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The power factor (p.f.) is improved to nearly 90% through the addition of a capacitor across the
line. This reduces the total line current by approximately 50%, thus permitting doubling the
maximum number of lights that can be supplied from a given wire size.
FIGURE 3 – HIGH POWER FACTOR REACTOR BALLAST
Low Power Factor Autotransformer Ballast (See Figure 4)
In addition to the same characteristics and function of low power factor reactor ballast, this ballast
raises the line voltage to the value required to start the lamp.
FIGURE 4 – LOW POWER FACTOR AUTOTRANSFORMER BALLAST
High Power Factor Autotransformer Ballast (See Figure 5)
Same as low power factor autotransformer ballast above; however, through the addition of a
capacitor in the primary circuit the power factor is increased to approximately 90%, resulting in
the same advantages of high power factor reactor ballast above.
FIGURE 5 – HIGH POWER FACTOR AUTOTRANSFORMER BALLAST |
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Constant Wattage (Regulator) Autotransformer Ballast (See Figure 6) – (CWA)
With the capacitor in series, the light output becomes more stable. With line voltage variations of
± 10% the lamp wattage varies only ± 5%. In addition to have a leading 90% p.f., this ballast
draws a line starting current that is lower than operating current.
FIGURE 6– CONSTANT WATTAGE AUTOTRANSFORMER BALLAST
Premium Constant Wattage Ballast (See Figure 7) – (CWI)
Same as constant wattage (regulator) autotransformer ballast above except the ballast has two
separate windings offering the advantages of an isolating transformer. A voltage variation of ±
13% causes the lamp wattage to vary by ± 25%.
FIGURE 7 – PREMIUM CONSTANT WATTAGE BALLAST
High Pressure Sodium Ballast Assemblies
High pressure sodium ballasts have a starting aid in the form of an electronic solid state circuit
which provides superimposed pulses of 2500 or 4000 V ± during starting (see Figure 8 ). This is
in addition to the normal magnetic circuit that controls the open circuit voltage and limits the lamp
current. A full range of lead or lag ballasts are available, giving a high power factor of 90% plus
or a low power factor of 50%. Because of the relatively high voltage starting characteristics of
these ballasts, the life span may be reduced when they are left connected to a defective or burnt
out lamp over an extended period of time. It is also extremely dangerous to attempt to change
lamps while the electrical circuit and ballast are alive. This results from the fact that a regular
starter will continually supply high voltage pulses to a burned out lamp, broken lamp, or an empty
socket. A “protected starter” can be used to eliminate voltage being supplied to a burned out
lamp, broken lamp, or an empty socket.
FIGURE 8 - CWI BALLAST WITH STARTER |
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Low Pressure Sodium Ballast Assemblies
Low pressure sodium ballasts are the ‘Reactor Autotransformer’ type that show good stability
under varying input conditions. A 10% ± variation in the supply voltage will create less than a 4%
variation in lamp watts with a corresponding lamp lumen variation of less than 2%.
NOTE I n both cases of sodium ballasts the supply voltage will affect the colour output of the
lamp if it is not held within the recommended tolerance, i.e. H.P.S. will appear rather pink and the
L.P.S. will appear too orange.
LED driver (current regulator) LED drivers effectively provide the same function as ballasts in
traditional lighting products. Drivers regulate power to the LED, thereby controlling the brightness
or intensity of the LED. The driver system converts the supply voltage to a DC voltage and
provides a DC output current to the LED. It holds the current at a constant level/output over
variable supply voltage ranges.
2.1.6 RECEPTACLES – FOR SEASONAL LIGHTING
Receptacles used on streetlight poles for seasonal lighting shall be of the ground fault circuit
interrupter (GFCI) type. These receptacles shall be provided with weatherproof covering as per
OESC for use in outdoor wet locations. However, experience has shown that while these
weatherproof covers work well when the receptacle is not in use, they do not provide sufficient
weatherproofing while in use and have resulted in numerous site visits to reset the GFCI. In order
to reduce the nuisance trips and the ingress of water/moisture into the receptacle, "while-in-use"
weather covers are recommended. These "in-use" weatherproof covers allow the receptacle to
be protected from weather elements even when a power cord is plugged in. See Figure 9
Figure 9 - In Use Weatherproof Receptacle Cover
The size of the receptacles used shall be 15 amps or as specified by OESC.
The "while-in-use" weatherproof covers should be constructed from high-impact, UV-resistant
Non-metallic material or sturdy, corrosion-resistant metallic material and shall be CSA certified.
2.1.7 C ONTROL AND PROTECTION
2.1.7.1 C ONTROL
The control of streetlight and/or streetlight circuits is typically accomplished with the use of
photo-electric controllers (photo-cell) arranged in one of the following manner:
• Individually-controlled streetlights
• Group-controlled streetlights
Individually-controlled streetlights (see Figure 10) consist of various secondary voltage
systems with each light directly connected to the secondary distribution bus at different
locations and individually controlled by a photo-cell mounted on top of the luminaire. |
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Secondary Conductors
owned by LDC
Individually-controlled
streetlights with Photo-cells
Transformer
Figure 10 - Individually-controlled Streetlight Circuit
Group-control led streetlight circuits (see Figure 11) consist of an additional streetlight
conductor that supplies power to all the streetlights, which is owned by the streetlight
asset owner (Municipality). The additional streetlight conductor is connected to the
secondary distribution circuit via a service entrance switch and/or relay. The relay (or
contactor) is centrally controlled using either a photo-cell controller or a cascade. The
cascade is essentially a voltage signal from an existing streetlight circuit that is initially
controlled by a photo-controller. The cascade system consist of one group of streetlights
controlling the next group which can then control the next group and in theory can
continue indefinitely. See Figure 12 for streetlight schematic using cascade control.
Having too many groups of streetlight on a cascade system increases the risk of
complete “lights out” if the initial control fails. In each group of streetlights, there are
typically 10 to 14 streetlights served by one switch, one relay (or contactor) and one
photo-cell (or cascade) depending on circuit loading and voltage drop.
Relay (or contactor) and/or
Service Entrance with Photo-cell
Streetlight Conductor
owned by Municipality
Group-controlled
streetlights
Transformer Secondary Bus Conductors
owned by LDC
Figure 11 - Group-controlled Streetlight Circuit |
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L L L L L L L L
Photo-cell
controller
Relay
controlled by
Photo-cell
Relay
controlled by
cascade
Cascade
wire
Secondary bus
L1
N
L2
L1 N L2
Secondary bus
Figure 12 - Streetlight Circuits being initially controlled by Photo-cell and intermediate
controlled by cascade (not shown - service entrance switch and ground conductor)
Photo-Electric Controls
All photoelectric controls shall meet the design and testing requirements of the latest
applicable ANSI and UL standards:
• ANSI C136.10 " American National Standard for Roadway and Area Lighting
Equipment—Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles—Physical
and Electrical Interchangeability and Testing"
• UL 773 " Plug-in Locking Type Photocontrols for Use with Area Lighting"
The photoelectric control shall provide reliable switching of high-pressure mercury vapour
and high- pressure sodium vapour lamps under the following environmental conditions:
• Ambient temperature range: -40 0 C to 65 0 C
• Moisture level: 96% relative humidity at 50 0 C
Photocontrols used in street lighting applications are generally the normally closed (NC) type
made to be "fail safe". That is, should there be a component failure other than in the
photocontrol relay itself, the relay closes, energizing the streetlight circuits.
2.1.7.2 P ROTECTION
Streetlight Bus – protection for overload and line faults
Protection furnished for street lights shall be capable of handling the operating voltage of the
circuit involved and shall have the following characteristics:
• Service entrance disconnect switch (complete with fuse or circuit breaker) to be used
with dedicated streetlight circuits for protection. Service entrance shall be sized
according to the OESC. If luminaires are fed from a common secondary distribution
bus that supplies other load, the service entrance switch is not required but each
luminaire (or service wire to a group of luminaires) must be protected.
• Luminaire – fault protection for the luminaire and service wire is typically provided by
a inline, water-tight, electrical quick disconnect (load-breaking) fuse. This fuse
should be sized to prevent the service wire from being burnt down under fault
condition. Example: a #14 cu service wire will require a maximum fuse size of 15A.
When sizing the fuse for the luminaire(s), the lamp/ballast starting current and
momentary high inrush current should be taken into consideration to avoid nuisance
operation of the fuse.
• Human and Animals – in order to protect human and animals from electric shock in
case of a faulted circuit to conductive equipment, all non-current carrying conductive
components must be bonded together with a conductor of sufficient size. The
impedance of the complete ground-fault circuit (phase conductor and bonding
conductor) should be low enough to ensure sufficient flow of ground-fault current for
fast operation of the proper circuit protective devices, and to minimize the potential
for stray ground currents on solidly grounded systems - ref: IEEE std 141-1993. |
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2.1.7.3 LEGACY INSTALLATIONS THAT ARE NOT BONDED TO GROUND
SLAO’s who are aware or discovered the legacy underground street lighting system did not
incorporate a bond wire or fuse links at each individual pole are trying to resolve the issue to
mitigate electrical shock hazards. The ideal and preferred solution is to rebuild the underground
street lighting system to meet the requirements of the OESC as outlined in section 2.3.7. If the
SLAO chooses not to install a new wiring system, the following may reduce the step and touch
potential hazards:
• Replacing the conductive pole with a non conductive pole;
• Adding ground fault protection * that will clear a ground fault at the source protecting the
underground circuit;
• Monitoring the streetlighting system for contact voltage with the use of detection
equipment as outlined in Section 3.3.
2.1.8 U NDERGROUND DUCTING
In past and current practice of installing underground ducting for streetlighting, the ducts
terminate just short of the pole and the cables are then inserted through the pole’s wiring aperture
leaving bare cables (without duct) between the end of the duct and the pole.
Ducting should be a continuous system where the duct should end inside the poles below grade
aperture or pole footing and above the entrance point for direct buried poles. The current shape
and size of the pole’s wiring aperture may not allow for ducting to be terminated into the pole.
Pole manufacturers should be advised to change the shape and size of the wiring aperture to
accept 50mm PVC duct used for streetlighting. The ducting should then pass through this
aperture and continue up to the pole’s hand hole. This will eliminate dirt and debris collecting
inside the duct thus allowing for easier replacement of old or deteriorated cables.
Conduits
Conduits are typically used to provide mechanical protection for cables and ease of future
replacement. When conduits are used they shall conform to the following requirements:
Material – conduits should be constructed from non-metallic materials such as PVC, HDPE, etc.
The conduits and fittings shall be designed, manufactured and tested in accordance with the
applicable CSA or NEMA standards listed below.
The minimum installation depth of the conduit shall be in accordance with the OESC
Size - the conduit shall be sized in accordance with the OESC.
Standards - C22.2 No. 211.1, C22.2 No. 211.2, NEMA TC 7
2.1.9 H ANDWELLS
Handwells/junction boxes are a common component of streetlighting systems and are typically
used as follows:
• As a pull point where distances exceed the desired maximum for supply conductors,
• As an access point for changes in direction of underground ducts; this avoids pulling the
cables through a bend in the duct,
• As an access point where ducts are required to cross a roadway or enter a bridge
structure,
• As a branch location where multiple circuits in a single conduit continue in separate
directions
• Embedded in bridge structures, i.e barrier walls, sidewalks, abutments, etc., for
connection to bridge mounted lighting poles or underpass lighting.
Handwells are available in several material types and a variety of sizes. They are typically round
or square/rectangular in shape with either an open or closed bottom. The more common material
types include precast concrete (with cast metal frames and covers), polymer-concrete,
polyethylene, and PVC.
Note: * The OESC defines ground fault protection as a means of detecting and
interrupting a ground fault current at a level less than the current required
to operate the circuit overcurrent device. |
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2.1.9.1 BEST PRACTICES
Handwell Problems
In order to address best practices, it is first necessary to identify some of the shortcomings or
problems associated with the use of handwells.
The metal components require bonding to ground. These connections are typically a weak
link.
Most handwells are not suitable for deliberate vehicular traffic and are subject to collapse of
the cover and/or walls when travelled over.
The limited wall space makes it difficult to have more than one or two ducts enter the same
wall and any attempts to do so can result in affecting the integrity of the wall. This is more of
an issue with round concrete handwells.
There is little room for coiling of cables and therefore a good possibility exists for cables to
come in contact with the frame and cover.
Handwells are not water tight and can fill with water leading to deterioration of cable
insulation as previously noted.
2.1.9.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
To reduce the possibility of contact voltage it is recommended to use non-metallic handwells.
Where metallic handwells are used, all metal components must be bonded to the system
ground.
The location of handwells is important; most are capable of supporting an occasional non-
deliberate vehicle load. If however, they will be subject to regular vehicular loading, a
handwell rated for such loads must be used. ANSI/SCTE 77 “Specification for Underground
Enclosure Integrity” provides guidance for selecting the right enclosure based on the site
conditions. In addition to the loading factor, handwells located in areas that may be subject
to “scraping” by a snow plough blade should be slightly recessed to prevent being “clipped’
by the blade.
Where multiple ducts are required to enter a handwell, careful design practice should be
followed to ensure that orientation of the ducts does not affect the integrity of the handwell.
Open bottom handwells can help resolve such conflicts by having some ducts enter through
the bottom and others through the side. Refer to the OESC for maximum number of
conductors in a box.
If the decision is made to make use of a larger chamber such as a maintenance hole, it
should be noted that the larger chambers are subject to confined space requirements of the
Occupational Health and Safety Act; this will impact maintenance procedures.
It is an OESC requirement that all non current carrying metal parts be bonded to the system
ground. Provision should be available to facilitate this requirement.
In order to mitigate the collection of water within the handwells, crushed stone is
recommended as a drainage pocket below each installation. In clay soils, it may be
necessary to provide a more effective drain for larger chambers, such as, a connection to a
drainage ditch or storm sewer.
2.1.10 SERVICE ENTRANCE ENCLOSURES
Service entrance enclosures provide shelter of the service equipment from the environment and
restrict access to members of the public. Common materials such as fiberglass, plastic or
metal are available and are either non-vented or vented. Existing locations have been found
to show evidence of condensation and corrosion of the service entrance equipment. |
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The interior of a non-vented enclosure with an open bottom in direct contact with the earth or on
grade concrete slab, is classified as a Category 1 * location. To help control the build-up of
condensation in the enclosure and the service entrance panel, the enclosure shall be ventilated.
2.2 S EASONAL LIGHTING CONNECTED TO STREET LIGHT CIRCUITS
2.2.1 B ACKGROUND
Unlike electrical equipment that is required to operate 365 days per year, Seasonal Lighting
presents a unique challenge and risk. Typically, seasonal lighting operates for a limited period
during the Christmas season. Outside of this time period, electrical supply equipment may lie
dormant and unused for up to 10 months per year. Mechanical and weather related forces
continue to act on this equipment year round, however damage may not be identified for
extended periods. In many cases, seasonal outlets continue to be energized and as such,
continue to pose the same risk of electrical shock as during times of use.
To ensure this equipment continues to perform in an electrically safe manner, the following points
should be observed:
• An annual equipment inspection routine and record should be maintained by the
owner of the asset. This should include periodic inspection of all seasonal
equipment that is live throughout the year.
• Seasonally energized equipment should be inspected prior to energizing and use.
• When attached to LDC assets, equipment should meet local supply authority connection
requirements as determined by OESC rules and ESA Regulation 22-04.
All equipment and devices should meet CSA approval and be designed for the application. As an
example, weatherproof covers should protect the outlet at all times and be designed to allow for
protection of the male plug adapter. It is recommended to use “Weatherproof when in Use”
receptacle cover (See Figure 9). It is also recommended that the receptacle and loads be
attached to the plant, a minimum 3m above grade to discourage unauthorized connections.
Street Light Asset Owners (SLAO’s) must ensure that third parties receive authorization from the
Street Light Asset Owner to use this receptacle and the SLAO must ensure that the devices being
plugged in are being used as intended.
Electrical installation should be completed by a Licensed Electrical Contractor under Ontario
Regulation 570/05 made under Part VIII of the Electricity Act, 1998
Asset owners should consider public safety awareness campaigns, directing the public and
Business Improvement groups to contact the electrical supply authority or ESA should they notice
damaged or questionable equipment.
2.3 G ROUNDING AND BONDING FOR MUNICIPAL STREET LIGHTING
2.3.1 INTRODUCTION
A thorough consideration of grounding and bonding theory and practice is foundational to the
design of any electrical system. The grounding and bonding standards chosen by the designer
will affect system performance, equipment reliability and safety factors for both humans and
animals. Of central importance is the fact that grounding and bonding methods play a major role
in the mitigation of 'contact' voltage hazards. This section will summarize the basics of electrical
grounding and bonding and attempt to guide the reader through the major issues as they relate to
municipal street lighting design.
Before designing a system, designers are cautioned to establish a design philosophy. The
designer must decide whether to simply comply with minimum code requirements or perhaps to
''raise the bar' where it is warranted. The OESC serves its function properly by establishing a
minimum across-the-board safety standard. It then becomes an engineering responsibility to
define design objectives which address functionality, reliability and risk analysis. Engineers and
designers must understand and address electrical safety issues and design safety into the
system proactively.
*The OESC defines Category 1- the location is one in which moisture in the form of
vapour or liquid is present in quantities that are liable to interfere with the normal operation of
electrical equipment, whether the moisture is caused by condensation, the dripping or splashing
of liquid, or otherwise. |
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The following recommendations attempt to incorporate information provided in the Ontario
Electrical Safety Code, IEEE standards 142 and 1100, MEA, MTO, and OPS publications and a
survey of articles from popular trade journals and engineering handbooks. Other recommended
references are BS 7671, IEC 60364, NFPA 70 and the NESC.
2.3.2 D EFINITIONS
The term 'grounding' refers to making an intentional, permanent, electrical connection between
an electrical system and the earth. The term 'bonding' refers to joining the non-current carrying
metallic components of an electrical system to each other to form a permanent, electrically
conductive path. Ultimately the bonding conductors connect to the grounding system at the
service entrance panel.
Bonding conductors are often loosely referred to as 'ground wires' even by electrical
professionals. A 'grounding' conductor actually connects the system to an earth electrode
whereas 'bonding conductors' interconnect equipment components. Grounding and bonding
conductors typically are either bare or are covered with green insulation.
Grounding and bonding conductors must have sufficient ampacity to carry any fault current that is
likely to be present and have sufficiently low impedance to operate protective devices and limit
voltage rise.
Impedance is the total opposition to current flow presented by a conductor. It is the sum of the
resistance, capacitive reactance and inductive reactance presented by the circuit element in
question. Its unit is the Ohm and its symbol is the omega. It is an important design factor since it
has an impact on breaker trip time, transient energy dissipation, lighting dissipation, arc flash and
other electrical characteristics of the system.
Ampacity is the current carrying capacity of a conductor expressed in amperes.
2.3.3 T HE GENERAL FUNCTION OF GROUNDING AND BONDING IN POWER DISTRIBUTION
Grounding can serve many varied functions in electrical systems and it is of great importance that
the designer bear in mind 'why' grounding is done before jumping to the 'how' stage. To this end
it may be useful to briefly look at the general reasons for grounding electrical equipment before
delving into street lighting in specific.
To list some of its more common functions, grounding is specified where it is required to:
• establish a common voltage reference point
• control and stabilize system voltages
• promote effective RF transmission from antennae
• limit step and touch potentials
• provide cathodic protection
• provide a return path for clearing faults on high voltage power transmission and
distribution systems
• provide a sink for transient energy, electrical noise, electrostatic discharge and lightning.
As we shall see, only a few of these have any significance to street lighting system designers.
In contrast to grounding, bonding facilitates the operation of fuses, breakers and other protective
devices by providing a return path for fault current back to the source. An equally important role
for bonding is to reduce or eliminate any difference in potential energy (voltage) between metal
surfaces, structures or components. This is crucial because shock and arc hazards begin with a
difference in voltage between two points.
Finally, it should be noted that while grounding and bonding play a key role in electrical safety,
the designer must not ignore other effective means of protection such as isolation, clearance,
insulation, guarding, relaying, alarming and the use of warning labels; topics which are outside
the scope of this section.
2.3.4 T HE ROLE OF GROUNDING & BONDING IN STREET LIGHTING |
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Effective 'system grounding' at the power distribution panel is an absolute must for basic
compliance with the OESC, however for street lighting purposes there is really very little to be
gained by providing
'supplemental grounding' of equipment at the poles.
To provide poles with effective protection from lightning damage would require air terminals and
large ampacity 'down conductors' connected to the earth. To provide a substantial reduction of
step and touch potentials would require a significant investment in grounding by constructing a
ground mat around each and every pole which is not practical.
Finally, the earth cannot be relied upon as a return path for fault current or for the proper
operation of protective devices such as fuses and breakers because the impedance of the earth
is variable and is generally far too high to be effective on Low Voltage distribution systems such
as streetlighting.
In some cases, the inappropriate placement of ground rods has actually aggravated existing
problems, making matters worse by increasing the level of stray current or by creating ground
loops.
The key design consideration for protecting street lighting equipment from the hazards of contact
voltage is to provide for effective bonding and not to rely upon supplementary grounding. A
continuous, low impedance bonding system of sufficient ampacity can provide a fault current
return path that will operate breakers and fuses quickly and thereby remove contact voltage from
metal surfaces.
It is essential and worth emphasizing that bonding is more important than grounding in the role of
clearing faults and removing dangerous voltages at street lighting poles. Much literature has been
written on the subject.
2.3.5 H OW TO ACHIEVE EFFECTIVE GROUNDING AND BONDING FOR MUNICIPAL STREET
LIGHTING
2.3.5.1 W HICH COMPONENTS REQUIRE GROUNDING AND BONDING ?
a) System Grounding and Bonding
The 'system' must be solidly grounded at the service entrance by connecting the neutral
terminal (aka the 'identified conductor') to the earth.
The term 'solidly grounded' refers to making a direct connection to earth, in contrast to
other methods of grounding where resistors, inductors and special transformers are used
to connect the electrical system to earth. Street lighting systems must be solidly
grounded and the grounding conductor must provide a continuous path to earth with no
intermediate devices.
Multiple bonding of ground and neutral at other points downstream from the service panel
contributes to the creation of 'objectionable currents' which can then create shock and
arcing hazards and as such represents a violation of the OESC. Be careful to bond
neutral and ground together, but only at the power distribution panel.
For system grounding purposes, the ESA will generally accept either two driven ground
rods or a grounding plate. Unfortunately the allowance of grounding plates by the code
has inadvertently promoted the seriously erroneous notion that one ground plate is as
effective as two rods. In fact quite the opposite is true. Plates were originally intended
only for situations where ground rods cannot be driven. The British code BS7430 makes
a point of clarifying the difference between rods and plates and the designer is cautioned
to research the subject further if this point is not well understood.
Street lighting power distribution systems should be solidly grounded. Depending upon
local soil conditions this will generally require two driven ground rods or multiple plates.
Additional electrodes may be necessary to satisfy this requirement. Performing an earth
resistivity study prior to specifying or installing equipment may be required.
b) Equipment Grounding and Bonding; |
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All conductive surfaces in a street lighting system must be bonded to each other and to
the earth. Conductive surfaces and components include metal power distribution panels,
metal hand wells, hand well covers, metal and concrete poles, metal junction boxes,
junction box covers, relay and control panels, mast arms and luminaires.
This system of bonding conductors provides a continuous electrical path which permits
fault current to return from the equipment back to its source (the utility transformer).
Bonding conductors also provide an 'equipment ground', because they are connected to
the system earth electrode back at the service panel.
Providing additional supplementary ground electrodes at individual poles or at intervals
distributed between the poles would exceed OESC requirements. Traditionally each
municipality has developed their own standard practice in this regard. At this point the
designer is cautioned to ask why additional equipment grounding should be installed,
what purpose it really serves and should be able to justify the number of grounding
electrodes specified. Recommended guidelines are provided below.
2.3.5.2 W HICH GROUNDING AND BONDING MATERIALS SHOULD BE USED ?
Grounding and bonding materials used for street lighting applications should all conform
to CSA C22.2 No. 41-07 “Grounding and Bonding Equipment” as a starting point. The
designer may also refer to OPS 609 and UL467 standards when specifying grounding
and bonding materials.
The following items should be specified in all municipal street lighting contracts:
a) Ground rods shall be 3.0 m x 19 mm (10 foot x 3/4 inch dia.) copper-clad steel
rods.
b) Ground plates shall be 254mm x 400mm x 6mm (10" x 16" x 1/4") galvanized
steel with a minimum surface area of 0.2 square meters.
c) Grounding Electrode Connectors shall be of the compression type and be rated
for direct burial. Exothermic welding is an acceptable alternative. Mechanical
connectors are unacceptable for direct burial applications unless specifically
approved for the application.
d) Bonding conductors will typically be a stranded copper wire. Refer to the OESC
for proper sizing. A #6 AWG wire is typical. Splicing is permitted where the
connections are accessible.
e) Ground electrode conductors will typically be a hard drawn stranded copper wire.
Refer to the OESC for sizing and installation instructions. Splicing is generally
forbidden unless an approved method is used. Soldering alone is not an
acceptable connection method.
f) Grounding grid conductors where used to interconnect grounding electrodes,
shall be large enough to ensure a degree of mechanical integrity. A #2 AWG
bare, solid copper wire is typical.
g) Ground enhancement compounds will reduce resistivity to earth and is readil y
available from a number of suppliers.
h) Anti-corrosion compounds shall be applied to all mechanical lugs.
i) Hand wells where used should have sufficient strength for the application and
shall be fitted with a bolt-on, removable cover. Non-metallic types are preferred,
otherwise the cover and frame should be bonded to the system.
j) Street lighting equipment should provide 'ground' lugs' or 'pigtails' for bonding
purposes. This includes panels, poles, hand wells and luminaires. Equipment
which does not provide for electrical bonding should incorporate guarding or
insulation as an alternative means of protection from contact voltage.
Compliance with relevant CSA standards is a must. Mast arms may rely upon
clearances and insulation (rubber grommets) for protection from contact voltage
since most mast arm manufacturers do not provide a bonding lug.
k) Miscellaneous specifications may be required to cover utility locates, tamping,
surface restoration and site cleanup.
l) Clean surfaces; non-conductive protective coating such as paint or enamel are
used on the equipment, conduit, couplings or fittings. Such coating shall be
removed from threads and other contact surfaces in order to ensure a good
electrical connection. |
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2.3.5.3 W HICH METHODS OF GROUNDING ARE ACCEPTABLE ?
This section discusses 'how' grounding should be accomplished and does not address
the issue of 'how much' grounding is required; 2.3.7 provides that information.
Municipal street lighting systems and equipment shall be solidly grounded using either
manufactured or “made” grounding electrodes as defined by the OESC. In-situ grounding
involves bonding to existing infrastructure such as building frames, rebar and water pipes
and is not recommended for street lighting applications.
“Made” electrodes consist of a bare copper conductor buried either directly in the earth or
in concrete and is a method accepted by the OESC. However, where the designer is
attempting to establish a solid earth connection for equipment grounding purposes, this
method should be augmented by incorporating additional electrodes of the manufactured
variety which are buried below the frost line in native soil. Street lighting system
designers may take advantage of this by using a bare bonding conductor buried directly
in the earth to provide supplemental equipment grounding.
Common manufactured electrodes include rods, plates and copper strips. Each has their
purpose and proper application, but where street lighting is concerned, designers should
be seriously looking at specifying a good quality ground rod. Of the three, a rod has far
superior “grounding characteristics”. Unlike a plate, it is able to distribute electrical
charges over a much larger volume of earth. Furthermore, when properly driven to its full
length it will penetrate into native soil and below the frost line whereas plates are
generally buried in much more shallow layers of earth where temperature, humidity and
resistivity are less stable and do not promote good conductivity.
Grounding specifications should require that rods be driven to their full length in a manner
which does not damage the rod. The OESC permits ground rods to be driven on an
angle if necessary.
Ground rods should be copper-clad for corrosion resistance and steel for strength.
Grounding electrodes must be properly spaced if they are to be effective. The optimum
spacing for a ground rod is twice its length which would typically be 6 meters and the
minimum spacing is the length itself which is typically 3 meters.
Spacing for ground plates is typically 2 meters and burial to a depth of 600 mm is
required.
A typical ground rod.
A typical ground plate.
2.3.5.4 W HAT (IF ANY ) RESISTANCE STANDARD SHOULD BE DETERMINED FOR
GROUNDING ?
Establishing a maximum resistance standard for a grounding system is a valuable
method of ensuring that the intended electrical characteristics are being accomplished by
the design, that specifications are being followed by contractors when installing the
equipment and to facilitate the performance of annual maintenance checks.
Determining a specific resistance standard is however not a simple matter since it must
take into consideration system design objectives, economics, earth resistivity, existing
underground structures and other factors. Average earth resistivity may be 10,000 ohm- |
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cm, low earth resistivity is defined as < 5,000 ohm-cm and > 20,000 ohm-cm is
considered high. High resistivity soils may necessitate the installation of additional
electrodes or the use of special methods to achieve your design objectives. Rock and
gravel are particularly problematic.
The NEC requires that a service be grounded with a maximum resistance of 25 ohms to
ear
th. This is approximately the value that one properly installed ground rod will yield in
soil of 'average' resistivity. The OESC does not specify a particular value, having
removed the old 10 ohm requirement back in the 1980's. Ten ohms is however, the
approximate value two properly installed ground rods will yield in soil of average
resistivity and ten ohms is a commonly specified value in many standards (see US Army
TM 5-690, MIL-STD-188-124A, FAA-STD-019d etc).
For this reason, street lighting designers should require that system grounding (a t
th
e power distribution panel) yield a maximum value of 10 (ten) ohms to earth.
Supplementary grounding at street lighting poles however, is a separate issue.
Bonding is really the key to protecting human beings from contact voltage by means of
s
upporting effective fault clearance; we cannot rely upon the earth as a path for clearing
faults; we are not trying to construct a lightning protection system and placing a single
ground rod at each and every pole will not substantially lower step and touch potentials.
For this reason, street lighting designers should not rely upon or invest a significant effort
or
expense in grounding poles. Where grounding at poles is deemed necessary, the
quality of the ground should however be verified. A ground rod placed at a pole should
not exceed 25 ohms of resistance to earth. This is a reasonable and attainable value that
will not generally require special materials or methods. Lower values are only justifiable
for generating stations, central offices, telecommunications towers etc.
The real issue then becomes one of, how many rods do we install at the poles? To
ans
wer this question we must once again review our design objectives and ask ourselves
what it is exactly that we are trying to achieve. In consideration of both safety and
economy it would be best not to make an arbitrary decision. Unfortunately, no definitive
quantitative criteria exists upon which to set this value since no particular design
objective is served.
Old standards recommend grounding every fifth pole and the last pole in the system, but
s
ince pole spacing standards vary greatly, this practice will yield varying results. As a
result the recommendation which follows is based on traditional power utility practice
instead.
In order to provide a nominal level of supplementary equipment grounding for step
a
nd touch potentials, lightning, accidental contact with high voltage wires and a
measure of redundancy for the bonding conductor the street lighting design may
require the installation of one ground rod a maximum of every 300 meters.
It may be of interest to note that contact voltage and stray current hazards only exist in
t
he first place because we reference our electrical power transmission and distribution
systems to earth at the transformers. In most of North America we use a TN -C-S system.
This means that neutral and ground are combined up to the service and separate
af
terwards. European designers may be familiar with a different system.
Furthermore, it is crucial that designers dismiss the erroneous notion that 'electricity
al
ways exclusively follows the path of least resistance'. Nothing could be further from the
truth. In fact, electricity follows all available paths in inverse proportion to the relative
impedances of those paths, back to the source (the distribution transformer).
This is known as Kirchhoff's current law and it is because of this law that a faulted hot
c
onductor making contact with a pole will pass current through a human or animal body
to the earth and take this or any other path available back to its source. The problem is |
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that the low level of current (milliamps) that it takes to kill or seriously injure a human
being is far too small to operate a standard fuse or breaker.
Once again it is the bonding conductor that protects us. It provides a direct low
impedance path back to the source so that sufficient fault current will flow (as dictated by
Ohms law) which then operates the breaker or fuse and removes the source of power
until such time that trouble shooting and repairs can take place.
2.3.5.5 WHAT, HOW & WHEN DO WE TEST THE SYSTEM ?
a) Earth resistivity studies shall be conducted using the standard 4 point, Wenner, fall-
of-potential method with a properly calibrated instrument prior to designing the
system.
b) Resistance to earth of a grounding system should be measured using a 3 point test
with a properly calibrated instrument. This test must be conducted prior to
connection and prior to energizing the system. Do not use a clamp-on instrument for
verifying the resistance of a newly constructed grounding system. Clamp-on
instruments can be useful for monitoring changes in existing systems once a base
line is established and can be used without disconnecting the ground electrode
conductor or de-energizing the system.
Resistance values obtained will vary with rainfall and temperature.
c) Many companies manufacture the required instrumentation.
Choose an instrument which filters out common circulating earth currents and
provides a low resistance range for testing bond resistances. Calibrate it on an
annual basis.
d) Leakage current to ground may be a useful measurement to make once the system
is commissioned.
2.3.5.6 H OW CAN A GROUND SYSTEMS ' RESISTANCE BE LOWERED IF TARGETS ARE NOT
OBTAINED ?
The resistance to earth of a grounding system can be lowered by the following methods:
a) increasing the number of grounding electrodes.
b) increasing the length (depth) and surface area of electrodes.
c) the use of horizontal grounding grid wires.
d) the use of ground enhancement materials such as conductive concrete.
e) the use of a more effective grid pattern (for example using a triad vs. linear row)
f) the use of exothermic welding or compression fittings rated for direct burial.
g) installing the rod in undisturbed soil away from the base is preferred
Ground electrode and bonding conductor impedances can be lowered by not coiling
excess wire in hand wells and by eliminating sharp right hand bends wherever possible.
Chemically enhanced ground rods are premium products available to install for street
lighting applications and may require special safety and environmental issues. |
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2.3.5.7 HOW SHALL STREET LIGHTING EQUIPMENT BE BONDED ?
Bonding shall be specified in such a manner to provide a continuous electrical path of
sufficient ampacity and low impedance to support the effective operation of protective
devices.
Bonding of neutral to ground in the service panel is usually achieved by a jumper or brass
screw located between the neutral bus bar and the equipment frame or equipment
grounding bus bar. Because this jumper is removable, it is important to verify the
presence and integrity of this main bonding connection at the time of installation.
Bonding to poles and luminaires is accomplished at designated 'ground' lugs or with
pigtail wires supplied by the equipment manufacturer. Concrete poles must provide for a
continuous bond between internal rebar (in the pole) and the ground lug provided.
Pole hand hole covers on non metallic poles should be of a non-metallic material. Where
a metal cover is used, consideration should be given to positively bonding the cover with
a bonding jumper rather than relying on the mounting screws for a solid bond. The
mounting screw shall be tamper proof.
Electrically bonding the poles to each other and to metal hand hole frames shall be
accomplished using stranded copper wire. This bonding conductor shall run continuously
from the equipment grounding bar in the service panel to the last pole in the system.
BREAKER
GROUND
ELECTRODES
UTILITY
NEUTRAL
GROUND
ELECTRODE
CONDUCTOR
FUSE
SERVICE
PANEL LUMINAIRE
BONDING CONDUCTOR
HOT CONDUCTOR
NEUTRAL CONDUCTOR
EQUIPMENT
POLE
SUPPLEMENTARY
FAULT CURRENT PATH
Power Distribution Schematic Diagram |
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2.3.6 T HE IMPACT OF GROUNDING PRACTICES ON EQUIPMENT FUNCTION
In addition to the previous recommendations, grounding and bonding specifications must take
into consideration equipment manufacturer's requirements. New technologies are emerging and
the street lighting designer must remain cognizant of new developments because they may have
implications for grounding and bonding.
Should the designer decide to specify Ground fault protection or detection equipment at the
power distribution panel, the requirements, limitations and characteristics of the grounding and
bonding system must be fully understood in order to achieve the design objectives Grounding
also has implications for harmonics and power quality issues that may require consideration.
Finally, and for future consideration, where electronic ballasts, LED's and adaptive lighting
methods are employed, it may be necessary to provide a superior standard of grounding to
support the function of Surge Protection Devices (TVSS), devices that are incorporated into many
modern electronic products.
Solar powered, LED Street light.
Electronic Ballast.
2.3.7 S UMMARY OF ESSENTIAL MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
• Follow the requirements of Section 2.1.7.2 Protection.
• Bond all non-current carrying metallic components to the service ground bar.
• Size all conductors, including the bonding conductor, to meet ampacity and impedance
requirements.
• Connect the service panel neutral bar to earth using at least 2 ground rods.
• perform inspection of the bonding system when installed
• Meet or exceed all OESC and manufacturer requirements.
2.4 V OLTAGE DROP
All electrical equipment has a specified operating voltage range for normal operation. In order to meet
this voltage range, the voltage drop associated with the electrical circuit delivering power to the
equipment must be minimized. Streetlight luminaires are typically powered by ballast or a driver circuit (in
the case of LED luminaires) which has the capability of regulating the voltage output to the lamp.
The maximum permissible voltage drop from the point of power supply to the point of equipment
utilization shall not exceed the maximum percentage specified for each luminaire. Example, luminaires
supplied with CWI ballast can typically withstand a maximum voltage drop of 10% of the rated line
voltage. Therefore, for a 120V supply voltage these luminaries will operate effectively (minimal reduction
in light output) with a voltage drop of 12V. However, when streetlight circuits are to be installed on
sections of the distribution system where the primary voltage is lower than nominal, the voltage drop
allowable on the streetlight circuit should be adjusted to reflect the lower primary voltage. Also, in order
to allow for a margin of safety in the design, the manufacturer suggested maximum voltage drop should
be reduced. Hence, as a good design practice, the maximum voltage drop on circuits utilizing these
ballast (CWI) should be in the range of 9 – 10V. The maximum voltage drop may also be limited by the
fault current required to operate the protective device at the service entrance. That is, the circuit length
must be restricted to ensure that the impedance of the circuit is low enough to generate sufficient fault
current at the furthest luminaire to trip the upstream protective device in a timely manner.
In order to calculate the voltage drop along a streetlight circuit, the following information should be known;
• conductor type and size (determines the Impedance per unit length), Z
• segment length (length between each luminaire), L
• load drawn by each luminaire (i.e. lamp wattage plus ballast load), I
The conductors (wire) carrying current to the luminaires in the street lighting system have a small amount
of impedance (resistance and reactance). The impedance of the wire depends on the size of the wire, |
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i
the material of the wire, the length of the wire and the temperature of the wire. When current flows
through the wires on its way to the luminaires, a voltage drop proportional to the impedance and the
current is developed along the length of the wire. This voltage subtracts from the voltage at the source of
power (voltage drop) and results in a lower voltage at the luminaires. If the impedance of the wire is too
high for the amount of current flowing through it, the voltage dropped along the wire wil l be too high to
allow sufficient voltage at the luminaires. High resistance can also result in conductor overheating. The
square of the current (I2 ) flowing through the wire multiplied by the resistance of the wire (R) yields the
power dissipated in the wire as heat (I2 R). Therefore, the higher the resistance of the wire, the higher the
voltage dropped along the wire, and the more power is used up by the wiring system. The OESC
suggests a value of 5% of the system voltage as the maximum allowable voltage drop in a lighting branch
circuit. However, for Roadway Lighting Systems (such as streetlight circuits), OESC 2009 Bulletin 75-6- *
permits the voltage drop to exceed 5%, provided that the voltage drop does not result in a voltage at the
luminaire that is outside the rated operating voltage limitations of the luminaire. This is applicable on
dedicated streetlight circuits only.
The voltage drop calculation determines the size (gauge) of wire of a specified material that is
neces
sary to carry the required current the required distance without creating too large of a loss
in the wire.
The voltage drop along each segment can be found by using the following approximation:
Vd=I* Rcos• + I X s n •
Where:
Vd is the voltage drop along a segment of wire
I is the current through the same length of wire
R is the resistance for the segment of wire
X is the reactance for the segment of wire
• is the load angle
Cos• is the load power factor
Sin• is the load reactive factor
It should be noted that the above equation is an approximation but gives very accurate results for typical
streetlight circuits
The values for R and X can be obtained from manufacturer or via published data such as tables in IEEE
std 141
“IEEE Recommended Practice For Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants” and the NEC
(National Electric Code).
The current, I, for any segment of wire is calculated by adding the currents for each luminaire the
particular segment of wire feeds (i.e. all the luminaires downstream on that wire). The Resistance, R, and
Reactance, X, for a particular segment of wire is calculated by multiplying the length of the wire in that
segment by the impedance per unit length (e.g. ohms/km) of wire for that particular size and material of
wire. The total voltage drop to the farthest luminaire is calculated by adding the voltage drops for each
segment of wire from the service entrance (or supply point) to that luminaire.
When calculating the voltage drop for a circuit, the voltage drop must be calculated for the phase wire
(hot
wire) and for the neutral wire. This is especially true for a two-wire circuit in which the current that
travels out in the phase wire must return in the neutral, and so the current in the neutral wire is the same
as the current in the phase wire. The total voltage drop in the two-wire circuit, then, can be calculated by
determining the voltage drop in just the phase wire and multiplying that number by 2 (assuming that both
wires are the same size and type). Alternatively, the impedance per unit length can be doubled
(multiplied by 2) and proceed with the normal voltage drop calculation.
On three-wire systems (two phase wires and one neutral), the neutral current represents the sum of the
two p
hase currents. However, the phase currents are opposite each other and if the phase currents are
equal, then the total neutral current will be zero. That is, the current returning in the neutral wire from one
of the phase wires will cancel out the current returning in the neutral wire from the other phase wire.
Therefore, if the loads on the two phase wires are balanced, there will be no current in the neutral wire,
hence, no voltage drop in the neutral wire. In this case, the total voltage drop to the farthest luminaire is
simply the total voltage drop in the phase wires, and the neutral wire can be disregarded. |
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- Supply voltage: 120V
- Streetlight bus: 2 #4 Cu USEI75 Cable
(characteristic phase impedance = 1.956 ohms/km)
- Luminaires: 150W HPS (1.67A total lamp load)
spaced at 30m apart
- Service entrance/Source located 20m away from
first luminaire.
- Assume that maximum voltage drop will be at
luminaire #10
1 2
• •
3 4
• •
5
•
6
•
•
12
7 8
• •
9 10
• •
Street Lighting Voltage Drop Calculation
Project: ESA Streetlight Wor king Group - Example
November 23 , 201 O
File:
Load Power Factor (cosφ) 0.9 Load angle, φ 0.451 rads
Voltage Drop
Luminaire No . & Size
Span
To Next
Luminaire, L
(m)
Resistance
To Next
Luminaire, Rt
(ohms/km)
Reactance
To Next
Luminaire, Xi.
(ohms/km}
Impedance
To Next
Luminaire, ZL
(ohms/km)
Load Current At Luminaire Accurate
From
Luminaire
(A )
From
Branches
(A)
From Last
Luminaire
(A)
Total Load, I
(A)
To Next
Luminaire
(V)
Total at
Luminaire
(V)
0 Transformer 0 0 0 0 0 23.37 23.37 0.000 0
0 Relay 20 0 0 0 0 23.37 23.37 0.000 0
1 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 22.29 23.37 1.228 1.228
2 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 21.21 22.29 1.171 2.399
3 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 20.13 21.21 1.114 3.513
4 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 19.05 20.13 1.058 4.571
5 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 17.97 19.05 1.001 5.572
6 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 5.0 11.88 17.97 0.944 6.516
7 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 10.80 11.88 0.624 7.140
8 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 9.72 10.80 0.567 7.707
9 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 8.64 9.72 0.511 8.218
10 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 7.56 8.64 0.454 8.672
11 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 1.08 6.48 7.56 0.000 8.672
12 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 1.08 5.40 6.48 0.000 8.672
13 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 1.08 4.32 5.40 0.000 8.672
14 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 1.08 3.24 4.32 0.000 8.672
15 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 1.08 2.16 3.24 0.000 8.672
16 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 1.08 1.08 2.16 0.000 8.672
17 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 1.08 0.00 1.08 0.000 8.672
18 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 8.672
19 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 8.672
20 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 8.672
Max. volatge drop 8.7
Characteristic lmDedances of Standard Street Lighting Conductors - KWHydro
(Phase + Neutral)
R x z
1-4/0 Al & 1-210 ACSR overhead quadruplex 0.687 0.412 0.80 ohms/km @ 25 °c
1-#2 Al & 1-2/0 ACSR overhead duplex 1.278 0.436 1.35 ohms/km @ 25 °c
1-#4 Al & 1-4 ACSR overhead SIL cable 2.765 0.504 2.81 ohms/km @ 25 °c
2-#4 Cu underground SIL cable 1.710 0.487 1.78 ohms/km @ 25 °c
2-#1 Cu underground SIL cable 0.845 0.459 0.96 ohms/km @ 25 °c
Terminology: Source <-------- ------------ ------------- ----------------
Next Luminaire Luminaire Last Luminaire
Typical lamD Loads
70W HPS 0.83A
100W HPS 1.08 A
150W HPS 1.67 A
200W HPS 2.08A
100W MH 1.13 A
175W MH 1.75A
250WMH 2.33A
HPS -High Pressure Sodium
MH - Metal Halide
Calculated voltage drop= 8.7 V
% Voltage Drop= 8.7/120 = 7.25%
Page | 29 May 2015
VOLTAGE DROP EXAMPLE
Supply voltage: 120V
Streetlight bus: 2-#4 Cu USEI75 Cable (characteristic phase impedance = 1.956 ohms/km)
Luminaires: 150W HPS (1.67A total lamp load) spaced at 30m apart
Service entrance/Source located 20m away from first luminaire.
Assume that maximum voltage drop will be at luminaire #10
Calculated voltage drop = 8.7 V
% Voltage Drop = 8.7/120 = 7.25%
2.5 D EMARCATION POINTS AND SERVICE ENTRANCES
Street Lighting Voltage Drop Calculation November 23, 2010
Project: ESA Streetlight Working Group - Example File:
Load Power Factor (cosφ) 0.9 Load angle, φ 0.451rads
Span Resistance Reactance Impedance Load Current At LuminaireAccurate
To Next To Next To Next To Next From From From Last To Next Total at
Luminaire, L Luminaire, RL Luminaire, XL Luminaire, ZL Luminaire Branches Luminaire Total Load, I Luminaire Luminaire
Luminaire No. & Size (m) (ohms/km) (ohms/km) (ohms/km) (A) (A) (A) (A) (V) (V)
0 Transformer 0 0 0 0 0 23.37 23.37 0.000 0
0 Relay 20 0 0 0 0 23.37 23.37 0.000 0
1 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 22.29 23.37 1.228 1.228
2 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 21.21 22.29 1.171 2.399
3 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 20.13 21.21 1.114 3.513
4 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 19.05 20.13 1.058 4.571
5 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 17.97 19.05 1.001 5.572
6 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 5.0 11.88 17.97 0.944 6.516
7 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 10.80 11.88 0.624 7.140
8 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 9.72 10.80 0.567 7.707
9 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 8.64 9.72 0.511 8.218
10 150W HPS 30 1.71 0.487 1.778 1.08 7.56 8.64 0.454 8.672
11 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 1.08 6.48 7.56 0.000 8.672
12 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 1.08 5.40 6.48 0.000 8.672
13 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 1.08 4.32 5.40 0.000 8.672
14 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 1.08 3.24 4.32 0.000 8.672
15 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 1.08 2.16 3.24 0.000 8.672
16 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 1.08 1.08 2.16 0.000 8.672
17 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 1.08 0.00 1.08 0.000 8.672
18 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 8.672
19 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 8.672
20 150W HPS 0 0 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 8.672
Max. volatge drop8.7
Characteristic Impedances of Standard Street Lighting Conductors - KWHydro Typical Lamp Loads
(Phase + Neutral)
R X Z 70W HPS 0.83 A
1-4/0 Al & 1-2/0 ACSR overhead quadruplex 0.687 0.412 0.80 ohms/km @ 25 0C 100W HPS 1.08 A
1-#2 Al & 1-2/0 ACSR overhead duplex 1.278 0.436 1.35 ohms/km @ 25 0C 150W HPS 1.67 A
1-#4 Al & 1-4 ACSR overhead S/L cable 2.765 0.504 2.81 ohms/km @ 25 0C 200W HPS 2.08 A
2-#4 Cu underground S/L cable 1.710 0.487 1.78 ohms/km @ 25 0C 100W MH 1.13 A
2-#1 Cu underground S/L cable 0.845 0.459 0.96 ohms/km @ 25 0C 175W MH 1.75 A
250W MH 2.33 A
HPS - High Pressure Sodium
MH - Metal Halide
Terminology: Source <---------------[]------------------------------[]-------------------------------[]-----------------------------[]
Next Luminaire Luminaire Last Luminaire
Voltage Drop
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12
-
_
- - - |
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Demarcation points play a role in determining which party owns existing electrical infrastructure in the
field. Demarcation points play a larger role at present than they did in the past.
For most Ontario municipalities, the implementation, growth, operation and maintenance of street lighting
systems were originally handled entirely by the LDC. By consequence the street lighting systems grew
up together with the hydro distribution systems with little difference made between the two (components &
wiring practice).
As of January 1, 2003, most Ontario municipalities have been assuming ownership of the street lighting
systems which exist within their region. They also have been assuming the management responsibilities
which the LDC previously undertook. This has resulted in the present day scenario in which
municipalities and their LDC must work to differentiate between the municipal street lighting system and
the hydro distribution system.
To complicate this matter further, there is no consistent standard across Ontario detailing which party
owns which electrical infrastructure in any given application; it differs from municipality to municipality.
In some instances this matter has proven to be highly contentious, as the demarcation points on existing
infrastructure may be undefined. This has resulted in, and may continue to result in:
1. Both the LDC and SLAO failing to locate a buried cable under the assumption that the cable belongs to
the other party,
2. Both the LDC and SLAO failing to maintain degrading electrical wiring under the assumption that the
wiring belongs to the other party. This may result in potential shock hazards.
As such, greater emphasis must be placed to establish a solid demarcation point on all existing
infrastructure. It is recommended that each SLAO and LDC define and document which assets each
party owns and is operationally responsible, especially as it pertains to electrical shock hazard mitigation
and keeping the general public safe. This is particularly important for underground cable locates.
The following illustrations are examples of the multiple demarcation point scenarios possible within
existing conditions and exemplify the need for clearly defined demarcation points such that both the Asset
owner and the LDC are aware of what infrastructure they own and maintain.
1st Scenario:LDC Secondary Feeding both SL and all other customers along bus
Illustration 1-1(above) – LDC Bus feeding both Street Lights and customers. Street Light Poles
are SLAO owned with fusing located in the hand hole.
SLAO owned
Street Light Pole
LDC Customer
LDC Secondary Feeding both street
lighting and other customers
Fuse acts as
demarcation point
Direct Connection
SLAO owned wiring
beyond fuse
LDC owned wiring prior
to fuse
Page | 30 May 2015
Demarcation points play a role in determining which party owns existing electrical infrastructure in the
field. Demarcation points play a larger role at present than they did in the past.
For most Ontario municipalities, the implementation, growth, operation and maintenance of street lighting
systems were originally handled entirely by the LDC. By consequence the street lighting systems grew
up together with the hydro distribution systems with little difference made between the two (components &
wiring practice).
As of January 1, 2003, most Ontario municipalities have been assuming ownership of the street lighting
systems which exist within their region. They also have been assuming the management responsibilities
which the LDC previously undertook. This has resulted in the present day scenario in which
municipalities and their LDC must work to differentiate between the municipal street lighting system and
the hydro distribution system.
To complicate this matter further, there is no consistent standard across Ontario detailing which party
owns which electrical infrastructure in any given application; it differs from municipality to municipality.
In some instances this matter has proven to be highly contentious, as the demarcation points on existing
infrastructure may be undefined. This has resulted in, and may continue to result in:
1. Both the LDC and SLAO failing to locate a buried cable under the assumption that the cable belongs to
the other party,
2. Both the LDC and SLAO failing to maintain degrading electrical wiring under the assumption that the
wiring belongs to the other party. This may result in potential shock hazards.
As such, greater emphasis must be placed to establish a solid demarcation point on all existing
infrastructure. It is recommended that each SLAO and LDC define and document which assets each
party owns and is operationally responsible, especially as it pertains to electrical shock hazard mitigation
and keeping the general public safe. This is particularly important for underground cable locates.
The following illustrations are examples of the multiple demarcation point scenarios possible within
existing conditions and exemplify the need for clearly defined demarcation points such that both the Asset
owner and the LDC are aware of what infrastructure they own and maintain.
1st Scenario: LDC Secondary Feeding both SL and all other customers along bus
SLAO owned
Street Light Pole
LDC Customer
LDC Secondary Feeding both street
lighting and other customers
Fuse acts as
demarcation point
Direct Connection
SLAO owned wiring
beyond fuse
LDC owned wiring prior
to fuse
Illustration 1-1 (above) – LDC Bus feeding both Street Lights and customers. Street Light Poles
are SLAO owned with fusing located in the hand hole. |
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SLAO owned
Street Light Pole LDC Customer
LDC Secondary Feeding both street
lighting and other customers
Direct Connection
Acts as demarcation point
SLAO owned wiring
beyond T tap
Illustration 1-2 (above) – LDC Bus feeding both Street Light and customers. Street Light Poles are
SLAO owned and un-fused.
2nd Scenario: 3 Examples of how wiring ownership can be defined in a single scenario.
LDC feeding dedicated street lighting bus. Street light poles are SLAO owned with fusing located in the
handhold.
SLAO Street Light Poles
Dedicated Street Light Bus
Demarcation Point
SLAO owns all
wiring
Illustration 2 – 1 (above) - The SLAO owns all wiring infrastructure directly out of transformer
including the street light bus. |
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SLAO Street Light Poles
Dedicated Street Light Bus
Demarcation
Point
SLAO owned
wiring
Hydro owned
wiring
Illustration 2-2 (above) - The SLAO owns all wiring after the fuse located in the first pole
SLAO owned Street Light Poles
Demarcation
Points
SLAO owns all
wiring in poles
after fuse
LDC owns all underground wiring
Illustration 2-3 (above) - The SLAO owns the wiring in the pole only, between the fuse and the
street light. In this case the LDC owns all underground wiring. |
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In new street lighting installations, it is recommended that the point of demarcation be defined as the
service entrance for the street lighting systems or the street lighting pedestal. The street lighting pedestal
itself is generally owned by the SLAO (See Illustration 3 below).
SLAO Street Light Poles
SLAO owned SL
Pedestal is the
demarcation point
LDC owns
wiring
feeding S
L
SLAO owns all
wiring beyond
SL pedestal
Illustration 3 (above) – Demarcation point practice for new street lighting installations.
It is suggested the street lighting pedestal be physically located in an area where accidents causing
physical damage to the pedestal are least likely to occur. An example of this is to place the pedestal
away from any intersections.
In new street lighting installations in which there is only one street light being added to the existing hydro
grid, then the in-line fuse will act as the demarcation point. Typical examples of this is when the SLAO
wishes to add a single street light to an existing hydro pole with existing hydro secondary already in
place.
For Overhead installations, refer to OESC Bulletin 75-6-*
2.6 I NSPECTION AND VERIFICATION
The Ontario Electrical Safety Code requires a contractor to file with the inspection department of the
Electrical Safety Authority (ESA), a completed application for inspection of any work on an electrical
installation before, or within 48 hours after, commencement of the work.
Contact number for taking out an application for inspection is:
1 877 ESA SAFE (1 877 372 7233)
The site or location is required to be made accessible to the ESA inspector. Wiring shall not be concealed
until it has been inspected
Once ESA has determined the installation is in full compliance with the Ontario Electrical Safety Code, a
Connection Authorization will be issued to the LDC allowing the energization of the equipment. A
certificate of inspection will be issued to the contractor.
The asset owner may require an inspection of the installation prior to energization to ensure municipal
standards have been met, separate from the ESA inspection. |
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( )
2.7 T HIRD PARTY ATTACHMENTS AND REGULATION 22/04
Licensed Distribution Companies (LDC’s) are required under Ontario Regulation 22/04 to design,
construct and maintain electrical distribution systems they own up to 50kV to the customer’s demarcation
point. The regulation is objective based and relies on Engineer approved standards meeting the minimum
requirements of CSA.
2.7.1 D ESIGN
Third party attachments such as telecommunication equipment, street lighting, decorations, signs
etc. are not part of the distribution system. However, to the extent these attachments may affect
the safety of the distribution system, they may be indirectly subject to the Regulation. Hence,
prior to authorizing third party attachments, the distributor is to ensure that attachments to its
distribution systems meet the safety requirements of the Regulation.
Authorizing the third party attachments may be as simple as confirming that the
equipment installations that are being proposed by a third party are consistent with the
distributor’s Standard Designs. Alternately, the authorization may require detailed
evaluation, by the distributor or the third party, to determine whether the attachments
meet the safety requirements. In granting approval for attachments, the distributor is to
note limitations and requirements that are relevant to its applicable Standard Designs or to
the plan submitted.
2.7.2 C ONSTRUCTION
For third party construction, the distributor should ensure that the construction is in compliance to
its Standard Designs or to an approved plan. The distributor could inspect the site using a
qualified person or require assurance of construction compliance to Standard Designs or to
approved plan from the third party. Any variation from Standard Designs or plan should be noted
for resolution by the owner in the record of inspection.
Once the inspection record has been prepared and all non-compliances have been rectified the
distributor can prepare and issue a Certificate (*). The purpose of the Certificate is to ensure that
there is no negative impact on the distribution system by the third party installation and does not
require the approval of the third party’s equipment by the distributor. In these installations, it is
likely that the construction will be placed into service by the third party prior to a Certificate being
issued.
When a distributor determines during the course of its operation that a third party attachment
does not comply to its Standard Designs or approved plan, the distributor should advise the third
party of the non-compliances and could pursue additional remedial solutions through its
attachment agreements. Where the third party does not rectify the non-compliance within a
reasonable time, the distributor may notify ESA, who in turn may carry out its own investigation.
2.7.3 THIRD PARTY ATTACHMENTS TO STREET LIGHTING PLANT
Street lighting asset owners will often find third party attachments on their plant without any prior
notification. Street lighting infrastructure is often used to support temporary communication
system repairs. The party attaching to street lighting assets is required to obtain permission from
asset owners prior to installing any plant. The street light asset owner must ensure that their
asset will support the proposed third party attachment. The installation of banners on street light
poles is especially critical to ensure that the forces created by wind loading are supported by the
street light pole. Asset owners are encouraged to investigate the use of third party attachment
agreements so that all parties understand the liabilities and responsibilities
* Note: The issuance of a Certificate by the distributor is subject to the cooperation afforded by
the third party. |
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3.0 O PERATION AND MAINTENANCE
3.1 M INIMUM MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES
3.1.1 G ENERAL
The Roadway Lighting System should be maintained according to this guideline. Defects in the
Roadway Lighting System should be identified, documented, and corrected by appropriate action,
whether by Routine Maintenance or Non-Routine Maintenance.
3.1.2 T HE ONTARIO ELECTRICAL SAFETY CODE (OESC)
The Ontario Electrical Safety Code identifies that work performed on Roadway Lighting Systems
must be inspected by the Electrical Safety Authority (ESA). Inspections and permits may be
requested individually, or an annual inspection agreement may be entered into with the ESA by
completing the “Contractor Application for the Inspection of Electrical Maintenance Work
Performed on Roadway Electrical Systems”. This application and additional information can be
found on the Electrical Safety Authority’s website at www.esasafe.com. Copies of all ESA
inspection reports should be kept on file.
3.1.3 C ANADIAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION (CSA)
When required for the purposes of the electrical work, all electrical components shall be
according to CSA requirements. Provincial, Federal and local laws and by-laws pertaining to the
electrical work, as well as, by the latest issue of CSA Standards pertinent to the electrical work,
shall govern all electrical work. In the event of conflict of regulations, the strictest regulation shall
apply.
3.1.4 N ON-ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
Non-Routine Maintenance is required whenever there is a Critical Failure of any system
component of the Roadway Lighting System or whenever vehicular accidents, weather or other
factors have caused damage to System Components. Critical Failures of the Roadway Lighting
System are identified in Table 2 below.
After detecting or being made aware of the Critical Failure, Non-Routine Maintenance should be
initiated in a timely manner.
Table 2
Critical Failures in the Roadway Lighting System
Critical Failure
Aerial Span Wire Down
Pole Knocked Down or Hit
Power Supply Knocked Down
Power Supply Failure
Ground Fault
Presence of Voltage on Non-Current Carrying System Components
Energization of Surfaces Accessible by the Public
Overhead equipment unfastened or hanging over roadway
Damage that exposes the public to energized electrical equipment
( e.g. vandalism )
Faulty Photo Control Circuits for Group Control of Lighting
Unbalanced, unlatched or partially unlatched high mast lighting ring
Failure of a Pole, Arm, or other Structural Element
3.1.5 R OUTINE MAINTENANCE
Routine Maintenance activities should be completed on all Roadway Lighting Systems and
should include:
• Inspecting, checking, elementary testing, cleaning, lubricating and performing minor
repairs on all Roadway Lighting System Components including luminaires, lighting
brackets, wiring, poles, frangible and safety bases, pads and footings, lowering and
raising devices, sub-stations, distribution assemblies, cabinets and power supplies on a
regular basis.
• Visual inspection and repair of all grounding and bonding connections and terminations
once every 4 to 5 years as part of the relamping cycle. Check that all connections and
terminations are tight; and that wires are not corroded, frayed, or broken.
• Testing, repair and replacement of faulty components on all Roadway Lighting System
Components including luminaires, lighting brackets, wiring, grounding, poles, pole bases, |
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frangible and safety bases, pads and footings, lowering and raising devices, sub-stations,
distribution assemblies, cabinets and power supplies a minimum of once every 4 years..
Luminaires that are replaced should be replaced with luminaires of similar photometric
performance, or as directed by the asset owner.
• Perform ground resistance testing at each power supply ground electrode a minimum of
once every 4 years.
• Perform ground resistance testing at each ground grid and ground electrode a minimum
of once every 8 years.
• Group replacement of light sources (lamps) in Roadway Lighting Systems on a fixed
cycle according to Table 2.
In addition to the aforementioned Routine Maintenance activities, the following activities should
be completed for all High Mast Lighting Systems:
• Top-latching raising and lowering systems should be inspected, operationally tested, and
maintained at least once every 2 years.
• Non-latching raising and lowering systems should be inspected, operationally tested, and
maintained at least once every 6 months.
Table 3
Recommended Group Replacement Cycle for Light Sources in Roadway Lighting Systems
Light Source Group Replacement Cycle ( years )
High Pressure Sodium 4-5
Metal Halide 3 - 4
Low Pressure Sodium 3 - 4
Induction Replacement according to the manufacturer’s recommendations and the
owner’s experience
Light Emitting Diode Replacement according to the manufacturer’s recommendations and the
owner’s experience
3.1.6 E LECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY FOR OTHER FACILITIES
Some non-LDC power supplies provide power to both Roadway Lighting Systems and other
systems. Where safe and practical to do so, maintenance on the Roadway Lighting Systems
should be performed without de-energizing the other systems.
3.1.7 R OUTINE MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION REPORTS
Routine Maintenance and Inspection Reports should be completed for all routine maintenance
activities and should contain the following information:
• Date, time and origin of report
• Location of deficiency
• Date and time of arrival at the site
• Weather conditions at the site
• Defects as observed
• Steps taken to rectify the defects and description of repair work completed
• Inspection reports shall include status of the following functions:
• operational status
• Status of all protection equipment – surge protectors, breakers, lightning
arrestors, etc.
• Conditions and status of all hardware, poles, luminaires, etc.
• Status of all grounding and bonding equipment
• Any additional or follow-up work that may be required and the relative urgency of the
follow-up work required and temporary repairs made.
• All reports must contain full details of work performed.
• Date and time repairs were completed |
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✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
3.1.8 N ON-ROUTINE MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION REPORTS
Non-Routine Maintenance and Inspection Reports should be completed for all non-routine
maintenance activities and should contain the following information:
• Date, time and origin of report
• Location of deficiency
• Date and time of arrival at the site
• Weather conditions at the site
• Defects as observed
• Steps taken to rectify the defects and description of repair work completed
• Inspection reports shall include status of the following functions:
• operational status
• Status of all protection equipment – surge protectors, breakers, lightning
arrestors, etc.
• Conditions and status of all hardware, poles, luminaires, etc.
• Status of all grounding and bonding equipment
• Any additional or follow-up work that may be required and the relative urgency of the
follow-up work required and temporary repairs made.
• Note of any police officer’s name and badge number and complete damage report
detailing material and repairs required.
• Record Incident or Motor Vehicle Collision Number if available
• All reports must contain full details of work performed.
• Date and time repairs were completed
3.1.9 E MERGENCY LOCATES
Emergency locates may be required in order to proceed with emergency repairs to protect public
and worker safety and to repair roadway infrastructure or other infrastructure within the roadway
right-of-way (e.g. utilities). Therefore emergency locates should be performed in a timely manner
and with the same dispatch as Non-Routine Maintenance on Critical Failures of the Roadway
Lighting System.
3.1.10 O UTCOME TARGETS
The Roadway Lighting Systems should be maintained such that the following outcome targets are
met or exceeded:
Feature Outcome Targets
Roadway
Lighting
System
Response to all Critical Failures in a timely manner from the time of
detection or being made aware of the Critical Failure.
Permanent or temporary repairs completed or made safe before
leaving the site
Permanent repairs completed in a timely manner.
For continuous lighting, the percentage or number of luminaires not
functioning, and the duration of the non-functioning, does not exceed
the limits in the “Minimum Maintenance Standards for Municipal
Highways” (Ontario Regulation 239/02 ).
For partial lighting, no more than 30% of the luminaires connected to a
power supply not functioning, and no single luminaire not functioning
for more than 14 days from the date of being made aware of, or upon
detection of, the failure.
Bonding and grounding System Components perform their intended
function and comply with the Ontario Electrical Safety Code in place on
the date of installation.
High Mast
Lighting
System
Response to all Critical Failures in a timely manner from the time of
detection or being made aware of the Critical Failure.
Permanent or temporary repairs completed or made safe before
leaving the site
Permanent repairs completed in a timely manner.
No more than 25% of the luminaires per high mast lighting pole not
functioning.
Bonding and grounding System Components perform their intended
function and comply with the Ontario Electrical Safety Code in place on
the date of installation. |
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3.2 T YPICAL LIGHTS-OUT PROCEDURES – TROUBLESHOOTING
• Disconnect inline fuses for the streetlight luminaire
• Test incoming voltage at fuses
• Test fuses
• Repair luminaire as necessary
• Reconnect fuses
• Test incoming voltage at luminaire
• Secure all ground connections to the pole hand hole, handwell and any other ground connections at
the pole
• Visually establish the integrity of the ground wires, crimps, etc.
For detailed lights out procedures refer to IES DG-4: Design Guide for Roadway Lighting Maintenance
Temporary Repair (Response Maintenance)
1. Response Maintenance is defined as the response to a reported or discovered malfunction of street
light. Prioritize all calls and actions to maintain public safety and convenience. The priorities should
consider all situations such as:
a) Public and personal safety
b) Impact on traffic flow/pattern
c) Location of problem
d) Time of day
e) Scope of remediation (repairs, modification, replacement, etc.)
2. Request help (e.g. journeyman, lineman, policeman) if possible and use the safest method for all
existing conditions.
3. After the work site is secured, the repairperson shall then correct the malfunction of minor nature.
This corrective action shall include, but not be limited to, the activities as follows:
a) Check for contact voltage
b) Check for power and line source
c) Replacement of blown fuses or resetting of circuit breakers
d) Repair or replacement of electrical cabinet
e) Replacement of the malfunctioning photo cell
f) Replacement of the malfunctioning ballast
g) Replacement of the street light fixture
h) Perform load check (as per Section 3.3.4)
i) Check again for contact voltage
j) Ensure site is left safe, with no undue harm potential to the public as per Local and Provincial
Standards
4. For knockdowns (poles, cabinet, etc.), remove facilities if possible to reduce potential damage. Refer
to Emergency Repair Procedure. Coordinate with on-duty police officer at site. Replace unsafe
component or cabinet.
5. If a power outage occurs, the appropriate LDC shall be informed to restore power source.
6. If the damage affects public safety, the repairperson should contact and coordinate with the police to
ensure site safety prior to leaving the site.
The repair person shall record all completed work activities on a work order or similar
documentation |
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Emergency Repair
METHOD AND PROCEDURE:
1. Secure the location according to provincial Work Zone Traffic Control Plan. Coordinate with on-duty
police officer at site. When a police officer is not at site, request the assistance of a police officer if
needed.
2. The repairperson shall inspect the type of emergency, damage, knock down and road condition.
Attachments to knock down pole, e.g. traffic sign, light fixture, mast arm, etc., shall be noted.
3. Prior to the start of any repair work, request appropriate journeyman, lineman, specialist or other help
if needed and use the safest method for all existing conditions.
4. If the damaged pole is a streetlight only pole, perform emergency repair as appropriate; otherwise,
notify the corresponding pole owners. Traffic signal and traffic sign support poles are maintained by
municipal traffic operations department.
5. If the damaged facility carries electrical cables and priority repair is required, inspect the electrical
system. When deficiencies are found, they shall be repaired immediately or make safe for next
working day repair. Make safe any exposed wires and connectors.
6. Remove facilities if possible to reduce potential damage. Clear pole, obstruction and debris from
roadway.
The Repairperson shall record all completed work activities on a work order with Incident or Motor Vehicle
Collision Number if available.
3.3 DETECTION AND TESTING OF CONTACT VOLTAGE
Contact voltage can occur on most types of streetlight installations and can result in the exposure of
pedestrians or their pets to shock, injury or death. Contact voltage is caused by faults in electrical
systems from overheating, corrosion, improper wiring, construction damage, or damage to third party
lines such as LDC lines or seasonal lighting. Workmanship problems may contribute to the underlying
failure. Contact voltage may be present on metal poles, handwells, and access panels as well. Non-
metallic poles can also conduct electricity when wet and an internal fault can deliver a shock through
concrete or rebar. Similarly, sidewalks can become energized by an underground fault in cables or
connections.
The actual voltage detected or measured is not related to the severity or risk of shock posed by the
underlying fault. Published data from New York utility Consolidated Edison demonstrates that voltage
recorded by the utility during investigation of reported, confirmed shocks range from 1-120V and higher,
with many voltages below 5V. These measurements are taken by workers arriving at the scene hours
later or even the following day. This suggests that voltages from high impedance faults do not remain
constant over time, but are functions of environmental conditions, such as temperature and moisture
levels in the soil. Detection of contact voltage is possible using existing technology. Investigation of
findings 1V or greater is recommended to ensure public safety and system reliability. It should be kept in
mind that an effective detection program will typically yield many findings in the 1-10V range. Many of
these findings will be traceable to an electrical fault.
3.3.1 DETECTION OF CONTACT VOLTAGE ON STREET LIGHTING INFRASTRUCTURE
Contact voltages are detected in three ways.
• Direct detection – A managed program of testing streetlights for contact voltage.
• Incidental detection – Energized streetlights may be discovered during maintenance work or
through abnormalities noticed during visual inspections.
• Reported shock – Streetlight involved in a shock incident reported by the public.
3.3.1 a) Direct Detection
An asset owner or electric utility may positively impact public safety by periodically testing
streetlights for contact voltage. The goal of such a program is to detect energized streetlights (or
other objects) which could indicate electrical faults internally or underground. Once detected,
further steps can be taken to evaluate whether a potential hazard exists and make a decision to
effect a repair. It is advisable to use the most sensitive means available to detect possible faults
and then use a more rigorous measurement process to rule out conditions which do not come
from a fault and therefore are not likely to be hazardous. A very sensitive detection process
accomplishes the goal of proactively finding and repairing faults, preventing contact voltage
incidents, and improving the safety and reliability of the system. |
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3.3.1b) Incidental detection
Detection of an energized streetlight can also occur
during regularly scheduled repair and maintenance
work. The addition of pre and post-work tests for
contact voltage is recommended for both public and
worker safety. These checks are ideally performed
with a voltmeter against a grounded reference point.
3.3.1c) Reported shock
First responders investigating a reported shock site
should assume a fault condition exists and treat
surfaces as energized until proven otherwise using
actual voltage measurements against verified ground
references.
3.3.2 DETECTION EQUIPMENT
This guideline is not intended to suggest a requirement
to use a specific technology, but adoption of contact
voltage methods should consider the public safety
ramifications resulting from the limitations of the
method chosen. The most sensitive detection tools on
the market, and the only ones with any significant field
use are the SVD2000, Figure 13 (Power Survey
Company) and the LV-S-5, Figure 14 (HD Electric.)
Voltmeters are used to verify indications from both of
these, and can also be used to check for voltage before
and after regular streetlight maintenance activities.
Figure 13 - SVD 2000 mobile detection
system
Figure 14 - HD Electric LV-S-5 Low Voltage
Detector
3.3.2. a) Mobile Electric Field Detection
The SVD2000 is a Mobile Electric Field Detector and
Comparator (MEDAC). MEDAC detection relies on a
capacitive sensor which detects small changes in the
ambient electric field caused by the presence of an
object energized by AC voltage (typically 60Hz). The
sensor operates on a mobile platform, and deviations
from background field levels are readily apparent to a trained technician as the sensor moves
with relation to energized objects. The SVD2000 has been tested by an accredited independent
laboratory for reliable detection of contact voltage in field operating environments. In operation
the system routinely produces detections of street lights energized to as little as 1 volt. It can test
an area quickly, and provides both positive indication of an energized surface, and evidence that
streetlights not giving rise to an electric field indication were not energized at the time of testing.
It simultaneously detects handwell covers and sidewalks energized by failed underground cables.
As of this writing it is used in several cities in the US and Canada and has detected tens of
thousands of streetlights energized by contact voltage. It is the most sensitive detection method
currently available.
MEDAC systems have limitations with respect to streetlight contact voltage detection.
Underground distribution and mixed OH/UG distribution are generally testable, though field levels
from directly overbuilt high voltage lines can mask contact voltage signals in some areas.
3.3.2. b) HD Electric LV-S-5 Low Voltage Detector and “pen testers”
Handheld capacitive or “pen” testers have been used to detect contact voltage. They detect a
potential difference exceeding a pre-set threshold between the sensor tip and the user’s body,
which is assumed to be capacitive coupled to ground. The HD Electric LV-S-5 is the most
sensitive pen tester available. Independent lab tests have documented detection of 5V in a lab
environment, though its sensitivity to contact voltage in the field environment outside the
laboratory has never been independently tested. As of this writing, all other marketed pen
detectors are less sensitive than the LV-S-5 and are not recommended for use in contact voltage
detection. Along with direct voltmeter measurements, the LV-S-5 is one of two methods for
detecting contact voltage directly under primary distribution lines.
Pen testers have limitations as general contact voltage detection tools. The asset list-based
process misses faults in conduit or underground, which may energize sidewalks or other surfaces |
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that do not appear on an asset list. Also, the threshold filters out findings without allowing the
user to determine whether a potential hazard exists. The ground reference (the user) is always in
proximity and sometimes in physical contact with the presumed energized surface, making the
test subject to false negatives. Point measurements provide no evidence that a tested streetlight
(or other surface) can be said to have not been energized at the time of test. Variations from user
to user also affect the reliability of testing with a pen tester and usage practices must be trained
and reinforced for all personnel:
I. Make solid metal-to-metal contact with each surface tested. Paint can mask energized
surfaces from detection with a contact device.
II. Test each part of the lamp separately. Metal surfaces in physical contact are not
necessarily in electrical contact, especially if painted or corroded (see Fig 15.)
III. Grip the detector firmly with a full bare hand, no gloves.
IV. Hold the detector at arms’ length and test from several angles to reduce the chance of
standing on energized ground.
V. Test the battery frequently, especially in cold weather.
VI. Use common sense – do not disturb visibly damaged wiring or streetlights with
evidence of burning, smoke, or other signs of an active electrical fault.
Figure 15 - Physical contact is not electrical contact. “Pen
tester” must test each part of a lamp separately, e.g. pole,
base, access door, bolt covers, mounting flange
Figure 16 - Digital Voltmeter with low impedance voltage
measurement option built in.
3.3.2 c) Digital Voltmeter (DVM) with Low Impedance Feature (Figure 16)
Digital Voltmeters can be used to detect contact voltage directly. A DVM is always used as a
means of verifying the voltage once it has been detected by whatever means. DVMs are
impractical for large scale contact voltage surveys of streetlighting infrastructure. Each
measurement with a DVM requires three steps:
• a reliable earth-ground reference point must be established
• test probes must make solid physical contact with the electrified surface (each part)
• DVM's are impractical for detecting underground faults
DVM's are therefore only of use in contact voltage detection where testing is done as part of
routine maintenance or where municipal assets are few in number. This does not diminish the
fact that DVM's are a must for verification of a fault which has been detected by a wide area
scanning technology. Always select a DVM with low impedance (LoZ) voltage setting so as to be
able to distinguish real hazards from capacitive coupled voltages. Various manufacturers
including Fluke, Greenlee and Agilent offer DVM's with this feature. Analog voltmeters are also
capable of loading down a circuit sufficiently to eliminate ghost or phantom voltages. For
convenience, it may be preferable to use a meter with a built in feature versus an add-on shunt
resistor.
3.3.3 VERIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT |
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Figure 17 - Examples of a handheld electric field detectors which can be used to check
ground references for voltage
Detection of a voltage is the first step, followed by an investigation to accomplish the following:
1. Identify a ground reference point to use for a field measurement
2. Eliminate false positive detections due to capacitive coupling
3. Accurately measure the voltage
4. Characterize the source of the voltage
3.3.3.1 IDENTIFY SUITABLE GROUND REFERENCES
A suitable ground reference must not be energized (by the same fault being tested) and must
have low impedance to ground. Ground references available at street level include but are
not limited to fire hydrants, fence or sign posts driven into earth, grounded street furniture,
and temporary grounds driven for the purpose of testing.
General Do’s and Don’ts for selecting ground references:
• Do Carry long ground leads, 15m (50ft) minimum, to easily reach a suitable ground in the
immediate area. Ground leads should have strong spring clamps.
• Do spend extra time making a clean, bare metal contact for your measurement.
• Do verify that ground references are not energized
• Do a proper utility check for underground infrastructure prior to driving a test ground rod.
• Don’t use ground electrode inside or directly adjacent to the light being tested. If lamp
has voltage, the ground electrode will also have some elevated potential to local ground
• Don’t connect to an auxiliary part of a ground reference, such as an operating handle or
knob. The main body is more likely to be solidly grounded.
A handheld electric field detector like the ones pictured in Figure 17 are ideal tools for
verifying a reference is not energized, indicating zero e-field. Otherwise, a voltage test can
be repeated using two or more references. The voltage reading should be the same among
them. If they differ, a reference could be at elevated potential. Pen testers cannot indicate
the absence of a voltage, and are not suitable for verifying ground references.
Re-verifying all voltage measurements against multiple field grounds using the shunt resistor
provides a useful assurance that ground references have low impedance and do not
contribute very large errors to measurement.
3.3.3.2 ELIMINATE CAPACITIVE COUPLING AND OBTAIN ACCURATE , REPEATABLE
MEASUREMENT |
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• •
Field measurements, especially if the voltage is low, are subject to large errors. Though
surface voltage measurements do not directly correlate with the severity or risk of shock
posed by an underlying electrical problem, it is important to obtain accurate, trustworthy data
about energized surfaces whether they are reported as shock sources or detected as part of
a proactive testing effort. This small extra effort reduces confusion from technician to
technician and among various parties involved with testing, troubleshooting, repair and
general oversight of streetlight testing efforts. It also ensures that field efforts are not wasted
by either pursuing false positive indications or failing to recognize a problem.
Voltage measurement with a shunt resistor eliminates instances of capacitive coupling
(sometimes called “phantom voltage” by electrical tradesmen) from detection results. While
the terms 'ghost' or 'phantom' voltage may not be found in the official IEEE dictionary, they
are nevertheless ubiquitous in the electrical industry. Many articles and papers are available
on the subject. Experienced electricians and technicians learn to recognize and distinguish
ghost voltages from real contact or stray voltage situations. Voltage appears on metal
surfaces due to capacitive coupling and as such generally does not represent a shock
hazard. It is therefore important that professionals who may be conducting a search for
legitimate contact voltages be aware of this phenomenon and be properly equipped with
discriminating instrumentation such as a shunt resistor, digital voltmeter with a low
impedance (Lo-Z) voltage setting or an analogue meter. Once the source is adequately
loaded by the instrumentation, capacitive coupling will drop significantly in magnitude.
Measure the voltage using Lo-Z setting or fitted with a shunt resistor in parallel with the test
leads, as shown in Figure 18. 3000 shunt resistors can be constructed from easily
available parts or can be purchased from the voltmeter manufacturer. The voltage
measurement will change slightly when the shunt resistor is placed into the circuit, because a
small amount of current is allowed to flow from the energized source to ground. If the voltage
is sourced only from capacitive coupling, no current will flow and the measured voltage will
collapse to zero.
After eliminating findings of capacitive coupled voltage, a few additional measurements will
ensure accurate, repeatable data. Field measurements are dynamic, changing with the
precise measurement point and the pressure applied by the technician. By observing and
minimizing the small change in voltage with the shunt engaged, the technician can minimize
contact and ground impedances and get accurate readings that are repeatable from person
to person. This activity calls for a “pushbutton shunt” (Figure 19) or a resistor that can be
quickly engaged and disengaged without disconnecting or moving the test leads.
3.3.4 CHARACTERIZE CONTACT VOLTAGE SOURCE
Voltage measurement alone cannot distinguish a fault condition from Neutral to Earth Voltage
V
AC
Z S
Z C 1 Z C 2
Z G
VOLTMETER
SOURCE
IMPEDANCE
GROUND
IMPEDANCE
CONTACT
IMPEDANCE # 2
CONTACT
IMPEDANCE # 1
Z S
Z G
Z C 2
Z C 1
Z SH
SHUNT
IMPEDANCE
Z SH
I
Figure 18 - Measurement circuit of
energized object with shunt resistor in
parallel. Switch represents the pushbutton
capability, which is most helpful for
repeated measurements.
Figure 19 - Pushbutton shunt resistor puts shunt
resistance in parallel with test leads only while
button is engaged, allowing quick measurements
with and without shunt without the need to move
test leads. |
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(NEV), but the voltage source can be characterized to determine the appropriate actions. AC
voltage sources can be one of three types:
a) Phase (or supply) conductor fault- faults in internal wiring, service cable, or 3rd party owned
conductors
b) Neutral fault – if neutral is faulty, return current is forced through the grounding of the
streetlight, energizing the pole to a voltage proportional to ZG.
c) Neutral to Earth voltage (NEV) - neutral voltage rise due to return current flowing through the
impedance of the neutral
Phase conductor faults are sourced at line voltage, nominally 120V. Whatever the voltage at the
time of a test, these may become hazardous as the fault deteriorates or environmental conditions
change. Neutral faults, similarly, pose risk of shock if a person or animal becomes a parallel path
to ground for return current. NEV is generally stable, low voltage and presents little to no risk of
shock. Of these three, only NEV is a normally occurring condition which does not accompany
some material fault in cable or connections.
Harmonic analysis can help determine the likely source behind a detected voltage. Equipment is
available from several manufacturers to do this analysis. Non-linear loads, including lighting
ballasts, impose third harmonic (3HD) voltage distortion on neutral return current. Measurements
of >10% 3HD indicate either a neutral fault or NEV. A load test can distinguish a faulty neutral
from NEV because only the faulty neutral will cause a greater than normal voltage drop under
load. A line source is pure 60Hz with <5% 3HD. Consequently, measurements of <5% 3HD
characterize faults in distribution or supply conductors, ahead of the load. When 3HD is between
5% and 10%, the source is less clear and should not be characterized from harmonic analysis
alone. Further hands-on troubleshooting steps will be needed to locate the source, as described
in the next section. Figure 20 shows harmonic analysis output with 2.8% 3HD, indicating the
voltage is sourced by a phase conductor.
Figure 20 - Output screen showing 2.8% harmonic voltage distortion from a
Fluke model 345, one of many tools available for harmonic spectrum analysis. |
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3.3.5 MITIGATION STEPS
If harmonic analysis is inconclusive (between 5-10% 3HD,) perform all steps.
<5% Harmonic
1. Test the “hot” and neutral wires for reversed polarity.
2. Unplug or unmake the fuse connection to disconnect lamp feed source. If the elevated
voltage condition goes away, the fault is downstream of the fuse. Check connections and
accessible parts of the streetlight for damage if the source is a phase fault.
3. Check to see if additional sources are connected via overhead cables. If so, de-energize
those one at a time to see if they are the cause of the energized streetlight.
4. If the elevated voltage condition remains on the streetlight pole with the fuse and any other
sources disconnected, the fault is in the underground service conductor or main feeder. Check
for voltage on the service conduit, handwell, sidewalk, or roadway. Disconnect the service at the
feed structure. If voltage remains, there may be a faulty service to a nearby kiosk, building, etc or
faulty secondary running past/under the site. This is a hazardous condition and should not be left
unattended
>10% harmonic
1. Check for neutral faults by performing a load test with dummy load, typically 1000W or more.
If voltage drop is >5%, check neutral connections or cable for possible repair or replacement.
Start at the feed structure and work back towards the supply transformer.
2. If the load test passes and voltage is low, <10V, the source is most likely NEV. Reducing NEV
is best achieved by checking and remaking neutral splices upstream of the energized lamp
starting from the feed structure and working towards the source transformer to reduce the neutral
path impedance. On a long circuit, longer term projects may be required such as increasing the
size of the neutral. An engineering analysis will be required to determine if mitigation is
necessary. |
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Streetlight Contact Voltage Detection
and Measurement Work Flow
Detection
LEGEND
Choose Ground
Reference
Measure Voltage
Harmonic Waveform
Measurement
Electrical Source
Classification
Population of Streetlights Require Testing
Contact Voltage Testing Incidental Detection by Employees Shock Report by Member of Public
Energized Streetlight Detected
Choose Ground References
1) Hydrants
2) Fence or signpost driven into earth
3) Water pipe
4) Temporary ground rod NO
Choose 3
Ground
References
Measure Voltage
Against All
Voltages
Consistent?
NO
Use Reference which
Yields Highest Voltage
Measurement
YESGround References
not Energized, use any
Handheld
E-Field Detector
Available?
YES
Verify Ground
Reference not
Energized
Make clean,
tight connections,
bare metal
Measure
Voltage with
Voltmeter VOC
Measure
Voltage with
shunt resistor
VSHUNT
Calculate
VOC - VSHUNT
<90% of
VOC
NO
Verify VSHUNT
with another
Ground Reference
2 times
YES
Possible
Contact
Voltage
Harmonic
Spectrum
Analysis
Measure
THD
>10%>10%
Neutral Return
Current
Disconnect
Lamp Fuse Load Test
PASS
NEV
Evaluate Touch
and Step Potential,
Determine
Mitigation Strategy
FAIL Neutral Fault –
Open Circuit or
High Impedance
<10%
>5%
Do the load test,
Check for other
possible causes
in the lamp,
handhole, or other
nearby electrical
facilities<5%
Current
from Line
Source
Disconnect
Lamp Fuse
and Any Other
Power Sources
Voltage
Remains?
YES
Line Side Fault –
Check Service and
then Other Nearby
Service/mains
NO Fault Internal
to Lamp
NO
Verified
High
impedance
source, False
Positive
Indication
STOP
INVESTIGATION |
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O.H.S.A.
Minimum
Authorized
Worker
Restricted
Zone
> 3.0m
> 0.9m
0.9m t o 0.3m
> 1.2m 1.2m to 0.6m
1.5m to 0.9m
> 4.5m > 2.1m
0.45m
2.1m to 1.2m
3.7m
0.9m to
> 1.5m
> 6.0m > 3.7m to
2.75m
3.4 S AFE LIMITS OF APPROACH
Maximum clearances are given in the chart below with reference to the Ontario Health & Safety Act
(OH&SA) requirements for both personnel and equipment in respect of utilization voltages. Further
information is provided by the Infrastructure Health and Safety Association – IHSA (formerly Electrical &
Utility Safety Association (E&USA)) and by the OH&SA. The worker should consult these relevant
guidelines if not familiar with their content. Also, refer to the requirements as provided in Authority/Utility
standard specifications and/or standard drawings.
Both OH&SA and IHSA provide guidance to assist workers in working safely in close proximity to
electrical wires and equipment and to assist in applying appropriate emergency response measures in the
event of electrical contact. It is the responsibility of the Owner and Contractor to ensure that maintenance
is carried out in a safe manner. Legislation requires that all related hazards are identified ahead of time
and that only competent workers are allowed to work without direct supervision. A competent worker is
defined as a worker who is qualified because of knowledge, training and experience to perform the work,
a worker who is familiar with the OH&SA and with the provisions of the Regulations that apply to the work
and a worker who has knowledge of all potential or actual danger to health or safety in the work being
carried out.
Prior to carrying out any work, a determination on whether hazards exist must be made. This should
include verifying the operating voltage of the overhead and exposed lines. Workers should always
consider the system as being live, having the potential to cause serious injury or death. Contact must be
avoided at all costs. A safe work plan must be developed ahead of time to address all related matters.
Whether or not the worker is a licensed power line worker, the safe limits of approach must be adhered to
and proper PPE and precautions must be taken.
The worker must also consider the age of the system in-so-far-as it may not have been designed with the
clearances below in mind. A worker must be aware of these situations which must be addressed in the
safe work plan.
SAFE LIMITS OF APPROACH
Maintain Maximum Clearances and Install Barriers Where Practical
Personnel Zones * Mobile Work Equipment *
Voltages O.H.S.A.
Minimum
Authorized
Worker
Restricted
Zone
O.H.S.A.
Non-
Isolated
Booms
Certified
Insulated
A.D.
750V
to 15kV
>3.0m
>0.9m
0.9m to 0.3m
> 3.0m
> 0.9m
> 0.3m
> 15kV
to 35kV 0.9m to 0.45m
> 0.45m> 35kV
to 50kV >1.2m 1.2m to 0.6m > 1.2m
> 50kV
to 150kV >1.5m 1.5m to 1.2m > 2.4m > 0.9m
> 150kV
to 250kV >4.5m >2.1m 2.1m t o 1.2m > 4.5m > 3.0m > 1.2m
> 250kV
to 550kV >6.0m >3.7m 3.7m to 2.75m > 6.0m > 4.6m > 2.75m
Cranes
Power Shovels
Back Hoes
Mechanical
Brush Cutter
RBD, Aerial
Ladder,
Work
Platform,
Uncertified
Aerial
Device
Certified
and Tested
by
Certified
Laboratory
* For detailed information relating to Limits of
Approach Conditions and Restrictions, refer to
Electrical Utility Safety Rule # 129 and trade specific
documentation. |
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3.5 DEVELOPING A CONTACT VOLTAGE DETECTION PROGRAM
This section addresses the typical questions faced by asset managers when developing a contact voltage
detection program. It attempts to look at the subject of contact voltage detection more from a project
management perspective and is presented in a question and answer format. Recommended practices
are written in italics and highlighted.
3.5.1 SHOULD WE DEVELOP A CONTACT VOLTAGE DETECTION (CVD) PROGRAM ?
Contact voltage is a condition that won't go away by simply ignoring it and one which will only
become more prominent as infrastructure ages. It is a serious public safety concern that warrants
serious consideration.
Despite the best preventative efforts being made during design and construction, contact voltage
detection is a valuable part of maintaining a street lighting system.
Due to the nature of a high impedance fault or a failing system neutral, a dangerous voltage can
be present and can remain on a conductive surface which is otherwise properly grounded and
bonded.
In this circumstance, the protective device may not operate to remove the hazard if the fault
current is below the trip threshold. This is analogous to the dangerous condition that exists when
the earth is relied upon to act as a fault current return path.
The occurrence of system faults leading to contact voltage is common, therefore a program of
regularly scheduled CVD is recommended.
While the use of modern ground fault monitoring instrumentation and/or double (Class II)
insulation might reduce the risk, it cannot be eliminated.
Recommendation: each SL Asset owner in Ontario creates a written CVD policy to deal
with the hazard in a proactive manner.
3.5.2 WHAT IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO COMBAT CONTACT VOLTAGE HAZARDS ?
The best way to deal with any hazard is to try to prevent it in the first place. In order to reduce the
probability of a future contact voltage incident, asset managers should adopt appropriately
considered guidelines as presented throughout this document.
A comprehensive review should include:
• grounding and bonding practices
• conductor clearances and burial depths
• guarding and mechanical protection
• conductor insulation grades
• connection and splicing methods
• component specifications (poles, luminaires, enclosures etc)
• protective devices (fuses, breakers, GFCI's etc)
• fault monitoring and communications systems
Recommendation: each SL owner in Ontario review its street lighting design and
construction standards with contact voltage prevention in mind. |
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3.5.3 HOW OFTEN AND EXTENSIVELY SHOULD WE CONDUCT CVD?
Policy on CVD varies greatly across North America. Some asset owners in the USA are required
to test their electrical assets twelve times per year, others test voluntarily, while others do no
testing whatsoever and have no policy in place.
The spectrum of options for CVD is wide and includes:
• Test new installations upon commission.
• One-time audit of existing infrastructure.
• Test only areas of high exposure or high risk.
• Spot checks at trouble-call times.
• Routine tests at re-lamp intervals.
• Testing before and after maintenance work is performed
• Regular testing independent of other maintenance cycles.
(Typically done on a monthly, semi-annual or annual basis).
• performing multiple-asset, wide area mobile patrols
(As opposed to manual, asset specific, foot patrols).
• Any combination of the above
To determine the appropriate approach, standard risk assessment techniques may apply and
start with a comprehensive review of all the relevant data including:
• engineering standards (past and present)
• asset condition assessments
• maintenance intervals and practices
• maintenance records (faults and failures)
• public contact voltage incident reports
• performing an initial detection audit of a portion, if not all of its asset
A few of the key Risk Factors are as follows:
a) Streetlights and other loads supplied from underground infrastructure are more likely to have
buried or concealed faults than overhead systems, where conductors are mostly visible and out of
reach of the public.
b) High Pedestrian/ pet traffic increases exposure to faults, if they are present
c) Conductive raceways/ equipment provide more paths for fault energy to objects or surfaces not
intended to be energized, in the public right of way.
d) Age, environmental conditions, high vehicular traffic, vandalism, and rodents may make some
areas more prone to wear or damage.
Once all the relevant information has been collected and analyzed, some indication of the areas
of greatest concern may begin to emerge. CVD frequency and extent should be reviewed based
on initial and subsequent findings.
Recommendation: Each SL owner in Ontario review their assets and establish their own
standards for CVD on new and existing installations based on the list above.
Note: Incidence of reported shock should not be the sole consideration when evaluating risk for
the purpose of developing a CVD program. Many cases are never reported.
3.5.4 WHAT ELEMENTS SHOULD BE DEVELOPED IN A CVD PROGRAM ?
Where it has been determined that a formal, comprehensive CVD program should be
implemented by SL Asset owners, the following program elements may need to be incorporated:
• a management team or committee
• a policy or mission statement
• a risk management assessment of assets
• written test procedures (for CVD)
• pre-determined acceptance standards (pass/fail criteria)
• test record and data collection forms
• a testing schedule (frequency, areas etc.)
• a test & repair protocol (who does what)
• an incidence reporting form and protocol
• tool and test instrument specifications |
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• test instrument calibration and inspection records
• procedures for barricading hazardous areas (if CV is found)
• personal protective equipment requirements
• a CV oriented review of engineering practices
• updates to existing asset inspection checklists
• changes to existing electrical work safety practices
• staffing requirements
• a budget
3.5.5 WHO WILL DEVELOP AND MANAGE THE PROGRAM ?
Each SLAO should consider forming a team of qualified persons for the purpose of developing a
CVD policy and a project charter. The team may consider coordinating with the owners of other
electrical assets, such as park lighting and traffic signals.
3.5.6 WHO SHOULD PERFORM CONTACT VOLTAGE TESTING ?
Persons trained in performing CVD may assist in troubleshooting but must report incidents
immediately and defer repair work to qualified persons.
This policy must apply whether the work is performed by the asset owners staff, by the street
lighting maintenance contractor or by a specialist brought in for the specific purpose of CVD.
Street lighting equipment should be checked both before regular maintenance work is performed,
for worker safety, and after work is performed, for public safety. This will protect against the
possibility of worker induced faults.
Anyone involved in performing CVD or electrical maintenance must be protected from electrical
hazards by a comprehensive program of workplace electrical safety training. CSA Z462 is an
excellent resource for developing such a program.
Should any serious electrical accident occur it must be reported, investigated, corrected, and
documented as per the OESC and related OESC bulletins.
3.5.7 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE DISCOVER CONTACT VOLTAGE ?
Aside from the standard procedures for securing and evaluating the electrified structure, the
decision to repair or not-to-repair, may appear to present a contentious issue. This is often
connected with the issue of setting an 'acceptable voltage threshold' for energized surfaces.
The best historical data collected to date would indicate the following concepts are valid;
a) The voltage found on an energized surface cannot serve as an indicator of Mean-Time-
Between-Failure, for the equipment.
Any unintentionally energized surface of a street lighting pole or associated electrical
enclosure indicates a possible fault condition. It should be investigated regardless of the
voltage measurement based on section 3.5.3. The root cause may be hazardous or
benign, but voltage measurement alone is insufficient to make that determination.
b) Unintended voltages measured on a surface are not constant over time.
The only reliable conclusion that can be made from the presence of contact voltage (once
NEV and capacitive coupling “aka, phantom voltages” have been eliminated as a cause),
is that on some level, an electrical fault does exist. Many variables contribute to the
voltage that may be discovered at any given time on the surface of faulted equipment. |
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Appendix 2 contains a more detailed analysis of these variables. Voltage from an active
high impedance fault may rise up to line voltage at any time.
Since contact voltage is not constant, using just a voltage threshold as a guide for
determining the degree of hazard is inadequate. The correct methodology is to find
energized streetlight conditions where they exist, then use the data gathered from
measurement and diagnostics to make decisions about safety and repair activity. Safe
voltage thresholds are used in NEV mitigation or worker protection standards which do
not deal with faulted systems exposed to the general public. Those threshold values are
unsuitable for the issue of CVD.
Recommendation: When a legitimate electrical fault is found to exist, repairs ought
to be effected in a timely manner before the situation deteriorates further, causes
harm or results in the failure of equipment.
3.5.8 SUMMARY OF CONTACT VOLTAGE MITIGATION STRATEGIES
No. Lifecycle Phase Strategy Notes
1 Systems Design Prevention The specification of equipment, protective devices, insulation,
bonding conductors and system design is the optimal starting
point where CV hazard mitigation should begin.
2 Equipment
Manufacturing
Prevention Manage the purchasing process to ensure that suppliers
conform to CSA, ISO and other applicable standards.
3 Equipment
Installation
Prevention Managing construction methods and workmanship provides
an opportunity to avoid creating hazards through training,
supervision and the use of proper tools and materials.
4 Commissioning Detection Includes testing and inspecting the new asset. A key
opportunity to detect and correct latent hazards.
5 Operation &
Maintenance
Detection Effectiveness depends on frequency and technical
methodology. CV testing intervals should coincide with
commissioning, re-lamping and trouble calls. Periodic,
independent wide area auditing is strongly recommended
where warranted by risk analysis.
6 Equipment
Retrofit
Protection/
Fault
Detection
Street lighting poles and power distribution centers could be
retrofitted with various instruments to provide early warning of
possible system faults. Be aware of their limitations and
operational characteristics.
7 Replacement Predictive
Corrective
Action
Schedule replacement of aged infrastructure before problems
occur. May include poles, arms, luminaires and power
distribution panels and wiring. Prevention may be more cost
effective in the long run than detection. Both strategies are
recommended.
8 Public Awareness
Campaign
Proactive Prepare a public information bulletin. Coordinate with your
media personnel. |
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3.5.9 C ONCLUSION
Contact voltage hazard mitigation is best accomplished by means of a balanced approach which
includes system design, quality control, inspection, testing, risk analysis, life cycle analysis and
infrastructure replacement.
Three essential conclusions can be made:
a) SLAO’s should proactively test street lighting assets for contact voltage.
b) Any CVD program must be scaled and tailored to the needs of the community it serves.
Various technologies and detection strategies may be employed and the asset manager
must understand the limitations and risks of each approach.
c) Elevated voltage conditions found should be remedied in a timely fashion and proper records
maintained.
In the future, collaboration between agencies will hopefully provide more useful data on the
phenomenon of contact voltage which may lead to more accurate modeling of failure modes, risk
assessment methods and decision making protocols to assist asset managers in developing more
effective programs.
4.0 M ANAGEMENT
4.1 P OLE TESTING
Pole testing is used by some asset managers to assess the remaining life of a wooden pole. If necessary,
further pole decay can be slowed or prevented through the application of treatment. Experience has
shown that an inspection/treatment frequency of 10 years can reduce pole replacements by as much as
6%. This guideline does not cover testing on poles other than wood.
Adding new loads or apparatus to existing poles requires analysis and permission as per the pole owners
requirements. Loading should follow manufacturer’s guidelines.
4.2 C ONDITION SURVEYS
Condition surveys can be used to collect detailed information about the as-built status and condition of
the street light system. This information is useful for developing or updating a geographic information
system or asset registry, optimizing maintenance programs or proactively rebuilding aging sections of the
system. Whether or not to complete a condition survey (and at what frequency) should be determined by
the party responsible for the system. A condition survey may also be necessary when ownership of street
light assets is transferred from one party to another.
The method of surveying (i.e. visual from ground, visual from bucket-truck, etc.) will determine the level of
detail that can be attained. Prior to undertaking such a survey, it is recommended that surveyors be
trained to make and record observations that are as objective as possible to ensure consistency of data.
Where subjective judgments are necessary, they should be accompanied by a standardized description
of what constitutes good condition and poor condition. If a condition survey is to be undertaken, some or
all of the factors and components that follow should be considered:
1) Pole
(a) Structural condition
• Have there been any grade changes or washouts?
• Is the pole bent in any way?
• Are there any cracks?
• Is the pole leaning, and if so to what degree?
• Is any rebar exposed (concrete poles)?
• Are there any signs of corrosion including chipped or peeling paint (metal or
concrete poles)?
• Are there any signs of excessive surface wear?
• Is pole footing compromised – nuts/bolts tight
(b) Are there any obstructions preventing access, or potentially damaging encroachments
to the pole that should be cleared (i.e. vegetation, third party structures or signs, etc)?
(c) Hand hole and internal wiring (if applicable)
• Are all access point covers present and properly secured? |
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• Is the insulation on any wiring and/or connections in acceptable shape and
rat
ed and approved for the application?
• Are t here any missing grounding or bonding connections?
• Are there any obvious signs of electrical faults on the back of the cover plate
(
ie. Pitting)?
• Is there fusing present?
(
d) Are there any unauthorized third party attachments?
(
e) Are t here any signs of vandalis m, graffiti or pest infestation?
(f) Is contact voltage present?
(
g) Collect Pole Label Information – Class, Manufacturer, Age, Number
2) Luminaire support bracket
(
a) Is there any loose or missing hardware?
(
b) Are clearances being maintained?
(c) Is there any v isible damage or corrosion?
3) Luminaire
(a) Is there any loose or missing hardware?
(
b) Is the photocell operating correctly (if applicable)?
(c) Is there any dirt or grime which is impacting the effectiveness of the luminaire?
(
d) Is there any visible damage or corrosion or sign of pest infestation?
(
e) What is the type , wattage, manufacturer, etc? (photo?)
4) Pull-box , handwell or Service Entrance (if applicable)
(a) Structural condition
• A
re there any cracks on the cover or frame?
• I
s any hardware missing?
• Is there any foreign debris inside the pull-b ox that could damage the electrical
insulation?
• Are metal parts bonded or grounded (if applicable)?
• I
s there any water or ice present?
• Is the Service Entrance secured/ locked?
(
b) Electrical components
• I
s the cable insulation cracked or brittle?
• A
re there any exposed energized connections?
• I
s there any e vidence of wear or abrasion on the connector or conductor
insulation?
5) Tree trimming
(
a) Are any tree branches or other vegetation blocking the path of the light or encroaching
on el
ectrical clearances?
Ultimately, the value gained from condition surveys will depend on the size of the street light system and
t
he practices of the party responsible for its operation and maintenance. The decision whether or not to
complete a survey and at what frequency should only be made after a thorough review of the costs and
benefits and after a clear understanding of the scope of work is established. |
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4.3 E XPECTED SERVICE LIFE OF ROADWAY LIGHTING ASSETS
The table below summarizes the expected service life of some typical roadway light elements.
The expected service life numbers are intended to be used for capital planning and asset management
purposes. These numbers are NOT intended to be an estimate of the elements design life or their mean
time between failure.
Electrical Asset
Group
Electrical Asset Expected Service Life
Power Supplies
Supply Control Cabinet and Equipment 20 years
Distribution Assembly Cabinet and
Equipment
20 years
Grounding
Grounding Components 25 years
Conventional
Lighting
Luminaires 20 years
HPS Lamps 4 years (relamping
interval)
Conventional Poles and Footings 30 years ( not
accounting for pole
knockdowns )
Arms and Brackets 30 years
Underground Plant ( e.g. ducts, electrical
chambers, cables )
30 years
Highmast Lighting
Luminaires 20 years
HPS Lamps 4 years (relamping
interval)
Raising and Lowering Equipment ( top-
latching system )
30 years
Raising and Lowering Equipment ( non-
latching/bottom-latching system )
20-25 years
Highmast poles and footings 40 years
Underground Plant 30 years |
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5.0 A PPENDICES
APPENDIX 1
IEEE Paper Review: "Grounding of Distributed Low-Voltage Loads: the Street Lighting Systems"
The recent paper entitled "Grounding of Distributed Low-Voltage Loads: the Street Lighting Systems"
published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is highly insightful and relevant to the
topics covered in this set of 'guidelines' and as such is recommended reading.
The paper is co-authored by Parise, Martirano, Mitolo, Baldwin and Panetta. Appearing in a 2010 journal
it summarizes the both the difficulties presented to the street lighting electrical designer by the challenge
of protecting the public from shock hazards, along with many traditional and forward thinking solutions.
In this paper the authors provide a context for the discussion by explaining the differences in grounding
and bonding systems and standards, as found variously around the world. The relative advantages and
disadvantages of these systems are compared.
The limitations of grounding, bonding and traditional overcurrent and ground fault protection schemes are
presented in consideration of the physical nature of typical electrical faults that can occur in street
lighting. This leads the reader to the logical conclusion that ongoing monitoring and maintenance is
critical to protecting the public from contact voltage hazards.
While maintenance and periodic testing are part of the contact voltage mitigation puzzle, the paper also
emphasizes the importance of 'designing' the hazard out of the system from the onset by incorporating:
• effective grounding and bonding strategies
• double insulation (class II)
• proper construction specifications
• isolation transformers
• testing facilities at the power distribution panel
• the use of ground fault detection with surge protection
• the use of fault monitoring and communications equipment
This paper appears in the Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS),
2010 IEEE. It is available @ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=5489893 ISBN 978-
1-4244-5600-0. |
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APPENDIX 2
A Hypothetical Contact Voltage
Scenario
Metal Pole
R2= Insulation
Leakage
R3= Wire-plate gap
Impedance
R4= Plate-pole
Bond resistance
R5= Metal surface
Contact resistance
120 VAC
Voltage on surface
Of metal pole =???
Equivalent Circuit
R6 = Resistance to
Earth
R1= Exposed
Conductor
Condition
Faulted
Conductor
Cover Plate
In this example, a partial list of the variables that might affect the voltage impressed upon the surface of a
metal pole where a damaged or leaky conductor is touching the hand hole cover plate is considered:
1) The resistance of leaky insulation as affected by temperature, voids, imbedded metal particles, absorbed
moisture, wear, and damage sustained during installation or damage from pests.
2) The condition of the exposed conductor, which may be oxidized, nicked or open.
3) The contact surface area and pressure between the wire and the pole, or
4) The arc gap distance (if it is an arcing fault)
5) Any moisture or chemicals present on the inside surface of the pole
6) The bond between the cover plate and the pole
7) Outside surface conditions may be affected by oxidation, paint, dirt etc.
8) Daily load cycling: may influence the evolution of the fault characteristics.
The contact area and pressure between the wire and the pole may be affected by original installation
practices, wind loading, road vibration and thermal expansion and contraction. Where arcing or current flow
contributes to further insulation or conductor deterioration the fault may blow open and clear or evolve into a
more solid state. The voltage present at any given time on the surface will be sporadic and as variable and
unpredictable as the interface impedances listed. This would imply that fault current protection schemes
which depend upon minimum code required grounding and bonding methods may not be entirely effective
for high resistance faults and that a program of regular contact voltage auditing is warranted. Furthermore,
contact voltage auditing cannot and will not detect all faulted structures and so emphasis must be placed
upon prevention during engineering and construction phases.
Metal Pole
R2= Insulation
Leakage
R3= Wire-plate gap
Impedance
R4= Plate-pole
Bond resistance
R5= Metal surface
Contact resistance
120 VAC
Voltage on surface
Of metal pole =???
Equivalent Circuit
R6 = Resistance to
Earth
R1= Exposed
Conductor
Condition
Faulted
Conductor
Cover Plate |
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5.1 D EFINITIONS
Contact voltage – Streetlight energized due to faults in internal wiring or underground service cable
Critical Failure means any failure related to the System Components, which causes the improper
operation of, or the failure System Components such that they are operating under substantial Degraded
Performance; or the failure of any System Component that adversely affects the Roadway Lighting
System or impacts on the public safety.
Degraded Performance means the operation of any Roadway Lighting System with less than 100%
performance of the operational System Components.
Electrical Work means any work associated with the installation, maintenance, modification or removal
of electrical equipment including work required for all auxiliary concrete, mechanical, metallic or
associated non-electrical components or equipment.
ESA is an acronym for Electrical Safety Authority, Ontario’s enforcement agency for the OESC.
Ground Reference – Intentionally or unintentionally grounded object not bonded or physically
contacting the streetlight which is used in the field as a ground for the purpose of voltage measurements.
High Mast Lighting System means a Roadway Lighting System where there are three or more
luminaires per pole and the height of the pole exceeds 20 metres.
Neutral-to-Earth Voltage [NEV] – A potential difference between the grounded neutral conductor of
the utility distribution system with respect to earth potential at a specific location. NEV is a small, normally
occurring potential rise resulting from return current flowing through the impedance of the neutral path.
Non-Routine Maintenance means activity required to repair unexpected failure of equipment
components. It requires immediate action and takes precedence over routine maintenance activities for
the duration of the required action.
OESC is an acronym for the Ontario Electrical Safety Code.
Routine Maintenance means preventative maintenance carried out on equipment at specified intervals
and includes, but is not limited to checking, testing, cleaning, tightening, lubricating, etc. of equipment as
well as minor repairs (generally with hand tools and with materials at hand). The purpose of Routine
Maintenance is to ensure that problems are solved before failures occur. Minor maintenance problems
that cannot be corrected “on the spot” shall be logged and scheduled for further follow-up.
Roadway Lighting System means a system of luminaires, poles, sign luminaires, underpass
illumination, cables, power supply equipment, control system and all associated materials required to
provide illumination on a roadway, highway, street, or associated appurtenances on a Municipal or
Provincial right of way.
Shunt resistor – any small load, placed in parallel with the leads of a high impedance digital voltmeter,
used to assess the relative magnitude of the source impedance of an energized streetlight.
System Components means all hardware and software components, devices, parts and materials
included in the Roadway Lighting System. |
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5.2 A DDITIONAL REFERENCES
Ontario Electrical Safety Code including all appending bulletins issued by the Electrical Safety Authority of
Ontario.
Ontario Regulation 22/04-Electrical Distribution Safety Regulation
Ontario Regulation 22/04-Technical Guideline for Section 7: Approval of plans, drawings and
specifications for installation work
Ontario Regulation 22/04-Technical Guideline for Section 8: Inspection and Approval of Construction
Guideline for Third Party Attachments
CSA Standards pertinent to the Electrical Work.
CSA C22.3 No.7-10
Guide to Municipal Standard Construction MEA Part 6 Street Lighting
IEEE std 142
Kitchener-Wilmot Hydro Streetlight Bus Voltage Drop Calculation
Section 5.4 of Minnesota Streetlight Design manual
Ontario Traffic Manual
Street Lighting Design Manual City of Oshawa
Lighting Reference Guide, Natural Resource Canada.
5.3 OTHER DOCUMENTS FOR INFORMATION PURPOSES
Ontario Regulation 239/02 Minimum Maintenance Standards for Municipal Highways |
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Version 2
May 2015 |
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GUIDELINES FOR
Field Evaluation
Agencies
ESA-SPEC-008 R1 Revision Date: July 4, 2022 |
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Guidelines for Field
Evaluation Agencies
ESA SPEC-008 R1
The Electrical Safety Authority
Reaffirmed July 4, 2022
|
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July 4, 2022 Page 1 of 11 ESA-SPEC-008 R1
Revision date: July 4, 2022
Contents
1. Objective .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
2. Definitions ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
3. Scope ............................................................................................................................................................... 3
4. Direction ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
5. Requirements for Corrective Actions ............................................................................................................... 7
6. Requirements for FE agency to assist ESA in an investigation of industrial and commercial products……...7
7. Obligations of FE agency................................................................................................................................. 8
8. Products Excluded from the Field Evaluation process under the Scope of SPE-1000 ................................... 8
9. Reference Publications .................................................................................................................................. 11
10. Revision History ............................................................................................................................................ 11
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July 4, 2022 Page 2 of 11 ESA-SPEC-008 R1
1. Objective
A. The objective of this document is to establish safety and operational guidelines for
field evaluation of electrical equipment that all Field Evaluation (FE) agencies shall
follow.
B. This guideline is not intended as a design specification or a replacement for CSA
SPE-1000 Model Code for the f ield evaluation of e lectrical equipment and SPE-
3000 Model Code for the field evaluation of medical electrical equipment and
systems or for the mandatory provisions contained in Ontario Regulation 438/07.
C. The guidelines are supplemental to the product safety regulation.
2. Definitions
A. Acceptable to the Electrical Safety Authority (ESA).
B. Director of Reviews and Appeals means a person appointed by the Electrical
Safety Authority, authorized by the ESA and the legislation.
C. Electrical Equipment means an “electrical product or device: as defined in
subsection 113.12.1 of part VIII of the Electricity Act,1998 and means anything used
or to be used in the generation, transmission, distribution, retail or use of electricity
subject to the limitations contained in SPE-1000.
This includes any one piece of equipment or a collection of electrical components
which can be t otally self-contained in a single piece without the need of
interconnecting wiring run on, through, within or under the building structure.
D. Field Evaluation agency (FE a gency) means a “Field Evaluation agency “as
defined in Ontario Regulation 438/07 which means an Inspection Body accredited
in accordance with the Standards Council of Canada Act (Canada) to evaluate
electrical products and devices and recognized by the Electrical Safety Authority.
E. Process means any installation which includes a collection of individual pieces of
equipment or complete systems or subassemblies which form a part of
manufacturing line (example: assembly line)
F. System or Subassembly means controllers, welders, robots, or one or more pieces
of electrical equipment that receives the supply voltage and control voltage from
one source or one piece of equipment. (example: Two robots fed directly from one
controller)
G. Complex installation (multiple interconnected system) – power-driven devices or
assemblies designed to work together, including interconnecting wiring, which may |
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July 4, 2022 Page 3 of 11 ESA-SPEC-008 R1
run through, under, or upon a building, and may receive power from more than one
source.
3. Scope
A. Field Evaluation shall apply to electrical equipment as identified in the Scope of
SPE-1000 and medical electrical equipment and systems as identified in the
Scope of SPE-3000.
B. Field evaluation does not apply to:
i) Wire and cable products;
ii) Wiring devices;
iii) Equipment for use in hazardous locations;
iv) Equipment connected to line voltage in excess of 46kV;
v) Manlifts, elevators, climb assists and similar systems (other than their
associated control panels);
vi) Components that will require further evaluation as part of a complete
assembly, such as switches, relays, and timers;
vii) A ny equipment that is not permitted to be field evaluated as directed by an
AHJ (such as air-cleaning equipment that intentionally produces ozone)
In addition to exclusions above contained in the scope of SPE-1000, ESA excludes
the following products from FE (see Section 8 for details):
viii) A ny cord connected, plug-in or permanently connected air quality equipment
that intentionally produces ozone;
ix) Swimming pool salt water chlorinators;
x) Multimeters;
xi) Infrared saunas where the heaters do not bear a component certification mark;
In addition to exclusions described above, ESA sets limitations on FE for the
following product:
xii) Baby spas or similar equipment.
C. FE shall be limited to electrical equipment of not more than 500 units of the same
model per year per FE agency . Quantities above 500 units requires that the FE
agency obtains prior permission from the Electrical Safety Authority.
D. FE as it applies to complex installations which may include multiple pieces of
equipment, systems or subassemblies, shall be in accordance with Figure 1 and 2
and subparagraph 4.F. and 4.G., and labelled in accordance with 4.H.
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Figure 1
Figure 2
4. Direction
A. As per Section 2 of Ontario Regulation 438/07, Deemed approvals , the electrical
product or device is approved if it conforms to the applicable standards for the
electrical product or device.
B. FE agency will contact the manufacturer to educate and reinforce the principle of
certification of product before it arrives in Ontario.
C. W hen an FE agency has undertaken the evaluation of electrical equipment, with
identified deficiencies to be corrected, the FE agency shall notify the Electrical
BUS RAIL
Junction Box
Equipment 1
Field Evaluation
Junction Box
Equipment 2
Field Evaluation
Junction Box
Equipment 3
Field Evaluation
Building Structure
Interconnecting Wiring
OESC wiring
BUS RAIL
Junction Box
Equipment 1
Field Evaluation
Junction Box
Equipment 2
Field Evaluation
OESC wiring
Equipment 3
Field
Evaluation
Interconnecting wiring in
a raceway as part of
equipment
(1.5m for unsupported
raceways)
System - Inspected by an FE Agency
Any wiring run on, through,
under, upon, or within the
building structure forming
part of the electrical
installation requires a
Notification to be filed with
ESA (OESC Rule 2-004) and
shall meet the requirements
of the OESC. As such, any
portion of the installation
which requires a Notification
of work cannot be included
as part of a SPE-1000 Field
Evaluation.
Interconnecting Wiring |
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Safety Authority if the deficiencies have not been corrected in a timely manner, or
the customer cancels the FE.
D. When an FE agency is evaluating equipment at the location where it is to be
installed, the FE agency shall verify that a notification of work has been made for
the connection of this equipment. Where there is no notification of work, the FE
agency shall notify the Electrical Safety Authority prior to labeling the equipment.
E. The FE agency shall maintain a record of all field evaluations reports and shall
produce this report to the Electrical Safety Authority upon request within 5 business
days:
i. Information to be included shall be the FE serialized label number, the voltage,
current, name of manufacturer, dielectric test results, and any additional tests
that are required.
ii. If the equipment is a system or assembly, the following equipment information
is to be included:
• The manufacturer of all directly controlled and energized equipment
including: The equipment serial number, Manufacturer name, etc.
• The FE agency shall apply only labels published in the Electrical Safety
Authority’s bulletins.
• All labels to be applied by FE agenc y staff. Leaving or mailing labels is not
an acceptable practice.
• A Field Evaluation shall include where necessary an onsite evaluation of the
equipment, system, or subassembly where it is reassembled onsite.
F. Field Evaluation of complex installations
Where complex installations which might include multiple pieces of equipment,
systems or subassemblies being installed that will be combined to form a process,
the FE agency and the Electrical Safety Authority will discuss at the earliest
opportunity to ensure that the scope of the FE agencies evaluation and scope of
the Electrical Safety Authority wiring inspections are understood and coordinated.
i. The contractor (equipment owner or user) shall be responsible for applying for
a notification of work as per Rule 2- 004 of the OESC for the interconnecting
wiring.
ii. The FE agency shall contact ESA Product Safety by email
[email protected] or telephone 905- 507-4949 ext. 5687
or ext. 7834.
G. The FE agency shall notify the Electrical Safety Authority when systems,
subassemblies, or a collection of equipment is used for a process installation.
i. The FE agency shall perform all FE of the equipment, systems or assemblies,
ii. The FE agency inspector shall perform inspection of all interconnecting wiring,
which includes but not limited to Buss Duct, power outlets connected to Buss
Duct. The Buss Duct and any conduit that is installed on site.
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H. Application of FE labels on complex installations.
When a field evaluation of a complex installation/multiple interconnected system is
performed by a single inspection body, each subsystem of the complex
installation/multiple interconnected system shall be identified on a master label. The
master label should be located on the first part of the system that receives power.
Where the system is supplied by more than one source of power, the master label
should be located on the main control panel.
The master label shall contain, at a minimum, the following information:
i. Title: master or system label;
ii. Unique identifier of each subsystem;
iii. Field evaluation label (for the overall system); and
iv. A statement that identifies whether the interconnecting wiring was evaluated as
part of the complex installation.
I. Lighting retrofit kits installation
When retrofitted luminaires are field evaluated, the applicable warning labels shall
be applied to the retrofitted luminaire.
The retrofitted luminaire shall be marked in accordance with CSA C22.2 No. 250.1
Retrofit kits for luminaire conversion.
J. Service Entrance Equipment
i. Service equipment shall comply with the requirements of CSA C 22.2 No. 0.19
disconnecting means and associated overcurrent devices, and shall be marked
with the following or equivalent wording:
SUITABLE FOR USE AS SERVICE EQUIPMENT;
and
ACCEPTABLE COMME APPAREILLAGE DE BRANCHEMENT.
ii. Transfer switch suitable for use as service entrance equipment shall comply with
the requirements of CSA C22.2 No. 178.1 and shall be marked with the following
or equivalent wording:
SUITABLE FOR USE AS SERVICE EQUIPMENT;
and
ACCEPTABLE COMME APPAREILLAGE DE BRANCHEMENT.
K. Energy Storage Systems
Field Evaluation shall be done by an accredited inspection body to the requirements
of the SPE -1000 model code and applicable requirements of the ANSI/CAN/UL
9540-16 Energy Storage System s and Equipment . When separate equipment is
combined to form an ESS, these are to be considered as complex installations and
interconnected wiring attached to the building structure needs to be installed as per |
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the OESC and the complex installation marking requirement as per the Guidelines
would apply (sections 4.F. – 4.H.)
Refer to ESA Bulletin 64-7-* for more information about ESS approval.
L. High Voltage Equipment
Refer to ESA Bulletin 36-15-* for more information about high voltage equipment
approval.
5. Requirements for Corrective Actions
Field evaluation agencies under their accreditation requirements are responsible for
taking certain type of corrective actions ( see ISO Guide 27:1983 ). In addition to the
SCC requirements, the FE agency shall meet its obligations under section 113 of Part
VIII of the Electricity Act and Ontario Regulations 438/07 Product Safety and work with
the responsible parties and the ESA to resolve identified safety concerns with products
they evaluated. See section 8 and 9 of Ontario Regulation 438/07.
6. Requirements for FE agency to assist ESA in an investigation of industrial
and commercial products
Field evaluation agencies shall provide information or information that they would
obtain through their normal processes to investigate an accident, incident or defect with
a product they evaluated. This includes the following:
A. R esponding to Product Incident Reports (PIR’s) issued by ESA, the FE agency shall
provide all relevant information on any and all similar incidents with the same or
similar product types that may provide evidence of a pattern of failure, a product
defect or any other safety concern.
For the purposes of the regulation, the preliminary report should include as a
minimum:
i. The number of all reports to either the FE agency or the manufacturer of similar
issues with either the same component or same product type but different model
or color; or
ii. A ny information that would establish a trend of a similar or same component
failure; or
iii. A ny similar incidents or design issues with similar components; and/or
iv. I dentification of the design issue that could be the root cause of the suspected
product defect.
B. Providing assistance in the investigation and assessment of accidents, incidents
or defects involving products were evaluated as outlined below: |
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When requested, the FE a gency shall be expected to provide assistance in
determining the root cause of the defect in the product, which may include testing
of the product in question.
When requested, the FE a gency shall assist in determining the appropriate
corrective action that may be required to protect public safety.
For these investigations, there shall be a mutually agreed upon scope of work,
timelines and outputs.
To respect confidentiality, test facilities and test results shall remain confidential
unless maintaining confidentiality could result in undue hazard to the public.
C. Provide consultation on development of a corrective action as outlined below:
When requested, the FE agency shall provide assistance in consultation with ESA
and the involved manufacturer, retailer, distributor or importer to determine and
evaluate an appropriate corrective action when the need for such has been
confirmed.
As indicated by the regulation, a FE agency would only be requested to provide
assistance for products that they had evaluated.
ESA is making its prioritization methodology available to stakeholders to enhance
the transparency of their decision-making processes and to better enable the
responsible party (-ies) assist and cooperate with ESA.
7. Obligations of FE agency
The following are obligations recognized field evaluation agencies shall meet for
products that bear their label:
A. T heir accreditation requirements as outlined in the latest applicable SCC policies
and procedures. A complete list of SCC requirements is available at www.scc.ca;
B. T heir obligations as outlined in the Regulation 438/07, this guidelines document
and any order issued by ESA under section 113(11) of the Electricity Act,1998; and
C. A ny additional requirements contained in the terms and conditions that form part of
the ESA formal recognition process.
For more information about Ontario Regulation 438/07 and the established guidelines,
please visit www.esasafe.com.
8. Products Excluded from the Field Evaluation process under the Scope of
SPE-1000
In Section 3.B. of this document according to Sub-Clause 1.6 (h) of SPE-1000, ESA
lists the following products, which shall not to be approved under SPE-1000:
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(1) Cord connected, plug-in or permanently connected air quality equipment
that intentionally produces ozone
Background: In 2003, Environment Canada and Health Canada declared ozone as a
“toxic substance” under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA), 1999,
SCHEDULE 1 “List of Toxic Substances”.
Manufacturers are calling some of household plug-in air cleaners intended for use in
occupied areas as "Air Cleaners", “Air purifiers” or "Air Fresheners" and avoid the use of
the word "Ozone."
Air quality equipment intended for use in unoccupied areas by trained individuals that
produces ozone create potential of toxic hazard and, therefore, should meet the
requirements of CSA C22.2 No. 187 which includes provisions on ozone emission
control, safety labelling and other measures.
Direction: Do not approve any cord connected, plug-in or permanently connected air
quality equipment that intentionally produces ozone.
(2) Swimming pool salt water chlorinators
Background: A "Swimming Pool Salt Water Chlorinator" is an electrolytic cell and a
control panel. The swimming pool water is made slightly salty. A plumbing fitting that
has electrodes (electrolytic cell) is added to the water system. A control panel provides
a low dc voltage to the plumbing fitting that holds the "electrolytic cell." This converts the
salt water into chlorine that sanitizes the pool. Additional information can be found at:
www.saltwaterchlorinators.com
There is a CSA standard C22.2 No. 218.1 that addresses obvious safety issues such
as the supply voltage shorting out to the low voltage and limiting the leakage current to
a safe limit in the salty water. But installation practices are not well defined (i.e. Can the
electrolytic cell be on the far side of the pool remote from the control panel?). The
package should be approved together (both the electrolytic cell and the control panel).
Direction: Due to the extensive leakage current testing required by the Standard used
for certification of these devices, and that these tests are not reasonably achievable
outside of a laboratory environment, Field Evaluation is not permitted on these products.
In addition, there is opportunity for a primary fault to be imposed on the secondary
circuit, elevating the leakage current to unacceptable levels in the salty water.
(3) Multimeters
Background: ESA has investigated a number of reported incidents concerning
personnel injuries where a multimeter has failed. We have come to the conclusion that
many incidents were a result of the multimeter being used on the wrong setting. Even
though this constitutes to user error, this type of injury could have been avoided. One
item that has been brought forward during ESA's investigation is the need to have |
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multimeters certified to the current standard. A number of meters which ESA has
investigated were field evaluated. The Model Code for Field Evaluation (edition SPE-
1000-13) does not verify class rating as well as testing for any possible combination of
rated input voltages, currents and resistances with different settings of function, and
range controls. These different combinations shall not cause a hazard. The current CSA
standard C22.2 No. 61010-1 has added provisions to safeguard against this.
CSA standard C22.2 No. 61010-1 has added a number of additional tests to
multimeters which are not required by the SPE-1000-13. The SPE-1000-13 does not
address the safety provisions that have been incorporated in the CSA standard C22.2
No. 61010-1.
Direction: Only multimeters that are certified in accordance with the CSA standard
C22.2 No. 61010-1 will be accepted in the province of Ontario if they require
certification. Multimeters will not be accepted if they are Field Evaluated to the SPE-
1000 in the province of Ontario
(4) Infrared Saunas where the heaters do not bear
a component certification mark
Background: In some cases, the Sauna represents high risk involving heaters, over
temperature controllers and the wood enclosures etc. Therefore, it is not only required
that all components be certified, but also certified for their very specific application. In
addition, for the safety of the users, all the requirements of the sauna standard must be
met.
Direction: The infrared saunas where the heater is not approved require to be certified
under a certification program for safety reasons. Field Evaluation is not sufficient to
satisfy the testing required under the Standard.
(5) Baby Spas or similar equipment
Background: Baby Spas are identified as products where babies are allowed to float in
a tub, pool or similar vessel containing water with a floatation device around their necks.
This type of equipment may contain various electrical components such as pumps,
lights and control switches. Field Evaluation of these products are limited in their scope.
The additional applicable requirements of the CSA Standard C22.2 No. 218.1-13 Spas,
Hot Tubs and associated equipment, which may include destructive testing, cannot be
done during Field Evaluation.
Direction: Field Evaluation of Baby Spas and similar equipment is not acceptable in
Ontario as a method of approval. If the Baby Spas or similar product have been
previously certified to the UL Standard 1563, then Field Evaluation of these products will
be accepted in Ontario.
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9. R eference Publications:
a. Ontario Electrical Safety Code, latest edition
b. Ontario Regulation 438/07 Product Safety
c. SPE-1000 “Model Code for the Field Evaluation of Electrical Equipment” , latest
edition
d. ISO Guide 27:1983 Guidelines for corrective action to be taken by a certification
body in the event of misuse of its mark of conformity
e. SPE-3000, Model Code for the field evaluation of medical electrical equipment and
systems, latest edition.
10. Revision History
• July 4 , 2022 - ESA SPEC-008 R1
• October 25, 2019 – ESA SPEC-008 R1
• March 24, 2014
• August 24, 2010
• September 13, 2002.
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Basic Troubleshooting of
On Farm Stray Voltage
This document provides technical information that can guide
basic electrical troubleshooting on farm electrical systems
and help identify and mitigate the customer contribution of
stray voltage.
esasafe.com |
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WHAT IS STRAY VOLTAGE?
Stray voltage is caused by the normal
delivery and use of electricity, voltage
may typically exist between two
conductive surfaces. Examples of
conductive surfaces include concrete
floors, metal stabling, milk pipelines,
water bowls, etc. This voltage, known as
animal contact voltage, stray voltage or
tingle voltage, usually presents no harm,
however, if the voltage level is high
enough, it may affect livestock behaviour
and health. The Ontario Energy Board
requires Local Distribution Companies
(LDC) to investigate where a livestock
farm customer provides the distributor
with information that reasonably
indicates that farm stray voltage may be
adversely affecting the operation of the
customer’s farm. The LDC is required to
mitigate their stray voltage contribution
if the animal contact current (ACC)
exceeds 2.0 mA or animal contact
voltage (ACV) exceeds 1.0 V. These
investigations have also determined that
the customer’s electrical system could
be the cause of the problem with
deteriorated wiring/equipment or non
code compliant installations found on
the farm. The LDC will not mitigate
customer caused stray voltage and
unless addressed, the farm will
continue to have issues.
1 Grounding and Bonding
When trying to troubleshoot stray voltage,
care should be taken to ensure bonding
and grounding conductors are electrically
continuous (i.e. avoid cutting or removing
bonding or grounding conductors). These
conductors serve an important safety
function and their removal can result
in dangerous conditions such as fire or
shock hazards.
If grounding or bonding conductors have
been removed or cut, as shown in Picture
1, they should be repaired immediately by a
qualified person. If the equipment is part of
the LDC’s (Utility) transformer, pole or
lines (Picture 2), the LDC should be
contacted immediately.
Picture 1: Green covered and bare bond wire
disconnected from the ground wire
Picture 2: Damaged ground conductor |
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Conductors exposed
to sharp edges
Not an approved cable
assembly or in an
approved raceway
2 Equipotential Bonding
Livestock typically feel stray voltage when
they contact two conductive surfaces which
are at different electric potentials (voltage).
In order to mitigate this, all conductive
surfaces should be bonded together, to
create equipotential (i.e. same voltage)
surfaces. Conductive surfaces may include
metal water pipes, stanchions, water bowls,
vacuum lines and concrete floors. Bonding
these surfaces together is an effective
mitigation technique that is easiest and
most economical to achieve during initial
construction. More information can be
found in ESA bulletin 10-23-*.
Picture 3: Bonding conductors attached to the
metallic mesh prior to pouring concrete creating a
equipotential plane
3 Conductors
Wiring on farms, particularly in buildings
housing livestock, is subject to harsh
conditions such as mechanical damage,
pooling water, high humidity, corrosion
and rodents. Damaged insulation covering
on conductors (Pictures 4 and 5) may
inadvertently energize objects that may
be a contributing factor to stray voltage.
Conductors with signs of damage should
be replaced or repaired immediately by a
qualified person.
Picture 4: Damaged outer jacket of cable
Picture 5: Conductors
in contact with sharp
edges of electrical
equipment |
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Missing connector
and open connection
Corroded Termination
4 Poor Neutral Connections
The neutral (or white wire) in your farm
building’s electrical system is vital in
maintaining electrical safety. A loose
neutral wire may result in stray current
flowing through unintended paths. A
disconnected or poor neutral connection can
cause unstable voltages that often result in
an electrical fire. Loose connections can be
the result of many factors such as improper
torquing during the original installation,
heavy loading, aging, vibration or corrosion.
Confirm electrical equipment is denergized
prior to checking for loose or corroded
connections.
Picture 6: Conductors
missing connectors in
an outlet box.
Picture 7: Electrical
panel showing signs of
corrosion
5 Electrical Equipment
If shutting off a particular circuit or
disconnecting electrical equipment results
in an improvement of the stray voltage issue,
that circuit or electrical equipment may be
defective and require repair. All electrical
equipment should be checked regularly
for damage. Electrical equipment,
such as panelboards (Picture 8) and
receptacles (Picture 9), within these
buildings are often subjected to high levels
of corrosion or humidity that can result in
failure of the equipment. When it is not
possible to relocate equipment, it should
be approved for the level of corrosion or
moisture with ratings such as NEMA 4X.
Deteriorated electrical equipment, such as
water heaters, heated water bowls or well
pumps can not only be a contributing factor
to stray voltage, but can also result in
electrical fire or shock hazards.
Picture 8: An electrical panel with signs of corrosion
Picture 9: A receptacle with a burnt terminal |
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Missing bond
connector
Missing cover and
exposed connectors
Green conductors
used as current
carrying conductor
6 Improper Wiring
or Disconnection of
Electrical Equipment
Connection of devices to the wrong voltage
or the use of electrical equipment in a
manner for which it is not approved can
have unintended consequences, including
stray voltage. It is recommended to
purchase a non-contact proximity tester
(Picture 11) and walk through your farm
operation to test all metallic surfaces of
electrical equipment and check if there is
any voltage detected.
Picture 10: A timer wired
incorrectly
A fault in the timer may result in the enclosure
becoming energized resulting in hazardous
conditions.
Picture 11: A red non contact proximity tester
Picture 12: A flex cord supplying a light switch in an
unapproved manner
A lamp cord has been used to feed a switch
that is not located in an approved electrical
enclosure. Touching exposed energized
parts, such as the switch connections could
be lethal. In addition to the improper wiring
method that may be susceptible to damage,
the switch is not supplied with a bonding
conductor, so any fault or failure may cause
current flow through unintended paths,
serious shock or burn hazards to personnel
and in some cases, electrical fires.
In addition to electric shock, improperly
disconnected electrical equipment may
leave exposed energized conductors that
can result in stray voltage. It is important that
disconnected conductors be capped off and
enclosed in an approved electrical
enclosure. See Picture 13.
It is recommended to remove all unused
electrical wiring.
Picture 13: Missing cover
box exposing electrical
conductors and connectors |
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7 Flickering or
Dimming Lights
There are a variety of causes for flickering
or dimming lights. Flickering or dimming
lights can often be a sign of the health of
your farm’s electrical system.
Flickering or dimming lights may be a
result of:
• Overloaded circuit or
overloaded neutral conductor
When too much equipment is used at the
same time, the circuit or neutral may
become overloaded, causing the circuit
voltage levels to drop.
• Undersized conductors
When conductors are undersized due to a
long run or the size of the load, the voltage
levels of the circuit drop. This is often more
obvious when heavier loads such as
motors are located far from the supply of
electricity. Motors typically draw increased
current at start-up resulting in lowering the
voltage for the farm’s electrical system.
• Damaged electrical equipment
Damaged electrical equipment can result
in a loose or open connection. A loose
connection can cause lighting to flicker.
(See Sections 3 & 4: Conductors & Poor
Neutral Connections)
Picture 14: Receptacle damaged from corrosion
and arcing
8 Variable Frequency
Drives (VFDs)
VFDs have become an effective cost saving
measure in farming operations; however, an
improperly installed VFD may contribute to
stray voltage symptoms. Where possible,
the VFD should be located as close as
practical to the motors being controlled.
Incorrect wiring methods for VFDs may
result in stray voltage symptoms. If shutting
off the motors with VFDs reduces stray
voltage symptoms there may be a problem
with the installation. Often a shielded cable
is specified by the VFD manufacturer to be
installed to mitigate stray voltage.
Picture 15: Variable Frequency Drives installed
on a column |
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9 Electric Fences,
Cow Trainers or Crowd
Gates (Energizers)
Improper installation or use of energizers for
electric fences, cow trainers or crowd gates
can cause stray voltage. If shutting off your
energizer seems to reduce the animal
behavioural response there may be an issue
with the installation. The output of an
energizer should be completely isolated from
a building housing livestock by maximizing
the separation of the energizers grounding
from the buildings electrical wiring
grounding. For an energizer, it is critical that
there is adequate separation and isolation
between the farm electrical service neutral/
ground and the earth-return part of the
energizer. Please see the Midwest Rural
Energy Council guide “Installation and
Operation of Electric Fences, Cow Trainers
and Crowd Gates” for more information.
Picture 16: Power supply for an electrical fence
The fencer is connected to an electrical panel
contained in the wooden box rather than
separated from the electrical system
10 Extension Cords
Extension cords should only be used on a
temporary basis as they are not a substitute
for permanent wiring. Extension cords are
not permitted to be:
• Secured to any structural member;
• Run through holes in walls, ceilings, floors; or
• Run through doorways, windows, or
similar openings.
Extension cords should be inspected
and checked for damage before and after
each use.
Buildings housing livestock contain
extremely harsh environments and
extension cords should be rated for such
conditions. Extension cords should not be
used as permanent wiring because even
extra heavy duty extension cords are
susceptible to mechanical or rodent
damage and may deteriorate over time,
resulting in exposed conductors that could
create stray voltage and fire/shock hazards.
Improperly repaired cords could also
become a source of stray voltage due to
loose, open or reversed connections.
NOTE
An application for inspection from
The Electrical Safety Authority (ESA)
is required for repairs or modifications
of electrical systems on farms.
External contractors (Not employees
of the farm) performing electrical
work are required to be a Licensed
Electrical Contractor (LEC) as per
Ontario Regulation 570/05. ESA
recommends using an LEC for all
electrical installations.
! |
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Level 1 Checklist
The level 1 checklist is intended to provide the farmer with basic electrical items that
can be visually inspected. A check mark placed in the YES column indicates a potential
customer problem or contribution to stray voltage. ESA highly recommends the use of a
Licensed Electrical Contractor for all work on electrical installations.
YES NO SECTION
ELECTRICAL PANELS – check all electrical panels for:
Damaged ground and bond wires 1
Loose, cut or corroded ground/bond wires 4
Loose, cut or corroded neutral connections 1
Corrosion or water damage 5
Missing connectors /conductors exposed to sharp edges 3
WIRING
Damaged insulated jacket, pinched wiring 3
Signs of overheating 3
Wires sitting in water 3
Wires not terminated in a junction box 6
Missing wire connectors 3/4
Wires wrapped around metal pipes 3
Bonding/grounding wires damaged or disconnected 1/2
DEVICES
Receptacles/switches that are damaged/corroded 5
Signs of overheating, arcing 5/7
Light fixtures damaged, corroded 5/7
Lights that are flickering 7
EXTENSION CORDS
Damaged, frayed 3/10
Improperly rated for the environment 10
Missing/broken ground pin 1/10
Signs of overheating 3/10
Sitting in water 3/10
Wrapped around metal pipes 3/10
Used as permanent wiring 10
ELECTRIC FENCE/COW TRAINER/CROWD GATES 9
Damaged, broken, missing insulators
Electric fence or ground wire connected to water, milk lines or stanchions
Ground connected to the farm’s electric service ground wiring
Inadequate spacing of the return of fence return electrode from the farm grounding
Deteriorated fence wiring insulation
TYPICAL PROBLEMS THAT MAY RESULT/INDICATE STRAY VOLTAGE
Equipotential bonding not installed 2
Variable frequency drives (VFD) installed 8
Receiving electrical shocks from any equipment/wiring 3/5
Fuses/breakers frequently blowing/tripping 7
Shutting the power off resolves the issue 5
Electric portable heaters on bulk milk storage tank 5 |
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Vegetation Management
Around Powerlines |
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Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Electrical Issues & Hazards 4
Identifying & Responding to Potential Electrical Hazards 6
Contacting the Local Distribution Company 9
Definitions 10
Quick Reference Guide: Landscape and Arborist Trades 11
Quick Guide & Contact Information: Homeowners 12
LEGAL DISCLAIMER
This document contains AWARENESS ONLY material to assist members of the Public
and Industry Professionals to avoid conflicts with the overhead and/or underground
powerlines while pruning trees and the removing trees, stumps and roots.
This document does not have the force of the law. Where there is a conflict between
this document and any Municipal, Regional and/or Township by-laws, legislation or
regulation which may apply, the relevant law prevails.
Contact the local Municipality, Regional and/or Township offices to determine if permits
are required to plant trees.
Contact your Local Distribution Company (LDC) to determine their requirements to
prune or remove trees around powerlines and electrical equipment. This will also
include removal of tree stumps and roots. |
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Introduction
The “Vegetation Management around Powerlines” Guideline responds to the increased
number of reports associated with contacting energized overhead powerlines while pruning
or removing trees.
This is one of two guidelines produced by the Electrical Safety Authority with the support of
Ontario’s Local Distribution Companies (LDC) to reduce electrical contact incidents and other
electrical hazards when:
•Performing Vegetation management Around Powerlines
•Planting Under or Around Powerlines and Electrical Equipment
These guidelines provide information and insights to support landscape and arborist
trades workers, maintenance worker, and homeowners. These Guidelines share important
information on potential electrical risks, how to avoid these risks, provincial standards, and
best practices that, if followed, can decrease electrical incidents.
This guideline includes sections on:
•Electrical Issues and Hazards
•Identifying and Avoiding Potential Hazards
•Requirements for contacting the LDC
A companion guideline has been created that focuses on avoiding electrical issues and hazards
when planting trees and/or shrubs under or around overhead and underground powerlines and
electrical equipment. |
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Electrical Issues and Hazards – Pruning Trees
Proper maintenance of trees and plant material growing around overhead powerlines is
required to avoid potential electrical hazards and power interruptions. Overgrown trees that
cover powerlines can create a number of electrical hazards, including:
Potential Hazard or Electrocution from:
•direct contact – when playing in or working around trees where powerlines are
hidden by foliage.
•energized objects – branches and limbs caught in the powerlines may unexpectedly
become conductive.
•contact with powerlines – during tree maintenance, pruning or removal, including
direct contact by unqualified individuals and contact through tree pruning tools.
•downed powerlines – when energized powerlines are pulled down to the ground by
broken branches and limbs.
Injuries or Fires – branches, ladders, pole top pruners and other pruning equipment
can create an electrical arc when in close proximity to powerlines resulting in potential
injury or fire.
Power interruptions – resulting when branches and limbs that break damaging
powerlines during storms or from disease.
Reported incidents of overhead powerline contact during tree pruning and tree removal
increased from 2001 to 2011. These contacts and near misses involved Arborists, Landscapers
and members of the Public who were directly or indirectly working too close to energized
powerlines. During this period, the Ministry of Labour and Electrical Safety Authority have
reported 176 contacts with energized electrical powerlines associated with the pruning or
removal of trees. This resulted in two fatalities. |
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Members of the public should not prune or remove trees and other plant material around
overhead powerlines and electrical equipment – they should contact the LDC for assistance.
Arborists and Landscapers are not qualified to work in the vicinity of energized powerlines
and must follow the ‘limits of approach’ defined by the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety
Act (Ont. OH&S Act) Ont Reg 213/91 Section 188(2) for tools, ladders and other equipment
capable of conducting electricity. These requirements apply to climbing trees, tree pruning,
felling trees and/or removing branches or vines.
Utility Arborists who 444B Certified are authorized to prune, clear vegetation, fell or remove
trees within the Ont. OH&S Act defined ‘limits of approach’.
Electrical Work performed on or near electrical transmission or distribution systems shall be
performed in accordance with the current document entitled “Electrical Utility Safety Rules”
published by the Infrastructure Health and Safety Association in Ont. OH&S Act Ont. Reg.
213/91 Section 181(1). |
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Identifying and Avoiding Potential Electrical Hazards
Proper maintenance of trees and plant material growing around overhead powerlines is
required to avoid potential electrical hazards and to power interruptions. Overgrown trees
that cover powerlines can create a number of
electrical hazards.
Tools and equipment used to prune trees around powerlines can conduct electricity
resulting in electrocution, shock or fire. This equipment does not need to touch a powerline
to conduct electricity. Electricity can arc to conductive tools and equipment that come in
close proximity to them.
Overgrown vines around
electrical equipment
Utility Arborist
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Working Around Powerlines – Required Limits of Approach
Ont. OH&S Act, Ont. Reg. 213/91 Section 188(2), ‘limits of approach’ specifies no object shall
be brought closer to an energized overhead electrical conductor with a nominal phase-
to-phase voltage rating set. The LDC should be contacted to define the voltage rating for
overhead powerlines where work is being done.
Electrical Voltage – Nominal phase to phase voltage rating Minimum reqquired
working distance
750 or more volts, but no more than 150,000 volts
PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION
Primary distribution lines carry high voltage power
and are installed on poles located in the front of
properties along the right of way or at the back of
properties. Primary distribution lines maybe
owned and maintained by the LDC or the customer
and are typically bare conductors.
3 metres
more than 150,000 volts and 250,000 volts
TRANSMISSION LINES
Transmission lines carry higher voltage and are
installed on transmission structures which are
typically located in the utility corridor and are
also bare conductors.
4.5 metres and 6 metres |
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Residential and Small Commercial/Industrial/Institutional Services
Overhead services to these facilities include primary lines (defined above in the chart) and
secondary distribution lines that can be on the same pole.
Secondary Distribution
Secondary distribution lines carry lower voltages and
are typically insulated. These lines are installed on poles
located along the right-of-way in the front or back of
properties. These lines run from the supply transformer
at the pole to a point of attachment on a building. Caution:
insulation on these lines and conductors can deteriorate
exposing energized components creating a shock hazard.
It is recommended a clearance of 3.0m (10 FT.) should be
maintained at all times from tools and secondary lines. |
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Contacting the Local Distribution Company:
• Local Distribution Company (LDC) owned Powerlines – the LDC has the legal responsibility
to prune trees around their assets. In these cases the first point to arrange to have trees
pruned should be the LDC who uses Utility Arborists who have been trained to prune trees
around powerlines.
LDC’s currently operate vegetation management programs that identify tree pruning
cycles that range from 2 to 8 years. Tree growth rate ranges for different species and
will require different pruning cycles to maintain a 1.0m (3 FT.) clearance between
branches and secondary powerlines, and a 3.0m (10 FT.) clearance from branches
and primary powerlines.
• Privately owned Powerlines – where trees have overgrown on customer-owned
powerlines, and a Utility Arborist is not being used, the LDC should be contacted in order to
disconnect the powerlines at the incoming feed into the property.
Note: Most LDC’s require advanced notice to schedule crews to attend the site. Contact the
LDC in the area for more information.
• Removing Trees around Powerlines – climbing trees and using chainsaws, large equipment
and chippers associated with tree removal should only be operated in line with the Ont.
OH&S Act ‘limits of approach’ to protect workers and the public.
Removing Tree Stumps & Roots - large equipment should only be operated in line with the
Ont. OH& S Act defined ‘limits of approach’ to protect workers and the public. In addition any
excavation requires a locate to be done to identify underground services such as electrical,
gas,water, etc.
Contact Ontario One Call to request a locate.
• Note: All locates must be received prior to excavation.
Utilities will only locate utility owned underground services. It is the responsibility
of the property owner or excavator/landscaper to locate non utility owned services. |
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Definitions
Arborist – or (less commonly) arboriculturist, is a professional in the practice of arboriculture,
which is the cultivation, management, and study of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other
perennial woody plants. Arborists are not trained to work near powerlines and must follow
the Ont. OH&S Act ‘limits of approach’. Additional training is required for arborist to work near
powerlines, or they need to be Certified Line Clearance maintainers or Utility Arborists.
Landscaper – is a professional in the practice of horticulture, which is the cultivation,
management and study of plants. Landscape Trades are not trained to work near powerlines
and must follow the Ont. OH&S Act ‘limits of approach’.
Limits of Approach – specifies the required distance between workers and equipment to
energized overhead electrical lines and conductors with a nominal phase-to-phase voltage
rating set. The LDC should be contacted to define the voltage rating for overhead powerlines
where work is being done.
Local Distribution Company (LDC) – A Distributor who is licensed under the Ontario Energy
Board (OEB) responsible for transmitting electricity to municipal infrastructure including
general public and public areas.
Locates – Requesting information from a facility owner identifying all their underground
facilities by the use of surface markings such as coloured spray paint or flag identifiers, maps
or drawings.
Utility Arborist – Arborists who are 444B Certified that are authorized to prune, clear
vegetation, fell or remove trees within the Ont. OH&S Act defined ‘limits of approach’. |
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Quick Reference Guide: Landscape & Arborist Trades
‘Look Up! Look Out!’ to avoid potential electrical hazards
• Locate overhead powerlines and follow the Ontario Health and Safety Act
sa
fe limits of approach to maintain a safe distance to protect workers from
electrical shock and arc flash hazards
• Locate underground powerlines prior to excavating and removing tree trunks
Contact Ontario One Call to obtain all underground locates
Utilities will only locate underground services which they own. It is the responsibility
of t
he property owner or excavator/landscaper to locate non utility owned services.
Look Up!
Look Out!
Overhead
Powerlines
www.esasafe.com
DANGER
Look Up! – always be aware of overhead
powerlines when using ladders. Ladders should
always be carried horizontally when moving them
from point A to point B.
Look Up! – identify overhead powerlines that run
through trees. Ensure that tools are kept the required
distance from powerlines following the ‘limits of
approach’ defined in the Ont. OH&S Act.
Look Up! – check for overhead powerlines
and ensure clearance when operating aerial lift
equipment and bucket trucks. Always follow the
‘limits of approach’ defined in the Ont. OH&S Act.
Look Up! – check for overhead powerlines when
operating back hoes and other equipment. Always
follow the ‘limits of approach’ defined in the Ont.
OH&S Act when operating equipment.
Look Out! – when excavating and removing tree
roots always obtain all underground locates by
contacting Ontario One Call.
Utility Arborists who are 444B Certified are authorized to prune, clear vegetation, fell or
remove trees within the Ont. OH&S Act defined ‘limits of approach’.
Electrical Work performed on or near electrical transmission or distribution systems shall be
per
formed in accordance with the current document entitled “Electrical Utility Safety Rules”
published by the Infrstructure Health and Safety Association in Ont. OH&S Act Ont. Reg. 213/91
Section 181(1).
|
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Quick Guide & Contact Information: Homeowners
‘Look Up! Look Out!’ to avoid potential electrical hazards
• Locate overhead powerlines before pruning trees
• Always maintain a minimum of 3.0m (10 FT.) from all overhead wires
• Contact your LDC to remove, prune trees and trim shrubs around
overhead powerlines.
Your LDC has the legal responsibility to prune trees around their assets and uses Utility
Arborists who have been trained to prune trees and trim shrubs around powerlines.
• Look Up! when doing tree and property maintenance
• Look Out! stay clear of overhead powerlines
Look Up! – always be aware of overhead
powerlines when using ladders. Ladders should
always be carried horizontally when moving them
from point A to point B.
Look Up! – identify overhead powerlines near trees
and ensure you keep tools and equipment a minimum
of 3.0m (10ft.) from powerlines.
• Locate underground powerlines prior to excavating and removing
tree trunks and/or roots
Contact Ontario One Call to obtain all underground locates
Utilities will only locate underground services which they own. It is the responsibility of the
property owner or excavator/landscaper to locate non utility owned services. |
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www.esasafe.com
Watch out for
Overhead
Powerlines
ESA Landscaper_card_Homeowner_B 5/14/09 12:56 PM Page 1
QUICK GUIDE & CONTACT INFORMATION:
Homeowners |
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•
•
•
•
•
PRUNING TREES AROUND POWERLINES
Locate overhead powerlines before trimming or pruning trees
Contact your LDC to remove, prune and trim trees around overhead
powerlines.
Your LDC has the legal responsibility to trim trees around their assets and uses
Utility Arborists who have been trained to prune and trim trees around powerlines.
Look up! When doing tree and property maintenance
Look out! Stay clear of overhead powerlines
Look Up! – always be aware of overhead powerlines
when using ladders. Ladders should always be carried
horizontally when moving them from point A to point B.
Look Up! – identify overhead powerlines near trees
and shrubs and ensure you keep tools and equipment
a minimum of 3.0 m (10 ft ) from powerlines.
Locate underground powerlines – prior to excavating and removing
tree trunks and/or roots, contact your LDC and request a ‘locate’ to
identify underground powerlines.
Allow a minimum of 2 weeks to receive all locates.
All locates must be received prior to excavation.
Private underground services are not located by the Utilities. It is the responsibility of
the property owner and excavator/landscaper to locate non utility owned services. |
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•
•
•
•
•
•
PLANTING UNDER OR AROUND POWERLINES &
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Locate overhead powerlines – avoid potential electrical risks from:
1. Direct contact – when working around trees where powerlines are hidden by foliage
2. Energized objects – branches and limbs caught in the powerlines may unexpectedly
become conductive
3. Planting trees and shrubs too close to powerlines – when selecting species, a
landscape professional can provide advice on indentifying the best species of trees
or shrubs for landscape projects near powerlines.
4. Delivery of plant materials – unloading of the tree(s) is not to be done under or around
the overhead powerlines. Delivery equipment such as a boom truck can come into
contact with the overhead wires. The same for digging with equipment such as a high
hoe, the equipment can also come into contact with the overhead wires.
Locate underground powerlines prior to digging or excavating to plant trees by
contacting your LDC to identify their underground powerlines. The minimum clearance
required from the edge of the root ball to the edge of the underground powerline corridor
is 1.0 M (3 ft ) also, contact other utilities, such as natural gas, water, cable and telephone,
to ensure you are aware of their underground equipment and clearance requirements.
Allow a minimum of 2 weeks to receive all locates. All locates must be
received prior to excavation.
Electrical equipment – minimum clearance when planting near pad
mounted equipment:
• TRANSFORMERS - 3.0 M (10 ft ) is required in front of the door(s) and 1.5 M (4.9 Ft )
on the sides and back
• SWITCHGEAR - 3.0 M (10 ft ) is required in the front and back doors and 1.5 M (4.9 Ft )
on the sides
Check municipal, regional and township by-laws for specifications
Check with the LDC for their planting requirements under or around overhead
powerlines and electrical equipment including underground powerlines
Check with the LDC to identify easements that might apply |
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Powerline Safety
Best Practice
For Dump Truck Operators |
|
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indicate an increased number of overhead powerline contacts involving dump trucks
occur while loading and unloading materials.The best practice document provides
information to dump truck operators of the electrical hazards to help mitigate risk and
reduce overhead powerline contacts.
Powerline Safety
Best Practice
For Dump Truck Operators
Electrical Hazards
When a dump truck operator raises a truck’s
box without first assessing the surrounding
electrical hazards, he or she risks their own
life and the lives of other workers and members
of the public.
The Electrical Safety Authority has received
reports of close to 1,400 overhead powerline
incidents in the past 10 years. Powerline
incidents involving dump trucks have doubled
in a five-year span. Dump trucks have the
highest rate of contacts among high reach
equipment.
Some of the electrical hazards involving dump
trucks and powerlines include:
Direct Contact
Raising the truck box into the overhead
powerlines will energize the truck and the
ground around the truck.
Indirect Contact
Raising the truck box in close proximity to
the overhead powerlines could cause
electricity to jump (or "arc") across to the
box, energizing the truck and the ground
around it.
Bringing Down Wires
Lowering the box onto the overhead wires,
including communication wires and guy
wires that support the poles, can break the
wires or pole(s). If the overhead powerlines
fall on the truck or the ground, both the
truck and the ground become energized.
Bringing Electricity To Ground Level
Members of the public or workers who are
in contact with the energized truck or
standing near the truck are also at risk from
electric shock, fire and exploding truck
parts, such as tires.
Powerline Safety Best Practice for Dump Truck Operators
Powerline Safety Best Practice for Dump Truck Operators | 2 |
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TRUE OR FALSE?
Tires Are Made of Rubber
So They Can’t Be Energized
FALSE. Although tires are made of rubber, which
is typically a good insulator and doesn’t conduct
electricity, they are also made of carbon and steel,
which are good conductors of electricity.
If the box of a dump truck contacts an overhead
powerline, either directly or indirectly, electricity will
flow to the ground and the tires will explode – either
right away or up to 24 hours later.
Know the Safe Limits of Approach
Section 188(2) of Ont. Reg. 213/91 Construction
Projects requires all objects, including the box
of the dump truck and materials, to be kept
back a minimum distance of 3 metres
from energized overhead powerlines.
Look Up and Look Out
When entering and exiting the workplace,
locate all the overhead wires.
*Ont. Reg. 213/91 Construction Projects
Locating the hazards at the workplace will
help prevent you and others from being
injured or killed.
Below are some steps that will help to prevent
contacting overhead wires:
Use a Dedicated Competent Signaller
Section 188(8) of Ont. Reg. 213/91 Construction
Projects requires the use of a dedicated
competent signaller with a full view of the
operator, truck and a clear view of the overhead
powerlines if materials will be unloaded under
or around overhead powerlines. This is because
it is possible for a part of the truck or its load to
approach the minimum distance (see Limits of
Approach chart).
The signaller should be 10 metres
away from the truck in case contact is made
with the powerlines. His or her job is to warn
the operator if the equipment is encroaching
on the safe limits of approach.
Loading and Unloading Materials
It is good practice to load and unload all
materials away from overhead powerlines.
It is even better to create a dedicated drop
zone away from all overhead powerlines.
Lower the dump truck box before moving the
truck forward in all cases, but especially if
overhead powerlines are in the vicinity.
Installing an audible raised box indicator is a
good practice to remind the operator that the
box is in the raised position.
750 or more volts, but no more than 150,000 volts
More than 150,000 volts, but no more than
250,000 volts
More than 250,000 volts
3 m
4.5 m
6 m
POWERLINE VOLTAGE MINIMUM
DISTANCE
Limits of Approach*
Powerline Safety Best Practice for Dump Truck Operators | 3 |
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When Contact With An Overhead Powerline Occurs
Exiting the vehicle can be deadly. Remain in the vehicle to stay
safe from “step and touch” shock hazards.
Step Potential is when a person is standing on the ground and
electricity enters one foot and exits the other.
Touch Potential is when a person is standing on the ground
and touches an energized object such as a dump truck;
electricity enters the body through the hand and exits the feet.
1
If the dump truck box contacts the overhead powerlines and/or if powerlines fall on the
truck or on the ground, always assume they are still energized.
It is very important to follow the steps below:
Stay In The Vehicle
911911
Inform them that your vehicle
has contacted the overhead
powerlines.
2 Call 911
Do not exit the vehicle until you have been
informed by the local electric utility worker
on-site that it is safe to do so. Only he or
she can ensure that the power has been
turned off and that it is safe to exit.
4 Wait For Help
Powerline Safety Best Practice for Dump Truck Operators | 4
Tell everyone – including emergency first
responders such as fire fighters and police –
to keep back a minimum distance of 10
metres (the length of a school bus).
This is because the ground surrounding the
vehicle is likely energized.
3 Inform Everyone To Stay Back
Never touch the ground and the truck at the same time.
Jump away from the truck and land with both your feet together without stumbling when you land.
Take short shuffle steps keeping both feet as close as possible together.
Do not allow the heel of one foot to move past the toe of the other. Continue in this manner as far as
10 metres away from the truck.
After 10 metres slowly start to shuffle your feet apart. If you start to feel a tingle continue to take
short shuffle steps further away from the truck and the wires that have come down.
Exiting If The Truck Is On Fire
The following steps should be followed to reduce the potential for injury: |
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