table F1. The second exception is the outlet box bonding screw, which
does not require approval for connection of the aluminum bonding conductor.
Photo F2 – Required marking for devices used with aluminum wiring
Terminations of aluminum conductors
OESC Rule 12-118 6) requires the connection of aluminum conductors to wiring devices
having binding- screw terminals around which the conductors can be looped under the
head of the screw, shall be made by forming the conductor in a clockwise direction
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around the screw into three-fourths of a complete loop and only one conductor shall be
connected to any one screw.
Devices with “push-in” terminations shall not be used with aluminum conductors.
An alternative to using copper/ aluminum approved devices is to connect a copper wire
“pig-tail” between the aluminum conductor and the device connection screw of a device
approved for copper only connections. Pig-tailing also applies to the bond conductor.
The wire connector used for the pigtail joint shall be marked as per Table F1.
OESC Rule 12-118 1) states that adequate precaution shall be given to the termination
and splicing of aluminum conductors, including the removal of insulation, the cleaning of
the bared conductor and the compatibility and installation of fittings.
Aluminum conductors are softer than copper and care must be taken that they are not
nicked, cut or crushed during termination. Nicks, cuts, or crush spots at terminations
result in a weak spot that may result in breakage of the conductor or a hot spot.
Where pig-tailing is used, OESC Rule 12-3036 must be considered with respect to the
minimum volume of box required to contain the existing as well as the new conductors
and connections. Where there is not enough room in the existing outlet box, a surface
mounted extension box may be required to contain the extra volume necessary to safely
accommodate everything.
Aluminum wiring in existing installations
If an owner is aware or has discovered that the house is wired with aluminum wiring and
the original devices are not marked as suitable for aluminum wiring, there is a potential
for failure which could lead to a fire, as per Photo F1. Aluminum-wired connections have
been known to fail and overheat without any prior indications or problems. Do not wait
for signs of overheating of the termination or signs of arcing within switches and
receptacles. ESA strongly recommends eliminating a hazard by replacing the original
devices with aluminum rated and properly marked devices (or have copper tails
installed).
If any of the original devices have been replaced in the past with newer Cu only devices
(i.e. Decora), then they are not original and are required to be replaced with a Cu/ AL
device.
The use of Oxide Inhibitors
OESC Rule 12-118 2) requires that a joint compound be used with stranded aluminum
conductor connections.
It has been brought to the attention of ESA that the excess use of non-petroleum
based inhibitors may result in the failure of approved wire connectors. Figure F2 shows |
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an example of a failure when non-petroleum based inhibitor was used for copper to
aluminum connections. The “Oxide Inhibiting compound” and connector manufacturers’
shall be consulted to ensure the compound used is appropriate for the application.
Unless the termination or splice is approved and so marked for use without Oxide
Inhibitors, OESC Rule 12-118 2) requires a joint compound, capable of penetrating the
oxide film and preventing its reforming, be used with stranded aluminum conductor
connections.
Note
The compound is conductive and should be used sparingly and any excess compound
should be removed.
Figure F2 – Non-Petroleum based inhibitor failures
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Fire investigation into high-rise apartment fire
In the fall of 2004, the Electrical Safety Authority (ESA) was asked to assist the Office of the Fire
Marshal (OFM) with an electrical fire investigation in an Eastern Ontario high-rise apartment
complex. Fortunately there were no associated fatalities or life-threatening injuries, however, the
fire left more than a thousand people homeless and resulted in millions of dollars of damage. The
fire was so severe that the building remained unoccupied 4 weeks after.
The fire involved one of the apartment building’s main electrical distribution risers (busway), and
originated from the main electrical panel board located in the basement, then ran up the building
through electrical closets located on each floor. The busway supplies power to the electrical
closets, which in turn supplies power to the electric heating located in every individual apartment.
Preliminary investigations of the site identified that a water leak on a higher floor migrated into an
electrical closet. The water entered the busway and caused a short circuit. The overcurrent and
ground fault protection failed to clear the fault, resulting in catastrophic failure of the busway. The
failure resulted in an electrical fire, spreading to multiple floors throughout the building.
Following further investigation, ESA and the OFM determined the busway protection failure was
due to a malfunction in the busway protective device. The switch mechanism did not work freely,
causing the operating linkage to bind, preventing the switch from opening to clear the fault.
Rule 2-300 1) of the Ontario Electrical Safety Code requires that “All operating electrical equipment
shall be kept in safe and proper working condition.”
The fire investigation identified that regular testing, calibration and maintenance of the protective
systems and related switches in the main distribution switchgear should have identified and
corrected the problem.
Recommendations:
ESA strongly recommends all owners, condominium associations and rental management
companies involved in high-rise buildings initiate a program of regular testing, calibration, and
maintenance of electrical systems to ensure the electrical systems in buildings function properly
and safely. Testing, calibration and maintenance must follow the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
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Supersedes 19-18-FL
Residential fires linked to electrical wiring and equipment
Based on the 2020 Ontario Electrical Safety Report (OESR), developed by the Electrical
Safety Authority (ESA), a significant number of residential fires are associated with
electrical wiring and equipment.
• In the past ten years misuse of electrical products and unapproved or counterfeit
products account for approximately 1,100 fires and an average of seven fatalities
each year.
• Electrical infrastructure fires in buildings, such as detached residential structures,
account for roughly 500 fires, and result in two fatalities, annually.*
(*) for more information and statistics, please refer to the latest Ontario Electrical Safety
Report (https://esasafe.com/2020oesr/)
Sources of electrical fires in homes include:
• electrical circuit wiring,
• damaged or improperly rated extension cords or cables,
• breaker/fuse panels,
• light fixtures (luminaires),
• receptacles and switches.
Fires are prevalent in both copper and aluminum wiring systems. Investigation of these
electrical fires identified that most are attributed to incorrect or improper installation
and/or procedure.
Electrical wiring is complicated and presents safety hazards if not properly installed and
maintained. Homeowners are encouraged to ensure their electrical installations meet
the safety standards defined in the Ontario Electrical Safety Code (OESC) by engaging
a Licensed Electrical Contractor (LEC) to evaluate their electrical system if they have
signs of potential electrical hazards, such as:
• circuit breakers that frequently trip or fuses that frequently blow
• lights that flicker
• signs of wiring deterioration
• concerns about the qualifications of individuals who worked on the electrical
system |
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Persons operating an electrical contracting business are required to be licensed by
ESA. Homeowners should retain the services of a LEC to ensure their electrical
installations are done correctly and safely. Please refer to this link to know how to spot
an unlicensed electrical contractor:
www.esasafe.com/consumers/contractorlookup/spotting-an-unlicensed-electrical-
contractor
In addition, when homeowners have new electrical installations installed, they should
request that their LEC provide a copy of the Certificate of Inspection confirming that the
installation meets the requirements of the OESC.
When planning to do electrical work, think about the risks associated with unsafe
electrical installations. Contact a licensed electrical contractor, and make sure they file a
notification of work. Visit www.pluginsafely.ca for a list of licensed electrical contractors
in Ontario. |
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85 | 22-14-FL.pdf | 1 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-14-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-14-FL Page 1 of 2
Flash 22-14-FL
Supersedes 19-14-FL
Delta to Wye system conversions
Caution should be exercised when converting Delta systems to Wye.
You must ensure that all unintentional grounds are removed before the system is
converted.
Hazard:
There have been a number of incidents and fires where, as part of a distribution system
upgrade, the system transformer has been changed from a Delta secondary (3 Wire
ungrounded) to a Wye secondary (4 Wire grounded) system.
Issue:
By design, a ground fault condition on a Delta system will not operate an overcurrent
device; it will only indicate a grounded phase conductor.
A potential fire or shock hazards could be introduced when the supply transformers are
changed to a grounded Wye secondary system if all ground faults are not removed prior
to the new service being energized. A fault would be introduced into a grounded
system. Closing a switch into a fault can be extremely hazardous. The results may be
immediate with the operation of the overcurrent device or, if the fault is of a high enough
impedance, it may allow significant current to flow without the overcurrent device
operating, causing a fire.
Solution:
In addition to the normal procedure, the following safety procedures are suggested
when converting
Delta to Wye:
1. Inspect the electrical system being converted, paying particular attention to the
status of the Ground Fault Indication Lights (GFI) if equipped depending on the
era of the installation, and ensure that the GFIs are functioning properly.
2. If the GFI indicates a fault (indicators of different brightness could be a sign of
partial faults) further tests should be conducted to find the source of the fault. The
fault may be further inside the building, outside the building or in another building |
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86 | 22-14-FL.pdf | 2 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/ESA Flash Notices/22-14-FL.pdf | FLASH
May 2022
©Electrical Safety Authority Flash 22-14-FL Page 2 of 2
on the same system. ALL FAULTS MUST BE CLEARED BEFORE
CONVERSION IS ATTEMPTED.
3. It is important that a “Grounded Circuit Conductor” (or neutral) be brought into the
building, grounded as per Rule 10-210 and bonded as per Rule 10-604 whether
or not the customer has an immediate or perceived need for a neutral. This
connection is essential for clearing faults on the system.
4. The grounded conductor shall not be smaller than that permitted by Rule 10-210
b), which means it shall be sized per Rule 10-614 and Table 16 and comply with
Rule 4-018 (neutral). Also, a check should be performed to see if the existing
equipment is rated high enough for any increase in the Available Fault Current
(AFC) Level. (See OESC Rules 14-012 and 14-014)
5. Once converted, the loads can be connected and checked again for ground
faults. A current on the grounded conductor may be an indication of a potential
problem.
6. Overcurrent devices that operate once energized could be an indication of a fault
remaining on the system and should not be ignored. Further investigation shall
be conducted.
7. The redundant GFI’s should be removed.
8. Where Delta-Wye conversions are completed on facilities that had external
buildings/structures fed with no continuous bonding back to the main service
distribution, Code compliant bonding is required to be installed to ensure that
overcurrent protection operates as required. (With phases now referenced to
ground and no fault return path, a fire hazard could be present where fault
current tries to find an alternate path ie: metallic gas pipe, communication cable
etc.)
9. A notification of work must be filed and a connection authorization issued by the
Electrical Safety Authority prior to re-energizing the system.
Note:
On large services that are solidly grounded, OESC Rule 14-102 may require the
addition of Ground Fault Protection.
For additional information, see OESC Bulletin #10-22-*
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87 | CEC-2024.pdf | 1 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/CEC and Ontario Amendments/CEC-2024.pdf | Canadian Electrical Code, Part I
Safety Standard for Electrical Installations
2024
26th Edition
CSA C22.1:24
|
|
88 | CEC-2024.pdf | 2 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/CEC and Ontario Amendments/CEC-2024.pdf | Legal
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89 | CEC-2024.pdf | 3 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/CEC and Ontario Amendments/CEC-2024.pdf | 2024 Canadian Electrical Code
and related products
In addition to CSA C22.1:24, Canadian Electrical
Code, Part I, CSA Group offers a variety of related
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and objectives of the 2024 Code as they apply to
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90 | CEC-2024.pdf | 4 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/CEC and Ontario Amendments/CEC-2024.pdf | Standards
Update Service
CSA C22.1:24
March 2024 Title:
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91 | CEC-2024.pdf | 5 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/CEC and Ontario Amendments/CEC-2024.pdf | Canadian
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92 | CEC-2024.pdf | 6 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/CEC and Ontario Amendments/CEC-2024.pdf | National
Standard of Canada
CSA C22.1:24
Canadian Electrical Code, Part I
• The Canadian Electrical Code, Part I, is a voluntary code for adoption and enforcement by
regulatory authorities.
• The Canadian Electrical Code, Part I, meets the fundamental safety principles of International
Standard IEC 60364-1, Low-voltage electrical installations.
• Consult with local authorities regarding regulations that adopt and/or amend this Code.
Safety Standard for Electrical Installations
(Twenty-sixth edition)Published
in March 2024 by CSA Group
A not -for-prof it privat e sect or organization
178 Re xdale Boulevard, Toront o, Ontario, Canada M9W 1R3
To purchase standards and related publications, visit our Online Store at www
.csagroup.org/s to re/ or call toll-free 1-800-463-6727 or 416-747-4044. ICS
29.020
ISBN 978-1-4883-4250-9
© 2024 Canadian Standards Association
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form whatsoever without
the prior permission of the publisher .
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93 | CEC-2024.pdf | 7 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/CEC and Ontario Amendments/CEC-2024.pdf | CSA
C22.1:24 Canadian
Electrical Code, Part I March
2024 © 2024 Canadian Standards Association 1 Contents
Committ
ee on Canadian Electrical Code, Part I 9
Regulatory Authority Commit tee 12
Executive Commit tee 13
National Building Code/Canadian Electrical Code Liaison Committ ee 13
Section Subcommit tee s 13
Preface 29
SDG Foreword 31
Metric units 32
Conduit, tubing, and fit ting sizes 34
Reference publications 35
Section 0 — Object, scope, and definitions 53
Object 53
Scope 53
Definitions 54
Section 2 — General Rules 68
Administ rative 68
Technical 69
General 69
Pr ot ection of per sons and prop erty 72
Maint enance and operation 73
Enclosures 75
Section 4 — Conductors 76
Section 6 — Services and service equipment 83
Scope 83
General 83
Control and prot ective equipment 84
Wiring methods 86
Met ering equipment 88
Section 8 — Circuit loading and demand factor s 90
Scope 90
General 90
Calculat ed load for services and feeders 92
Branch circuits 95
Heate r receptacles for vehicles powered by flammable or combust ible fuels 96
Electric vehicle energy management sy st ems 97
Section 10 — Gro unding and bonding 98
Scope, object, and special t erminology 98
Gr ounding 99
Gr ounding — General 99
Solidly ground ed sy st ems 100
Impedance gr ounded s yst ems 102
Ungrou nded s ys tems 103
Bonding 103
Bonding — General 103
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94 | CEC-2024.pdf | 8 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/CEC and Ontario Amendments/CEC-2024.pdf | CSA
C22.1:24 Canadian
Electrical Code, Part I March
2024 © 2024 Canadian Standards Association 2 Equipment
bonding 104
Equipot ential bonding 106
Section 12 — Wiring methods 108
Scope 108
General requirements 108
Conductor s 111
General 111
Open wiring 114
Exposed wiring on ext eriors of buildings and between buildings on the same premises 114
Flexible cables 116
Non-metallic-jacket ed cable 118
Non-metallic-sheathed cable Types NMD90 and NMWU 120
Armoured cable 123
Mineral-insulat ed cable, aluminum-sheathed cable, and copper -sheathed cable 125
Flat conductor cable Type FCC 126
Raceways 128
General 128
Rigid and flexible metal conduit 131
Rigid PVC conduit 132
Rigid Types EB1 and DB2/ES2 PVC conduit 134
Rigid RTRC conduit 135
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) conduit and HDPE conductor s-in-conduit 135
Liquid-tight flexible conduit 137
Electrical metallic tubing 137
Electrical non-metallic tubing 138
Surface raceways 139
Underfloor raceways 140
Cellular floor s 141
Auxiliary gut ter s 142
Busways and splitt ers 142
Wireways 144
Cable trays 145
Cablebus 147
Extra-low -voltage suspended ceiling power distri bution sy st ems 148
Manufactured wiring sy st ems 150
Bare busbar s and risers 150
Insta llation of boxes, cabinets, outlets, and ter minal fit tings 151
Section 14 — Pr ote ction and contr ol 157
Scope 157
General requirements 157
Pr otectiv e devices 158
General 158
Fuses 160
Circuit breaker s 161
Control devices 162
General 162
Swit ches 163
Pr otection and contr ol of miscellaneous apparatus 164
Solid-sta te devices 165
Section 16 — Class 1 and Class 2 circuits 166
General 166
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95 | CEC-2024.pdf | 9 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/CEC and Ontario Amendments/CEC-2024.pdf | CSA
C22.1:24 Canadian
Electrical Code, Part I March
2024 © 2024 Canadian Standards Association 3 Class
1 circuits 166
Class 2 circuits 168
Class 2 power and data communication circuits 171
Section 18 — Hazardous locations 173
Scope and intr oduction 173
General 176
Explosive gas atmospheres 180
Ins tallations in Zone 0 locations 180
Ins tallations in Zone 1 locations 180
Ins tallations in Zone 2 locations 182
Explosive dus t atmospheres 184
Ins tallations in Zone 20 locations 184
Ins tallations in Zone 21 locations 185
Ins tallations in Zone 22 locations 186
Section 20 — Flammable liquid and gasoline dispensing, service stati ons, garages, bulk s torage plants, finishing
pr ocesses, and aircraft hangar s 187
Gasoline dispensing and service s tations 187
Pr opane vehicle fuel dispenser s, container filling, and st orage 189
Compressed natural gas refuelling s tations, compressors, and storage facilities 189
Commercial repair garages 190
Bulk storage plants 191
Finishing pr ocesses 191
Aircraft hangars 194
Section 22 — Locations in which corr osive liquids, vapours , or excessive moistu re are likely to be present
198
General 198
Equipment 198
Wiring 199
Drainage, sealing, and exclusion of mois ture and corr osive vapour 200
Circuit contr ol 200
Mater ials 200
Bonding 200
Sewage lift and treatment plants 200
Farm buildings housing lives tock 202
Section 24 — Patient care areas 204
Patient care areas 205
Isolate d sy st ems 208
Essential electrical s ys tems 209
Section 26 — Ins tallation of electrical equipment 211
General 211
Isolating switch es 212
Circuit breaker s 212
Fuses and fusible equipment 212
Capacitor s 213
Transformers 214
Fences 218
Electrical equipment vaults 220
Cellulose nitrat e film storage 220
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96 | CEC-2024.pdf | 10 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/CEC and Ontario Amendments/CEC-2024.pdf | CSA
C22.1:24 Canadian
Electrical Code, Part I March
2024 © 2024 Canadian Standards Association 4 Lightning
arres ter s 220
Low -voltage surge prot ective devices 221
Resist ance devices 221
Panelboards 222
Branch circuits 222
Receptacles 224
Receptacles for residential occupancies 226
Electric heating and cooking appliances 228
Heating equipment 229
Pipe organs 230
Submersib le pumps 230
Data process ing 231
Section 28 — Motor s and generators 232
Scope 232
General 232
Wiring methods 233
Overcurrent prot ection 234
Overload and overheating prot ection 237
Undervoltage prot ection 238
Control 238
Disconnecting means 239
Refrigerant motor -compressors 241
Multi-winding and part -winding-s tart motor s 242
Generators 243
Section 30 — Ins tallation of lighting equipment 245
General 245
Location of lighting equipment 246
Insta llation of lighting equipment 247
Wiring of lighting equipment 249
Lampholders 250
Electric-discharge lighting s ys tems operating at 1000 V or less 250
Electric-discharge lighting s ys tems operating at more than 1000 V 251
Recessed luminaires 252
Permanent outdoor floodlighting ins tallations 253
Exposed wiring for permanent out door lighting 256
Extra-low -voltage lighting sy st ems 257
Section 32 — Fire alarm s yst ems, smoke alarms, carbon monoxide alarms, and fire pumps 258
Fire alarm s ys tems 258
Smoke alarms and carbon monoxide alarms 259
Fire pumps 259
Section 34 — Signs and outline lighting 261
General requirements 261
Enclosures 262
Neon supplies 262
Wiring methods 263
Section 36 — High-voltage instal lations 265
General 265
Wiring methods 266
Control and prot ective equipment 268
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97 | CEC-2024.pdf | 11 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/CEC and Ontario Amendments/CEC-2024.pdf | CSA
C22.1:24 Canadian
Electrical Code, Part I March
2024 © 2024 Canadian Standards Association 5
Gr
ounding and bonding 269
High-voltage couplers 273
Section 38 — Elevator s, dumbwait er s, mate rial lifts, escalator s, moving walks, lifts for persons with physical
disabilities, and similar equipment 274
Elevators 275
Escalator s 277
Lifts for per sons with physical disabilities 277
Section 40 — Electric cranes and hois ts 283
Section 42 — Electric welders 285
General 285
Transformer arc welders and invert er welders 285
Motor -generator arc welders 286
Resist ance welders 286
Section 44 — Theatre ins tallations 288
Scope 288
General 288
Fixed st age switchboards 288
Portable switch boards on st age 289
Fixed st age equipment 289
Portable st age equipment 291
Section 46 — Emergency power supply , unit equipment, exit signs, and life safety s yst ems 292
General 292
Emergency power supply 293
Unit equipment 294
Exit signs 295
Section 48 — Delet ed 295
Section 50 — Delet ed 295
Section 52 — Diagnos tic imaging installations 296
Section 54 — Community ant enna dis tribution and radio and t elevision ins tallations 298
Community ante nna dist ribution 299
Pr otection 299
Gr ounding 300
Conductor s within buildings 300
Equipment 301
Conductor s outside buildings 302
Undergr ound circuits 302
Receiving equipment and amateur transmitt ing equipment 303
Gr ounding for receiving equipment and amat eur transmit ting equipment 304
Transmitting s tations 304
Section 56 — Optical fiber cables 306
Scope 306
General 306
Insta llation methods 306
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98 | CEC-2024.pdf | 12 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/CEC and Ontario Amendments/CEC-2024.pdf | CSA
C22.1:24 Canadian
Electrical Code, Part I March
2024 © 2024 Canadian Standards Association 6 Section
58 — Passenger ropewa ys and similar equipment 308
Scope 308
General 308
General requirements 308
Conductor s 309
Wiring methods 309
Pr otection and contr ol 310
Branch circuits 311
Regenerative power 311
Gr ounding of towers and s tations 311
Section 60 — Electrical communication s yst ems 313
Scope 313
General 313
Pr otection 313
Inside conductor s 314
Equipment 316
Outside cables 317
Undergr ound circuits 318
Gr ounding 319
Section 62 — Fixed electric heating s yst ems 321
Scope 321
General 321
Electric space-heating sy st ems 326
Electric surface heating sy st ems 329
Other heating s ys tems 331
Section 64 — Renewable energy s ys t ems, energy pr oduction s yst ems, energy s torage s yst ems, and bat
t eries 332
General 336
Inverte r s 340
Solar photovoltaic s ys tems 342
Small wind s yst ems 347
Large wind s ys tems 349
Micro-h ydropow er sy st ems 350
Hydroki netic power s ys tems 351
Stationary fuel cell sy st ems 352
Insta llation of batt eries 353
Energy storage sy st ems — General 355
Energy storage sy st ems utilizing batt eries — General 357
Insta llation of energy s torage s ys tems at residential occupancies 358
Section 66 — Amusement parks, midways, carnivals, film and TV sets, TV remot e broadcas ting locations,
and travelling shows 360
Scope and application 360
General 360
Gr ounding 360
Services and dis tribution 361
Wiring methods and equipment 361
Single-conductor cables 362
Motor s 363
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99 | CEC-2024.pdf | 13 | tradeloom_data/ElectricalDataSourcesClean/CEC and Ontario Amendments/CEC-2024.pdf | CSA
C22.1:24 Canadian
Electrical Code, Part I March
2024 © 2024 Canadian Standards Association 7 Section
68 — Pools, tubs, and spas 364
Scope 364
General 364
Permanently ins talled swimming pools 368
Storable swimming pools 369
Hydrom assage bathtubs 369
Spas and hot tubs 369
Section 70 — Electrical requirements for factory -built relocatable structures and non-relocatable s
tructures 371
Scope 371
Relocatable s tructures 371
Non-relocatable struc tures (factory -built) 376
Section 72 — Mobile home and recreational vehicle parks 377
Scope and application 377
General 377
Section 74 — Airport ins tallations 379
Section 76 — Temporary wiring 381
Section 78 — Marine wharves, docking facilities, fixed and floating pier s, and boathouses 383
General 383
Marine wharves, fixed and floating piers , and docking facilities 385
Section 80 — Cathodic prot ection 386
Section 82 — Delet ed 387
Section 84 — Int erconnection of electric power pr oduction sources 388
Section 86 — Electric vehicle charging s ys t ems 390
Scope 390
General 390
Equipment 391
Control and prot ection 391
Electric vehicle supply equipment locations 391
Tables 393
Diagrams 515
Appendix A — Safety s tandards for electrical equipment 524
Appendix B — Not es on Rules 556
Appendix C — The Technical Commit t ee on the Canadian Electrical Code, Part I — Organization and rules
of procedu re 741
Appendix D — Tabulated general information 765
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