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---
license: apache-2.0
tags:
- recsys
- retrieval
- dataset
pretty_name: Yambda-5B
size_categories:
- 1B<n<10B
configs:
- config_name: flat-50m
data_files:
- split: likes
path: flat/50m/likes.parquet
- split: listens
path: flat/50m/listens.parquet
- split: unlikes
path: flat/50m/unlikes.parquet
- split: multi_event
path: flat/50m/multi_event.parquet
- split: dislikes
path: flat/50m/dislikes.parquet
- split: undislikes
path: flat/50m/undislikes.parquet
- config_name: flat-500m
data_files:
- split: likes
path: flat/500m/likes.parquet
- split: listens
path: flat/500m/listens.parquet
- split: unlikes
path: flat/500m/unlikes.parquet
- split: multi_event
path: flat/500m/multi_event.parquet
- split: dislikes
path: flat/500m/dislikes.parquet
- split: undislikes
path: flat/500m/undislikes.parquet
- config_name: flat-5b
data_files:
- split: likes
path: flat/5b/likes.parquet
- split: listens
path: flat/5b/listens.parquet
- split: unlikes
path: flat/5b/unlikes.parquet
- split: multi_event
path: flat/5b/multi_event.parquet
- split: dislikes
path: flat/5b/dislikes.parquet
- split: undislikes
path: flat/5b/undislikes.parquet
- config_name: sequential-50m
data_files:
- split: likes
path: sequential/50m/likes.parquet
- split: listens
path: sequential/50m/listens.parquet
- split: unlikes
path: sequential/50m/unlikes.parquet
- split: multi_event
path: sequential/50m/multi_event.parquet
- split: dislikes
path: sequential/50m/dislikes.parquet
- split: undislikes
path: sequential/50m/undislikes.parquet
- config_name: sequential-500m
data_files:
- split: likes
path: sequential/500m/likes.parquet
- split: listens
path: sequential/500m/listens.parquet
- split: unlikes
path: sequential/500m/unlikes.parquet
- split: multi_event
path: sequential/500m/multi_event.parquet
- split: dislikes
path: sequential/500m/dislikes.parquet
- split: undislikes
path: sequential/500m/undislikes.parquet
- config_name: sequential-5b
data_files:
- split: likes
path: sequential/5b/likes.parquet
- split: listens
path: sequential/5b/listens.parquet
- split: unlikes
path: sequential/5b/unlikes.parquet
- split: multi_event
path: sequential/5b/multi_event.parquet
- split: dislikes
path: sequential/5b/dislikes.parquet
- split: undislikes
path: sequential/5b/undislikes.parquet
---
# Yambda-5B — A Large-Scale Multi-modal Dataset for Ranking And Retrieval
**Industrial-scale music recommendation dataset with organic/recommendation interactions and audio embeddings**
[📌 Overview](#overview) • [🔑 Key Features](#key-features) • [📊 Statistics](#statistics) • [📝 Format](#data-format) • [🏆 Benchmark](#benchmark) • [❓ FAQ](#faq)
## Overview
The Yambda-5B dataset is a large-scale open database comprising **4.79 billion user-item interactions** collected from **1 million users** and spanning **9.39 million tracks**. The dataset includes both implicit feedback, such as listening events, and explicit feedback, in the form of likes and dislikes. Additionally, it provides distinctive markers for organic versus recommendation-driven interactions, along with precomputed audio embeddings to facilitate content-aware recommendation systems.
## Key Features
- 🎵 4.79B user-music interactions (listens, likes, dislikes, unlikes, undislikes)
- 🕒 Timestamps with global temporal ordering
- 🔊 Audio embeddings for 7.72M tracks
- 💡 Organic and recommendation-driven interactions
- 📈 Multiple dataset scales (50M, 500M, 5B interactions)
- 🧪 Standardized evaluation protocol with baseline benchmarks
## About Dataset
### Statistics
| Dataset | Users | Items | Listens | Likes | Dislikes |
|-------------|----------:|----------:|--------------:|-----------:|-----------:|
| Yambda-50M | 10,000 | 934,057 | 46,467,212 | 881,456 | 107,776 |
| Yambda-500M | 100,000 | 3,004,578 | 466,512,103 | 9,033,960 | 1,128,113 |
| Yambda-5B | 1,000,000 | 9,390,623 | 4,649,567,411 | 89,334,605 | 11,579,143 |
### User History Length Distribution
### Item Interaction Count
## Data Format
### File Descriptions
| File | Description | Schema |
|----------------------------|---------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `listens.parquet` | User listening events with playback details | `uid`, `item_id`, `timestamp`, `is_organic`, `played_ratio_pct`, `track_length_seconds` |
| `likes.parquet` | User like actions | `uid`, `item_id`, `timestamp`, `is_organic` |
| `dislikes.parquet` | User dislike actions | `uid`, `item_id`, `timestamp`, `is_organic` |
| `undislikes.parquet` | User undislike actions (reverting dislikes) | `uid`, `item_id`, `timestamp`, `is_organic` |
| `unlikes.parquet` | User unlike actions (reverting likes) | `uid`, `item_id`, `timestamp`, `is_organic` |
| `embeddings.parquet` | Track audio-embeddings | `item_id`, `embed`, `normalized_embed` |
### Common Event Structure (Homogeneous)
Most event files (`listens`, `likes`, `dislikes`, `undislikes`, `unlikes`) share this base structure:
| Field | Type | Description |
|--------------|--------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `uid` | uint32 | Unique user identifier |
| `item_id` | uint32 | Unique track identifier |
| `timestamp` | uint32 | Delta times, binned into 5s units. |
| `is_organic` | uint8 | Boolean flag (0/1) indicating if the interaction was algorithmic (0) or organic (1) |
**Sorting**: All files are sorted by (`uid`, `timestamp`) in ascending order.
### Unified Event Structure (Heterogeneous)
For applications needing all event types in a unified format:
| Field | Type | Description |
|------------------------|-------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| `uid` | uint32 | Unique user identifier |
| `item_id` | uint32 | Unique track identifier |
| `timestamp` | uint32 | Timestamp binned into 5s units.granularity |
| `is_organic` | uint8 | Boolean flag for organic interactions |
| `event_type` | enum | One of: `listen`, `like`, `dislike`, `unlike`, `undislike` |
| `played_ratio_pct` | Optional[uint16] | Percentage of track played (1-100), null for non-listen events |
| `track_length_seconds` | Optional[uint32] | Total track duration in seconds, null for non-listen events |
**Notes**:
- `played_ratio_pct` and `track_length_seconds` are non-null **only** when `event_type = "listen"`
- All fields except the two above are guaranteed non-null
### Sequential (Aggregated) Format
Each dataset is also available in a user-aggregated sequential format with the following structure:
| Field | Type | Description |
|--------------|--------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| `uid` | uint32 | Unique user identifier |
| `item_ids` | List[uint32] | Chronological list of interacted track IDs |
| `timestamps` | List[uint32] | Corresponding interaction timestamps |
| `is_organic` | List[uint8] | Corresponding organic flags for each interaction |
| `played_ratio_pct` | List[Optional[uint16]] | (Only in `listens` and `multi_event`) Play percentages |
| `track_length_seconds` | List[Optional[uint32]] | (Only in `listens` and `multi_event`) Track durations |
**Notes**:
- All lists maintain chronological order
- For each user, `len(item_ids) == len(timestamps) == len(is_organic)`
- In multi-event format, null values are preserved in respective lists
## Benchmark
Code for the baseline models can be found in `benchmarks/` directory, see [Reproducibility Guide](benchmarks/models/README.md)
## FAQ
### Are test items presented in training data?
Not all, some test items do appear in the training set, others do not.
### Are test users presented in training data?
Yes, there are no cold users in the test set.
### How are audio embeddings generated?
Using a convolutional neural network inspired by [J. Spijkervet et al., 2021](https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.09410).
### What's the `is_organic` flag?
Indicates whether interactions occurred through organic discovery (True) or recommendation-driven pathways (False)
### Which events are considered recommendation-driven?
Recommendation events include actions from:
- Personalized music feed
- Personalized playlists
### What counts as a "listened" track or \\(Listen_+\\)?
A track is considered "listened" if over 50% of its duration is played. |