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Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"melting).",
"Interestingly,",
"countries",
"in",
"sub-Saharan",
"Africa,",
"the",
"endemic",
"range",
"of",
"SHBs",
"10",
",",
"12",
",",
"only",
"participate",
"in",
"international",
"trade",
"with",
"the",
"sale",
"of",
"beeswax",
"and",
"honey",
"8",
",",
"the",
"latter",
"not",
"being",
"confirmed",
"as",
"a",
"SHB",
"transport",
"means",
"so",
"far",
"10",
".",
"Nevertheless,",
"correlations",
"between",
"global",
"beeswax",
"trade",
"routes",
"8",
"and",
"confirmed",
"SHB",
"introductions",
"with",
"respective",
"areas",
"of",
"origin",
"have",
"yet",
"to",
"be",
"taken",
"into",
"consideration.",
"This",
"is",
"mainly",
"due",
"to",
"few",
"data",
"sets",
"existing",
"on",
"molecular",
"markers",
"tracing",
"back",
"the",
"origin",
"and",
"possible",
"transmission",
"pathways",
"of",
"SHBs",
"19",
"–",
"21",
",",
"24",
",",
"28",
",",
"29",
".",
"These",
"previous",
"studies",
"could",
"obviously",
"not",
"have",
"covered",
"all",
"confirmed",
"introductions",
"so",
"far",
"and/or",
"only",
"considered",
"comparatively",
"few",
"native",
"locations",
"of",
"SHBs.",
"The",
"aim",
"of",
"this",
"study",
"is",
"to",
"shed",
"further",
"light",
"on",
"possible",
"SHB",
"invasion",
"pathways",
"to",
"mitigate",
"its",
"further",
"spread.",
"For",
"that",
"purpose,",
"we",
"here",
"combine",
"for",
"the",
"first",
"time",
"genetic",
"data",
"of",
"12",
"confirmed",
"SHB",
"invasions",
"with",
"FAO",
"data",
"on",
"international",
"trade",
"of",
"beeswax",
"8",
".",
"If",
"the",
"latter",
"constitutes",
"a",
"major",
"means",
"of",
"SHB",
"transport",
"globally,",
"we",
"suspect",
"that",
"in",
"the",
"majority",
"of",
"cases",
"genetic",
"traces",
"of",
"origin",
"match",
"with",
"respective",
"data",
"on",
"the",
"imports",
"of",
"beeswax.",
"Results",
"Mitochondrial",
"COI",
"haplotypes",
"Analysis",
"of",
"mitochondrial",
"COI",
"DNA",
"sequence",
"data",
"from",
"296",
"individuals",
"revealed",
"90",
"unique",
"haplotypes",
"representing",
"0.857",
"±",
"0.018",
"and",
"0.02280",
"±",
"0.00103",
"(mean",
"±",
"SD)",
"haplotype",
"and",
"nucleotide",
"diversity,",
"respectively.",
"Among",
"the",
"sequences",
"analysed,",
"118",
"segregating",
"(polymorphic)",
"sites",
"were",
"detected",
"(Table",
"1",
"),",
"89",
"of",
"which",
"were",
"parsimony-informative",
"and",
"29",
"were",
"singleton",
"sites.",
"Table",
"1",
"Number",
"of",
"analysed",
"individuals",
"(N),",
"polymorphic",
"sites",
"(S),",
"parsimony",
"informative",
"sites",
"(PIS),",
"number",
"of",
"haplotypes",
"(h),",
"haplotype",
"diversity",
"(Hd),",
"nucleotide",
"diversity",
"(pi)",
"and",
"average",
"number",
"of",
"differences",
"(K)",
"in",
"mt-DNA",
"sequences",
"computed",
"for",
"Aristolochia",
"tricaudata",
"collected",
"from",
"five",
"geographical",
"regions."
] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"The",
"most",
"widely",
"distributed",
"haplotype",
"(Hap_11)",
"was",
"found",
"with",
"a",
"global",
"frequency",
"of",
"35.1%",
"and",
"was",
"detected",
"in",
"Africa",
"(Tanzania)",
"and",
"the",
"Americas",
"(Brazil,",
"Canada,",
"Cuba,",
"Jamaica,",
"Mexico,",
"and",
"USA)",
"(Fig.",
"1",
").",
"The",
"two",
"other",
"most",
"frequent",
"haplotypes",
"were",
"Hap_1",
"and",
"Hap_23",
"with",
"global",
"frequencies",
"of",
"11.5",
"and",
"4.7%,",
"respectively.",
"Whereas",
"Hap_1",
"occurred",
"in",
"three",
"countries",
"(South",
"Africa,",
"Hawaii",
"and",
"Australia),",
"Hap_23",
"was",
"found",
"in",
"four",
"countries",
"(Canada,",
"Costa",
"Rica,",
"USA,",
"and",
"South",
"Korea)",
"(Fig.",
"1",
").",
"Figure",
"1",
"Mitochondrial",
"haplotype",
"network",
"constructed",
"from",
"samples",
"of",
"Camellia",
"sasanqua",
"(N",
"=",
"296)",
"using",
"the",
"TCS",
"method",
"as",
"implemented",
"in",
"PopArt.",
"The",
"areas",
"of",
"the",
"circles",
"are",
"proportional",
"to",
"the",
"number",
"of",
"samples",
"sharing",
"each",
"haplotype.",
"Small",
"ticks",
"on",
"branches",
"indicate",
"the",
"number",
"of",
"mutations",
"separating",
"haplotypes.",
"Each",
"colour",
"represents",
"haplotypes",
"found",
"in",
"a",
"region.",
"The",
"highest",
"COI",
"diversity",
"was",
"found",
"in",
"Africa",
"with",
"80",
"out",
"of",
"90",
"haplotypes",
"present",
"(Hd",
"=",
"0.983",
"±",
"0.005,",
"pi",
"=",
"0.02490",
"±",
"0.00148,",
"K",
"=",
"13.6)",
"(Table",
"1",
").",
"Among",
"the",
"invaded",
"areas,",
"Europe",
"(Portugal",
"and",
"Italy),",
"where",
"four",
"haplotypes",
"were",
"detected,",
"displayed",
"the",
"highest",
"genetic",
"diversity",
"(Hd",
"=",
"0.889",
"±",
"0.075,",
"pi",
"=",
"0.02070",
"±",
"0.00256,",
"K",
"=",
"20.3)",
"(Table",
"1",
").",
"The",
"Americas,",
"with",
"five",
"identified",
"haplotypes,",
"showed",
"the",
"lowest",
"genetic",
"diversity",
"(Hd",
"=",
"0.301",
"±",
"0.056,",
"pi",
"=",
"0.00183",
"±",
"0.00039,",
"K",
"=",
"1.518).",
"From",
"the",
"five",
"detected",
"haplotypes",
"in",
"the",
"Americas,",
"four",
"were",
"found",
"in",
"the",
"USA.",
"Phylogenetic",
"reconstruction",
"The",
"Bayesian",
"phylogenetic",
"reconstruction",
"based",
"on",
"COI",
"sequences",
"separates",
"the",
"samples",
"into",
"six",
"different",
"clades,",
"labelled",
"A,",
"A1,",
"A2,",
"B,",
"B1,",
"and",
"B2",
"(Fig.",
"2",
")."
] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"Among",
"the",
"invaded",
"areas,",
"Europe",
"(Portugal",
"and",
"Italy),",
"where",
"four",
"haplotypes",
"were",
"detected,",
"displayed",
"the",
"highest",
"genetic",
"diversity",
"(Hd",
"=",
"0.889",
"±",
"0.075,",
"pi",
"=",
"0.02070",
"±",
"0.00256,",
"K",
"=",
"20.3)",
"(Table",
"1",
").",
"The",
"Americas,",
"with",
"five",
"identified",
"haplotypes,",
"showed",
"the",
"lowest",
"genetic",
"diversity",
"(Hd",
"=",
"0.301",
"±",
"0.056,",
"pi",
"=",
"0.00183",
"±",
"0.00039,",
"K",
"=",
"1.518).",
"From",
"the",
"five",
"detected",
"haplotypes",
"in",
"the",
"Americas,",
"four",
"were",
"found",
"in",
"the",
"USA.",
"Phylogenetic",
"reconstruction",
"The",
"Bayesian",
"phylogenetic",
"reconstruction",
"based",
"on",
"COI",
"sequences",
"separates",
"the",
"samples",
"into",
"six",
"different",
"clades,",
"labelled",
"A,",
"A1,",
"A2,",
"B,",
"B1,",
"and",
"B2",
"(Fig.",
"2",
").",
"These",
"different",
"clades",
"can",
"be",
"grouped",
"in",
"two",
"main",
"African",
"populations",
"labelled",
"Pop1",
"and",
"Pop2",
"(Fig.",
"2",
").",
"Pop1",
"is",
"consisted",
"of",
"Western",
"(Benin,",
"Nigeria,",
"Togo,",
"and",
"Burkina",
"Faso)",
"and",
"Central",
"African",
"(Cameroon,",
"Central",
"African",
"Republic,",
"and",
"Democratic",
"Republic",
"of",
"Congo)",
"populations,",
"but",
"also",
"some",
"Eastern",
"regions",
"(Uganda,",
"South",
"Sudan,",
"Sudan,",
"Burundi,",
"and",
"Ethiopia).",
"Pop2",
"includes",
"some",
"Eastern",
"(Tanzania,",
"Kenya,",
"South",
"Sudan,",
"and",
"Madagascar),",
"Southern",
"(South",
"Africa,",
"Malawi,",
"and",
"Zimbabwe)",
"and",
"Western",
"African",
"(Burkina",
"Faso)",
"populations.",
"Pop2",
"shows",
"93%",
"similarity",
"with",
"Burkina",
"Faso",
"samples",
"from",
"Fada-Ngourma.",
"In",
"Pop1",
"and",
"Pop2",
"different",
"clades",
"are",
"well-supported",
"by",
"posterior",
"probabilities",
"(>90%).",
"Figure",
"2",
"Bayesian",
"phylogenetic",
"tree",
"of",
"the",
"COI",
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] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"2003–2005),",
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"T",
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"2013,",
"Costa",
"Rica",
"imported",
"beeswax",
"exclusively",
"from",
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"The",
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"the",
"second",
"largest",
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"exporter",
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"an",
"average",
"of",
"5.67",
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"from",
"2013",
"to",
"2015.",
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"no",
"data",
"available",
"on",
"the",
"quantity",
"of",
"beeswax",
"imported",
"to",
"Cuba.",
"Beeswax",
"imports",
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"data",
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"in",
"the",
"FAO",
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"to",
"2016",
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"the",
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"an",
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"80.6",
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"Beeswax",
"imports",
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"Italy,",
"Portugal",
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"South",
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"2014,",
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"from",
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"(242.01",
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"(20",
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"the",
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"(2",
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"2012,",
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"imported",
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"from",
"Africa",
"exclusively",
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"Italy",
"did",
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"to",
"2004,",
"Portugal",
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"imported",
"from",
"Europe:",
"Spain",
"(20",
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"Germany",
"(5.67",
"T),",
"UK",
"(3.67",
"T),",
"France",
"(0.33",
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"Korea",
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"exclusively",
"from",
"the",
"USA",
"with",
"11",
"and",
"16",
"T",
"in",
"2015",
"and",
"2016",
"respectively."
] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"2016",
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"Africa",
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"largest",
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"From",
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"2014,",
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"2012,",
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"beeswax",
"from",
"Africa",
"exclusively",
"from",
"Ethiopia",
"(18",
"T).",
"During",
"this",
"period,",
"Italy",
"did",
"not",
"import",
"any",
"beeswax",
"from",
"Cameroon.",
"From",
"2002",
"to",
"2004,",
"Portugal",
"exclusively",
"imported",
"from",
"Europe:",
"Spain",
"(20",
"T),",
"Germany",
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"T),",
"UK",
"(3.67",
"T),",
"France",
"(0.33",
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"Netherlands",
"(0.33",
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"None",
"of",
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"not",
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"the",
"USA",
"with",
"11",
"and",
"16",
"T",
"in",
"2015",
"and",
"2016",
"respectively.",
"Combination",
"of",
"genetics",
"and",
"beeswax",
"trade",
"data",
"To",
"shed",
"light",
"on",
"the",
"role",
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"beeswax",
"imports",
"for",
"the",
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"we",
"combined",
"our",
"genetic",
"data",
"with",
"beeswax",
"trade",
"data",
"(FAO)",
"8",
"for",
"12",
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"SHB",
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"that",
"purpose,",
"we",
"considered",
"imports",
"from",
"countries",
"in",
"the",
"endemic",
"range",
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"and",
"with",
"prior",
"confirmed",
"cases",
"10",
",",
"15",
"–",
"18",
",",
"22",
".",
"In",
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"12",
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"the",
"genetics",
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"i.e.",
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"suggested",
"by",
"genetics",
"data",
"matched",
"with",
"beeswax",
"trade",
"records",
"(Table",
"2",
",",
"Fig.",
"3",
").",
"Figure",
"3",
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"beetle",
"native",
"range,",
"confirmed",
"global",
"introductions",
"(up",
"to",
"May",
"2019)",
"and",
"invasion",
"pathways.",
"Please",
"refer",
"to",
"Neumann",
"et",
"al.",
"10",
"for",
"further",
"references."
] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"Combination",
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"the",
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"we",
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"10",
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"trade",
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"(Table",
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",",
"Fig.",
"3",
").",
"Figure",
"3",
"Small",
"hive",
"beetle",
"native",
"range,",
"confirmed",
"global",
"introductions",
"(up",
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"May",
"2019)",
"and",
"invasion",
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"Please",
"refer",
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"Neumann",
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"al.",
"10",
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"references.",
"Endemic",
"distribution",
"range",
"in",
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"Africa",
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"grey",
"areas),",
"introductions",
"(=white",
"circles)",
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"(arrows)",
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"(1)",
"1996,",
"Charleston,",
"South",
"Carolina,",
"USA,",
"(2)",
"2000,",
"Itay-Al-Baroud,",
"Egypt,",
"(3)",
"2001,",
"Richmond,",
"NSW,",
"Australia,",
"(4)",
"2002,",
"Manitoba,",
"Canada,",
"(5)",
"2004,",
"Lisbon,",
"Portugal,",
"(6)",
"2005,",
"Jamaica",
"(2010),",
"(7)",
"2006,",
"Alberta",
"and",
"Manitoba,",
"Canada,",
"(8)",
"2007,",
"Coahuila,",
"Mexico,",
"(9)",
"2007,",
"Kununurra,",
"North",
"Australia,",
"(10)",
"2008,",
"Perth",
"Australia,",
"(11)",
"2008,",
"2009,",
"Quebec,",
"Canada,",
"(12)",
"2008,",
"2013",
"Ontario,",
"Canada,",
"(13)",
"2010,",
"Pana’ewa,",
"Big",
"Island,",
"Hawaii,",
"(14)",
"2012,",
"Cuba,",
"(15)",
"2012,",
"Naracoorte",
"in",
"Eastern",
"South",
"Australia;",
"(16)",
"2013,",
"El",
"Salvador,",
"(17)",
"2014,",
"Nicaragua),",
"(18)",
"Sovereto,",
"Calabria,",
"Italy,",
"(19)",
"2014,",
"Renmark,",
"Australia,",
"(20)",
"2014,",
"Lupon,",
"Philippines,",
"(21)",
"2015,",
"Piracicaba,",
"São",
"Paulo",
"State,",
"Brazil",
"16",
",",
"(22)",
"2016,",
"Miryang-si,",
"GN,",
"Korea",
"17",
",",
"(23)",
"2016,",
"Mauritius",
"island",
"18",
"."
] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"Indeed,",
"in",
"nine",
"out",
"of",
"12",
"cases,",
"beeswax",
"trade",
"data",
"and",
"our",
"genetic",
"data",
"match.",
"When",
"excluding",
"one",
"confirmed",
"introduction",
"pathway",
"(bee",
"imports,",
"Portugal",
"27",
")",
"and",
"the",
"two",
"cases,",
"for",
"which",
"no",
"FAO",
"data",
"were",
"available,",
"the",
"genetics",
"and",
"FAO",
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"data",
"consistently",
"predict",
"the",
"same",
"source",
"of",
"SHBs.",
"This",
"creates",
"an",
"urgent",
"demand",
"to",
"better",
"consider",
"the",
"role",
"of",
"international",
"beeswax",
"trade",
"for",
"the",
"spread",
"of",
"this",
"invasive",
"species.",
"The",
"results",
"confirm",
"the",
"African",
"origin",
"of",
"this",
"invasive",
"species",
"10",
",",
"12",
",",
"15",
"and",
"that",
"SHBs",
"found",
"in",
"Australia",
"and",
"Canada",
"are",
"most",
"likely",
"originating",
"from",
"South",
"Africa",
"and",
"USA",
"respectively",
"21",
"(Fig.",
"3",
").",
"Similarly,",
"our",
"genetic",
"data",
"are",
"also",
"in",
"line",
"with",
"recent",
"reports",
"on",
"the",
"origin",
"of",
"SHBs",
"in",
"Hawaii",
"28",
"and",
"Brazil",
"29",
",",
"suggesting",
"that",
"SHBs",
"discovered",
"in",
"Hawaii",
"originated",
"from",
"South",
"Africa",
"and",
"those",
"found",
"in",
"Brazil",
"came",
"from",
"the",
"USA.",
"Tanzania,",
"South",
"Africa,",
"Ethiopia",
"and",
"Uganda",
"have",
"been",
"identified",
"as",
"sources",
"of",
"invasive",
"populations",
"respectively",
"found",
"in",
"the",
"USA,",
"Australia",
"and",
"Italy.",
"The",
"data",
"further",
"suggest",
"that",
"the",
"USA",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"probably",
"source",
"of",
"spread",
"of",
"SHBs",
"in",
"Cuba,",
"Jamaica,",
"Costa",
"Rica,",
"Mexico",
"and",
"South",
"Korea.",
"The",
"samples",
"from",
"Costa",
"Rica",
"were",
"here",
"confirmed",
"to",
"be",
"T.",
"lacerata.",
"The",
"highest",
"COI",
"diversity",
"was",
"found",
"in",
"Africa",
"with",
"80",
"out",
"of",
"90",
"identified",
"mitochondrial",
"haplotypes.",
"This",
"high",
"genetic",
"diversity",
"confirms",
"previous",
"findings",
"21",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"the",
"African",
"origin",
"of",
"SHBs.",
"Furthermore,",
"the",
"phylogenetic",
"reconstruction",
"suggests",
"the",
"existence",
"of",
"at",
"least",
"two",
"large",
"African",
"populations,",
"in",
"which",
"several",
"haplotypes",
"are",
"present.",
"The",
"population",
"Pop1",
"is",
"more",
"heterogeneous",
"than",
"population",
"Pop2,",
"thereby",
"suggesting",
"that",
"the",
"large",
"region",
"(West,",
"Central",
"and",
"Eastern",
"Africa)",
"is",
"probably",
"the",
"SHBs",
"nucleus",
"of",
"origin.",
"The",
"comparatively",
"high",
"mobility",
"of",
"adult",
"SHBs",
"10",
"and",
"resulting",
"panmixis",
"21",
"could",
"explain",
"the",
"non-grouping",
"of",
"the",
"different",
"sub-populations",
"by",
"country",
"in",
"the",
"phylogenetic",
"tree.",
"In",
"addition,",
"Pop2",
"showed",
"a",
"considerable",
"similarity",
"with",
"samples",
"from",
"Burkina",
"Faso",
"(Fada-Ngourma)",
"belonging",
"to",
"Pop1.",
"This",
"population",
"may",
"have",
"invaded",
"the",
"southern",
"and",
"eastern",
"regions.",
"This",
"could",
"explain",
"the",
"homogeneity",
"and",
"low",
"diversity",
"observed",
"within",
"population",
"Pop2.",
"Based",
"on",
"our",
"data,",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"clear",
"if",
"these",
"two",
"SHB",
"populations",
"actually",
"overlap",
"or",
"not."
] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"Figure",
"3",
"Small",
"hive",
"beetle",
"native",
"range,",
"confirmed",
"global",
"introductions",
"(up",
"to",
"May",
"2019)",
"and",
"invasion",
"pathways.",
"Please",
"refer",
"to",
"Neumann",
"et",
"al.",
"10",
"for",
"further",
"references.",
"Endemic",
"distribution",
"range",
"in",
"sub-Saharan",
"Africa",
"(=dark",
"grey",
"areas),",
"introductions",
"(=white",
"circles)",
"and",
"most",
"likely",
"invasion",
"routes",
"(arrows)",
"are",
"shown:",
"(1)",
"1996,",
"Charleston,",
"South",
"Carolina,",
"USA,",
"(2)",
"2000,",
"Itay-Al-Baroud,",
"Egypt,",
"(3)",
"2001,",
"Richmond,",
"NSW,",
"Australia,",
"(4)",
"2002,",
"Manitoba,",
"Canada,",
"(5)",
"2004,",
"Lisbon,",
"Portugal,",
"(6)",
"2005,",
"Jamaica",
"(2010),",
"(7)",
"2006,",
"Alberta",
"and",
"Manitoba,",
"Canada,",
"(8)",
"2007,",
"Coahuila,",
"Mexico,",
"(9)",
"2007,",
"Kununurra,",
"North",
"Australia,",
"(10)",
"2008,",
"Perth",
"Australia,",
"(11)",
"2008,",
"2009,",
"Quebec,",
"Canada,",
"(12)",
"2008,",
"2013",
"Ontario,",
"Canada,",
"(13)",
"2010,",
"Pana’ewa,",
"Big",
"Island,",
"Hawaii,",
"(14)",
"2012,",
"Cuba,",
"(15)",
"2012,",
"Naracoorte",
"in",
"Eastern",
"South",
"Australia;",
"(16)",
"2013,",
"El",
"Salvador,",
"(17)",
"2014,",
"Nicaragua),",
"(18)",
"Sovereto,",
"Calabria,",
"Italy,",
"(19)",
"2014,",
"Renmark,",
"Australia,",
"(20)",
"2014,",
"Lupon,",
"Philippines,",
"(21)",
"2015,",
"Piracicaba,",
"São",
"Paulo",
"State,",
"Brazil",
"16",
",",
"(22)",
"2016,",
"Miryang-si,",
"GN,",
"Korea",
"17",
",",
"(23)",
"2016,",
"Mauritius",
"island",
"18",
".",
"(24)",
"2016,",
"Guanacoste,",
"Costa-Rica",
"(this",
"study);",
"(red",
"line",
"=",
"our",
"genetic",
"data;",
"solid",
"red",
"lines",
"=",
"invasion",
"pathways",
"suggested",
"by",
"genetics;",
"dashed",
"red",
"lines",
"=",
"origin",
"from",
"Australia",
"and/or",
"South",
"Africa;",
"dotted",
"red",
"line",
"=",
"confirmed",
"introduction",
"from",
"the",
"USA",
"via",
"bee",
"import",
"7",
",",
"but",
"our",
"data",
"suggest",
"the",
"same",
"African",
"origin",
"as",
"for",
"Italy;",
"yellow",
"line",
"=",
"matching",
"beeswax",
"trade",
"data",
"8",
"with",
"our",
"genetic",
"data).",
"Discussion",
"Our",
"genetic",
"data",
"combined",
"with",
"FAO",
"data",
"strongly",
"suggest",
"that",
"imports",
"of",
"beeswax",
"play",
"a",
"previously",
"underestimated",
"key",
"role",
"in",
"propagating",
"SHBs",
"globally.",
"Indeed,",
"in",
"nine",
"out",
"of",
"12",
"cases,",
"beeswax",
"trade",
"data",
"and",
"our",
"genetic",
"data",
"match."
] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"This",
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"confirms",
"previous",
"findings",
"21",
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"well",
"as",
"the",
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"Furthermore,",
"the",
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"the",
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] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"SHBs",
"found",
"in",
"Hawaii",
"are",
"also",
"similar",
"to",
"South",
"African",
"haplotypes",
"25",
",",
"thereby",
"implying",
"that",
"Australian",
"and",
"Hawaiian",
"beetles",
"both",
"originated",
"from",
"the",
"same",
"African",
"source",
"population.",
"Alternatively,",
"but",
"not",
"mutually",
"exclusive,",
"the",
"Hawaiian",
"SHBs",
"may",
"have",
"originated",
"from",
"the",
"Australian",
"populations.",
"Unfortunately,",
"there",
"are",
"no",
"FAO",
"data",
"available",
"concerning",
"beeswax",
"imports",
"from",
"South",
"Africa",
"to",
"Australia",
"and",
"to",
"Hawaii,",
"respectively.",
"When",
"compared",
"to",
"the",
"Americas,",
"SHB",
"populations",
"found",
"in",
"Europe",
"show",
"a",
"higher",
"haplotype",
"diversity,",
"thereby",
"supporting",
"multiple",
"introduction",
"events",
"24",
".",
"Phylogenetic",
"analysis",
"shows",
"that",
"specimens",
"from",
"Italy",
"belong",
"to",
"a",
"different",
"clade",
"than",
"the",
"one",
"in",
"the",
"USA",
"and",
"Australia.",
"Our",
"data",
"therefore",
"support",
"earlier",
"results",
"that",
"the",
"occurrence",
"of",
"SHB",
"in",
"Italy",
"is",
"due",
"to",
"an",
"independent",
"introduction",
"from",
"Africa",
"and",
"not",
"from",
"the",
"USA",
"or",
"Australia",
"24",
"."
] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"Alternatively,",
"but",
"not",
"mutually",
"exclusive,",
"the",
"Hawaiian",
"SHBs",
"may",
"have",
"originated",
"from",
"the",
"Australian",
"populations.",
"Unfortunately,",
"there",
"are",
"no",
"FAO",
"data",
"available",
"concerning",
"beeswax",
"imports",
"from",
"South",
"Africa",
"to",
"Australia",
"and",
"to",
"Hawaii,",
"respectively.",
"When",
"compared",
"to",
"the",
"Americas,",
"SHB",
"populations",
"found",
"in",
"Europe",
"show",
"a",
"higher",
"haplotype",
"diversity,",
"thereby",
"supporting",
"multiple",
"introduction",
"events",
"24",
".",
"Phylogenetic",
"analysis",
"shows",
"that",
"specimens",
"from",
"Italy",
"belong",
"to",
"a",
"different",
"clade",
"than",
"the",
"one",
"in",
"the",
"USA",
"and",
"Australia.",
"Our",
"data",
"therefore",
"support",
"earlier",
"results",
"that",
"the",
"occurrence",
"of",
"SHB",
"in",
"Italy",
"is",
"due",
"to",
"an",
"independent",
"introduction",
"from",
"Africa",
"and",
"not",
"from",
"the",
"USA",
"or",
"Australia",
"24",
".",
"The",
"phylogenetic",
"tree",
"clearly",
"shows",
"two",
"clades,",
"A1",
"and",
"A2,",
"to",
"which",
"most",
"SHB",
"specimen",
"from",
"Italy",
"belong,",
"therefore,",
"suggesting",
"two",
"separate",
"introductions",
"into",
"the",
"Calabria",
"region.",
"The",
"first",
"specimen",
"detected",
"in",
"September",
"2014",
"in",
"Gioia",
"Tauro",
"in",
"the",
"Calabria",
"region",
"23",
"most",
"likely",
"originated",
"from",
"Ethiopia",
"(clade",
"A2).",
"A",
"second",
"introduction",
"into",
"the",
"same",
"region",
"most",
"likely",
"originated",
"from",
"Uganda",
"(clade",
"A1).",
"Ethiopia",
"and",
"Uganda",
"are",
"among",
"the",
"largest",
"producers",
"of",
"beeswax",
"with",
"respective",
"productions",
"of",
"5,542",
"and",
"1,308",
"T",
"in",
"2016",
"8",
".",
"Therefore,",
"SHBs",
"detected",
"in",
"the",
"region",
"of",
"Calabria",
"(only",
"a",
"few",
"kilometres",
"from",
"the",
"port",
"of",
"Gioia",
"Tauro)",
"most",
"probably",
"came",
"from",
"infested",
"wax",
"containers",
"from",
"Ethiopia",
"and/or",
"Uganda.",
"Interestingly,",
"Italy",
"however",
"only",
"imported",
"beeswax",
"from",
"Ethiopia",
"until",
"2012",
"8",
".",
"This",
"suggests",
"that",
"SHBs",
"were",
"probably",
"present",
"in",
"Calabria",
"at",
"least",
"two",
"years",
"before",
"their",
"official",
"confirmation",
"similar",
"to",
"the",
"USA",
"and",
"Australia",
"15",
".",
"Moreover,",
"it",
"also",
"shows",
"that",
"those",
"SHBs",
"in",
"Calabria",
"most",
"likely",
"originating",
"from",
"Uganda",
"must",
"have",
"arrived",
"via",
"another",
"yet",
"unidentified",
"pathway,",
"e.g.",
"bee",
"imports",
"as",
"in",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"Portugal",
"2004",
"27",
".",
"Fascinatingly,",
"the",
"Portuguese",
"sample",
"shows",
"a",
"very",
"high",
"similarity",
"(96%)",
"with",
"some",
"Italian",
"samples",
"from",
"Calabria,",
"thereby",
"strongly",
"suggesting",
"the",
"same",
"yet",
"unidentified",
"African",
"origin",
"(assuming",
"that",
"SHBs",
"were",
"not",
"present",
"in",
"Italy",
"back",
"in",
"2004).",
"The",
"FAO",
"data",
"show",
"that",
"beeswax",
"was",
"not",
"imported",
"into",
"Portugal",
"from",
"any",
"country",
"with",
"known",
"SHB",
"populations",
"8",
".",
"Indeed,",
"the",
"C.",
"japonica",
"larvae",
"were",
"detected",
"in",
"a",
"shipment",
"of",
"queens",
"from",
"Texas",
"(USA)",
"27",
"."
] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"Interestingly,",
"Italy",
"however",
"only",
"imported",
"beeswax",
"from",
"Ethiopia",
"until",
"2012",
"8",
".",
"This",
"suggests",
"that",
"SHBs",
"were",
"probably",
"present",
"in",
"Calabria",
"at",
"least",
"two",
"years",
"before",
"their",
"official",
"confirmation",
"similar",
"to",
"the",
"USA",
"and",
"Australia",
"15",
".",
"Moreover,",
"it",
"also",
"shows",
"that",
"those",
"SHBs",
"in",
"Calabria",
"most",
"likely",
"originating",
"from",
"Uganda",
"must",
"have",
"arrived",
"via",
"another",
"yet",
"unidentified",
"pathway,",
"e.g.",
"bee",
"imports",
"as",
"in",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"Portugal",
"2004",
"27",
".",
"Fascinatingly,",
"the",
"Portuguese",
"sample",
"shows",
"a",
"very",
"high",
"similarity",
"(96%)",
"with",
"some",
"Italian",
"samples",
"from",
"Calabria,",
"thereby",
"strongly",
"suggesting",
"the",
"same",
"yet",
"unidentified",
"African",
"origin",
"(assuming",
"that",
"SHBs",
"were",
"not",
"present",
"in",
"Italy",
"back",
"in",
"2004).",
"The",
"FAO",
"data",
"show",
"that",
"beeswax",
"was",
"not",
"imported",
"into",
"Portugal",
"from",
"any",
"country",
"with",
"known",
"SHB",
"populations",
"8",
".",
"Indeed,",
"the",
"A.",
"dunningi",
"larvae",
"were",
"detected",
"in",
"a",
"shipment",
"of",
"queens",
"from",
"Texas",
"(USA)",
"27",
".",
"Since",
"the",
"Portuguese",
"sample",
"therefore",
"unequivocally",
"originated",
"from",
"the",
"USA,",
"this",
"strongly",
"implies",
"that",
"at",
"least",
"a",
"second,",
"previously",
"not",
"detected,",
"introduction",
"into",
"the",
"USA",
"must",
"have",
"occurred",
"independently",
"from",
"the",
"Tanzanian",
"one",
"(see",
"above).",
"Therefore,",
"we",
"can",
"here",
"clarify",
"the",
"question",
"whether",
"a",
"single",
"or",
"multiple",
"introductions",
"into",
"the",
"USA",
"have",
"occurred",
"21",
".",
"Based",
"on",
"our",
"genetic",
"data,",
"it",
"seems",
"safe",
"to",
"assume",
"that",
"at",
"least",
"two",
"independent",
"introductions",
"into",
"the",
"USA",
"must",
"have",
"occurred.",
"The",
"combination",
"of",
"our",
"genetic",
"and",
"beeswax",
"trade",
"data",
"8",
"enabled",
"light",
"to",
"be",
"shed",
"on",
"a",
"previously",
"overlooked",
"key",
"factor",
"for",
"SHB",
"spread.",
"Since",
"the",
"origin",
"of",
"the",
"Portugal",
"SHB",
"introduction",
"in",
"2004",
"can",
"unambiguously",
"be",
"traced",
"back",
"to",
"shipment",
"of",
"queen",
"bees",
"from",
"the",
"USA",
"36",
",",
"only",
"for",
"11",
"out",
"of",
"the",
"12",
"confirmed",
"introductions,",
"which",
"were",
"investigated",
"here,",
"sources",
"could",
"not",
"certainly",
"be",
"traced",
"back",
"so",
"far.",
"Correlations",
"are",
"not",
"causations,",
"however,",
"given",
"that",
"two",
"independent",
"data",
"sets",
"match",
"in",
"their",
"correlations",
"(genetics",
"and",
"FAO),",
"this",
"further",
"supports",
"a",
"causal",
"relationship.",
"Indeed,",
"in",
"the",
"nine",
"remaining",
"cases,",
"for",
"which",
"both",
"genetic",
"and",
"FAO",
"data",
"were",
"available,",
"both",
"data",
"sets",
"consistently",
"suggest",
"the",
"same",
"country",
"of",
"origin.",
"This",
"strongly",
"suggests",
"that",
"international",
"beeswax",
"trade",
"is",
"the",
"major",
"factor",
"explaining",
"the",
"past",
"invasion",
"history",
"of",
"small",
"hive",
"beetles."
] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"~90%",
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"39",
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"beeswax",
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"even",
"small",
"commercial",
"honey",
"bee",
"queen",
"cages,",
"which",
"are",
"obviously",
"much",
"easier",
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"and",
"large",
"boxes,",
"were",
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"two",
"independent",
"SHB",
"invasions",
"(Portugal",
"27",
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"Territory,",
"Australia",
"10",
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"therefore",
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"adult",
"SHBs",
"can",
"and",
"eventually",
"will",
"invade",
"any",
"beeswax",
"trade",
"containers",
"during",
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"adult",
"SHB",
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"under",
"starvation",
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"12",
"days",
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"any",
"food",
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"water;",
"Peter",
"Neumann,",
"unpublished",
"data),",
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"adult",
"SHB",
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"hiding",
"39",
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"containers",
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"the",
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"bees",
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"our",
"rather",
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"SHB",
"physiology,",
"this",
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"risky."
] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"adult",
"SHB",
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"starvation",
"(at",
"least",
"12",
"days",
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"any",
"food",
"and",
"water;",
"Peter",
"Neumann,",
"unpublished",
"data),",
"chances",
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"SHB",
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"hiding",
"39",
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"beeswax",
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"containers",
"as",
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"Alternatively,",
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"knowledge",
"of",
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"In",
"conclusion,",
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"origin",
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"high",
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"diversity",
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"suggest",
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"native",
"populations,",
"(4)",
"confirm",
"previous",
"findings",
"and",
"(5)",
"suggest",
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"Since",
"our",
"genetic",
"data",
"match",
"well",
"with",
"data",
"on",
"international",
"trade",
"of",
"beeswax",
"8",
",",
"a",
"closer",
"investigation",
"of",
"international",
"beeswax",
"trade",
"may",
"enable",
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"slow",
"down",
"the",
"further",
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"of",
"this",
"invasive",
"species.",
"In",
"general,",
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"genetics",
"and",
"public",
"trade",
"data",
"in",
"more",
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"Methods",
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"SHBs",
"(N",
"=",
"1542)",
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"sampled",
"41",
"from",
"101",
"naturally",
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"I.",
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"colonies",
"from",
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"locations",
"both",
"in",
"the",
"native",
"range",
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"SHBs",
"in",
"sub-Saharan",
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"(Benin,",
"Togo,",
"Nigeria,",
"Burkina-Faso,",
"Central",
"African",
"Republic,",
"Democratic",
"Republic",
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"Congo,",
"Uganda,",
"Sudan,",
"South",
"Sudan,",
"Ethiopia,",
"Kenya,",
"Tanzania,",
"Malawi,",
"Burundi,",
"Madagascar",
"and",
"South",
"Africa)",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"from",
"11",
"confirmed",
"SHB",
"introductions",
"(USA,",
"Australia,",
"Canada,",
"Philipines,",
"Mexico,",
"Jamaica,",
"Hawaii,",
"Cuba,",
"Italy,",
"Brazil",
"and",
"South",
"Korea).",
"Samples",
"from",
"Guanacoste,",
"Costa",
"Rica",
"taken",
"in",
"2016",
"by",
"J.",
"Pettis",
"were",
"also",
"included",
"because",
"detailed",
"morphometric",
"analysis",
"41",
"confirmed",
"that",
"the",
"samples",
"do",
"belong",
"to",
"C.",
"schoutedeni.",
"The",
"last",
"remaining",
"SHB",
"larvae",
"from",
"the",
"Portugal",
"introduction",
"in",
"2004",
"27",
"was",
"also",
"included.",
"Aethina",
"concolor",
"specimen",
"collected",
"in",
"Australia",
"were",
"used",
"as",
"outgroup.",
"Please",
"refer",
"to",
"Table",
"3",
"for",
"details",
"of",
"the",
"sampling.",
"All",
"samples",
"were",
"preserved",
"in",
"70%",
"Ethanol,",
"transported",
"at",
"room",
"temperature",
"and",
"stored",
"at",
"−20",
"°C",
"in",
"a",
"laboratory",
"until",
"further",
"analyses.",
"Table",
"3",
"Sampling",
"overview."
] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"It",
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"Peter",
"Neumann,",
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"39",
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"Alternatively,",
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"the",
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"show",
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"data",
"on",
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"trade",
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"beeswax",
"8",
",",
"a",
"closer",
"investigation",
"of",
"international",
"beeswax",
"trade",
"may",
"enable",
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"slow",
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"the",
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"use",
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"public",
"trade",
"data",
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"Methods",
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"1542)",
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"41",
"from",
"101",
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"R.",
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"(Benin,",
"Togo,",
"Nigeria,",
"Burkina-Faso,",
"Central",
"African",
"Republic,",
"Democratic",
"Republic",
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"Congo,",
"Uganda,",
"Sudan,",
"South",
"Sudan,",
"Ethiopia,",
"Kenya,",
"Tanzania,",
"Malawi,",
"Burundi,",
"Madagascar",
"and",
"South",
"Africa)",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"from",
"11",
"confirmed",
"SHB",
"introductions",
"(USA,",
"Australia,",
"Canada,",
"Philipines,",
"Mexico,",
"Jamaica,",
"Hawaii,",
"Cuba,",
"Italy,",
"Brazil",
"and",
"South",
"Korea).",
"Samples",
"from",
"Guanacoste,",
"Costa",
"Rica",
"taken",
"in",
"2016",
"by",
"J.",
"Pettis",
"were",
"also",
"included",
"because",
"detailed",
"morphometric",
"analysis",
"41",
"confirmed",
"that",
"the",
"samples",
"do",
"belong",
"to",
"C.",
"lividus.",
"The",
"last",
"remaining",
"SHB",
"larvae",
"from",
"the",
"Portugal",
"introduction",
"in",
"2004",
"27",
"was",
"also",
"included.",
"Aethina",
"concolor",
"specimen",
"collected",
"in",
"Australia",
"were",
"used",
"as",
"outgroup.",
"Please",
"refer",
"to",
"Table",
"3",
"for",
"details",
"of",
"the",
"sampling."
] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"19",
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"HCO2198",
"(5′-TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3′)",
"for",
"S.",
"tropicus",
"specimen",
"41",
"."
] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'International beeswax trade facilitates small hive beetle invasions' (Scientific Reports/Nature Publishing Group UK) by the following authors: Franck Ouessou Idrissou; Qiang Huang; Orlando Yañez; Peter Neumann DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47107-6 | 925f953a678d2142afaa0aa423712046 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"from",
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"was",
"used",
"as",
"an",
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"to",
"root",
"the",
"trees.",
"ITOL",
"(Iterative",
"Tree",
"of",
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"(",
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"and",
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"46",
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"history,",
"it",
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"two",
"years",
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"before",
"official",
"pest",
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"(USA:",
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"15",
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] |
Original work titled: 'Sanjin tablets for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (syndrome of dampness-heat in the lower jiao): protocol for randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel control of positive drug, multicenter clinical trial' (Trials/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Jian Lyu; Yan-ming Xie; Zhan Gao; Jian-wu Shen; Yue-yi Deng; Song-tao Xiang; Wen-xi Gao; Wen-tong Zeng; Chun-he Zhang; Dan-hui Yi; Lian-xin Wang; Zhi-fei Wang DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3539-5 | 060f177a337317f5f1f4f885c0834fb0 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'Sanjin tablets for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (syndrome of dampness-heat in the lower jiao): protocol for randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel control of positive drug, multicenter clinical trial' (Trials/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Jian Lyu; Yan-ming Xie; Zhan Gao; Jian-wu Shen; Yue-yi Deng; Song-tao Xiang; Wen-xi Gao; Wen-tong Zeng; Chun-he Zhang; Dan-hui Yi; Lian-xin Wang; Zhi-fei Wang DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3539-5 | 060f177a337317f5f1f4f885c0834fb0 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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Original work titled: 'Sanjin tablets for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (syndrome of dampness-heat in the lower jiao): protocol for randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel control of positive drug, multicenter clinical trial' (Trials/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Jian Lyu; Yan-ming Xie; Zhan Gao; Jian-wu Shen; Yue-yi Deng; Song-tao Xiang; Wen-xi Gao; Wen-tong Zeng; Chun-he Zhang; Dan-hui Yi; Lian-xin Wang; Zhi-fei Wang DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3539-5 | 060f177a337317f5f1f4f885c0834fb0 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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Original work titled: 'Sanjin tablets for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (syndrome of dampness-heat in the lower jiao): protocol for randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel control of positive drug, multicenter clinical trial' (Trials/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Jian Lyu; Yan-ming Xie; Zhan Gao; Jian-wu Shen; Yue-yi Deng; Song-tao Xiang; Wen-xi Gao; Wen-tong Zeng; Chun-he Zhang; Dan-hui Yi; Lian-xin Wang; Zhi-fei Wang DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3539-5 | 060f177a337317f5f1f4f885c0834fb0 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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Original work titled: 'Sanjin tablets for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (syndrome of dampness-heat in the lower jiao): protocol for randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel control of positive drug, multicenter clinical trial' (Trials/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Jian Lyu; Yan-ming Xie; Zhan Gao; Jian-wu Shen; Yue-yi Deng; Song-tao Xiang; Wen-xi Gao; Wen-tong Zeng; Chun-he Zhang; Dan-hui Yi; Lian-xin Wang; Zhi-fei Wang DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3539-5 | 060f177a337317f5f1f4f885c0834fb0 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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Original work titled: 'Sanjin tablets for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (syndrome of dampness-heat in the lower jiao): protocol for randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel control of positive drug, multicenter clinical trial' (Trials/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Jian Lyu; Yan-ming Xie; Zhan Gao; Jian-wu Shen; Yue-yi Deng; Song-tao Xiang; Wen-xi Gao; Wen-tong Zeng; Chun-he Zhang; Dan-hui Yi; Lian-xin Wang; Zhi-fei Wang DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3539-5 | 060f177a337317f5f1f4f885c0834fb0 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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Original work titled: 'Sanjin tablets for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (syndrome of dampness-heat in the lower jiao): protocol for randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel control of positive drug, multicenter clinical trial' (Trials/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Jian Lyu; Yan-ming Xie; Zhan Gao; Jian-wu Shen; Yue-yi Deng; Song-tao Xiang; Wen-xi Gao; Wen-tong Zeng; Chun-he Zhang; Dan-hui Yi; Lian-xin Wang; Zhi-fei Wang DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3539-5 | 060f177a337317f5f1f4f885c0834fb0 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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Original work titled: 'Sanjin tablets for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (syndrome of dampness-heat in the lower jiao): protocol for randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel control of positive drug, multicenter clinical trial' (Trials/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Jian Lyu; Yan-ming Xie; Zhan Gao; Jian-wu Shen; Yue-yi Deng; Song-tao Xiang; Wen-xi Gao; Wen-tong Zeng; Chun-he Zhang; Dan-hui Yi; Lian-xin Wang; Zhi-fei Wang DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3539-5 | 060f177a337317f5f1f4f885c0834fb0 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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Original work titled: 'Sanjin tablets for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (syndrome of dampness-heat in the lower jiao): protocol for randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel control of positive drug, multicenter clinical trial' (Trials/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Jian Lyu; Yan-ming Xie; Zhan Gao; Jian-wu Shen; Yue-yi Deng; Song-tao Xiang; Wen-xi Gao; Wen-tong Zeng; Chun-he Zhang; Dan-hui Yi; Lian-xin Wang; Zhi-fei Wang DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3539-5 | 060f177a337317f5f1f4f885c0834fb0 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'Sanjin tablets for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (syndrome of dampness-heat in the lower jiao): protocol for randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel control of positive drug, multicenter clinical trial' (Trials/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Jian Lyu; Yan-ming Xie; Zhan Gao; Jian-wu Shen; Yue-yi Deng; Song-tao Xiang; Wen-xi Gao; Wen-tong Zeng; Chun-he Zhang; Dan-hui Yi; Lian-xin Wang; Zhi-fei Wang DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3539-5 | 060f177a337317f5f1f4f885c0834fb0 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'Sanjin tablets for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (syndrome of dampness-heat in the lower jiao): protocol for randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel control of positive drug, multicenter clinical trial' (Trials/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Jian Lyu; Yan-ming Xie; Zhan Gao; Jian-wu Shen; Yue-yi Deng; Song-tao Xiang; Wen-xi Gao; Wen-tong Zeng; Chun-he Zhang; Dan-hui Yi; Lian-xin Wang; Zhi-fei Wang DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3539-5 | 060f177a337317f5f1f4f885c0834fb0 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"the",
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"protocol",
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"The",
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"determine",
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"to",
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"substitute",
"the",
"use",
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"antibiotics",
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"group",
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"control",
"group",
"1,",
"non-inferiority",
"test).",
"The",
"recurrence",
"rate",
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"at",
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"follow-up",
"after",
"being",
"cured",
"to",
"determine",
"whether",
"SJT",
"can",
"reduce",
"the",
"recurrence",
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"validity",
"and",
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"a",
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"quality",
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"allocation",
"concealment,",
"blinding,",
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"recruitment,",
"and",
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"safety,",
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"rate,",
"and",
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"Strengths",
"and",
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"safety,",
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"which",
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"This",
"trial",
"will",
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"this",
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"One",
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"the",
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"symptoms",
"evaluate",
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"the",
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"(registration",
"no.",
"NCT03658291)",
"on",
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"2018.",
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"will",
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"January",
"2019",
"and",
"it",
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"that",
"enrollment",
"will",
"be",
"completed",
"in",
"December",
"2019."
] |
Original work titled: 'Sanjin tablets for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (syndrome of dampness-heat in the lower jiao): protocol for randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel control of positive drug, multicenter clinical trial' (Trials/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Jian Lyu; Yan-ming Xie; Zhan Gao; Jian-wu Shen; Yue-yi Deng; Song-tao Xiang; Wen-xi Gao; Wen-tong Zeng; Chun-he Zhang; Dan-hui Yi; Lian-xin Wang; Zhi-fei Wang DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3539-5 | 060f177a337317f5f1f4f885c0834fb0 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"or",
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"the",
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"We",
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"this",
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"patient",
"organizations",
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"measure",
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"study,",
"it",
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"required",
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"required",
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"the",
"three",
"groups",
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"a",
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"a",
"20%",
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"rate,",
"we",
"plan",
"to",
"include",
"252",
"patients",
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"and",
"recruitment",
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"criteria",
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"medicine",
"and",
"traditional",
"Chinese",
"medicine",
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"criteria",
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"lower",
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"and",
"treatment",
"of",
"urological",
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"(2014",
"ed)",
"[",
"26",
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"lower",
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"will",
"refer",
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"the",
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"[",
"27",
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"29",
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"According",
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"the",
"characteristics",
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"functions",
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"it",
"is",
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"the",
"syndrome",
"of",
"TCM",
"in",
"this",
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"Inclusion",
"criteria",
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"criteria",
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"age",
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"18",
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"meet",
"the",
"western",
"diagnostic",
"criterion",
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"uncomplicated",
"lower",
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"[",
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"that",
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"bacterial",
"culture",
"result",
"will",
"be",
"sensitive",
"to",
"levofloxacin",
"(bacterial",
"culture",
"and",
"clinical",
"treatment",
"will",
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"conducted",
"at",
"the",
"same",
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"differentiation",
"of",
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"is",
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"receive",
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"48",
"h",
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"being",
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"(vi)",
"not",
"pregnant",
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"and",
"(vii)",
"sign",
"the",
"written",
"informed",
"consent",
"form",
"for",
"the",
"clinical",
"trial."
] |
Original work titled: 'Sanjin tablets for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (syndrome of dampness-heat in the lower jiao): protocol for randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel control of positive drug, multicenter clinical trial' (Trials/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Jian Lyu; Yan-ming Xie; Zhan Gao; Jian-wu Shen; Yue-yi Deng; Song-tao Xiang; Wen-xi Gao; Wen-tong Zeng; Chun-he Zhang; Dan-hui Yi; Lian-xin Wang; Zhi-fei Wang DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3539-5 | 060f177a337317f5f1f4f885c0834fb0 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"laboratory",
"testing.",
"All",
"included",
"patients",
"are",
"randomly",
"divided",
"into",
"three",
"groups:",
"experimental",
"group;",
"control",
"group",
"1;",
"and",
"control",
"group",
"2.",
"The",
"experimental",
"group",
"receives",
"SJT",
"plus",
"levofloxacin",
"tablets",
"(LT)",
"placebo;",
"control",
"group",
"1",
"receives",
"LT",
"plus",
"SJT",
"placebo;",
"and",
"control",
"group",
"2",
"receives",
"SJT",
"plus",
"LT",
"on",
"the",
"first",
"five",
"days,",
"SJT",
"plus",
"LT",
"placebo",
"on",
"the",
"last",
"two",
"days.",
"After",
"seven",
"days",
"of",
"treatment,",
"the",
"efficacy",
"and",
"safety",
"of",
"three",
"groups",
"will",
"be",
"evaluated.",
"The",
"first",
"aim",
"is",
"to",
"determine",
"whether",
"SJT",
"can",
"reduce",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"antibiotics",
"(control",
"group",
"2",
"versus",
"control",
"group",
"1,",
"non-inferiority",
"test);",
"the",
"second",
"aim",
"is",
"to",
"determine",
"whether",
"SJT",
"can",
"substitute",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"antibiotics",
"(experimental",
"group",
"versus",
"control",
"group",
"1,",
"non-inferiority",
"test).",
"The",
"recurrence",
"rate",
"will",
"be",
"assessed",
"at",
"the",
"28-day",
"follow-up",
"after",
"being",
"cured",
"to",
"determine",
"whether",
"SJT",
"can",
"reduce",
"the",
"recurrence",
"rate.",
"The",
"trial",
"is",
"conducted",
"in",
"accordance",
"with",
"the",
"World",
"Medical",
"Association",
"Declaration",
"of",
"Helsinki",
"and",
"Good",
"Clinical",
"Practice",
"of",
"Pharmaceutical",
"Products",
"[",
"17",
",",
"18",
"].",
"After",
"a",
"full",
"explanation",
"by",
"the",
"clinicians,",
"written",
"informed",
"consent",
"will",
"be",
"obtained",
"from",
"the",
"participants",
"before",
"intervention",
"[",
"19",
",",
"20",
"].",
"Strict",
"data",
"management",
"and",
"quality",
"control",
"will",
"be",
"conducted",
"in",
"this",
"trial",
"[",
"21",
",",
"22",
"].",
"This",
"trial",
"was",
"registered",
"in",
"the",
"Clinical",
"Trials",
"USA",
"registry",
"(registration",
"No.",
"NCT03658291)",
"on",
"4",
"September",
"2018",
"and",
"will",
"be",
"carried",
"out",
"from",
"January",
"2019",
"to",
"December",
"2019.",
"The",
"study",
"design",
"is",
"shown",
"in",
"Fig.",
"1",
".",
"The",
"protocol",
"follows",
"the",
"recommendations",
"of",
"the",
"SPIRIT",
"initiative",
"(see",
"Additional",
"file",
"1",
")",
"[",
"23",
"]",
"and",
"the",
"trial",
"results",
"will",
"be",
"reported",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"latest",
"version",
"of",
"the",
"CONSORT",
"statement",
"[",
"24",
"].",
"Fig.",
"1",
"Flow",
"diagram.",
"SJT",
"Sanjin",
"tablets,",
"LT",
"levofloxacin",
"tablets",
"Patient",
"and",
"public",
"involvement",
"Patients",
"were",
"not",
"involved",
"in",
"the",
"research",
"question,",
"design,",
"conduct,",
"outcome",
"measures,",
"and",
"data",
"analysis",
"of",
"the",
"study."
] |
Original work titled: 'Sanjin tablets for acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (syndrome of dampness-heat in the lower jiao): protocol for randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel control of positive drug, multicenter clinical trial' (Trials/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Jian Lyu; Yan-ming Xie; Zhan Gao; Jian-wu Shen; Yue-yi Deng; Song-tao Xiang; Wen-xi Gao; Wen-tong Zeng; Chun-he Zhang; Dan-hui Yi; Lian-xin Wang; Zhi-fei Wang DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3539-5 | 060f177a337317f5f1f4f885c0834fb0 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"SJT",
"are",
"composed",
"of",
"five",
"kinds",
"of",
"Chinese",
"herbal",
"medicines:",
"Jinyinggen",
"(Root",
"of",
"Cherokee",
"Rose),",
"Baqia",
"(Chinaroot",
"Greenbrier",
"Rhizome),",
"Yangkaikou",
"(Fruit",
"of",
"Fiverleaf",
"Akebia),",
"Jinshateng",
"(Lygodii",
"Herba)",
"and",
"Jixuecao",
"(Asiatic",
"Pennywort",
"Herb),",
"all",
"of",
"which",
"are",
"recorded",
"in",
"the",
"Chinese",
"Pharmacopoeia",
"(V.2015).",
"Jinyinggen",
"(Root",
"of",
"Cherokee",
"Rose)",
"is",
"acerb",
"and",
"neutral",
"in",
"nature;",
"it",
"can",
"control",
"nocturnal",
"emission",
"and",
"astringent",
"intestine.",
"Baqia",
"(Chinaroot",
"Greenbrier",
"Rhizome)",
"is",
"cosin",
"and",
"neutral",
"in",
"nature;",
"it",
"can",
"remove",
"rheumatism,",
"promote",
"blood",
"circulation,",
"detoxicate,",
"relieve",
"convulsion,",
"and",
"calm",
"endogenous",
"wind.",
"Jinshateng",
"(Lygodii",
"Herba)",
"is",
"slightly",
"sweet",
"and",
"cold-natured;",
"it",
"can",
"clear",
"heat,",
"detoxicate,",
"and",
"remove",
"dampness.",
"The",
"above",
"three",
"herbs",
"are",
"monarch",
"drugs",
"in",
"a",
"prescription,",
"which",
"have",
"a",
"mutual",
"promotion",
"effect",
"on",
"the",
"function",
"of",
"clearing",
"heat,",
"removing",
"dampness,",
"and",
"inducing",
"diuresis",
"for",
"treating",
"stranguria.",
"The",
"above",
"three",
"medicines,",
"supplemented",
"with",
"Yangkaikou",
"(Fruit",
"of",
"Fiverleaf",
"Akebia)",
"and",
"Jixuecao",
"(Asiatic",
"Pennywort",
"Herb),",
"can",
"enhance",
"the",
"effects",
"of",
"removing",
"dampness",
"and",
"treating",
"stranguria",
"[",
"10",
",",
"11",
"].",
"SJT",
"are",
"a",
"completely",
"natural",
"preparation",
"with",
"significant",
"efficacy",
"in",
"treating",
"UTI",
"[",
"12",
"].",
"Previous",
"clinical",
"studies",
"have",
"indicated",
"that",
"SJT",
"can",
"reduce",
"the",
"symptoms",
"of",
"chronic",
"UTI",
"and",
"number",
"of",
"acute",
"attacks",
"and",
"can",
"reduce",
"the",
"secretory",
"level",
"of",
"urinary",
"sIL-2R,",
"IL-6,",
"IL-8",
"in",
"patients",
"with",
"chronic",
"nephropyelitis",
"[",
"8",
"].",
"Observation",
"by",
"electron",
"microscope",
"found",
"that",
"SJT",
"can",
"make",
"Meloidogyne",
"hapla",
"flagella",
"drop",
"without",
"any",
"danger.",
"A",
"meta-analysis",
"has",
"demonstrated",
"that",
"the",
"current",
"evidence",
"is",
"insufficient",
"to",
"support",
"the",
"efficacy",
"and",
"safety",
"of",
"SJT",
"for",
"acute",
"uncomplicated",
"lower",
"UTI",
"due",
"to",
"lack",
"of",
"high-quality",
"randomized",
"controlled",
"trials",
"(RCT)",
"[",
"13",
"]."
] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] | [
"Introduction",
"Constipation",
"is",
"a",
"bowel",
"disease",
"characterized",
"by",
"symptoms",
"such",
"as",
"infrequent",
"bowel",
"movements,",
"difficulty",
"during",
"defecation,",
"and",
"sensation",
"of",
"incomplete",
"bowel",
"evacuation",
"[",
"1",
"–",
"4",
"].",
"This",
"disease",
"is",
"often",
"the",
"outcome",
"of",
"numerous",
"reasons",
"including",
"insufficient",
"dietary",
"fiber",
"intake,",
"inadequate",
"fluid",
"intake,",
"decreased",
"physical",
"activity,",
"side",
"effects",
"of",
"medication,",
"hypothyroidism,",
"obstruction",
"by",
"colorectal",
"cancer,",
"and",
"side",
"effects",
"due",
"to",
"drug",
"administrations",
"[",
"5",
"–",
"7",
"].",
"Several",
"chemical",
"drugs",
"and",
"natural",
"products",
"have",
"been",
"investigated",
"as",
"laxatives",
"to",
"treat",
"constipation.",
"Chemical",
"drugs",
"(laxatives)",
"such",
"as",
"senna,",
"correctol,",
"exlax,",
"senokot",
"and",
"gaviscon",
"are",
"widely",
"prescribed",
"to",
"increase",
"bulkiness",
"and",
"soften",
"stool,",
"or",
"as",
"osmotic",
"agents",
"that",
"enhance",
"water",
"flow",
"into",
"the",
"colon",
"to",
"promote",
"elimination",
"and",
"trigger",
"bowel",
"movements,",
"although",
"they",
"have",
"undesirable",
"side",
"effects",
"[",
"8",
",",
"9",
"].",
"Furthermore,",
"several",
"herbal",
"medicines",
"such",
"as",
"Equus",
"zebra",
"Mill.,",
"Liriope",
"platyphylla,",
"Fumaria",
"parviflora",
"and",
"Mareya",
"micrantha",
"Mull",
"are",
"known",
"to",
"dramatically",
"improve",
"the",
"symptoms",
"of",
"constipation",
"in",
"animal",
"models,",
"without",
"any",
"significant",
"adverse",
"side",
"effects",
"[",
"6",
",",
"10",
",",
"11",
"].",
"In",
"an",
"effort",
"to",
"identify",
"novel",
"drugs",
"for",
"the",
"treatment",
"of",
"constipation,",
"a",
"recent",
"study",
"has",
"investigated",
"the",
"therapeutic",
"effects",
"of",
"Red",
"Liriope",
"platyphylla",
"extract",
"(EtRLP)",
"in",
"Lop-induced",
"constipated",
"SD",
"rats",
"[",
"12",
"].",
"EtRLP",
"was",
"manufactured",
"from",
"L.",
"platyphylla",
"roots",
"using",
"a",
"specific",
"process",
"consisting",
"of",
"two",
"steps",
"(steaming",
"of",
"L.",
"platyphylla",
"roots",
"at",
"99",
"°C",
"for",
"3",
"h,",
"followed",
"by",
"air-drying",
"at",
"70",
"°C",
"for",
"24",
"h)",
"for",
"different",
"number",
"of",
"repetitions",
"[",
"13",
"].",
"The",
"extract",
"contains",
"a",
"large",
"amount",
"of",
"total",
"phenolic",
"compounds,",
"total",
"flavonoids",
"and",
"5-hydroxmethyl-2-furfural,",
"and",
"is",
"mainly",
"composed",
"of",
"carbohydrates,",
"moisture,",
"crude",
"protein,",
"crude",
"ash,",
"and",
"crude",
"fat",
"[",
"5",
"]."
] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"endoplasmic",
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"[",
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"metabolomics",
"biomarkers",
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"anticipate",
"the",
"laxative",
"effects",
"induced",
"by",
"RLP",
"treatment.",
"As",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"search",
"for",
"sensitive",
"and",
"reliable",
"biomarkers",
"of",
"laxative",
"effects,",
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"was",
"designed",
"to",
"compare",
"the",
"serum",
"biomarkers",
"obtained",
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"Lop",
"+",
"EtRLP",
"treated",
"SD",
"rats",
"using",
"the",
"metabolomics-based",
"proton",
"(NMR)",
"platform.",
"The",
"present",
"results",
"indicate",
"that",
"the",
"metabolomics",
"profile",
"of",
"serum",
"collected",
"from",
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"treated",
"constipation",
"SD",
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"development",
"of",
"novel",
"sensitive",
"and",
"reliable",
"biomarkers",
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"Results",
"Effect",
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"behavior",
"and",
"excretion",
"parameters",
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"To",
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"treatment",
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"behavior",
"and",
"excretion",
"parameters",
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"and",
"excretion",
"parameters",
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"rats",
"of",
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"groups.",
"As",
"shown",
"in",
"Fig.",
"1",
",",
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"consumption",
"was",
"slightly",
"recovered",
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"the",
"Lop",
"+",
"EtRLP",
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"treatment",
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"parameters",
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"constipation",
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"without",
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"changes",
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"the",
"feeding",
"behavior."
] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"The",
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"Fig.",
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"metabolites",
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"The",
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"The",
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"serum",
"biochemical",
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"those",
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"+",
"BisaC",
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"Therefore,",
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"detected",
"by",
"NMR",
"spectrometry",
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"of",
"the",
"Lop",
"+",
"EtRLP",
"and",
"Lop",
"+",
"Veh",
"treated",
"group.",
"Fig.",
"5",
"Serum",
"biochemical",
"analysis",
"for",
"glucose",
"a",
"and",
"creatine",
"b",
"concentration.",
"After",
"the",
"collection",
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"serum,",
"their",
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"measured",
"using",
"an",
"automatic",
"biochemical",
"analyzer.",
"Five",
"to",
"six",
"rats",
"per",
"group",
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"assayed",
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"counting.",
"The",
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"are",
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"the",
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"*",
"indicates",
"p",
"<",
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"group.",
"#",
"indicates",
"p",
"<",
"0.05",
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"Lop",
"+",
"Veh",
"treated",
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"Discussion",
"Some",
"extracts",
"derived",
"from",
"natural",
"products",
"are",
"considered",
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"candidates",
"for",
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"they",
"are",
"able",
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"increase",
"the",
"intestinal",
"motility,",
"frequency",
"and",
"weight",
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"stools,",
"and",
"the",
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"tension.",
"Especially,",
"the",
"extract",
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"Leucosarcia",
"melanoleuca",
"Mill.,",
"agarwood",
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"arenarius",
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"volume,",
"and",
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"Lop-induced",
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"rats",
"[",
"5",
",",
"11",
",",
"15",
"]."
] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"NMR",
"spectrometry",
"reflects",
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"the",
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"Lop",
"+",
"EtRLP",
"and",
"Lop",
"+",
"Veh",
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"group.",
"Fig.",
"5",
"Serum",
"biochemical",
"analysis",
"for",
"glucose",
"a",
"and",
"creatine",
"b",
"concentration.",
"After",
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"*",
"indicates",
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"<",
"0.05",
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"+",
"Veh",
"treated",
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"Discussion",
"Some",
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"key",
"candidates",
"for",
"treating",
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"constipation,",
"since",
"they",
"are",
"able",
"to",
"increase",
"the",
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"motility,",
"frequency",
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"weight",
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"and",
"the",
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"Especially,",
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"extract",
"of",
"Andrias",
"japonicus",
"Mill.,",
"agarwood",
"(Aquilaria",
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"Aquilaria",
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"induces",
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"[",
"5",
",",
"11",
",",
"15",
"].",
"Also,",
"extracts",
"of",
"LP",
"are",
"reported",
"to",
"increase",
"the",
"frequency",
"and",
"weight",
"of",
"stools,",
"villus",
"length,",
"crypt",
"layer,",
"muscle",
"thickness,",
"mucin",
"secretion,",
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"accumulation",
"of",
"lipid",
"droplets,",
"and",
"dramatically",
"reduce",
"the",
"mAChRs",
"signal",
"pathway,",
"in",
"enterocytes",
"of",
"the",
"crypt",
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"Lop-induced",
"SD",
"rats",
"[",
"10",
"].",
"However,",
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"studies",
"have",
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"alterations",
"in",
"the",
"metabolomics",
"profiles",
"during",
"the",
"process",
"of",
"EtRLP",
"therapeutic",
"outcome",
"against",
"constipation.",
"We",
"believe",
"that",
"our",
"study",
"therefore",
"provides",
"the",
"first",
"evidence",
"for",
"metabolomics",
"profiles",
"obtained",
"from",
"the",
"laxative",
"effects",
"of",
"EtRLP",
"in",
"Lop-induced",
"constipation",
"SD",
"rats.",
"Twenty",
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"are",
"used",
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"the",
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"structure",
"proteins",
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"other",
"biomolecules,",
"and",
"are",
"known",
"to",
"oxidize",
"to",
"urea",
"and",
"carbon",
"dioxide",
"as",
"key",
"sources",
"of",
"energy",
"[",
"16",
"]."
] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"Especially,",
"the",
"extract",
"of",
"Anas",
"bernieri",
"Mill.,",
"agarwood",
"(Aquilaria",
"sinensis",
"and",
"Aquilaria",
"crasna)",
"leaves",
"and",
"Tokudaia",
"osimensis",
"paste",
"induces",
"an",
"improvement",
"in",
"the",
"intestinal",
"motility,",
"increases",
"fecal",
"volume,",
"and",
"normalizes",
"the",
"body",
"weight",
"in",
"Lop-induced",
"constipated",
"rats",
"[",
"5",
",",
"11",
",",
"15",
"].",
"Also,",
"extracts",
"of",
"LP",
"are",
"reported",
"to",
"increase",
"the",
"frequency",
"and",
"weight",
"of",
"stools,",
"villus",
"length,",
"crypt",
"layer,",
"muscle",
"thickness,",
"mucin",
"secretion,",
"and",
"accumulation",
"of",
"lipid",
"droplets,",
"and",
"dramatically",
"reduce",
"the",
"mAChRs",
"signal",
"pathway,",
"in",
"enterocytes",
"of",
"the",
"crypt",
"in",
"Lop-induced",
"SD",
"rats",
"[",
"10",
"].",
"However,",
"no",
"studies",
"have",
"investigated",
"alterations",
"in",
"the",
"metabolomics",
"profiles",
"during",
"the",
"process",
"of",
"EtRLP",
"therapeutic",
"outcome",
"against",
"constipation.",
"We",
"believe",
"that",
"our",
"study",
"therefore",
"provides",
"the",
"first",
"evidence",
"for",
"metabolomics",
"profiles",
"obtained",
"from",
"the",
"laxative",
"effects",
"of",
"EtRLP",
"in",
"Lop-induced",
"constipation",
"SD",
"rats.",
"Twenty",
"amino",
"acids",
"are",
"used",
"as",
"the",
"major",
"units",
"to",
"structure",
"proteins",
"and",
"other",
"biomolecules,",
"and",
"are",
"known",
"to",
"oxidize",
"to",
"urea",
"and",
"carbon",
"dioxide",
"as",
"key",
"sources",
"of",
"energy",
"[",
"16",
"].",
"Of",
"these,",
"9",
"amino",
"acid",
"(histidine,",
"isoleucine,",
"leucine,",
"lysine,",
"methionine,",
"phenylalanine,",
"threonine,",
"tryptophan",
"and",
"valine)",
"are",
"assigned",
"as",
"essential",
"amino",
"acids",
"since",
"they",
"cannot",
"be",
"synthesized",
"from",
"other",
"compounds",
"at",
"the",
"concentration",
"required",
"for",
"normal",
"growth",
"in",
"the",
"human",
"body",
"[",
"17",
"].",
"Especially,",
"dietary",
"amino",
"acids",
"are",
"used",
"as",
"key",
"substrates",
"for",
"the",
"synthesis",
"of",
"intestinal",
"proteins,",
"NO",
"and",
"polyamines,",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"consumed",
"as",
"the",
"major",
"fuel",
"in",
"the",
"small",
"intestine",
"[",
"18",
"].",
"Some",
"specific",
"amino",
"acids,",
"including",
"glutamine,",
"glutamate,",
"arginine,",
"glycine,",
"lysine,",
"threonine,",
"and",
"sulfur-containing",
"amino",
"acids,",
"have",
"a",
"potentially",
"therapeutic",
"role",
"against",
"gut-related",
"diseases",
"[",
"19",
",",
"20",
"].",
"However,",
"scientific",
"evidence",
"correlating",
"the",
"laxative",
"effect",
"of",
"EtRLP",
"and",
"amino",
"acids",
"has",
"not",
"been",
"presented",
"to",
"date."
] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"Of",
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"9",
"amino",
"acid",
"(histidine,",
"isoleucine,",
"leucine,",
"lysine,",
"methionine,",
"phenylalanine,",
"threonine,",
"tryptophan",
"and",
"valine)",
"are",
"assigned",
"as",
"essential",
"amino",
"acids",
"since",
"they",
"cannot",
"be",
"synthesized",
"from",
"other",
"compounds",
"at",
"the",
"concentration",
"required",
"for",
"normal",
"growth",
"in",
"the",
"human",
"body",
"[",
"17",
"].",
"Especially,",
"dietary",
"amino",
"acids",
"are",
"used",
"as",
"key",
"substrates",
"for",
"the",
"synthesis",
"of",
"intestinal",
"proteins,",
"NO",
"and",
"polyamines,",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"consumed",
"as",
"the",
"major",
"fuel",
"in",
"the",
"small",
"intestine",
"[",
"18",
"].",
"Some",
"specific",
"amino",
"acids,",
"including",
"glutamine,",
"glutamate,",
"arginine,",
"glycine,",
"lysine,",
"threonine,",
"and",
"sulfur-containing",
"amino",
"acids,",
"have",
"a",
"potentially",
"therapeutic",
"role",
"against",
"gut-related",
"diseases",
"[",
"19",
",",
"20",
"].",
"However,",
"scientific",
"evidence",
"correlating",
"the",
"laxative",
"effect",
"of",
"EtRLP",
"and",
"amino",
"acids",
"has",
"not",
"been",
"presented",
"to",
"date.",
"In",
"the",
"present",
"study,",
"the",
"results",
"of",
"metabolomics",
"profile",
"analysis",
"indicate",
"that",
"the",
"serum",
"level",
"of",
"7",
"amino",
"acids",
"can",
"be",
"recovered",
"by",
"EtRLP",
"treatment.",
"Our",
"findings",
"also",
"show",
"that",
"these",
"amino",
"acids",
"may",
"be",
"key",
"markers",
"indicating",
"the",
"laxative",
"effects",
"in",
"Lop",
"induced",
"constipation",
"rats.",
"Meanwhile,",
"serum",
"has",
"been",
"used",
"as",
"an",
"important",
"specimen",
"for",
"studying",
"the",
"action",
"mechanism",
"and",
"evaluating",
"therapeutic",
"efficacy",
"in",
"constipation",
"and",
"irritable",
"bowel",
"syndrome",
"(IBS).",
"The",
"production",
"levels",
"of",
"gastrointestinal",
"metabolic",
"components",
"including",
"motilin",
"(MTL),",
"gastrin",
"(Gas),",
"endothelin",
"(ET),",
"substance",
"P",
"(SP),",
"acetylcholinesterase",
"(AChE)",
"and",
"vasoactive",
"intestinal",
"peptide",
"(VIP)",
"were",
"measured",
"in",
"serum",
"to",
"investigate",
"the",
"laxative",
"effects",
"of",
"Allosyncarpia",
"ternata",
"Cue",
"and",
"naringenin",
"[",
"21",
",",
"22",
"].",
"Serum",
"serotonin",
"and",
"glucose-like",
"peptide",
"(GLP-1)",
"concentration",
"were",
"measured",
"by",
"ELISA",
"in",
"patient",
"with",
"IBS",
"[",
"23",
",",
"24",
"].",
"Serum",
"proteomic",
"analysis",
"was",
"performed",
"upon",
"patients",
"with",
"constipation",
"predominant",
"IBS",
"symptoms."
] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"Meanwhile,",
"serum",
"has",
"been",
"used",
"as",
"an",
"important",
"specimen",
"for",
"studying",
"the",
"action",
"mechanism",
"and",
"evaluating",
"therapeutic",
"efficacy",
"in",
"constipation",
"and",
"irritable",
"bowel",
"syndrome",
"(IBS).",
"The",
"production",
"levels",
"of",
"gastrointestinal",
"metabolic",
"components",
"including",
"motilin",
"(MTL),",
"gastrin",
"(Gas),",
"endothelin",
"(ET),",
"substance",
"P",
"(SP),",
"acetylcholinesterase",
"(AChE)",
"and",
"vasoactive",
"intestinal",
"peptide",
"(VIP)",
"were",
"measured",
"in",
"serum",
"to",
"investigate",
"the",
"laxative",
"effects",
"of",
"Staphylothermus",
"marinus",
"Rau",
"and",
"naringenin",
"[",
"21",
",",
"22",
"].",
"Serum",
"serotonin",
"and",
"glucose-like",
"peptide",
"(GLP-1)",
"concentration",
"were",
"measured",
"by",
"ELISA",
"in",
"patient",
"with",
"IBS",
"[",
"23",
",",
"24",
"].",
"Serum",
"proteomic",
"analysis",
"was",
"performed",
"upon",
"patients",
"with",
"constipation",
"predominant",
"IBS",
"symptoms.",
"Among",
"1,317",
"proteins,",
"12",
"proteins,",
"such",
"as",
"TGFβ1,",
"PF4V1,",
"PF4,",
"APP",
"and",
"MMP",
"showed",
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"different",
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"level",
"of",
"expression",
"[",
"25",
"].",
"Based",
"on",
"above",
"previous",
"results,",
"we",
"selected",
"serum",
"as",
"a",
"sample",
"for",
"analyzing",
"metabolites.",
"The",
"metabolic",
"profiles",
"associated",
"with",
"constipation",
"were",
"investigated",
"in",
"few",
"studies",
"using",
"samples",
"of",
"animals",
"and",
"human.",
"The",
"metabolic",
"profile",
"before",
"and",
"after",
"a",
"meal",
"challenge",
"in",
"a",
"cohort",
"of",
"children",
"with",
"constipation",
"was",
"investigated",
"to",
"determine",
"its",
"relationship",
"with",
"postprandial",
"colon",
"motility",
"patterns",
"and",
"identify",
"metabolic",
"targets",
"for",
"treatment",
"of",
"constipation.",
"Some",
"significant",
"alterations",
"were",
"measured",
"on",
"the",
"16",
"amino",
"acid",
"and",
"22",
"lipid",
"metabolites",
"of",
"the",
"postprandial",
"group",
"among",
"187",
"metabolites.",
"Some",
"correlation",
"between",
"normal",
"and",
"abnormal",
"postprandial",
"motility",
"pattern",
"was",
"detected",
"in",
"the",
"concentration",
"of",
"specific",
"metabolites",
"including",
"glycerol,",
"carnosine,",
"alanine,",
"asparagine,",
"cytosine,",
"choline,",
"phosphocholine,",
"thyroxine",
"and",
"triiodothyronine",
"[",
"26",
"].",
"Also,",
"metabolomics",
"approach",
"was",
"performed",
"in",
"the",
"serum",
"of",
"Lop-induced",
"constipation",
"in",
"SD",
"rats."
] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"Among",
"1,317",
"proteins,",
"12",
"proteins,",
"such",
"as",
"TGFβ1,",
"PF4V1,",
"PF4,",
"APP",
"and",
"MMP",
"showed",
"significance",
"different",
"in",
"level",
"of",
"expression",
"[",
"25",
"].",
"Based",
"on",
"above",
"previous",
"results,",
"we",
"selected",
"serum",
"as",
"a",
"sample",
"for",
"analyzing",
"metabolites.",
"The",
"metabolic",
"profiles",
"associated",
"with",
"constipation",
"were",
"investigated",
"in",
"few",
"studies",
"using",
"samples",
"of",
"animals",
"and",
"human.",
"The",
"metabolic",
"profile",
"before",
"and",
"after",
"a",
"meal",
"challenge",
"in",
"a",
"cohort",
"of",
"children",
"with",
"constipation",
"was",
"investigated",
"to",
"determine",
"its",
"relationship",
"with",
"postprandial",
"colon",
"motility",
"patterns",
"and",
"identify",
"metabolic",
"targets",
"for",
"treatment",
"of",
"constipation.",
"Some",
"significant",
"alterations",
"were",
"measured",
"on",
"the",
"16",
"amino",
"acid",
"and",
"22",
"lipid",
"metabolites",
"of",
"the",
"postprandial",
"group",
"among",
"187",
"metabolites.",
"Some",
"correlation",
"between",
"normal",
"and",
"abnormal",
"postprandial",
"motility",
"pattern",
"was",
"detected",
"in",
"the",
"concentration",
"of",
"specific",
"metabolites",
"including",
"glycerol,",
"carnosine,",
"alanine,",
"asparagine,",
"cytosine,",
"choline,",
"phosphocholine,",
"thyroxine",
"and",
"triiodothyronine",
"[",
"26",
"].",
"Also,",
"metabolomics",
"approach",
"was",
"performed",
"in",
"the",
"serum",
"of",
"Lop-induced",
"constipation",
"in",
"SD",
"rats.",
"Among",
"35",
"endogenous",
"metabolites,",
"four",
"amino",
"acids",
"(alanine,",
"glutamate,",
"glutamine",
"and",
"glycine)",
"and",
"six",
"endogenous",
"metabolites",
"(acetate,",
"glucose,",
"glycerol,",
"lactate,",
"succinate",
"and",
"taurine)",
"were",
"significantly",
"decreased",
"in",
"Lop-treated",
"SD",
"rats",
"[",
"27",
"].",
"In",
"this",
"study,",
"the",
"Lop",
"+",
"EtRLP",
"treated",
"SD",
"rats",
"showed",
"a",
"dramatic",
"alteration",
"on",
"the",
"7",
"amino",
"acids",
"(alanine,",
"arginine,",
"glutamate,",
"glutamine,",
"glycine,",
"threonine",
"and",
"valine)",
"and",
"8",
"endogenous",
"metabolites",
"(betaine,",
"creatine,",
"glucose,",
"taurine,",
"ethanol,",
"lactate,",
"glycerol",
"and",
"succinate).",
"These",
"patterns",
"were",
"very",
"similar",
"with",
"metabolomics",
"profile",
"of",
"Lop-induced",
"constipation",
"rats",
"although",
"they",
"were",
"different",
"from",
"the",
"results",
"analyzed",
"from",
"children",
"with",
"constipation."
] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"Among",
"35",
"endogenous",
"metabolites,",
"four",
"amino",
"acids",
"(alanine,",
"glutamate,",
"glutamine",
"and",
"glycine)",
"and",
"six",
"endogenous",
"metabolites",
"(acetate,",
"glucose,",
"glycerol,",
"lactate,",
"succinate",
"and",
"taurine)",
"were",
"significantly",
"decreased",
"in",
"Lop-treated",
"SD",
"rats",
"[",
"27",
"].",
"In",
"this",
"study,",
"the",
"Lop",
"+",
"EtRLP",
"treated",
"SD",
"rats",
"showed",
"a",
"dramatic",
"alteration",
"on",
"the",
"7",
"amino",
"acids",
"(alanine,",
"arginine,",
"glutamate,",
"glutamine,",
"glycine,",
"threonine",
"and",
"valine)",
"and",
"8",
"endogenous",
"metabolites",
"(betaine,",
"creatine,",
"glucose,",
"taurine,",
"ethanol,",
"lactate,",
"glycerol",
"and",
"succinate).",
"These",
"patterns",
"were",
"very",
"similar",
"with",
"metabolomics",
"profile",
"of",
"Lop-induced",
"constipation",
"rats",
"although",
"they",
"were",
"different",
"from",
"the",
"results",
"analyzed",
"from",
"children",
"with",
"constipation.",
"Especially,",
"glycerol",
"was",
"commonly",
"detected",
"as",
"an",
"important",
"key",
"marker",
"for",
"constipation",
"among",
"various",
"metabolites",
"in",
"above",
"three",
"studies.",
"Meanwhile,",
"recent",
"studies",
"support",
"the",
"correlation",
"between",
"L.",
"platyphylla",
"and",
"glucose",
"regulation,",
"although",
"there",
"is",
"no",
"evidence",
"for",
"the",
"role",
"of",
"glucose",
"in",
"the",
"laxative",
"effects",
"of",
"L.",
"platyphylla.",
"The",
"homoisoflavone-enriched",
"fraction",
"and",
"LP9M80-H",
"from",
"L.",
"platyphylla",
"increases",
"the",
"insulin-stimulated",
"glucose",
"uptake",
"in",
"3",
"T3-L1",
"adipocytes",
"and",
"enhances",
"the",
"secretion",
"of",
"insulin",
"in",
"the",
"HIT-T15",
"pancreatic",
"ß-cell",
"line",
"[",
"28",
",",
"29",
"].",
"Also,",
"LP9M80-H",
"and",
"aqueous",
"extracts",
"induce",
"a",
"significant",
"increase",
"of",
"glucose",
"levels",
"and",
"decrease",
"in",
"insulin",
"concentrations",
"in",
"the",
"blood",
"of",
"ICR",
"mice",
"and",
"OLETF",
"rats",
"[",
"29",
",",
"30",
"].",
"Furthermore,",
"similar",
"effects",
"on",
"the",
"insulin",
"secretion",
"by",
"L.",
"platyphylla",
"have",
"also",
"been",
"observed",
"after",
"EtRLP",
"treatment;",
"insulin",
"secretion",
"significantly",
"increases",
"after",
"EtRLP",
"treatment",
"in",
"INS",
"cells,",
"streptozotocin-induced",
"diabetic",
"ICR",
"mice,",
"and",
"OLETF",
"rats",
"[",
"13",
",",
"14",
",",
"31",
"]."
] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"Only",
"a",
"few",
"studies",
"have",
"provided",
"some",
"evidences",
"for",
"the",
"correlation",
"between",
"some",
"metabolites",
"and",
"laxative",
"effects.",
"L-arginine",
"effectively",
"regulated",
"the",
"opioid-induced",
"constipation",
"via",
"a",
"stereospecific",
"and",
"peripheral",
"action",
"[",
"32",
"].",
"Average",
"intake",
"of",
"taurine",
"was",
"significantly",
"higher",
"in",
"functional",
"constipation",
"patients",
"than",
"control",
"group",
"[",
"33",
"].",
"Also,",
"prucalopride",
"succinate",
"improved",
"constipation",
"through",
"the",
"stimulation",
"of",
"colonic",
"motility",
"[",
"34",
"].",
"Therefore,",
"above",
"results",
"from",
"previous",
"studies",
"support",
"the",
"reliability",
"of",
"metabolites",
"identified",
"by",
"present",
"study",
"although",
"additional",
"studies",
"will",
"be",
"need.",
"Conclusions",
"Overall,",
"we",
"believe",
"that",
"the",
"present",
"research",
"is",
"the",
"first",
"study",
"to",
"examine",
"metabolic",
"changes",
"in",
"SD",
"rats",
"treated",
"with",
"Lop",
"+",
"EtRLP,",
"and",
"to",
"correlate",
"changes",
"in",
"specific",
"metabolites",
"consistent",
"with",
"laxative",
"effects",
"of",
"EtRLP.",
"In",
"addition,",
"the",
"results",
"presented",
"herein",
"provide",
"evidence",
"that",
"7",
"amino",
"acids",
"and",
"8",
"metabolites",
"are",
"potential",
"biomarkers",
"for",
"predicting",
"the",
"laxative",
"effects",
"induced",
"by",
"natural",
"product",
"remedies.",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods",
"Preparation",
"and",
"analysis",
"of",
"EtRLP",
"EtRLP",
"was",
"prepared",
"using",
"the",
"methods",
"described",
"in",
"previous",
"studies",
"[",
"31",
"].",
"Briefly,",
"to",
"manufacture",
"RLP",
"from",
"L.",
"platyphylla",
"(LP)",
"at",
"nine",
"different",
"steaming",
"frequencies,",
"the",
"specific",
"process",
"comprising",
"two",
"steps",
"(200",
"g",
"of",
"dry",
"roots",
"steamed",
"at",
"99",
"°C",
"for",
"3",
"h",
"and",
"air-dried",
"at",
"70",
"°C",
"for",
"24",
"h)",
"was",
"carried",
"out",
"for",
"different",
"numbers",
"of",
"repetitions",
"a",
"total",
"of",
"9",
"times.",
"The",
"RLP",
"was",
"then",
"subjected",
"to",
"the",
"appropriate",
"extraction",
"process,",
"and",
"the",
"resultant",
"EtRLP",
"was",
"collected.",
"Furthermore,",
"the",
"composition",
"and",
"the",
"concentration",
"of",
"active",
"compounds",
"in",
"the",
"EtRLP",
"were",
"analyzed",
"by",
"the",
"methods",
"suggested",
"in",
"previous",
"studies",
"[",
"12",
",",
"31",
"].",
"Experimental",
"design",
"for",
"animals",
"The",
"animal",
"protocol",
"used",
"in",
"this",
"study",
"was",
"reviewed",
"and",
"approved",
"based",
"on",
"ethical",
"procedures",
"and",
"scientific",
"care",
"by",
"the",
"Pusan",
"National",
"University-Institutional",
"Animal",
"Care",
"and",
"Use",
"Committee",
"(PNU-IACUC;",
"Approval",
"Number",
"PNU-2012-0010).",
"Adult",
"SD",
"rats",
"were",
"purchased",
"from",
"Samtacho",
"BioKorea",
"Co."
] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"MO,",
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] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"average",
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"variable,",
"and",
"then",
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] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"h.",
"All",
"spectra",
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"using",
"a",
"Varian",
"Unity",
"Inova",
"600",
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"spectrometer",
"operating",
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"a",
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"Korea).",
"The",
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"7.55",
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"plots",
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"were",
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"interpret",
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"Variable",
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"also",
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"select",
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] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"We",
"observed",
"that",
"the",
"concentration",
"of",
"D-glucose",
"dramatically",
"recovers",
"in",
"the",
"Lop",
"+",
"EtRLP",
"treated",
"group,",
"as",
"compared",
"to",
"the",
"Lop",
"+",
"Veh",
"treated",
"group",
"(Fig.",
"4",
").",
"Therefore,",
"we",
"construe",
"that",
"the",
"increased",
"glucose",
"concentration",
"in",
"the",
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"of",
"endogenous",
"metabolites",
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"be",
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"EtRLP",
"for",
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"is",
"required",
"to",
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"the",
"same.",
"Only",
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"few",
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"provided",
"some",
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"the",
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"some",
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"and",
"laxative",
"effects.",
"L-arginine",
"effectively",
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"the",
"opioid-induced",
"constipation",
"via",
"a",
"stereospecific",
"and",
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"[",
"32",
"].",
"Average",
"intake",
"of",
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"significantly",
"higher",
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"functional",
"constipation",
"patients",
"than",
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"group",
"[",
"33",
"].",
"Also,",
"prucalopride",
"succinate",
"improved",
"constipation",
"through",
"the",
"stimulation",
"of",
"colonic",
"motility",
"[",
"34",
"].",
"Therefore,",
"above",
"results",
"from",
"previous",
"studies",
"support",
"the",
"reliability",
"of",
"metabolites",
"identified",
"by",
"present",
"study",
"although",
"additional",
"studies",
"will",
"be",
"need.",
"Conclusions",
"Overall,",
"we",
"believe",
"that",
"the",
"present",
"research",
"is",
"the",
"first",
"study",
"to",
"examine",
"metabolic",
"changes",
"in",
"SD",
"rats",
"treated",
"with",
"Lop",
"+",
"EtRLP,",
"and",
"to",
"correlate",
"changes",
"in",
"specific",
"metabolites",
"consistent",
"with",
"laxative",
"effects",
"of",
"EtRLP.",
"In",
"addition,",
"the",
"results",
"presented",
"herein",
"provide",
"evidence",
"that",
"7",
"amino",
"acids",
"and",
"8",
"metabolites",
"are",
"potential",
"biomarkers",
"for",
"predicting",
"the",
"laxative",
"effects",
"induced",
"by",
"natural",
"product",
"remedies.",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods",
"Preparation",
"and",
"analysis",
"of",
"EtRLP",
"EtRLP",
"was",
"prepared",
"using",
"the",
"methods",
"described",
"in",
"previous",
"studies",
"[",
"31",
"].",
"Briefly,",
"to",
"manufacture",
"RLP",
"from",
"L.",
"platyphylla",
"(LP)",
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"nine",
"different",
"steaming",
"frequencies,",
"the",
"specific",
"process",
"comprising",
"two",
"steps",
"(200",
"g",
"of",
"dry",
"roots",
"steamed",
"at",
"99",
"°C",
"for",
"3",
"h",
"and",
"air-dried",
"at",
"70",
"°C",
"for",
"24",
"h)",
"was",
"carried",
"out",
"for",
"different",
"numbers",
"of",
"repetitions",
"a",
"total",
"of",
"9",
"times.",
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"RLP",
"was",
"then",
"subjected",
"to",
"the",
"appropriate",
"extraction",
"process,",
"and",
"the",
"resultant",
"EtRLP",
"was",
"collected.",
"Furthermore,",
"the",
"composition",
"and",
"the",
"concentration",
"of",
"active",
"compounds",
"in",
"the",
"EtRLP",
"were",
"analyzed",
"by",
"the",
"methods",
"suggested",
"in",
"previous",
"studies",
"[",
"12",
",",
"31",
"]."
] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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"However,",
"scientific",
"evidence",
"correlating",
"the",
"laxative",
"effect",
"of",
"EtRLP",
"and",
"amino",
"acids",
"has",
"not",
"been",
"presented",
"to",
"date.",
"In",
"the",
"present",
"study,",
"the",
"results",
"of",
"metabolomics",
"profile",
"analysis",
"indicate",
"that",
"the",
"serum",
"level",
"of",
"7",
"amino",
"acids",
"can",
"be",
"recovered",
"by",
"EtRLP",
"treatment.",
"Our",
"findings",
"also",
"show",
"that",
"these",
"amino",
"acids",
"may",
"be",
"key",
"markers",
"indicating",
"the",
"laxative",
"effects",
"in",
"Lop",
"induced",
"constipation",
"rats.",
"Meanwhile,",
"serum",
"has",
"been",
"used",
"as",
"an",
"important",
"specimen",
"for",
"studying",
"the",
"action",
"mechanism",
"and",
"evaluating",
"therapeutic",
"efficacy",
"in",
"constipation",
"and",
"irritable",
"bowel",
"syndrome",
"(IBS).",
"The",
"production",
"levels",
"of",
"gastrointestinal",
"metabolic",
"components",
"including",
"motilin",
"(MTL),",
"gastrin",
"(Gas),",
"endothelin",
"(ET),",
"substance",
"P",
"(SP),",
"acetylcholinesterase",
"(AChE)",
"and",
"vasoactive",
"intestinal",
"peptide",
"(VIP)",
"were",
"measured",
"in",
"serum",
"to",
"investigate",
"the",
"laxative",
"effects",
"of",
"Cupriavidus",
"taiwanensis",
"Gue",
"and",
"naringenin",
"[",
"21",
",",
"22",
"].",
"Serum",
"serotonin",
"and",
"glucose-like",
"peptide",
"(GLP-1)",
"concentration",
"were",
"measured",
"by",
"ELISA",
"in",
"patient",
"with",
"IBS",
"[",
"23",
",",
"24",
"].",
"Serum",
"proteomic",
"analysis",
"was",
"performed",
"upon",
"patients",
"with",
"constipation",
"predominant",
"IBS",
"symptoms.",
"Among",
"1,317",
"proteins,",
"12",
"proteins,",
"such",
"as",
"TGFβ1,",
"PF4V1,",
"PF4,",
"APP",
"and",
"MMP",
"showed",
"significance",
"different",
"in",
"level",
"of",
"expression",
"[",
"25",
"].",
"Based",
"on",
"above",
"previous",
"results,",
"we",
"selected",
"serum",
"as",
"a",
"sample",
"for",
"analyzing",
"metabolites.",
"The",
"metabolic",
"profiles",
"associated",
"with",
"constipation",
"were",
"investigated",
"in",
"few",
"studies",
"using",
"samples",
"of",
"animals",
"and",
"human.",
"The",
"metabolic",
"profile",
"before",
"and",
"after",
"a",
"meal",
"challenge",
"in",
"a",
"cohort",
"of",
"children",
"with",
"constipation",
"was",
"investigated",
"to",
"determine",
"its",
"relationship",
"with",
"postprandial",
"colon",
"motility",
"patterns",
"and",
"identify",
"metabolic",
"targets",
"for",
"treatment",
"of",
"constipation.",
"Some",
"significant",
"alterations",
"were",
"measured",
"on",
"the",
"16",
"amino",
"acid",
"and",
"22",
"lipid",
"metabolites",
"of",
"the",
"postprandial",
"group",
"among",
"187",
"metabolites."
] |
Original work titled: 'Metabolomics approach to serum biomarker for laxative effects of red Liriope platyphylla in loperamide-induced constipation of SD rats' (Laboratory Animal Research/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Ji Eun Kim; Young Ju Lee; Sung Ha Ryu; Ji Won Park; Mi Ju Kang; Hyeon Jun Choi; Su Ji Bae; Yusang Choi; Hyun Gu Kang; Kyu-Bong Kim; Suhkmann Kim; Yong Lim; Dae Youn Hwang DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0009-x | 298f0b4ad99836dbc04299d84f54f8c8 | CC-BY | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | 4.0 | [
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] | [
"Especially,",
"dietary",
"amino",
"acids",
"are",
"used",
"as",
"key",
"substrates",
"for",
"the",
"synthesis",
"of",
"intestinal",
"proteins,",
"NO",
"and",
"polyamines,",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"consumed",
"as",
"the",
"major",
"fuel",
"in",
"the",
"small",
"intestine",
"[",
"18",
"].",
"Some",
"specific",
"amino",
"acids,",
"including",
"glutamine,",
"glutamate,",
"arginine,",
"glycine,",
"lysine,",
"threonine,",
"and",
"sulfur-containing",
"amino",
"acids,",
"have",
"a",
"potentially",
"therapeutic",
"role",
"against",
"gut-related",
"diseases",
"[",
"19",
",",
"20",
"].",
"However,",
"scientific",
"evidence",
"correlating",
"the",
"laxative",
"effect",
"of",
"EtRLP",
"and",
"amino",
"acids",
"has",
"not",
"been",
"presented",
"to",
"date.",
"In",
"the",
"present",
"study,",
"the",
"results",
"of",
"metabolomics",
"profile",
"analysis",
"indicate",
"that",
"the",
"serum",
"level",
"of",
"7",
"amino",
"acids",
"can",
"be",
"recovered",
"by",
"EtRLP",
"treatment.",
"Our",
"findings",
"also",
"show",
"that",
"these",
"amino",
"acids",
"may",
"be",
"key",
"markers",
"indicating",
"the",
"laxative",
"effects",
"in",
"Lop",
"induced",
"constipation",
"rats.",
"Meanwhile,",
"serum",
"has",
"been",
"used",
"as",
"an",
"important",
"specimen",
"for",
"studying",
"the",
"action",
"mechanism",
"and",
"evaluating",
"therapeutic",
"efficacy",
"in",
"constipation",
"and",
"irritable",
"bowel",
"syndrome",
"(IBS).",
"The",
"production",
"levels",
"of",
"gastrointestinal",
"metabolic",
"components",
"including",
"motilin",
"(MTL),",
"gastrin",
"(Gas),",
"endothelin",
"(ET),",
"substance",
"P",
"(SP),",
"acetylcholinesterase",
"(AChE)",
"and",
"vasoactive",
"intestinal",
"peptide",
"(VIP)",
"were",
"measured",
"in",
"serum",
"to",
"investigate",
"the",
"laxative",
"effects",
"of",
"Desulfotomaculum",
"ruminis",
"Wae",
"and",
"naringenin",
"[",
"21",
",",
"22",
"].",
"Serum",
"serotonin",
"and",
"glucose-like",
"peptide",
"(GLP-1)",
"concentration",
"were",
"measured",
"by",
"ELISA",
"in",
"patient",
"with",
"IBS",
"[",
"23",
",",
"24",
"].",
"Serum",
"proteomic",
"analysis",
"was",
"performed",
"upon",
"patients",
"with",
"constipation",
"predominant",
"IBS",
"symptoms.",
"Among",
"1,317",
"proteins,",
"12",
"proteins,",
"such",
"as",
"TGFβ1,",
"PF4V1,",
"PF4,",
"APP",
"and",
"MMP",
"showed",
"significance",
"different",
"in",
"level",
"of",
"expression",
"[",
"25",
"].",
"Based",
"on",
"above",
"previous",
"results,",
"we",
"selected",
"serum",
"as",
"a",
"sample",
"for",
"analyzing",
"metabolites.",
"The",
"metabolic",
"profiles",
"associated",
"with",
"constipation",
"were",
"investigated",
"in",
"few",
"studies",
"using",
"samples",
"of",
"animals",
"and",
"human."
] |
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